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2022 Tamil Nadu local elections

2026-05-06T16:18:44Z

KirkEvd85074933: adding details!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2022 Tamil Nadu urban civic body elections
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = [[2011 Tamil Nadu local elections]]
| previous_year = [[2011 Tamil Nadu local elections|2011]]
| next_election = 2027 tamilnadu civic body elections
| next_year = [[2027 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|2027]]
| election_date = 19 February 2022
| seats_for_election =
| turnout =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|bSize=155 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=08 |oLeft=22 |Location=center}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = '''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''
| leader_since1 = 2017
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| seats1 = '''2360'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-urban-local-body-election-results-live-updates-counting-of-votes-aiadmk-dmk-winning-candidates/2441052/|title = Tamil Nadu Urban Local Body Election Results 2022 Highlights: DMK alliance decimates opposition parties}}</ref>
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Palanisamy.jpg |bSize=155 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=22 |Location=center}}
| leader2 = '''[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]'''
| party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| seats2 = 638
| leader_since2 = 2017
| alliance1 = [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| alliance2 = [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
}}
The '''2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections''' to the [[local government in Tamil Nadu]] were held in urban areas in February 2022. The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]], alongside 20 other municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu, went to polling on 19 February 2022 to elect councillors to represent the wards in the respective cities; the elected councillors chose a mayor from amongst themselves.

==Seats==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! S.No !! District !! Corporation councilor !! Municipal councilor !! Town panchayat ward members
|-
| 1 || [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]] || || 39 || 30
|-
| 2 || [[Erode district|Erode]] || 60 || 102 || 628
|-
| 3 || [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] || 45 || 180 || 222
|-
| 4 || [[Karur district|Karur]] || 48 || 75 || 123
|-
| 5 || [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]] || || 72 || 81
|-
| 6 || [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] || 52 || 99 || 828
|-
| 7 || [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] || 50 || 57 || 48
|-
| 8 || [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]] || 45 || 33 || 93
|-
| 9 || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || 100 || 198 || 513
|-
| 10 || [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]] || || 117 || 167
|-
| 11 || [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] || 70 || 108 || 99
|-
| 12 || [[Chennai district|Chennai]] || 200 || ||
|-
| 13 || [[Salem district|Salem]] || 60 || 165 || 474
|-
| 14 || [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]] || 99 || 60 || 299
|-
| 15 || [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]] || || 33 || 159
|-
| 16 || [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] || 48 || 75 || 363
|-
| 17 || [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]] || 65 || 120 || 216
|-
| 18 || [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] || 55 || 69 || 273
|-
| 19 || [[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]] || || 126 || 45
|-
| 20 || [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]] || 60 || 147 || 233
|-
| 21 || [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]] || || 123 || 150
|-
| 22 || [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] || 48 || 141 || 129
|-
| 23 || [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]] || || 111 || 105
|-
| 24 || [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] || 60 || 81 || 261
|-
| 25 || [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]] || || 180 || 260
|-
| 26 || [[Theni district|Theni]] || || 177 || 336
|-
| 27 || [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]] || || 57 || 60
|-
| 28 || [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]] || || 153 || 294
|-
| 29 || [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] || || 108 || 186
|-
| 30 || [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]] || || 69 || 120
|-
| 31 || [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]] || || 21 || 60
|-
| 32 || [[Madurai district|Madurai]] || 100 || 78 || 144
|-
| 33 || [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] || || 59 || 63
|-
| 34 || [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]] || || 168 || 120
|-
| 35 || [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]] || || 111 || 108
|-
| 36 || [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]] || 48 || 171 || 143
|-
| 37 || [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]] || || 102 || 108
|-
| 38 || [[Vellore district|Vellore]] || 60 || 57 || 63
|-
!colspan="2" |Total|| 1373 || 3842 || 7604
|}

==Election results==
Counting of votes commenced on 22 February 2022. Official results were published on Tamil Nadu State Election Commission website.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal corporation
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
|rowspan=21|19 February 2022
|[[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]]
|rowspan=12|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=12}}
|rowspan=21|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=21}}
|-
|[[Dindigul Municipal Corporation|Dindigul City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Erode Municipal Corporation|Erode City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
|-
|[[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Salem City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Thanjavur Municipal Corporation|Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Thoothukkudi City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation|Tirunelveli City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Tiruppur Municipal Corporation|Tiruppur City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Vellore Municipal Corporation|Vellore Corporation]]
|-
| [[Hosur Municipal Corporation|Hosur City Municipal Corporation]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" |''did not exist''
|-
| [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation|Nagercoil Corporation]]
|-
| [[Avadi Municipal Corporation|Avadi City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation|Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Karur Municipal corporation|Karur City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Cuddalore Municipal corporation|Cuddalore City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Sivakasi Municipal corporation|Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tambaram Municipal Corporation|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation|Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation]]
|}

== Greater Chennai Corporation results ==
[[File:India Greater Chennai Corporation 2022.svg|thumb|2022 Chennai Municipal Corporation election 
'''[[Government]] [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (DMK+) (178)'''
{{legend|#EE0808|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]: 153 seats}}
{{legend|#00BBFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 13 seats}}
{{legend|#CC0D0D|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]: 4 seats}}
{{legend|#007FEB|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]: 4 seats}}
{{legend|#FF0000|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]: 2 seats}}
{{legend|#228B22|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]: 1 seat}}
{{legend|#F9001B|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 1 seat}}
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (22)'''
{{legend|#00992E|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]: 15 seats}}
{{legend|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 1 seat}}
{{legend|#005121|[[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|AMMK]]: 1 seat}}
'''Others (5)'''
{{legend|#B2B2B2|[[Independent politician|Independents]]: 5 seats}}]]
[[File:Chennai Corporation Election 2022 map.png|thumb|Map of [[Chennai]] showing [[Greater Chennai Corporation|corporation]] wards and winning parties]]

===Chennai===
The seats of the [[Mayor]], [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]] and the Greater Chennai Corporation Council had been vacant since 2016. The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] went to polling on 19 February 2022, to elect 200 councillors to represent the city's 200 wards; the councillors choose one amongst themselves as the [[List of mayors of Chennai|mayor of Chennai]], a historically significant, coveted office. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] had announced that the Mayor's seat has been reserved for a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] woman this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu civic polls: Who will be the Chennai Mayor?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230222/tamil-nadu-civic-polls-who-will-be-the-chennai-mayor.html|access-date=2022-02-23|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The election results were announced on 22 February 2022 by the Tamil Nadu State Election Commission. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) won 153 out of the total 200 wards in Chennai, with the other parties in its [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] winning 25 more seats—13 for [[Indian National Congress]], four for [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India – Marxist]] (CPI-M), four for [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK), two for [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), one each for [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML). The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won 15 seats. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the ruling party of the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], won one seat. The [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]] (AMMK) also won a seat. Aside parties, five [[independent candidates]] won in their respective wards. The councillors formally elected the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Elections – 2022|url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/result/election_urban2022/index.php?dcode=Mjk=|access-date=22 February 2022|website=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref> Having secured an [[Supermajority|absolute majority]], the DMK's mayoral candidate Priya Rajan became the 46th Mayor of Chennai, unopposed. She is the youngest mayor in Chennai's history (aged 28), and the first [[Dalit]] woman to hold the office.
<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Elections – 2022|url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/result/election_urban2022/index.php?dcode=Mjk=|access-date=22 February 2022|website=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>

== Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation results ==
[[File:India Coimbatore Municipal Corporation election 2022.svg|thumb|2022 Coimbatore Municipal Corporation election 
'''[[Government|Ruling Party]] (96)''' 
'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (96)'''
{{legend|#D80000|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]: 76 wards}}
{{legend|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 9 wards}}
{{legend|#FE0A0A|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]: 4 wards}}
{{legend|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 4 wards}}
{{legend|#AD0000|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]: 3 wards}}
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (4)'''
{{legend|#0D7005|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]: 3 wards}}
{{legend|#CB0404|[[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]]: 1 ward}}]]
[[File:Coimbatore Corporation 2022 map.png|thumb|[[Coimbatore]] map showing [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Corporation]] wards and winning parties]]
DMK and its allies in the Secular Progressive Alliance, won 96 wards out of total 100 wards in the [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]] election. The DMK won 76 and its allies 20. Among the allies of DMK, Congress won nine, CPI(M) and CPI - four each, and MDMK three wards. The incumbent ruling party in the Coimbtore corporation council, AIADMK won three seats. [[Social Democratic Party of India]] won 1 ward.<ref name="Madhavan 23 Feb">{{cite news |last1=Madhavan |first1=Karthik |title=DMK juggernaut too strong for AIADMK and BJP in Coimbatore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/dmk-juggernaut-too-strong-for-aiadmk-and-bjp-in-coimbatore/article65077074.ece |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=23 February 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Win percentage ===
The percentage of winning candidates from each parties in the election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=உள்ளாட்சியில் எந்தெந்த கட்சிக்கு எவ்வளவு ஓட்டு?|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/did-you-know-party-wise-vote-percentage-in-tamil-nadu-urban-local-body-election/articleshow/89757322.cms|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Maran|first=Mathivanan|date=2022-02-23|title=நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சித் தேர்தல்: கட்சிகளின் வாக்கு சதவீதம் இதுதான்.. யாரு டாப், யாரு வீக்?!|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/urban-local-poll-political-parties-and-vote-percentage-449759.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="2"|Parties
!Municipal corporations
!Municipality
!Town panchayats
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 69.29% || 61.41% || 57.58%
|-
! {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 11.94% || 16.60% || 15.82%
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5.31% || 3.93% || 4.83%
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1.75% || 1.1% || 1.33%
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1.60% || 1.46% || 3%
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 1% || 0.5% || 0.34%
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
| 0.0% || 0.3% || 0.3%
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| 0.0% || 0.08% || 0.01%
|-
! {{Party name with color no link|Others}}
| 9.10% || 14.62% || 16.52%
|}

===Party-wise===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="2"|Parties
!Municipal corporations
!Municipality
!Town panchayats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 952 || 2360 || 4389
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 164 || 638 || 1206
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}} || 73 || 381 || 980
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 73 || 151 || 368
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 24 || 41 || 101
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 22 || 56 || 230
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 21 || 34 || 34
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} || 16 || 26 || 51
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 13 || 19 || 26
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}} || 6 || 23 || 12
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 5 || 48 || 73
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}} || 3 || 33 || 66
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Social Democratic Party of India}} || 1 || 5 || 16
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}} || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi}} || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} || 0 || 3 || 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)}} || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}} || 0 || 12 || 23
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indians Victory Party}} || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}} || 0 || 2 || 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}} || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Manithaneya Jananayaga Katchi}} || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}} || 0 || 4 || 13
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}} || 0 || 0 || 6
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}} || 0 || 1 || 3
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 0 || 0 || 1
|-class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5"|Source:''www.tnsec.tn.nic.in''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/result/election_urban2022/index.php|title=நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சி தேர்தல் முடிவுகள் - 2022|access-date=24 Feb 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223162548/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/result/election_urban2022/index.php |archive-date=23 Feb 2022}}</ref>
|}
== Salem City Municipal Corporation results ==
[[File:Salem Corporation 2022.png|thumb|2022 Salem Municipal Corporation election {{legend|#D80000|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: 48 seats}} {{legend|#00BFFF|Indian National Congress: 2 seats}} {{legend|#21971F|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: 7 seats}} {{legend|#696969|Independent : 3 seats}}]]
[[File:Salem Corporation Election Results 2022.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] showing [[Salem City Municipal Corporation|corporation]] wards and winning parties]]

The Salem City Municipal Corporation went to polling on 19 February 2022 for the seats of the [[mayor]], [[deputy mayor]] and the Salem Corporation Council, alongside [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|20 other municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu]], to elect 60 councillors to represent [[List of Salem Corporation zones|the city's 60 wards]]. The election results were announced on 22 February 2022 by the Tamil Nadu State Election Commission. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) won 48 out of the total 60 wards in Salem, with the other parties in its [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] winning 2 seats by [[Indian National Congress]]. The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won 7 seats. 3 [[independent candidates]] won in their respective wards. Having secured an [[Supermajority|absolute majority]], the DMK councillors will formally elect the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Elections – 2022|url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/result/election_urban2022/index.php?dcode=Mjk=|access-date=22 February 2022|website=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2022 elections in India|T]]
[[Category:Local government in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Local elections in Tamil Nadu]]

Kurseong Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T05:20:25Z

KirkEvd85074933: added article.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kurseong
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kurseong.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kurseong Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Sonam Lama (elect)
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
| constituency_no = 24
| established = 1951
| electors = 236,477
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Kurseong Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
[[File:Kurseong Toy train.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Kurseong train building]]
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 24 Kurseong Assembly constituency covers [[Kurseong]] municipality, [[Kurseong (Community development block)|Kurseong]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], [[Mirik]] municipality, [[Mirik (Community development block)|Mirik]] community development block, [[Rangli Rangliot (Community development block)|Rangli Rangliot]] community development block, Gorabari Margaret's Hope, Lower Sonada I, Lower Sonada II, Munda Kothi and Upper Sonada [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (Community development block)|Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri]] community development block, and (i) Sitong Forest (Village), (ii) Sivok Hill Forest (Village), and (iii) Sivok Forest (Village) in Champasari GP of [[Matigara (Community development block)|Matigara]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Kurseong Assembly constituency is part of No. 4 [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Kurseong-Siliguri''
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Tenzing Wangdi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| George Mahbert
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Kurseong''
|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Shiva Kumar Rai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2"|Bhadra Bahadur Hamal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Nanda Lal Gurung]]
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Ananda Pathak|Ananda Prasad Pathak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Nanda Lal Gurung]]
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Dawa Narbula]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="2"|Harka Bahadur Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Nar Bahadur Chhetri
| {{Full party name with color|Gorkha National Liberation Front|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Shanta Chhetri]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Rohit Sharma (West Bengal politician)|Rohit Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Bishnu Prasad Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Sonam Lama
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurseong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sonam Lama (politician)|Sonam Lama]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74878}}
|percentage = 41.18
|change = {{down}}0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amar Lama
|party = Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha
|votes = {{formatnum:57871}}
|percentage = 31.83
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bandana Rai
|party = Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front
|votes = {{formatnum:41088}}
|percentage = 22.6
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Uttam Brahman
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:1690}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = {{down}}0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Khatri
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum: 1651}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sumendra Tamang
|votes = {{formatnum: 1488}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum: 1399}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum: 1768}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change = {{down}}0.41
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:17007}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:181833}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Bishnu Prasad Sharma of BJP defeated his nearest rival Tshering Lama Dahal of GJM (Binay faction).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurseong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bishnu Prasad Sharma
|votes = 73,475
|percentage = 41.86
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] (Binay faction)
|candidate = Tshering Lama Dahal
|votes = 57,960
|percentage = 33.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] (Bimal faction)
|candidate = Narbu Lama
|votes = 33,094
|percentage = 18.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Uttam Brahman
|votes = 2,545
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League
|candidate = Ugam Lama
|votes = 2,299
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bikram Rai
|votes = 1,429
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pranav Pradhan
|votes = 1,366
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhupendra Lepcha
|votes = 960
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,417
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,515
|percentage = 8.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,545
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 Election===

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Rohit Sharma of GJM defeated his nearest rival Shanta Chhetri of TMC.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurseong constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
|candidate = [[Rohit Sharma (West Bengal politician) | Rohit Sharma]]
|votes = 86,947
|percentage = 53.02
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Shanta Chhetri|votes=53,221|percentage=32.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists|candidate=Arun Kumar Ghatani|votes=12,219|percentage=7.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Gorkha Rashtriya Congress|candidate=Dhurba Dewan|votes=4,160|percentage=2.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the Above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=7,426|percentage=4.53|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33,726|percentage=20.57|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,63,973|percentage=72.62|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011 Election===

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Rohit Sharma of GJM defeated his nearest rival Pemu Chhetri of GNLF.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurseong constituency}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
|candidate = [[Rohit Sharma (West Bengal politician) | Rohit Sharma]]
|votes = 1,14,297
|percentage = 74.00
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Gorkha National Liberation Front|candidate=Pemu Chhetri|votes=21,201|percentage=13.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bhupendra Lepcha|votes=5,963|percentage=3.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|candidate=Shiva Kumar Pradhan|votes=4,463|percentage=2.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chhabi Chandra Rai|votes=4,272|percentage=2.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Deepa Chettri|votes=4,253|percentage=2.75|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=93,096|percentage=60.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,54,449|percentage=78.19|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
|loser = Gorkha National Liberation Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Sahasam (2025 film)

2026-05-04T12:04:10Z

KirkEvd85074933: data

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Malayalam language film}}
{{about||2013 Telugu-language film|Sahasam (2013 film)|2016 Tamil-language film|Saagasam}}
{{Other uses|Sahasam (disambiguation){{!}}Sahasam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sahasam
| image = Sahasam 2025.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bibin Krishna
| producer = Rinish K. N
| writer = {{ubl|Bibin Krishna|Yadhukrishna Deyakumar}}
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
* [[Babu Antony]]
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]]
* [[Ramzan Muhammed]]
* [[Aju Varghese]]
* [[Baiju Santhosh]]
* [[Shabareesh Varma]]
}}
| music = Bibin Ashok
| cinematography = Alby Antony
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| studio = Front Row Productions
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|8|8|India}}
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2025 |title=''Sahasam'' (2025) |url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/3940C28700478799 |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Sahasam''''' ({{Translation|Derring-do}}) is a 2025 Indian Malayalam-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by Bibin Krishna. The film stars [[Ramzan Muhammed]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Gouri G. Kishan]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Althaf Salim]], [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] [[Shabareesh Varma|and Shabareesh Varma]]. It is produced by Rinish K. N. under the banner Front Row Productions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/29/sunny-wayne-babu-antony-and-narain-to-headline-sahasam |title=Sunny Wayne, Babu Antony and Narain to headline 'Sahasam' |website=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shoot-wraps-for-sahasam-an-action-packed-thriller-starring-narain-and-babu-antony-starrer-xhjvftnr |title=Narain, Babu Antony's Sahasam wraps shoot, promises action and star power |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Sahasam'' focuses on comedy and action and follows the journey of an ordinary individual whose life takes an unexpected turn after a chance encounter sets them on a path filled with unforeseen challenges. As the story unfolds across diverse landscapes, the protagonist is drawn into situations that test their emotional and physical limits. Along the way, they uncover hidden truths, confront personal fears, and cross paths with others whose lives are equally shaped by quiet acts of courage. Through moments of conflict and connection, Sahasam explores how resilience can emerge from the most unlikely circumstances.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sahasam-teaser-narain-babu-antony-lead-the-adventure-watch/articleshow/122615768.cms|title='Sahasam' teaser: Narain & Babu Antony lead the adventure|website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sahasam-first-poster-narain-babu-antony-fun-filled-comedy-drama/060326159e745 |title= Sahasam: First poster of the Narain-starrer hints at a fun-filled comedy drama |website=OTT Play}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Rajeev Nambiar
* [[Babu Antony]] as Wolf/ Masthan Bhai
* [[Ramzan Muhammed]] as Jeevan
* Hari Sivaram as Pappan
* [[Shabareesh Varma]] as Sam
* [[Yog Japee]] as Victor Antonio
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]] as Sera Issac
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Babeesh
* Karthik as Luttan
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as Preman
* [[Sajin Cherukayil]] as Satheesh A S
* Varsha Ramesh as Isha
* Jeeva Joseph as Rony Zakariya
* Abhimanyu Shammy Tilakan as Kishan
* [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Sanjeev Kumar
* [[Tessa Joseph]] as Gayathri Ganesh
* [[Major Ravi]] as Sreenivasan
* [[Vineeth Thattil David]] as SI Sudharshanan
* Jayasree Sivadaas as Priya
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Jose
* [[Lishoy]] as Issac
* Ann Jameela Salim
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Music Director Suresh Khan (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Althaf Salim]] as KKC (Cameo Appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film is produced by Front Row Productions. Cinematography was handled by Alby Antony, editing by [[Kiran Das]] and the musical score was composed by Bibin Ashok.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/narain-ramzan-and-gouri-g-kishan-lead-the-chase-in-sahasam-trailer-76430.html |title=Narain, Ramzan, and Gouri G Kishan Lead The Chase in Sahasam Trailer |website=Film Fare}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sahasam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Bibin Ashok
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2 August 2025
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio = {{ubl|CAC, [[Ernakulam]]|Soundtown, [[Chennai]]|My Studio, Ernakulam|Legato Records, Ernakulam|8th Avenue Records, [[Kakkanad]]}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|13:28}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Bibin Ashok
| prev_title = Randam Pranaya Mahayudham
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = OK Dear
| next_year = 2025
}}

The music for Sahasam is composed by Bibin Ashok and lyrics by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]. The Song ''Onam Moodu'' has become a trend and has been viewed by around 20 million viewers in [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/07/05/sahasam-movie-onam-song-onam-mood.html |title='ഇത്തവണത്തെ ഓണം ഈ പാട്ട് തൂക്കി'; 'ഓണം മൂഡ്' ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് പ്രേക്ഷകർ |website=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:39
| title1 = Onam Mood
| extra1 = [[Fejo]], Himna Hilari & Hinitha Hilari
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| length1 = 03:04
| title2 = Santhatha Sakhiye
| extra2 = K. S. Harisankar
| lyrics2 = Vaisakh Sugunan
| length2 = 03:15
| title3 = Kokkedelic
| extra3 = The Imbachi & Bhadra Rajin
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 03:26
| title4 = Naruthingal
| extra4 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]] & [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| lyrics4 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| length4 = 03:43
| title5 = Nagarmo
| extra5 = [[Kapil Kapilan]] & Haritha Haribabu
| lyrics5 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| length5 = 03:50
| title6 = Time Bomb
| extra6 = Anand Sreeraj & Arun Ashok
| lyrics6 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| length6 = 03:17
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film released in theatres on 8 August 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/08/07/malayalam-movie-sahasam-advance-booking.html |title='സാഹസം ' ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 8 മുതൽ; ടിക്കറ്റ് ബുക്കിങ് ആരംഭിച്ചു|website=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Sahasam'' was released digitally through OTT Platforms [[Amazon Prime]], [[ManoramaMAX]] and [[Sun NXT]] on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title='Sahasam' OTT release: Narain and Babu Antony’s comedy movie starts streaming online; where to watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sahasam-ott-release-narain-and-babu-antonys-comedy-movie-starts-streaming-online-where-to-watch/articleshow/124282043.cms |website=The Times of India|date=3 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Malayalam OTT releases to watch from October 6 to October 12 on JioHotstar, ZEE5, Sony LIV, Prime Video, Sun NXT and Manorama Max |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/best-malayalam-ott-releases-to-watch-from-october-6-to-october-12-on-jiohotstar-zee5-sony-liv-prime-video-sun-nxt-and-manorama-max/1f3b174567491|website=OTTPlay|date=9 October 2025|access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Gopika Is of ''[[The Times of India]]'' described the film as "a chaotic entertainer that hits the right notes" and rated it 3/5 stars. She wrote that ''Sahasam'' "is a comedy of errors with a finishing touch of blood, grime, and crime. Is there a plot? A little. Is there entertainment? Plenty! Sahasam doesn’t boast many acclaimed stars, but everyone in the cast has given their best. The comedy is refreshingly palatable — something not often seen in this genre in recent times."<ref>{{cite news |last=Is |first=Gopika |date=8 April 2025 |title=Sahasam Movie Review: A chaotic entertainer that hits the right notes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/sahasamreview/movie-review/123187170.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote a negative review, "The film is loaded with drugs, guns, action, shootouts, car chases, romance, bromance, and more, yet the substandard writing never makes us feel invested. It mistakes lazy, insipid writing for convenience and cinematic liberty, relying excessively on technical gimmicks to inject some energy. But at the end of the day, there's only so much that flashy cinematography and EDM-heavy music can do to cover up for the overall vacuity. It aims at madness, but there's very little method to it."<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=9 August 2025 |title=Sahasam Movie Review: This comedy of errors fails to lift the mood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/09/malayalamreview2025aug08sahasam-movie-review-this-comedy-of-errors-fail-to-lift-the-mood |work= [[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' called the film "a chaotic yet enjoyable ride that thrives on its comic cast" and wrote, "Despite these flaws, ''Sahasam'' remains an enjoyable watch thanks to its comedic core and spirited performances. It thrives on the energy of its ensemble cast and the sheer unpredictability of its plot. While it may not dig deep emotionally or offer tight storytelling throughout, it delivers enough laughs and chaos to keep audiences entertained."<ref>{{cite web |author=Swathi P. Ajith |date=8 August 2025 |title='Sahasam' review: A chaotic yet enjoyable ride that thrives on its comic cast |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/08/08/sahasam-movie-review-ramzan-gouri-g-kishan-narain-babu-antony.html |work=[[Onmanorama]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

Gayathri Krishna of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "The humorous performances and story that emerges from turmoil make the entertainer a one-time watch."<ref>{{cite news |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=14 August 2025 |title=Sahasam Movie Review: This comedy of errors fails to lift the moodSahasam review: This comedy of errors starring Narain is appealing due to its witty moments |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sahasam-review-this-comedy-of-errors-starring-narain-is-appealing-due-to-its-witty-moments/43c86f6f02159 |work=[[OTTPlay]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|35613198}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

National Fire Service College

2026-04-27T18:47:59Z

KirkEvd85074933: added a data

{{Short description|Firefighting academy in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = The National Fire Service College, Nagpur
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|abbreviation = NFSC
|formation = 1956
|type = [[Governmental organization|Government]]
|status = Active
|purpose = Provider of training in fire safety and firefighting
|location = Takli Feeder Road, Raj Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra
|region_served = India
|num_members =
|leader_title = Director
|leader_name = N. B. Shingane
|leader_title2 = Executive director and professor
|leader_name2 = Dr. A. R. Sontake
|main_organ =
|parent_organization = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]]
|affiliations = [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
|budget =
|website = {{URL|https://nfscnagpur.nic.in/}}
}}

The '''National Fire Service College''', Nagpur (NFSC) is a training institute<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-18 |title=Many nations want India to train their firefighters at Nagpur's NFSC: MoS Rai |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/many-nations-want-india-to-train-their-firefighters-at-nagpurs-nfsc-mos-rai/04181202 |access-date= |website=Nagpur Today |language=en-US |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724160932/https://www.nagpurtoday.in/many-nations-want-india-to-train-their-firefighters-at-nagpurs-nfsc-mos-rai/04181202 |url-status=live }}</ref> under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-09 |title=Odisha fire services team bags 2nd spot in nat'l drill |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-fire-services-team-bags-2nd-spot-in-natl-drill/articleshow/105083200.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724153601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-fire-services-team-bags-2nd-spot-in-natl-drill/articleshow/105083200.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Fire Service College Completes 51st External Sub-Officers Course at Regional Training Centre, Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/National-Fire-Service-College-Completes-51st-External-SubOfficers-Course-at-Regional-Training-Centre-Goa/222272 |access-date= |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724153156/https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/National-Fire-Service-College-Completes-51st-External-SubOfficers-Course-at-Regional-Training-Centre-Goa/222272 |url-status=live }}</ref> responsible to train [[fireman|fire officers]] in fire science, safety and [[firefighting]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs - National Fire Service College, Nagpur |url=https://nfscnagpur.nic.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/1694067667.pdf |website=NFSC |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119103326/https://nfscnagpur.nic.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/1694067667.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Practical attachment for the Trainee Sub-Officers of 51st External Sub-Officers of National Fire Service College, Nagpur was conducted at Regional Training Centre, Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Practical-attachment-for-the-Trainee-SubOfficers-of-51st-External-SubOfficers-of-National-Fire-Service-College-Nagpur-was-conducted-at-Regional-Training-Centre-Goa/223222 |access-date= |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724153246/https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Practical-attachment-for-the-Trainee-SubOfficers-of-51st-External-SubOfficers-of-National-Fire-Service-College-Nagpur-was-conducted-at-Regional-Training-Centre-Goa/223222 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The first Fire Service College in India was established in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], Uttar Pradesh, in 1956 as the National Fire Service College and was relocated to its current location in Nagpur in 1957. NFSC provides a four-year [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech.) degree in Fire Engineering, till 2023 Batch it provided [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E. Fire) degree. It also provide in-service training programs for [[Government of India|Central]] and [[State governments of India|State Government personnel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About National Fire Service College |url=https://nfscnagpur.nic.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=311&lid=210 |website=NFSC |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624034637/https://nfscnagpur.nic.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=311&lid=210 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, Dr. A. R. Sontake was appointed as the executive director and professor at NFSC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Dr. A R Sontake Appointed as Executive Director & Professor at National Fire Service College, Nagpur |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013468 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

== Curriculum and training ==
The curriculum is based on guidelines from [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]] (RTMNU) and the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE).<ref name=":0" /> It covers physical training, practical experiments, demonstrations, exercises, and drills.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=National Fire Service College Nagpur Announces National Fire Drill Competition-2023 on 6 &7 th November |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1974538 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724153430/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1974538 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-20 |title=National Fire Service College, Nagpur is hosting the 42nd Standing Fire Advisory Council meeting |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/national-fire-service-college-nagpur-is-hosting-the-42nd-standing-fire-advisory-council-meeting/06202246 |access-date= |website=Nagpur Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of fire departments in India]]
* [[Fire Service Training Institute]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nfscnagpur.nic.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726170439/https://nfscnagpur.nic.in/ |date=26 July 2024 }}

[[Category:Firefighting academies]]
[[Category:Fire protection organizations]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Nagpur]]

Barindra Nath Koley

2026-04-27T01:11:04Z

KirkEvd85074933: adding data!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Barindra Nath Koley
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1996
| constituency = [[Amta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amta]]
| predecessor = Afiabuddin Mondal<ref name=":Amta" />
| successor = Pratyush Mukherjee<ref name=":Amta" />
| birth_place = Khoshalpur, [[Amta]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|12|01}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2018|4|11|1931|12|01}}
| death_place = [[SSKM Hospital]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| spouse = Santi Koley
| relatives = Suchismita Koley (Jana) (Elder Daughter) Sangita Koley (Das) (Younger Daughter)
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Teacher]]
}}
'''Barindra Nath Koley''' was an Indian politician. He was a peasant leader and a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He represented [[Amta Assembly constituency]] from 1977 to 1996.<ref name=":Amta">{{citation|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/amta-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|title=Amta Assembly Constituency Election Result|access-date=2023-03-10}}</ref> He was a teacher of history in Baneswarpur Ramchandrapur Anulia United High School in [[Amta I]].

==Electoral performance==
===1972===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly election, 1972]] : Amta<ref>{{citation|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3187-west-bengal-1972/|title=West Bengal 1972|website= Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name=":Amta" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Afiabuddin Mondal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,322
|percentage = 50.19
|change = +26.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Barindra Nath Koley|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=24,710|percentage=47.12|change=-14.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nirmal Kumar Roy|party=Indian National Congress (Organisation)|votes=1,411|percentage=2.69|change=-1.64}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,616|percentage=3.07|change=–34.71}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1972"/>

===1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly election, 1977]] : Amta<ref>{{citation|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3188-west-bengal-1977/|title=West Bengal 1977|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name=":Amta" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barindra Nath Koley
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 33,747
|percentage = 66.72
|change = +19.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aftabuddin Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=10,527|percentage=20.81|change=-29.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Bhabani Charan Pramanik|party=Janata Party|votes=5,071|percentage=10.03|change=New}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,220|percentage=45.91|change=+42.41}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1977"/>

===1982===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly election, 1982]] : Amta<ref>{{citation|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3189-west-bengal-1982/|title=West Bengal 1982|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name=":Amta" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barindra Nath Koley
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 42,464
|percentage = 56.95
|change = -9.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sk. Ainuddin|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,423|percentage=40.8|change=+19.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Nirod Baran Ghosh|party=Janata Party|votes=959|percentage=1.29|change=-8.74}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,041|percentage=16.15|change=-29.76}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1982"/>

===1987===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly election, 1987]] : Amta<ref>{{citation|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3190-west-bengal-1987/|title=West Bengal 1987|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name=":Amta" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barindra Nath Koley
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 50,751
|percentage = 55.13
|change = -1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aftabuddin Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=39,804|percentage=43.23|change=+2.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sk. Abdul Rashid|party=Lok Dal|votes=441|percentage=1.29|change=New}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,947|percentage=11.9|change=-4.25}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1987"/>

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly election, 1991]] : Amta<ref>{{citation|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3191-west-bengal-1991/|title=West Bengal 1991|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name=":Amta" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barindra Nath Koley
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 56,548
|percentage = 53.92
|change = -1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aftabuddin Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=43,449|percentage=41.43|change=-1.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pasupati Hal|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,548|percentage=4.34|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Susanta Chongdar|party=Amra Bangali|votes=325|percentage=0.31|change=New}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,099|percentage=12.49|change=+0.59}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1987"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koley, Barindra Nath}}
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]

C. T. Ravikumar

2026-04-23T07:41:12Z

KirkEvd85074933: put up bio

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1960)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=August 2021}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chudalayil Thevan Ravikumar
| image = Justice CT Ravikumar.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 31 August 2021
| term_end = 5 January 2025
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office1 = Judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start1 = 5 January 2009
| term_end1 = 30 August 2021
| appointer1 = [[Prathiba Patil]]
| nominator1 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|01|6}}
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Calicut]]
| spouse = Saira Ravikumar
| parents = K.Thevan & Saraswathy
| relations = 3 brothers, 2 sisters
C.D.Muralidharan C.D.Radhamani C.T.Rajan C.T.Sasikumar C.T.Jayakumari
| birth_place = [[Thazhakara]] [[Mavelikara]] [[Alappuzha]] [[Kerala]]
}}
'''Chudalayil Thevan Ravikumar''' (born 6 January 1960) ([[Malayalam]]: ചുടലയിൽ തേവൻ രവികുമാർ) is a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and previously of the [[Kerala High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |date=3 January 2025 |title='God's own man': Justice CT Ravikumar bids farewell to Supreme Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gods-own-man-justice-ct-ravikumar-bids-farewell-to-supreme-court-101735884661549.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ravikumar was born on 5 January 1960 at [[Thazhakara]] small village near [[Mavelikara]], [[Alappuzha]] District. He is the youngest son of Sri Thevan and Smt. Saraswathy. His father Sri K. O. Thevan was a bench clerk at the [[Changanassery]] magistrate court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.T. Ravikumar |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/c-t-ravikumar/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Ravikumar enrolled as an advocate on 12 July 1986. He was graduated in Zoology from [[Bishop Moore College]], [[Mavelikkara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=8 January 2025 |title=Lawyers body felicitates former SC judge C T Ravikumar |url=https://theprint.in/india/lawyers-body-felicitates-former-sc-judge-c-t-ravikumar/2437266/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He obtained his Law Degree from [[Government Law College, Calicut|Government Law College]], [[Calicut]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=4 January 2025 |title=Public discussion, constructive criticism of SC verdicts key for the development of law: Justice Ravikumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/public-discussion-constructive-criticism-of-sc-verdicts-key-for-the-development-of-law-j-ravikumar/article69058701.ece |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He started practice at Mavelikara court as junior of Adv. P.S. Vasudevan. In 1990 he shifted his practice to High court and joined in the chambers of former Advocate General M K Damodaran, a doyen of the bar. He later started independent practice in Civil, Criminal, Service and Labour matters at various courts of [[Ernakulam]] and [[Kerala High Court]]. He was then appointed to the post of Govt Pleader, Additional Govt Pleader and Special Govt Pleader(SC/ST) in Kerala High Court. He was appointed as Additional [[Judge]] of Kerala High Court on 5 January 2009 and made permanent on 15 December 2010.

Ravikumar served as the Executive Chairman, [[Kerala State Legal Services Authority]], which provides free legal aid services to the weaker sections of the society and also organises Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. During his tenure at Kerala High Court as Senior Judge he was also served as the President of the Kerala Judicial Academy, President of Kerala State Mediation and Conciliation Centre. He also served as the Executive Chairman, Lakshadweep Legal Services Authority.

In 2014, Ravikumar created headlines when he refused to hear 50 petitions relating to renewal of licenses of 418 bars in different parts of the state filed by Bar Owners Association, saying that a lawyer connected with the case visited him at his residence to talk about the case.

A bench led by Ravikumar upheld the single bench direction for CBI investigation into the politically sensitive [[Periya double murder case]]. The division bench partly allowed the state's appeal by setting aside the Single Bench order to the extent it quashed the charge sheet filed by the special investigation team. The Division Bench of the Kerala High Court was of the opinion that a lot of prima facie evidence had been missed out due to the slackness and incomplete investigation of the Kerala Crime Branch that may possibly result in the miscarriage of justice.

Ravikumar highlighted the importance of speedy trial while allowing the splitting of trial against an accused in the SNC Lavlin case (Sidhartha Menon P vs. DySP Chennai). "Law long but life is short", his judgment commented about the convoluted processes of criminal trial. "Right to life means right to live with full human dignity, without humiliation and deprivation or degradation of any sort. There can be no doubt that the tag of 'accused' would deprive a man the right to live with full human dignity. The right to speedy trial is also a human right and no civilized society can deny the same to an accused. Furthermore, it should always be the concern of the society to see that a real culprit is given the punishment at the earliest and also to see that an accused is given the punishment at the earliest and also to see that an accused is given an early opportunity to clear the cloud of suspicion shrouded around him and to remove the tag of 'accused'. The said purpose in view that is founded on social interest could not be achieved if trial is unduly delayed as trial is the sole device to decide the guilt or innocence of an accused. Nobody can dispute the position that Courts have a duty to proceedcriminal cases with a reasonable pace", Ravikumar observed in the case.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} It is his Lordship’s focus on justice that has gotten him this far and will carry him way further.

Thereafter, in 2016, the bench of Ravikumar and Jyothindranath in the case of ''L. Mini & Ors vs Gireeshkumar & Anr'', in a motor vehicle claims appeal having regard to the concept of a welfare state, made the government liable to compensate the deceased or the injured vehicle owner. The bench held that “Roads to ply the vehicles are provided and maintained by the Government. Under such a circumstance, there will be a welfare state liability for the Government which will partially eclipse the maxim volunti non fit injuria and fault liability theory.”{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} It noted that the government can either shoulder it by itself or can fasten liability upon the authorised insurance company by statutorily making it liable over and above the liability of the insured for which an appropriate change in the Motor Vehicles Act was the need of the day.

In 2019, the pair of Ravikumar and VG Arun in the case of ''Kerala Public Service Commission v. Radha S.'' considered the case of disqualification of teaching candidates on the ground that they had not submitted their NET qualification certificates on time. It observed that the incomplete applications were due to technical glitches in the Public Service Commission’s website and not the fault of the candidates. The PSC had also decided to admit applications which was restricted to candidates in subjects which had not been interviewed for. The Court held this to be a “hostile discrimination” violating Article 14.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The bench of S. Manikumar, CK Abdul Rehim and Ravikumar in a suo moto case took note of the impact of national lockdown when it was first imposed. The bench held that the right of personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 should not be infringed by arresting an accused except in matters where arrest in inevitable.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

A Division Bench of Ravikumar and M. Purushothaman in March 2021 in a suo motu case concerning the Travancore Devaswom Board noted that the virtual queue system of the Kerala police was resulting in under-utilisation of permitted number of pilgrims at Sabrimala. Therefore the number of pilgrims was raised to 10,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2021-03-13 |title=Kerala High Court Raises Permissible Number Of Daily Pilgrims At Sabarimala Temple As 10000 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/kerala-high-court-ups-daily-cap-number-of-devotees-allowed-into-sabarimala-temple-to-10000-171137 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Supreme Court of India ==
Ravikumar was elevated as judge of Supreme Court of India on 26 August 2021 and took the oath on 31 August 2021. He was the fifth judge of the Kerala High Court to become a judge of the Supreme Court without occupying the position of chief justice of a high court. He was also the 15th person from the state of [[Kerala]] to become a supreme court judge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/bench-clerk-son-supreme-court-judge-farewell-justice-ravikumar |title=Bench Clerk's son to Supreme Court Judge; Justice CT Ravikumar bids farewell to Kerala High Court |first=Giti |last=Pratap |website=barandbench.com |date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ravikumar is married to Smt. Saira Ravikumar. She is a practicing lawyer in [[Kerala High Court|Kerala High court]] and they have two daughters - Neethu and Neenu. Sri C. D. Muralidharan (Retd. School Teacher), Smt. C. D. Radhamani (KSEB senior superintendent), Sri C. T. Rajan (Retd. Chief Manager, State Bank of India), Sri C. T. Sasikumar (Retd. School Teacher), and Smt. C. T. Jayakumari (Thalayolaparambu) are his siblings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=സി.ടി. രവികുമാർ സുപ്രീം കോടതി ജഡ്ജി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2021/08/27/ct-ravikumar-supreme-court-judge.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=സി.ടി. രവികുമാർ സുപ്രീം കോടതി ജഡ്ജി |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herald |first=Admin |date=28 August 2021 |title=അച്ഛനമ്മമാരുടെ അസ്ഥിത്തറയിൽ വന്ദിച്ച് ജസ്റ്റിസ് സി.ടി.രവികുമാർ.. |url=https://dailyindianherald.com/justice-rv-ravikumar/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Daily Indian Herald |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikumar, C. T.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]

2023–24 I-League

2026-04-22T17:57:09Z

KirkEvd85074933: adding post

{{Short description|16th season of the I-League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox football league season
| image =
| caption =
| competition = [[I-League]]
| season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
| dates = 28 October 2023 – 13 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Mark your calendars. The #ILeague fixtures are out |url=https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/1710189481003790798 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025231502/https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/1710189481003790798 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-15 |title=The #ILeague fixtures for the second part of the season are out! 🗓️ |url=https://twitter.com/ILeague_aiff/status/1746874562690810258?t=GmAEkE51qQbJJ3NGj8HPyQ&s=19 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116075303/https://twitter.com/ILeague_aiff/status/1746874562690810258?t=GmAEkE51qQbJJ3NGj8HPyQ&s=19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| winners = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (1st title)
| promoted = Mohammedan
| relegated = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| matches = 154
| total goals = 503
| league topscorer = [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (19 goals)
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] 7–0 [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (10 April 2024)
| biggest away win = TRAU 0–5 [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]] (19 November 2023)
| highest scoring = Rajasthan United 5–4 TRAU (22 December 2023) [[Inter Kashi]] 5–4 [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] (18 March 2024) Rajasthan United 3–6 [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] (5 April 2024)
| longest wins = 6 matches [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| longest unbeaten = Mohammedan Inter Kashi (11 games)
| longest winless = NEROCA (11 games)
| longest losses = NEROCA (11 games)
| highest attendance = 24,678 Mohammedan 1–3 Delhi (13 April 2024)
| lowest attendance = 50 NEROCA 2–3 Churchill Brothers (8 March 2024)
| attendance = 293,962
| average attendance = 1,933
| prevseason = [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2023–24 I-League''' was the 17th season of the [[I-League]] and the second season as the second tier of [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-10 |title=I-League 2023-24 Schedule- Teams, Fixtures, Points Table, Venue, Results and More |url=https://bodopedia.com/football/i-league-2023-24-schedule/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015071614/https://bodopedia.com/football/i-league-2023-24-schedule/ |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date= |website=Bodo Pedia |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] won the I-League for the first time and were promoted to the [[Indian Super League]], while [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] and [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] were relegated to [[I-League 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=I-League 2023-24 LIVE Score: Mohammedan Sporting Strike Early at Shillong Lajjong; SLFC 0-1 MSC |url=https://www.news18.com/football/i-league-2023-24-live-shillong-lajjong-against-mohammedan-sporting-slfc-vs-msc-8842416.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohammedan-sc-wins-i-league-title-isl-promotion-joins-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-legacy-club/article68037061.ece|title=Mohammedan SC beats Shillong Lajong to win maiden I-League title, joins Mohun Bagan SG, East Bengal in ISL|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|access-date=7 April 2024|date=6 April 2024|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407072051/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohammedan-sc-wins-i-league-title-isl-promotion-joins-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-legacy-club/article68037061.ece|location=Shillong|archive-date=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammedan SC clinch maiden I-League title |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/04/06/mohammeda-sc-clinch-maiden-i-league-title.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=onmanorama.com |date=6 April 2024 |agency=PTI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406161241/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/04/06/mohammeda-sc-clinch-maiden-i-league-title.html |publisher=Manorama News Online |archive-date=6 April 2024 |location=Shillong }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/i-league-chaos-neroca-trau-refuse-aizwal-46856|title=Chaos in I-League: TRAU, NEROCA refuse to play Aizwal FC|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|first1=Pritish|last1=Raj|date=11 April 2024|access-date=14 April 2024|archive-date=11 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411144258/https://thebridge.in/football/i-league-chaos-neroca-trau-refuse-aizwal-46856}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-cancels-games-as-manipur-teams-refuse-to-travel-to-aizawl/articleshow/109204944.cms|title=AIFF Cancels Games As Manipur Teams Refuse To Travel To Aizawl|agency=TNN|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|date=11 April 2024|access-date=14 April 2024|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413033843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-cancels-games-as-manipur-teams-refuse-to-travel-to-aizawl/articleshow/109204944.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-aizawl-fc-trau-neroca-manipur-violence-202404|title=Aizawl FC call off games against TRAU & NEROCA; Manipuri clubs cite security concerns|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|first1=Rutvij|last1=Joshi|date=10 April 2024|access-date=14 April 2024|archive-date=10 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410193527/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-aizawl-fc-trau-neroca-manipur-violence-202404}}</ref>

== Changes from last season ==
;Promoted to [[2023–24 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]
* [[Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]] {{rise|b}}

;Promoted from [[2022–23 I-League 2#League table|I-League 2]]
* [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] {{rise|b}}
* [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] {{rise|b}}

;Relegated to [[2023–24 I-League 2#League table|I-League 2]]
* [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]] {{fall|b}}
* [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] {{fall|b}}

;Corporate entries
The AIFF accepted five bids for direct entry to I-League.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-inducts-five-new-clubs-into-hero-i-league-federation-cup-restored |title=AIFF Executive Committee inducts five new clubs into Hero I-League, Federation Cup restored |date=3 July 2023 |publisher=The AIFF |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704045109/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-inducts-five-new-clubs-into-hero-i-league-federation-cup-restored |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/federation-cup-returns-aiff-inducts-five-new-clubs-into-i-league/articleshow/101465172.cms |title=Federation Cup returns, AIFF inducts five new clubs into I-League |date=3 July 2023 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704045109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/federation-cup-returns-aiff-inducts-five-new-clubs-into-i-league/articleshow/101465172.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-i-league-direct-entrants-profile |title=Profiling the five potential I-League direct entrants for 2023-24 season |date=3 July 2023 |publisher=Khel Now |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704045109/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-i-league-direct-entrants-profile |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Inter Kashi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |title=Collaboration agreement in the Inter Kashi project |date=29 June 2023 |publisher=Club Atletico de Madrid |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629140250/https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
* [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Namdhari Football Club from Punjab to bid for a spot in I-League 2023-24 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-namdhari-football-club-punjab-bid-spot-i-league-2023-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703144431/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-namdhari-football-club-punjab-bid-spot-i-league-2023-24 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
Bunkerhill Pvt Ltd ([[Ambala]]) withdrew its bid after inking a majority shareholding in [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. Nimida United Sports Development Pvt Ltd ([[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]) and Concatenate Advest Advisory Pvt Ltd ([[Delhi]]) were unable to fulfill the bid conditions.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-likely-to-be-left-with-only-two-new-direct-entrants-in-i-league/articleshow/102088569.cms?from=mdr |title=AIFF likely to be left with only two new direct entrants in I-League |date=24 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724192109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-likely-to-be-left-with-only-two-new-direct-entrants-in-i-league/articleshow/102088569.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=With only two new corporate teams, AIFF likely to persist with home-away format for I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/with-only-two-new-teams-aiff-likely-to-persist-with-home-away-format-for-i-league-2242381 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225137/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/with-only-two-new-teams-aiff-likely-to-persist-with-home-away-format-for-i-league-2242381 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Inter Kashi]], from a tier-2 city ([[Varanasi]]), will have relegation immunity for two seasons; while [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]], from a tier-3 city ([[Bhaini Ala]]), will be free from relegation for one season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=I-League: AIFF keen to add new teams, introduces triple-tier bid system for direct entry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-aiff-keen-to-add-new-teams-introduces-triple-tier-bid-system-for-direct-entry/articleshow/99917485.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-US |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829071957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-aiff-keen-to-add-new-teams-introduces-triple-tier-bid-system-for-direct-entry/articleshow/99917485.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rules ===
After the clubs requested to increase the maximum number of players allowed in a squad, the Committee decided to increase the player quota from 30 to 35. Clubs will also have to sign eight U-22 players.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee introduces youth quota for I-League |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-introduces-youth-quota-for-i-league |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=www.the-aiff.com |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822145149/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-introduces-youth-quota-for-i-league |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Format ===
AIFF proposed to revamp the league format by dividing the 16 teams into two conferences or zones, similar to [[Major League Soccer]], with the top 4 teams from each conference qualifying for the playoffs and the bottom four battling to avoid relegation, instead of traditional home-away format.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=4 July 2023 |title=AIFF revamp I-league with new format |work=[[The Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/aiff-revamp-i-league-with-new-format/articleshow/101472577.cms |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204152756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/aiff-revamp-i-league-with-new-format/articleshow/101472577.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Indian football federation mulling US-style conference format for I-League |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/federation-cup-returns-aiff-inducts-five-new-clubs-into-i-league-8699463/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230501/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/federation-cup-returns-aiff-inducts-five-new-clubs-into-i-league-8699463/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The change was suggested to make the league cost-effective for clubs by reducing travel time. However, with only 13 teams left to participate in the league, the proposed changes were dropped in favor of the traditional home-away format.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=I-League 2023-24 Will See 13 Teams Play Home and Away, Decides AIFF League Committee |url=https://www.news18.com/football/i-league-2023-24-will-see-13-teams-play-home-and-away-decides-aiff-league-committee-8532308.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814054518/https://www.news18.com/football/i-league-2023-24-will-see-13-teams-play-home-and-away-decides-aiff-league-committee-8532308.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=I-League 2023-24 format announced by AIFF |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/football-news/i-league-2023-24-to-be-played-in-home-and-away-double-round-robin-format-12986812.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814054511/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/football-news/i-league-2023-24-to-be-played-in-home-and-away-double-round-robin-format-12986812.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Teams ==
13 teams competed in this edition of the I-League; nine from the previous season, two promoted from the [[2022–23 I-League 2]], and two with direct entry.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=13 clubs, 156 matches: AIFF announces format for I-League 2023-24 |url=https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-announces-format-for-i-league-2023-2024-season-43376 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814054716/https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-announces-format-for-i-league-2023-2024-season-43376 |url-status=live }}</ref> Five teams are set to play their home games out of their home state or city because of various reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=I-League: Manipur clubs told to look for home ground outside state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-manipur-clubs-told-to-look-for-home-ground-outside-state/articleshow/104195993.cms |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204152706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-manipur-clubs-told-to-look-for-home-ground-outside-state/articleshow/104195993.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Home advantage unlikely to be a factor in I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/home-advantage-unlikely-to-be-a-factor-in-i-league-2332971 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.news9live.com |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027142457/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/home-advantage-unlikely-to-be-a-factor-in-i-league-2332971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Stadiums and locations ==
{{Location map+
|India
|float=right
|width=390
|caption=Locations of I-League teams
|places=


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.73 |long=92.72 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nobreak|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.318889 |long=83.012778 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|[[Inter Kashi]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=30.88 |long=76.06 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nobreak|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.58 |long=91.89 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position">[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=17.38 |long=78.49 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nobreak|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=26.90 |long=75.80 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nobreak|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.27 |long=73.96 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=11.25 |long=75.77 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=34.07 |long=74.82 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.57 |long=88.37 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative">{{nobreak|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=24.81 |long=93.94 |label= <div style="font-size:90%"> {{nobreak|'''Imphal'''}}
</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=20.00 |long=87.00 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">'''{{nobreak|[[Imphal]] teams:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]}} 
</div>|position=right}}
}}<section end="map" />

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size"
|-
!Team
!State/UT
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
|[[Tilak Maidan]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]{{efn|The club is based in [[Delhi]] but will play its home games in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] for the 2023–24 season due to the unavailability of stadiums in their home city.}}
|[[Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Namdhari FC#Stadiums|Namdhari Stadium]]
|1,000
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|50,000
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Inter Kashi]]{{efn|The club is based in [[Uttar Pradesh]] but has only played one of its home games at the [[Ekana Football Stadium]] so far.}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Varanasi]]
|[[Ekana Football Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|rowspan="2"|[[West Bengal]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|68,000
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
|[[Namdhari FC#Stadiums|Namdhari Stadium]]
|1,000
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]{{efn|name=Manipur|The club is based in [[Manipur]] but will play its home games in [[West Bengal]] due to the [[2023 Manipur violence]]}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Manipur]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Imphal]]
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC#Home ground|SSA Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]{{efn|The club is based in [[Rajasthan]] but will play its home games in various stadiums across India due to the unavailability of stadiums in their home city.}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Rajasthan]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC#Stadium|Deccan Arena]]
|1,500
|-
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Namdhari FC#Stadiums|Namdhari Stadium]]
|1,000
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]]
|[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|11,000
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Shillong]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC#Home ground|SSA Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC#Stadium|Deccan Arena]]
|1,500
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]{{efn|name=Manipur}}
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Personnel and sponsorship ===


{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Team
! scope="col" |Head coach
! scope="col" |Captain
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Kit manufacturer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Malsawmzuala Sailo
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalmuanawma
|{{flagicon|PHI}} Vamos<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2020 |title=Aizawl FC announce Vamos as Kit Sponsor |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=3693405940724896&id=521405447924977 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511113654/https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=3693405940724896&id=521405447924977 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
|NECS Limited<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das Sharma |first1=Amitabha |date=19 January 2018 |title=Aizawl looks to build future with own hands |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/aizawl-looks-to-build-future-with-own-hands/article22475363.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511113650/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/aizawl-looks-to-build-future-with-own-hands/article22475363.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Trak-Only<ref name="Nivia">{{cite web |title=Nivia Sports Official Website |url=https://www.niviasports.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118114921/https://www.niviasports.com/ |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |publisher=[[Nivia Sports]]}}</ref>
|Churchill Brothers
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yan Law]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]
|Colordesign India<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://colordesignindia.com/index.php/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528011428/https://colordesignindia.com/index.php/about/ |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=ColorDesign India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shareef Khan
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Do's<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1693611439838380172 |title=It's official – GKFC and Do's India unite for a season of greatness! We're excited to have them on board as our kit partner |date=21 August 2023 |publisher=Gokulam Kerala FC |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025011128/https://twitter.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1693611439838380172 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[CSB Bank]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Zaidi |first=Waseem |date=21 January 2022 |title=I-LEAGUE: Introducing shirt sponsors of every I-league club for 2021-22 season |url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122125039/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=www.khelnow.com |publisher=Khel Now}}</ref>
|-
|[[Inter Kashi]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Carlos Santamarina
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} SIX5SIX
|Cello
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} SIX5SIX<ref>{{cite web|title=Join us in welcoming TRAK-ONLY as our Official Kit Partner for the 2022-23 season|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1547608889277181952|date=14 July 2022|website=@MohammedanSC|access-date=6 May 2023|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220715100731/https://mobile.twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1547608889277181952|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Opinion Edge<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan Sporting Club - Official Website |url=http://www.mohammedansportingindia.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081422/http://www.mohammedansportingindia.com/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |publisher=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Harpreet Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} SPS Hospitals<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Rahul|last1=Saha|url=https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|title=I-league Commercial Guide: A Complete List of the 2023/24 I-League Team Sponsors|date=3 November 2023|access-date=26 September 2021|website=sportskhabri.com|publisher=Sports Khabri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103074811/https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|Namdharis
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gyan Moyon
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sushil Meitei]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} King
|Wolf 777 News
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pushpender Kundu
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardik Bhatt]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} AIO Sports
|[[AU Small Finance Bank]]
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Hammad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vector X
|Football for Peace
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bobby Nongbet]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kynsailang Khongsit]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} King
|Meghalaya Tourism
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Carlos Vaz Pinto]]
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vallion
|Sreenidhi Sports Academy
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[L. Nandakumar Singh]]
|{{flagicon|SKN}} [[Gerard Williams (footballer)|Gerard Williams]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} SIX5SIX<ref>{{cite web|title=We have tie up with SIX5SIX as the Kit Partner for this season|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=486134923520129&set=a.205354808264810|website=@officialtraufc|date=12 September 2022|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915181049/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=486134923520129&set=a.205354808264810|url-status=live}}</ref>
|TLT Sports Academy
|}

=== Managerial changes ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size"
|-
! scope=col| Team
! scope=col| Outgoing manager
! scope=col| Manner of departure
! scope=col| Date of vacancy
! scope=col| Round
! scope=col| Table
! scope=col| Incoming manager
! scope=col| Date of appointment
! scope=col class=unsortable| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]
|rowspan="2"|End of contract
|31 May 2023
| colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="9" |''Pre-season''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Domingo Oramas
|6 June 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Gokulam Kerala appoint Spaniard Domingo Oramas as head coach |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/06/07/gokulam-kerala-appoint-spaniard-domingo-oramas-as-head-coach.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812122517/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/06/07/gokulam-kerala-appoint-spaniard-domingo-oramas-as-head-coach.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surinder Singh (footballer)|Surinder Singh]]
|31 May 2023
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yan Law]]
|25 June 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Yan Cheng Law returns to Indian Football as Delhi FC head coach |url=https://thebridge.in/football/yan-cheng-law-returns-indian-football-delhi-fc-coach-42709 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626171831/https://thebridge.in/football/yan-cheng-law-returns-indian-football-delhi-fc-coach-42709 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Inter Kashi]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''Inaugural manager''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Carlos Santamarina
|29 June 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Atletico Madrid returns to Indian league football with Inter Kashi; former JFC gaffer Santamarina to be head coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/atletico-madrid-indian-football-return-i-league-side-atk-inter-kashi-carlos-santamarina-head-coach/article67023762.ece |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831165019/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/atletico-madrid-indian-football-return-i-league-side-atk-inter-kashi-carlos-santamarina-head-coach/article67023762.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mateus Costa]]
|End of contract
|31 May 2023
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Edgardo Malvestiti]]
|29 July 2023
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-six-month-chase-argentina-coach-says-yes-to-churchill-bros/articleshow/102238755.cms |title=After six-month chase, Argentina coach says yes to Churchill Bros |date=29 June 2023 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626171839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-six-month-chase-argentina-coach-says-yes-to-churchill-bros/articleshow/102238755.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]
|Sacked
|22 August 2023
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|29 August 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/mohammedan-re-appoint-andrey-chernyshov-as-head-coach-after-removing-mehrajuddin-wadoo-2267979 |title=Mohammedan reappoint Andrey Chernyshov as head coach after removing Mehrajuddin Wadoo |date=29 August 2023 |publisher=News9live |access-date=31 August 2023 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831163920/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/mohammedan-re-appoint-andrey-chernyshov-as-head-coach-after-removing-mehrajuddin-wadoo-2267979 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Caetano Pinho]]
|End of interim period
|31 May 2023
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Erol Akbay]]
|2 September 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=Aizawl Football Club is delighted to welcome Erol Akbay as our new Head Coach |url=https://twitter.com/AizawlFC/status/1697958487375159781 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website= |publisher=[[Twitter]] |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902143331/https://twitter.com/AizawlFC/status/1697958487375159781 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khogen Singh]]
|rowspan="3"|End of contract
|1 October 2023
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Jacob Joseph (Malaysia football coach)|Jacob Joseph]]
|8 October 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://makanbola.com/bekas-jurulatih-malaysia-kini-berkelana-di-india/ |title=Bekas Jurulatih Malaysia Kini Berkelana Di India |date=8 October 2023 |publisher=makanbola.com |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010052903/https://makanbola.com/bekas-jurulatih-malaysia-kini-berkelana-di-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|{{flagicon|SRB}} Marko Djerkovic
|TBC
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]
|6 October 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://i-league.org/i-league-2023-24-namdhari-fcs-baptism-by-fire/ |title=I-League 2023-24: Namdhari FC's baptism by fire |date=19 October 2023 |publisher=[[I-League]] |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026100928/https://i-league.org/i-league-2023-24-namdhari-fcs-baptism-by-fire/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gifton Noel-Williams]]
|31 May 2023
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
|27 October 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/rkfc-rajasthan-united-fc-to-face-off-in-i-league-match-today |title=RKFC, Rajasthan United FC to face off in I-League match today |date=27 October 2023 |publisher=www.greaterkashmir.com |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028101744/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/rkfc-rajasthan-united-fc-to-face-off-in-i-league-match-today |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Erol Akbay]]
|Mutual Agreement
|4 November 2023
|2
|10
|{{flagicon|IND}} Malsawmzuala Sailo
|4 November 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-in-form-aizawl-face-gokulam-test-at-home/articleshow/106030698.cms |title=I-League: In-form Aizawl face Gokulam test at home |date=15 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122014502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-in-form-aizawl-face-gokulam-test-at-home/articleshow/106030698.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]
|rowspan="2"|Sacked
|25 November 2023
|6
|10
|{{flagicon|IND}} Harpreet Singh
|25 November 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-11-indian-football-i-league-namdhari-fc-francesc-bonet-part-ways |title=Namdhari FC mutually part ways with Francesc Bonet after just five games in charge |date=26 November 2023 |publisher=khelnow.com |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129121754/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-11-indian-football-i-league-namdhari-fc-francesc-bonet-part-ways |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Edgardo Malvestiti]]
|6 January 2024
|9
|11
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]
|27 January 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Churchill-part-ways-with-coach-3-foreign-players/articleshow/106602328.cms|title=Churchill part ways with coach, 3 foreign players|date=6 January 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106185109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/churchill-part-ways-with-coach-3-foreign-players/articleshow/106602328.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C2lz8lRJmik/?igsh=YzljYTk1ODg3Zg==|title=@fbonet_00 joins the #RedMachines as Head Coach for the remainder of the season.|date=27 January 2024|publisher=@churchillbrothersfcgoa on [[Instagram]] |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Malsawmzuala Sailo
|End of Interim Period
|22 January 2024
|4
|11
|{{flagicon|MKD}} Bobi Stojkoski
|23 January 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AizawlFC/status/1749729398826360865?t=pphpdEwHkVYxbgD2NwNdRQ&s=19|title=Say hello to The People's Club new Head Coach - Stojkoski Bobi|date=23 January 2024|publisher=@AizawlFC on [[Twitter]]|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124063842/https://twitter.com/AizawlFC/status/1749729398826360865?t=pphpdEwHkVYxbgD2NwNdRQ&s=19|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Jacob Joseph (Malaysia football coach)|Jacob Joseph]]
|rowspan="3"|Sacked
|9 February 2024
|11
|13
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gyan Moyon
|9 February 2024
|
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{flagicon|MKD}} Bobi Stojkoski
|27 February 2024
|15
|8
|{{flagicon|IND}} Malsawmzuala Sailo
|27 February 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/111038|title=Stojkoski Bobby - OUT; Aizawl FC vs Real Kashmir 4:30 pm|date=28 February 2024|publisher=Vanglaini}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thezozamtimes.in/2024/02/28/aizawl-fc-in-bobi-an-ban/|title=Aizawl FC in Bobi an ban|date=28 February 2024|work=The Zozam Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Domingo Oramas
|31 March 2024
|22
|5
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shareef Khan
|31 March 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gokulam-kerala-show-coach-domingo-oramas-the-door/articleshow/108984069.cms| title=Gokulam Kerala show coach Domingo Oramas the door| date=3 April 2024| publisher=[[The Times of India]]| website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |first1=Rayson |last1=Tennyson| access-date=3 April 2024 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403074720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gokulam-kerala-show-coach-domingo-oramas-the-door/articleshow/108984069.cms| archive-date=3 April 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Foreign players ==

Initially, the AIFF committee decided to reduce registered foreign players to five in the squad and three in the starting line-up and remove the mandatory Asian quota.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in the squad to be reduced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513025552/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=I-League Foreigner Rule: AIFF League Committee reduces number of foreigners in I-League |url=https://www.insidesport.in/i-league-foreigner-rule-aiff-league-committee-reduces-number-of-foreigners-in-i-league-makes-five-u-22-players-mandatory-in-squad-check-out/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en-US |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620132043/https://www.insidesport.in/i-league-foreigner-rule-aiff-league-committee-reduces-number-of-foreigners-in-i-league-makes-five-u-22-players-mandatory-in-squad-check-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, on 22nd August 2023, the AIFF decided to retain the number of foreigners a club can sign in the I-League. Like the [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]] season, clubs can register ''six'' foreign players in their matchday squad. However, they can field only ''four'' (one must be from an [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] Member Association) at any given point during a match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee introduces youth quota for I-League |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-introduces-youth-quota-for-i-league |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=www.the-aiff.com |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822145149/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-introduces-youth-quota-for-i-league |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:85%"
|-
!scope=col style="width:130px;"| Club
!scope=col style="width:210px;"| Player 1
!scope=col style="width:200px;"| Player 2
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 3
!scope=col style="width:190px;"| Player 4
!scope=col style="width:190px;"| Player 5
!scope=col style="width:200px;"| Player 6
!scope=col style="width:200px;"| Former player(s)
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo (footballer, born 1988)|Gustavo Silva]]
| {{flagicon|SER}} [[Ivan Marić (footballer, born 1994)|Ivan Marić]]
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Rafał Zaborowski]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Amir Memari
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Aubin Kouakou]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} Chika Ajulu
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ogana Louis]]
| {{flagicon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Emmanuel Essien (footballer)|Kofi Essien]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} Ricardo Dichiara {{flagicon|ARG}} Emiliano Callegari {{flagicon|IRN}} Meysam Shahmakvandzadeh
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hudson Jesus]]
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Pape Gassama]]
| {{flagicon|TJK}} Alisher Kholmurodov
| {{flagicon|UZB}} Shokhrukhbek Muratov
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Takuto Miki
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Aroldinho {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Joseba Beitia]] {{flagicon|EGY}} Alaaeldin Nasr
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Pitu Viera
| {{flagicon|SRB}} Matija Babovic
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
| {{flagicon|TJK}} [[Komron Tursunov]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Justine Emmanuel]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nili (footballer)|Nili Perdomo]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu Bedia]]
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Inter Kashi]]
| {{flagicon|CPV}} [[Gianni dos Santos]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Fran Gómez
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Julen Pérez
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Juan Nellar]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Joseph Adjei]]
| {{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yevgeni Kozlov|Evgeniy Kozlov]]
| {{flagicon|UZB}} Mirjalol Kasimov
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Prince Opoku Agyemang|Prince Opoku]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Imanol Arana
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Iván Garrido
| {{flagicon|GHA}} Stephen Acquah
|
|
|
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Olmes García]]
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Adama Coulibaly (footballer, born 1999)|Adama Coulibaly]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} Ibrahim Nurudeen
| {{flagicon|SLE}} [[David Simbo]]
| {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
| {{flagicon|LBN}} Haidar Awada
|
| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Marius Leca]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bogdan Gavrilă|Bogdan Gavrila]] {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Fabian Reid]]
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jefferson Oliveira]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ibrahim Moro]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Richard Gadze]]
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Marin Mudražija
|
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Paulo Vyctor {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Dário Júnior]]
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Kamo Bayi]]
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]]
| {{flagicon|POR}} Carlos Lomba
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Kamal Issah]]
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Henry Kisekka]]
| {{flagicon|SYR}} [[Shaher Shaheen]]
| {{flagicon|LBN}} Mohamad Maksoud
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Daniel Gonçalves
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Renan Paulino]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Marcos Rudwere
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Arik Bista]]
|
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Takuto Miki {{flagicon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Ibrahim Sissoko]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Rilwan Hassan]]
| {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Faysal Shayesteh]]
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| {{flagicon|SKN}} [[Gerard Williams (footballer)|Gerard Williams]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} Ben Quansah
| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Sardor Jakhonov]]
|
|
|
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Thawan Marcos {{flagicon|BRA}} Willian Reis {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Abraham Okyere]] {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Ibrahima Baldé (footballer, born 1989)|Ibrahima Baldé]]
|}

== League table ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=League table
|update=complete
|source= [https://i-league.org/points-table/i-league/ I-League]
|show_groups=no


|team_order= MOH, SRD, GOK, IKA, REK, DEL, CHB, SHL, NAM, AIZ, RAJ, NER, TRU




|win_AIZ=6 |draw_AIZ=7 |loss_AIZ=9 |gf_AIZ=36|ga_AIZ=35
|win_CHB=9 |draw_CHB=6 |loss_CHB=9 |gf_CHB=40|ga_CHB=31
|win_DEL=11 |draw_DEL=2 |loss_DEL=11
|gf_DEL=44|ga_DEL=40
|win_GOK=12|draw_GOK=6 |loss_GOK=6 |gf_GOK=55|ga_GOK=34
|win_IKA=11|draw_IKA=8 |loss_IKA=5 |gf_IKA=47|ga_IKA=41
|win_MOH=15|draw_MOH=7 |loss_MOH=2 |gf_MOH=44|ga_MOH=22
|win_NAM=7 |draw_NAM=6 |loss_NAM=11|gf_NAM=29|ga_NAM=40
|win_NER=4 |draw_NER=2 |loss_NER=17|gf_NER=26|ga_NER=61
|win_RAJ=6 |draw_RAJ=7 |loss_RAJ=11 |gf_RAJ=40|ga_RAJ=63
|win_REK=11|draw_REK=7 |loss_REK=6 |gf_REK=36|ga_REK=19
|win_SHL=8 |draw_SHL=7 |loss_SHL=9 |gf_SHL=36|ga_SHL=37
|win_SRD=14|draw_SRD=6 |loss_SRD=4 |gf_SRD=54|ga_SRD=26
|win_TRU=4 |draw_TRU=1 |loss_TRU=18|gf_TRU=26|ga_TRU=64


|result1=ISL |result12=R |result13=R


|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_CHB=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_DEL=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_IKA=[[Inter Kashi]]
|name_MOH=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_NER=[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|name_TRU=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]


|status_MOH=C, P
|status_TRU=R
|status_NER=R


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=
1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Total goal difference; 5) Total number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots (Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played).


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_ISL=green1 |text_ISL=Promotion to [[2024–25 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2024–25 I-League 2|I-League 2]]
}}</onlyinclude>

== Results ==
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/i-league/ I-League]
|update = complete
|matches_style = FBR


|team1=AIZ|team2=CHB |team3=DEL |team4=GOK |team5=IKA |team6=MOH |team7=NAM |team8=NER |team9=RAJ |team10=REK|team11=SHL|team12=SRD|team13=TRU


|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_CHB=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_DEL=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_IKA=[[Inter Kashi]]
|name_MOH=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_NER=[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|name_TRU=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]


|match_AIZ_CHB=4-0
|match_AIZ_DEL=1–5
|match_AIZ_GOK=1-1
|match_AIZ_IKA=1-1
|match_AIZ_MOH=0-0
|match_AIZ_NAM=3–0
|match_AIZ_NER=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|0-0]]{{efn|name=aban|Match was abandoned citing security concerns.}}
|match_AIZ_RAJ=0-0
|match_AIZ_REK=0-1
|match_AIZ_SHL=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|1-2]]
|match_AIZ_SRD=1-5
|match_AIZ_TRU=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|0-0]]{{efn|name=aban}}


|match_CHB_AIZ=2-0
|match_CHB_DEL=2–0
|match_CHB_GOK=1–2
|match_CHB_IKA=1–2
|match_CHB_MOH=0–0
|match_CHB_NAM=1-1
|match_CHB_NER=4-1
|match_CHB_RAJ=7-0
|match_CHB_REK=0-2
|match_CHB_SHL=2-1
|match_CHB_SRD=1-2
|match_CHB_TRU=4–0


|match_DEL_AIZ=1-0
|match_DEL_CHB=2-1
|match_DEL_GOK=1-2
|match_DEL_IKA=0-2
|match_DEL_MOH=1–2
|match_DEL_NAM=2-3
|match_DEL_NER=3–4
|match_DEL_RAJ=4–3
|match_DEL_REK=1–0
|match_DEL_SHL=3–1
|match_DEL_SRD=0-1
|match_DEL_TRU=1–1


|match_GOK_AIZ=4-3
|match_GOK_CHB=1–1
|match_GOK_DEL=0-2
|match_GOK_IKA=2–2
|match_GOK_MOH=2-3
|match_GOK_NAM=2-2
|match_GOK_NER=4–1
|match_GOK_RAJ=5–0
|match_GOK_REK=1-1
|match_GOK_SHL=2-0
|match_GOK_SRD=1-2
|match_GOK_TRU=6–1


|match_IKA_AIZ=5–4
|match_IKA_CHB=1-1
|match_IKA_DEL=2-0
|match_IKA_GOK=2-4
|match_IKA_MOH=0–2
|match_IKA_NAM=4-1
|match_IKA_NER=3–1
|match_IKA_RAJ=1-1
|match_IKA_REK=1–1
|match_IKA_SHL=2–1
|match_IKA_SRD=1-1
|match_IKA_TRU=6-3


|match_MOH_AIZ=2–1
|match_MOH_CHB=3-2
|match_MOH_DEL=1–3
|match_MOH_GOK=1-1
|match_MOH_IKA=1-1
|match_MOH_NAM=3-1
|match_MOH_NER=2–1
|match_MOH_RAJ=5-1
|match_MOH_REK=0-3
|match_MOH_SHL=1–1
|match_MOH_SRD=2-1
|match_MOH_TRU=6–0


|match_NAM_AIZ=1-1
|match_NAM_CHB=0–0
|match_NAM_DEL=1-2
|match_NAM_GOK=2-1
|match_NAM_IKA=2–4
|match_NAM_MOH=0-1
|match_NAM_NER=3-2
|match_NAM_RAJ=2–0
|match_NAM_REK=1–0
|match_NAM_SHL=1-1
|match_NAM_SRD=0–2
|match_NAM_TRU=1-2


|match_NER_AIZ=1–3
|match_NER_CHB=2-3
|match_NER_DEL=1-2
|match_NER_GOK=0-3
|match_NER_IKA=1-3
|match_NER_MOH=0-2
|match_NER_NAM=2–1
|match_NER_RAJ=3-4
|match_NER_REK=0–4
|match_NER_SHL=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|0-2]]
|match_NER_SRD=1-1
|match_NER_TRU=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|1–0]]


|match_RAJ_AIZ=2–2
|match_RAJ_CHB=2–0
|match_RAJ_DEL=3-6
|match_RAJ_GOK=1-4
|match_RAJ_IKA=2-2
|match_RAJ_MOH=1–2
|match_RAJ_NAM=0-0
|match_RAJ_NER=5-1
|match_RAJ_REK=1-0
|match_RAJ_SHL=1-1
|match_RAJ_SRD=1–2
|match_RAJ_TRU=5–4


|match_REK_AIZ=0–0
|match_REK_CHB=1–3
|match_REK_DEL=1-1
|match_REK_GOK=3-0
|match_REK_IKA=4–0
|match_REK_MOH=0-0
|match_REK_NAM=1–4
|match_REK_NER=3–0
|match_REK_RAJ=2–0
|match_REK_SHL=3-1
|match_REK_SRD=0-0
|match_REK_TRU=1-0


|match_SHL_AIZ=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|0-3]]
|match_SHL_CHB=2-0
|match_SHL_DEL=2–1
|match_SHL_GOK=3–1
|match_SHL_IKA=0-1
|match_SHL_MOH=1-2
|match_SHL_NAM=3–0
|match_SHL_NER=1–1
|match_SHL_RAJ=4-4
|match_SHL_REK=1-1
|match_SHL_SRD=2–2
|match_SHL_TRU=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|2–1]]


|match_SRD_AIZ=1–2
|match_SRD_CHB=2-2
|match_SRD_DEL=1-0
|match_SRD_GOK=1-4
|match_SRD_IKA=4–1
|match_SRD_MOH=1-1
|match_SRD_NAM=2-0
|match_SRD_NER=4–0
|match_SRD_RAJ=6-1
|match_SRD_REK=2-3
|match_SRD_SHL=3–2
|match_SRD_TRU=3-0


|match_TRU_AIZ=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|1-5]]
|match_TRU_CHB=0-2
|match_TRU_DEL=5-3
|match_TRU_GOK=0–2
|match_TRU_IKA=3-0
|match_TRU_MOH=0-2
|match_TRU_NAM=1–2
|match_TRU_NER=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|1-2]]
|match_TRU_RAJ=0-2
|match_TRU_REK=2-1
|match_TRU_SHL=[[Northeast Derby (I-League)|1-2]]
|match_TRU_SRD=0–5
}}
{{notelist}}
===Results by games===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b
|team1={{nowrap|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]}}
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|team3=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|team4=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|team5=[[Inter Kashi]]
|team6=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|team7=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|team8=[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|team9=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|team10=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|team11=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|team12=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|team13=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]

| pos1= L/W/W/L/W/D/D/W/W/D/D/D/L/L/D/L/L/L/L/W/D/L/D/D 
| pos2= D/W/L/L/W/D/L/L/W/D/L/D/D/L/L/W/W/W/L/D/L/W/W/W 
| pos3= D/W/L/W/L/L/W/W/L/L/W/L/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/D/W/W/W/W 
| pos4= D/W/W/W/L/D/D/D/L/D/W/W/W/W/W/W/L/L/D/W/L/L/W/W 
| pos5= D/L/W/W/L/L/W/D/L/W/D/W/L/D/W/D/W/D/W/W/W/W/D/D 
| pos6= W/D/W/W/W/W/W/D/W/D/W/L/D/W/W/D/W/W/W/W/D/D/W/L 
| pos7= D/L/W/L/L/L/D/L/L/W/L/D/W/L/L/W/W/D/L/L/D/W/D/W 
| pos8= L/L/D/L/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W/W/L/D/L/D 
| pos9= L/L/L/W/L/L/D/D/D/W/W/W/L/L/D/D/D/D/W/W/L/L/L/L 
| pos10= W/W/L/L/W/W/D/D/W/W/L/W/L/W/D/W/W/D/D/D/D/W/L/L 
| pos11= D/D/D/W/W/W/D/W/L/L/W/L/L/W/W/D/L/W/D/D/L/L/L/L 
| pos12= W/W/L/D/W/W/W/L/D/W/L/W/W/W/W/D/L/W/W/D/W/D/D/W 
| pos13= D/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/L/L/W/L/L/L/L/W/D/L 

|color_W = green2| text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2| text_L =Lose
|source = [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/i-league I-League]
|update = complete
}}

== Charity match ==
The [[Mizoram Football Association]] in collaboration with Mizo Professional Footballers Association held a charity match on June 21. This match featured [[Indian Super League|ISL]] vs I-League players from Mizoram to raise funds for [[Cyclone Remal]] victims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanglaini - Infiamna {{!}} June 21-ah Charity Football Match - Mizo Players : ISL Vs I League |url=https://vanglaini.org/infiamna/117563 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Vanglaini |language=en}}</ref>
{{football box
|date = 21 June, 2024
|time = 17:00 IST
|team1 = [[Indian Super League|ISL]] XI ([[Mizo people|Mizo]])
|score = 2-2
|team2 = [[I-League]] XI ([[Mizo people|Mizo]])
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|report = [https://www.instagram.com/mizoramfootballassociation/p/C75uj1oSRg6/ Report]
}}

== Season statistics ==
{{updated|13 April 2024}}
=== Top scorers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.in/football/stats/_/league/ind.2 | title=Indian I-League Stats, 2023-24 Season - ESPN (IN) | access-date=30 November 2023 | archive-date=1 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301191012/https://www.espn.in/football/stats/_/league/ind.2 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="1" | 19
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell
| align="left" | Rajasthan United
| rowspan="1" | 16
|-
| 3
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
| align="left" | Aizawl
| 15
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| align="left" | {{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]]
| align="left" | Mohammedan
| rowspan="2" | 13
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]]
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]]
| align="left" | Real Kashmir
| rowspan="2" | 12
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
| 8
| align="left" | {{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| align="left" | Sreenidi Deccan
| 11
|-
| 9
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| align="left" | Sreenidi Deccan
| 9
|-
| rowspan="2" | 10
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ogana Louis]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
| rowspan="2" | 7
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong/Churchill Brothers
|}

=== Hat-tricks ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! For
! Against
! style="text-align:center" | Result
! Date
! Ref
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Yash Tripathi
| Rajasthan United
| Delhi
| align="center" | 3–4 (A)
| {{dts|2023|11|02|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/02/india/i-league/delhi-fc/india-rajasthan-fc/4258527/|title=Delhi 4 – 3 Rajasthan United|date=2 November 2023|access-date=2 November 2023|website=Soccerway|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104192917/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/02/india/i-league/delhi-fc/india-rajasthan-fc/4258527/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]
| Gokulam Kerala
| Rajasthan United
| align="center" | 5–0 (H)
| {{dts|2023|11|09|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/09/india/i-league/gokulam/india-rajasthan-fc/4258538/|title=Gokulam Kerala 5 – 0 Rajasthan United|date=9 November 2023|access-date=9 November 2023|website=Soccerway|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110125542/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/09/india/i-league/gokulam/india-rajasthan-fc/4258538/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
| Aizawl
| NEROCA
| align="center" | 3–1 (A)
| {{dts|2023|11|14|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/14/india/i-league/neroca/aizawl-fc/4258544/|title=NEROCA 1 – 3 Aizawl|date=14 November 2023|access-date=14 November 2023|website=Soccerway|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117194000/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/14/india/i-league/neroca/aizawl-fc/4258544/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell
| Rajasthan United
| TRAU
| align="center" | 5-4 (H)
| {{dts|2023|12|22|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2023/12/22/india/i-league/india-rajasthan-fc/trau/4258589/|title=Rajasthan United 5 – 4 TRAU|date=22 December 2023|access-date=25 December 2023|website=Soccerway}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]]
| Mohammedan
| Rajasthan United
| align="center" | 5-1 (H)
| {{dts|2024|02|13|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/02/13/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/india-rajasthan-fc/4302237/|title=Mohammedan 5 – 1 Rajasthan United|date=13 February 2024|access-date=13 February 2024|website=Soccerway|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213190914/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/02/13/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/india-rajasthan-fc/4302237/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
| Churchill Brothers
| NEROCA
| align="center" | 3–2 (A)
| {{dts|2024|03|08|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Karin Samb's hat-trick gives Churchill full points {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/karin-sambs-hat-trick-gives-churchill-full-points |publisher=i-league.org |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314175738/https://i-league.org/karin-sambs-hat-trick-gives-churchill-full-points/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Marin Mudrazija
| Rajasthan United
| NEROCA
| align="center" | 5–1 (H)
| {{dts|2024|03|11|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/11/india/i-league/india-rajasthan-fc/neroca/4302272/|date=11 March 2024|access-date=15 March 2024|website=Soccerway|title=Rajasthan United vs. NEROCA - 11 March 2024 - Soccerway|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315233537/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/11/india/i-league/india-rajasthan-fc/neroca/4302272/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]]
| Delhi
| Shillong Lajong
| align="center" | 3–1 (H)
| {{dts|2024|03|28|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/28/india/i-league/delhi-fc/lajong-sc/4333608/|date=28 March 2024|access-date=29 March 2024|website=Soccerway |title=Delhi vs. Shillong Lajong - 28 March 2024 - Soccerway }}</ref>
|}

=== Top assists ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Assists
|-
| 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
| align="left" | Inter Kashi
| 12
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| align="left" | Inter Kashi
| rowspan="2" | 8
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Noufal PN]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
|-
| rowspan="1" | 4
| align="left" | {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Faysal Shayesteh]]
| align="left" | Sreenidi Deccan
| rowspan="1" | 7
|-
| rowspan="3" | 5
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} Imanol Arana
| align="left" | Namdhari
| rowspan="3" | 6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]]
| align="left" | Mohammedan
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]]
| align="left" | Churchill Brothers
|-
| rowspan="6" | 8
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Lalchungnunga Chhangte
| align="left" | Rajasthan United
| rowspan="6" | 5
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
| align="left" | Shillong Lajong
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Deepak Singh
| align="left" | TRAU
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Pape Gassama]]
| align="left" | Delhi
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Lalremruata Ralte
| align="left" | Churchill Brothers
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:"center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Clean sheets
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muheet Shabir]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
| rowspan="1" align="center" |12
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Padam Chettri
| align="left" |Mohammedan
| rowspan="1" align="center" |8
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Albino Gomes]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
| rowspan="2" align="center" |7
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nora Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
| rowspan="1" align="center" |5
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |6
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Avilash Paul]]{{efn|Paul was substituted after 65 minutes against TRAU after Dabas' red card}}
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="4" align="center" |3
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sachin Jha
| align="left" |Rajashthan United
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Devansh Dabas
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center" |10
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tenzin Samdup]]
| align="left" |Namdhari
| rowspan="5" align="center" |2
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Neithovilie Chalieu
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
| align="left" |Rajashthan United
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Nishan Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
|}
{{notelist}}

== Attendances ==
=== Overall ===
{{fb a header}}
{{fb a2 team|p=1|t=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] |s=75,803 |h=7,816 |l=4,891 |a=6,316 |pr=1775|nt=†}}
{{fb a2 team|p=2|t=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] |s=61,349 |h=19,764 |l=600 |a=5,112 |pr=2558}}
{{fb a2 team|p=3|t=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] |s=52,368 |h=24,678 |l=200 |a=4,758 |pr=1590}}
{{fb a2 team|p=4|t=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] |s=38,492 |h=7,632 |l=1,100 |a=3,499 |pr=2859}}
{{fb a2 team|p=5|t=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] |s=18,199 |h=3,485 |l=300 |a=1,819 |pr=2333}}
{{fb a2 team|p=6|t=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] |s=13,881 |h=2,314 |l=500|a=1,156 |pr=1811}}
{{fb a2 team|p=7|t=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]] |s=6,976 |h=1,182 |l=150 |a=581 |pr=171|nt=†}}
{{fb a2 team|p=8|t=[[Inter Kashi]] |s=6,294 |h=2,687 |l=123 |a=524 |pr=|nt=*}}
{{fb a2 team|p=9|t=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] |s=6,147 |h=1,200 |l=300 |a=512 |pr=|nt=*}}
{{fb a2 team|p=10|t=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]] |s=4,906 |h=900 |l=80 |a=408 |pr=520}}
{{fb a2 team|p=11|t=[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] |s=4,282 |h=2,500 |l=50 |a=362 |pr=3400}}
{{fb a2 team|p=12|t=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]] |s=3,061 |h=512 |l=100 |a=255 |pr=2155}}
{{fb a2 team|p=13|t=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] |s=2,204 |h=500 |l=86 |a=183 |pr=1369}}
{{fb a footer|s=293,962 |h=24,678 |l=50 |a=1,933 |pr=1818 |source=I-League|date=July 2023|notes=† Teams played previous season in [[I-League 2]]. 
* Teams that joined I-League through corporate direct entry.
}}

==== Attendances by home matches ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:76px;"|Team \ Match played
! align=center|1 !! align=center|2 !! align=center|3 !! align=center|4 !! align=center|5 !! align=center|6 !! align=center|7 !! align=center|8 !! align=center|9 !! align=center|10 !! align=center|11
!12!! align="center" |Total
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]}}
||5,585 ||5,248 ||5,987||6,425 ||6,718 ||6,115||7,438||style="background:#FFCCCC"|4,891||5,812||6,617|| 7,151||style="background:#CCF9CC"| 7,816||75,803
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]}}
|style="background:#CCF9CC"|19,764||10,485 ||4,388 ||13,425||2,000||2,500 || 2,500|| 2,023|| 1,540|| 1,024|| 1,100||style="background:#FFCCCC"| 600||61,349
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}}
||4,900||3,786 ||1,773 ||5,825 ||3,885 ||1,821 || 2,500|| N/A{{efn|Mohammedan's home match against Rajasthan United was played behind closed doors due to report of violence in Mohammedan's previous game.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/mohammedan-sporting-to-play-next-two-i-league-matches-behind-closed-doors/|title=Mohammedan Sporting to play next two I-League matches behind closed doors!|website=www.arunfoot.com}}</ref>}}||style="background:#FFCCCC"| 200|| 1,000|| 2,000||style="background:#CCF9CC"| 24,678||52,368
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]}}
||1,872||6,200 ||4,728 ||3,172 ||3,659 ||2,500 ||N/A{{efn|Real Kashmir's home match against Gokulam Kerala was played behind closed doors due to security concerns.}} ||3,740 || 1,635||style="background:#CCF9CC"| 7,632|| 2,254||style="background:#FFCCCC| 1,100||38,492
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]}}
||767||2,000 ||3,004 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|3,485||2,879 || 1,000|| 1,462|| 1,246|| 2,056||style="background:#FFCCCC| 300||N/A{{efn|name=cd|Matches were abandoned due to security concerns and the points were shared<ref>{{cite news|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-aizawl-fc-trau-neroca-manipur-violence-202404|title=AIFF cancel Aizawl FC's home games against TRAU and NEROCA; Manipuri clubs cite security concerns|website=khelnow.com}}</ref>}}||N/A{{efn|name=cd}}||18,199
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]}}
|style="background:#CCF9CC"|2,314||1,895||2,000||1,683|| 500 ||1,633 || 825|| 1,025|| 981||style="background:#FFCCCC"| 200|| 275|| 550||13,881
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}}
||600||618||1,100 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|1,182 ||1,058 ||918 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"| 150|| 200|| 500|| 250|| 200|| 200||6,976
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Inter Kashi]]}}
|style="background:#CCF9CC"|2,687||500||style="background:#FFCCCC"|123 || 259|| 127|| 447|| 187|| 200|| 752|| 325|| 232|| 455||6,294
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]}}
||561||350||style="background:#FFCCCC"|300||898 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|1,200 ||488|| 300|| 500|| 500|| 250|| 400|| 400||6,147
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]}} ||750||696 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|900 ||650 ||750 || 123||style="background:#FFCCCC"| 80|| 200|| 168|| 250|| 149|| 190||4,906
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]}}
||200 ||212 ||153 ||258 ||259 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"| 2,500|| 100||style="background:#FFCCCC"| 50|| 150|| 100|| 200|| 100||4,282
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]}}
||200||315 ||style="background:#FFCCCC|100 ||128 ||422 || 128||style="background:#CCF9CC"| 512|| 259|| 222|| 152|| 500|| 123||3,061
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]}}
||150||200 ||88 ||280 ||88 ||style="background:#FFCCCC|86 ||312 ||100 || 100||style="background:#CCF9CC"| 500|| 100|| 200||2,204
|}
{{notelist}}
'''Legend:''' {{legend inline|#CCF9CC|Highest}}
{{Legend inline|#FFCCCC|Lowest}}

 
Updated to game(s) played on 13 April 2024 
'''Source:''' [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/i-league/ I-League]

== Awards ==
[[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] ([[Gokulam Kerala]]) has won the Hero of the match award the most times (7).
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align: left; font-size:83%"
|-
! colspan="9" |Hero of the match
|-
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
|-
!1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Wayne Vaz]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!4
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]]
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
| align="left" |Delhi
!6
| align="left" |{{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
!7
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Yash Tripathi
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!8
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Rosenberg Gabriel
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!9
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} Daniel Gonçalves
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!10
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeremy Laldinpuia]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!11
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (2)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!12
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!13
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[R Ramdinthara|Tharpuia]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
!14
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Joseph Adjei]]
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!15
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ARG}} Ricardo Dichiara
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
!16
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Renan Paulino]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!17
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (3)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!18
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Padam Chettri
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!19
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Akashdeep Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
!20
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (4)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!21
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!22
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Rosenberg Gabriel (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!23
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia
| align="left" |Aizawl
!24
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Gaurav Rawat
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
!25
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gyamar Nikum]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!26
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Imanol Arana
| align="left" |Namdhari
!27
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sagolsem Bikash Singh
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!28
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!29
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Jagdeep Singh
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!30
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Wahengbam Angousana]]
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!31
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia (2)
| align="left" |Aizawl
!32
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!33
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ARG}} Ricardo Dichiara (2)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
!34
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Hammad]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!35
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!36
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]] (2)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!37
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Jagdeep Singh (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!38
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ARG}} Emiliano Callegari Torre
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!39
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SLE}} [[David Simbo]]
| align="left" |NEROCA
|-
!40
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammad Inam
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!41
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia (3)
| align="left" |Aizawl
!42
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Pape Gassama]]
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
!43
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!44
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nora Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
!45
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Abhijith Kurungodan
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!46
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ibrahim Moro]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!47
| align="left" |{{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]]
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!48
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bali Gagandeep]]
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
!49
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Renan Paulino]] (2)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!50
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Richard Gadze]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!51
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} R Lalbiakliana
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!52
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joe Zoherliana]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
!53
| align="left" |{{flagicon|UZB}} Mirjalol Kasimov
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!54
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SER}} [[Ivan Marić (footballer, born 1994)|Ivan Marić]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
|-
!55
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Danish Aribam
| align="left" |TRAU
!56
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!57
| align="left" |{{flagicon|POR}} Carlos Lomba
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!58
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]] (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!59
| align="left" |{{flagicon|UZB}} Mirjalol Kasimov (2)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!60
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela (2)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!61
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell (2)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!62
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammad Inam (2)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!63
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (5)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!64
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Manvir Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
!65
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Padam Chettri (2)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!66
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (6)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!67
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nora Fernandes]] (2)
| align="left" |Aizawl
!68
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell (3)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!69
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Renan Paulino]] (3)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!70
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hudson Jesus]]
| align="left" |Delhi
!71
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalremsanga Fanai]]
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!72
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CPV}} [[Gianni dos Santos]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!73
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]] (3)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!74
| colspan="2" |No one was given due to the cancellation of the match
!75
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CRO}} Marin Mudražija
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!76
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!77
| align="left" |{{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]] (2)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!78
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nora Fernandes]] (3)
| align="left" |Aizawl
|-
!79
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Danish Aribam (2)
| align="left" |TRAU
!80
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav K.|Sourav K]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!81
| align="left" |{{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]] (2)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!82
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Akashdeep Singh (2)
| align="left" |Namdhari
!83
| align="left" |{{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!84
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammad Ajsal
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!85
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]]
| align="left" |Delhi
!86
| align="left" |{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Komron Tursunov]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!87
| align="left" |{{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]] (3)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!88
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kynsaibor Lhuid
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!89
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gyamar Nikum]] (2)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!90
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!91
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalliansanga Renthlei]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!92
| align="left" |{{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (3)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!93
| align="left" |{{flagicon|UZB}} Shokhrukhbek Muratov
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
!94
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalbiakzuala]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!95
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammad Inam (3)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!96
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Abhijith Kurungodan (2)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!97
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Rilwan Hassan]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!98
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Manash Protim Gogoi
| align="left" |TRAU
!99
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!100
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ogana Louis]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!101
| align="left" |{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Henry Kisekka]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!102
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} Daniel Gonçalves (2)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!103
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Iván Garrido
| align="left" |Namdhari
!104
| align="left" |{{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (4)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!105
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lalchungnunga Chhangte
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!106
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Akashdeep Singh (3)
| align="left" |Namdhari
!107
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} David Lalhlansanga
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!108
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]] (2)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!109
|colspan="2" |No one was given due to the cancellation of the match
!110
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell (4)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!111
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
!112
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammad Ajsal (2)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!113
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]] (2)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!114
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sagolsem Bikash Singh (2)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!115
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalromawia]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!116
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SRB}} Matija Babović
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!117
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CRO}} Marin Mudražija (2)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!118
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pritam Kumar Singh]]
| align="left" |TRAU
!119
| align="left" |{{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]] (4)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
!120
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!121
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Adnan Ayub
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!122
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SRB}} Matija Babović (2)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!123
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Richardson Denzell (5)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!124
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Harpreet Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
!125
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurtej Singh]]
| align="left" |Delhi
!126
| align="left" |{{flagicon|HON}} [[Eddie Hernández]] (5)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!127
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!128
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]] (2)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!129
| align="left" |{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
| align="left" |NEROCA
|-
!130
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Peter Seiminthang Haokip
| align="left" |Namdhari
!131
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!132
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Hammad]] (2)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!133
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]] (2)
| align="left" |Delhi
!134
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Stendly Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!135
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lourembam David Singh
| align="left" |NEROCA
|-
!136
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]] (3)
| align="left" |Delhi
!137
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia (4)
| align="left" |Aizawl
!138
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyder Yousuf]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!139
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]] (3)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!140
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalromawia]] (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!141
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Peter Seiminthang Haokip (2)
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!142
| align="left" |{{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]] (3)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!143
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Khoirom Jackson Singh
| align="left" |NEROCA
!144
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hudson Jesus]] (2)
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
!145
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ogana Louis]] (2)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!146
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Soraisam Robinson Singh
| align="left" |TRAU
!147
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Padam Chettri (3)
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|-
!148
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (7)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!149
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Julen Pérez
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!150
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ogana Louis]] (3)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
!151
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Noufal PN]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!152
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Stephen Acquah
| align="left" |Namdhari
!153
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayakkannan]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!154
| align="left" |{{flagicon|UZB}} Shokhrukhbek Muratov
| align="left" |Delhi
|}

===Annual awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Winner
|-
|Best Player
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|-
|Best Goalkeeper
|{{flagicon|IND}} Padam Chettri (Mohammedan)
|-
|Jarnail Singh Award (Best Defender)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Hammad]] (Real Kashmir)
|-
|Best Midfielder
|{{flagicon|UZB}} Mirjalol Kasimov (Mohammedan)
|-
|Highest Scorer
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|-
|Best Emerging Player
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gyamar Nikum]] (Inter Kashi)
|-
|Syed Abdul Rahim Award (Best Coach)
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]] (Mohammedan)
|-
|Fair Play Contest
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|-
|Best Match Organisation
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|-
|Best Media Operations
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Source: [https://i-league.org/alejandro-sanchez-lopez-named-best-player-in-i-league-2023-24/ I-League]
|}

== See also ==
* '''Men'''
** [[2023–24 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2023–24 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2023–24 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2023–24 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2024 Indian Super Cup|2024 Super Cup]]
** [[2023 Durand Cup]]
** [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League]]
* '''Women'''
** [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]]
** [[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{I-League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 I-League}}

[[Category:2023–24 I-League]]
[[Category:I-League seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Asian second-tier association football leagues|India]]

List of Padma Shri award recipients in medicine

2026-04-19T16:27:57Z

KirkEvd85074933: added new post

{{Short description|Recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

This is a list of recipients of the [[Padma Shri]] award, the fourth-highest civilian award of the [[Republic of India]], in the field of Medicine. As of 2025, a total of 483 individuals have been awarded Padma Shri for their contributions to medicine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards Dashboard |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in |url-status= |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=padmaawards.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)}}</ref>

== Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1950-1959
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1954 || [[Satyanarayana Shastri]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1954 || [[Bir Bhan Bhatia]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1954 || [[Mathra Das Pahwa]]|| Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1954 || [[Vasant Ramji Khanolkar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1955 || [[Lalit Mohan Banerjee]]|| West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1955 || [[Vasant Ramji Khanolkar]]|| Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1955 || [[Mahesh Prasad Mehray]]|| Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1955 || [[Perakath Verghese Benjamin]]|| Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1955 || Siddha Nath Kaul || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1956 || [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1956 || [[Chintaman Govind Pandit]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 1956 || [[Isaac Santra]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1956 || [[M. C. Modi|Murugappa Chennaveerappa Modi]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 1956 || [[Mohan Lal]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1956 || [[Sohan Singh]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1957 || [[Khushdeva Singh]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1958 || [[Rustom Jal Vakil]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1959 || Jal Cawasha Paymaster || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1959 || [[Shivajirao Patwardhan]]|| Maharashtra || Medicine
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1960-1969
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1960 || [[Rabindra Nath Chaudhuri]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1960 || [[Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1960 || Kalpathy Rama Iyer Doraiswami || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1961 || [[Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1961 || Tridib Nath Banerjee || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1961 || [[Hilda Mary Lazarus]]|| Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Col. Mahankali Seetharama Rao]] || Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || Col. Ramaswamy Duraiswamy Ayyar || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Col. Sudhansu Sobhan Maitra]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Dukhan Ram]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Jal R. Patel]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Prem Chandra Dhanda]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Raghunath Saran]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Santosh Kumar Sen]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Santosh Kumar Mukerji]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1962 || [[Shridher Sharma]] || Rajasthan || Medicine
|-
| 1963 || [[Arcot Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1963 || [[M. L. Soni]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1963 || [[N. N. Bery]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1963 || [[Nani Chandra Bordoloi]] || Assam || Medicine
|-
| 1963 || Sohrabji Pestonji Shroff || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1963 || [[George William Gregory Bird]]|| United Kingdom || Medicine
|-
| 1964 || [[Chintaman Govind Pandit]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1964 || [[Jacob Chandy]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1964 || [[Kushwant Lal Wig]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1964 || [[Rafiuddin Ahmed]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1964 || [[Mohd. Abdul Hai]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1964 || Santosh Kumar Mazumdar || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1965 || [[Bhalchandra Babaji Dikshit]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1965 || [[Joges Chandra Banerjea]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1965 || [[Pandit Shiv Sharma]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1965 || [[Dwijendra Nath Mukerjee]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1965 || [[Hakim Abdul Hameed]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1966 || [[Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1966 || [[Jerusha Jhirad]]|| Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1966 || [[Ernest Joachim Joseph Borges]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1966 || [[Dr.Dharmendra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1966 || [[Robert Brocklesby Davis]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1967 || [[S. I. Padmavati|Sivaramakrishna Padmavati]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1967 || [[Tulsi Das]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1967 || [[Cheruvari Kottieth Lakshmanan]]|| Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1967 || [[Amar Prasad Ray]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1967 || [[Natteri Veeraraghavan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1967 || [[Edith Helen Paull]]|| Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1968 || Jyotish Chandra Ray || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1968 || [[Mambillikalathil Govinda Kumar Menon]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1968 || [[M. C. Modi|Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Prafulla Kumar Sen]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Vallabhadas Vithaldas Shah]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || Bishen Lal Raina || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Bal Krishan Anand]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Krishna Gopal Saxena]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Nand Kishore Verma]] || Haryana || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Ram Kumar Caroli]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Kaviraj Ashutosh Majumdar]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1969 || [[Vulimiri Ramalingaswami]] || Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1970-1979
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1970 || [[Mahesh Prasad Mehray]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1970 || [[Ajit Kumar Basu]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1970 || [[Badri Narain Sinha]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1970 || [[Colathur Gopalan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1970 || [[Cuddalore Subramania Chetty Sadasivan]] || Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1970 || [[Perugu Siva Reddy]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 1970 || [[Prem Prakash Sahni]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1970 || [[Rajendra Vir Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Vithalrao Nagesh Shirodkar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Bishnupada Mukhopadhyaya]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Madan Mohan Singh]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Santosh Kumar Mukerji]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Vulimiri Ramalingaswami]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Basapapatna Narayana Blkrishna Rao]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Hari Mohan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Krishnaswami Srinivasa Sanjivi]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Robin Banerjee]] || Assam || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Sundaram Krishnamurti]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1971 || [[Chandi Prasad Misra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || Baldev Singh || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Shantilal Chhaganlal Sheth]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Sujoy Bhushan Roy]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[(Miss) Mary Varghese]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Dorothy Woodworth Dunning Chacko (Mrs. C. Joseph Chacko)]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[(Mrs.) Sant Kaur]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[(Smt.) Vatsala Seemant Choudhury]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Amiya Bhushon Kar]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Balu Sankaran]] || Switzerland || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Dattatraya Nagappa Pai]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Katil Narasimha Udupa]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Prithvi Nath Khoshoo]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Ravivarma Marthanda Varma]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Thayil John Cherian]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1972 || [[Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Atm Prakash]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Bhola Nath]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Govindappa Venkataswamy]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Jagdish Mitra Pahwa]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Jamsaheb Nowroji Vazifdar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Kandarp Tulja Shankar Dholakia]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Madampath Kalathil Krishna Menon]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Nandlal Bordia]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Narendra Singh Jain]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Prakash Narain Tandon]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Ramchandra Kishandas Menda]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Ramesh Nigam]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1973 || [[Ramchandra Vishwanath Wardekar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Ram Kumar Caroli]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Raman Viswanathan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Jagmohan Lal Karoli]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Jogindra Lal Gupta]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Kadiyala Ramachandra]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Lala Suraj Nandan Prasad]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Mani Kumar Chhetri]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Mysore Shrikanta Pandit Nilakanta Rao]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Nagarur Gopinath]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1974 || [[Venkatarama Narayanaswami]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1975 || [[Darab Jehangir Jussawala]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1975 || [[Mary Poonen Lukose]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1975 || [[Ali Mohammad Jan]]|| Jammu and Kashmir || Medicine
|-
| 1975 || [[Dhanpatrai Nagpaul]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1975 || [[Reuben David]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 1975 || [[Stanley John]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[Krishnaswami Srinivasa Sanjivi]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[(Kum.) Durga Deulkar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[Bhikhubhai Khushalbhai Naik]] || Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[Krishna Pai Narayana Pai]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[Muni Inder Dev Sharma]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[Ravindra Santuram Dharkar]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[Dr.(Kum.) Amy Dhunjibhoy Engineer]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1976 || [[Hakim Saifuddin Ahmad]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1977 || [[Perugu Siva Reddy]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 1977 || [[Balasubramanian Ramamurthi]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1977 || [[(Miss) Lucy Oommen]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1977 || [[Ram Narain Bagley]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1980-1989
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1981 || [[Prafulla Bhagubhai Desai]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1981 || [[Dhanwanti Singh]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1981 || [[Krishna Varadachari Thiruvengadam]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1981 || [[Pramod Karan Sethi]] || Rajasthan || Medicine
|-
| 1981 || [[Jasbir Singh Bajaj]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1981 || [[Bakulaben Motibhai Patel]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Kamal Ranadive|(Smt.) Kamal Jayasing Ranadive]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Arni Streenivasan Ramakrishnan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Jal Minocher Mehta]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Atm Prakash]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Jasbir Singh Bajaj]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Gopal Krishna Saraf]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Niranjan Das Aggarwal]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1982 || [[Raj Vir Singh Yadav]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Dara Kaikhushroo Karanjavala]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Dharam Veer Sachdeva]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Nekibuz Zaman]] || Assam || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Purshottam Lal Wahi]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[R. Ganapati]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Sengamedu Srinivasa Badrinath]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Shishupal Ram]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Dr.(Kum.) Raj Baveja]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1983 || [[Prakash Chandra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[(Mrs.) Archana Sharma]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[(Mrs.) Basantibala Jena]] || Odisha || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Awadhesh Prasad Pandey]] || Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Bal Krishna Goyal]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Hariharan Srinivasan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Krishna Prasad Mathur]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Mukti Prasad Gogoi]] || Assam || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Syed Naseer Ahmad Shah]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Mohammad Khalilullah]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Narayana Balakrishnan Nair]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1984 || [[Prof.(Mrs.) Vera Hingorani]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[(Smt.) Usha Sharma]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Biswaranjan Chatterjee]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Madan Mohan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Marthanda Varma Sankaran Valiathan]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Ramniklal Kirchand Gandhi]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Samavedam Srinivasa Sriramacharyulu]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Samiran Nundy]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1985 || [[Shital Raj Mehta]] || Rajasthan || Medicine
|-
| 1986 || [[Autar Singh Paintal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1986 || [[Badri Nath Tandon]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1986 || [[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 1986 || [[V. Shanta|Viswanathan Shanta]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1986 || [[Santosh Kumar Kacker]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1987 || [[Farokh Erach Udwadia]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1987 || [[Daljit Singh (ophthalmologist)|Daljit Singh]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 1987 || [[Harbans Singh Wasir]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1987 || [[Prabhu Dayal Nigam]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1987 || [[Prem Kumar Kakar]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1987 || [[Saroj Kumar Gupta]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1987 || [[Vaidya Amar Nath Shastri]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 1988 || [[(Dr.) Pratury Tirumala Rao]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 1988 || [[Vithalbhai Chhotabhai Patel]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 1989 || (Smt.) [[Banoo Jehangir Coyaji]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1989 || [[Prakash Narain Tandon]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1989 || [[Shiv Raj Kumar Malik]] || Delhi || Medicine
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1990-1999
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1990 || [[Bal Krishna Goyal]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Marthanda Varma Sankaran Vaiathan]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Mohammand Khalilullah]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Anutosh Datta]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Ashok Chimanlal Shroff]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Madhav Gajanan Deo]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Shriniwas]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Noshir Hormasji Antia]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Pylore Krishnaier Rajagopalan]] || Puducherry || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || [[Shanmugam Kameswaran]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1990 || Mallappa Krishna Bhargava || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Muthu Krishna Mani]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Prathap Chandra Reddy]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[(Prof.) Purushottam B. Buckshey]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[(Smt.) Shiela Mehra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Govind Narain Malaviya]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Jagdish Prasad]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Jai Pal Singh]] || Haryana || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Kotturathu Mammen Cherian]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Mahendra Kumar Goel]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Mohinder Nath Passey]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Naresh Trehan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Ravinder Kumar Bali]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Rustom Phiroze Soonawala]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Susil Chandra Munsi]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Sneh Bhargava|(Smt.) Sneh Bhargava]]|| Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1991 || [[Prof.(Dr.) Man Mohan Singh Ahuja]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[S. I. Padmavati|Dr.(Kum.) Sivaramakrishna Iyer Padmavati]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Ramchandra Dattatraya Lele]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Thayil John Cherian]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Hakim Abdul Hameed]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Gursaran Prashad Talwar]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || Vaidya [[Brihaspati Dev Triguna]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[(Smt.) Amrit Tewari]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Anil Kohli]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Burjor Cavas Dastur]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Janardan Shankar Mahashabde]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Kameshwar Prasad]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Khalid Hameed]] || United Kingdom || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Lovelin Kumar Gandhi]] (Posthumous) || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Luis Jose De Souza]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Mahamaya Prasad Dubey]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Mathura Nath Bhattacharyya]] || Assam || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Pakkiam Vaikundam Arulanandam Mohandas]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist)|Ramesh Kumar]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Rathindra Datta]] || Tripura || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Vijaykumar Swarupchand Shah]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Dr.(Smt.) Usha Kehar Luthra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Gopalasamudram Sitaraman Venkataraman]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1992 || [[Vaidyan Eletathu Thaikkattu Neelakandhan Mooss]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1998 || [[Gurukumar Bhalchandra Parulkar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 1998 || [[Maligail Ram krishna Girinath]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1998 || [[Panangipalli Venugopal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1998 || [[Dr.(Ms.) Hem Lata Gupta]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1998 || [[Ranjit Roy Chaudhury]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || [[Sengamedu Srinivasa Badrinath]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || [[Kurudamannil Abraham Abraham]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || [[Panniyampalli Krishna Warrier]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || [[Raj Bothra]] || United States of America || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || [[Rehmath Beegun Sailaniyoda]] || Lakshadweep || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || [[(Smt.) Indira Nath]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || [[Vaidya Balendu Prakash]] || Uttarakhand || Medicine
|-
| 1999 || Vaidya [[Devendra Triguna]] || Delhi || Medicine
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 2000-2009
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 2000 || [[(Dr.) Harbans Singh Wasir]] || Haryana || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Gurumukh Sajanmal Sainani]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Immaneni Sathyamurthy]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Kirpal Singh Chugh]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Mahendra Bhandari]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Mathew Samuel Kalarickal]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Pradeep Kumar Dave]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Vipin Buckshey]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Prof.(Dr.) Kakarla Subbarao]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2000 || [[Vaidya Suresh Chandra Chaturvedi]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Chitranjan Singh Ranawat]] || United States of America || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Naresh Trehan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Dasari Prasada Rao]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Jyoti Bhushan Banerji]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Krishna Prasad Singh Varma]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Madhavan Krishnan Nair]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Mool Chand Maheshwari]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Sharadkumar Dicksheet]] || United States of America || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Dr.(Prof.) Bhupathiraju Somaraju]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Dr.(Smt.) Gouri Sen]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[(Ms.) Alaka Keshav Deshpande]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2001 || [[Laishram Nabakishore Singh]] || Manipur || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Natesan Rangabashyam]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Atluri Sriman Narayana]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Gullapalli Nageswara Rao]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Harsh Mahajan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Kamaljit Singh Paul]] || United States of America || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Pradeep Kumar Chowbey]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Prahlad Kumar Sethi]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Prakash Nanalal Kothari]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Suresh H. Advani]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Vikram Marwaha]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2002 || [[Vijay Kumar Dada]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || Vaidya [[Bhrihaspati Dev Triguna]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Purshotam Lal]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist)|Ramesh Kumar]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Coluthur Gopalan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Ashok Seth]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Rajagopalan Krishnan Vaidian]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Vijay Prakash Singh]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Jagdev Singh Guleria]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2003 || [[Narayana Panicker Kochupillai]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[(Lt.Gen) Bijoy Nandan Shahi]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Arun Trimbak Dabke]] || Chhattisgarh || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Ashwin Balachand Mehta]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Devi Prasad Shetty]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Gopal Prasad Sinha]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Siddhartha Mehta]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Subhash Chander Manchanda]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[Surinder Kumar Sama]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2004 || [[(Dr.) Rajan Saxena]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Bal Krishna Goyal]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Marthanda Varma Sankaran Valiathan]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Anil Kohli]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Hari Mohan]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Tarlochan Singh Kler]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Yusuf Khwaja Hamied]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Kolli Srinath Reddy]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Cyrus S. Poonawalla]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Govindaswamy Bakthavathsalam]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Jitendra Mohan Hans]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Narendra Nath Lavu]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Paneenazhikath Narayana Vasudeva Kurup]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2005 || [[Veer Singh Mehta]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Prakash Narain Tandon]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Jaiveer Agarwal]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Kewal Krishan Talwar]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || Dr.(Ms.) [[V. Shanta]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[(Ms.) Tsering Landol]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[B. Palaniappan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || D. Chinnaiah || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Ghanashyam Mishra]] || Odisha || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Harbhajan Singh Rissam]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Sanjeev Bagai]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Mohan Kameswaran]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[(Hakeem) Syed Zillur Rahman]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Tehemton Erach Udwadia]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Upendra Kaul]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2006 || [[Prof.(Dr.) Kamal Kumar Sethi]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Balu Sankaran]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Prithipal Singh Maini]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Hakim Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[(Dr.) Shiv Kumar Sarin]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[(Vaidya) Shriram Sharma]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Anoop Misra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[B. Paul Thaliath]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Balbir Singh (physician)|Balbir Singh]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Mahipal Singh Sachdev]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[C. N. Manjunath|Manjunath Cholenahally Nanjappa]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Mohsin Wali]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[P. Namperumalsamy]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal]] || United Kingdom || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[(Dr.) Ashok Kumar Hemal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[(Dr.) Atul Kumar]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[(Dr.) Harpinder Singh Chawla]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[(Dr.) Narmada Prasad Gupta]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Kallipatti Ramasamy Palaniswamy]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2007 || [[Mayil Vahanan Natarajan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[(Dr.) Jagjit Singh Chopra]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Nirmal Kumar Ganguly]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[(Smt.) Malvika Sabharwal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Aheibam Jayanta Kumar Singh]] || Manipur || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Deepak Sehgal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Indu Bhushan Sinha]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Keiki R. Mehta]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Rakesh Kumar Jain]] || Uttarakhand || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Raman Kapur]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Randhir Sud]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Simon Tony Fernandez]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Tatyarao Pundlikrao Lahane]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[(Dr.) Arjunan Rajasekaran]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[(Dr.) Dinesh Kumar Bhargava]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[(Dr.) Shyam Narayan Arya]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[(Dr.) Surendra Singh Yadav]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Cannigaiper Uthamaroyan Velmurugendran]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2008 || [[Mohan Chandra Pant]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Purshotam Lal]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Jasbir Singh Bajaj]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Brijendra Kumar Rao]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Lord Khalid Hameed]] || United Kingdom || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || Vaidya [[Devendra Triguna]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Alampur Saibaba Goud]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Arvind Lal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Ashok Kumar Grover]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Ashok Kumar Gupta]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Ashok Kumar Vaid]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Bal Swarup Chaubey]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Devinder Singh Rana]] || Himachal Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[G. Vijayaraghavan]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Kalyan Banerjee (homoeopath)|Kalyan Banerjee]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[R. Sivaraman]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Shaik Khader Noordeen]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[Yash Gulati]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[(Dr.) Thanikachalam Sadagopan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2009 || [[P.R. Krishna Kumar]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 2010-2019
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 2010 || Ashtavaidyan [[E. T. Narayanan Mooss]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Noshir Minoo Shroff]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[P. K. Warrier|Panniyampally Krishna Warrier]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Ramakanta Madanmohan Panda]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Satya Paul Agarwal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Belle Monappa Hegde]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Anil Kumar Bhalla]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Arvinder Singh Soin]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[B. Ramana Rao]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[K. K. Aggarwal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Kodaganur S. Gopinath]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Laxmi Chand Gupta]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Philip Augustine]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Rabindra Narain Singh]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2010 || [[Vikas Haribhau Mahatme]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Raghavan Thirumulpad]] (Posthumous) || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Keki Byramjee Grant]] (Posthumous) || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Indira Hinduja]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Jose Chacko Periappuram]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Mansoor Hasan]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Pukhraj Bafna]] || Chhattisgarh || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Shyama Prasad Mandal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[A Marthanda Pillai]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Prof.(Dr) M. Ahmed Ali]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2011 || [[Prof.(Dr) Sivapatham Vittal]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Devi Prasad Shetty]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[N. H. Wadia]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Suresh Hariram Advani]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[J. Hareendran Nair]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Jitendra Kumar Singh]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Jugal Kishore (physician)|Jugal Kishore]] (Posthumous) || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Mukesh Batra]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Nitya Anand]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Shrinivas S. Vaishya]] || Dadra And Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[V. Mohan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2012 || [[Mahdi Hasan]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Nandkishore Shamrao Laud]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Amit Prabhakar Maydeo]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[C. Venkata S. Ram]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Ganesh Kumar Mani]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Gulshan Rai Khatri]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Sudarshan Kumar Aggarwal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Sundaram Natarajan]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Taraprasad Das]] || Odisha || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Vishwa Kumar Gupta]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[(Dr.) Trichur Viswanathan Devarajan]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Krishna Chandra Chunekar]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Rajendra Achyut Badwe]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Pramod Kumar Julka]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2013 || [[Prof.(Dr.) Saroj Chooramani Gopal]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr) Neelam Kler]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Prof.) Rajesh Kumar Grover]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Amod Gupta]] || Haryana || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Ashok Panagriya]] || Rajasthan || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Ashok Rajgopal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Kamini A. Rao]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Lalit Kumar]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[M. Subhadra Nair]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Milind Vasant Kirtane]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Mohan Mishra]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Narendra Kumar Pandey]] || Haryana || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Nitish Naik]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Sarbeswar Sahariah]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Siddhartha Mukherjee]] || United States of America || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Subrat Kumar Acharya]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Sunil Pradhan]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Balram Bhargava]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Daya Kishore Hazra]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Indira Chakravarty]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Jeewan Singh Titiyal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Mahesh Verma]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Pawan Raj Goyal]] || Haryana || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Shashank Ramesh Chandra Joshi]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[(Dr.) Thenumgal Poulose Jacob]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Om Prakash Upadhyaya]] || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 2014 || [[Vamsi Krishna Mootha]] || United States of America || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Ambrish Mithal]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Ashok Seth]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Dattatreyudu Nori]] || United States of America || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Hargovind Laxmishankar Trivedi]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Harsh Kumar]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Manjula Anagani]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Narendra Prasad]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Nikhil Tandon]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Raghu Rama Pillarisetti]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Randeep Guleria]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Sarungbam Bimola Kumari Devi]] || Manipur || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Saumitra Rawat]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Yogesh Chawla]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Alka Kriplani]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Yog Raj Sharma]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Prof.(Dr.) K.P. Haridas]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || Prof.(Dr.) [[Tejas Madhusudhan Patel]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Vaidya Rajesh Kotecha]] || Rajasthan || Medicine
|-
| 2015 || [[Jaya Kumari Chikkala]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[V. Shanta]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[(Mrs.) Anil Kumari Malhotra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Chandrasekar Seshadri Thoguluva]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Gopi Chand Mannam]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[John Ebnezar]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[M. M. Joshi (opthalmologist)|Mahipati M. Joshi]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Nayudamma Yarlagadda]] || Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Praveen Chandra]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[S.S. Sarkar]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Shiv Narain Kureel]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Sudhir Vadilal Shah]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Tapan Kumar Lahiri]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[(Dr.) Daljeet Singh Gambhir]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[M.V. Padma Srivastava]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Ram Harsh Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2016 || [[Ravi Kant (surgeon)|Ravi Kant]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Tehemton Erach Udwadia]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[(Smt.) Bhakti Yadav]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Devendra D. Patel]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Madan Madhav Godbole]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Mohammed Abdul Waheed]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Mukut Minz]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Subroto Das]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Harkishan Singh]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2017 || [[Suniti Solomon]] (Posthumous) || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2018 || [[Dr.(Smt.)Rani Bang and Dr. Abhay Bang (Duo)]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2018 || [[Yeshi Dhonden]] || Himachal Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2018 || [[Lekshmikutty]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2018 || [[M R Rajagopal]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2018 || [[Pankaj Manubhai Shah]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2018 || [[Sanduk Ruit]] || Nepal || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Ashok Laxmanrao Kukade]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Ilias Ali (surgeon)|Ilias Ali]] || Assam || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Omesh Kumar Bharti]] || Himachal Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Mammen Chandy]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Sandeep Guleria]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[P.S. Hardia]]|| Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Sudam Laxman Kate]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Ravindra Deorao Kolhe and Dr. Smita Ravindra Kolhe (Duo)]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Shadab Mohammad]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee || Jharkhand || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Tsering Norboo]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[Jagat Ram]] || Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[R V Ramani]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2019 || [[(Dr.) Ramaswami Venkataswami]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 2020-2029
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 2020 || [[Tsering Landol]] || Ladakh || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Yogi Aeron]] || Uttarakhand || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Padma Bandopadhyay]]|| Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Sushovan Banerjee]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Digambar Behera]]|| Chandigarh || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || Bangalore Nanjundaiah Gangadhar || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Leela Joshi]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Ravi Kannan]]|| Assam || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || Narindar Nath Khanna || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Arunoday Mondal]] || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Shanti Roy]]|| Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Kushal Konwar Sarma]] || Assam || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Gurdip Singh]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2020 || [[Sandra Desa Souza]]|| Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || [[Belle Monappa Hegde]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || Rattan Lal Mittal || Punjab || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || Chandrakant Sambhaji Pandav || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || [[Jitendra Nath Pande]] (Posthumous) || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || [[Krishna Mohan Pathi]] || Odisha || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || [[Dhananjay Diwakar Sagdeo]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || Ashok Kumar Sahu || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || Bhupendra Kumar Singh Sanjay || Uttarakhand || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || [[Dilip Kumar Singh]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2021 || V. Thiruvengadam (Posthumous) || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || Himmatrao Saluba Bawaskar || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || [[Prokar Dasgupta]] || United Kingdom || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || Lata Anilchandra Desai || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || [[Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || [[Narendra Prasad Misra]] (Posthumous) || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || [[Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao]] || Andhra Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || [[Veeraswamy Seshiah]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || [[Bhim Sen Singhal]]|| Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || Shriguru Balaji Tambe (Posthumous) || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2022 || [[Kamalakar Tripathi|Kamlakar Tripathi]]|| Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[Dilip Mahalanabis]] (Posthumous) || West Bengal || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[Munishwar Chander Dawar]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[Ratan Chandra Kar]] || Andaman And Nicobar Islands || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[Nalini Parthasarathi]] || Puducherry || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[Manoranjan Sahu]]|| Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[G Veluchamy]] || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2023 || [[Ishwar Chander Verma]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Ashwin Balachand Mehta]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Tejas Madhusudhan Patel]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur]] || Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Prema Dhanraj]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Radha Krishan Dhiman]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Manohar Krishna Dole]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Yazdi M. Italia]] || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Hemchand Manjhi]] || Chhattisgarh || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Chandrashekhar Mahadeorao Meshram]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || G. Natchiar || Tamil Nadu || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[Radhe Shyam Pareek]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || Dayal M. Parmar || Gujarat || Medicine
|-
| 2024 || [[C. R. Chandrashekar]] || Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy]] || Telangana || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Jose Chacko Periappuram]] || Kerala || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Ashok Kumar Mahapatra]] || Odisha || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Budhendra Kumar Jain]] || Madhya Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Hemant Kumar (physician)|Hemant Kumar]]|| Bihar || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Neerja Bhatla]] || Delhi || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Sheikha Shaikha Ali Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] || Kuwait || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Soniya Nityanand]] || Uttar Pradesh || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Vijayalakshmi Deshmane|Vijayalakshmi Deshamane]]|| Karnataka || Medicine
|-
| 2025 || [[Vilas Dangre]] || Maharashtra || Medicine
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Padma Shri award recipients]]

T. V. Narendran

2026-04-19T15:46:44Z

KirkEvd85074933: post...

{{short description|Indian business executive (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. V. Narendran
| image = T V Narendran.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Narendran in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|06|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Technology]])}}|[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] {{small|([[Master in Business Administration]])}}}}
| occupation = [[Business executive]]
| years_active =
| employer = [[Tata Steel]]
| organization =
| known_for = {{ubl|Global CEO & MD of [[Tata Steel]]|President of [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]]}}
| spouse = Ruchi Narendran
| children = 1
| relatives = [[E. Ikkanda Warrier]] (Grandfather)
| awards =
}}

'''Thachat Viswanath Narendran''' (born 2 June 1965) is an Indian [[business executive]]. He is currently the global CEO and Managing Director of [[Tata Steel]], one of the largest steel producers in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatasteel.com/corporate/management/board-of-directors.asp |title=Board of Directors |publisher=[[Tata Steel]] |access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="ET-MD">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-company/corporate-announcement/tata-steel-names-tv-narendran-as-md-to-assume-operations-from-november-1/articleshow/22775504.cms |title=Tata Steel names TV Narendran as MD; to assume operations from November 1 |accessdate=20 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 September 2013 |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref><ref name="LiveMint-MD">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/9LPeiCyRnOmfWYPju1w0NL/Tata-Steel-names-TV-Narendran-as-MD-for-India-and-South-Ea.html |title=Tata Steel names T.V. Narendran as managing director |author=Ruchira Singh, P. R. Sanjai |accessdate=20 September 2013 |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=19 September 2013 |location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref name="HBL-MD">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tv-narendran-to-succeed-nerurkar-as-tata-steel-md/article5146839.ece |title=T.V. Narendran to succeed Nerurkar as Tata Steel MD |accessdate=20 September 2013 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=19 September 2013 |location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/tata-steel-elevates-t-v-narendran-as-global-ceo-md/article19955923.ece|title=Tata Steel elevates T V Narendran as global CEO, MD|date=2017-10-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-11|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He is also the President of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Salvi|first1=Ajinkya|last2=Ltd|first2=People Matters Media Pvt|date=2021-06-01|title=Tata Steel CEO and MD T.V Narendran assumes office as the president of CII for 2021-22|url=https://www.peoplematters.in/news/leadership/tata-steel-ceo-and-md-tv-narendran-assumes-office-as-the-president-of-cii-for-2021-22-29519|access-date=2021-06-01|website=People Matters|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Narendran holds an undergraduate degree in [[mechanical engineering]] from [[Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli]] (now known as [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]) and an MBA from [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cii-elects-tata-steel-ceo-and-md-t-v-narendran-as-its-new-president-121053101615_1.html|access-date=|website=|date=31 May 2021 |archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Eluned Morgan meets T. V. Narendan of Tata Steel 01.jpg|thumb|Narendran meeting Welsh health minister [[Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely|Eluned Morgan]] in 2024]]
Narendran joined Tata Steel in 1988 after completing his management degree from [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]. He worked in the International Trading Division of Tata Steel from 1988 to 1997 wherein he spent five years in Dubai looking after Tata Steels' exports to the Middle East.

From 1997 to 2001, he spent time in Tata Steels' marketing and sales division and was involved in market development work for the Cold Rolling Mill Project, Supply Chain Management, Sales Planning, etc. From 2001 to 2003, he was the Chief of Marketing & Sales (Long Products) and played a key role in building the 'Tata Tiscon' brand and the distribution network for the same. From 2003 to 2005, he worked with B. Muthuraman, the then Managing Director of Tata Steel, as his Principal Executive Officer.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Before being appointed as MD - Tata Steel India and South East Asia, on 1 November 2013, Narendran was the Vice President - Safety & Flat Products Divisions of Tata Steel.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

T. V. Narendran, CEO & Managing Director of [[Tata Steel]] Limited was the President of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) for the year 2021-22.<ref>{{Cite web|title=T V Narendran takes over as CII president|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/tata-steel-s-t-v-narendran-takes-over-as-cii-president-11622457682696.html|access-date=13 May 2022|website=www.livemint.com|date=31 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=CII elects Tata CEO and MD T V Narendran as its president|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/cii-elects-tata-steel-ceo-and-md-t-v-narendran-as-its-new-president/articleshow/83111562.cms?from=mdr|access-date=13 May 2022|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> In May 2022, He was succeeded by [[Sanjiv Bajaj]] as the President of CII.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjiv Bajaj takes charge as president of CII|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/sanjiv-bajaj-takes-charge-as-president-of-cii-11652363247504.html|access-date=13 May 2022|website=www.livemint.com|date=12 May 2022 }}</ref>

On 31 October 2017, he was appointed as the global CEO and MD of Tata Steel.<ref name=":1" />

== Board memberships ==
He is currently on the Boards of Tata Steel Limited, Tata Steel Europe, CEDEP, XLRI, IIT Patna and [[World Steel Association]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Shrabona |date=28 July 2023 |title=T V Narendran: Man Of Steel |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/leadership/t-v-narendran-man-of-steel/456590 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]}}
*{{Cite news |date=18 July 2023 |title=Who is T.V. Narendran, the Tata Steel CEO? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-who-is-t-v-narendran-the-tata-steel-ceo-know-how-he-earns-rs-5-lakh-per-day-about-his-journey-more-3175736/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}
*{{Cite news |last=Rukhaiyar |first=Ashish |last2=Gopalan |first2=Krishna |title=How TV Narendran reshaped and reinvented Tata Steel |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/mindrush/story/best-ceos-how-tv-narendran-reshaped-and-reinvented-tata-steel-379042-2023-04-27 |access-date=14 May 2023 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}

{{Tata Steel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narendran, T. V.}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Tata Steel people]]

List of kings of Malwa

2026-04-19T05:24:45Z

KirkEvd85074933: added a details

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
|royal_title = Raja/Maharaja/Sultan
|realm = Malwa
|coatofarms = Seal of King of Malwa under Paramaras.png
|coatofarmssize = 130px
|coatofarmscaption = Coat of Arms under the [[Paramaras]]
|image = Unknown Indian - Baz Bahadur Riding with Rupmati - Google Art Project.jpg
|caption = '''Last to reign''' '''[[Baz Bahadur]]''' 1555–1562
|first_monarch = [[Jayavarman I of Malwa|Jayavarman]]
|last_monarch = [[Baz Bahadur]]
|style =
|residence =
|appointer = [[Inheritance|Hereditary]]
|began = 350
|ended = 1562
|border = imperial
|pretender =
}}
The Kingdom of Malwa was ruled by kings discontinuously from 350 to 1462.

== Later Gupta dynasty (575–606) ==

* [[Mahasenagupta]] (575–601)
* [[Devagupta]] (601–606)

==Paramara dynasty (948–1305)==
{{main|Paramara dynasty}}

According to historian Kailash Chand Jain, "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |year=1972 |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA329 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=329 |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}</ref> An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived until 1310, at least in the north-eastern part of Malwa. A later inscription shows that the area had been captured by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] by 1338.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |page=199}}</ref>

The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Paramara dynasty rulers
! Serial No.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|Paramara (legendary)
|legendary
|-
|2
|Upendra (Krishnaraja)
|early 9th century
|-
|3
|Vairisimha I
|early 9th century
|-
|4
|Siyaka I
|mid-9th century
|-
|5
|Vakpatiraja I
|late 9th – early 10th century
|-
|6
|Vairisimha II
|mid-10th century
|-
|7
|[[Siyaka]] II
|940–972
|-
|8
|[[Vakpati Munja|Vakpatiraja II]] (alias ''Munja'')
|972–990
|-
|9
|[[Sindhuraja]]
|990–1010
|-
|10
|[[Bhoja]]
|1010–1055
|-
|11
|[[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]]
|1055–1070
|-
|12
|[[Udayaditya]]
|1070–1086
|-
|13
|[[Lakshmadeva]]
|1086–1094
|-
|14
|[[Naravarman]]
|1094–1133
|-
|15
|[[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]]
|1133–1142
|-
|16
|[[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]]
|1142–1143
|-
|17
|''[[Interregnum]] (1143–1175)'' under the usurper Ballala and later the [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki king]] [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
|1143–1175
|-
|18
|[[Vindhyavarman]]
|1175–1194
|-
|19
|[[Subhatavarman]]
|1194–1209
|-
|20
|[[Arjunavarman I]]
|1210–1215
|-
|21
|[[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]]
|1215/1218–1239
|-
|22
|[[Jaitugideva]]
|1239–1255
|-
|23
|[[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]]
|1255–1274
|-
|24
|[[Arjunavarman II]]
|1274–1285
|-
|25
|[[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]
|1285–1301
|-
|26
|[[Mahalakadeva]]
|1301–1305
|}

==Sultan of the Malwa Sultanate==

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:27%;"| Royal Title
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Personal name
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Reign
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[Dilawar Khan]] was appointed as the governor of [[Malwa|Malwa province]] in 1392 by the [[Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate]]. He declared himself independent in 1401 by establishing Malwa Sultanate. He was the first Sultan of Malwa from '''Ghurid dynasty'''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |first=Upendra Nath |last=Day |title=Medieval Malwa: a Political and Cultural History, 1401-1562 |location=Delhi |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |year=1965 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp/page/n23 8]–24 |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp |accessdate=2020-05-18}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dilawar Khan|Dilawar Khan Ghuri]] {{Nastaliq| دلاور خان غوری}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1401–1406
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hoshang Shah|Husam-ud-Din Hoshang Shah]] {{Nastaliq|حسام الدین ہوشنگ شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1406–1435
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Taj-ud-Din Muhammad Shah {{Nastaliq|تاج الدین محمد شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1435–1436
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Ghurid dynasty replaced by '''Khilji dynasty''', the founder of which, Mahmud Khalji, was a grandnephew of Dilawar Khan.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mahmud Khalji|Ala-ud-Din Mahmud Shah I]] {{Nastaliq|علاؤالدین محمود شاہ اول}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1436–1469
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah]] {{Nastaliq|غیاث الدین شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1469–1500
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Nasir-ud-Din Shah {{Nastaliq|ناصر الدین شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1500–1510
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II {{Nastaliq| شہاب الدین محمود شاہ دوئم}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1510–1531
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| The Rajput ruler of Mewar Maharana Sanga [[Battle of Gagron|defeated and imprisoned Mahmud Shah II]] and conquered most of Malwa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Lectures on Rajput History and Culture |date=1970 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0262-4 |page=27 |language=en |quote=Early 16th century marks the rise of patriotic one eyed chief of Mewar named as Rana Sanga who defeat several of his neighbor kingdom and establish Rajput hold on Malwa first time after fall of Parmara dynasty through series of victories over Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi Sultanate.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526–1707 A.D.) |date=1954 |publisher=S.L. Agarwala |pages=17–18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Raja''
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Medini Rai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |page=156 |language=en}}</ref>
(ruled as a vassal of [[Rana Sanga]])
|style="text-align:center;"| 1519–1527
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| The interregnum; as the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]] [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] defeated Mahmud Shah II and himself reigned as the Sultan of Malwa.<ref name=majumdar>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.173-86</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] {{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1531 – 1536
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] defeated Sultan Bahadur Shah and briefly occupied Malwa for a year in between 1535 – 1536.<ref name=":1" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|امیر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hindal Mirza]] {{Nastaliq|هندل میرزا}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1535 – 1536
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] {{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1536 – 1537
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Malwa passed down to Muhammad Shah I, the eldest nephew of Bahadur Shah and Sultan of [[Khandesh Sultanate]] for a few months but he died before his coronation.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Farooqui dynasty#History of Farooqui dynasty#Miran Muhammad Shah Faroqi I|Miran Muhammad Shah I]] {{Nastaliq|میران محمد شاہ اول}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1537
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Independence declared under a Khilji noble, Mallu Khan as ''Qadir Shah''.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Qadir Shah]] {{Nastaliq|قادر شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1537 – 1542
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 1542 – 1555; era of semi-independent governors of [[Sur Empire]].
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Wali'' {{Nastaliq| ولی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Shuja’at Khan {{Nastaliq|شجاعت خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1542
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Wali'' {{Nastaliq| ولی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Isa Khan {{Nastaliq|عیسیٰ خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1542 – 1545
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Wali'' {{Nastaliq| ولی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Shuja’at Khan {{Nastaliq|شجاعت خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1545 – 1552
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Independence declared under the son of Shujaat Khan, [[Baz Bahadur]].
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Baz Bahadur]] {{Nastaliq|باز بہادر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1555 – 1562
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Malwa Sultanate was abolished in 1562 after Baz Bahadur's defeat [[Mughal conquest of Malwa|against Mughal army]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat To The Mughals-Mughal Empire (1526-1748) - Part II |date=2007 |pages=103–104}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Family tree==
===Ghurid Dynasty===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Ghurid Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Dilawar Khan]]''' ?-1406 '''Governor of [[Malwa]]''' R.1391–1401 '''Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]''' R.1401–1406 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Hoshang Shah]]''' '''Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]''' R.1406–1435 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Taj-ud-Din Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah]]''' '''Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]''' R.1435–1436 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

===Khalji Dynasty===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Khalji Dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Mahmud Khalji|Mahmud Shah I]]''' '''Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]''' R.1436–1469 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Ghiyath Shah]]''' '''Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]''' R.1469–1500 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''Nasir Shah''' '''Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]''' R.1500–1510 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II|Mahmud Shah II]]''' '''Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]''' R.1510–1531 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[Malwa]]
* [[Ujjain]]
* [[Vikramaditya]]
* [[Malavas]]
* [[Malwa culture]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[List of dynasties and rulers Rajasthan]]
* [[History of Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Malwa Sultanate}}
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-malwasultans.html Coins of the Malwa Sultanate]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120828120416/http://www.anwarscoincollection.com/category/malwa-sultanate-amirs-of-sind/ Sultans of Malwa]}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sultans of Malwa| ]]
[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Malwa| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Malwa]]

Economy of Sikkim

2026-04-16T08:53:15Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Short description|None}}
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox economy
| country = Sikkim
| image = Step farming in sikkim (6052932505).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Terrace farming in Sikkim
| organs =
| gdp = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|0.57|lc|nolink=yes}} (2025-26 est.)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/sikkim-budget-analysis-2025-26|title=Sikkim Budget Analysis 2025-26|website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref> {{increase}} $28.2 billion (ppp, 2025-26 est.)<ref name="auto"/>
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|23rd]]
| per capita = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|857560|r|nolink=yes}} (2025-26 est.) {{increase}} $42,310 (PPP, 2025-26 est.) <ref name="auto"/>
| per capita rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|1st]]
| hdi = {{increase}} 0.807 (2023) [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|10th]]
}}
The '''economy of [[Sikkim]]''', a state in northeastern India, has a significantly agricultural economy. Although having mountainous terrain, Sikkim has managed to sustain its agricultural economy through organic farming. The state of Sikkim was declared as the only 100 per cent organic state in 2016.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |title=Sikkim declared 100 per cent organic by UN Food and Agriculture |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sikkim-declared-100-per-cent-organic-by-un-food-and-agriculture/articleshow/70535486.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sikkim's industrial sector is also mostly agriculture based. Besides agriculture, other large industries include [[pharmaceuticals]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Writankar |date=2009-11-03 |title=Sikkim turns into a pharma hub |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/sikkim-turns-into-a-pharma-hub/articleshow/5192355.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[ecotourism]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Ecotourism |url=http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/reports |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Sikkim Forest Department}}</ref> and [[carpet weaving]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHH - Carpet weaving |url=https://sikkimcrafts.gov.in/carpetweaving.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=sikkimcrafts.gov.in |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129080941/https://sikkimcrafts.gov.in/carpetweaving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2016, Sikkim became the world's first organic state, implementing 100% organic policy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Explained: How Sikkim Became World's First Organic State |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/how-sikkim-became-worlds-first-organic-state-572280.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> A majority of Sikkim's population is employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Employment, Sikkim Employment Statistics, Employment level in Sikkim |url=https://www.thisismyindia.com/sikkim/sikkim-employment.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.thisismyindia.com}}</ref> with 80% of the rural population employed in this sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.sikenvis.nic.in/Database/Agriculture_777.aspx |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.sikenvis.nic.in |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220171351/http://www.sikenvis.nic.in/Database/Agriculture_777.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2003, Sikkim implemented 100% [[Organic farming]] and banned chemical fertilizers and pesticides, becoming the first Indian state to do so.<ref name="auto1"/> In January 2016, Sikkim was awarded with the Future Policy Gold Award by UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim, India's first 'fully organic' state wins FAO'S Future Policy Gold Award {{!}} FAO in India {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.fao.org/india/news/detail-events/en/c/1157760/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim is 100% organic! Take a second look |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/organic-trial-57517 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=4 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

Sikkim is the major producer of [[Black cardamom]] in India, accounting for 88% of all cardamom produced in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim world's leading cardamom producer |url=http://theprint.in/opinion/tiny-sikkim-district-worlds-leading-producer-black-cardamom/858387/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=The Print |date=5 March 2022 }}</ref> Other major crops of the state include paddy, buckwheat, maize, barley, tea, and potatoes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Agriculture |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/sikkim/geography/agriculture.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> Sikkim is known for its unique [[Sikkim tea|Temi Tea]], something which the Tea Board of India is considering for a [[geographical indication]] tag.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Avishek |date=2018-09-21 |title=After Darjeeling and Assam, Tea board plans GI for Sikkim tea |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/after-darjeeling-and-assam-tea-board-plans-gi-for-sikkim-tea-118092100726_1.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{morecat|date=September 2025}}
[[Category:Indian Economy articles needing expert attention]]
[[Category:Agricultural economics]]

Kantilal Premchand Shah

2026-04-16T02:39:48Z

KirkEvd85074933: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (1907 – 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kantilal Premchand Shah
| image = KP_Shah.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 25 February 1957
| term_end = 19 January 1962
| constituency = [[Vijapur Assembly constituency|Vijapur]]
| predecessor =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1907|05|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gandhinagar]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| education =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1993|01|19|1907|07|20}}
}}

'''Kantibhai Premchand Shah''', (20 May 1907 – 19 January 1993), also known as KP Shah, was an Indian politician and businessman from [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSgg-ktorjsC&q=Kantilal+Premchand+Shah |title=Indian Trade Journal |date=1957 |publisher=Commercial Intelligence Department. |language=en}}</ref> He was member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing Jodiya Assembly constituency as a member of the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National congress]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BOMBAY |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006194839/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-06 |website=eci.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tribunal |first=Gujarat (India) State Co-operative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jvYgr4AogoC&q=Kantilal+Premchand+Shah |title=Selected Decisions of the Gujarat State Co-operative Tribunal |date=1974 |publisher=Printed at the Government Press |language=en}}</ref> He was known for contributions in textiles sectors, transportation, and local governance.

== Early life and career ==
Shah started his political career as the Madhyaksha of [[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation|Jamnagar City Municipality]] from 1953 to 1956. His leadership during this period was valuable in the development of Jamnagar, with the construction of a town hall. He was elected to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly multiple times, first serving from 1957 and later from 1972 until March 1977, representing the Jodia division of [[Jamnagar district]]. Throughout his tenure, he was involved in various committees and served as an assistant member of the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=International |first=Rotary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Kantilal+Premchand+Shah&pg=PA53 |title=The Rotarian |date=July 1961 |publisher=Rotary International |language=en}}</ref>

He was the Chairman of Gujarat State Transport Corporation from 1966 to 1968 and later served as the Chairman of Gujarat State Textile Corporation from 1971 to 1975.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}} His involvement extended to cooperative banking as he was a director for both the Gujarat State Co-operative Bank and the Gujarat State Land Development Bank. Additionally, he was associated with the All-India Co-operative Spinning Mills Federation and served on the National Consumer Co-operative Federation.<ref name=":1" />

== Social work ==
In addition to his political and business roles, KP Shah was engaged in social initiatives. He founded the Industrial Estate in Jamnagar and contributed to the establishment of small industries in the region during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":1" /> He was also involved in education, serving as president of Sri Gangajala Vidyapeeth since 1957. Shah held positions in various organizations, including the District Education Committee and the Industrial Training Center Trust for the Blind.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}}

Shah was known for his philanthropy and social initiatives. He founded the Industrial Estate in Jamnagar and contributed to the establishment of small industries in the region during the 1960s and 1970s. He was also involved in education, serving as president of Sri Gangajala Vidyapeeth since 1957.Shah held leadership positions in various organizations, including the District Education Committee and the Industrial Training Center Trust for the Blind, reflecting his involvement in community service.<ref>https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/ViewFile?fileName=OdeIrKRLMbeufDueN4gvPuRr59978xnP3YzyefEDSEnAbTTjHASH__HASH5lfgqgvuhH2SyYNWvFQ61siODCp6D0UQtqeJHASH__HASHVaeVCwQVjt4HEMIXYoTaNW7XCD2p3XaO1hDCWf6IPG{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''Shri Vidyottejak Mandal'''

In 1953 Shah formed Shri Vidyottejak Mandal, an Indian organisation which aims to establish educational institutions, with Harjivandas V. Bardanwala and other social workers, and was president of the organisation from 1989 to his death in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled |url=https://www.kpshahlaw.in/About%20Trust.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.kpshahlaw.in}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Kantilal Premchand}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1960–1962]]

Mathura Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:05Z

KirkEvd85074933: added new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mathura (मथुरा)
| constituency_no = 84
| map_image = 84-Mathura.svg
| mla = [[Shrikant Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| established = 1956
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,42,209 (2019)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Mathura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Mathura district|Mathura]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]].

The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the delimitation order was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 Nov 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 84.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=17 Nov 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=17 Nov 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mathura.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=17 Nov 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Mathura Assembly constituency is PCs Jaisinghpura, Ganesara, Naugaon, Maholi, Narholi, Mathura Bangar, Aurangabad, Dhangaon, Aduki of Mathura KC, PCs 1Sakraya Bangar, Vrindaban of Vrindaban KC, Chhatikara, Jait, Vrindaban MB, Mathura MB & Mathura (CB) of Mathura Tehsil.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Mathura Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mathura.html |access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sri Nath
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kedar Nath
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Devi Charan Agnihotri
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Shanti Charan Pidara
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ram Babu
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kanhaiya Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Dayal Krishan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Pradeep Mathur]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravi Kant Garg]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Swaroop Sharma
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pradeep Mathur]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shrikant Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mathura<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shrikant Sharma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:158859}}
|percentage = 60.26
|change = +3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pradeep Mathur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:49056}}
|percentage = 18.61
|change = +1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = S. K. Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:31551}}
|percentage = 11.97
|change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Davendra Agarwal
|votes = {{formatnum:18476}}
|percentage = 7.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1078}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:109803}}
|percentage = 41.65
|change = +1.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:263621}}
|percentage = 57.39
|change = -2.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mathura]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shrikant Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:143361}}
|percentage = 56.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pradeep Mathur]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:42200}}
|percentage = 16.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yogesh Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31168}}
|percentage = 12.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Agrawal
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:29080}}
|percentage = 11.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1235}}
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:101161}}
|percentage = 39.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:253071}}
|percentage = 59.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election]]: [[Mathura]]<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=17 Nov 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pradeep Mathur]]
|votes = 54,498
|percentage = 27.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Devendra Kumar Sharma
|votes = 53,997
|percentage = 26.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashok Agrawal
|votes = 53,049
|percentage = 26.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pushpa Sharma
|votes = 30,240
|percentage = 15.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Suresh Chandra Baghel
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 972
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 501
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,00,654
|percentage = 56.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

*[[Mathura district]]
*[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|27.4756|N|77.6934|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mathura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)

2026-04-13T05:12:04Z

KirkEvd85074933: made first pg initial version

{{Short description|Indian sports administrator and football manager (1899–1971)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pankaj Gupta
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1899}}<ref name="Sansad">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:পঙ্কজ গুপ্ত |trans-title=Pankaj Gupta |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/২৭৯/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |page=279}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|03|06|1899|df=y}}
| occupation = sports administrator and journalist
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = 5th [[All India Football Federation|President of All India Football Federation]]
| term_start = 1950
| term_end = 1960
| predecessor = [[Moin-ul-Haq]]
| successor = Manindra Nath Dutta Ray
}}
}}

'''Pankaj Kumar Gupta''' {{post nominals|country=GBR|MBE}}<ref name="london-gazette">{{London Gazette|issue=36309|supp=y|page=24|date=31 December 1943}}</ref> (1899 – 6 March 1971) was one of the earliest Indian sports administrators involved in professional [[association football|football]],<ref>{{cite web |title=SAMAD: FOOTBALL WIZARD OF INDIA |url=https://www.booksie.com/557024-samad-football-wizard-of-india |date=2020 |access-date=7 November 2022 |first=S. A. |last=Nasar |publisher=Booksie |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929235552/https://www.booksie.com/557024-samad-football-wizard-of-india}}</ref> [[field hockey|hockey]] and [[cricket]]. He is best known for his involvement in professional hockey where he worked variously as a manager, administrator, and [[referee]]. His contributions earned him the nickname "Mr. Hockey".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp
| title = All hail hockey on history high
| accessdate = 13 April 2007
| last = O'Brien
| first = Barry
| series = Eye on Calcutta
| work = The Telegraph
| archive-date = 25 March 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120325011424/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> He also became the first head coach of the [[India national football team]] in 1938, and guided the team in the Indian tour of [[Australia]].<ref name="1938 aus tour manager">{{cite web |title=1938 Indian Tour of Australia |url=http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |website=ozfootball.net |publisher=Australian Online Football Museum |accessdate=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923052751/http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Formative years==
Gupta was born in Magar Union, [[Dhaka]] in 1899.<ref name="Sansad"/> He studied Intermediate Arts at [[Sanskrit College]] and graduated from [[Bangabasi College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]]. He made an entry into the administration of the [[Indian Football Association]], as a representative of Sporting Union club. In 1924, he was manager of the IFA team that went on a tour to [[Java]], then part of [[Dutch East Indies]] and presently [[Indonesia]].<ref name = "Bose279">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 279, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}.</ref>

Starting with [[1932 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles Olympic Games]] in 1932, he was manager or coach of the Indian team or contingent to many sports events in Europe and America. He attended the World Football Congress twice as the Indian delegate, was manager of the Indian football team to Russia<ref name = "Bose279"/> and of the Indian cricket team visiting England in 1946 and 1952, and Australia in 1947–48. He toured Australia, New Zealand, and many countries of Europe and America with the Indian hockey team.<ref name = "Bose279"/>

==Link with Dhyan Chand==
Pankaj Gupta was the first coach of [[Dhyan Chand]]. The latter's actual name was Dhyan Singh. Gupta gave him the title of "Chand" or moon, and predicted that one day he would shine like a moon.{{citation needed|date=May 2007}} So close were the two that when Jhansi Heroes went to Kolkata to participate in [[Beighton Cup]], all the players put up in hotel, but Dhyan Chand stayed with Gupta.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page1.htm
| title = The Beighton Cup
| accessdate = 13 April 2007
| publisher = bharatiyahockey.org
| archive-date = 22 April 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070422192223/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page1.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Dhyan Chand has narrated many stories about Gupta. Here is one about their drive through the Dutch countryside: "Pankaj Gupta took us for a drive through a small narrow village which lay on our way to Doorn. We saw Dutch women lining up the streets peddling fresh fish caught from the dykes. The Bengali that he was, Pankaj Gupta remarked that the sight reminded him very much of the villages in Bengal. These Dutch women in their colourful costumes and wooden shoes presented a typical rural Dutch scene."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://sify.com/sports/hockey/fullstory.php?id=13413801
| title = Autobiography of Hockey Wizard – Dhyan Chand
| department = Olympic Champions
| website = [[Sify]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061231172155/http://sify.com/sports/hockey/fullstory.php?id=13413801
| archive-date = 31 December 2006
| url-status = dead
| accessdate = 13 April 2007
}}</ref><ref name = "Final">{{cite web
| url = http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page7.htm
| title = Olympic Hockey Final
| accessdate = 13 April 2007
| work = Autobiography of Hockey Wizard Dhyan Chand
| publisher = bharatiyahockey
| archive-date = 27 June 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070627043009/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page7.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianhockey.com/html/top10.htm
| title = India Hockey
| publisher = indianhockey.com
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070322070107/http://www.indianhockey.com/html/top10.htm
| archivedate = 22 March 2007
| accessdate = 13 April 2007}}</ref>

==Sports administration==
Gupta was the Secretary of the Bengal Hockey Association for more than a decade continuously from 1936.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catchcal.com/cic/sports/hockey/ben_hockey_asc.asp |title=Bengal Hockey Association |publisher=Catchcal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234223/http://www.catchcal.com/cic/sports/hockey/ben_hockey_asc.asp |archive-date=26 September 2007 |accessdate=13 April 2007}}</ref> He held official positions in [[Indian Football Association]] and was active in founding the [[All India Football Federation]]. He was Honorary Treasurer of the organisation in its year of inception and was president subsequently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/federation_history.php |title=All India Football Federation |work=AIFF History |publisher=All India Football Federation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402212905/http://www.the-aiff.com/federation_history.php |archivedate=2 April 2007 |accessdate=18 April 2007}}</ref> He was instrumental in the founding of the National Cricket Club and the construction of the stadium at [[Eden Gardens]]. In the [[1944 New Year Honours]] list, the British government appointed him a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in recognition of his contribution to sports administration.<ref name = "Bose279"/><ref name="london-gazette"/>

==See also==
* [[History of the India national football team]]
* [[List of India national football team managers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India national football team managers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:The Sanskrit College and University alumni]]
[[Category:Bangabasi College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Indian football executives]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:India national football team managers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the All India Football Federation]]
[[Category:Men's association football players not categorized by position]]

Preethi Varma

2026-04-02T16:56:56Z

KirkEvd85074933: made the stub w/ refs

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Preethi Varma
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2002{{endash}}present
| spouse =
}}
'''Preethi Varma''' is an Indian actress, known for her work in Tamil cinema. In the 2000s, she played lead roles in mid-budget Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/Gallery/tamil-movies-actress/actress-1/preethi/Preethi-Varma-04.html|title=Actress Preethi Varma Gallery|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Career==
After making her debut in a supporting role in the [[Sathyaraj]]-starrer ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' (2002), Preethi portrayed 13 lead roles in Tamil and Telugu language films throughout the mid to late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/reel-romance/articleshow/2158610.cms|title=Reel romance|newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 June 2007}}</ref> Notably, she appeared alongside [[S. J. Suryah]] in ''[[Thirumagan]]'' (2007), portraying a rural belle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/12ssthiru.htm|title=Thirumagan is confusing|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Preethi Varma was born to Bharath Kumar and Ramya. In February 2007, Preethi Varma garnered coverage in the media for eloping from home in Rajamundry to move in with her boyfriend in Mumbai.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Her parents filed a missing person complaint, with Preethi later clarifying that she had not been abducted and was safe elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/05032007-1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316031517/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/05032007-1.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-03-16|title=Dailynews - Parents give green signal for Preethi's love|date=16 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/19032007-1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322200259/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/19032007-1.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-03-22|title=Dailynews - Preethi Varma has been found!|date=22 March 2007}}</ref> In return, she filed a complaint against her parents for allegedly attempting to push her into prostitution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/actress-kin-push-her-in-prostitution-262276.html|title=Actress' kin push her in prostitution|date=1 April 2007|website=News18}}</ref> She later reconciled with her parents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/356/cinema/Kollywood/.htm|title=மீண்டும் தாயுடன் சேர்ந்தார் ப்ரீத்தி வர்மா ||date=19 April 2009|website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref>

During the period, she was working on ''18 Vayasu Puyale'' (2007), which had a similar scene for Preethi of escaping home with her boyfriend against her parents' wishes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/06042007-6.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712045303/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/06042007-6.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-07-12|title=Dailynews - Preethi Varma's life echoes in film story|date=12 July 2007}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' || Amudha ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003||''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' || rowspan="2"|College student || uncredited role
|-
|''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]'' || Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''Aarumugasaamy'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhale Jayam]]'' || Viji ||
|-
| ''Iyyappa Saamy'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2005 || ''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' || Aishwarya ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Theenda Theenda]]'' || Valli ||
|-
| ''Jayanth'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007 ||''[[Thirumagan]]'' || Raasathi ||
|-
| ''Anbu Thozhi'' || ||
|-
| ''18 Vayasu Puyale'' || Pooja, Gayathri ||
|-
| ''[[Kelvikuri]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''Ramudu Manchi Baludu'' || || Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2008 || ''Pachai Nirame'' || Asha ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2023 || ''Moondram Pournami'' || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8703926}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Preethi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Lists of state leaders by age

2026-03-29T16:28:15Z

KirkEvd85074933: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Franz Joseph I, Austria, from the Rulers, Flags, and Coats of Arms series (N126-1) issued by W. Duke, Sons & Co. MET DPB873800 (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Prime Minister Boris Johnson G7 Summit Day One (51786436740) (cropped 2).jpg
| footer = {{font|size=100%|font=Sans-serif|text=Since 1800, the youngest serving state leader has been 0-days-old [[Alfonso XIII]], [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]],<ref name="Alfonso XIII" /> while the oldest has been 96-year-old [[Elizabeth II]], [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]] and the other [[Commonwealth realm]]s.}}
}}
This article contains various '''lists of state leaders organized by age''', defined as [[Head of State|heads of state]] and/or [[Head of government|heads of government]].

==Oldest serving state leaders==
===Top ten currently serving===
[[File:Paul Biya in December 14th, 2022.jpg|thumb|130px|Paul Biya, currently the oldest serving state leader]]
People currently serving as head of state and/or head of government, a party leader of a [[one-party state]], or a representative of a head of state.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:97%"
|-
!Rank
!Name
!width=120|State
!Position
!Assumed office
!width=120|Born
!width=120|Age
|-
|1||{{sortname|Paul|Biya}}||{{flag|Cameroon}}||[[President of Cameroon|President]]||1982<ref>Previously served as [[Prime Minister of Cameroon]] from 1975–1982.</ref>||{{birth date|1933|2|13|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1933|2|13}}
|-
|2||{{sortname|Mahmoud|Abbas}}||{{flag|Palestine}}||[[President of Palestine|President]]||2005<ref>Previously served as [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] in 2003.</ref>||{{birth date|1935|11|15|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1935|11|15}}
|-
|3||{{sortname|Salman bin Abdulaziz al Saud||Salman of Saudi Arabia}}||{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}||[[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]||2015<ref>Served concurrently as [[Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia]] from 2015–2022.</ref>||{{birth date|1935|12|31|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1935|12|31}}
|-
|4||{{sortname||Harald V}}||{{flag|Norway}}||[[Monarchy of Norway|King]]<ref>The Kingdom of Norway includes the dependent territory of [[Svalbard]].</ref>||1991||{{birth date|1937|2|21|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1937|2|21}}
|-
|5||{{sortname|Jean-Lucien|Savi de Tové}}||{{flag|Togo}}||[[President of Togo|President]]||2025||{{birth date|1939|5|7|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1939|5|7}}
|-
|6||{{sortname|Peter|Mutharika}}||{{flag|Malawi}}||[[President of Malawi|President]]||2025<ref>Previously served as President of Malawi from 2014–2020.</ref>||{{birth date|1940|7|18|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1940|7|18}}
|-
|7||{{sortname|Mishal Al-Sabah||Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah}}||{{flag|Kuwait}}||[[Emir of Kuwait|Emir]]||2023||{{birth date|1940|9|27|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1940|9|27}}
|-
|8||{{sortname|Sergio|Mattarella}}||{{flag|Italy}}||[[President of Italy|President]]||2015||{{birth date|1941|7|23|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1941|7|23}}
|-
|9||{{sortname|Alassane|Ouattara}}||{{flag|Ivory Coast|name=Côte d'Ivoire}}||[[List of heads of state of Ivory Coast|President]]||2010<ref>Previously served as [[List of heads of government of Ivory Coast|Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire]] from 1990–1993.</ref>||{{birth date|1942|1|1|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1942|1|1}}
|-
|10||{{sortname|Teodoro|Obiang Nguema Mbasogo||Obiang}}||{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}||[[List of presidents of Equatorial Guinea|President]]||1982<ref>Previously served as [[Supreme Military Council (Equatorial Guinea)|Chairman of the Supreme Military Council of Equatorial Guinea]] from 1979–1982.</ref>||{{birth date|1942|6|5|df=yes}}||{{ayd|1942|6|5}}

|}

===Top ten of all time===
[[File:Giovanni Paolo Lascaris di Ventimiglia e Castellar.jpg|thumb|130px|Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, the oldest serving state leader of all time whose age is fully verifiable]]
{{Legend|lightgreen|'''Currently in office'''|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{Legend|lightblue|'''Currently living'''|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:97%"
|-
!Rank
!Name
!State
!Position
!Last year in office (reason term ended)
!Age at end
|-
|1||{{sortname|Giovanni Paolo|Lascaris}}||{{flagdeco|SMOM}} [[Hospitaller Malta|Malta]]||{{ubl|[[List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller]]}}||1657 (death)||97 years, 47 days
|-
|2||{{sortname||Elizabeth II}}||{{flag|United Kingdom}} Other [[Commonwealth realm]]s||[[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen]]<ref>In 1952, Princess Elizabeth [[proclamation of accession of Queen Elizabeth II|acceded]] as the monarch of seven [[Commonwealth realm]]s. At the time of her death, she reigned as Queen of 15 [[list of states headed by Elizabeth II|sovereign states]] including the United Kingdom. From 1957–1983, most of her British colonies attained independence, and some joined the other realms in different years; most states ceased to be a realm upon becoming republics.</ref>||2022 ([[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|death]])||96 years, 140 days
|-
|3||{{sortname|Prem|Tinsulanonda}}||{{flag|Thailand}}||[[Regent of Thailand|Regent]]||2016 (tenure ended)||{{ayd|1920|8|26|2016|12|1}}
|-
|4||{{sortname||George Tupou I}}||{{flag|Tonga}}||[[List of monarchs of Tonga|King]]||1893 (death)||95 years, 76 days
|-bgcolor="#ADD8E6"
|5||{{sortname||Mahathir Mohamad}}||{{flag|Malaysia}}||[[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]]||2020 ([[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis|resigned]])||94 years, 235 days
|-
|6||{{sortname|Nicolò|da Ponte}}||{{flagcountry|Republic of Venice}}||[[Doge of Venice]]||1585 (death)||94 years, 196 days
|-
|7||{{sortname||Malietoa Tanumafili II}}||{{flag|Samoa}}||[[O le Ao o le Malo]]||2007 ([[Death and state funeral of Malietoa Tanumafili II|death]])||94 years, 127 days
|-
|8||{{sortname|Robert|Mugabe}}||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}||[[President of Zimbabwe|President]]||2017 ([[2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état|resigned]])||93 years, 273 days
|-bgcolor="#99FF99"
|'''9'''||'''{{sortname|Paul|Biya}}'''||{{flag|Cameroon}}||'''[[President of Cameroon|President]]'''||'''Incumbent'''||'''{{ayd|1933|2|13}}'''
|-
|10||{{sortname|Beji|Caid Essebsi}}||{{flag|Tunisia}}||[[President of Tunisia|President]]||2019 (death)||92 years, 238 days

|}

==Youngest serving state leaders==
===Top ten currently serving===
[[File:Balen Shah1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|130px|Balendra Shah, currently the second-youngest serving state leader]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:97%"
!Rank
!Name
!State
!Position
!Assumed office
!Born
!Age
|-
|1||{{sortname|Lorenzo|Bugli}}||{{flag|San Marino}}||[[Captains Regent|Captain Regent]]||2025||20 February 1995||{{ayd|1995|2|20}}
|-
|2||{{sortname|Balendra|Shah|Balen Shah}}||{{flag|Nepal}}||[[Prime Minister of Nepal|Prime Minister]]||2026||27 April 1990||{{ayd|1990|4|27}}
|-
|3||{{sortname|Kristrún|Frostadóttir}}||{{flag|Iceland}}||[[Prime Minister of Iceland|Prime Minister]]||2024||12 May 1988||{{ayd|1988|5|12}}
|-
|4||{{sortname|Ibrahim|Traoré}}||{{flag|Burkina Faso}}||{{ubl|[[Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration|President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration]],|[[List of heads of state of Burkina Faso|Interim President]]}}||2022||14 March 1988||{{ayd|1988|3|14}}
|-
|5||{{sortname|Daniel|Noboa}}||{{flag|Ecuador}}||[[President of Ecuador|President]]||2023||30 November 1987||{{ayd|1987|11|30}}
|-
|6||{{sortname|Milojko|Spajić}}||{{flag|Montenegro}}||[[Prime Minister of Montenegro|Prime Minister]]||2023||24 September 1987||{{ayd|1987|9|24}}

|-
|7||{{sortname|Rob|Jetten}}||{{flagcountry|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}||[[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]]||2026||25 March 1987||{{ayd|1987|3|25}}
|-
|8||{{sortname|Jakov|Milatović}}||{{flagu|Montenegro}}||[[President of Montenegro|President]]||2023||7 December 1986||{{ayd|1986|12|7}}
|-
|9||{{sortname|Matteo|Rossi|dab=politician}}||{{flagu|San Marino}}||Captain Regent||2025||9 July 1986||{{ayd|1986|7|9}}

|-
|10||{{sortname|Sébastien|Lecornu}}||{{flag|France}}||[[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]||2025||11 June 1986||{{ayd|1986|6|11}}


|}

===Top ten since 1795===
{{Legend|99FF99|'''Currently living'''|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:97%"
|-
!Rank
!Name
!State
!Position
!Assumed office
!Age when assuming office
|-
|1||{{sortname||Alfonso XIII}}||{{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)|1785}}||[[Monarchy of Spain|King]]||1886||{{ayd|1886|5|17|1886|5|17}}<ref name="Alfonso XIII">Became a monarch at birth as his father, [[Alfonso XII]], had died the previous year.</ref>
|-
|2||{{sortname||Sobhuza II}}||{{flag|Eswatini|1894|name=Swaziland}}||[[Ngwenyama|King]]||1899||{{ayd|1899|7|22|1899|12|10}}
|- style="background-color:#99ff99"
|3||{{sortname|Fuad II||Fuad II of Egypt}}||{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Egypt}}||[[List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty|King]]||1952||{{ayd|1952|1|16|1952|7|26}}
|-
|4||{{sortname|Girvan Yuddha||Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah}}||{{flagdeco|Nepal|1768}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]||[[King of Nepal|King]]||1799||{{ayd|1797|10|19|1799|3|8}}
|-
|5||{{sortname||Puyi}}||{{flagcountry|Qing dynasty}}||[[Emperor of China|Emperor]]||1908||{{ayd|1906|2|7|1908|12|2}}
|-
|6||{{sortname|Rajendra||Rajendra Bikram Shah}}||{{flagdeco|Nepal|1768}} Nepal||King||1816||{{ayd|1813|12|3|1816|11|20}}
|-
|7||{{sortname||Isabella II}}||{{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[History of Spain (1808–1874)|Spain]]||Queen||1833||{{ayd|1830|10|10|1833|9|29}}
|- style="background-color:#99ff99"
|8||{{sortname|Gyanendra||Gyanendra of Nepal}}||{{flagu|Nepal|1930}}||King||1950<ref>Gyanendra's [[Gyanendra of Nepal#Early life and first reign|first occupation of the throne]] was in 1950; he was deposed in the [[1951 Nepalese revolution]].</ref>||{{ayd|1947|7|7|1950|11|7}}
|-
|9||{{sortname|Guangxu||Guangxu Emperor}}||{{flagdeco|Qing dynasty}} China||Emperor||1875||{{ayd|1871|8|14|1875|2|25}}
|-
|10||{{sortname|Mwambutsa IV||Mwambutsa IV of Burundi}}||{{flag|Kingdom of Burundi|1915|name=Burundi}}||[[King of Burundi|King]]||1915||{{ayd|1912|5|6|1915|12|16}}
|}

==Oldest state leaders==
The following lists show the oldest people who have served office as state leader (not limited to their age while in office).

===Top ten living===
[[File:Guillermo Rodriguez (Ecuador).jpg|thumb|130px|Guillermo Rodríguez, the oldest living state leader]]
{{main|List of oldest living state leaders}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:97%"
|-
!Rank
!Name
!State
!Position
!style="width: 110px"|Born
!style="width: 125px"|Age
|-
|1||{{sortname|Guillermo|Rodríguez|dab=politician}}||{{flagg|**p|Ecuador|1900|pref=History of|suff=(1960–1979)|section=Junta (1972–1979)}}||[[List of presidents of Ecuador|Acting President]] (1972–1976)||{{dts|4 November 1923}}||{{ayd|1923|11|4}}
|-
|2||{{sortname||Mahathir Mohamad}}||{{flag|Malaysia}}||[[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (1981–2003; 2018–2020)||{{dts|10 July 1925}}||{{ayd|1925|7|10}}
|-
|3||{{sortname|Mohammad Hasan|Sharq}}||{{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|1987}}||[[Council of Ministers of the Republic of Afghanistan|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]] (1988–1989)||{{dts|17 July 1925}}||{{ayd|1925|7|17}}
|-
|4||{{sortname|Abdoulaye|Wade}}||{{flag|Senegal}}||[[President of Senegal|President]] (2000–2012)||{{dts|29 May 1926}}||{{ayd|1926|5|29}}
|-
|5||{{sortname|Valdas|Adamkus}}||{{flag|Lithuania}}||[[President of Lithuania|President]] (1998–2003; 2004–2009)||{{dts|3 November 1926}}||{{ayd|1926|11|3}}
|-
|6||{{sortname|Raif|Dizdarević}}||{{flagcountry|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}||[[List of heads of state of Yugoslavia#SFR Yugoslavia|President of the Presidency]] (1988–1989)||{{dts|9 December 1926}}||{{ayd|1926|12|9}}
|-
|7||{{sortname|Arthur|Foulkes}}||{{flag|Bahamas}}||[[Governor-General of the Bahamas|Governor-General]] (2010–2014)||{{dts|11 May 1928}}||{{ayd|1928|5|11}}
|-
|8||{{sortname|Péter|Boross}}||{{flag|Hungary}}||[[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister]] (1993–1994)||{{dts|27 August 1928}}||{{ayd|1928|8|27}}
|-
|9||{{sortname||Zhu Rongji}}||{{flag|China}}||[[Premier of China|Premier of the State Council]] (1998–2003)||{{dts|23 October 1928}}||{{ayd|1928|10|23}}
|-
|10||{{sortname|Édouard|Balladur}}||{{flag|France|1974}}||[[List of prime ministers of France|Prime Minister]] (1993–1995)||{{dts|2 May 1929}}||{{ayd|1929|5|2}}

|}

===Top ten since 1800===
{{main|List of longest-living state leaders}}
[[File:Chau-Sen-Cocsal, Souverains et notabilités d'Indochine (cropped).jpg|thumb|130px|Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum, the longest-lived state leader]]
{{Legend|99FF99|'''Currently living'''|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:97%"
|-
! style="text-align:left"|{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! style="text-align:left"|Name
! style="text-align:left"|State
! style="text-align:left"|Position
! style="text-align:left"|Birth
! style="text-align:left"|Death
! style="text-align:left"|Age
|-
|1||{{sortname|Chau Sen|Cocsal Chhum}}||{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|1948}}||[[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Acting Prime Minister]] (1962)||{{dts|format=dmy|1905|9|1}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2009|1|22}}||{{ayd|1905|9|1|2009|1|22}}
|-
|2||{{sortname|Celâl|Bayar}}||{{flag|Turkey}}||{{ubl|[[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister]] (1937–1939)|[[President of Turkey|President]] (1950–1960)}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1883|5|16}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1986|8|22}}||{{ayd|1883|5|16|1986|8|22}}
|-
|3||{{sortname|Antoine|Pinay}}||{{flagcountry|French Fourth Republic}}||[[List of prime ministers of France|Prime Minister]] (1952–1953)||{{dts|format=dmy|1891|12|30}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1994|12|13}}||{{ayd|1891|12|30|1994|12|13}}
|-
|4||{{sortname|André|Prunet-Foch}}||{{flagg|**p|Andorra|civil|pref=History of|section=20th and 21st centuries}}||[[List of representatives of the co-princes of Andorra|French Viguier]] (1977–1980)||{{dts|format=dmy|1914|7|3}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2017|1|30}}||{{ayd|1914|7|3|2017|1|30}}
|- style="background-color:#99FF99"
|'''5'''||'''{{sortname|Guillermo|Rodríguez|dab=politician}}'''||'''{{flagg|**p|Ecuador|1900|pref=History of|suff=(1960–1979)|section=Junta (1972–1979)}}'''||[[List of presidents of Ecuador|Acting President]] (1972–1976)||'''{{dts|format=dmy|1923|11|4|abbr=on}}'''||'''Alive'''||'''{{ayd|1923|11|4}}'''
|-
|6||{{sortname|Prince Naruhiko|Higashikuni}}||{{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}||[[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] (1945)||{{dts|format=dmy|1887|12|3}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1990|1|20}}|||{{ayd|1887|12|3|1990|1|20}}
|-
|7||{{sortname|Babiker|Awadalla}}||{{flagg|**p|Sudan|pref=Democratic Republic of|1956}}||[[Prime Minister of Sudan|Acting Prime Minister]] (1969)||{{dts|format=dmy|1917|3|2}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|17}}||{{ayd|1917|3|2|2019|1|17}}
|-
|8||{{sortname|Willem|Drees}}||{{flagcountry|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}||[[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]] (1948–1958)||{{dts|format=dmy|1886|7|5}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1988|5|14}}||{{ayd|1886|7|5|1988|5|14}}
|-
|9||{{sortname||Đỗ Mười||Mười}}||{{flag|Vietnam}}||{{ubl|[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]] (1988–1991)|[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary of the Communist Party]] (1991–1997)}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1917|2|2}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2018|10|1|}}||{{ayd|1917|2|2|2018|10|1}}
|-
|10||{{sortname|Tomiichi|Murayama}}||{{flag|Japan|1870}}||[[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] (1994–1996)||{{dts|format=dmy|1924|3|3}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|17}}||{{ayd|1924|3|3|2025|10|17}}

|}

==See also==
*[[Lists of state leaders]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{list of lists|politicians}}
{{Lists of heads of state and government}}

[[Category:Lists of state leaders by age| ]]

Ghaznavid campaigns in India

2026-03-29T11:26:27Z

KirkEvd85074933: correct layout per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Conflicts between Indian kingdoms and the Ghaznavids}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ghaznavid campaigns in India
| place = [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Northern India]] and [[Central India]]
| partof = [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
| image = {{OSM Location map
|coord={{coord|28.7|75}}
|zoom=4
|magnify=1
|scalemark=8
|width=375
|height=350
|mark-sizeD=17,14
|shapeD=n-ellipse
|shape-outlineD=white
|shape-colorD=hard blue
|label-colorD=hard blue
|label-posD=left
|ldyD=0
|ldxD=0
|nolabels=1
|caption=Key locations:{{Efn|[[Siege of Bhatiya|Bhatiya]] (1004–1005); Munj, Asi and Sharwa (1018); Bari (1020) and many other locations could not be identified. see [[Mahmud of Ghazni#Campaign timeline|§ Campaign timeline]] for more details}}
|auto-caption=14
|mark-coord1={{coord|33.7967|68.9348}}|mark-title1=Charkh (977)
|mark-coord2={{coord|34.6919|70.1518}}|mark-title2=Laghman (987, 991, 1000)
|mark-coord3={{coord|34.01569|71.5740}}|mark-title3=Peshawar (1001)
|mark-coord4={{coord|34.01442|72.4332}}|mark-title4=Hund (1002)
|mark-coord5={{coord|30.1957|71.4800}}|mark-title5=Multan (1006, 1008, 1010)
|mark-coord6={{coord|33.9106|72.4818}}|mark-title6=Chach (1008)
|mark-coord7={{coord|32.1040|76.2723}}|mark-title7=Nagarkot (1009, 1043, 1052)
|mark-coord8={{coord|29.9677|76.8254}}|mark-title8=Thanesar (1012, 1043)
|mark-coord9={{coord|32.7263|73.2289}}|mark-title9=Nandana (1014)
|mark-coord10={{coord|33.562|73.9316}}|mark-title10=River Tausi (1014)
|mark-coord11={{coord|33.9366|74.5535}}|mark-title11=Lohkot (1015, 1021)
|mark-coord12={{coord|29.5330|75.0316}}|mark-title12=Sirwasa (1018)
|mark-coord13={{coord|28.4070|77.8493}}|mark-title13=Bulandshahr (1018)
|mark-coord14={{coord|25.2356|82.8729}}|mark-title14=Mahaban (1018)
|mark-coord15={{coord|27.4923|77.6759}}|mark-title15=Mathura (1018)
|mark-coord16={{coord|27.0515|79.9142}}|mark-title16=Kannauj (1018)
|mark-coord17={{coord|27.2301|79.7925}}|mark-title17=Ramganga (1020)
|mark-coord18={{coord|25.0013|80.4807}}|mark-title18=Kalinjar (1020, 1022)
|mark-coord19={{coord|31.5293|74.3576}}|mark-title19=Lahore (1021, 1041, 1043)
|mark-coord20={{coord|26.2156|78.1757}}|mark-title20=Gwalior (1022)
|mark-coord21={{coord|26.9370|70.8686}}|mark-title21=Lodurva (1025)
|mark-coord22={{coord|26.9097|75.1875}}|mark-title22=Sambhar (1025)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.8519|72.1186}}|mark-title23=Patan (1025)
|mark-coord24={{coord|20.7769|71.0421}}|mark-title24=Delvada (1025)
|mark-coord25={{coord|20.7495|70.9976}}|mark-title25=Kathiawar (1025)
|mark-coord26={{coord|20.9059|70.3863}}|mark-title26=Somnath (1026)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.4849|70.4642}}|mark-title27=Kanthkot (1026)
|mark-coord28={{coord|25.8811|68.7769}}|mark-title28=Mansura (1026)
|mark-coord29={{coord|32.5985|72.3700}}|mark-title29=Salt Range (1027)
|mark-coord30={{coord|25.3188|82.9755}}|mark-title30=Vanarasi (1034)
|mark-coord31={{coord|29.0982|75.9628}}|mark-title31=Hansi (1034, 1043, 1167)
|mark-coord32={{coord|28.9993|77.0148}}|mark-title32=Sonipat (1037)
|mark-coord33={{coord|27.1776|78.0077}}|mark-title33=Agra (1070–1086)
|mark-coord34={{coord|23.1793|75.7893}}|mark-title34=Ujjain (?)
|mark-coord35={{coord|27.1983|73.7469}}|mark-title35=Nagaur (1112)
|mark-coord36={{coord|30.2122|74.9339}}|mark-title36=Bhatinda (1167)
}}
| caption = Map of Ghaznavid expeditions in India
| date = 973–1167
| result = Ghaznavid victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peacock |first=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1wc2-wTuioC |title=Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation |date=2013-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-15369-4 |pages=73 |language=en |quote="Despite defeat in Khuräsän, the Ghaznavid campaigns into India continued successfully"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Bryan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rqbBAAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia |last2=Salemink |first2=Oscar |date=2014-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-63645-8 |language=en|quote=The Muslim Turkish dynasty of the Ghaznavids, originally ruling present-day Afghanistan, successfully invaded northern South Asia in the early eleventh century.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mottahedeh |first=Roy P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POCEEAAAQBAJ |title=In the Shadow of the Prophet: Essays in Islamic History |date=2023-01-19 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-86154-561-2 |language=en|page=The son of this soldier, Mahmud, had been famous for both his extremely successful campaigns into Northern India}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[Ghaznavids]]
| combatant2 = [[Qarmatians]] [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] [[Chaulukya dynasty]] [[Rashtrakutas of Kannauj]] [[Gahadavala Dynasty]] [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]] [[Lawik dynasty]] [[Hindu Shahis]] [[Rajputs|Rajput confederacy]] [[Jats]] [[Chandelas]] [[Lodi dynasty of Multan]] [[Habbari dynasty]] [[Tomara dynasty]] [[Lohara dynasty]] Kingdom of Bhatiya Kingdom of Narayana Kingdom of Bulandshahr Kingdom of Mahaban Kingdom of Asi Kingdom of Sirsawa [[Tomaras of Delhi]] [[Paramara dynasty]] [[Chahamana dynasty]] [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] [[Chauhan Dynasty]] [[Abhira dynasty]]
| commander1 = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle = border:none; padding:0;
|title = '''Commanders:'''
| 1 = [[Sabuktigin]]
| 2 = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
| 3 = [[Mas'ud I]]
| 4 = [[Ahmad Niyaltigin]]
| 5 = [[Mawdud of Ghazni]]
| 6 = Faqih Salti
| 7 = Nushtigin
| 8 = Abd al-Rashid
| 9 = [[Ibrahim of Ghazna]]
| 10 = Mahmud of Punjab
| 11 = [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni]]
| 12 = Hajib Tughatigin<ref name="p95" />
| 13 = [[Khusrau Malik]]
| 14 = Muhammad Bahlim<ref name="p95" />
}}
| commander2 = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle = border:none; padding:0;
|title = '''Commanders:'''
| 1 = [[Jayapala]]{{Suicide}}
| 2 = [[Abu Ali Lawik]]{{KIA}}
| 3 = [[Fateh Daud]]{{surrender}}
| 4 = [[Bhima I]]
| 5 = [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]]
| 6 = Khafif{{KIA}}
| 7 = Kirthiraja{{surrender}}
| 8 = Rajyapala{{surrender}}
| 9 = Baji Rai{{Suicide}}
| 10 = Sukhapala{{POW}}
| 11 = Anandapala{{surrender}}
| 12 = Sandanpal{{KIA}}
| 13 = King Narayan
| 14 = Rama of Dera
| 15 = Bhimsen Jat
| 16 = Trilochanapala{{KIA}}
| 17 = [[Gangeyadeva]]
| 18 = Mahipal Tomar
| 19 = [[Bhoja I]]
| 20 = [[Lakshmikarna]]
| 21 = Ram Rai{{Surrender}}
| 22 = Dipal Har
| 23 = King Hardat
| 24 = Kulchand of Mahaban
| 25 = Chand Rai of Sirsawa{{POW}}
| 26 = [[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
| 27 = Candrapala Bhur
| 28 = Gopala{{Surrender}}
| 29 = [[Lakshmadeva]]<ref name=":2" />
| 30 = [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirtivarman]]<ref name=":2" />
| 31 = [[Prithviraja II]]<ref name="p26" />
| 32 = Vigraharaja III<ref name="p26" />
| 33 = [[Ajayaraja II]]<ref name="p26" />
| 34 = [[Madanapala (Gahadavala dynasty)|Mandanapala]]{{POW}}<ref name="p95" />
| 35 = [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindrachandra]]<ref name="p95" />
| 36 = Mandalika
}}
| map_type =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
The '''Ghaznavid campaigns in India''' refer to a series of military expeditions lasting over two centuries launched by the [[Ghaznavid Empire]], a prominent empire of the 10th and 11th centuries. They went to the [[Indian subcontinent]], led notably by Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] ({{reign|998|1030}}), leaving a profound impact on the region's history and culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tetley |first=G. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVV9AgAAQBAJ&dq=ghaznavid+campaigns&pg=PA4 |title=The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History |date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-08438-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2024}} Conflicts continued until the fall of Ghaznavids in late 12th century.

Beginning in the late 10th century, these incursions marked a significant chapter in the history of South Asia, with Ghaznavid forces penetrating deep into the Indian subcontinent, including the [[Punjab]] region and [[northern India]]. The primary objectives of these campaigns included the acquisition of wealth, the propagation of [[Islam]], and the establishment of Ghaznavid rule in the region.

By the end of the 10th century, the Ghaznavid ruler [[Sabuktigin]] captured the region between [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] and [[Peshawar]] from the [[Hindu Shahi]] ruler [[Jayapala]]. This laid the foundation for the Ghaznavids to establish their dominance over parts of present-day Afghanistan and India. The Ghaznavid campaigns in India serve as a crucial historical backdrop to the later [[Islamic empires]] that would shape the subcontinent's destiny.

== Campaign timeline ==
This list details the military conflicts between the Ghaznavids and Indian kingdoms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:orange;"|
Name of Conflict (Time) 
! style="background:orange;"|Ghaznavid commander
! style="background:orange;"|Opponent
! style="background:orange;width: 320px;"| Outcome
|-
|'''Battle of [[Charkh District|Charkh]]''' (973)
|[[Sabuktigin]]
|[[Lawik dynasty]] and [[Hindu Shahis]]
* [[Abu Ali Lawik]]{{KIA}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Abu Ali Lawik was killed in battle.{{sfn|Pandey|1973|p=103}}
|-
|'''[[First Battle of Laghman]]''' (988)
|Sabuktigin
|Hindu Shahis
* [[Jayapala]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
|-
|'''[[Second Battle of Laghman]]''' (991)
|Sabuktigin
|Hindu Shahis and [[Rajputs|Rajput confederacy]]
* Jayapala
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
|-
|'''[[Battle of Peshawar (1001)]]'''
|[[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
|Hindu Shahis
* Jayapala{{Suicide}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nazim|1931|pp=87–88}}</ref>
* Jayapala taken as prisoner and who [[Self-immolation|self-immolated]] himself.
* Much of [[Gandhara]] was annexed into Ghaznavid Empire
|-
|'''[[Battle of Peshawar (1001)#Battle of Hund|Battle of Hund]]''' (1002)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis
* Unknown
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Hindu Shahi capital [[Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Hund]] annexed into the Ghaznavid Empire
|-
|'''[[Siege of Bhatiya|Siege of Bhatia]]''' (1004)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Kingdom of Bhatia
* Baji Rai{{Suicide}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Baji Rai commited suicide.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nazim|1931|p=101}} "… he was surrounded but, preferring death to the humiliation of captivity, the high-spirited Raja stabbed himself with a sword."</ref>
|-
|'''Battle of the [[Indus River]]''' (1006)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Hindu Shahis]]
* [[Anandapala]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nazim|1931|p=88}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Ghaznavid conquest of Multan#Siege of Multan|Siege of Multan]]''' (1006)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Lodi dynasty of Multan]]
* [[Fateh Daud]]{{surrender}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Fateh Daud surrenders.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=52}}
|-
|'''[[Ghaznavid conquest of Multan#Sukhapala's governorship and revolt|Battle of Multan]]''' (1008)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis
* Sukhapala{{POW}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nazim|1931|pp=98-99}}</ref>
* Sukhapala was captured as prisoner.
|-
|'''[[Battle of Chach]]''' (1007)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis
* Anandapala
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* [[Gandhara]] annexed to Ghaznavid empire.
|-
|'''Capture of Narayanpur''' (1009)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Rajputs of Narayana and Hindu Shahis
* King of Narayana
* Anandapala
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Narayanpur annexed to Ghaznavid empire.<ref name="c"/>
|-
|'''[[Ghaznavid conquest of Multan#Annexation of Multan|Recapture of Multan]]''' (1010)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Lodi dynasty of Multan
* Fateh Daud{{POW}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Fateh Daud taken as prisoner.
* Rebellion suppressed.<ref name="c"/>
|-
|'''Battle of Sutlej''' (1012)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Chief of Dera
* Rama
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mishra|1972|p=164}}</ref>
* Mahmud proceeds towards Thanesar.
|-
|'''Sack of [[Thanesar]]''' (1012)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Tomara dynasty (offered no resistance)
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Ghaznavids plunders Thanesar, obtains booty and returns to Ghazni.
* 200,000 captives taken as prisoner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3EgDQAAQBAJ |title=Glimpses of World History |date=2004-05-07 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-85990-06-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="v" >{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D |date=1966 |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Battle of Nandana]]''' (March 1014)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis
*Bhimapala
[[Lohara dynasty]]
*Tunga
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
|-
|'''Siege of [[Nandana Fort|Nandana]]''' (March 1014)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis
* Unknown
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Fort of Nandana captured by Ghaznavids
* Trilochanapala retreat.{{sfn|Pandey|1973|p=112}}
|-
|'''[[Battle of River Tausi]]'''
(March 1014)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis
* Trilochanapala
[[Lohara dynasty]]
* Tunga
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Territories up to [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] annexed by the Ghaznavids
|-
|'''[[Siege of Lohkot (1015)]]'''
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Lohara dynasty]]
* [[Sangramaraja]]
|'''Lohara victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1971|pages=16}}</ref>
* Mahmud withdraws from [[Kashmir]] because of heavy [[casualties]] and [[Winter storm]].
|-
|'''Siege of [[Bulandshahr]]''' (1018)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Kingdom of Bulandshahr
* King Hardat
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* King Hardat fled from the fort.
|-
|'''Siege of [[Mahaban]]''' (1018)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Kingdom of Mahaban
* Kulchand
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Kulchand commits suicide.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasa |first=Howard Wheeler (Hayagriva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY3kEAAAQBAJ&dq=mahmud+mahaban+kulchand&pg=PA27 |title=Vrindaban Days (English) |date=2020-01-01 |publisher=Golden Age Media |isbn=978-93-89050-61-5 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Plunder of [[Mathura]]''' (1018)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Tomara dynasty
* (offers no resistance)
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Ghaznavids plunder Mathura.
*The 50,000 Hindus were killed by drowning or by using swords, the massacre was accompanied by the destruction of 1,000 temples in the district.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rakhit |first1=Maanoj |title=Do your History textbooks tell you these Facts? |date=1985 |publisher=Maanoj Rakhit मानोज रखित |isbn=9788189746070 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zE_ONfLThL0C&q=Mathura+1%2C000+temples+demolished}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sahai |first1=Shashi Bhushan |title=The Hindu Civilisation: A Miracle of History |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House, 2010 |isbn=9788121210416 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-LE5FIUgdYC}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj]]''' (1018)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] (Rajputs)
* Rajyapala{{surrender}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Rajyapala surrenders
* Gurjara Pratihara accepts nominal suzerainty of Ghaznavids.<ref name="x"/>
|-
|'''Capture of [[Kanpur|Munjhawan]]''' (1018)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Brahmins]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Munjhawan captured by Ghaznavids.
|-
|'''Capture of Asi Fort''' (1018)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Candrapala bhur
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* '''Asi fort''' successfully captured by Ghazni.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Nilima Sen |title=Cultural History of Kapisa and Gandhara |date=1984 |publisher=Sundeep |isbn=9788175740273 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sextAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
*Candrapala fled to hills.
|-
|'''Capture of [[Sirsaganj|Sirsawa]]''' (1019)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Chief of Sirsawa
* Chand Rai{{POW}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Sirsawa plundered
* Chand Rai was captured.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
|-
|'''Battle of the Rahib River''' (1021)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis and Rajput confederacy
* Trilochanapala{{KIA}}
* [[Vidyadhara]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Hindu Shahis and Rajputs retreats.<ref name="g"/>
*Trilochandapala was killed in the battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Jr. Everett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&q=trilochanapala+was+killed |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland, 2010 |isbn=9781605204994 |page=133}}</ref>
|-
|'''Siege of [[Gwalior]]''' (1021)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]]
* Kirthiraja{{surrender}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Kirthiraja surrenders
* Kachchhapaghata accepts the nominal suzerainty of Ghaznavids.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=58}}
|-
|'''Siege of [[Kalinjar]]''' (1021)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Chandelas]] (Rajputs)
* Vidhyadara
|'''Peace treaty'''.
* (Nanda) Vidhyadara submitted and offered valuable gifts to Mahmud.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url= |title=Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II |date=2022-12-06 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-368-13568-3 |pages=495 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Siege of Lohkot''' (1021)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Lohara Dynasty
|'''Lohara victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&dq=Samgr%C4%81mar%C4%81ja&pg=PA31 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2005-12-30 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |page=31 |language=en}}</ref>
* Mahmud retreats due to heavy [[casualties]] and [[Winter storm]].
*Ghaznavids invasions halted in [[Kashmir]].
|-
|'''Capture of Lahore''' (1021)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Hindu Shahis

* Trilocanapala
|'''Ghaznavid '''victory<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bakshi|Gajrani|Singh|2005|p=76}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mehta|1979|p=57}} "He invaded Lahore (1021-22) during his fourteenth expedition and gave yet another defeat to Trilochanpal. Lahore fell into the hands of the invader as also 270 war elephants. The whole of Punjab up to the banks of the [[Sutlej]] was declared annexed to the Ghazni empire."</ref>

* Punjab up to Sutlej annexed to the Ghaznavids.
|-
|'''Siege of Lodhruva''' (1025)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|Bhati Kingdom of Rajasthan
* Devraj II
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hooja|2006|p=|pp=[https://books.google.com.bd/books?redir_esc=y&id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=1024-25 197, 248]}} "Later, in the course of an expedition against Somnath in Gujarat in year 414 of the Muslim Hijri calendar (AD 1024-25), Mahmud Ghazni marched across the desert through Multan, attacked the Bhati-held Lodrava"</ref>
|-
|'''[[Sack of Somnath]]''' (1026)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Abhira dynasty]]
* Mandalika
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Munshi|1952|p=36}} "From Modhera, Mahmud marched on [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhasa Patan]] looting [[Delvada]] on the way. On January 6, 1026, he invested the fort of Somanatha. It was in charge of Mandalika, the descendant of the Abhira [[Graharipu|Gruharipu]] with whom [[Mularaja]] had fought."</ref>
* Somanath temple plundered.
* 50,000 Rajputs were killed in the battle.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mehta|1979|p=59}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Battle of the Indus (1027)|Battle of the Indus River]]''' (1027)
|Mahmud of Ghazni
|[[Jats]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=59}}
|-
|'''Siege of Sarsuti''' (1033)
| [[Mas'ud I]]
| Unknown
| '''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Mas'ud captures the fortress of Sarsuti or Sarwasa which Mahmud had been unable to take.<ref name="p188" />
|-
|'''Sack of Benares''' (1034)
| [[Mas'ud I]]
* [[Ahmad Niyaltigin]]
| [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]
* [[Gangeyadeva]]
| '''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=92}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bakshi|Gajrani|Singh|2005|p=46}}</ref>
|-
|'''Kalachuri invasion of Kangra''' (1034)
|[[Mas'ud I]]
* [[Ahmad Niyaltigin]]
|[[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]
* [[Gangeyadeva]]
|'''Kalachuri victory'''
* [[Kangra valley]] annexed by [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris]] from [[Ghaznavids]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gurcharn Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-81-7094-525-3 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Siege of Hansi''' (1037)
| [[Mas'ud I]]
| Unknown
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Hansi captured by Mas'ud<ref name="p93" />
|-
|'''Siege of Sonipat''' (1037)
| [[Mas'ud I]]
| Dipal Har
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref name="p93" />
|-
|'''Siege of [[Lahore]]''' (1041)
|[[Mawdud of Ghazni]]
* Faqih Salti
|'''Indian coalition''' (Rais, Ranas, Thakurs)
* Sandanpal{{KIA}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|pp=31-32}} "A battle took place at Q.d.r.j.w.r (?) in which the Faqïh Salïtï’s army routed the infidels and in which Sandanpäl was killed"</ref>
* Sandanpal, grandson of Kabul Shah (Hindu Shahi dynasty) killed in action.
|-
|'''Siege of [[Hansi]]''' (1043)
|unknown
|[[Tomara dynasty|Tomara Dynasty]] [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara Dynasty]]
* Mahipala Tomar
* [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoja]]
|'''Tomara victory'''
* [[Hansi]] annexed into [[Tomara dynasty]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Seth |first=Krishna Narain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |date=1978 |publisher=Progress Publishers |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Siege of [[Thanesar]]''' (1043)
|unknown
|[[Tomara dynasty|Tomara Dynasty]] [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara Dynasty]]
* Mahipala Tomar
* [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoja]]
|'''Tomara victory'''
* [[Thanesar]] annexed into [[Tomara dynasty]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''Siege of Nagarkot''' (1043)
|unknown
|[[Tomara dynasty|Tomara Dynasty]] [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara Dynasty]]
* Mahipala Tomar
* [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoja]]
|'''Tomara victory'''
* Nagarkot annexed into [[Tomara dynasty]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''[[Siege of Lahore (1043)]]''' 
|[[Mawdud of Ghazni]]
* Faqih Salti
|[[Tomara dynasty|Tomara Dynasty]] [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara Dynasty]] [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris]]
* Mahipal Tomar
* [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoja]]
* [[Lakshmikarna]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ&dq=mawdud+lahore+1043&pg=PA872 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111-112 : Masrah Mawlid |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09239-6 |pages=872 |language=en}}</ref>
* Rajput forces repelled by Ghaznavids.
|-
|'''Siege of Mahitah''' (1048)
| Abu Ali Hasan
| Unknown
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref name=":Raza218" />
|-
|'''Reconquest of Nagarkot''' (1052)
|Nushtigin Hajib
|[[Tomara dynasty]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Nagarkot retaken by the Ghaznavids<ref>{{Cite book |last=Latif |first=Syad Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYIMAQAAMAAJ&q=nagarkot+1052+hajib |title=History of the Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |date=1997 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel publications |isbn=978-969-35-0735-5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Hejim-ud-din Invasion of India'''
|Hejim-ud-din{{KIA}}
|[[Chauhan Dynasty|Chahamana dynasty]]
* [[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
|'''Chahamana victory'''
* Ghaznavid invasion halted<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R. B. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119620 |title=History Of The Chahamanas |date=1964 |pages=125}}</ref>
|-
|'''Ibrahim of Ghazni's campaigns in India'''
(1079)
|[[Ibrahim of Ghazna]]
|Indian kings
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Ghaznavids capture [[Sirhind]], Burya in [[Ambala]], Dhangan, [[Jalandhar]], [[Pakpatan]], Rupal, Fort of Darah.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''Conquest of Agra''' (between 1070-1086)
|Mahmud of Punjab
|[[Rashtrakutas]] of Kannauj
*Gopala{{Surrender}}
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RpuAAAAMAAJ&q=agra+mahmud+gopala |title=Power, Administration, and Finance in Mughal India |date=1993 |publisher=Variorum |isbn=978-0-86078-366-4 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Siege of Kannauj'''
|Mahmud of Punjab
|[[Rashtrakutas]] of [[Kannauj]]
| '''Ghaznavid victory'''
* Ghaznavids capture [[Kannauj]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''Invasion of [[Ujjain]]'''
|Mahmud of Punjab
|[[Paramara dynasty]]
* [[Lakshmadeva]]
|'''Paramara victory'''<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''Najm ad-Din Zarir's Raid against Malwa''' (1088–1092)
|Najm ad-Din Zarir
|[[Paramara dynasty]]
* [[Lakshmadeva]]
|'''Paramara victory{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}'''
* Ghaznavid army turned its focus towards Kalinjar following difficulties in Malwa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|pp=86}}</ref>
|-
|'''Mahmud's invasion of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]]''' (Before 1090)
|Mahmud of Punjab
|[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]]
* [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirtivarman]]
|'''Chandela victory'''
* [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjara]] was successfully defended<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&dq=Kirtivarman+Mahmud+of+Punjab&pg=PA108 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |pages=108 |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Toz8CwAAQBAJ&dq=kirtivarman+mahmud+of+punjab&pg=PA296 |title=The Rise of Wisdom Moon |date=2016-10-01 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-5264-2 |language=en |quote=Kirtivarman himself was attacked, unsuccessfully it appears by Mahmud, governor of punjab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=kirtivarman+mahmud+of+punjab&pg=RA1-PA17 |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |pages=B-17 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Expedition of Hajib Taghatigin into Chahamana Kingdom'''
|Hajib Taghatigin Imad-uddaulah Baguli Shah
|[[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
* [[Prithviraja I]]
|'''Chauhan victory'''
* Ghaznavid Expansion halted<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeX0xX0_2rkC |title=History of the Chāhamānas |date=1964 |publisher=N. Kishore |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="v"/>
|-
|'''Conquest of [[Nagaur]]''' (1112)
|Muhammad Bahlim
|[[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
* [[Ajayaraja II]]
|'''Ghaznavid victory'''
* [[Nagaur]] captured by Ghaznavids<ref name="p26" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sharma|1975|p=45}} "… Muhammad Bahlim, whom Bahram Shah of Ghazni had appointed the Governor of his dominions in Hindustan in A.D., captured and fortified the town of Nagor …"</ref>
|-
|'''Ajayaraja's Conflict with the Ghaznavids'''
|Salar Hussain
|[[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
* [[Ajayaraja II]]
|'''Chauhan victory'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sharma|1975|p=40}}</ref>
|-
|'''Siege of Hansi''' (before 1167)
|unknown
|[[Chauhan Dynasty]]
* Vigraharaja III
|'''Chauhan victory'''
* [[Hansi]] annexed by Chauhan dynasty.<ref name="p26" />
|-
|'''Capture of Bhatinda''' (post 1167)
|unknown
|[[Chauhan Dynasty]]
* [[Prithviraja II]]
|'''Chauhan victory'''
* Chauhan territory extended as far as [[Firozpur]]<ref name="p26" />
|}
== Under Sabuktigin ==
Sabuktigin was one of the slaves of [[Alp-Tegin|Alptigin]], the Governor of [[Ghazni]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC |title=Ancient India |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4 |language=en}}</ref> Alptigin was succeeded by his son [[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna|Abu Ishaq]] and his slave, [[Bilgetegin|Bilgetigin]], respectively. Following Bilgetigin's death in 972, another of Alptigin's slaves, named [[Boritigin]], ascended to the throne.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=351}}

=== As a Ghazni subordinate ===
{{See Also|Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi conflicts}}[[File:Pınarbaşı 5.JPG|alt=Alptigin|thumb|Alptigin]]
[[File:Sebuktekin gold Dinar.jpg|alt=Sabuktigin gold Dinar|thumb|Sabuktigin gold Dinar]]

==== Battle of Charkh (973) ====
The first military conflict between Sabuktigin and the Indian kingdoms occurred in 973, when [[Abu Ali Lawik]], the king of the [[Lawik dynasty]], marched to invade Ghazni. [[Jayapala]], the [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi]] ruler, sent his son to support Lawik in this invasion. The battle took place near [[Charkh District|Charkh]], in modern-day Afghanistan. Sabuktigin's forces defeated the combined armies of Lawik and the Hindu Shahis, resulting in the death and capture of many of their soldiers. Abu Ali Lawik himself was killed in the battle.{{sfn|Pandey|1973|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=L. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.) |date=1989 |publisher=Konark Publishers |isbn=978-81-220-0042-9 |pages=Page no 3 |language=en}}</ref>

=== As a Ghaznavid ruler ===
Sabuktigin ascended to the throne of Ghazni in 977, and embarked on a series of wars with Indian kingdoms in the late 10th century. His primary objective was to expand the influence of the Ghaznavid Empire in the Indian subcontinent. Sabuktigin's most remarkable military achievement was the conquest of the Punjab region. These conflicts with Indian kingdoms solidified the Ghaznavids as a formidable power in India and laid the groundwork for more renowned invasions led by Mahmud of Ghazni in the subsequent century.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Initially, Sabuktigin faced opposition from Toghan and subsequently marched against him, leading to the capture of Kandahar and its surrounding areas. Sabuktigin also conducted raids in the territories belonging to Jayapala, which provoked Jayapala to launch an attack on Ghazni.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==== First Battle of Laghman ====
{{Main|First Battle of Laghman}}
The first Battle of Laghman took place in 988 near present-day Laghman, Afghanistan, between Jayapala and Sabuktigin. The Ghaznavid forces emerged victorious over Jayapala's Hindu Shahi forces. As a result, Jayapala, the Hindu Shahi ruler, was compelled to pay a substantial tribute to Sabuktigin and cede both territories and a few forts.[[File:Stark contrasts in Afghanistan - 080907-F-0168M-071.jpg|alt=Present-day Laghman|thumb|Present-day Laghman]]

==== Second Battle of Laghman ====
{{See also|Second Battle of Laghman}}
To avenge the defeat at [[Laghman Province|Laghman]], Jayapala orchestrated the formation of a confederacy comprising Hindu chiefs from the [[Tomara dynasty]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]], [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]], and [[Chandelas]]. This alliance was aimed at preparing for a pivotal battle. Jayapala amassed a substantial force, which included 100,000 cavalry and an immense contingent of foot soldiers. In 991, Both forces met at Laghman. Seeing the disproportion of the manpower, Sabuktigin divided his troops into squadrons of 500 men each, and directed them to attack the enemy on one particular point. Ghaznavid forces again defeated the combined Hindu Shahi and Rajput forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |pages=80–81 |language=en}}</ref>

Sabuktigin died in 997. He had increased Alptigin's domains to cover the area south of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan and east to the Indus River in what is today Pakistan. His son [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] succeeded him.

== Under Mahmud of Ghazni ==
=== Wars against the western front ===
{{Main|Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars}}

==== Battle of Peshawar (1001) ====
{{Main|Battle of Peshawar (1001)}}

[[File:Mahmud of Ghazni first success.jpg|alt=Disaster of Jayapala Army against Mahmud of Ghazni, due to a snowstorm.|thumb|Disaster of Jayapala Army against Mahmud of Ghazni, due to a snowstorm<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft |title=Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor |date= |publisher=London, Hutchinson}}</ref>]]

In 1001, the Ghaznavid forces, led by Mahmud of Ghazni, achieved victory over the Hindu Shahi forces, commanded by Jayapala, near Peshawar. Consequently, Mahmud incorporated Peshawar and Punjab into his empire. Jayapala, the Hindu Shahi ruler, was taken prisoner and was in the face of a humiliating defeat, he [[Self-immolation|immolated himself]].{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=342}}

==== Siege of Bhatiya ====
{{Main|Siege of Bhatiya}}

In 1004 CE, Mahmud [[Siege of Bhatiya|invaded the Kingdom of Bhatia (Bhatiya)]] and defeated its ruler, Biji Rai (also known as Baji Rao). The battle raged on for three days, resulting in heavy casualties for Biji Rai's forces. Ultimately, Biji Rai was compelled to retreat into the forest. The city came under siege and was eventually conquered by Sultan Mahmud's army. Biji Rai was captured by the Ghaznavids but chose to take his own life. Mahmud amassed significant wealth from this battle, including 120 elephants. Mahmud returned to Ghazni after this campaign.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=52}}

==== First campaign of Multan ====
{{Main|Ghaznavid conquest of Multan}}

In 1006, Mahmud led [[Ghaznavid conquest of Multan|an expedition]] against [[Fateh Daud]], the king of the [[Lodi dynasty of Multan]]. Daud had formed an alliance with [[Hindu Shahis|Anandapala]], the son of Jayapala, who had taken the throne after his father's death.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Qasem |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Rule in India: From the Invasion of Muhammad-bin-Qasim to the Battle of Plassey, 712-1757 A.D. |date=1958 |publisher=Z.A. Qasem |pages=40–42 |language=en}}</ref> Mahmud initially requested Anandapala to allow his army to pass through his territory, but Anandapala, being in alliance with Daud, refused. Consequently, Mahmud marched against Anandapala and defeated his forces near the [[Indus River]]. Anandapala was compelled to retreat to the mountains of [[Kashmir]]. Mahmud's forces plundered Anandapala's territories and took many soldiers as prisoners.<ref name=":0" />

Mahmud continued his march towards Multan and, upon reaching the city, Fateh Daud surrendered it to him and agreed to pay an annual tribute. On his way back to Ghazni, Mahmud appointed a [[Hindu]] convert named Nawassa Shah (also known as Sukhapala) to oversee the Indian territories. Sukhapala happened to be the grandson of Jayapala.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=52}}

==== Sukhapala's rebellion ====
In Mahmud's absence, Sukhapala reverted to Hinduism and revolted against him. Mahmud, upon hearing this, marched from Ghazni to Multan and defeated Sukhapala. Sukhapala retreated to the [[Salt Range]]s but was eventually captured by the Sultan's forces and taken as a prisoner. Mahmud compelled Sukhapala to pay 400,000 Dirhams and sentenced him to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94YL686RG8IC |title=A Comprehensive History of India: A.D. 985-1206 |date=1992 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |pages=349 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rehman |first=Abdur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZisdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Last Two Dynasties of the Śahis: An Analysis of Their History, Archaeology, Coinage, and Palaeography |date=1979 |publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University |pages=150 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Battle of Chach ====
{{Main|Battle of Chach}}

In 1008, Mahmud launched a campaign against the Hindu Shahis and defeated Anandapala in the [[Battle of Chach]]. This conflict likely arose from Anandapala's support of Daud during Mahmud's invasion of Multan. The Hindu Shahi troops retreated as far as the Kangra Valley, where they sought refuge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKDjAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Peoples of Pakistan: Towards Independence |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577819-9 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Capture of Narayanpur ====
In 1009, Mahmud embarked on an expedition against the King of Narayana, a [[Rajput]] vassal state of Anandapala. Anandapala intervened to aid his vassal but was ultimately defeated by Mahmud's Ghaznavid forces. This conquest allowed Mahmud to penetrate deep into the heartland of India.<ref name="c">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Fauja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5U1XAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526. Editor: Fauja Singh |date=1972 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Annexation of Multan ====
In 1010, Daud staged another revolt against Mahmud. Mahmud responded by marching towards Multan, where he not only quelled the rebellion but also inflicted heavy casualties among heretics and took Daud as a prisoner. This action reestablished Mahmud's authority over Multan.<ref name="c"/>

After experiencing a series of consecutive defeats, Anandapala opted to initiate a peace treaty with Mahmud. The terms of the agreement stipulated that he would annually pay a substantial tribute equivalent to the profits generated from his territories and the looting of his cities. Additionally, he was committed to sending 50 elephants and 2000 well-trained armed personnel for military support. In exchange, the Sultan pledged not to launch any invasions into Anandapala's kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gurcharn Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-81-7094-525-3 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other campaigns ===

==== Capture of Thanesar ====
Despite his alliance with Anandapala, Mahmud of Ghazni continued his military campaigns in India. In 1012 CE, Mahmud marched from Ghazni to Thanesar with the intent to conquer and plunder the city. According to their treaty, Anandapala allowed Mahmud to pass through his territory but requested that the sacred city not be destroyed. Nevertheless, Mahmud continued his march toward Thanesar and encountered resistance from Rama, the chief of [[Dera Gopipur|Dera]], whom Mahmud defeated, allowing him to proceed further.

In 1012, Thanesar was under the rule of the [[Tomaras of Delhi]]. The Tomara king sent appeals for assistance to other neighboring kings, but Mahmud successfully captured the city in 1014, plundered it, and then returned to Ghazni.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nazim|1931|p=103}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|pp=10-11}}</ref>

Anandapala's death is not recorded in any chronicle; however, it can be ascertained to be c. late 1010 − early 1011. His son [[Trilochanapala]] succeeded him.

==== Battle of Nandana ====
{{Main|Battle of Nandana}}

After the demise of Anandapala, Mahmud of Ghazni resumed his campaigns against the Hindu Shahis. In 1014, he launched an expedition against Trilochanapala, who had settled in [[Nandana]] within the Salt Range. Trilochanapala attempted to defend the fort, but his forces were defeated by the Ghaznavid army, leading to the capture of the fort of Nandana. Trilochanapala fled to Kashmir to escape capture.{{sfn|Pandey|1973|p=112}}
[[File:Captured Indian Raja Brought to Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Folio from a Majma al-Tavarikh (World Histories) MET AD-37.193a (detail).jpg|thumb|Captured Indian Raja brought to Mahmud who is seated on horseback ''Majma al-Tavarikh'' {{Circa|1425}}, Herat]]

==== Siege of Lohkot ====
{{Main|Siege of Lohkot (1015)}}

Mahmud pursued Trilochanapala into the [[Kashmir]] hills, pillaging villages along his path as he advanced towards Kashmir. This marked Mahmud's first invasion of Kashmir in 1015. Seeking assistance, Trilochanapala turned to [[Sangramaraja]], the reigning [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara king]] of Kashmir, who promptly dispatched a substantial force led by his commander, Tungh, to support Trilochanapala.
Initially, Tungh's forces won a skirmish against a small detachment sent by Mahmud. However, their overconfidence led them to engage in an open battle. Despite being outnumbered, Mahmud's Ghaznavid forces managed to defeat the Kashmiri forces. Trilochanapala retreated from the battlefield, and Mahmud plundered the frontier of the Kashmir valley before returning to Ghazni.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

One of the notable event of Mahmud in his failed Kashmir campaign is the [[Siege of Lohkot (1015)|Siege of Lohkot]] in 1015. A fierce combat took place between the Lohara forces of Kashmir under Raja [[Sangramaraja|Sangramraja]] and the forces of Mahmud. At the end of the battle, Mahmud retreated back to Ghazni due to harsh winter conditions. The Loharas achieved victory.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1971|p=16}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|pp=11–13}}</ref>

In 1016, Mahmud launched another invasion of Kashmir, advancing until he reached the pass where the fort of Lohkot is located. Mahmud initiated a siege of the fort, but his efforts were interrupted by the onset of winter, accompanied by heavy snowfall. Consequently, Mahmud had to withdraw from the operation due to the adverse weather conditions.

==== Capture of Kannauj, Mathura, Mahaban, Bari, Asi, Sirsawa ====
{{Main|Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj}}

In 1018, Mahmud led an expedition against the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty. Sultan Mahmud marched from Ghazni to [[Kannauj]] with a formidable army. Along his journey, he reached [[Bulandshahr]], where King Hardat of Bulandshahr fled, leaving a garrison to defend the fort. The Ghaznavid forces defeated this garrison, and peace was secured with a payment of 1,000,000 dirhams and 30 elephants. Continuing his advance, Mahmud reached [[Mahaban]]. The king of Mahaban, named Kulchand, retreated to a dense forest and prepared for a battle. However, the forces of Mahaban were defeated by the Ghaznavids and many of them perished, some drowning in the river [[Yamuna]]. In a tragic turn of events, Kulchand took the life of his wife and then his own.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Surendra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU7kAAAAMAAJ |title=The History of Hindus: The Saga of Defeats |date=1998 |publisher=Vishva Books |isbn=978-81-85679-92-1 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> He subsequently launched an attack on [[Mathura]]. Although it was under the control of the Tomara dynasty, he did not encounter significant opposition. Mahmud plundered and devastated Mathura, leaving it in ruins. From Mathura, he advanced towards [[Kannauj]]. Upon his approach, Rajyapala, the Gurjar King, retreated to a location known as Bari. Kannauj fell easily to the Ghaznavids due to the lack of resistance. Eventually, Rajyapala surrendered to the Sultan.<ref name="x">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQFGAQAAIAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Saharanpur |date=1988 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref> Mahmud then took control of Munjhawan, a [[Brahmin]] stronghold. The garrison put up a spirited defense against the invasion for 25 days but was ultimately defeated. Tragically, many of the defenders, along with their wives and children, chose to immolate themselves in the fire, while others leaped from the fort onto the battlefield, preferring death over dishonor. In the end, it was discovered that no one had survived within the fort.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Mahmud then advanced towards Asi which was surrounded by dense jungle. Its ruler Chandrapal Bhur fled from his territory and the Sultan captured five of his forts. By the Sultan's order, the fort was plundered and the garrison were either imprisoned or put to death.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nazim|1931|p=109}}</ref>
[[File:Mahmud captures the fort of Asi.jpg|thumb|Mahmud conquers Asi in India, miniature from the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh]]'' {{Circa|1306 or 1314/15}}]]
In January 1019, Mahmud marched towards [[Sirsaganj|Sirsawa]]. Chand Rai, the Hindu chief of that region, prepared for battle. However, before the Sultan's arrival, Bhimpala, the son of Trilochanapala, advised him not to engage in a battle with Mahmud. Consequently, he fled from his fort, sought refuge on a hill, and concealed himself in a dense forest. Mahmud reached Sirsawa, plundered the fort, and then led his army into the forest, capturing Chand Rai.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

{{blockquote|"Sultan Mahmud is not like the rulers of Hind and is not the leader of black men. It is obviously advisable to seek safety from such a person, for armies flee away before the very name of him and his father. I regard his bridle as much stronger than yours, for he never con- tents himself with one blow of the sword nor does his army satisfy itself with one hill out of a whole range. If, therefore, you design to contend with him, you will suffer; but do as you like-you know best. If you wish for your own safety, you will remain in concealment."{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}|Bhimpala's letter to Chand Rai}}[[File:Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (Majmu al-Tawarikh, Hafiz i-Abru, Herat, 1425).jpg|alt=Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants|thumb|Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants|left]]

By the time, Rajyapala, the Gurjar ruler who surrendered to Mahmud was killed by the [[Chandela]] ruler [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidhyadara]]. In 1021, Mahmud marched from Ghazni with the intention of punishing Vidhyadara for his actions. However, he faced opposition from Trilochanapala on the banks of the Rahib River (either [[Yamuna]] or [[Ravi River|Ravi]]). Trilochanapala's army was defeated by the Ghaznavid forces, compelling him to retreat from the battlefield, resulting in the loss of many of his soldiers. Trilochanapala himself died shortly after the battle, and his son Bhimpala succeeded him.<ref name=g>{{Cite book |last=Rickmers |first=Christian Mabel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nuq1AAAAIAAJ |title=The Chronology of Indian History, from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century |date=1972 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OH-zecejKy8C |title=History of India |date=1959 |publisher=S. Viswanathan |pages=16–17 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Capture of Gwalior ====
Mahmud attacked the territories of Vidhyadara. He attacked the [[Gwalior Fort|Gwalior fort]] in 1021 and forced its [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] ruler Kirthiraja to surrender. Kirthiraja accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Sultan and became a vassal of Ghaznavids. Kirthiraja offered thirty five war elephants to Mahmud.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=58}}

==== Capture of Kalinjar ====
Mahmud then directed his attention towards Kalinjar, where Vidhyadara had sought refuge after the Battle of the Rahib. The Sultan laid siege to the fort of Kalinjar, and after a fierce conflict, both parties opted for a peace treaty. Vidhyadara composed a poem praising Mahmud of Ghazni, and in a gesture of goodwill, Mahmud returned 15 forts to Vidhyadara as a part of the agreement.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=58}}

==== Conquest of Lahore ====
In 1022, Lahore was captured after defeating Trilocanapala. The entire region of Punjab up to [[Sutlej]] was annexed to the Ghaznavid Empire.<ref name=":3" />[[File:Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg|alt=Ruins of Somnath temple|thumb|Ruins of the Somnath temple of Gujarat]]

=== Sack of Somnath ===
{{Main|Sack of Somnath|Battle of the Indus (1027)}}

In 1026, Mahmud led an army of 80,000 men on a campaign to plunder the Somnath temple. Rajput forces opposed his army at Somnath, but the Sultan's forces emerged victorious, with a devastating toll of 50,000 casualties among the defending army. The Ghaznavids looted the Somanath temple and destroyed its idols. This event earned Mahmud the title of "The Idol Breaker" due to his actions during this campaign.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=59}} Mahmud [[Battle of the Indus (1027)|defeated Jats]] near the [[Indus River]] in 1027.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=59}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date=2020-08-17 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |pages=39–41 |language=en}}</ref>

== Later conflicts ==

=== Mas'ud I ===
Mahmud died in 1030, succeeding [[Masʽud I|Mas'ud]] ({{Reign|1030|1040}}) to the throne. In 1031 Mas'ud appointed [[Ahmad Niyaltigin]] governor of the Punjab. In 1033 Mas‘ud captured the fortress of Sarsuti or Sarwasa.<ref name="p188">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1975|p=188}}</ref> In 1034, Ahmad led campaigns against Indian chieftains, compelling the Thakurs to pay tribute. He crossed the [[Ganges|Ganges River]], traveled along its left bank, and reached [[Varanasi|Banaras]], part of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva]]’s ({{Reign|1015|1041}}) realm. There, he plundered the markets returned to Punjab with a substantial haul of gold, silver, and jewels.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=92}}</ref> In 1036 CE, Mas‘ud appointed his second son, Majdud, as governor of Punjab who occupied the territories in the Indus valley and its tributaries as far east as Hansi and Thanesar.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|p=33}} "Majdud, at the instigation of his adviser Ayāz Khāss, marched from Multān and occupied the territories in the Indus valley and its tributaries as far east as Hansi and Thanesar."</ref> The following year, Masud assembled a large army. He then marched to Punjab, camping along the [[Jhelum]] River near Dinarkotah. From there, he advanced to Hansi in the [[Hisar district|Hisar District]], Punjab, and besieged its fort. After a fierce battle, Hansi was captured. He then proceeded to [[Sonipat]],<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prasad|1956|p=69}}</ref> defeating its governor, Dipal Har. Continuing his campaign, Mas‘ud approached the kingdom of Ram Rai, who avoided conflict by offering valuable gifts.<ref name="p93">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=93}}</ref>

=== Mawdud ===
Mas'ud was killed in the fort of Giri in 1040 AD by his slaves who declared [[Muhammad of Ghazni|Muhammad]] as the new ruler. Mas'ud son [[Mawdud of Ghazni|Mawdud]] ({{Reign|1041|1050}}) hearing the news of his father's death dethroned and executed Muhammad. Muhammad's rule only lasted four months before Mawdud's accession.<ref name="p93" /> Mawdud nominated Faqih Salti as the governor of Lahore. The news of Mas'ud's death opened the opportunity to Indian rulers to attack the Ghaznavids. Sandanpal the grandson of Hindu Shahi dyansty attacked Lahore with a coalition of various Indian rulers. Faqih Salti's army defeated the coalition killing Sandanpal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|pp=31-32}}</ref> In 1043 CE, three Indian kings under the leadership of Mahipal of [[Tomaras of Delhi|Tomara]] launched offensives against Ghaznavids. The coalition possibly consisted of [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]], [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] [[Lakshmikarna]] and [[Anahilla]]{{Efn|[[R. C. Majumdar]] writes the coalition consisted of "The Raja of Delhi, who led the confederacy, was obviously a chief of the Tomara dynasty. The Paramara Bhoja, the Kalachuri Karna, and the Chahamana Anahilla were probably among those who formed the confederacy."{{Sfn|Majumdar|1966|p=94}} [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]] identifies the chiefs "… who besieged Lahore for seven months. One of the leading members of this coalition was the great Paramara Raja of Malwa, Bhoja; the Devapala mentioned by Ibn al-Athir is probably the Kachchhapaghata Raja of that name, son of the ruler of Gwalior Kirttiraja"{{Sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=33}}}} captured Hansi, Nagarkot, Thanesar and other dependencies at last besieged [[Lahore]]. After seven months of unsuccessful siege the garrison of the fort inflicted defeat on the allied army forcing them to desert the battlefield.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|pp=32-33}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=94}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Sen|1999|p=320}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Sharma|1992|p=366}}</ref> In 1048, Maudud dispatched Abu Ali Hasan, the kotwal of Ghazni, with an army to suppress rebellious Indian chiefs. After subduing the insurgents in Punjab, Abu Ali advanced to the fort of Mahitah, near Kashmir, and captured it.<ref name=":Raza218">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Raza|2010|p=218}} "In 1048, Sultan Maudud sent Abu Ali Hasan, the Kotwal of Ghaznin with an army to suppress the rebel Indian chiefs. Having subdued the rebels of Panjab, Abu Ali advanced to the fort of Mahitah, in the vicinity of Kashmir and Seized the fort."</ref>

=== Abd al-Rashid ===
In 1052 AD, Sultan Abd al-Rashid's general Nushtigin managed to recapture Nagarkot which had been in the possession of Hindus since 1043.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|p=63}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=94}}</ref>

=== Ibrahim of Ghazni ===
Contemporary Ghaznavid poets wrote poems commemorating victories of [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim of Ghazni]] ({{Reign|1059|1099}}) and his two son Saif-ad-Daula Mahmud and [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud]], who later became the Sultan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|p=64}}</ref> In 1079, Ibrahim led various campaigns against Indian chiefs<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|p=509}}</ref> and conquered [[Sirhind|Tabarhindah]], [[Buria|Burya]] on the Yamuna in [[Ambala]], Dhangan, [[Jalandhar]], [[Pakpattan|Ajudhan]], and Rupal on the summit of a hill, and reduced the fort of Darah, in the neighbourhood of Rupal.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=|pp=94-95}}</ref>

In 1075 AD, Ibrahim appointed Saif-ad-Daula Mahmud as the governor of Indian territories.<ref name=":2" /> He led campaigns into [[Uttar Pradesh]] and in [[Central India]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|p=66}}</ref> Between 1070-1086 AD, Mahmud leading a army of ''[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazis]]'' with 40,000 cavalrymen penetrated into Uttar Pradesh in modern India. The Ghaznavids laid siege on the [[Agra Fort|fort of Agra]]. Raja Gopala of the [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rastrakuta dynasty]] offered resistance. After few days of fierce combat the fort was captured. Several local rulers submitted and brought treasures and elephants for Mahmud.<ref name="B6667">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|pp=66-67}}</ref> He then captured Kannauj.<ref name=":2" /> According to the 12th century text ''Diwan-i-Salman'', a man named Chand Rai was left in charge of the elephants.{{sfn|Niyogi|1959|pp=29,36}} One theory identifies Chand Rai as the [[Gahadavala]] king [[Chandradeva]], and postulates that he entered into friendly relation with Mahmud,<ref name="B6667"/> or became his tributary.{{sfn|Niyogi|1959|p=37}} However, no concrete evidence supports this theory.{{sfn|Niyogi|1959|pp=37–38}} Mahmud also invaded [[Ujjain]], but was repulsed by the Paramara [[Lakshmadeva]]. He also invested the [[Kalinjar Fort|fort of Kalanjara]], which was then ruled by the [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Chandella Kirttivarman]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|p=48}} "According to [[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi|Baihaqui]], [[Ahmad Inaltigin|Ahmad Niyaltigin]] led an expedition into Hindusthan and penetrated as far as Banaras. The same authority also credits Masud with the capture of Hansi. Ibrahim is also said to have conducted expeditions against “the infidels”. Between 1086 and 1090 his son Mahmud, the governor of the Punjab, is also reported to have plundered Kanauj and Kalinjar and attacked Ujjain."</ref>

=== Mas'ud III ===
Ibrahim succeeded Ala ad-Dawlah [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]] ({{Reign|1099|1115}}) in 1099 AD. Hajib Tughatigin, an officer under the Sultan, crossed the [[Ganges]] and carried on conquest in India. King of Kannauj who was probably [[Madanapala (Gahadavala dynasty)|Madanapala]] ({{Reign|1104|1113}}) of [[Gahadavala dynasty]] was captured by the Sultan's army. Madanapala's son [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] ({{Reign|1114|1155}}) defeated the Ghaznavids releasing his father from captivity.<ref name="p95">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramakrishnan|2001|p=95}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bakshi|Gajrani|Singh|2005|p=47}} "During the reign of Ibrahim's successor Mas'ud III (1099-115 A.D.), the Muslims made another plundering raid beyond the Ganga in course of which they took prisoner Malhi, the king of Kanauj. He is probably to be identified with Gahadavala Madanachandra, and his son Govindachandra defeated the Muslims and secured his release."</ref> In 1112 AD, Muhammad Bahlim captured [[Nagaur]] from [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] ruler [[Ajayaraja II|Ajayaraj II]].<ref name="p26">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1971|p=26}} "The [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] ruler, [[Prithviraja I|Prithvi Raj I]], fought with the Muslims, His successor [[Ajayaraja II|Ajayaraj]] lost [[Nagaur|Nagor]] to Bahlim, a Ghaznavide officer, in 1112 A.D. Vigraharaj III{{Dubious|date=September 2025}} recovered [[Hansi]] from the Ghaznavide Sultan of the Punjab in 1167 A.D. and his successor [[Prithviraja II|Prithvi Raj II]] fortified it as an outpost against the Turks. A few years later, Prithvi Raj II wrested [[Bathinda|Bhatinda]], situated further north, and thus shifted the Chauhan frontier in the north to very near modern [[Firozpur|Ferozepore]]."</ref>

=== Khusrau Malik ===
During the reign of last Ghaznavid Sultan [[Khusrau Malik]] ({{Reign|1160|1186}}), [[Vigraharaja IV|Vigraharaj IV]] retook Hansi from the Ghaznavid Sultan of the Punjab. An inscription of his nephew and his successor records that [[Prithviraja II]] fortified it as an outpost against the Ghaznavids in 1167.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|pp=27-28}}: "The Chauhan king Visaladeva [[Vigraharaja IV]] claimed to have captured Asi (modern [[Hansi]]) in the Punjab from the Muslims whom he defeated in a number of battles. An inscription of his nephew and successor [[Prithviraja II|Prithviraja I]]{{Dubious|date=September 2025}} records the conversion of Asi (Hansi) into a fortified outpost against the Muslims, in 1167 A.D."</ref> A few years later, [[Prithviraja II]] sieged [[Bathinda|Bhatinda]], and thus shifted the Chauhan frontier in the north to modern [[Firozpur|Ferozepore]]. Khusrau Shah's slothful reign allowed his generals to exercise their power independently, often carried out raids deep into Indian territories bringing valuable spoils.<ref name="p26" />

The raids in late 11th century, were not highly impactful, but the Rajput kings recognized their threat, as evidenced by the ''Turushkadanda'' tax mentioned in grants by [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] rulers [[Chandradeva]] ({{Reign|1072|1103}}), [[Madanapala (Gahadavala dynasty)|Madanapala]] ({{Reign|1104|1113}}), [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] ({{Reign|1114|1155}}), and [[Vijayachandra]] ({{Reign|1155|1169}}) likely used to counter or appease the Ghaznavids.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|p=48}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi wars]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=Gajrani |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=Hari |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7625-537-8 |edition=1st |volume=6 |location=New Dehli}}
* {{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=The Ghaznavids, 994-1040 |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |url=https://archive.org/details/ghaznavids0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1963}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXuOQgAACAAJ |title=The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay |date=1977 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-85224-315-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |date=1975-06-26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6 |editor-last=Frye |editor-first=R. N. |editor-link=Richard N. Frye |language=en |chapter=The Early Ghaznavids}}
* {{Cite book |last=Habibullah |first=Abul Barkat Muhammud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV9uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India: A History of the Establishment and Progress of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, 1206-1290 A.D. |date=1961 |publisher=Central Book Depot |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haig |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXhZ38Y4ugAC |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |date=1928 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=III |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Rajasthan.html?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Abraham Valentine Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWkLAAAAIAAJ |title=History of India: The Mohammedan period as described by its own historians |date=1907 |publisher=Grolier Society |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/hcip-5-struggle-for-empire-ed.-r.-c.-majumdar |title=History and Culture of Indian People - 5 Struggle For Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1966 |edition=2nd |volume=V |location=Bombay}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Yogendra |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Hindu_Sahis_of_Afghanistan_and_the_P.html?id=ux6wQ25mO0cC |title=The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India |date=1972 |publisher=Vaishali Bhavan |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=Kanaiyalal Maneklal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6pwstfwOjsC |title=Somnath: The Shrine Eternal |date=1952 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nazim |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG83AAAAIAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Sulṭān Maḥmūd of Ghazna |date=1931 |publisher=CUP Archive |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Niyogi |first=Roma |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Deena Bandhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKo5AQAAIAAJ |title=The Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab |date=1973 |publisher=Historical Research Institute; [sole distributors: Oriental Publishers] |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwari |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12686 |title=A Short History of Muslim Rule in India from the Advent of Islam to the Death of Aurangzeb |date=1956 |publisher=The Indian Press Publishers Ltd. |edition=Revised |location=Allahabad |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramakrishnan |first=S. |url=http://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |edition=5th |volume=V}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Raza |first=S. Jabir |date=2010 |title=Hindus Under the Ghaznavids |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147488 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=213–225 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A86fAAAACAAJ |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties: A Study of Chauhan Political History, Chauhan Political Institutions and Life in the Chauhan Dominions from 800 to 1316 A. D. |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Limited) |isbn=978-81-208-0492-0 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/early-chauhan-dynasties/mode/1up |archive-date=2023-06-21}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=A. L. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.1789historyofindia1000adto1707ad |title=History of India 1000 A D to 1707 A D |date=1971 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company |edition=3rd |location=Agra}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghaznavid campaigns in India}}
[[Category:10th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:11th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:10th century in India]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Jats]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Battles involving Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Kabul Shahi]]
[[Category:Medieval Hinduism]]
[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Invasions of India]]

Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

2026-03-26T12:07:50Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
| legislature =
| image =
| imagesize = 170
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to children alleged and found to be in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection by catering to their basic needs through proper care, protection, development, treatment, social re-integration, by adopting a child-friendly approach in the adjudication and disposal of matters in the best interest of children and for their rehabilitation through processes provided, and institutions and bodies established, hereinunder and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/167392.pdf No 2 of 2016]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 7 May 2015 (Lok Sabha) 22 December 2015 (Rajya Sabha
| date_assented = 31 December 2015
| date_signed =
| date_commenced = = 15 January 2016
| bill = The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2015
| bill_citation = Bill No 99-C of 2014
| bill_date = 12 August 2014
| introduced_by = [[Maneka Gandhi]], Minister of Women and Child Development
| 1st_reading = Rh
| 2nd_reading = Dh
| 3rd_reading = Fh
| white_paper =
| committee_report = [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Juvenile%20Justice/SC%20report-%20Juvenile%20justice.pdf Standing Committee Report]
| amended_by = [https://cara.wcd.gov.in/PDF/JJ%20Amendment%20Act%20-2021_27.pdf Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2021]
| repeals = [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000]]
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force amended
}}

The '''Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015''' has been passed by Parliament of India amidst intense controversy, debate, and protest over many of its provisions by the child rights fraternity.<ref>Got the Presidential assent on 31 December 2015. As notified at [http://www.learningthelaw.in/2016/07/juvenile-justice-care-and-protection-of.html Learning the Law], Last accessed on 27 July 2016 10:01 AM</ref> It replaced the Indian [[juvenile delinquency]] law, [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000]], and allows for juveniles in conflict with law in the age group of 16–18, involved in heinous offences, to be tried as adults.<ref name=TriedAsAdult>{{cite news|title=16-Year-Olds to be Tried as Adults in Extreme Crimes, Says Lok Sabha|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/changes-to-juvenile-justice-act-spurred-by-gang-rape-outrage-passed-in-lok-sabha-761221|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=7 May 2015}}</ref> The Act also sought to create a universally accessible adoption law for India, overtaking the [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)]] (applicable to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs) and the Guardians and Wards Act (1890) (applicable to Muslims), though not replacing them. The Act came into force from 15 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commencement notification|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/167578.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

It was passed on 7 May 2015 by the [[Lok Sabha]] amid intense protest by several Members of Parliament. It was passed on 22 December 2015 by the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name=TriedAsAdult/><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajya Sabha passes Juvenile Justice Bill; Jyoti's parents welcome development|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/live-rajya-sabha-adjourned-after-uproar-over-ddca-issue/|access-date=22 December 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

To streamline adoption procedures for orphan, abandoned and surrendered children, the existing [[Central Adoption Resource Authority]] (CARA) has been given the status of a statutory body to enable it to perform its function more effectively. A separate chapter on Adoption provides detailed provisions relating to adoption and punishments for non compliance. Processes have been streamlined with timelines for both in-country and inter-country adoption including declaring a child legally free for adoption.

This Act has further been amended by the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2021 which have come into force from 1 September 2022.

==History==
The [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] began contemplating several desired amendments in 2011 and a process of consultation with various stake holders was initiated. The [[2012 Delhi gang rape|Delhi gang rape case]] in December 2012 had tremendous impact on public perception of the Act. One of the accused in the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] was a few months younger than 18 years of age and under the Act was tried in a juvenile court.<ref name=TriedAsAdult/> Eight [[Writ|writ petitions]] alleging the Act and its several provisions to be unconstitutional were heard by the [[Supreme Court of India]], prompting the juvenile court to delay its verdict.<ref name="SCagrees">{{cite news|title=SC agrees to examine plea to base juvenile culpability on mental age|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-agrees-to-examine-plea-to-base-juvenile-culpability-on-mental-age/articleshow/21520757.cms|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="SCAsks">{{cite news|title=SC Asks Swamy To Inform JJB To Defer Verdict On Juvenile|url=http://www.tehelka.com/sc-asks-swamy-to-inform-jjb-to-defer-verdict-on-juvenile/|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=31 July 2013|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090955/http://www.tehelka.com/sc-asks-swamy-to-inform-jjb-to-defer-verdict-on-juvenile/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the second week of July 2013, the Supreme Court dismissed the objections, holding the Act to be constitutional. Demands for a reduction of the age of adults from 18 to 16 years were also turned down by the Supreme Court, when the [[government of India]] stated that there is no proposal to reduce the age of an adult. On 31 August 2013, the case returned to the juvenile court and a sentence of 3 years in a reform home was handed down.<ref name=Teenager>{{cite news|title=Delhi gang rape: Teenager found guilty|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23908176|access-date=10 May 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nirbhaya-gang-rape-case-Juvenile-found-guilty-of-rape-and-murder/articleshow/22183253.cms|title=Nirbhaya gang-rape case: Juvenile found guilty of rape and murder|last=TNN|date=31 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> The victim's mother criticized the verdict and said that by not punishing the juvenile the court was encouraging other teenagers to commit similar crimes.<ref name=TeenSentenced>{{cite news|title=Teen sentenced in rape, death of Indian medical student|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/31/world/asia/india-gang-rape-sentencing/|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=2 September 2014}}</ref>

In July 2014, [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)|Minister of Women and Child Development]], [[Maneka Gandhi]] said that they were preparing a new law which will allow 16-year-olds to be tried as adults. She said that 50% of juvenile crimes were committed by teens deliberately, but they ''thought'' that they could get away with it. She added that changing the law, which will allow them to be tried for murder and rape as adults, would scare them.<ref name=CommitRape>{{cite news|title=Juveniles who commit rape should be tried as adults: Maneka Gandhi|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/juveniles-who-commit-rape-should-be-tried-as-adults-maneka-gandhi/485770-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717191444/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/juveniles-who-commit-rape-should-be-tried-as-adults-maneka-gandhi/485770-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2014|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The bill was introduced in the Parliament by Maneka Gandhi on 12 August 2014.<ref name=JJBIntro>{{cite news|title=Juvenile Justice Bill introduced in Lok Sabha|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/juvenile-justice-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha/|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 August 2014}}</ref> On 22 April 2015, the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|Cabinet]] cleared the final version after some changes.<ref name=GovtNod>{{cite news|title=Juvenile Justice Act: Government gives nod for proposal to try 16-18 year olds under adult laws|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-juvenile-justice-act-government-gives-nod-for-proposal-to-try-16-18-year-olds-under-adult-laws-2079805|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=22 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=CabinetApproves>{{cite news|title=Cabinet approves amendments to Juvenile Justice Bill|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/cabinet-approves-amendments-to-juvenile-justice-bill-115042201237_1.html|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=22 April 2015}}</ref>

A revamped Juvenile Justice Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 7 May 2015. The new bill will allow minors in the age group of 16-18 to be tried as adults if they commit heinous crimes. The heinous crime will be examined by the Juvenile Justice Board to ascertain if the crime was committed as a 'child' or an 'adult'.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/juvenile-justice-bill-approved-in-lok-sabha_1591474.html |title= Juvenile Justice Bill approved in Lok Sabha |work= [[Zee News]] |date= 7 May 2015 |access-date= 4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-juvenile-justice-act-will-allow-trial-of-minors-accused-of-heinous-crimes-as-adults/544250-37-64.html |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510002744/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-juvenile-justice-act-will-allow-trial-of-minors-accused-of-heinous-crimes-as-adults/544250-37-64.html |archive-date=10 May 2015 |title=Minors accused of heinous crimes to be tried as adults as Lok Sabha passes Juvenile Justice Bill - IBNLive }}</ref>

== Summary ==
The bill will allow a [[Juvenile Justice Board]] (JJB), which would include [[psychologist]]s and [[social workers]], to decide whether a juvenile criminal in the age group of 16-18 should be treated as an adult or not.<ref name=TriedAsAdult/><ref name=CabinetApproves/> The bill introduced concepts from the [[Hague Adoption Convention|Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Inter-Country Adoption, 1993]] which were missing in the previous act.<ref name=CompreJuvenile>{{cite news|title=Towards a comprehensive Juvenile Justice law|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/towards-a-comprehensive-juvenile-justice-law/article6221909.ece|access-date=10 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 July 2014}}</ref> The bill also seeks to make the adoption process of orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children more streamlined.<ref name=CabinetApproves/> Appeals against JJB's order can be made to the [[Children's court|Children's Court]]. Subsequently, orders of the Children's court can be appealed in the [[High courts of India|High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JJ Act Section 101 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?abv=CEN&statehandle=123456789/1362&actid=AC_CEN_13_14_000010_201602_1517807328168&sectionId=12821&sectionno=101&orderno=101&orgactid=AC_CEN_13_14_000010_201602_1517807328168}}</ref>

The bill introduces [[foster care]] in India. Families will sign up for foster care and abandoned, orphaned children, or those in conflict with the law will be sent to them. Such families will be monitored and shall receive financial aid from the state. In adoption, disabled children and children who are physically and financially incapable will be given priority. Parents giving up their child for adoption will get 3 months to reconsider, compared to the earlier provision of 1 month.<ref name=JJBpassed>{{cite news|title=Juvenile Justice Bill passed; 16-18 years to face adult laws in heinous crimes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-juvenile-justice-bill-passed-16-18-years-to-face-adult-laws-in-heinous-crimes-2084153|access-date=14 May 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

A person giving alcohol or drugs to a child shall be punished with 7 years imprisonment and/or {{currency|100000|INR}} fine. [[Corporal punishment]] will be punishable by {{currency|50000|INR}} or 3 years of imprisonment. A person selling a child will be fined with {{currency|100000|INR}} and imprisoned for 5 years.<ref name=JJBpassed/>

One of the most criticized step in the new JJ Bill 2015 is introduction of "Judicial Waiver System" which allows treatment of juveniles, in certain conditions, in the adult criminal justice system and to punish them as adults. This is for the first time in India's history that such a provision has been prescribed. Given to the severe criticism, Bill was referred to a Standing Committee of Parliament which also rejected such provisions. Since recommendations of Parliament's Standing Committee are not binding, Government has moved ahead and introduced the Bill in Lok Sabha, where it stands passed.

The bill is also criticized for prescribing an opaque Age Determination System and its poor draft. There are numerous drafting errors which have been coming to notice after the Bill has been rolled out for implementation on 15 January 2016. The government is working on an amendment to sure such errors.

The bill now stands Passed in Rajya-Sabha on Tuesday 22 December 2015, after the Nirbhaya case accused juvenile was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajya-Sabha-passes-Juvenile-Justice-Bill-Nirbhayas-mother-satisfied/articleshow/50285328.cms|title = Rajya Sabha passes Juvenile Justice Bill, Nirbhaya's mother 'satisfied' | India News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==2021 amendments==

As of July 2018, there were 629 adoption cases pending in various courts. In order to expedite adoption proceedings, the new amendment transfers the power to issue [[adoption]] orders to the district magistrate.

In 2021, The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2021 was passed by the [[Parliament of India]]. The previous provisions state that adoption of a child is final on the issuance of an adoption order by the civil court. The new amendment provides that instead of the court, the [[district magistrate]] shall issue such adoption orders.

As per the 2015 Act, offences committed by [[Minor (law)|juveniles]] are categorised as heinous offences, serious offences and petty offences. Serious offences include offences with three to seven years of imprisonment. The new amendment adds that serious offences will also include non-heinous offences for which maximum punishment is imprisonment of more than seven years and minimum punishment is not prescribed or is less than seven years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-passes-juvenile-justice-amendment-bill-11627474766689.html|title=Rajya Sabha clears changes to child protection law|date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

==Criticism==
During the debate in the Lok Sabha in May 2015, [[Shashi Tharoor]], an [[Indian National Congress|INC]] Member the Parliament (MP), argued that the law was in contradiction with international standards and that most children who break the law come from poor and illiterate families. He said that they should be educated instead of being punished.<ref name=TriedAsAdult/>

Child Rights Activists and Women Rights Activists have called the bill a regressive step and have criticized the Bill. Many experts and activists viewed post December 2012 Delhi Gang Rape responses as creation of media sensationalisation of the issue, and cautioned against any regressive move to disturb the momentum of Juvenile Justice Legislation in the Country. However some sections in the society felt that in view of terrorism and other serious offences, the Juvenile Justice Act of 2000 needed to be amended to include punitive approaches in the existing Juvenile Justice Law, which so far is purely rehabilitative and reformative. Some argued that there is no need of tampering with Juvenile Justice Act for putting up effective deterrent against terrorism. Retired Judge of Delhi High Court, Justice RS Sodhi on 8 August 2015 told Hindustan Times, "We are a civilised nation and if we become barbaric by twisting our own laws, then the enemy will succeed in destroying our social structure. We should not allow that but we must condemn this move of sending children to fight their war".

The Bill has been criticized for insufficient provisions on minors involved in underage driving, especially if it results in accidents and bodily harm, although the [[Motor Vehicles Act]], amended in 2019, holds parents, guardians, and vehicle owners criminally liable for minors driving.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/serious-not-heinous-rules-supreme-court-in-teens-hit-and-run-case-2161669|title= "Serious Not Heinous," Says Supreme Court On Teen's Mercedes Hit-And-Run Case}}</ref> According to the Supreme Court, the makers and framers of the law committed a serious mistake to allow juveniles to evade being treated as adults in such cases of hit-and-run, leading to homicide not amounting to murder.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/minor-old-enough-to-drive-kill-but-too-young-to-be-tried/articleshow/73180300.cms|title= Minor Old Enough to drive & kill, but too young to be tried}}</ref> As a result of this, the [[Juvenile Justice Board]] has been criticized for rejecting petitions from families of victims and law enforcement to try minors as adults for involvement in hit-and-run cases which resulted in deaths, as well as granting bail to the culprits on frivolous grounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-porsche-case-accused-juvenile-justice-board-police-plea-rejected-10127555/|title=Porsche case | JJB rejects plea to try minor as adult; in Pune, not one minor involved in heinous crime tried as adult, say lawyers|date=15 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/ghatkopar-grief-turns-to-anger-hundreds-march-seeking-justice-for-dhrumil-patel-killed-in-suv-accident-involving-minor-driver|title= Ghatkopar Grief Turns To Anger: Hundreds March Seeking Justice For Dhrumil Patel Killed In SUV Accident Involving Minor Driver}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sahil-dhaneshra-accident-accused-minor-in-dwarka-crash-gets-bail-jjb-flags-lack-of-parental-supervision-101773194996072.html|title= Sahil Dhaneshra accident: Accused minor in Dwarka crash gets bail, JJB flags lack of parental supervision}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]], a rape case where one of the convicts was a juvenile
* [[2024 Pune Porsche car crash]], where the driver was a minor
* [[Odisha State Child Protection Society]]

==External links==
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Juvenile%20Justice/JJ%20bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf Bill Text as passed by Lok Sabha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223050557/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Juvenile%20Justice/JJ%20bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |date=23 December 2015 }}
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Juvenile%20Justice/SC%20report-%20Juvenile%20justice.pdf Standing Committee Report]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Juvenile%20Justice/Juvenile%20justice%20Bill,%20%202014.pdf Bill text as introduced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309032029/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Juvenile%20Justice/Juvenile%20justice%20Bill,%20%202014.pdf |date=9 March 2016 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2015 in law]]
[[Category:Juvenile law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2015]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Adoption law]]

Anmol Kharb

2026-03-24T16:07:01Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2007)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Anmol Kharb
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2007|1|20}}
| birth_place = [[Faridabad]], Haryana, India<ref name="DCunha 2024 q057">{{cite web | last=D'Cunha | first=Zenia | title=Anmol Kharb, remember the name | website=ESPN | date=18 February 2024 | url=https://www.espn.in/badminton/story/_/id/39551207/anmol-kharb-teenager-shines-bright-india-wins-gold-badminton-asia-team-championships | access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>
| height =
| handedness = Right
| years_active = 2023–present
| coach = [[Parupalli Kashyap]] [[Gurusai Dutt]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Shuttler Anmol Kharb quietly announces arrival on big stage|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/shuttler-anmol-kharb-quietly-announces-arrival-on-big-stage/articleshow/113652103.cms|access-date=25 September 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
| event = Women's singles
| career_record = 47 wins, 19 losses
| highest_ranking = 40
| date_of_highest_ranking = 28 October 2025
| current_ranking = 49
| date_of_current_ranking = 24 March 2026
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024 Selangor]]|Women's team}}
| bwfbadminton_id = 58664
| bwf_id = EF51E6E6-6FAA-44A3-993F-78026E28A5E8
}}

'''Anmol Kharb''' (born 20 January 2007) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anmol Kharb {{!}} Profile |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/58664/anmol-kharb |website=BWF}}</ref> She won the gold at the [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]].<ref name="Naik 2024 v736">{{cite web | last=Naik | first=Shivani | title=Badminton: How Anmol Kharb, India's precious new talent, delivered a famous Asian gold unfazed and with a smile on her face | website=The Indian Express | date=18 February 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/badminton-how-anmol-kharb-delivered-asian-gold-batc-9168320/ | access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kharb was born on 20 January 2007 in [[Faridabad]], Haryana. She was inspired by her brother's passion for [[badminton]]. Despite her brother shifting focus away from the sport, Anmol continued pursued it with her family's support. She trained at Dayanand Public School in Faridabad and later joined Sunrise Shuttlers Academy in [[Noida]] under Coach Kusumm Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 February 2024|title=Anmol Kharb - The big hope for Indian women's badminton|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-anmol-kharb-india-badminton-player|access-date=19 February 2024|work=[[Olympics]]}}</ref>

==Career==
===Beginnings (2023–2024)===
In 2023, Kharb won the gold at the [[Indian National Badminton Championships|National Championships]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/1061092/badminton-anmol-kharb-chirag-sen-crowned-national-champions |title=Badminton: Anmol Kharb, Chirag Sen crowned national champions |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=25 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 }}</ref> Her first international title victory at the senior level came when she won [[Belgian International]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian prodigy Anmol Kharb wins her first international badminton singles title in Belgium |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/belgian-international-badminton-tournament-2024-anmol-kharb-winner |website=Olympics}}</ref> She followed it up with her victory at [[Polish International]] 2024 thus winning two back-to-back international titles in a month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young shuttler Anmol Kharb wins back-to-back titles |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/young-shuttler-anmol-kharb-wins-back-to-back-titles/amp |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

Kharb played a very crucial role in the [[India national badminton team|Indian women's team]] winning the gold medal at the [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships 2024]],<ref name="Selvaraj 2024 y150">{{cite web | last=Selvaraj | first=Jonathan | title=Asian Badminton Team Championships: I think my life will change after this win, says Anmol Kharb | website=Sportstar | date=18 February 2024 | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/anmol-kharb-asian-badminton-team-championships-india-women-win-history-maiden-title-sindhu-treesa-gayatri/article67860337.ece | access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref> the first time in the championships' history that the Indian women's team featured in the top three. She won all three of the matches she played, all of which were [[Tiebreaker|tie deciders]]. 472nd in the [[BWF World Ranking]] when the championships began, she beat Wu Luo Yu, ranked 149th, in the group stage, [[Natsuki Nidaira]], ranked 29th, in the semi-finals and Pornpicha Choeikeewong, ranked 45th, in the finals.<ref name="BATC24">{{cite news |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=22 September 2024 |title=Anmol Kharb - The big hope for Indian women's badminton |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-anmol-kharb-india-badminton-player |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
=== BWF World Tour (1 runner-up)===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Guwahati Masters#Finals 2|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 13–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

===BWF International Challenge / Series (2 titles, 1 runner-up) ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Belgian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Amalie Schulz]]
| align="left" | 24–22, 12–21, 21–10
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Polish International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Milena Schnider]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–8
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align=center | 2025
| align=left | [[Cameroon International]]
| align=left | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Thalita Ramadhani Wiryawan]]
| align=left | 11–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

== Performance timeline ==
{{Performance key (badminton)}}

=== National team ===
* ''Senior level''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Team events !! 2024 !! Ref
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Championships#Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]]
| bgcolor=Gold | [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|'''G''']]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=India women clinch Badminton Asia Team Championships title |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/india-women-clinch-badminton-asia-team-championships-title-101708242944156.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Uber Cup]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2024 Thomas & Uber Cup|QF]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Uber Cup 2024 quarterfinal: India loses to Japan 0-3 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/india-vs-japan-uber-cup-2024-quarterfinal-indian-women-team-results-ind-v-jpn-highlights/article68130680.ece |publisher=Sportstar|date=2 May 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Individual competitions ===
==== Junior level ====
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Events !! 2023 !! Ref
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asia Junior Championships]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Girls' singles|3R]]
|
|}

==== Senior level ====
* ''Women's singles''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! rowspan=2|Tournament
! colspan="3"|[[BWF World Tour]]
! rowspan=2|Best
! rowspan=2|Ref
|-
! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]]
! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]]
! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2026 Indonesia Masters|2R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Thailand Masters (badminton)|Thailand Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2026 Thailand Masters (badminton)|2R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 German Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Orléans Masters|2R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Taipei Open (badminton)|Taipei Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 Taipei Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Malaysia Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| 2025; bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2'''
|
| bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 U.S. Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 Macau Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100]]
| 2024 I; bgcolor=F0F8FF | Q1
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Al Ain Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 Al Ain Masters|2R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Arctic Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2025 Arctic Open|SF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Denmark Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Denmark Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 French Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Hylo Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Hylo Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2024 Syed Modi International|1R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 Syed Modi International|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('24, '25)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International 2024 badminton: PV Sindhu beats Anmol Kharb; Lakshya Sen advances |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/syed-modi-india-international-2024-badminton-day-2-report |publisher=[[Olympic Games]] |date=27 November 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | '''[[2024 Guwahati Masters|F]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Guwahati Masters|2R]]
|
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | '''F''' ('24)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Guwahati Masters 2024: Ashwini-Tanisha pair, Sathish Kumar win titles, Anmol Kharb loses |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/ashwini-ponnappa-tanisha-crasto-win-final-guwahati-masters-2024-anmol-kharb-sathish-kumar-indian-results-scores/article68961602.ece |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Odisha Masters]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''[[2024 Odisha Masters|QF]]'''
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Odisha Masters|QF]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('24, '25)
|
|-
| align=left | '''Year-end ranking'''
| 2024; | 67
| 2025; | 57
| 2026; |
| Best; |'''40'''
|
|-
! Tournament !! 2024 !! 2025 !! 2026 !! rowspan="2" | Best !!
|}

==Record against opponents==
Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 30 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anmol Kharb Head to Head |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/head-2-head?OrganizationCode=209B123F-AA87-41A2-BC3E-CB57133E64CC&T1P1MemberID=58664 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! width="200" | Player
! width="50" | Matches
! width="50" | Win
! width="50" | Lost
! width="50" | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Yu Fei]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|}
{{col-end}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2024
| Nakshatra Samman
| Remarkable Achievement in Sports
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/celebrity/witt-global-summit-2024-raveena-tandon-allu-arjun-others-honoured-with-nakshatra-samman-awards-2449530 |title=WITT Global Summit 2024: Raveena Tandon, Allu Arjun, others honoured with Nakshatra Samman Awards|website=News9live|date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| FICCI India Sports Awards
| Emerging Sportsperson Female
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/other-sports/ficci-india-sports-awards-2024-list-202411 |title=FICCI India Sports Awards 2024: Sheetal Devi, Anmol Kharb bag top honours; check full list of winners|website=KhelNow|date=2 December 2024 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Badminton Player of the Year Female
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title= TOISA 2024: Badminton Aces Among the Nominees|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/toisa-2024-badminton-aces-among-the-nominees/articleshow/118272687.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Badminton in India]]
*[[India national badminton team]]
*[[List of Indian sportswomen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Footer Asian Champions Badminton Team Women}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharb, Anmol}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Faridabad]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Department of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Minority and Backward Class Welfare (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T22:14:22Z

KirkEvd85074933: put up new data

{{Short description|Department of Government of Jharkhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Minority and Backward Class Welfare
| native_name = अनुसूचित जनजाति, अनुसूचित जाति, अल्पसंख्यक और पिछड़ा वर्ग कल्याण विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption = Emblem of Jharkhand
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] – 834004
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Chamra Linda]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste and Backward Class Welfare (Excluding Minority Welfare)
| minister2_name = [[Hafizul Hassan]]
| minister2_pfo = Minister of Minority Welfare
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Kripanand Jha, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/welfare}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Minority and Backward Class Welfare''' is a state government department within the [[Government of Jharkhand]], dedicated to the socio-economic upliftment of marginalized communities in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Minority and Backward Class Welfare |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/welfare |access-date=4 Oct 2025 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> The department plays a crucial role in formulating and implementing policies aimed at promoting education, employment and overall welfare for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SC), [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) and minorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand News: आदिवासियों के लिए झारखंड सरकार ने लिया बड़ा फैसला, CM हेमंत ने अपने हाथों में ली कमान - Jharkhand Tribal Advisory Council TAC Constituted CM Hemant Soren to Serve as Chairperson |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-tribal-advisory-council-tac-constituted-cm-hemant-soren-to-serve-as-chairperson-23891449.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-22 |title=E-kalyan portal to open again as J'khand students complain of missing out on scholarship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/ekalyan-portal-to-open-again-as-j-khand-students-complain-of-missing-out-on-scholarship-101626971340070.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=ST/SC Loan Scheme In Jharkhand : एसटी, एससी, पिछड़ों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए हेमंत सरकार का मास्टर प्लान, मिलेगा इतने प्रतिशन अनुदान पर लोन |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/st-sc-obcs-will-get-such-a-percentage-this-is-the-hemant-governments-plan-to-increase-loans-self-employment-and-entrepreneurship-development-srn |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UK launches education, climate programmes in Jharkhand |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-launches-education-climate-programmes-in-jharkhand |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=506 tribal hostels in state to get upgraded amenities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/506-tribal-hostels-in-state-to-get-upgraded-amenities/articleshow/123243069.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=आदिवासी छात्रों को इंजीनियरिंग व मेडिकल की नि:शुल्क तैयारी कराएगा कल्याण विभाग |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-free-coaching-for-meritorious-tribal-students-in-engineering-and-medical-fields-starting-july-201747238687894.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==Key initiatives and schemes==

*'''E-Kalyan Scholarship''': The E-Kalyan portal, managed by Jharkhand's Department of Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Backward Classes Welfare, facilitates online applications for scholarships targeting SC, ST, OBC and minority students. It offers pre-matric, post-matric and merit-cum-means scholarships, aiming to alleviate financial barriers to education. Eligibility typically includes a minimum of 50% marks in the previous examination and an annual family income ceiling of ₹2.5 lakh for SC/ST students.<ref>{{cite web |title=E-Kalyan Jharkhand Scholarships |url=https://ekalyan.cgg.gov.in/ |publisher=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Post-Matric Scholarships for SC/ST/OBC Students |date=12 June 2025 |url=https://www.buddy4study.com/article/e-kalyan-jharkhand |publisher=Buddy4Study |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=एससी, एसटी व ओबीसी के मेधावी बच्चों को उच्च शिक्षा के लिए ई-कल्याण स्कॉलरशिप |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/latest-bokaro-news-021028-2304168.html |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>
*'''Chief Minister's Employment Generation Programme''': CMEGP is a scheme implemented by the Government of Jharkhand to support unemployed youth from marginalized communities, including ST, SC, OBC and Divyangjan (disabled) individuals. The scheme aims to promote entrepreneurship, self-employment and economic independence among these communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Minister Employment Generation Scheme |url=https://cmegp.jharkhand.gov.in/index.php/WebSetup/StateSponserd |publisher=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand Expands CMEGS for Youth Empowerment |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/government/jharkhand-chief-minister-employment-generation-scheme-143391 |publisher=Indian Masterminds |date=2024-05-10 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukhyamantri Rojgaar Srijan yojana (CMEGP) |url=https://cmegp.jharkhand.gov.in/ |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |website=cmegp.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
*'''Tea Tribes Welfare Committee''':In October 2024, the Jharkhand government established a committee to assess the socio-economic conditions of tea tribes of Jharkhand origin residing in Assam and other states. This initiative aims to ensure these communities receive their rightful benefits and recognition, including the potential granting of Scheduled Tribe status.<ref>{{cite news |title=Committee Formed for Tea Tribes Welfare |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/jharkhand-government-nod-to-form-committee-to-study-plight-of-tribals-in-assam-1106353-2024-10-14 |publisher=India Today NE |date=2024-10-14 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand Government Sets Up Tea Tribes Committee |url=https://theindiantribal.com/2024/10/14/committee-set-up-to-ensure-tea-tribes-of-jharkhand-origin-in-assam-get-their-due-rights/ |publisher=The Indian Tribal |date=2024-10-14 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Department of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Minority and Backward Class Welfare is overseen by the Cabinet Minister of the [[Government of Jharkhand|Jharkhand Government]], with civil servants such as the Secretary appointed to assist in managing the department and executing its functions.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Since December 2024, [[Chamra Linda]] has been the Cabinet Minister for the Department of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste and Backward Class, while the portfolio for Minority Welfare within the department is held by [[Hafizul Hassan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Minority and Backward Class Welfare |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=9b4444362f0552972f13bf5536751e75 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
* [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Proto-Dravidian language

2026-03-20T17:52:56Z

KirkEvd85074933: cleanup

{{Short description|Reconstructed common ancestor of the Dravidian languages}}
{{infobox proto-language
|name=Proto-Dravidian
|familycolor=Dravidian
|target=[[Dravidian languages]]
|era= c. 4000–3000 BCE
|region= Indian subcontinent, exact region unknown
|child1=[[Proto South-Dravidian language|Proto South-Dravidian]]
|child2=Proto South-Central-Dravidian
|child3=Proto Central-Dravidian
|child4=Proto North-Dravidian
}}
{{Dravidian}}

'''Proto-Dravidian''' is the [[linguistic reconstruction]] of the common ancestor of the [[Dravidian languages]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Andronov|2003|p=299}} It is thought to have differentiated into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian, and [[Proto-South Dravidian]], although the date of diversification is still debated.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=492}}

==History==
As a [[proto-language]], Proto-Dravidian is not itself attested in historical records. Its modern conception is based solely on [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstruction]]. It is suggested that the language was spoken in the 4th millennium BCE, and started evolving into various branches around 3rd-millennium BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History and Archaeology. vol. 1, no. 1–2 |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chvjAAAAMAAJ&q=the+proto-+Dravidian+linguistic+community+disintegrated+at+the+beginning+of+the+4th+millennium+B.+C |page=234 |publisher=Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad |oclc=11579254}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The [[Dravidian people#Origins|origin and territory of the Proto-Dravidian speakers]] is uncertain, but some suggestions have been made based on the reconstructed Proto-Dravidian vocabulary. The reconstruction has been done on the basis of cognate words present in the different branches ([[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]], [[Central Dravidian Languages|Central]] and [[South Dravidian|Southern]]) of the Dravidian language family.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=353}}

According to {{harvp|Fuller|2007}}, the botanical vocabulary of Proto-Dravidian is characteristic of the [[dry deciduous forest]]s of central and peninsular India. For the Southern Dravidians, this region extends from [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests|Saurashtra]] and [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests|Central India]] to [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|South India]]. It thus represents the general area in which the Dravidians were living before the separation of branches.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=353}}

According to [[Franklin Southworth]] (2005),{{sfn|Southworth|2005}} the Proto-Dravidian vocabulary is characteristic of a rural economy based on agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting. However, there are some indications of a society more complex than a rural one:{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=353–354}}

* Words for an [[storey|upper storey]] ''(mel)'' and [[beam (structure)|beam]] ''(paṭṭa)''
* [[Metallurgy]]
* Trade
* Payment of dues (possibly taxes or contributions to religious ceremonies)
* Social stratification

This evidence is not sufficient to determine with certainty the territory of the Proto-Dravidians. These characteristics can be accommodated within multiple contemporary cultures, including:{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=353–354}}

* 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE Neolithic-Chalcolithic cultures of [[Mehrgarh]] and present-day [[Ahar-Banas culture|western Rajasthan]], [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and other parts of the peninsula.
* Early [[Indus Valley civilisation]] sites in [[Pakistan]] and later ones in the Saurashtra (Sorath) area of present-day [[Gujarat]].
* [[Asko Parpola]] identifies Proto-North Dravidians with the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (IVC) and the [[Meluhha]] people mentioned in [[Sumer]]ian records, and has suggested that the word "Meluhha" derives from the Dravidian words ''mel(u)-akam'' ("highland country, high abode").{{sfn|Parpola|Parpola|1975|p=217–225}}
* [[Loan words]] identified in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] such as the words for [[ivory]] ''(zuamsi)'' and [[sesame]] ''(ĝeš-i₃)'' are considered to be derived from Proto-Dravidian and spread from Indus Valley civilisation to [[Mesopotamia]] due to trade.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=354}}{{sfn|Ansumali Mukhopadhyay|2021}}

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
Proto-Dravidian contrasted between five short and long vowels: ''*a'', ''*ā'', ''*i'', ''*ī'', ''*u'', ''*ū'', ''*e'', ''*ē'', ''*o'', ''*ō''. The sequences ''*ai'' and ''*au'' are treated as ''*ay'' and ''*av'' (or *''aw'').{{sfn|Baldi|1990|p=342}}

===Consonants===
Proto-Dravidian has been reconstructed as having the following consonant phonemes:{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1983|p=40}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1990}}{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003}}

{| class="wikitable Unicode" border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
! !![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Plosives]]
| *p || *t || *ṯ || *ʈ || *c || *k ||
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
| *m || *n || (*ṉ){{efn|reconstructed by [[P. S. Subrahmanyam]]}} || *ɳ || *ɲ || ||
|-
![[Lateral consonant|Laterals]]
| || || *l || *ɭ || || ||
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotics]]
| || || *r || *ɻ{{efn|may also be represented as ḻ or r̤}} || || ||
|-
![[Semivowels]]
| *w || || || || *j || || *H
|}
{{Notelist}}

The singular alveolar plosive ''*ṯ'' developed into an alveolar trill {{IPA|/r/}} in many of the South and South Central languages, it later merged with the tap in many of them; Tulu has /d͡ʒ, d̪, ɾ/ as reflexes, Manda-Kui made it /d͡ʒ/ and Hill-Maria Gondi made it /ʁ/. ''*ṯṯ'' and ''*nṯ'' became /r̥, nr/ in Konda and [tr, ndr] in many Tamil dialects. Apart from them, other languages did not rhotacize it, instead either preserving them or merging it with other sets of stops like dentals in Kannada, retroflexes in Telugu or palatals in Manda-Kui and some languages of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tribal Languages of Kerala | url=http://www.languageinindia.com/july2013/ravisankarkeralatriballanguages.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721004115/http://www.languageinindia.com:80/july2013/ravisankarkeralatriballanguages.pdf | archive-date=2013-07-21}}</ref> Central made all alveolars dental which is one of the features distinguishing it from South Central branch and North made it /r, s/.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003}}<ref>{{Cite web| title=Dravidian Comparative Phonology | url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0012142_Dravidian_comparative_phonology.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601185052/https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0012142_Dravidian_comparative_phonology.pdf | archive-date=2023-06-01}}</ref> For example, Tamil ''āṟu'', Tulu ''āji'', Naiki ''sādi'', Kui ''hāja''; Tamil ''puṟṟu'', Tulu ''puñca'', Kannada ''huttu'', Naiki ''puṭṭa'', Konda ''puRi'', Malto ''pute''; Tamil ''onṟu'', Tulu ''oñji'', Pengo ''ronje'', Brahui ''asi''.

Velar nasal ''*ṅ'' occurred only before ''*k'' in Proto-Dravidian (as in many of its daughter languages). Therefore, it is not considered a separate phoneme in Proto-Dravidian. However, it attained phonemic status in languages like Malayalam, [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Konda language (Dravidian)|Konda]] and [[Pengo language|Pengo]] because the original sequence ''*ṅk'' was simplified to ''*ṅ'' or ''*ṅṅ''.{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1983}}

The glottal fricative ''*H'' has been proposed by {{harvp|Krishnamurti|2003}} to account for the Old Tamil Aytam (''Āytam'') and other Dravidian comparative phonological phenomena.

[[P. S. Subrahmanyam]] reconstructs 6 nasals for PD compared to 4 by Krishnamurti, who also does not reconstruct a laryngeal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/23734414 | title=Professor P. S. Subrahmanyam, (1939-2016) the distinguished Dravidian linguist: A short profile and his publications | last1=Prema | first1=S. | last2=Sreekumar | first2=P. | date=28 March 2016 }}</ref>

The [[Northern Dravidian languages]] [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Malto language|Malto]] and [[Brahui language|Brahui]] cannot easily be derived from the traditional Proto-Dravidian phonological system. Bhadriraju and others traditionally proposes *c, *k retracting to *k, *q before vowels other than *i(:), and Brahui and Kurukh spirantized the *q, e.g. Tamil kaṇ, Malto qanu; Kananda kem-, Brahui xisun; but there are exceptions, Tamil cōr, Malto curg̣e; Koraga jōku, Brahui cōshing. {{harvp|McAlpin|2003}} proposes that they branched off from an earlier stage of Proto-Dravidian than the conventional reconstruction, which would apply only to the other languages. He suggests reconstructing a richer system of dorsal stop consonants:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Early Proto-Dravidian !! Late Proto-Dravidian (Proto-Non-North Dravidian) !! Proto-Kurukh-Malto !! Brahui
|- align="center"
| *c || *c || *c ||
|- align="center"
| *kʲ || *c || *k || k
|- align="center"
| *k || *k || *k || k
|- align="center"
| *q || *k || *q || x k / _i(ː)
|}

==Numerals==
{{main|wikt:Appendix:Cognate sets for Dravidian languages#Numerals}}

==Vocabulary==

===Crop plants===
Below are some crop plants that have been found in the Southern Neolithic complex of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], along with their Proto-Dravidian or Proto-South Dravidian reconstructions by {{harvp|Southworth|2005}}. In some cases, the proto-form glosses differ from the species identified from archaeological sites. For example, the two Southern Neolithic staple grasses ''[[Brachiaria]] ramosa'' and ''[[Setaria verticillata]]'' respectively correspond to the reconstructed Proto-Dravidian forms for ''[[Sorghum vulgare]]'' and ''[[Setaria italica]]'' as early Dravidian speakers shifted to [[millet]] species that were later introduced to South India.{{sfn|Southworth|2005}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Pulses
! Common name !! Scientific name !! Reconstruction level !! Proto-form !! Gloss of proto-form
|-
| [[horsegram]] || ''[[Macrotyloma uniflorum]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || *koḷ || [[horsegram]]
|-
| [[green gram]] || ''[[Vigna radiata]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pacVṯ-|*pacVṯ-]]/[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pacVl|*pacVl]]|| [[green gram]]
|-
| [[black gram]] || [[Vigna mungo|''Vigna'' cf. ''mungo'']]; ''[[Vigna trilobata]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/uẓuntu|*uẓ-untu]], *min(t) || [[black gram]]
|-
| [[hyacinth bean]] || ''[[Lablab purpureus]]'' || Proto-Tamil || *ava-rai || ''[[Dolichos lablab]]''
|-
| [[pigeonpea]] || ''[[Cajanus cajan]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || *tu-var || [[pigeonpea]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Millets and related grasses
! Common name !! Scientific name !! Reconstruction level !! Proto-form !! Gloss of proto-form
|-
| [[browntop millet]] || ''[[Brachiaria ramosa]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || *conna-l || [[sorghum]]
|-
| [[Setaria verticillata|bristly foxtail]] || ''[[Setaria verticillata]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || *kot-V || ''[[Setaria italica]]''
|-
| [[sawa millet]] || [[Echinochloa colona|''Echinochloa'' cf. ''colona'']] || || ||
|-
| [[Setaria pumila|yellow foxtail]] || ''[[Setaria pumila]]'' || || ||
|-
| [[little millet]] || ''[[Panicum sumatrense]]'' || || ||
|-
| [[kodo millet]] || ''[[Paspalum scrobiculatum]]'' || Proto-South Dravidian || *(v)ār/ar-Vk || [[pearl millet]]
|-
| [[millet]] || ''[[Pennisetum glaucum]]'' || Proto-South Dravidian || *kam-pu || [[bulrush millet]]
|-
| [[finger millet]] || ''[[Eleusine coracana]]'' || Proto-South Dravidian || *ira(k) || [[finger millet|ragi]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Large cereals
! Common name !! Scientific name !! Reconstruction level !! Proto-form !! Gloss of proto-form
|-
| [[barley]] || ''[[Hordeum vulgare]]'' || || ||
|-
| [[wheat]] || ''[[Triticum]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian? || *kūli || [[wheat]]
|-
| [[rice]] || ''[[Oryza]]'' sp. || Late Proto-Dravidian? || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/wariñci|*war-iñci]] || [[rice]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Other food/crop plants
! Common name !! Scientific name !! Reconstruction level !! Proto-form !! Gloss of proto-form
|-
| [[jujube]] || ''[[Zizyphus]]'' sp. || Late Proto-Dravidian || *irak- || [[jujube]]
|-
| [[Ficus|fig]] || ''[[Ficus]]'' sp. || Late Proto-Dravidian || *cuv- || [[Ficus|fig]]
|-
| [[java plum]] || cf. ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || *ñēr-al || [[Syzygium cumini|jambu]]
|-
| [[globe cucumber]] || [[Cucumis prophetarum|''Cucumis'' cf. ''prophetarum'']] || || ||
|-
| [[luffa]] || cf. ''[[Luffa cylindrica]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || *pīr ||
|-
| [[flax]] || ''[[Linum usitatissimum]]'' || Proto-South Dravidian || *ak-V-ce ||
|-
| [[cotton]] || ''[[Gossypium]]'' sp. || Proto-South Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-South_Dravidian/parutti|*par-utti]] ||
|-
| [[okra]] || ''[[Abelmoschus]]'' sp. || || ||
|-
| [[parenchyma]] fragments || || Early Proto-Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kicampu|*kic-ampu]] ||
|-
| [[date palm]] || ''Phoenix'' sp. || Early Proto-Dravidian||[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/cīntu|*cīntu]] ||
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Not identified archaeologically in the Southern Neolithic
! Common name !! Scientific name !! Reconstruction level !! Proto-form !! Gloss of proto-form
|-
| [[onion]]/[[garlic]] || ''[[Allium]]'' sp. || Early Proto-Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/uḷḷi|*uḷḷi]] ||
|-
| [[eggplant]] || ''[[Solanum]]'' sp. || Early Proto-Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/waẓVtV|*waẓ-VtV]] ||
|-
| [[sesame]] || ''[[Sesamum indicum]]'' || Late Proto-Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/nū(w)|*nū(v)]] || [[sesame]]
|-
| [[sugarcane]] || ''[[Saccharum]]'' sp. || Early Proto-Dravidian || *cet-Vkk ||
|-
| [[hemp]] || ''[[Cannabis]]'' sp. || Late Proto-Dravidian ? || *boy-Vl ||
|-
| [[tamarind]] || ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'' || Early Proto-Dravidian || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/cintta|*cintta]] ||
|-
| holy [[basil]] || ''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]'' || Proto-Peninsular || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/tuḷacV|*tuḷacV]] ||
|}

===Basic vocabulary===
Basic vocabulary of Proto-Dravidian selected from {{harvp|Krishnamurti|2003}}:{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p={{pn|date=August 2022}}}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! gloss !! Proto-Dravidian
|-
| one || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/onṯu|*on-ṯu]]
|-
| one (adj.) || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/oru|*ōr-/*or-V-]]
|-
| two || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/ir-|*īr/*ir-V]]
|-
| three (adj.) || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/muH|*muH-/*mū-]]
|-
| four (adj.) || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/nāl|*nāl/*nal-V-]]
|-
| five (adj.) || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/cay|*cay-m-]]
|-
| six (adj.) || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/caṯ-|*caṯ-V]]
|-
| seven (adj.) || *eẓ-V
|-
| eight (adj.) || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/eṇ-|*eṇ]]
|-
| nine, 9/10 || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/toḷ|*toḷ-/*toṇ-]]
|-
| ten minus one || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/on|*on-patV]]
|-
| ten (adj.) || *paH-
|-
| head, hair, top || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/talay|*tal-ay]]
|-
| cheek || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kapVḷ|*kap-Vḷ]]
|-
| eye || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kaṇ|*kaṇ]]
|-
| eyeball || *kuṭ-V/*kuṇṭ-V
|-
| ear || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kewi|*kew-i]]
|-
| nose, beak || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/mūnk(k)u|*mū-nk(k)u/-nc-]]
|-
| tooth || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pal|*pal]]
|-
| mouth{{efn|Also 'edge, beak, mouth of vessel, aperture, blade of sword'.}} || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/wāy|*wāy]]
|-
| hand, arm || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kay|*kay]]
|-
| leg, foot || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kāl|*kāl]]
|-
| heart, kidney || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kuṇṭV|*kuṇṭV]]
|-
| liver || *taẓ-Vnk-/-nkk
|-
| milk, breast || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pāl|*pāl]]
|-
| bone || *el-V-mp/-nk
|-
| bone marrow || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/mūḷV-|*mūḷ-V-]]
|-
| excrement || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pī|*piy/*pī]]
|-
| house || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/il|*il]]
|-
| husband || *maẓc-a-
|-
| man, husband || *māy-tt-/*mā-cc-
|-
| woman || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/peṇ|*peṇ]]
|-
| name || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pinccVr|*pin-cc-Vr]]
|-
| sky || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/wānam|*wān-am]]
|-
| sun || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/*enṯ-|*en-ṯ-]]
|-
| sun || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/poẓutu|*pōẓ/*poẓ-u-tu]]
|-
| moon, moonlight || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/*nelanc(c)-|*nel-a-nc/-ncc]]
|-
| month || *nel-V-
|-
| star || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/cukkV|*cukk-V]]
|-
| star || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/miHn|*miHn]]
|-
| cloud || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/muyil|*muy-il]]
|-
| water || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/nīr|*nīr]]
|-
| river, stream || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/yĀṯu|*yĀṯu]]
|-
| lake || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-South Dravidian/kuḷ|*kuḷ-]]
|-
| sea, ocean || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-South Dravidian/kaṭal|*kaṭ-al]]
|-
| stone || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kal|*kal]]
|-
| wind || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/waḷi|*waḷi]]
|-
| day || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/nāḷ|*nāḷ]]
|-
| night || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/nāḷ|*nāḷ/*naḷ-V-]]
|-
| year || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/yĀṇṭu|*yĀṇṭ-u]]
|-
| tree || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/maran|*mar-an]]
|-
| fruit, pod || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kāy|*kāy]]
|-
| forest || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kā|*kā(-n), kā-ṭu]]
|-
| grass || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-South Dravidian/pul|*pul]]
|-
| thatched grass || *pīr
|-
| dog || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/naH|*naH-ay/-att/-kuẓi]]
|-
| animal, beast, deer || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/mā|*mā]]
|-
| deer || *kur-V-c-
|-
| tiger || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/puli|*pul-i]]
|-
| rat || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/eli|*el-i]]
|-
| snake || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pāmpu|*pāmpu]]
|-
| meat || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-South_Dravidian/eṟaycci|*eṯ-ay-cci]]
|-
| meat || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-South Dravidian/ū|*ū/*uy]]
|-
| oil, ghee || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/ney|*ney]]
|-
| fish || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/mīn|*mīn]]
|-
| louse || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/pēn|*pēn]]
|-
| mosquito || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/nuẓVḷ|*nuẓ-Vḷ/-nk-]]
|-
| wing || *ceṯ-ank-/-ankk-
|-
| black || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/cir-|*cir-]]
|-
| white || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/weḷ|*weḷ/*weṇ]]
|-
| red || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kem|*kem]]
|-
| sweet (adj./n.) || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/in-|*in-]]
|-
| sour || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/puḷ|*puḷ]]
|-
| bitter; bitterness || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kac-|*kac-]]
|-
| to eat, drink || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/uHṇ|*uHṇ-]]
|-
| to eat || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/tiHn|*tiHn-]]
|-
| to come || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/waHr|*waH-/*waH-r]]
|-
| to walk || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/naṭa|*naṭ-a]]
|-
| to give || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/ciy-|*ciy-/*cī-]]
|-
| to die || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/caH-|*caH- ~ *ceH-]]
|-
| to sleep || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kūr-|*kū-r-]]
|-
| to sleep || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/tuñc-|*tuñc-]]
|-
| to count || [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/eṇ|*eṇ]]
|}
{{Notelist}}

==See also==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a list of reconstructed Proto-Dravidian forms at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Dravidian reconstructions|Appendix:Proto-Dravidian reconstructions]]'''''}}
*[[Elamo-Dravidian languages]]
*[[Dravidian languages]]
*[[Sanskrit]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Andronov |first=Mikhail Sergeevich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&pg=PA299 |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-447-04455-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ansumali Mukhopadhyay |first=Bahata |date=December 2021 |title=Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=193 |doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w |s2cid=236901972|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Baldi |first=Philip |title=Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |isbn=3-11-011908-0 |page=342 |author-link=Philip Baldi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Dorian Q. |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 |series=Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series |pages=393–443 |chapter=Non-human genetics, agricultural origins and historical linguistics in South Asia |doi=10.1007/1-4020-5562-5_18}}
* {{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43533-8 |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti}}
* {{Cite journal |last=McAlpin |first=David W. |year=2003 |title=Velars, Uvulars and the Northern Dravidian hypothesis |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=521–546 |doi=10.2307/3217749 |jstor=3217749}}
* {{Cite book |last=McIntosh |first=Jane |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |first2=Simo |last2=Parpola |title=On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit mleccha |journal=Studia Orientalia |volume=46 |year=1975 |pages=205–238 |url=http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/StOrE/article/view/49874/14912}}
* {{Cite conference |last=Southworth |first=Franklin C. |year=2005 |title=Proto-Dravidian Agriculture |url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~fsouth/from_ccat/Proto-DravidianAgriculture.pdf |conference=7th ESCA Round Table Conference, Kyoto, June 2005 |author-link=Franklin Southworth}}
* {{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=P.S. |title=Dravidian Comparative Phonology |publisher=Annamalai University |year=1983}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction |publisher=Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture |year=1990 |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Andronov |first=M. |date=1964 |title=Lexicostatistic analysis of the chronology of disintegration of proto-Dravidian |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=170–186 |doi=10.1163/000000064791616433 |s2cid=161229771}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Blažek |first=Václav |year=2009 |title=Dravidian numeral |url=https://www.jolr.ru/files/%287%29jlr2009-1%2869-80%29.pdf |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |volume=1 |pages=69–80 |author-link1=Václav Blažek}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chandrasekaran |first=Periannan |date=7 January 2016 |title=Pleonastic Compounding: An Ancient Dravidian Word Structure |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–59 Seiten |doi=10.11588/ejvs.2011.1.319}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Emeneau |first=M. B. |date=April 1988 |title=Proto-Dravidian *c- and Its Developments |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=239–268 |doi=10.2307/603651 |jstor=603651}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kobayashi |first=Masato |date=2021 |title=Viewing Proto-Dravidian from the Northeast |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=467–482 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0467 |s2cid=226670756 |doi-access=free}}.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kolipakam |first1=Vishnupriya |last2=Jordan |first2=Fiona M. |last3=Dunn |first3=Michael |last4=Greenhill |first4=Simon J. |last5=Bouckaert |first5=Remco |last6=Gray |first6=Russell D. |last7=Verkerk |first7=Annemarie |date=March 2018 |title=A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=5 |issue=3 |article-number=171504 |bibcode=2018RSOS....571504K |doi=10.1098/rsos.171504 |doi-access=free|pmc=5882685 |pmid=29657761 |s2cid=4844024}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sankaran |first=C. R. |date=1939 |title=Reconstruction of the Proto-Dravidian Pronouns |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=96–105 |jstor=42929233}}
* {{cite journal |last=Smirnitskaya |first=Anna |title=Nominations for siblings: Proto-Dravidian reconstruction and borrowability |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |volume=21 |issue=3–4 |date=2024 |pages=201–223 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2024-213-406 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |date=December 2011 |title=Rice in Dravidian |journal=Rice |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=142–148 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9 |s2cid=12983737 |author-link=Franklin Southworth |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Rice....4..142S}}
* {{Cite book |last=Subramoniam |first=V. I. |title=Pratidanam: Indian, Iranian, and Indo-European studies presented to Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper on his sixtieth birthday |year=1968 |isbn=978-3-11-241530-6 |pages=344–358 |chapter=A Problem in the Reconstruction of the Proto Dravidian Nasal Phonemes |doi=10.1515/9783112415306-047}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=P.S. |date=2006 |title=Proto-Dravidian Short, High, and Mid Vowels: Mergers in South Dravidian and Telugu-Kuwi |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=66/67 |pages=291–303 |jstor=42931454}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wells |first1=Bryan K. |title=The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing |last2=Fuls |first2=Andreas |date=2015 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-78491-046-4 |pages=77–99 |chapter=Proto-Dravidian and the Indus Script |jstor=j.ctvr43jmf.14}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Cite book |last=T. Burrow |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/burrow/index.html |title=Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, 2nd Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-19-864326-5 |location=Oxford |access-date=2008-10-26}}

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages|*]]
[[Category:Proto-languages|Dravidian]]
[[Category:Pre-Indo-European languages]]

Laado 2

2026-03-20T16:22:17Z

KirkEvd85074933: added a data.

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
|alt_name = ''Laado – Ek Nayi Shuruaat''
|image =
|genre = Soap opera
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
|opentheme = Laado Badlegi Kahaani by [[Asees Kaur]]
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|num_seasons = 2
|num_episodes = 133
|producer = Dhaval Gada<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/colors-cult-show-na-aana-des-laado-back-season-2-produced-dhaval-gada/2017/09/28|title=Colors' cult show Na Aana Is Des Laado to be BACK with Season 2; to be produced by Dhaval Gada|date=28 September 2017|work=IWMBuzz|last=Rajesh|first=Srividya|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
|company = Dhaval Gada Productions
|camera = [[Multi-camera]]
|runtime = 22 minutes
|first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|11|6}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-confirms-november-launch-date-laado-2/|title=Colors confirms November launch date for 'Laado 2'|date=22 October 2017|work=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
|last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|5|20}}
|related = ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''
|network = [[Colors TV]]
}}

'''''Laado 2 – Veerpur Ki Mardani''''' ({{Translation|''Lovely daughter 2 – Manlike of Veerpur''}}) is an Indian [[drama (film and television)|drama]] show that premiered on 6 November 2017 on the [[Colors TV]] channel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dara|first=Isha|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/51769_COLORS-presents-another-powerful-story-line-with-Laado---Veerpur-ki-Mardaani|title=COLORS presents another powerful story-line with Laado - Veerpur ki Mardaani|website=afaqs.com|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140200/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/51769_COLORS-presents-another-powerful-story-line-with-Laado---Veerpur-ki-Mardaani|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It replaced the show ''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/colors-to-replace-dil-se-dil-tak-with-laado-2-from-6-nov/|title=Colors to replace 'Dil Se Dil Tak' with 'Laado 2' from 6 Nov|date=25 October 2017|work=TelevisionPost|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811074808/https://www.televisionpost.com/colors-to-replace-dil-se-dil-tak-with-laado-2-from-6-nov/|archive-date=11 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the season 2 of ''[[Laado (TV series)|Laado]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinespeaks.com/laado-is-back-with-second-season-on-colors/|title='Laado' is back with second season on COLORS! - Cine Speaks|work=Cine Speaks|last=Telly|first=Buzz|date=2 November 2017 |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> It is a sequel of the 2009 series ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 November 2018|access-date=29 July 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/what-makes-tv-shows-spin-offs-work/articleshow/63986624.cms|title=What makes TV shows' spin-offs work|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The story revolves around Ammaji (Malik), a powerful and conservative matriarch who supported female infanticide in ''Na Aana Is Des Laado'', who is now a transformed woman. She and her elder granddaughter, Anushka (Gor) fight for women's rights as they try to change people's outlooks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kya Veerpur Ki Mardani, Badal Paayegi Purani Kahaani?|url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/television/colors-tv-serial-laado-comeback-laado-na-ana-is-des-laado-veerpur-ki-mardani/448587/|date=4 October 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan=2|Season
!style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan=2|No. of episodes
!colspan=2|Originally broadcast ([[India]])
|-
!style="padding: 0 8px"|Series premiere
!style="padding: 0 8px"|Series finale
|-
|style="background:#FF0000"|
|align="center"|'''1'''
|align="center"|870
|align="center"|{{start date|df=yes|2009|3|9}}
|align="center"|{{end date|df=yes|2012|7|27}}
|-
|style="background:#00FF00"|
|align="center"|'''2'''
|align="center"|133
|align="center"|{{start date|df=yes|2017|11|6}}
|align="center"|{{end date|df=yes|2018|5|23}}
|-
|}

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Meghna Malik]] as Bhagwani Devi Dalveer Sangwan / Ammaji:<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/laado-2-review-meghna-owns-the-character-of-ammaji-avika-gor-proves-her-talent-yet-again/articleshow/61543666.cms|title=Laado 2 review: Meghna Malik owns the character of Ammaji, Avika Gor proves her talent yet again|author=Gursimran Kaur Banga|work=The Times of India|date=7 November 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/laado-2-meghna-malik-never-sees-characters-as-negative-positive/articleshow/61571811.cms|title=Laado 2: Meghna Malik never sees characters as negative, positive|work=The Times of India|date=9 November 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Dalveer's widow; Balveer's mother; Anushka and Jhanvi's grandmother (2017–2018)
*[[Avika Gor]] as Anushka Balveer Sangwan / Anushka [[Yuvraj Singh]] Choudhary:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/avika-gor-aka-anushka-steps-into-ammajis-shoes-in-laado-veerpur-ki-mardaani/articleshow/62712795.cms|title=Avika Gor aka Anushka steps into Ammaji's shoes in Laado - Veerpur Ki Mardaani|work=The Times of India|date=30 January 2018|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Ammaji's grand daughter; Balveer's daughter; Jhanvi's sister; Yuvraj's widow; Juhi's impostor; Shaurya's love (2017–2018)
*[[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]] as Jhanvi Sangwan:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/palak-jain-finds-it-funny-to-play-avika-gors-younger-sister/articleshow/61533154.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106234528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/palak-jain-finds-it-funny-to-play-avika-gors-younger-sister/articleshow/61533154.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2017|title=Palak Jain finds it funny to play Avika Gor's younger sister in Laado|work=The Times of India|date=6 November 2017|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> Ammaji's granddaughter; Balveer's daughter; Anushka's sister (2017)
*[[Shaleen Malhotra]] as Yuvraj Gunwant Singh Choudhary:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/laado-2-after-ammaji-yuvraj-aka-shaleen-malhotra-bids-adieu-to-the-show-1185439-2018-03-09|title=Laado 2: After Ammaji, Yuvraj aka Shaleen Malhotra bids adieu to the show|website=India Today|date=9 March 2018|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaleen-malhotra-writes-an-emotional-parting-note-as-he-ends-his-journey-on-laado-2/articleshow/63452161.cms|title=Shaleen Malhotra writes an emotional parting note as he ends his journey on Laado 2|work=The Times of India|date=25 March 2018|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Gunwant's son; Komal's brother; Rantej, Ranveer and Tej's cousin; Anushka's late husband (2017–2018)
*[[Siddharth Arora]] as Shaurya Ajmera:<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/laado-2-siddharth-arora-aka-shaurya-on-starring-opposite-avika-gor-post-the-leap-1201124-2018-03-30|title=Laado 2: Siddharth Arora aka Shaurya on starring opposite Avika Gor post the leap|magazine=India Today|date=30 March 2018}}</ref> Juhi's friend who falls for Anushka assuming her to be Juhi (2018)
*[[Vinny Arora|Vinny Arora Dhoopar]] as Juhi Sethi / Juhi Rajput: Sandeep's daughter; Shagun's step-daughter; Kuldeep's half-sister; Indra Baba's adopted daughter; Shaurya's friend (2018)

===Recurring===
*[[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Balwant Singh Choudhary: Gunwant, Rajjo and Kulwant's brother; Malhari's first husband; Rantej and Ranveer's father; Yuvraj, Tej and Komal's uncle (2017–2018)
*[[Zalak Desai]] as Komal Singh Choudhary / Komal Dharamshankar Kriplani: Gunwant's daughter; Yuvraj's sister; Rantej, Ranveer and Tej's cousin; Dharamshankar's young wife (2017–2018)
*[[Charu Asopa]] as Kajal Kuldeep Sethi: Kuldeep's wife (2018)
*[[Ankit Raaj]] as Ranveer Balwant Singh Choudhary: Balwant and Malhari's son; Rantej's brother; Yuvraj, Tej and Komal's cousin; one of Jhanvi's rapists; Indra Baba's step-son (2017–2018)
*Adhvik Mahajan as Dr. Vishal Chandran:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adhvik-mahajan-to-enter-laado-veerpur-ki-mardaani/articleshow/63001520.cms|title=Adhvik Mahajan to enter Laado – Veerpur Ki Mardaani - Times of India|work=The Times of India|date=20 February 2018|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Anushka's helper (2018)
*[[Farida Dadi]] as Kavita Avtar Sethi:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farida-dadi-to-step-into-best-friend-farida-jalals-shoes/articleshow/64001360.cms|title=Farida Dadi to step into best friend Farida Jalal's shoes|work=The Times of India|date=3 May 2018|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Sandeep's mother; Kuldeep and Juhi's grandmother (2018)
*[[Ashu Sharma]] as Amrish Upadhyay: Shagun's brother; Kuldeep's uncle (2018)
*Arjun Aneja as Kuldeep Sethi: Sandeep and Shagun's son; Juhi's half-brother; Kajal's husband (2018)
*Mamta Luthra / Unknown as Swarna "Taai" Kirloskar: Juhi's nanny and namesake mother (2018)
*Nasir Khan as Advocate Dharamshankar Kriplani:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nasir-khan-says-its-like-a-family-reunion-on-laado-veerpur-ki-mardaani/articleshow/63412310.cms|title=Nasir Khan says it's like a family reunion on 'Laado-Veerpur Ki Mardaani'|work=The Times of India|date=22 March 2018|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Komal's old husband (2018)
*[[Manini Mishra]] as Shagun Upadhyay / Shagun Sandeep Sethi:<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/laado-2-shagun-gets-anushka-s-sign-on-property-papers-1221831-2018-04-27|title=Laado 2: Shagun gets Anushka's sign on property papers|magazine=India Today|date=27 April 2018}}</ref> Amrish's sister; Sandeep's first wife; Kuldeep's mother; Juhi's step-mother (2018)
*[[Ananya Khare]] as Malhari Balwant Singh Choudhary / Malhari Indra Rajput: Balwant and Indra Baba's wife; Rantej and Ranveer's mother; Yuvraj, Tej and Komal's aunt (2017–2018)
*[[Nimai Bali]] as Indra Rajput / Indra Baba: Juhi's adoptive father; Malhari's second husband; Rantej and Ranveer's step-father (2018)
*[[Dakssh Ajit Singh]] as Rantej Balwant Singh Choudhary: Balwant and Malhari's son; Ranveer's brother; Yuvraj, Tej and Komal's cousin; Meera's ex-husband; one of Jhanvi's rapists; Indra Baba's step-son (2017–2018)
*Saii Ranade Sane as Meera Rantej Singh Choudhary: Rantej's ex-wife (2017–2018)
*Hemann Choudhary as Tejnath "Tej" Kulwant Singh Choudhary:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellydhamaal.com/laado-2-new-comer-hemaan-choudhary-joins-the-star-cast/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180613/http://www.tellydhamaal.com/laado-2-new-comer-hemaan-choudhary-joins-the-star-cast/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 May 2018|title=Laado 2: New Comer Hemaan Choudhary joins the star cast|website=tellydhamaal.com|date=30 October 2017|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> Kulwant's son; Rantej, Yuvraj, Ranveer, Tej and Komal's cousin; one of Jhanvi's rapists (2017–2018)
*Moni Rai as Kulwant Singh Choudhary (2017–2018)
*[[Gulfam Khan]] as Rajjo Kaur Choudhary<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naamkaranns-gulfam-khan-talks-about-her-role-in-laado-2/articleshow/61236012.cms|title=Naamkarann's Gulfam Khan talks about her role in Laado 2|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 October 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> (2017–2018)
*[[Simran Natekar]] as Chameli "Chunki" Dhumal Das (2017–2018)
*[[Paaras Madaan]] as Jaidev "Jai" Rajdheer Das (2017)
*Kapil Soni as Baldev Rajdheer Das (2017)
*Sudipti Parmar as Shanti Baldev Das (2017)
*Prakash as Dhumal Rajdheer Das (2017–2018)
*Meenal Kapoor as Saroj Rajdheer Das (2017–18)
*Ahmad Harhash as Ram Chatturvedi (2017–18)

===Special appearances===
*[[Meera Deosthale]] as Chakor Suraj Rajvanshi<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tellyreviews.com/2018/02/01/chakor-support-anushkas-search-udaan-laado-2-merger/#google_vignette|title=Chakor to support Anushka's search in Udaan and Laado 2 merger - TellyReviews|date=1 February 2018|work=TellyReviews|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvserialnews.com/laado-2-upcoming-twist-chakor-to-help-anushka-and-ammaji-in-the-mahasangam|title=Laado 2 Upcoming Twist: Chakor to help Anushka and Ammaji in the mahasangam|website=tvserialnews.com|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> from [[Udaan (2014 TV series)|''Udaan'']] on 1 February 2018 and on 2 February 2018 - to help Anushka find her missing paternal grandmother, Ammaji (2018)
*[[Vijayendra Kumeria]] as Suraj Rejvanshi from ''[[Udaan Sapnon Ki]]''
*[[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Teni from ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
*[[Rohan Gandotra]] as Parth Bhanushali from ''Dil Se Dil Tak''

==Characters's summaries==
{{cleanup|section|reason=Per [[WP:TVCAST]] we ''either'' use a cast list, ''or'' we use a character list. In either scenario, brief character descriptions and real-world content would be included. Having both a Cast list and a Character list is needlessly repetitive. If it makes more sense to organise the list by Character, then we should do that, but both lists would need to be merged, and again presented in Main and Recurring lists.|date=June 2018}}

=== Main characters summaries ===
*[[Meghna Malik]] as Bhagwani Devi Sangwan also known as the Ammaji of Veerpur:<ref name=":0" />
**She hails from Veerpur & later settled in Delhi along with her granddaughters. She was a retired woman whose only aim was to protect her granddaughters. She addressed the sensitive issues of women's dignity and rights. She gave good values to her granddaughters & took the responsibility of protecting them. It becomes a shattering moment for her when she loses Jhanvi to the bad clutches of Veerpur. After Jhanvi's Death she sets a mission to punish Jhanvi's rapists but later she was killed.
*[[Avika Gor]] as Anushka Sangwan / Anushka Yuvraj Choudhary was Ammaji's elder granddaughter:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/avika-gor-laado-veerpur-ki-mardaani-tv-show-4919517/|title=Avika Gor on her role in TV show Laado 2: Won't be a victim of social evils but will stand up against them|work=The Indian Express|date=2 November 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
**She was a law student. She was a brave, daring, independent girl and has ability to take strict decisions. She believed in gender equality and can't tolerate any injustice towards women. She try to bring a change in Veerpur to protect the women. She cared for her younger sister Jhanvi and was determined to avenge her younger sister's sufferings followed by her murder and grandmother's murder and avenges by castrating Jhanvi's rapists. Situations forced her to live with a new identity of Juhi, who was the (daughter) of the well-known Sethi family of Chandigarh.
*Yuvraj Choudhary was Anushka's first love interest and husband:
**He initially punished Anushka for Ammaji's sins of killing his parents. He even stabbed Ammaji for attempting to kill his father, Balwant but later on learning of his family's wrongdoings started supporting Anushka. He is shot while protecting her.
*Jhanvi Sangwan was Ammaji's younger granddaughter:
**She was a cheerful, naughty, empathetic and idealistic girl. She was a prankster who was full of life. She was a short-lived girl as well as a loving younger sister. She is raped and murdered when she tries to emulate her sister (women's welfare) when she clips Rantej Singh to save his wife Meera.

=== Other characters ===
*Shaurya was Juhi's childhood friend who was in love with Juhi and considering Anushka as Juhi starts falling in love with him. He was a street fighter, a middle-class guy who was very intense and was motivated by love. He was insanely in love with Juhi who left him a few years ago. Because of that, he ends up doing something wrong, which lands him in juvenile house. After ten years, Shaurya realised that Juhi is back thinking Anushka is Juhi, which gave him a ray of hope to find his lost love and reconnect with her. He got engaged to Anushka considering her as Juhi on Dadi's insistence. On learning from Anushka that she is not Juhi, Shaurya confronts Anushka for playing with his emotions. He doesn't forgives Anushka. He wanted to make Anushka realize her mistake.
*Juhi Sethi was Indra Baba's adopted daughter. She was real Juhi who has fled away from her family ten years earlier with the help of her nanny. She was adopted by Indra. But for ten years he has mistreated her.
*Balwant Choudhary was the former patriarch of the Choudhary family. He was Malhari's first husband. He was Rantej and Ranveer's father. He was a dark figure, lurking in the shadows and drawing strength from the corridors of hell. He was vicious ruler of Veerpur which was a God forsaken land where women were treated like dirt as Meera's unborn girl child was killed, drawing parallel to the core plot of [[Na Aana Is Des Laado]], that of female infanticide.
*Komal Choudhary / Komal Dharam Kriplani was Yuvraj's younger sister. She was Dharam's wife. When Anushka was living with the identity of Juhi in Chandigarh, She was the only link between Anushka's past and present.
*Kajal Kuldeep Sethi was Juhi's elder sister-in-law and Kuldeep's wife. She was a mentally unstable / challenged girl who showed childish behaviour and always played with a doll named Tulika. She loved Anushka as her sister-in-law.
*Ranveer Balwant Choudhary was Malhari and Balwant's younger son. He was Rantej's younger brother. He raped Jhanvi.
*Dr. Vishal was a doctor who castrated Rantej, Ranveer and Tej, thus, helping Anushka punish her sister's rapists. He was a veterinary doctor who helped Anushka in her fight to avenge the wrongdoings done to her family. He later became Meera's friend.
*Kavita Sethi was Juhi's paternal grandmother. She was a typical Punjabi grandmother: sweet and loving. She was the matriarch of the Sethi family.

==Background==
{{cleanup|section|reason=Proper grammar, spelling, tenses, and capitalisation all need to be addressed, and any content in violation of [[WP:NPOV]] needs to be removed.|date=May 2018}}

===Production===
The show is produced by Dhaval Gada of Dhaval Gada Productions.

===Casting===
Earlier, there were rumours that Meghna Malik would be returning as the cruel and strict Ammaji. It was also said that the show will have the same setup with Raghav and Siya's daughter now playing the lead. The concept of the show remains the same as before. The show will have [[Ekta Kaul]] and [[Shoaib Ibrahim]] playing the protagonists while iMalik will play the antagonist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/exclusive-shoaib-ibrahim-and-ekta-kaul-to-be-cast-opposite-each-other-in-na-aana-iss-des-laado-2-1077723/|title=EXCLUSIVE! Shoaib Ibrahim and Ekta Kaul to be cast opposite each other in Na Aana Iss Des Laado 2|last=Mahesh|first=Shweta|date=8 October 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

But later it was officially announced that Malik as well as [[Avika Gor]]<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2017 |title=Avika Gor on her role in TV show Laado 2: Won't be a victim of social evils but will stand up against them |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/avika-gor-laado-veerpur-ki-mardaani-tv-show-4919517/ |access-date=11 August 2018 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> will be playing the lead roles in the series. It was declared that the show will feature Gor as the protagonist along with [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Team |first=Tellychakkar |title=Palak Jain to play the second lead in Laado 2 |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/palak-jain-play-the-second-lead-laado-2-171012 |access-date=11 August 2018 |work=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref> as her sister, Jhanvi who will be playing the parallel lead role in the series. It was also declared that [[Meghna Malik]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ammaji is back on Colors with second season of Laado |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/11/ammaji-is-back-on-colors-with-second-season-of-laado/ |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> role will be positive in this series. Ammaji in this edition of Laado will be different in mind, body and appearance. She will be seen championing the cause of women and addressing sensitive issues of women's dignity, safety and rights. Later, [[Shaleen Malhotra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Laado - Veerpur Ki Mardaani: After Manish Raisinghani, its Shaleen Malhotra for Avika Gor this time |url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/laado-veerpur-ki-mardaani-after-manish-raisinghani-its-shaleen-malhotra-for-avika-gor-this-time-88298.html |access-date=11 August 2018 |work=CatchNews.com}}</ref> was roped in to play the male lead role in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catchnews.com/television-news/laado-veerpur-ki-mardaani-after-manish-raisinghani-its-shaleen-malhotra-for-avika-gor-this-time-88298.html|title=Laado - Veerpur Ki Mardaani: After Manish Raisinghani, its Shaleen Malhotra for Avika Gor this time|work=CatchNews.com|date=6 November 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

===Promo & extension===
The first promo for the show was released on 5 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laado 2 - Veerpur Ki Mardani Coming Soon only on Colors TV|url=http://www.colorstv.com/in/videos/laado-2/laado-2-coming-soon-10129971.html|website=[[Colors TV]]|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008235954/http://www.colorstv.com/in/videos/laado-2/laado-2-coming-soon-10129971.html|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Laado'' touches upon the sensitive issue of castration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/spoilers/castration-drama-colors-laado/2018/02/18/|title=Castration drama in Colors' Laado|date=18 February 2018|work=IWMBuzz|last=Rajesh|first=Srividya|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> The series had a 6-month time jump in March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/laado-2-leap-avika-gor-is-all-set-to-embark-on-a-new-journey-heres-what-we-can-expect-from-the-show-ahead-colors-march/210128|last=Kochra|first=Nawaz|title=Laado 2 Leap! Avika Gor is all set to embark on a new journey, here's what we can expect from the show ahead|work=TimesNow|date=22 March 2018|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kumkum-bhagya-to-laado-2-these-popular-tv-shows-are-all-set-to-take-a-leap-1195464-2018-03-22|title=Kumkum Bhagya to Laado 2, these popular tv shows are all set to take a leap|date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

==Crossover episodes==
{| class=wikitable
!Show name
!Date
!Name
|-
|[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]
||1 and 2 February 2018||Mahasangam<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tellyreviews.com/2018/02/01/chakor-support-anushkas-search-udaan-laado-2-merger/|title=Chakor to support Anushka's search in Udaan and Laado 2 merger - TellyReviews|date=1 February 2018|work=TellyReviews|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvserialnews.com/laado-2-upcoming-twist-chakor-to-help-anushka-and-ammaji-in-the-mahasangam|title=Laado 2 Upcoming Twist: Chakor to help Anushka and Ammaji in the mahasangam|website=tvserialnews.com|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413083436/http://tvserialnews.com/laado-2-upcoming-twist-chakor-to-help-anushka-and-ammaji-in-the-mahasangam|archive-date=13 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{track listing
|extra_column = Artist
|headline = Track List
|title1 = Laado Badlegi Kahaani
|note1 =
|extra1 = [[Asees Kaur]]
|length1 = 03:04
|title2 = Jug Jug Jeeve Tu Laado Meri
|note2 =
|extra2 =
|length2 = 02:01
|title3 = Teri Ore
|note3 =
|extra3 =
|length3 = 03:22
|title4 = Rabba Mere Rabba
|note4 =
|extra4 =
|length4 = 03:06
}}

==Ratings==
The series occupied 17th place, with 1.8 TRP ratings in the first week of its launch. In the second week of 2018, the ratings for the series were 1.5.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tv-fanclub.com/week-2-2018-channel-wise-trp-best-worst-performed-shows-week/|title=Week 2 : 2018 - Channel Wise TRP : Best and Worst Performed shows of the Week - TV Fanclub|date=19 January 2018|work=TV Fanclub|access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref> The show reached the 14th position in the BARC ratings on 24 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/piya-albela-tu-aashiqui-mahek-laado-veerpur-ki-mardani-five-shows-that-surprised-us-on-the-barc-charts-1107578/|title=Piya Albela, Tu Aashiqui, Mahek, Laado Veerpur Ki Mardani - five shows that surprised us on the BARC charts|last=Banerjee|first=Urmimala|date=24 November 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

The show was unable to receive adequate ratings and the channel decided to end the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/laado-2-colors-go-off-air/2018/05/02|title=Laado 2 on Colors to go off air|date=2 May 2018|work=IWMBuzz|last=Rajesh|first=Srividya|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> The show ended on 23 May 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmymonkey.com/tellybuzz/shocking-avika-gors-laado-2-to-go-off-air-169012|title=SHOCKING! Avika Gor's 'Laado 2' to go Off Air|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> completing 133 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/laado-s02/2/546506/anushka-wages-war-against-rantej/604406|title=Watch Laado S02 Episode 133 Date 23 May 18 Online {{!}} Watch Full HD Videos of Colors Hindi for Free only at Voot|website=voot.com|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Haryana]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

V. R. Amberkar

2026-03-14T08:40:11Z

KirkEvd85074933: stub...

{{Short description|Indian painter and art critic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = V. R. Amberkar.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|07|21|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1988|12|02|1907|07|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay Presidency]]
| awards = [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of Lalit Kala Akademi]] (1980)
| known_for = {{hlist|Painting|art education|art criticism}}
}}

'''Vasant Raghunath Amberkar''' (21 July 1907 – 2 December 1988) was an Indian painter, art educator and art critic. '''V. R. Amberkar''' played an important role in the development of art education and its propagation in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra : artists of the Bombay school and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date=2021-03-02 |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=First |location=Mumbai |oclc=1242719488}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vasant was born on 21 July 1907 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to Lakshmibai and Raghunath Amberkar. He completed his initial schooling from [[Colaba]] and later from [[Alibag]]. His father was a renowned doctor. After leaving the navy, he moved to Alibaug and started his own business there. As he was fond of literature, music, and drama, he gave his son the freedom to study subjects of his interest without forcing him to become a doctor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=रहाटे |first=समीर |title=आंबेरकर, वसंत रघुनाथ |trans-title=Amberkar, Vasant Raghunath |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/anbaerakara-vasanta-raghaunaatha |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=mr}}</ref>

Amberkar utilised this liberty given by his father to full effect. In 1931, he passed his Intermediate Arts Examination form the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 1931 |title=University of Bombay Intermediate Arts Examination Results |pages=3 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.8556/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> He then graduated from [[Wilson College, Mumbai]] in 1933 with a B.A. in English followed by a M.A. in 1935.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 1935 |title=New Masters Of Arts And Science And Bachelors Of Law |pages=4 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.9121/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Given his mastery and creativity in English, he received multiple jobs from various British companies. Amberkar was the director of the publicity consulting firm Raymond-Renolds in 1946.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06743/page/723/ |title=The Times of India: Directory of Bombay (City and Province) |work=[[The Times of India]] |year=1946 |location=Bombay |pages=723}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Painting ===
At the recommendation of [[Archibald Herman Müller|Archibald Müller]], Amberkar took art lessons at [[Sawlaram Haldankar|S. L. Haldankar]]'s Art Institute, where he studied from 1933 to 1939.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Vasant Raghunath Amberkar |url=https://blog.artlounge.in/blog/2021/1/6/vasant-raghunath-amberkar |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Art Lounge |date=16 April 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> Meanwhile, he completed a four-year correspondence course in art education taught by [[Percy Bradshaw]] of the Press Art School in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Vasant Amberkar |url=https://www.indiaart.com/old-masters/Vasant-Amberkar/Profile-of-Vasant-Amberkar.asp |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=India Art}}</ref> This gave him a new perspective on looking at art. His views pertaining to the basic principles of art were etched in his mind which directly influenced his career.<ref name=":0" /> After this, Amberkar had opened a studio named the Industrial Art Studio<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06743/page/1056/ |title=The Times of India: Directory of Bombay (City and Province) |work=[[The Times of India]] |year=1946 |location=Bombay |pages=1056}}</ref> in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] area of Mumbai where other painters, singers, musicians, writers, and theatre artists also worked.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=81 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |editor-last=बहुळकर |editor-first=सुहास |edition=1st |location=मुंबई |pages=16–18 |language=mr |trans-title=Artists' Encyclopedia Vol. 6 - Visual Arts |editor-last2=घारे |editor-first2=दीपक}}</ref>

Despite mastering realistic painting, his drive for experimentation gradually led to his paintings featuring heavy brushstrokes, few colours and a composition that avoided unnecessary details. Mid 1930s was the time when a modern outlook towards visual art started to take root in the art scene of Bombay. There was a greater flexibility in the arrangement of subjects, be it a landscape or a portrait. Like other painters of that time, Amberkar deliberately broke the existing trend of the past. Subsequently, the new trend was strengthened by the paintings of [[S. H. Raza]], [[M. F. Husain]] and [[Akbar Padamsee]] to name a few.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Church - V. R. Amberkar.jpg|alt=Painting by V. R. Amberkar|thumb|''The Church'' (1960) by V. R. Amberkar]]
Amberkar's paintings show various influences, ranging from [[Realism (arts)|realistic]] to [[Expressionism|expressionist]] styles. In his landscape paintings, shape and space are explored through composition rather than realism. Both, ''The Dress'' (a human figure painting) and ''The Church'' (an architectural painting), are made with bold black lines and filled with colour. Some of his paintings also leaned towards abstraction. However, his contributions in the field of art education are considered more important than his outing with experimental paintings.<ref name=":2" />

=== Art education ===
At the suggestion of his teacher S. L. Haldankar, Amberkar got involved in the work of Art Society of India and became its secretary. He uplifted the society through many activities and subsequently became its president in 1935. Amberkar was the part of a Bombay Government Committee in 1946 which had to survey and make recommendations about changes in art education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 1946 |title=Need for specialised education in art |pages=4 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.1873/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Around this time, he also worked with [[Lakshman Shastri Joshi]] on the board of ''[[Marathi Vishwakosh]]'' at [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]]. When [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta|Hansa Mehta]], influenced by Amberkar's ideas on art education, decided to reorganize the art department at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], she entrusted Amberkar with the responsibility of selecting an art curriculum and teachers for it. Under this course, Amberkar introduced the subjects of art history and aesthetics for the first time and taught these to the students there.<ref name=":0" />

At the request of [[Madhav Satwalekar]], the then Director of Arts of [[Maharashtra]], he designed a new curriculum for art education in the state. The Directorate of Arts, Maharashtra, successfully implemented this course under his guidance by conducting summer camps for the teachers of all art colleges. After witnessing the success in Baroda and Mumbai, Amberkar was invited to define the contours of art education in [[Goa]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He insisted that art history, art criticism and aesthetics should be included in the curricula of all these places. He believed that the art world and artists in India would become more profound through this and continuously strived for their further propagation.<ref name=":1" />

=== Other work on arts ===
Amberkar had represented the Bombay Government in the All India Conference on Arts, which led to the establishment of the National Academy of Arts in India, known as the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.41/ |title=Report: All India Conference on Arts held at Calcutta - 29th and 30th August, 1949 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education, Government of India]] |year=1949 |location=New Delhi |pages=30}}</ref> Later, as a committee member and joint secretary of Lalit Kala Akademi, he suggested holding a regular World Triennale Exhibition at the academy.<ref name=":2" /> Amberkar was on the jury panel of the third edition of this triennale in 1975.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batham |first1=Roop Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVc7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 |title=Anthology of Significant Events in Indian Art & Socio-Cultural History 1850-2015 |last2=Kesarwani |first2=Nimisha |date=2021-08-03 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=224 |language=en}}</ref>

As Amberkar was well versed in the field of art, he received several invitations to deliver lectures and seminars. He mesmerised the audience with his eloquence in English. Some of his lectures covered in press include ''India and Modern Movements in Art'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 1940 |title=India and Modern Movements in Art |pages=5 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.9896/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 1940 |title=India and Modern Movements in Art |pages=5 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.9898/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> ''An Approach to Art'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 1947 |title=Today's Engagements: Mazdaznan Art Evening |pages=3 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.2046/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> ''Co-relation of Arts,''<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 1947 |title=Today's Engagements: Mazdaznan Art Evening |pages=3 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.11508/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> ''What is good art,''<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 1947 |title=Today's Engagements: Bombay Art Society |pages=3 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.11594/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> and ''Great Works of Art and What Makes Them Great.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 1947 |title=Today's Engagements: Mazdaznan Art Evening |pages=3 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.11647/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> He also wrote exhibition reviews in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English for newspapers and magazines.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, he gave talks related to contemporary art on the Bombay station of the [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qDzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXX. No. 10 (7 MARCH, 1965) |date=1965-03-07 |publisher=[[All India Radio]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvHrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXV. No. 37. (11 SEPTEMBER, 1960) |date=1960-09-11 |publisher=[[Publications Division (India)]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 1946, Amberkar won a prize for his paintings at the annual exhibition of the Art Society of India.<ref name=":3" /> For his contributions in the field of art, he was awarded the [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of Lalit Kala Akademi]] in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-15 |title=Lalit Kala Akademi Fellows |url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Lalit Kala Akademi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615063915/http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |archive-date=15 June 2009 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Amberkar married Neera Medhekar in June 1934.<ref name=":2" />

== Death and legacy ==
Amberkar died on 2 December 1988. On his birth centenary in 2007, Amberkar's paintings were exhibited in the ''Master Strokes VI'' exhibition at the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrwHywAACAAJ |title=Master Strokes: An exhibition of paintings by V.R. Amberkar, 1907-1988 [and] J.D. Gondhalekar, 1909-1981, Tuesday 16th to 21st October 2007 at Jehangir Art Gallery |date=2007 |publisher=Jehangir Art Gallery |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amberkar, V. R.}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]

Dhandayuthapani

2026-03-08T14:26:19Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhandayuthapani
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Saravana Sakthi]]
| producer = C. N. Rajadurai
| writer = Saravana Sakthi
| starring = S. Suresh Raja [[Vidhya Mohan|Shivani Sri]]
| music = Sunil E. L. Indhrajith
| cinematography = Ruthrun
| editing = B. S. Vasu Saleem
| distributor =
| studio = CNR Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|04|27}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dhandayuthapani''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action film]] directed by [[Saravana Sakthi]]. The film stars newcomers S. Suresh Raja and [[Vidhya Mohan|Shivani Sri]], with [[Manoj K. Jayan]], Bobby, [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Kadhal Sukumar]], [[Ranjitha]], Viji Ketti, [[Balu Anand]], and [[Mahanadhi Shankar]] playing supporting roles. The film was produced by C. N. Rajadurai and released on 27 April 2007.

==Plot==

Dhandayuthapani (S. Suresh Raja) is a carefree and jobless graduate who lives with his widowed mother and siblings in [[Madurai]]. One day, he falls in love with a college student Thenmozhi ([[Vidhya Mohan|Shivani Sri]]), whom he sees in a temple. Dhandayuthapani then bumps into Thenmozhi in various situations, and they slowly fall in love, but the lovers do not exchange a single word throughout their interactions. Meanwhile, Thamizharasu ([[Manoj K. Jayan]]) and Yaanai Kumar (Bobby), two rival gangsters, are fighting over some government-owned land. Later, Yaanai Kumar's henchmen plan to murder Thamizharasu. but they spy Thenmozhi taking a bath in her house. Dhandayuthapani, who notices this, chases them and beats them up in front of Thamizharasu.

Impressed by Dhandayuthapani's bravery, Thamizharasu offers him a place in his gang, but he refuses. The cunning Thamizharasu then sends his henchmen, who brutally attack Dhandayuthapani and lie to him, claiming they are Yaanai Kumar's henchmen. Left half-tonsured, naked, and wounded, Dhandayuthapani manages to survive the assault. His family and his friends, who fear for his life, advise him to leave the town. However, the incident leads to a drastic change in Dhandayuthapani's behaviour, and a vengeful Dhandayuthapani joins Thamizharasu's gang. Dhandayuthapani slowly becomes Thamizharasu's best henchman, and he shows his loyalty by killing Yaanai Kumar. However, Dhandayuthapani, who knew from the beginning that Thamizharasu was the culprit, kills him as well. The film ends with Thenmozhi marrying another man and a rowdy killing Dhandayuthapani.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*S. Suresh Raja as Dhandayuthapani
*[[Vidhya Mohan|Shivani Sri]] as Thenmozhi
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Thamizharasu
*Bobby as Yaanai Kumar
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Dhandayuthapani's friend
*[[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Dhandayuthapani's friend
*[[Ranjitha]] as Sandhya
*Viji Ketti as Dhandayuthapani's mother
*[[Balu Anand]] as Judge
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Thamizharasu's henchman
*[[Besant Ravi]] as Yaanai Kumar's henchman
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Yaanai Kumar's henchman
*[[Saravana Sakthi]] as Vengai Pandi
*Nisha in a special appearance
}}

==Production==
[[Saravana Sakthi]], an erstwhile assistant of [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], made his directorial debut with ''Dhandayuthapani'' under the banner of CNR Films. C. N. Rajadurai who is a doctor by profession had emerged as a producer in this film. S. Suresh Raja was cast to play the title role while Kerala-based [[Vidhya Mohan]], credited as Shivani Sri, was chosen to play the heroine. The fight scenes had been choreographed by [[Jaguar Thangam]], Ruthrun took in charge of cinematography, the music was composed by Sunil and E. L. Indhrajith and the editing was by B. S. Vasu and Saleem. The film was primarily shot in [[Nagercoil]] and [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/06dandayudhapani.asp|title=Dandayuthapani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213141013/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/06dandayudhapani.asp|author=Malini Mannath|archive-date=13 December 2006|access-date=6 January 2020|publisher=chennaionline.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="review1">{{cite web|url=http://indiareel.com/Tamil/reviews.asp?MovieNo=314|title=Making a life out of knife - Dhandayuthapani - Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022063133/http://indiareel.com/Tamil/reviews.asp?MovieNo=314|archive-date=22 October 2007|access-date=6 January 2020|publisher=indiareel.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="review2">{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/05dandayuthapani.asp|title=Dandayuthapani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716100618/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/05dandayuthapani.asp|author=Malini Mannath|archive-date=16 July 2007|access-date=6 January 2020|publisher=chennaionline.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Dhandayuthapani
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = Sunil and E. L. Indhrajith
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:48
| label = New Music
| producer = Sunil E. L. Indhrajith
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[film composer]]s Sunil and E. L. Indhrajith. The soundtrack features four tracks with lyrics written by Yosi, Tamilamuthan and Saravana Sakthi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Thandayuthapani+(2006)|title=Thandayuthapani (2006) - Indhrajith, Sunil|access-date=6 January 2020|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906081205/https://mio.to//album/Thandayuthapani+%282006%29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dandayuthapani/FKsXAH2LkyQ_|title=Dandayuthapani Songs|date=January 2006 |access-date=6 January 2020|publisher=jiosaavn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/tamil/audiosongs/movie/Thandayuthapani.html|title=Thandayuthapani Songs|date=17 April 1984 |access-date=6 January 2020|publisher=mymazaa.com}}</ref>

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Tracklist
|total_length=16:48
|title1=Adikkadi Ethayathil|extra1=[[Harish Raghavendra]], Harini Sudhakar|length1=4:05
|title2=Athadi Alaiasathada|extra2=C. N. S., [[Anuradha Sriram]]|length2=3:36
|title3=Katrum Puyalum|extra3=[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]|length3=4:10
|title4=Vanam Muzhuvathum|extra4=[[Vijay Yesudas]]|length4=4:57
}}

==Reception==
A reviewer wrote, "The only thing which is laudable in this movie is the bold attempt made by debutants" and added, "Heroine Shivani has performed well in a limited scope. Music by Sunil Indirajith is laudable".<ref name="review1"/> Malini Mannath said, "Suresh Raja may be a far cry from the typical hero-mould. But he performs his scenes with understanding, and like a seasoned actor. Shivani fits in as the coy Thenmozhi" and called it "a promising work from a debutant director".<ref name="review2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2007 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Manohar International Airport

2026-03-08T13:02:45Z

KirkEvd85074933: add formatting further and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Airport serving Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{for-multi|the other airport in Goa|Dabolim Airport|the airport in Italy with IATA code “GOA”|Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Manohar International Airport
| nativename-r =
| image = Mopa Airport Goa Exteriors.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image-width =
| image_alt =
| image2 = File:2025-01-28-00 00 2025-01-28-23 59 Sentinel-2 L2A True color.jpg
| image2-width = 250px
| image2_alt =
| caption2 = Satellite image of the airport
| IATA = GOX
| ICAO = VOGA
| type = Public
| owner-oper = [[GMR Group|GMR Goa International Airport Limited]]
| owner =
| operator =
| city-served = [[Goa]]
| location = [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]], Goa, [[India]]
| elevation-f = 552
| elevation-m = 168
| hub = [[Fly91]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.7322|N|73.8680|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.miagoaairport.com/ Manohar International Airport]
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Goa
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label = '''GOX'''
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 10/28
| r1-length-m = 3,750
| r1-length-f = 12,303
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 4,643,852 ({{increase}} 5.4%)
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 31,500 ({{increase}} 5.7%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 3,389 ({{increase}} 108.8%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
| opened = {{start date and age|2022|12|11|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|author1=Sinha, Saurabh|title=Goa gets its 2nd airport today, Dabolim to also remain operational|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/goa-gets-its-2nd-airport-today-dabolim-to-also-remain-operational/articleshow/96147308.cms|work=The Times of India|date=11 December 2022|access-date=11 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| caption =
}}

'''Manohar International Airport''' {{Airport codes|GOX|VOGA}},<ref name="Service">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-01-04 |title=Cabinet approves renaming of Goa airport after Manohar Parrikar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/states/cabinet-approves-renaming-of-greenfield-airport-at-goa-after-manohar-parrikar-1503143813.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> is an [[international airport]] at [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]] in [[Pernem taluka]], [[North Goa district]], in the state of [[Goa]], India. It serves North Goa and the adjoining districts of [[Maharashtra]] and Karnataka and as a second airport of Goa after [[Dabolim Airport]] in [[Dabolim]].

The airport is developed by [[GMR Group|GMR]] Goa International Airport Limited (GGIAL), a [[special purpose vehicle]] (SPV).<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=GMR forms SPV to raise funds for Manohar International Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/GMR-forms-SPV-to-raise-funds-for-Mopa-airport/articleshow/54986993.cms|access-date=25 October 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 22 October 2016}}</ref> It is built at a cost of {{INRConvert|3000|c|to=USD|year=2022}}.
In financial year 2024–25, the airport handled over 4.6 million passengers, which is a little more than its current maximum capacity of 4.5 million passengers per year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saxena|first=Ankit|title=Goa's New Airport Has Captured Nearly Half Of State's Air Traffic In Its First Year — A Ground Report|url=https://swarajya.com/infrastructure/goas-new-airport-has-captured-nearly-half-of-states-air-traffic-in-its-first-year-a-ground-report|work=Swarajya|date=27 March 2024|access-date=20 April 2024|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206141744/https://swarajya.com/infrastructure/goas-new-airport-has-captured-nearly-half-of-states-air-traffic-in-its-first-year-a-ground-report|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AAI3"/> On average, the airport handles around 100 aircraft movements and about 15,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{cite news|title= Goa's Manohar intl airport capacity to touch eight million this year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/goas-manohar-intl-airport-capacity-to-touch-eight-million-this-year/articleshow/108468725.cms|access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]|date= 13 March 2024}}</ref> It is the [[List of busiest airports in India|16th-busiest airport in India]]. It is named after the former [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] and the former [[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]], [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref name="Service"/>

The airport was completed and opened on 11 December 2022 and operations started on 5 January 2023 with the first flight by [[IndiGo]].<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news|title=Goa's 2nd international airport starts operations, first flight lands from Hyderabad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jan/05/goas-2nd-international-airport-starts-operations-firstflight-landsfrom-hyderabad-2534958.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=5 January 2023|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="India">{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2023-01-05 |title=First flight lands at Manohar International Airport in Goa from Hyderabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/first-flight-lands-at-manohar-international-airport-in-goa-from-hyderabad-123010500277_1.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> It was expected to be completed by the financial year 2019–2020,<ref>{{cite news|title=GMR signs deal with Goa government to develop Manohar International Airport |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/gmr-signs-deal-with-goa-government-to-develop-mopa-airport-4364386/ |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date= 13 November 2016}}</ref> but was delayed due to a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] order that impeded work on site,<ref>{{cite news|title= Goa's Manohar International Airport delayed by a year |url= https://www.livemint.com/news/india/goa-s-mopa-airport-delayed-by-a-year-1563248353607.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date= 16 July 2019}}</ref> and also due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which caused lockdowns, restrictions, and curfews, resulting in a lack of labor and delays in construction.

The airport is built under the [[Build Operate Transfer]] (BOT) model in four phases, with the first phase costing a total of {{INRConvert|1500|c|to=USD|year=2022}}. The airport will cater to 4.4 million passengers in the first phase and 13.1 million by the end of the fourth phase.<ref name=" ET1">{{cite news|title=GMR Infra to develop Manohar International Airport in Goa |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/gmr-infra-to-develop-mopa-airport-in-goa/articleshow/53877615.cms |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=[[The Economic Times]]|date= 26 August 2016}}</ref> The concession period for the greenfield project is 40 years, with a possible extension of another 20 years through a bid process, and the revenue share payable by the concessionaire to the government is 36.9%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Goa government retains ownership of land at Mopa airport |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/64793650.cms |access-date=19 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 29 June 2018}}</ref> The airport will operate on a hybrid model with 30% cross-subsidy, and the concession offers 232 acres of land for commercial city-side development for a period of 60 years.<ref name="LM1">{{cite news|title=GMR unit signs concession pact for international airport in north Goa |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/MI0MFM8o0BMwPJ0PljvEZI/GMR-unit-signs-concession-pact-for-international-airport-in.html |access-date=16 December 2017 |work=[[LiveMint]]|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:AkasaAir Mopa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Airport apron|Apron area]] of the airport]]

==History==
[[Goa]]'s current airport at [[Dabolim Airport|Dabolim]] is a [[civil enclave]] operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) at a military airfield owned by the [[Indian Navy]]. Civilian and military operations share a common runway, resulting in severe airside congestion. This deters the long-term growth of civilian traffic at the airport.<ref name="ET1"/>

It was [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s flagship project. The [[Government of India]] had given its in-principle approval for a second airport in the state of Goa as early as March 2000. However, land acquisition issues and local litigation stalled the project for 14 years.

The [[ICAO]]'s techno-economic feasibility report submitted in 2013, which projected air traffic of 10 million passengers at Goa by 2035, eventually established the feasibility of the Mopa project.<ref name="BS1">{{cite news|title=ICAO presents feasibility report on Manohar International Airport |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/icao-presents-feasibility-report-on-mopa-airport-105100401089_1.html |access-date=16 December 2017 |work=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 January 2013}}</ref> The Goa Government issued a Request for Qualification (RFQ) for the project in October 2014.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|title=Five bidders show interest in Mopa construction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Five-bidders-show-interest-in-Mopa-construction/articleshow/46589359.cms |access-date=16 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Five bidders, [[GMR Group]], [[GVK Group]], the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI), [[Essel Group|Essel Infra]], and Voluptas developers, expressed interest. Essel Infra partnered with [[Zurich Airport]]s, and Voluptas Developers, which belongs to the [[Hiranandani Group]], tied up with [[VINCI Airports|Vinci Airports]], [[Rome]], to bid for the airport project.<ref name="TOI6">{{cite news|title=Another extension for bids for Manohar International Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Another-extension-for-bids-for-Mopa-airport/articleshow/53162067.cms |access-date=16 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2016}}</ref> On October 28, 2015, the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] granted environmental clearance to the project.<ref name="LM2">{{cite news|title=Environment ministry nod to Rs3,000 cr airport at Mopa in Goa|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/DgWTNasA7QCeZj7RDY7NNK/Environment-ministry-nod-to-Rs3000-cr-airport-at-Mopa-in-Go.html |access-date=16 December 2017 |work=[[Live Mint]]|date=29 October 2015}}</ref> The [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) for the project was issued in January 2016, seeking bids from interested companies to construct the airport. Two of the five companies that responded to the RFQ decided not to participate in the RFP.<ref name="TOI6"/> The bids were opened in August 2016. GMR Airports Limited, a subsidiary of [[GMR Group|GMR]] Infrastructure Limited, won the competitive bid to develop and operate the airport. The Airports Authority of India emerged as the second-highest bidder, followed by the consortium of Essel Infra-Incheon. In October, GMR Airports Limited formed the [[Special purpose vehicle|Special Purpose Vehicle]] (SPV) called GMR Goa International Airport Limited (GGIAL) to raise funds for, design, construct, and run the project.<ref name="TOI1"/> GMR Airports Ltd signed a concession agreement with the Government of Goa on 8 November 2016.<ref name="LM1"/>

In 2016, the state government proposed to establish an aviation skill development center in order to provide employment opportunities at the airport to local youth.<ref name="MC1">{{cite news|title=Skill devp centre to help youth get jobs at Greenfield airport |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/skill-devp-centre-to-help-youth-get-jobs-at-greenfield-airport-974537.html |access-date= 16 May 2020 |work=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date= 8 August 2016}}</ref> The concessionaire would be required to give preference to bona fide Goans for all jobs at the airport.<ref name="HG1">{{cite news |title=CM promises job opportunities for ITI students at Manohar International Airport |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/CM-promises-job-opportunities-for-ITI-students-at-Mopa-airport/100290.html |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=[[O Heraldo]] |date=26 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404081826/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/CM-promises-job-opportunities-for-ITI-students-at-Mopa-airport/100290.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This Aviation Skill Development Centre was initially to be set up by the concessionaire either at the Pernem [[Industrial training institute|ITI]] campus or any other ITI center. However, in 2020, the location of the proposed centre was shifted to the airport premises itself.<ref name="TOI9">{{cite news|title=Aviation Skill Development Centre at Mopa now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aviation-skill-dvpt-centre-at-mopa-now/articleshow/75727804.cms |access-date= 16 May 2020 |work=[[Times of India]]|date= 14 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Project completion and Inauguration ===
[[File:Mopa Airport Goa Indigo Aircraft.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The apron area from the terminal]]
[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the [[foundation stone]] of the project on 13 November 2016.<ref name="TOI3">{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for Mopa greenfield airport in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-Mopa-greenfield-airport-in-Goa/articleshow/55397538.cms |access-date=13 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 13 November 2016}}</ref>
The State Government acquired 78.41 lakh square meters of land for the airport from the villages of Casarvarnem, Chandel, Varconda, Uguem, and Mopa in [[Pernem taluka]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mopa farmers to soon receive 3 times more compensation |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/mopa-farmers-to-soon-receive-3-times-more-compensation/ |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[The Navhind Times]]|date= 6 February 2016}}</ref>
In January 2017, the Goa Government declared an area within a five km2 radius of the airport as the 'Mopa International Airport planning area' for the purpose of regulating growth near the project area.<ref name="TOI5">{{cite news|title=Goa government notifies planning area at Mopa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/govt-notifies-planning-area-at-mopa/articleshow/56575915.cms |access-date=16 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 16 January 2017}}</ref>

GGIAL and the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] (MoCA) signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) in [[Delhi]] on 31 March 2017 for necessary support from the center to develop the airport. The master plan of the airport was also reviewed and approved by [[Engineers India]] through a separate contract earlier in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=EIL provided services as Independent Engineer for Manohar International Airport |url=https://psuwatch.com/eil-provided-services-as-independent-engineer-for-manohar-international-airport/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |work=PSU Watch|date= 4 January 2022}}</ref> GGIAL invited tenders for the [[Engineering, procurement, and construction|Engineering, Procurement, and Construction]] (EPC) contract in June 2017, which was awarded to [[Philippines]]-based [[Megawide Construction Corporation]] in February 2018.<ref name="TOI7">{{cite news|title=Philippines company picked from 3 to build Manohar International Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/philippines-company-picked-from-3-to-build-mopa-airport/articleshow/62938614.cms |access-date=22 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 16 February 2018}}</ref>

The Goa Government finally put its stamp on the project by enacting "The Goa (Manohar International Airport Development Authority) Act, 2018"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/8118/1/ocr54-jncha.pdf|title=The Goa (Manohar International Airport Development Authority) Act, 2018|date=5 September 2018|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> on 5 September 2018. Subsequently, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]] gave security clearance for the construction in October 2018.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|title=MHA gives security nod for construction of Manohar International Airport|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mha-gives-security-nod-for-construction-of-mopa-airport-5405397/|access-date=22 October 2018 |work=[[Indian Express]]|date= 17 October 2018}}</ref> On 18 January 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ordered the Goa Government and GGIAL to maintain status quo on the project<ref name="TOI8">{{cite news|title=SC stops construction work of airport project at Mopa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sc-stops-construction-work-of-airport-project-at-mopa/articleshow/67596089.cms |access-date= 17 January 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 19 January 2019}}</ref> due to environmental impact. Construction of phase 1 of the airport was underway when the top court had given its order. The Court allowed resumption of construction work at the project site in January 2020.<ref name="LM3">{{cite news|title=After a year, SC allows resuming construction of airport at Goa's Mopa |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/after-a-year-sc-allows-resuming-construction-of-airport-at-goa-s-mopa-11579159037159.html |access-date= 17 January 2020 |work=[[Live Mint]]|date= 16 January 2020}}</ref> 50% of the airport construction had been completed by 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Dec 13, 2021|title=Goa: 50% Manohar International Airport work done, additional 25% by March 2022 {{!}} Goa News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/50-mopa-airport-work-done-additional-25-by-march-2022/articleshow/88245264.cms|access-date=2021-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and 90% had been completed by July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-14 |title=90 pc work of Goa's Manohar International Airport complete, commissioning after Aug 15: CM Sawant |url=https://theprint.in/india/90-pc-work-of-goas-mopa-airport-complete-commissioning-after-aug-15-cm-sawant/1038135/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Manohar International Airport successfully completes Instrument Land System calibration |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mopa-airport-successfully-completes-instrument-land-system-calibration-122071501507_1.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 December 2022, the airport was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and renamed to Manohar International Airport after former [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] and the 10th [[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]], [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mopa-international-airport-in-goa-named-after-former-defence-minister-manohar-parrikar20221211190549|title=Mopa International Airport in Goa named after former Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar|website=ANI}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/> It opened for domestic operations on 5 January 2023, with the first flight operated by [[IndiGo]].<ref name="The New Indian Express"/><ref name="India"/><ref>{{cite web|title= Akasa Air Flight Schedule|url= https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/flight-schedule|access-date=4 January 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Go First to operate 42 weekly flights from Goa's new airport|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/go-first-to-operate-42-weekly-flights-from-goa-s-new-airport-11670597762650.html|work=Livemint|date=9 Jan 2022|access-date=4 January 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221213-g86ejan23gox|title=GO FIRST / INDIGO OUTLINES GOA MOPA NETWORK FROM JAN 2023|website=Aeroroutes|date=13 December 2022|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> [[Air India]] became the first airline to begin regular international flights from the airport to [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]] from 21 July 2023.<ref name="Shetye">{{cite news|last=Shetye|first=Murari|title=Air India flight to London to kick off Mopa's international innings on July 21|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/air-india-flight-to-london-to-kick-off-mopas-international-innings-on-july-21/articleshow/101694043.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 July 2023|access-date=12 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

The airport is code 'E' compliant, featuring a 3.5-kilometer-long runway with Rapid Exit Taxiways. The airport has an Integrated Passenger Terminal Building, Air Traffic Control (ATC) building, meteorological facilities, a cargo terminal, ancillary facilities for processing and storage, aircraft rescue and firefighting services, and infrastructure for aviation fuel.

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Update-section|date=July 2025}}

{{Airport destination list

|[[Aeroflot]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Moscow–Sheremetyevo]],<ref name="SU_SVO_SVX-GOX_GOI_NW25" /> [[Tolmachevo Airport|Novosibirsk]],<ref name="SU_SVO_SVX-GOX_GOI_NW25">{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Aeroflot Plans Novosibirsk – Goa 4Q25 Launch |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250909-su4q25ovbgox |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=AeroRoutes |date=9 September 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Koltsovo International Airport|Yekaterinburg]]<ref name="SU_SVO_SVX-GOX_GOI_NW25" />

|[[Air Arabia]] | [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Sharjah, United Arab Emirates SHJ|pages=1056-1057}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Next, Air Arabia set to shift Ops from Dabolim to Mopa |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/next-air-arabia-set-to-shift-ops-from-dabolim-to-mopa/116109.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

|[[Air India]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://twitter.com/AviationAll_/status/1736733221843611961|title=Air India to launch Delhi to Goa–Mopa flights from January 2024|work=AviationAll|access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-to-commence-mumbai-goa-mopa-service-in-dec-2023-1235993|title=Air India to commence Mumbai-Goa Mopa service in Dec-2023|work=CAPA|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Shetye">{{cite news|last=Shetye|first=Murari|title=Air India flight to London to kick off Mopa's international innings on July 21|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/air-india-flight-to-london-to-kick-off-mopas-international-innings-on-july-21/articleshow/101694043.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 July 2023|access-date=12 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}} | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref name="IX25">{{cite web |title=Air India Express NS25 Domestic Network Additions – 16MAR25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250317-ixns25dom |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref name="IX25"/> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="IX25"/> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Darkunde|first=Mahesh|title=Air India Express Launching 40 Flights from this Tourist Hub|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/04/15/air-india-express-launching-40-flights-from-north-goa/|work=Aviation A2Z|date=15 April 2025|access-date=15 April 2025|quote=Additional domestic connectivity will be enhanced when Hyderabad (HYD) services commence on May 3, 2025.|language=en}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]],<ref name="IX25"/> [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]]<ref name="IX25"/>

|[[Akasa Air]] | [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref name="QP6E-NMI">{{cite news |last=S |first=Naresh |title=IndiGo, Akasa Air to launch new flight routes from Navi Mumbai on December 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigo-akasa-air-launch-new-flight-routes-from-navi-mumbai-date-10367157/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/flight-schedule|website=Akasa Air|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Fly91]]}} | [[Agatti Airport|Agatti]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Jalgaon Airport|Jalgaon]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Fly91 announces commencement of flight operations from March 18|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fly91-announces-commencement-of-flight-operations-from-march-18/article67942242.ece|work=The Hindu|date=12 March 2024|access-date=12 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule|url=https://fly91.in/resources/flight-schedule.pdf|website=[[Fly91]]|access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> [[Solapur Airport|Solapur]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/11/19/fly91-new-flights-from-mumbai-and-goa-to-solapur/|title=Fly91 Solapur expansion}}</ref>

| [[FlyArystan]] | '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]],<ref name=Goa_KZ_NW25>{{cite news |last1=Devyatkin |first1=Daniil |title=Чартерные рейсы в Гоа из Алматы и Астаны запускает FlyArystan |url=https://kz.kursiv.media/2025-11-10/devy-charternyye-reisy-v-goa-iz-almaty-i-astany-zapuskayet-flyarystan/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=kz.kursiv.media |publisher=Kursiv Media Kazakhstan |date=10 November 2025 |language=ru}}</ref> [[Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport|Astana]]<ref name=Goa_KZ_NW25 />

|[[IndiGo]] | [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Aurangabad Airport|Aurangabad]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Darkunde|first=Mahesh|title=IndiGo Launching New Flights from Goa to Aurangabad and Nagpur|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/05/24/indigo-launching-goa-to-aurangabad-and-nagpur-flights/|work=Aviation A2Z|date=24 May 2024|access-date=26 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref name="QP6E-NMI"/> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Anish|title=Gujarat: Rajkot International Airport starts functioning, IndiGo to operate all its services from here – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-rajkot-international-airport-starts-functioning-indigo-to-operate-all-its-services-from-here-details-inside-3238365/|work=The Financial Express|date=10 September 2023|access-date=10 September 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule|url=https://www.goindigo.in/|website=IndiGo|access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref>

|[[Oman Air]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230404-wygoi|title=OMAN AIR NS23 GOA OPERATIONS|work=Aeroroutes|access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Qatar Airways]]}}| [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Qatar Airways to Move Operations to North Goa, India from Dabolim Airport to the New, Manohar International Airport|url=https://www.qatarairways.com/press-releases/en-WW/234978-qatar-airways-to-move-operations-to-north-goa-india-from-dabolim-airport-to-the-new-manohar-international-airport|work=[[Qatar Airways]]|date=26 February 2024|access-date=26 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

|[[SpiceJet]]|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SpiceJet Flight Service|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx|access-date=25 June 2023|language=en}}</ref>

|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]| [[Diu Airport|Diu]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/star-air-to-launch-flight-services-from-navi-mumbai-airport/articleshow/125985047.cms?from=mdr|title=Star Air to commence flights from and to Navi Mumbai International Airport|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> [[Shimoga Airport|Shivamogga]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Pall|first=Samreen|date=19 October 2023|title=Star Air To Begin Flight Service From Karnataka's Shivamogga To Goa, Hyderabad And Tirupati|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/star-air-to-begin-flight-service-from-karnatakas-shivamogga-to-goa-hyderabad-and-tirupati-8625054.html|work=News18|access-date=13 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[TUI Airways]]}}|'''Seasonal:''' [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231030-uknw23|title=UK NW23 Network Additions/Removals Summary – 29OCT23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=30 October 2023|accessdate=25 June 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]]<ref name="TUI GOX">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230522-tomnw23gox|title=TUI FILES UK – GOA MANOHAR SCHEDULE IN NW23|work=Aeroroutes|access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Uzbekistan Airways]]}} | [[Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/strengthens-international-connectivity-uzbekistangoa-direct-flights-resume-first-tashkent-flight-lands/articleshow/125769820.cms|title='Strengthens international connectivity': Uzbekistan–Goa direct flights resume; first Tashkent flight lands|website=TimesofIndia|access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

}}

==Accessibility==
[[File:Mopa Airport Goa Exteriors.jpg|thumb|Mopa Airport Goa Exteriors]]
The airport is situated {{cvt|8|km}} east of [[Dargalim Assembly constituency|Dargalim]] off [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] (NH-66). A new national highway, designated NH-166S, has been built by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) to directly connect the airport with the NH-66 and the rest of the state and neighboring states. It was inaugurated by the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Nitin Gadkari]], on 12 July 2024, after about three years of construction.<ref>{{cite news|title= Goa: Centre notifies national highway for Mopa airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-centre-notifies-national-highway-for-mopa-airport/articleshow/78300536.cms |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Pay toll fee to use new link road and reach mopa airport 15 minutes faster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pay-toll-fee-to-use-new-link-road-and-reach-mopa-airport-15-mins-faster/articleshow/111669692.cms |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 12 July 2024}}</ref> The {{cvt|6.6|km}}-long, six-lane elevated corridor was built at a cost of around {{INRConvert|770|c}}. It allows passengers to access the airport from the highway junction within five minutes by bypassing local villages.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mopa airport link road may be operational before rains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/mopa-airport-link-road-may-be-operational-before-rains/articleshow/108454692.cms |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 13 March 2024}}</ref>

The nearest railway station is [[Pernem railway station]], on the [[Konkan Railway]]. [[Ridesharing company|Ride hailing services]] such as [[Uber]] and [[Ola Cabs]] have yet to begin services in the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Flyers arriving at Goa's Mopa International Airport share painful experience of hours-long wait for taxis |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/flyers-arriving-at-goa-mopa-international-airport-share-painful-experience-of-long-wait-for-taxis-15599321.htm |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> The state-owned [[Kadamba Transport Corporation]] operates bus services to the airport from [[Panaji]], [[Mapusa]], and [[Margao]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nida Sayed|date=Jan 4, 2023 |title=Electric KTC buses to ply between Mopa and Panaji| publisher= Goa News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/electric-ktc-buses-to-ply-between-mopa-and-panaji/articleshow/96719683.cms |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The airport will be directly connected with the nearby neighboring [[List of districts of Maharashtra|districts of Maharashtra]] and [[List of districts of Karnataka|Karnataka]] via the proposed [[Nagpur–Goa Expressway]] by the next 4–5 years. The expressway, which will begin near [[Nagpur]] at [[Wardha district]], will terminate at an interchange with the NH-66 at [[Patradevi]], located about {{cvt|20|km}} north from the airport on the Maharashtra–Goa border.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nagpur-Goa expressway to come up to reduce travel time: Fadnavis|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/nagpur-goa-expressway-to-come-up-to-reduce-travel-time-fadnavis-8170887/|work=The Indian Express|date=24 September 2022|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Naik, Yogesh and Gangan P., Surendra|title=In infra boost, state proposes Nagpur-Goa expressway|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/in-infra-boost-state-proposes-nagpur-goa-expressway/ar-AA18qm48?PC=EMMX01|work=The Hindustan Times|date=10 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dabolim Airport]]
* [[Manohar Parrikar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Goa International Airport}}
[[Category:Airports in Goa]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Airports established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:GMR Group]]

Loan

2026-03-08T11:02:20Z

KirkEvd85074933: edit

{{Short description|Lending of money}}
{{Other uses}}{{Redirect|Moneylender|the play-by-mail game set in renaissance Italy published around 1981|Moneylender (game){{!}}''Moneylender'' (game)}}{{Finance sidebar}}
[[File:Petrevene_18.jpg|thumb|right|Loan document issued by the Bank of [[Petrevene]], Bulgaria, dated 1936]]
{{Banking |terms}}


In [[finance]], a '''loan''' is the tender of [[money]] by one party to another with an agreement to pay it back. The recipient, or borrower, incurs a [[debt]] and is usually required to pay [[interest]] for the use of the money.

The document evidencing the debt (e.g., a [[promissory note]]) will normally specify, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the [[interest rate]] the lender is charging, and the date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject [[asset]](s) for a period of time, between the [[lender]] and the [[borrower]].

The interest provides an incentive for the lender to engage in the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and restrictions is enforced by [[contract]], which can also place the borrower under additional restrictions known as [[loan covenant]]s. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice, any material object might be lent.

Acting as a provider of loans is one of the main activities of [[financial institution]]s such as [[Bank|banks]] and [[credit card]] companies. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as [[bond (finance)|bonds]] is a typical source of funding.

==Types==
{{Further|Paperless loan}}

===Secured===
{{See also|Loan guarantee}}

A [[secured loan]] is a form of debt in which the borrower [[Pledge (law)|pledges]] some asset (i.e., a car, a house) as [[Collateral (finance)|collateral]].

A [[mortgage loan]] is a very common type of loan, used by many individuals to purchase residential or commercial property. The lender, usually a financial institution, is given security{{snd}} a [[lien]] on the title to the property{{snd}} until the mortgage is paid off in full. In the case of home loans, if the [[borrower]] [[Default (finance)|defaults]] on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it. [[Loan modification]] can avoid defaults.<ref name="u733">{{cite journal | last1=Glancy | first1=David | last2=Kurtzman | first2=Robert J. | last3=Loewenstein | first3=Lara | title=Loan Modifications and the Commercial Real Estate Market | journal=Finance and Economics Discussion Series | issue=2022–050 | date=2022 | issn=1936-2854 | doi=10.17016/FEDS.2022.050 | doi-access=free | pages=1–71}}</ref>

Similarly, a loan taken out to buy a car may be secured by the car. The duration of the loan is much shorter{{snd}} often corresponding to the useful life of the car. There are two types of auto loans, direct and indirect. In a direct auto loan, a bank lends the money directly to a consumer. In an indirect auto loan, a car dealership (or a connected company) acts as an intermediary between the bank or financial institution and the consumer.

Other forms of secured loans include loans against securities – such as shares, mutual funds, bonds, etc. This particular instrument issues customers a line of credit based on the quality of the securities pledged. Gold loans are issued to customers after evaluating the quantity and quality of gold in the items pledged. Corporate entities can also take out secured lending by pledging the company's assets, including the company itself. The interest rates for secured loans are usually lower than those of unsecured loans. Usually, the lending institution employs people (on a roll or on a contract basis) to evaluate the quality of pledged collateral before sanctioning the loan.

===Unsecured===

[[Unsecured debt|Unsecured loans]] are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets. These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:
* [[Credit card]]s
* [[Unsecured debt|Personal loans]]
* [[Bank]] [[overdraft]]s
* Credit facilities or lines of credit
* [[Corporate bond]]s (secured or unsecured)
* [[Peer-to-peer lending]]

The [[interest rate]]s applicable to these different forms may vary depending on the lender and the borrower. These may or may not be regulated by law. In the United Kingdom, when applied to individuals, these may come under the [[Consumer Credit Act 1974]].

Interest rates on unsecured loans are nearly always higher than for secured loans because an unsecured lender's options for recourse against the borrower in the event of [[Default (finance)|default]] are severely limited, subjecting the lender to higher risk compared to that encountered for a secured loan. An unsecured lender must sue the borrower, obtain a money judgment for breach of contract, and then pursue execution of the judgment against the borrower's unencumbered assets (that is, the ones not already pledged to secured lenders). In insolvency proceedings, secured lenders traditionally have priority over unsecured lenders when a court divides up the borrower's assets. Thus, a higher interest rate reflects the additional risk that in the event of insolvency, the debt may be uncollectible.

===Demand===

Demand loans are short-term loans<ref name=Signoriello1991>{{Cite book
| title = Commercial Loan Practices and Operations
| year = 1991
| author = Signoriello, Vincent J.
| publisher = Bankers
| isbn = 978-1-55520-134-0
}}</ref> that typically do not have fixed dates for repayment. Instead, demand loans carry a [[floating interest rate]], which varies according to the [[prime rate|prime lending rate]] or other defined contract terms. Demand loans can be "called" for repayment by the lending institution at any time.<ref name="IncorporatedEditors2008">{{cite book|author1=CCH Incorporated|title=Federal Estate & Gift Taxes: Code & Regulations (Including Related Income Tax Provisions), As of March 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJxcMf_zcDEC&pg=PA631|date=April 2008|publisher=CCH|isbn=978-0-8080-1853-7|pages=631–|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414031440/https://books.google.com/books?id=JJxcMf_zcDEC&pg=PA631|url-status=live}}</ref> Demand loans may be unsecured or secured.

===Subsidized{{anchor|Subsidized loan}}===

A subsidized loan is a loan on which the interest is reduced by an explicit or hidden [[subsidy]]. In the context of college loans in the [[United States]], it refers to a loan on which no interest is accrued while a student remains enrolled in education.<ref>[http://collegesavings.about.com/od/glossarydefinitions/g/subsidized-loan.htm Subsidized Loan - Definition and Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304173612/http://collegesavings.about.com/od/glossarydefinitions/g/subsidized-loan.htm |date=2012-03-04 }} at ''[[About.com]]''. Retrieved 2011-12-21.</ref>

===Concessional===

A concessional loan, sometimes called a "soft loan", is granted on terms substantially more generous than market loans either through below-market interest rates, by grace periods, or a combination of both.<ref>[http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=5901 Concessional Loans, Glossary of Statistical Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031211300/http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=5901 |date=2013-10-31 }}, [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|oecd.org]], Retrieved on 5/5/2013</ref> Such loans may be made by foreign governments to developing countries or may be offered to employees of lending institutions as an [[Employee benefits|employee benefit]] (sometimes called a ''perk'').

===Bridge loan===

A [[bridge loan]] is a short-term loan used to "bridge the gap" between the time you need to buy a new asset and the time you sell an existing one. This is often used when a buyer is [[Insolvency|insolvent]] such as needing quick cash flow or when they are planning to buy a new asset before selling an old asset such as a buyer wanting to buy a new house before selling their home. Bridge loans require [[Collateral (finance)|collateral]] such as a home for an individual or inventory or [[commercial real estate]] for a business, in order to secure a bridge loan as the bank insures that they will get the property if it doesn’t sell quickly. Benefits of a bridge loan include quicker access to funding while drawbacks include higher interest rates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmitt |first=Kirsten Rohrs |title=What Is a Bridge Loan and How Does It Work, With Example |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bridgeloan.asp |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref>

==Target markets==
Loans can be categorized according to whether the debtor is an individual person (consumer) or a business.

===Personal===
{{See also|Credit (finance)#Consumer credit}}

Common personal loans include [[mortgage loan]]s, car loans, home equity lines of credit, [[credit card]]s, [[installment loan]]s, and [[payday lending|payday loans]]. The [[credit score]] of the borrower is a major component in underwriting and interest rates ([[Annual percentage rate|APR]]) of these loans. The monthly payments of personal loans can be decreased by selecting longer payment terms, but overall interest paid increases as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-auto-loans-idUSBRE9240KQ20130305|title=Average new-car loan a record 65 months in fourth quarter|date=August 6, 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181709/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-auto-loans-idUSBRE9240KQ20130305|url-status=live}}</ref> A personal loan can be obtained from banks, alternative (non-bank) lenders, online loan providers and private lenders.

===Commercial===
{{Main|Business loan}}

Loans to businesses are similar to the above but also include [[commercial mortgage]]s and [[corporate bond]]s and government guaranteed loans Underwriting is not based upon credit score but rather [[credit rating]].

==Loan payment==
The most typical loan payment type is the fully [[Amortizing loan|amortizing]] payment in which each monthly rate has the same value over time.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/05/AR2007100501165.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=The Math Behind Your Home Loan | first=Jack | last=Guttentag | date=October 6, 2007 | access-date=May 11, 2010 | archive-date=November 10, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110190731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/05/AR2007100501165.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The fixed monthly payment ''P'' for a loan of ''L'' for ''n'' months and a monthly interest rate ''c'' is:

:<math>P = L \cdot \frac{c\,(1 + c)^n}{(1 + c)^n - 1}</math>

For more information, see [[Compound interest#Monthly amortized loan or mortgage payments|monthly amortized loan or mortgage payments]].

==Abuses in lending==
[[Predatory lending]] is one form of abuse in the granting of loans. It usually involves granting a loan in order to put the borrower in a position that one can gain advantage over them; subprime mortgage-lending<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/04/18/home_auto/q_lend/ |title=Predators try to steal home |date=18 Apr 2000 |website=CNN Money |access-date=7 Mar 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041705/http://money.cnn.com/2000/04/18/home_auto/q_lend/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and payday-lending<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horsley |first1=Scott |last2=Arnold |first2=Chris |date=2 Jun 2016 |title=New Rules To Ban Payday Lending 'Debt Traps' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/02/480329986/new-rules-to-ban-payday-lending-debt-traps |work=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=7 Mar 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042507/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/02/480329986/new-rules-to-ban-payday-lending-debt-traps |url-status=live }}</ref> are two examples, where the moneylender is not authorized or [[Financial regulation|regulated]], the lender could be considered a [[loan shark]].

[[Usury]] is a different form of abuse, where the lender charges excessive interest. Credit card companies in some countries have been accused by [[consumer organization]]s of lending at usurious interest rates and making money out of frivolous "extra charges".<ref>{{cite news|date=3 May 2007|url-status=dead|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=163028|title=Credit cardholders pay Rs 6,000 cr 'extra'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120183520/https://www.financialexpress.com/|archive-date=January 20, 2019|work=The Financial Express (India)|author=|location=Chennai, India}} [https://cornerstonesupport.com/usury-example/ Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120093655/https://cornerstonesupport.com/usury-example/ |date=2019-01-20 }}</ref>

Abuses can also take place in the form of the customer defrauding the lender by borrowing without intending to repay the loan.

==United States taxes==
Most of the basic rules governing how loans are handled for tax purposes in the United States are codified by both Congress (the Internal Revenue Code) and the Treasury Department (Treasury Regulations{{snd}} another set of rules that interpret the Internal Revenue Code).<ref name="donaldson">Samuel A. Donaldson, Federal Income Taxation of Individuals: Cases, Problems and Materials, 2nd Ed. (2007).</ref>{{rp|111}}

# A loan is not gross income to the borrower.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}} Since the borrower has the obligation to repay the loan, the borrower has no accession to wealth.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}}<ref>''See Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.'', 348 U.S. 426 (1955) (giving the three-prong standard for what is "income" for tax purposes: (1) accession to wealth, (2) clearly realized, (3) over which the taxpayer has complete dominion).</ref>
# The lender may not deduct (from own gross income) the amount of the loan.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}} The rationale here is that one asset (the cash) has been converted into a different asset (a promise of repayment).<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}} Deductions are not typically available when an outlay serves to create a new or different asset.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}}
# The amount paid to satisfy the loan obligation is not deductible (from own gross income) by the borrower.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}}
# Repayment of the loan is not gross income to the lender.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}} In effect, the promise of repayment is converted back to cash, with no accession to wealth by the lender.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}}
# Interest paid to the lender is included in the lender's gross income.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}}<ref>26 U.S.C. 61(a)(4)(2007).</ref> Interest paid represents compensation for the use of the lender's money or property and thus represents profit or an accession to wealth to the lender.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}} Interest income can be attributed to lenders even if the lender does not charge a minimum amount of interest.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|112}}
# Interest paid to the lender may be deductible by the borrower.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}} In general, interest paid in connection with the borrower's business activity is deductible, while interest paid on personal loans are not deductible.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}} The major exception here is interest paid on a home mortgage.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}}

===Income from discharge of indebtedness===
Although a loan does not start out as income to the borrower, it becomes income to the borrower if the borrower is discharged of indebtedness.<ref name="donaldson" />{{rp|111}}<ref>26 U.S.C. 61(a)(12)(2007).</ref> Thus, if a debt is discharged, then the borrower essentially has received income equal to the amount of the indebtedness.

Example: X owes Y $50,000. If Y discharges the indebtedness, then X no longer owes Y $50,000. For purposes of calculating income, this is treated the same way as if Y gave X $50,000.

For a more detailed description of the "discharge of indebtedness", look at Section 108 ([[Cancellation-of-debt income]]) of the [[Internal Revenue Code]].<ref>26 U.S.C. 108(2007).</ref><ref>EUGENE A. LUDWIG AND PAUL A. VOLCKER, 16 November 2012 [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324556304578120721147710286 Banks Need Long-Term Rainy Day Funds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710025011/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324556304578120721147710286 |date=2017-07-10 }}</ref>

==See also==


{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[0% finance]]
* [[Annual percentage rate]] (a.k.a. [[Effective annual rate]])
* [[Auto loan]]
* [[Bank]], [[Fractional-reserve banking]], [[Building society]]
* [[Debt]], [[Consumer debt]], [[Debt consolidation]], [[Government debt]]
* [[Default (finance)]]
* [[Finance]], [[Personal finance]], [[Settlement (finance)]]
* [[Interest-only loan]], [[Negative amortization]], [[PIK loan]]
* [[Legal financing]]
* [[Leveraged loan]]
* [[Loan agreement]]
* [[Loan guarantee]]
* [[Loan sale]]
* [[Loans and interest in Judaism]]
* [[Margin (finance)]]
* [[Pay it forward]]
* [[Payday loan]]
* [[Refund Anticipation Loan]]
* [[Sponsored repayment]]
* [[Smart contract]]
* [[Student loan]]
* [[Syndicated loan]]
* [[Title loan]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Debt}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Loans| ]]
[[Category:Banking terms]]
[[Category:Notary]]

Kannika

2026-03-06T03:44:03Z

KirkEvd85074933: rework page for clarity and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannika
| image = Kannika poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| producer = [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| writer = Elangovan
| starring = M. S. Sarojini T. E. Varadan [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[T. A. Mathuram]]
| music = A. V. Natarajan
| cinematography = 
| editing =
| studio = [[Pakshiraja Studios]]
| distributor = Narayanan Company
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1947|11|11}}
| runtime = 128 mins (16701 ft.)
| country =
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kannika''''' is a 1947 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film starring M. S. Sarojini, T. E. Varadan and [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]]. The film was directed and produced by [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]].<ref name="hindu" />

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}King Paligna is a demon king whose life is imprisoned inside a dove. He constantly sacrifices young women, with a belief that by doing this, his soul will be made immortal. Shiva creates a man, Kumaran, to kill the king and end the sacrifices. After many twists and turns, Kumaran destroys Paligna by killing the dove and marries the king's daughter, Malini.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="songbook" />
* T. E. Varadan {{Small|B.Sc.}} as Kumaran
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Palignan
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Veeran
* [[Kali N. Rathnam|Kali. N. Rathnam]] as Pujari
* B. Rajagopala Iyer as [[Shiva]]n
* K. Ramu as Vishnu
* A. V. Natarajan as [[Brahma]]
* Narsimhan as [[Narada]]r
* N. S. Narayana Pillai as Commander
* [[V. M. Ezhumalai|Ezhumalai]] as Pujari's disciple
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="songbook" />
* M. S. Sarojini as Malini
* Hemamalini as young Malini
* [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]] as Kannika
* [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] as young Kannika
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Prabhavathi
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]-[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Shiva-Mohini
;Choreography<ref name="songbook" />
* [[Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai]]
{{col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by A. V. Natarajan and the lyrics were penned by [[Papanasam Sivan]] except "Nadanam Aadinaar", which was penned by [[Gopalakrishna Bharati|Gopala Krishna Bharathiyaar]]. Singers are M. S. Sarojini, T. E. Varadan and [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]]. [[Playback singer]] is [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar|S. S. Mani]].<ref name="songbook" />

{| class="wikitable"
! No !! Song !! Singer !! Length(m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Nadanam Aadinaar" || M. S. Sarojini || 04:07
|-
| 2 || "Enadhu Manam Thudikkuthe" || M. S. Sarojini || 05:52
|-
| 3 || "Manam Kaninthu Intha Varam Tha" || [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]] || 00:72
|-
| 4 || "Narayana Hari Narayana Hari" || Narasimhan || 02:46
|-
| 5 || "Yaanai Mugane Karunakarane" || M. S. Sarojini || 02:29
|-
| 6 || "Sundareswarane Subakara" || [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar|S. S. Mani]] ||
|-
| 7 || "Engum Niraindirukkum" || S. S. Mani || 02:21
|-
| 8 || "Oon Naadi Kodiya Vilangukal Pol" || S. S. Mani || 02:35
|-
| 9 || "Enna Anandam Paar" || M. S. Sarojini|| 03:38
|-
| 10 || "Yaaro Vanthen Iru Kann Pothinaar" || M. S. Sarojini, S. S. Mani || 04:25
|-
| 11 || "Thaye Bhairaviye" || S. S. Mani || 09:40
|-
| 12 || "Natarajan Un Thiru Nadam Kandu" || M. S. Sarojini, S. S. Mani || 05:10
|-
| 13 || "Velli Malaikkarase" || M. S. Sarojini ||
|-
| 14 || "Thikkutheriyadha Kaattil" || S. S. Mani ||
|-
| 15 || "Buvanesa Shankarabharana Menru" || S. S. Mani, M. S. Sarojini, Narasimhan || 03:46
|-
| 16 || "Maamanaar Muthalukku" || [[N. S. Krishnan]] || 03:53
|-
| 17 || "Shiva-Mohini Dance" || Dance Music || 04:01
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kannika'' was released on 11 November 1947,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails6.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |date=23 October 2004 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films |author-link=Film News Anandan |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204025443/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails6.asp |archive-date=4 February 2017}}</ref> and distributed by Narayanan Company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 1947 |title=Kannika |pages=12 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19471111&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref> It emerged a [[box-office bomb]]. Film historian [[Randor Guy]] wrote in 2011 that the film will be "Remembered for the melodious music, impressive cinematography and the interesting onscreen narration."<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Randor Guy |author-link=Randor Guy |date=12 March 2011 |title=Kannika 1947 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Kannika-1947/article14944598.ece |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204023222/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Kannika-1947/article14944598.ece |archive-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="songbook">{{Cite web |title=Song Book for Tamil Film "Kannika" |url=https://archive.org/details/sok.Kannika_S.M.SreeramuluNaidu_1947/page/n1 |access-date=2019-08-14 |website=InternetArchive |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
*{{youTube|7Q0OIjTBFcw|Film titles}}

[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda

2026-03-04T15:32:31Z

KirkEvd85074933: updated section as per guidelines

{{More references|date=November 2022}}
{{Short description|Syrian scholar and former Muslim Brotherhood head (1917–1997)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = ʿAbd al-Fattah Abu Ghuddah Al Khaldi
| native_name = عبد الفتاح بن محمد بن بشير بن حسن أبوغدة الخالدي
| native_name_lang = ar
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria|Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood]]
| term_start = 1973
| term_end = 1976
| alongside = 
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| monarch =
| president =
| primeminister =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| governor-general =
| governor_general =
| succeeding = 
| predecessor = [[Issam al-Attar]]
| successor = [[Adnan Saad al-Din]]
| constituency =
| majority =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|5|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]], [[Aleppo Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|2|16|1917|5|9|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| restingplace = Jannat [[Al-Baqi']], [[Medina]]
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname = ʿAbdul-Fattah
| citizenship = [[Syrian]]
| nationality =
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations = Dr. 'Abdu-s-Sattaar Aboo Ghuddah (paternal nephew)
| children = 11
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| occupation =
| profession = Teacher, [[Sunni]] Islamic scholar
| cabinet =
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}}

'''Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghuddah''' ({{langx|ar|عبد الفتاح بن محمد بن بشير بن حسن أبوغدة الخالدي|ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn Bashīr ibn Ḥasan Abū Ghuddah Al Khaldi}}) (9 May 1917 – 16 February 1997) was a Syrian [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leader and [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] [[Muslim]] scholar. He was born in 1917 in [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hamdeh|first=Emad|date=July 2017|title=The Role of the ʿUlamā' in the Thoughts of ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghudda|journal=The Muslim World|language=en|volume=107|issue=3|pages=359–374|doi=10.1111/muwo.12199|issn=0027-4909|url=https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2604&context=publication|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was the third Supreme Guide of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Syria|Syrian Muslim Brotherhood]], taking over from [[Issam al-Attar]] in 1973.

==Early life and education==
Abu Ghuddah was born and raised in Aleppo, studying at the Academy of Islamic Studies in Aleppo and later received advanced training in psychology and education at [[al-Azhar University]] in Cairo, Egypt.<ref name="S&S 129"/> His father, Muhammad Ansari, was known to be a pious man, and was a businessman in the textile industry. Muhammad's father, Bashir Ansari, was one of the biggest textile traders in Aleppo, and his family line is claimed to be traced back to [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], one of the companions of the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/aboghoudah.htm |title=Shaykh Abdulfattah Abu Ghuddah (rahimahullah ta'ala) (1917 - 1997) |access-date=2013-07-03 |archive-date=2000-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000603101845/http://sunnah.org/history/Scholars/aboghoudah.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He manifested differences in views with [[al-Dhahabi]] and [[Ibn Taymiyyah]].

==Notable students==

*[[Mohammad Abu Al Fath Al Beyanouni]]
*[[Muhammad 'Awwamah]]
*[[Taqi Usmani]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Jawad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|last2=Pio|first2=Edwina|last3=Kamran|first3=Tahir|last4=Zaidi|first4=Abbas|date=2016-11-09|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-94966-3|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Salman Nadwi|Salman Hussaini Nadwi]]
* [[Muhammad Abdul Malek]]

==Muslim Brotherhood==
Abu Ghuddah lived in Cairo between 1944 and 1950, during which time he met [[Hassan al-Banna]], the Founder and First General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood. Abu Ghuddah joined the Muslim Brotherhood under the auspices of al-Banna and became a member of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood upon his return to Syria in 1950. He rose to prominence in Islamic circles in Aleppo, and became an instructor at his former school, Academy of Islamic Studies. In 1960 he became an instructor of theology at [[Damascus University]] along with the principles of [[Fiqh]], [[Hanafi]] Fiqh, and Comparative Fiqh. Abu Ghuddah stood for election in the [[1961 Syrian parliamentary election|1961 parliamentary election]], and was later appointed as the Mufti of Aleppo by President [[Nazim al-Kudsi]].<ref name="S&S 129">{{cite book |last=Moubayed |first=Sami M. |title=Steel and Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000 |year=2006 |publisher=Cune Press |page=129}}</ref>

Abu Ghuddah was critical of the often-authoritarian policies of [[Issam al-Attar]], the Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, who he claimed was unrestrained in his power and never consulted others on political affairs. Al-Attar stepped down from the party leadership in 1962 and Abu Ghuddah replaced him as Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name="S&S 130">{{cite book |last=Moubayed |first=Sami M. |title=Steel and Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000 |year=2006 |publisher=Cune Press |page=130}}</ref>

Abu Ghuddah was critical of the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état]] which brought [[Salah Jadid]] to the Presidency. Abu Ghuddah used his position to rally scholars, whom he encouraged to boycott the state and voice opposition to Jadid's violent policies. Abu Ghuddah also appeared at Friday sermons in Aleppo and encouraged Syrians to oppose Jadid's rule. Abu Ghuddah opposed Jadid's rule extensively, and claimed Jadid did not represent the Syrian people. As a result of Abu Ghuddah's activities in the opposition he was arrested and imprisoned in the remote [[Tadmor Prison]], where he was kept for 11 months, before being released along with all other political prisoners in 1967 as part of an amnesty following the [[Six-Day War]] with Israel.<ref name="S&S 130"/>

==Exile and death==
Abu Ghuddah left Syria and went into exile in Saudi Arabia, where he taught and researched a variety of [[Islamic sciences]] at the Faculty of Islamic Sciences at [[King Saud University|Riyadh University]], and guest lectured at the [[Omdurman Islamic University|Omdurman Institute]] in Sudan.<ref name="S&S 130"/> During the early years of his exile he continued to actively opposed the Syrian government during his exile, and served as the Inspector General of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood from 1976 to 1983, leading the [[Islamist uprising in Syria|Islamic uprising in Syria]]. Following the failure of the uprising Abu Ghuddah abandoned his political career and turned to academia. He taught at the [[University of Jeddah]] and published numerous works on theology.<ref name="Asad's Legacy: Syria in Transition">{{cite book |last=Zîser |first=Eyāl |title=Asad's Legacy: Syria in Transition |year=2001 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |page=196}}</ref> He had his personal library, which he greatly missed during his exile as he was a serious scholar who loved reading, writing, researching, and collecting books.

Abu Ghuddah later returned to Syria in December 1995 under an arrangement with the Syrian government whereby he could return to Aleppo as long as he refrained from politics and focus on academia and religion. During his stay in his native land, he suffered a heart attack and developed soreness of the eyes. In mid-1996 he returned to [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia for medical treatment. He began to bleed from the eyes and the condition got worse despite treatment until he lost consciousness and died in [[Riyadh]] on 16 February 1997 (9 Shawwal 1417 AH) at dawn. [[Mufti]] [[Taqi Usmani]] was greatly saddened when he received the news of the demise of his beloved teacher and [[Shaykh al-Islām|Shaikh]]. He authored an obituary in Abu Ghuddah's memory. [[Hafez al-Assad]], the Syrian President, promptly sent condolences to the family. An official delegation, including the Minister of the Awqaf, the Governor of Aleppo, and the Chief of the Aleppo Police Department visited the family, and delivered condolences from Hafez al-Assad. Assad also offered the use of his personal plane for transporting Abu Ghuddah's body back to Syria, although he was ultimately buried at [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]] in [[Medina]].<ref name="Asad's Legacy: Syria in Transition"/>

==Works==
ِAbu Ghuddah was a prolific editor and author, having published more than 70 works over the course of his life. Many of the critical editions he produced of classical Islamic texts on legal and hadith sciences have become the standard editions distributed in seminaries and universities.

=== Critical Editions ===

# ''al-Raf‘ wa-l-takmīl fi-l-jarḥ wa-l-ta‘dīl'' ({{Langx|ar|الرفع والتكميل في الجرح والتعديل}}) by [[Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi|Abd Al-Hayy al-Lucknawi]], a primer on the [[hadith sciences]] subdiscipline of [[Biographical evaluation|biographic evaluation]]
# ''al-Ajwibah al-fāḍilah li-l-as’ilah al-‘ashrah al-kāmilah'' ({{Langx|ar|الأجوبة الفاضلة للأسئلة العشرة الكاملة}}) by Abd Al-Hayy al-Lucknawi
# ''Iqāmat al-ḥujjah ‘alā anna al-ikthār fī al-ta‘abbud laysa bi-bid‘ah'' ({{Langx|ar|إقامة الحجة على أن الإكثار في التعبد ليس ببدعة}}) by Abd Al-Hayy al-Lucknawi
# ''Risālat al-mustarshidīn'' ({{Langx|ar|رسالة المسترشدين}}) by [[Al-Muhasibi|al-Harith al-Muhasibi]], an early work on [[Sufism|Islamic spirituality]]
# ''al-Taṣrīḥ bi-mā tawātara fī nuzūl al-masīḥ'' ({{Langx|ar|التصريح بما تواتر في نزول المسيح}}) by [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], a work on [[Jesus in Islam|Islamic Christology]] focusing specifically on the belief in the [[Second Coming]]
# ''al-Iḥkām fī tamyīz al-fatāwā ‘an al-aḥkām wa-taṣarrufāt al-qāḍī wa-l-imām'' ({{Langx|ar|الإحكام في تمييز الفتاوى عن الأحكام وتصرفات القاضي والإمام}}) by [[Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi]]
# ''Fatḥ bāb al-‘Ināyah bi-sharḥ kitab al-nuqāyah'' ({{Langx|ar|فتح باب العناية بشرح كتاب النقاية}}) by [[Ali al-Qari]], a commentary on [[Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar]]'s abridgement of ''Kitāb al-Wiqāyah'', one of the four primary primers of the post-classical [[Hanafi school|Hanafi school of jurisprudence]]
# ''al-Manār al-munīf fī al-ṣaḥīḥ wa-l-ḍa‘īf'' ({{Langx|ar|المنار المنيف في الصحيح والضعيف}}) by [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]]
# ''al-Maṣnū‘ fī ma‘rifat al-ḥadīth al-mawḍū‘'' ({{Langx|ar|المصنوع في معرفة الحديث الموضوع}}) by [[Ali al-Qari]]
# ''Fiqh ahl al-‘irāq wa-ḥadīthuhum'' ({{Langx|ar|فقه أهل العراق وحديثهم}}) by [[Al‑Kawthari|Muhammad Zahid al‑Kawthari]]
# ''Khulāṣat tahdhīb tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmā’ al-rijāl'' ({{Langx|ar|خلاصة تذهيب تهذيب الكمال في أسماء الرجال}}) by Ṣafī Al-Dīn al-Khazrajī
# ''Qawā‘id fī ‘ulūm al-ḥadīth'' ({{Langx|ar|قواعد في علوم الحديث}}) by [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]

=== Authored Works ===
#''Mas’alat khalq al-qur’ān wa-atharuhā'' ({{Langx|ar|مسألة خلق القرآن وأثرها}}), a work on the effect of the early theological controversy surrounding [[Quranic createdness]] on various hadith sciences
#''Ṣafaḥāt min ṣabr al-‘ulamā’ ‘alā shadā’id al-‘ilm wa-l-taḥsīl'' ({{Langx|ar|صفحات من صبر العلماء على شدائد العلم والتحصيل}})
#Zafar al-Amaanee bi-Sharh Mukhtasar as-Sayyid ash-Shareef al-Jurjaanee (fee Mustalah al-Hadeeth) by Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy al-Lacknawi
#Sibaahatu-l-Fikr fi-l-Jahri bi-dh-Dhikr by Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy al-Lacknawi
#Makaanatul-Imaam Abee Haneefah fi-l-Hadeeth by Shaikh 'Abdu-r-Rasheed an-Nu'maanee
#Al-Imaam Ibn Maajah wa Kitaabuhu-s-Sunan by Shaikh 'Abdu-r-Rasheed an-Nu'maanee
#Tasheehu-l-Kutubi wa Sawna'u-l-Fahaarisi-l-Mu'jamah wa Kaifiyah wa Dawbbtwu-l-Kitaabi wa Saebaqu-l-Mulimaini-l-Furawnji fee Dhalik by '[[Allamah]] Ahmad Shakir
#Qawfwu-l-Athari fee Sawfwi 'Uloomi-l-Athar by Razi Uddeen Muhammad ibn Ibraheem al-Halabi
#Bulaghawtu-r-Rawybb fee Mustalah Athaari-l-Habeeb by Muhammad Murtazaa al-Husaini az-Zabeedi
#Qaaw'idatu fi-l-Jarh wa-t-Ta'deel by [[Taj al-Din al-Subki]] in (Raawbi'u Rawsaa'il fee 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth)
#Qaaw'idatu fi-l-Mu'arrikheen by [[Taj al-Din al-Subki]] in (Raawbi'u Rawsaa'il fee 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth)
#Al-Mutakallimoona fi-r-Rijaal by Muhammad ibn 'Abdu-r-Rahman as-Sikhaawi in (Raawbi'u Rawsaa'il fee 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth)
#Qasidah 'Unwaani-l-Hikam by [[Abu Al-Fath Al-Busti|Abu al-Fath al-Busti]]
#Kashfu-l-Iltibaas 'Ammaa Aurawdatu-l-Imaam Bukhaawree Ba'dwu li-nn-Naas by 'Abdu-l-Ghani al-Ghunaimi al-Maidaani ad-Dimashqi
#At-Tarqeem wa 'Alaamaatuhu fi-l-Lughaawti-l-'Arabiyyah by Adeebu-l-Kabeer Ahmad Zaki Baasa
#At-Tibbyaanu li-Ba'dwi-l-Mabaahitha Muta'alliqawti bi-l-Qur'aani 'alaa Tawreequ-l-Itqaawn by [[Tahir al-Jazairi|Tahir al-Jazaa'iri ad-Dimashqi]]
#Tawjeehu-nn-Nazawri ila-l-Uswooli-l-Athar by Tahir al-Jazaa'iri ad-Dimashqi

==See also==
*[[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3teq_xoaG8 Sh. Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah: His Life and Works by Sh. Abdul Wahab Saleem]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Ghudda, Abd al-Fattah}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Syrian exiles]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria politicians]]
[[Category:People of the Islamic uprising in Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian dissidents]]
[[Category:People from Aleppo]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of King Saud University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of University of Jeddah]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Omdurman Islamic University]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:Syrian expatriates in Egypt]]

Aathi Parasakthi

2026-03-04T04:53:37Z

KirkEvd85074933: fixed citations also

{{short description|1971 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aathi Parasakthi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| writer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prashath
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Chitra Productions
| released = {{film date|1971|10|17|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aathi Parasakthi''''' ({{Translation|Primordial power}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] written and directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]. It stars [[S. Varalakshmi]] in the title role, [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]. [[Sridevi]] acted as a child artist, while [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] came in for a cameo. The film was released on 17 October 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/ஜெயலலிதா-நடித்த-திரைப்படங்களின்-பட்டியல்-2610816.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922120949/http://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=22 September 2018 |access-date=23 September 2018 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Jai Jagat Janani'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2016 |title=Can you guess which Bollywood superstar is sitting on Jayalalithaa's lap? See pic |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/can-you-guess-which-bollywood-superstar-is-sitting-in-jayalalithaas-sridevi-lap-see-pic-4416784/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154749/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/can-you-guess-which-bollywood-superstar-is-sitting-in-jayalalithaas-sridevi-lap-see-pic-4416784/ |archive-date=13 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=7 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa's fleeting Hindi cinema connect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Jayalalithaas-fleeting-Hindi-cinema-connect/article16771594.ece1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220053846/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Jayalalithaas-fleeting-Hindi-cinema-connect/article16771594.ece1 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=2 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film tells the tales of the Primordial Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] in [[Anthology film|anthological]] format. The tales include:

* [[Abhirami Anthadhi|Abhirami Bhattar]] being rescued by Goddess Abhirami from his predicament by using her earring as a full moon on a new moon day. He goes on to narrate the rest of the tales to the king, [[Serfoji II|Serfoji]].
* [[Mariamman]] first cursing the British general Petersburg with leprosy when he mocks and goes on to violate the rules of temple only to give it back to him when he repents thereby turning him to a devotee. She also gives him darshans of her various avatars eg. [[Meenakshi]], [[Kamakshi]], [[Punnainallur Mariamman]], and [[Vishalakshi]]. When his wife refuses to believe him, The Goddess rescues him in the form of a little girl when his house is about to demolished in a natural calamity.
* [[Mariamman]] giving her darshan to a devout fisherman who, following the advice of a great ascetic, goes on to attempt to drown himself if he doesn't get to see her in person. The ascetic himself though fails to follow his advice of wanting to see her as one is desperate for oxygen and fails to see her.
* [[Mahishasura]] illegally dominates and takes over not only the earth, but also the heavens. They all worship together and get [[Adi Parashakti]] to appear and save them, Parashakti responds by appearing as [[Durga]] and killing Mahishasura.
* [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] fighting with their consorts, forcing them to leave their spouses. They lose their power, which is taken advantage of by [[Sumbha and Nisumbha]], evil demons. They beg for Adi Parashakti's forgiveness, who in the form of spouses, were the source of their power. She takes the form of a dancer who makes the asuras kill each other, which was their boon as in they cannot be killed by anyone else, and rescues the universe.
* [[Parvati]], through her son [[Kartikeya]], gives the power of speech to an mute child turning him to a great poet to fulfil the desire of a desolate king who repents that there is no epoch defining poet in his kingdom which he sees as a personal failure.
* The epic love saga of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] and [[Shiva]], telling about her father [[Daksha]]'s hatred for Shiva and Sati's true love for him, which eventually culminates in Shiva and Sati's marriage, both thanking the Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as [[Shiva]]
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as [[Shakti]], [[Sati (Goddess)]], [[Parvati]], [[Meenakshi]]
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as [[Meenakshi]], [[Vishalakshi]], [[Kamakshi]], [[Punnainallur Mariamman]],
* [[R. Muthuraman]]
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Daksha]]
* [[Vanisri]] as [[Kaushiki]]
* [[M. N. Nambiar]]
* [[Rajasree]] as [[Lakshmi]]
* [[Venniradai Nirmala]]
* [[Shylashri]] as the fisherman's wife
* [[Sridevi]] as [[Kartikeya]]
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]], [[Durga]],
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as the foreigner
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as the foreigner's wife
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as the fisherman
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as [[Abhirami Pattar]]
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Nisumbha
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Sumbha
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]]
* [[Baby Rani]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agathiyar / Aathi Parasakthi |url=https://avdigital.in/products/agathiyar-aathi-parasakthi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927061929/https://avdigital.in/products/agathiyar-aathi-parasakthi |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> The song "Naan Aatchi" is set in [[Anandabhairavi]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=28 October 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – The allure of Anandabhairavi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-allure-of-anandabhairavi/article2576822.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021101458/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-allure-of-anandabhairavi/article2576822.ece |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Solladi Abirami" is set in [[Mayamalavagowla]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=11 November 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – The magic of Mayamalavagowla |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095504/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Songs !! Singers || Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aayi Mahamayi" || [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan=6|[[Kannadasan]] || 03:27
|-
| "Solladi Abirami" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 04:23
|-
| "Naan Atchi Seithuvarum" || P. Susheela || 02:57
|-
| "Azhagaga Kannukku" || [[S. Janaki]] || 04:27
|-
| "Varugavae Varugavae" || P. Susheela || 04:58
|-
| "Aathadi Mariyamma" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || 03:51
|-
| "Om Aathi Parasakthi" || T. M. Soundararajan || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || 03:47
|-
| "Thanthaikku Manthirathai" || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || rowspan=2|Kannadasan || 03:21
|-
| "Kokku Parakum" || Radha Jayalakshmi || 03:20
|-
| "Jaya Jaya Devi Bhavani" (Bit Version) || Chorus || ||
|-
| "Thillana" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || ||
|}

== Release ==
The film was successful at the box office and made more than other films that were released at the same time namely ''[[Babu (1971 film)|Babu]]'', ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'', and ''Veettukku Oru Pillai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=எம்ஜிஆர், சிவாஜி இரண்டாம் இடம்; ஆதிபராசக்திதான் முதலிடம் |trans-title=MGR, Sivaji second place; ''Aathi Parasakthi'' comes first |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/525353-mgr-sivaji-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022165610/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/525353-mgr-sivaji-1.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}
[[Category:1970s dance films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 musical films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pyar Hi Pyar

2026-03-04T03:52:52Z

KirkEvd85074933: fix citations based on references and fixed typos

{{onesource|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyar Hi Pyar
| image = Pyar Hi Pyar.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bhappi Sonie]]
| producer = Rajaram, Satish Wagle
| writer = K. A. Narayan Anand Romani
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = Taru Dutt
| editing = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1969|10|17|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Pyar Hi Pyar''''' ("Love, only love") is a 1969 [[Bollywood]] film produced by Rajaram and Satish Wagle, and directed by [[Bhappi Sonie]]. The film stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Madan Puri]] and [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]. It is the first Hindi film to feature a song performed entirely in an escalator. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyarelal |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dream_Come_True_Dharmendra/oRogEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Pyar+Hi+Pyar%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PA92&printsec=frontcover |title=A Dream Come True - Dharmendra |date=2024-09-09 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijay finds employment as a police inspector, much to his father Kailashnath's displeasure. Vijay's first assignment is to locate a beautiful young woman's missing father. Vijay falls head-over-heels in love with the young woman (Kavita). Vijay sets about to find her father. In the meantime another young man convinces Kailashnath that he is his real son and that Vijay is not who he claims to be.

==Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Vijay Pratap Gupta
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Kavita
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Satish Raj / Ashok
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Gogo
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Cham Cham
* [[Madan Puri]] as Dindayal
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Jattadhari
* [[Raj Mehra]] as Kailashnath Gupta
* [[D. K. Sapru]] as Diwan
* [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Shyam Kumar
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Yashoda
* [[Sulochana Chatterjee]] as Laxmi
* [[Krishan Dhawan]] as Kewal Mehra
* [[Mehmood Jr.]] as Mehmood Ali
* [[Salim Khan]] as Drummer
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Uncredited Villain
* Paro Devi as Savitri Devi
* [[Padmarani]] as Kavita's friend
* Sadhana Patel as Kavita's friend
* Yunus Bihari as Henchman
* Robert as Dancer in the song 'Tu Mera, main Teri.. '
* [[Moolchand]] as Masseur of Jataadhari

==Soundtrack==
[[Mohammed Rafi]] sang for [[Dharmendra]] and [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] in the same film. "Agogo Ageya" was for [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] and the rest of the songs were for [[Dharmendra]]. "Mein Kahin Kavi" and "Dekha Hai Teri Aankhon Mein" of [[Mohammed Rafi]] were huge hits.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dekha Hai Teri Aankhon Mein"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 2
| "Dedo Pyar Lelo Pyar"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 3
| "Tu Mera Main Teri"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 4
| "Main Kahin Kavi Na Ban Jaoon"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 5
| "Go Go Aaagaya.....Hum Aangya Phir Dar Kaheka"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 6
| "O Sakhiyan"
| Asha Bhosle
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0064857|Pyar Hi Pyar}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhappi Sonie]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Dhada

2026-03-03T17:43:31Z

KirkEvd85074933: fixed issues

{{short description|2011 Telugu-language film}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhada
| image = Dhada Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ajay Bhuyan
| producer = D. Siva Prasad Reddy
| screenplay = Ajay Bhuyan Shiv Singh
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Abburi Ravi]]}}
}}
| story = Ajay Bhuyan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Naga Chaitanya]]|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V.S.]]
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| studio = Sri Kamakshi Enterprises
| distributor = R. R. Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|8|11}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INRConvert|30|m}}<ref name="bharatwaves.co.in">{{Cite web |title=Bharatwaves.co.in |url=http://www.bharatwaves.co.in/news/Whooping-offer-for-Dhada-remake-rights-21431.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201155643/http://www.bharatwaves.co.in/news/Whooping-offer-for-Dhada-remake-rights-21431.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|12|m}}<ref name="chalanachithram.com">{{Cite web |title=Chalanachithram.com DB: Dhada Budget 20 crores |url=http://www.chalanachithram.com/discus/messages/118/150075.html?1312222147 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201175632/http://www.chalanachithram.com/discus/messages/118/150075.html?1312222147 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dhada''''' ({{Translation|[[Tremor]]}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by Ajay Bhuyan and produced by D. Siva Prasad Reddy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606035101/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67297.html Naga Chaitanya's 'DHADA' First Look – Telugu Movie News]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref> The film features [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]]. The music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], cinematography by Gnana Shekar V.S of ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' fame, editing by Dharmendra Kakarala of ''[[Prasthanam]]'' and ''[[LBW: Life Before Wedding|LBW - Life Before Wedding]]'' fame.

The film was dubbed into Tamil as ''Tiger Vishva''. The film has action scenes inspired from the 2009 film, ''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]''. ''Dhada'' collected {{INRConvert|12|m}}(gross) in its total run.<ref name="nagfans.com">{{Cite web |title=Dhada BoxOffice Updates : All in One - Page 11 |url=http://nagfans.com/forum/showthread.php/41859-Dhada-BoxOffice-Updates-All-In-One/page11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111082529/http://nagfans.com/forum/showthread.php/41859-Dhada-BoxOffice-Updates-All-In-One/page11 |archive-date=11 November 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> The film received negative reviews and was a box office failure.

==Plot==
Viswa an angry young man who had done his Master graduate in [[Texas]] USA who desperately wants to go back to [[India]] and settle down because he had sweet memories with his late parents in India. His family members are introduced, namely his older brother Rajiv and his sister-in-law Preethi who are settled in US who they don't want Viswa to leave them. Viswa meets Rhea, who is the only lonely daughter of a wealthy business tycoon Mahendra who is concerned about money and growth, but not about affection and love.

Meanwhile, Viswa is trying to get Rhea's attention. He accidentally gets into a quarrel with a gang that does business with human trafficking. He fights and frees some girls who are abducted. Then the gang leader RD got pressure from his new client Kelly who is going to buy those girls then both gangs tries to find Viswa and kill him. Slowly, Rhea falls for Viswa, and they decided to get married with the acceptance of Rajeev and Preethi. Rhea decided to confess her relationship to her father. Meanwhile, Mahendra sets up a proposal with another business tycoon Amit. Rhea is not interested and reveals her relationship with Viswa. Then Amit stands for her to convince Mahendra, and Viswa meets him to thank him for his support.

Then, it is revealed that Rajeev is working under RD and also killed Preethi's father. Having no clue about Viswa, RD orders Rajeev to find out the person who destroyed his business. Rajeev accepts to find him soon.

RD and Kelly soon coincidentally find out that Rajeev is the older brother of Viswa and tries to nab them. Meanwhile, Rajeev also finds out regarding this and tries to save his brother from the gang. Viswa questions his brother, thinking who suddenly changes his mind to go to India. Then, there is no option left. Rajeev reveals for whom he works, why he was here and also reveals that RD, who actually triggered the gun through his gunpoint to kill his father-in-law from that day onwards to protect Preethi from RD he became a concubine and forced to serve him. Then Viswa makes him confident and decided to confront them.

Then, in the fight, RD and Kelly reveal that they have abducted Rhea and showed her video, who was sedated and decided to sell her. Then, waiting for the opportunity, Rajeev and Viswa managed to kill all the gang, including RD and Kelly.

Then Viswa soon reaches to rescue Rhea, surprises Amit by revealing he is the master mind behind the abduction of Rhea and attempting to kill him. Then Amit shows his real face and reveals that he was disappointed when Rhea rejected him, having an insatiable lust on her he felt possessive and reached out RD to give [[contract killing|a contract to kill]] Viswa and finds he was his common enemy and joined hands with them and orchestrates the whole plan. Then, the fight ensues between them. Eventually, Viswa becomes victorious and kills Amit. Before dying, he tries to kill Rhea by locking her in a car and throwing the car into an ocean, but Viswa saves her. The film ends with Viswa bringing Rhea out of the ocean in a blanket and them talking.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Naga Chaitanya]] as Viswa
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Rhea
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] as Rajiv, Viswa's brother
* [[Sameksha|Samiksha]] as Preethi, Viswa's sister-in-law
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Krishna Satyannarayana
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Raj Gopal, Viswa's father
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Vasanthi, Viswa's mother
* [[Rahul Dev]] as RD
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Amit
* [[Kelly Dorji]] as Kelly
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Dhanraj, Rhea's father
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Rajyalakshmi, Preethi's mother
* [[Junaid Sheikh]] as Michael
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Narayana Murthy, Preethi's father (cameo)
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Spandana, Rhea's mother (cameo)
* [[Aruna Shields]] as an [[item number]] "Bhoome Gundranga"
{{colend}}

==Production==
Reports emerged in December 2009 that director Ajay Bhuyan would direct a film starring [[Naga Chaitanya]] in the lead role.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100929172618/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/18/stories/2009121850270100.htm Friday Review Hyderabad : The big switch]. The Hindu (18 December 2009). Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref> The film soon began production works with [[Kajal Aggarwal]] being signed on in a leading role, with the producers announcing a release date of July 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111030011531/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-opposite-naga-chaitanya-news-telugu-kkfrbMgfebj.html Kajal opposite Naga Chaitanya]. Sify.com (16 January 2010). Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100117205118/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/53602.html Kajal roped in as heroine in Nag's film – Telugu Movie News]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref> The producers approached [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] to appear as the brother and the sister-in-law of Naga Chaitanya, although talks were unsuccessful.<ref name="indiaglitz1">on the technical side producers had Kiran Ganti as their film editor who has been changed after replaced by Dharmendra Kakarala who was into fame with his editing in Prasthanam and LBW [https://web.archive.org/web/20100521013355/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/57072.html Naga Chaitanya and Kajal Aggarwal New Movie From Tomorrow – Telugu Movie News]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref> Subsequently, [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Natassha|Anita Hassanandani]] were selected for the roles, but Anita opted out before her schedule began and was then replaced by [[Sameksha|Samiksha]].<ref>[http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/july-2010/naga-chaitanya-ajay-bhuyan-combo-second-schedule-090710.html Naga Chaitanya, Ajay Bhuyan Combo Second Schedule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210014350/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/july-2010/naga-chaitanya-ajay-bhuyan-combo-second-schedule-090710.html |date=10 February 2011 }}. CineGoer.com (9 July 2010). Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref>

The film began shooting in May 2010 after delays.<ref name="indiaglitz1" /> The film was completed in four schedules, with the climax being shot in [[Bangkok]], Thailand.<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news291.html Telugu cinema news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035101/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news291.html |date=27 February 2022 }}. idlebrain.com. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhada
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 January 2011
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:47
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Venghai]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Oosaravelli]]
| next_year = 2011
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|56JMmFJYfHw|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}
The soundtrack was composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The music was released on 25 July 2011 at Shilpa Kala Vedika, Hyderabad. The soundtrack consists of seven tracks. It was released by [[Aditya Music]]. Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Dr D Ramanaidu attended the function as chief guests.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024025917/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/69056.html Chaitu's 'Dhada' audio launched – Telugu Movie News]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length=26:47
| headline =Track-List
| title1 = Bhoome Gundranga | extra1 = Richard, [[Ranina Reddy]] | lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] | length1 = 04:02
| title2 = Hello Hello | extra2 = [[Nikhil D'Souza]], [[Neha Bhasin]] | lyrics2 = [[Ananth Sreeram]] | length2 = 04:17
| title3 = Telugu Bengali |extra3 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]], Sricharan, [[Megha (singer)|Megha]] | lyrics3 = Ananth Sreeram | length3 = 04:54
| title4 = Godava Godava | extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priya Himesh]]| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry | length4 = 03:57
| title5 = Diwali Deepanni | extra5 = Kalyan, [[Andrea Jeremiah]]| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry | length5 = 03:55
| title6 = Chinnaga Chinnaga | extra6 = [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]] | lyrics6 = Ananth Sreeram | length6 = 01:17
| title7 = Ey Pilla | extra7 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]], [[Suchitra]], | lyrics7 = Ramajogayya Sastry | length7 = 04:32
}}

==Accolades==

;[[59th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
* Nominated - [[59th Filmfare Awards South|Best Playback Singer - Female]] - Neha Bhasin – "Hello Hello"

;[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
* Nominated - [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Debutant Director]] - Ajay Bhuyan

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1954381}}

[[Category:2011 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:2011 comedy films]]

Ananda Ragam

2026-03-03T05:06:57Z

KirkEvd85074933: revised

{{about|1982 Indian Tamil film|the 2023 Malayalam soap opera|Anandharagam|2022 Tamil soap opera|Anandha Ragam (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ananda Ragam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Bharani
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Alaigal Oivathillai''|Thamarai Senthoorapandi}}
| producer = Panchu Arunachalam
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]]
| cinematography = Velu Prabhakaran
| editing = B. Kandasamy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Panju Arts
| released = {{film date|df=y|1982|1|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Anandha Ragam''''' ({{Translation|Tune of joy}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by Bharani, starring [[Sivakumar]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]]. The film is based on the novel ''Alaigal Oivathillai'' ({{Translation|Waves never cease}}) by Thamarai Senthoorapandi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=கிரி |first=பி. வி. |title=இக்கால இலக்கியப் படைப்பாளர்கள் : சிறு குறிப்புகள் |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India |year=1994 |location=Madras |pages=84 |language=Ta |oclc=31330760}}</ref> It was released on 14 January 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஆனந்த ராகம் / Anandha Ragam (1982) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/anandha-ragam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309111412/https://screen4screen.com/movies/anandha-ragam |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=March 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivakumar]]
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
* [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]]
* [[Sivachandran]]
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]]
* [[Goundamani]]
* Veera Raghavan
* V. R. Thilakam
* Indira Devi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandha Ragam (1982) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002627.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207100722/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002627.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=9 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aananda Raagam Tamil film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/aananda-raagam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309111411/https://mossymart.com/product/aananda-raagam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kadaloram
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Kanavugaley
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| music2 =
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = Megam Karukkuthu
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = Panju Arunachalam
| music3 =
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:26
| title4 = Oru Raagam
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = Gangai Amaran
| music4 =
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:27
| total_length = 18:02 
}}

== Critical reception ==
Sindhu Jeeva of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave a mixed review, saying the film failed to do justice to the novel and it lacked naturality, but praised Ilaiyaraaja's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜீவா |first=சிந்து |date=7 February 1982 |title=ஆனந்த ராகம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/feb/07-02-1982/p63.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220903051138/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/feb/07-02-1982/p63.jpg |archive-date=3 September 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1982 romance films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Guptakashi

2026-02-28T16:18:18Z

KirkEvd85074933: put up a entry

{{Short description|Town in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Guptakashi''', '''Gupta Kashi''' or '''Guptkashi''' is a fairly large town located at an elevation of {{convert|1319|m|ft}} in the Kedar-khanda ('khanda' means "sector"), in [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s of [[Rudraprayag district]] in [[Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand, India]]. It is known for its ancient Vishwanath Temple dedicated to the god [[Shiva]], which is similar to the one in [[Varanasi]] (Kashi). The other well known temple here is dedicated to [[Ardhanareshvara]], a half man half woman form of Shiva and [[Parvati]]. The name Guptakashi has legendary significance linked to the [[Pandavas]], the heroes of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=Bond>{{Cite book|last=Bond|first=Ruskin|title= Magic Place, A: Book 7|work=Beautiful Mandakini|pages=26–30|access-date=2009-08-16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBBBeYO9kG4C&dq=Guptkashi&pg=PA30|publisher= Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-250-2584-7 }}</ref><ref name=district>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/districts/rudraprayag/pilgrimage.aspx|title=Shankaracharya Samadhi|work=Guptakashi|access-date=2009-08-16|publisher=Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam, A Government of Uttarakhand Enterprise|archive-date=20 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520184323/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/districts/rudraprayag/pilgrimage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=gupta>{{Cite web|url=http://rudraprayag.nic.in/Guptkashi.htm|title=Guptkashi|access-date=2009-08-16|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Rudraprayag|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604130933/http://rudraprayag.nic.in/Guptkashi.htm|archive-date=4 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its religious importance is considered next to that of Varanasi, believed to be the most pious of all [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]].

The temple town is located on the way to the [[Kedarnath]], one of the [[Chota Char Dham]]s and [[Panch Kedar]]s. It has the scenic backdrop of the snow-covered peaks of [[Chaukhamba]] and enjoys a salubrious weather throughout the year.<ref name=Bond/>

==Legend==
Popularly-narrated legend holds that subsequent to the [[Kurukshetra war]] of the epic Mahabharata, the Pandavas on the advice of god [[Krishna]] and other sages wished to atone for their sins of [[fratricide]] and [[Brāhmanahatya]] committed by them during the war by seeking pardon from Shiva and also pray for his blessings before attaining salvation. But Shiva was not willing to meet them since he was annoyed with them for the unjust events of the war. He, therefore, avoided meeting them at Kashi and went incognito as the bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] to Guptakashi in Uttarakhand. But Pandavas pursued him to Guptakashi and recognized him in the disguised form of Nandi. When [[Bhima]], the second Pandava brother tried to hold the bull by its tail and hind legs, Nandi vanished from Guptakashi, into the ground (into a cave for hiding), but reappeared later as Shiva in five different forms namely, hump at [[Kedarnath]], face at [[Rudranath]], arms at [[Tungnath]], navel and stomach at [[Madhyamaheshwar]] and the locks at [[Kalpeshwar]]. The vanishing act of Shiva gave the name Guptakashi (hidden Kashi) to this place on the bank of the [[Mandakini River]]. In the upper reaches of the [[Bhagirathi River]], there is another Kashi, called the [[Uttarkashi]] (North Kashi).<ref name=Bond/><ref name=gupta/><ref name=kashi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badrikedar.com/temple/GuptkashiVishwanath.html|title=Guptkashi Vishwanath Temple|access-date=2009-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520171450/http://www.badrikedar.com/temple/GuptkashiVishwanath.html|archive-date=20 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Bisht>{{Cite book|last= Bisht| first=Harshwanti|title= Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya|chapter=Guptkashi|page=88|access-date=2009-08-16|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC&dq=guptakashi+temple&pg=PA15|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=1994|isbn=81-7387-006-3 }}</ref><ref name=Committee>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-kedar.aspx?id=55|title=Places to see|access-date=2009-08-17|publisher=Shr Kedarnath Shri Badrinath Temple Committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124004721/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-kedar.aspx?id=55|archive-date=24 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mythology also states that Shiva proposed to Parvati at Guptakashi before they got married in the small [[Triyuginarayan]] village at the confluence of Mandakini and Sone-Ganga rivers.<ref name =roma>{{Cite book|author= Roma Bradnock|title= Indian Himalaya handbook|work=Kedarnath|pages=113–114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&dq=Triyuginarayan+temple&pg=PA114|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year= 2000|isbn=1-900949-79-2 }}</ref> However the old route of 14 km from [[Gauri Kund]] to [[Kedarnath]] via Rambara was completely washed away in the [[2013 North India floods]], and new route of 15–16 km was made by the [[Nehru Institute of Mountaineering]]. The distance of Guptakashi to Kedarnath remains at 22 kilometers and 729.77 meters, which is most important to the celestial nuptials.<ref>[http://distancebetween2.com/guptkashi/kedarnath New Route to Kedarnath]</ref>

According to [[Puranic]] literature, Kashi and [[Kanchi]] (Kanchipuram) are considered as two eyes of Shiva. Keeping this connotation in view, six more "Kashi"s have been prescribed to be as sacred and spiritual as the main Kashi - Varanasi. Pilgrims, who cannot undertake the long journey to the main Kashi, can travel to the closest Kashi. The six other "Kashi"s cover all the regions of the country. These are: Uttarkashi and Guptakashi in Uttarakhand in Northern Himalayas, [[Dakshinkashi]] in [[South India|Southern India]], the Guptakashi in [[East India|Eastern India]] is at [[Bhubaneswar]], the Kashi at [[Nashik]] (also [[Paithan]]) in [[West India|Western India]] and a Kashi in [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India|Mandi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in Western Himalayas. The Puranas state that all the Kashis have the same degree of sanctity and reverence as the main Kashi - Varanasi.<ref name=Vidyarthi>{{Cite book|last =Vidyarthi|first=L.P|title= The Spectrum of the Sacred|work=The sacred journey|year=1984|pages=72–73|access-date=2009-08-17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HazzvPDMgz8C&dq=Gupta+Kashi&pg=PA72|publisher= Concept Publishing Company}}</ref>

Another legend declares that when the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] demolished the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] in 1669, and constructed Gaynvapi Mosque (he had even renamed Varanasi as Mohammadâbâd), the [[Shiva Linga]] was shifted to Guptakashi for safe keeping. But the original linga of Kashi Vishwanath is stated to have remained here from the time it was shifted.<ref name=gupta/>

==Structures==
The main temple is dedicated to Shiva as [[Shiva|Vishwanath]] (ruler of the world). The architectural style of this temple is akin to other temples in Uttarakhand, such as Kedarnath, built in stone with a high tower over the sanctum and a wooden frame and sloping roof in typical architectural style of the region, at the top of the tower. At the entrance to the temple, there are two ''dwarpalakas'' (entrance guards) on both sides. The exterior façade is painted with lotuses. At the top of the entrance door, there is an image of [[Bhairava]], a terrible form of Shiva. To the left of the main shrine, there is a smaller shrine dedicated to Ardhanareeshvara and at the entrance to this temple there is metallic statue of Nandi facing Shiva's image in the temple and offering reverential worship. This statue has a [[Swastika]], a typical Hindu symbol, painted on its side, with its arms aligned in a clockwise direction, considered as an auspicious direction.<ref name=temple>{{Cite web|url=http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/pilgguptkashi.html|title=Gupt Kashi|access-date=2009-08-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528101516/http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/pilgguptkashi.html|archive-date=28 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name =Maw/>

Apart from the main Vishwanath temple, a large number of [[Linga]]s, symbols of Shiva, are seen in and around Guptakashi, which has resulted in the popular terminology {{transliteration|hi|jitne pathar utne shankar}} meaning "as many stones, those many 'Shiva's". Another temple town called the [[Ukhimath]] is located on the opposite bank of the Mandakini river where, during the winter months when Kedarnath temple is inaccessible due to snowy conditions, the symbolic deity of Kedarnath is shifted via [[Gauri Kund|Gaurikund]], Phata, Guptakashi to Ukhimath to continue worship uninterrupted. The temple priests of Kedarnath stay at Guptakashi during the winter period.<ref name=Bond/><ref name=Committee/><ref name=temple/>

In a small pond (''kund'') called the Manikarnika Kund here, in front of the temple, a [[lingam|Shiva-linga]] is bathed by two springs, representing the rivers [[Ganges]] (Bhagirathi) and [[Yamuna]]. The Yamuna spring water emanates from a ''goumukh'' (spout in the shape of a cow's mouth) and the Bhagirathi spring flows through trunk of an elephant strategically placed above the linga.<ref name=Bond/><ref name=gupta/><ref name =Maw>{{Cite book|last=Maw|first=Geoffrey Waring|title=Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: sacred shrines of the Indian Himalayas|chapter=Guptakashi|page= 33|access-date=2009-08-17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ&q=Guptkashi|publisher= Sessions Book Trust|year=1997|isbn= 1-85072-190-4 }}</ref><ref name="bansal">{{cite book|last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant|title=Hindu Pilgrimage|pages=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F303Zb7EC0kC&dq=Triyugi+narayan&pg=PT31 | isbn=978-81-223-0997-3 | year=2008 | publisher=Pustak Mahal}}</ref>

In addition, there are few other important sites to visit in the vicinity of the temple town. These are the Gandhi Sarovar (lake) {{convert|2|km|mi}} from the town where the ashes of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] were immersed. Vasukital, {{convert|8|km|mi}} from Kedarnath, is yet another enchanting lake that beholds the visitor with floating ice and sparkling water.<ref name=gupta/><ref name=Committee/>

At Ukhimath, on the opposite bank of the river, there is a [[stupa]], which according to the local version represents the grave of [[Nala]]. There are also evidences of a love legend narrated, locally only, of [[Krishna]]’s grandson [[Aniruddha]] and demon king [[Banasura]]’s daughter Usha at Ramgarh (in Ronitpur), near Ukhimath, about{{convert|3|km|mi}} away from Guptakashi. This love affair led to a war between Krishna and Banasura in which the latter was killed, resulting in the end of Banasura's dynasty.<ref name=gupta/><ref name= Aggarwal>{{Cite book|first1=J.C.|last1=Aggarwal|first2=S.P.|last2=Agrawal|first3=Shanti Swarup|last3=Gupta|author-link3=Shanti Swarup Gupta (economist)|title= Uttarakhand: past, present, and future|chapter=Chamoli district|page=223|access-date=2009-08-17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C&dq=Kashi+in+Uttarakhand&pg=PA456|publisher= Concept Publishing Company |year=1995|isbn= 978-81-7022-572-0}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Chaukhamba peak, Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|left|Scenic backdrop of [[Chaukhamba]] range of hills at Guptakashi]]
Guptakashi is located in the Northern Himalayan belt within the Mandakini river valley, which has lush green forests. A number of streams and rivulets drain into the main Mandakini River. It has salubrious climate with its elevation being around {{convert|1319|m|ft}}. The snow sparkling view of the Chaukhamba peak is a lovely sight to behold in the morning hours from here. The valley has large [[magnolia]] trees (locally called ''Champa'') that provide a sweet scented atmosphere to the place. The temple of [[Madhyamaheshwar]] is {{convert|25|km|mi}} northeast of Guptkashi. The road from Guptkashi to [[Kalimath]] and the trek from Kalimath to Madhmaheshwar provide the scenic beauty of Chaukhamba, Kedarnath and Neelkanth peaks.<ref name=Bond/><ref name=district/><ref name=Bisht/>

==Access==
It is approachable from [[Rudraprayag]] by road over a distance of {{convert|24|mi|km}}. Rudrprayag is approached from [[Haridwar]] or [[Rishikesh]] by the [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]], which goes to [[Badrinath]] and beyond. It is {{convert|178|km|mi}} from Rishikesh.<ref name=Bisht/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://travel.webshots.com/photo/2272870670066987140yhyAeg View of Guptkashi Temple]
* [http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/pilgguptkashi.html Pictures with details of each structure in the temple complex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528101516/http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/pilgguptkashi.html |date=28 May 2009 }}

{{Rudraprayag district}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Villages in Rudraprayag district]]

Battle of Sobraon

2026-02-23T03:01:57Z

KirkEvd85074933: added formatting based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|1846 engagement of the First Anglo-Sikh War}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2009}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sobraon
| partof = the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]
| image = The Battle of Sobraon 10 February 1846.jpg
| caption = British illustration of the battle
| date = 10 February 1846
| place = [[Sobraon]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|11|N|74|51|E|display=title,inline}}
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = [[Sikh Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[British Empire]]
*[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[British East India Company]]
| commander1 = [[Tej Singh|Sardar Tej Singh]] [[Lal Singh|Sardar Lal Singh]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala|Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Robert Henry Dick]]{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet|Harry Smith]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[Sir Walter Gilbert]]
| strength1 = 26,000 70 guns<ref name=Hernon567>Hernon, p. 567</ref>
| strength2 = 20,000 35 siege guns 30 field or light guns<ref name=Hernon567/>
| casualties1 = 5,000–8,000 67 guns captured<ref name='richard'>Holmes, Richard (2006). Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History.</ref>
| casualties2 = 2,383 total<ref name="richard" />|
}}
{{Campaignbox First Anglo-Sikh War}}

The '''Battle of Sobraon''' was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the [[East India Company]] and the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], the army of the declining [[Sikh Empire]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Randhawa |first=Kirpal Singh |url=https://nishaannagaara.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Premier-Issue-1999-1.pdf |title=Nishaan Nagaara magazine – premiere issue |year=1999 |pages=41–53 |chapter='We Won the Battle but Lost the Fight': Chillianwala 1849 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=Amarpal Singh |title=The Second Anglo-Sikh War |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |others=John Chapple |year=2016 |isbn=9781445650241 |edition=1st |location=United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |chapter=Chronology}}</ref> The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].

==Background==
[[File:Raja Lal Singh reviewing troops at Lahore (unpainted). Lithograph after an original sketch by Prince Waldemar of Prussia and published in 'In Memory of the Travels of Prince Waldemar of Prussia to India 1844-1846' (Vol.II).jpg|left|thumb|Raja Lal Singh reviewing troops at Lahore. Lithograph after an original sketch by Prince Waldemar of Prussia and published in 'In Memory of the Travels of Prince Waldemar of Prussia to India 1844–1846' (Vol. II). Raja Lal Singh, who led Sikh forces against the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846]]
[[File:Military post near Sobraon (2). Lithograph after an original sketch by Prince Waldemar of Prussia and published in 'In Memory of the Travels of Prince Waldemar of Prussia to India 1844-1846' (Vol.II).jpg|thumb|Military outpost near Sobraon. Lithograph after an original sketch by Prince Waldemar of Prussia and published in 'In Memory of the Travels of Prince Waldemar of Prussia to India 1844–1846' (Vol. II)]]
The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the commanders of the Sikh Army.

On the British side, the Governor General, Sir [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]], had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]], and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir [[Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet|Harry Smith]] at the [[Battle of Aliwal]], in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of [[Gurkha]]s.

The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the [[Battle of Ferozeshah]], and had withdrawn most of their forces across the [[Sutlej River]]. The Regent [[Jind Kaur]] who was ruling in the name of her son, the infant Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]], had accused 500 of her officers of cowardice, even flinging one of her garments in their faces.

The Khalsa had been reinforced from districts west of [[Lahore]], and now moved in strength into a bridgehead across the Sutlej at Sobraon, entrenching and fortifying their encampment. Any wavering after their earlier defeats was dispelled by the presence of the respected veteran leader, [[Sham Singh Attariwala]]. Unfortunately for the Khalsa, Tej Singh and Lal Singh retained the overall direction of the Sikh armies. Also, their position at Sobraon was linked to the west, Punjabi, bank of the river by a single vulnerable pontoon bridge. Three days' continuous rain before the battle had swollen the river and threatened to carry away this bridge.

==The battle==
Gough had intended to attack the Sikh army as soon as Smith's division rejoined from [[Ludhiana]], but Hardinge forced him to wait until a heavy artillery train had arrived. At last, he moved forward early on 10 February. The start of the battle was delayed by heavy fog, but as it lifted, 35 British heavy guns and howitzers opened fire. The Sikh cannon replied. The bombardment went on for two hours without much effect on the Sikh defences. Gough was told that his heavy guns were running short of ammunition and is alleged to have replied, "Thank God! Then I'll be at them with the bayonet."
[[File:Charge of cavalry at Sobraon.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The British cavalry charges the breach (illustration from a British book)]]
Two British divisions under Harry Smith<ref>Smith, Sir Harry. ‘’The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej.’’ Publisher: John Murrat, Albemarle Street, 1903 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/57094/57094-h/57094-h.htm]</ref> and Major General [[Sir Walter Gilbert]] made feint attacks on the Sikh left, while another division under Major General [[Robert Henry Dick]] made the main attack on the Sikh right, where the defences were of soft sand and were lower and weaker than the rest of the line. (It is believed that Lal Singh had supplied this information to Major [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], the Political Agent at Gough's headquarters.) Nevertheless, Dick's division was driven back by Sikh counter-attacks after initially gaining footholds within the Sikh lines. Dick himself was killed. As the British fell back, some frenzied Sikh soldiers attacked British wounded left in the ditch in front of the entrenchments, enraging the British soldiers.

The British, Gurkhas and Bengal regiments renewed their attacks along the entire front of the entrenchment, and broke through at several points. On the vulnerable Sikh right, engineers blew a breach in the fortifications and British cavalry and horse artillery pushed through it to engage the Sikhs in the centre of their position. Tej Singh had left the battlefield early. It is alleged in many Sikh accounts that he deliberately weakened the pontoon bridge, casting loose the boat at its centre, or that he ordered his own artillery on the west bank to fire on the bridge on the pretext of preventing British pursuit. British accounts claim that the bridge, having been weakened by the swollen river, simply broke under the weight of the numbers of soldiers trying to retreat across it. Whichever account is correct, the bridge broke, trapping nearly 20,000 of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] on the east bank.
[[File:Sikh retreat at Sobraon.jpg|thumb|left|The bridge collapses (illustration from a British book)]]
None of the trapped Sikh soldiers attempted to surrender. Many detachments, including one led by Sham Singh Attariwala, fought to the death.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2004 |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |pages=343–344}}</ref> Some Sikhs rushed forward to attack the British regiments sword in hand; others tried to ford or swim the river. British horse artillery lined the bank of the river and continued to fire into the crowds in the water. By the time the firing ceased, the Sikhs had lost between 8,000 and 10,000 men.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History|publisher=|year=2006|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The British had also captured 67 guns.

==Aftermath==
[[File:Battle of Sobraon.jpg|thumb|Map of the battle]]
The destruction of the bridge did not delay Gough at all, if this had indeed been Tej Singh's intention. The first British units began to cross the river on the evening of the day of battle, and on 13 February, Gough's army was only {{convert|30|mi|km}} from Lahore, the Sikh empire's capital. Although detachments of the Khalsa remained intact in outlying frontier districts of the Punjab, they could not be concentrated quickly enough to defend Lahore.

The central [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] of the Punjab nominated [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]], the effective ruler of [[Jammu]], to negotiate terms for surrender. By the [[Treaty of Lahore]], the Sikhs ceded the valuable agricultural lands of the [[Doaba|Bist Doab (Jullundur Doab)]] (between the [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej River]]s) to the East India Company, and allowed a British Resident at Lahore with subordinates in other principal cities. These Residents and Agents would indirectly govern the Punjab, through Sikh [[Sardar]]s. In addition, the Sikhs were to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million pounds. Since they could not readily find this sum, Gulab Singh was allowed to acquire [[Kashmir]] from the Punjab by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company.

==Order of battle==

===British regiments===
[[File:Memorial to Sir Robert Henry Dick, Dunkeld Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Memorial to [[Robert Henry Dick|Sir Robert Henry Dick]], [[Dunkeld Cathedral|Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland]]]]
[[File:Memorial to Sir Robert Henry Dick, St. George's Cathedral, Madras.jpg|thumb|Memorial to [[Robert Henry Dick|Sir Robert Henry Dick]], [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|St. George's Cathedral, Madras]], depicting a [[42nd Regiment of Foot|42nd Highlander]] in full uniform<ref name="Cotton">{{cite book|last1=Cotton|first1=Julian James|title=List Of Inscriptions On Tombs & Monuments in Madras Vol 1|date=1945|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras, British India|page=488|url=https://archive.org/stream/ListOfInscriptionsOnTombsMonumentsMadrasVol1Cotton/List%20Of%20Inscriptions%20On%20Tombs%20&%20Monuments%20Madras%20Vol%201%20%28Cotton%29_djvu.txt|access-date=2 June 2016}}</ref>]]
*[[3rd The King's Own Hussars|3rd King's Own Light Dragoons]]
*[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers|9th Queen's Royal Light Dragoons (Lancers)]]
*[[16th The Queen's Lancers]]
*[[9th Foot]]
*[[10th Foot]]
*[[29th Foot]]
*[[31st Foot]]
*[[50th Foot]]
*[[53rd Foot]]
*[[80th Foot]]

===British Indian Army regiments===
*[[Governor General’s Bodyguard]]
*[[3rd Bengal Native Cavalry]]
*[[4th Bengal Native Cavalry]]
*[[5th Bengal Native Cavalry]]
*[[2nd Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
*[[4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
*[[8th Irregular Cavalry|8th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
*[[9th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
*[[1st Bengal European Regiment]]
*[[4th Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[5th Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[16th Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[26th Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[31st Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[4th Prince Albert Victor's Rajputs|33rd Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[41st Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[42nd Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[43rd Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[47th Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[59th Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[62nd Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[63rd Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[68th Bengal Native Infantry]]
*[[73rd Bengal Native Infantry]]
*Nasiri Battalion ([[1st Gurkha Rifles]])
*Sirmoor Battalion ([[2nd Gurkha Rifles]])

==Monument==
A monument was erected on the battle site at [[Rode Jallewala|Rhodawala]] in 1868. [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sabraon+Memorial+(Anglo-Sikh+War,Shubhra)/@31.1083348,74.8681968,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipMHpzS5H17KLDmwAaj7aLbNGbx9rxONO34197RN!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMHpzS5H17KLDmwAaj7 Photographs of the monument]

==Folklore and personal accounts==
[[File:A battle between British and Sikh forces, possibly Sobraon, 10 February 1846.jpg|thumb|A battle between British and Sikh forces, possibly Sobraon, 10 February 1846.]]
Several years after the battle, Gough wrote,
<blockquote>"The awful slaughter, confusion and dismay were such as would have excited compassion in the hearts of their generous conquerors, if the Khalsa troops had not, in the early part of the action, sullied their gallantry by slaughtering and barbarously mangling every wounded soldier whom, in the vicissitudes of attack, the fortune of war left at their mercy."</blockquote>

After hearing of the battle, the wife of Sham Singh Attariwala [[Sati (practice)|immolated]] herself on a funeral pyre without waiting for news of her husband, convinced (correctly) that he would never return alive from such a defeat.

Some accounts state that [[Lal Singh]] was present on the battlefield, and accompanied [[Tej Singh]] on his retreat. Other sources maintain that he commanded a large body of ''gorchurras'' (irregular cavalry) which was some miles away, and took no action against Gough's army although he might have attacked Gough's communications.

A long-standing friendship between the [[10th Regiment of Foot|10th (Lincolnshire) Regiment]] and [[29th Regiment of Foot|29th (Worcestershire) Regiment]] was cemented at the battle when their two battalions met in the captured trenches that had cost so many lives to take. For many years afterwards, it was the custom that sergeants and officers were honorary members of each other's messes and the adjutants of the two regiments addressed each other as 'My Dear Cousin' in official correspondence.

==Popular culture==
The battle provides the climax for [[George MacDonald Fraser]]'s novel, ''[[Flashman and the Mountain of Light]].'' It is mentioned in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s [[Stalky & Co]].

The battle inspired [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s poem ''Passion''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nesbitt |first1=Eleanor |title=‘I find them very helpful, courteous and friendly’: Irish women’s encounters with Sikhs and Punjab |journal=Sikh Formations |date=12 January 2026 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2025.2610901 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2025.2610901?src=|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[9th Regiment of Foot]]
*[[53rd Regiment of Foot]]
*[[1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)]]
*[[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]]
*[[101st Grenadiers]]
*[[Jat Regiment]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book|last=Hernon|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Hernon|title=Britain's forgotten wars|publisher=Sutton|year=2003|isbn=0-7509-3162-0}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 Poster|Sobraon}}
*[http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-History/Historical-Sikh-Events-The-First-Anglo-Sikh-War-6.html allaboutsikhs.com]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225063633/http://www.britishbattles.com/first-sikh-war/sobraon.htm BritishBattles.com]

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Battles of the Anglo-Sikh wars|Sobraon]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1846|Sobraon]]
[[Category:1846 in India]]
[[Category:February 1846]]
[[Category:1840s battles|Sobraon]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]

Sameer Suneja

2026-02-11T06:54:18Z

KirkEvd85074933: done...

{{short description|Indian executive}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Suneja
| occupation = Business executive
| education = [[St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]

| title = {{nowrap|Global CEO of [[Perfetti Van Melle]]}}
}}

'''Sameer Suneja''' is an Indian executive who is the current global CEO of confectionery manufacturer [[Perfetti Van Melle]]. He is the first non-[[Italian people|Italian]] to head the third largest confectionery group in the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Perfetti elevates Sameer Suneja to global role|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-06/news/41131786_1_chlormint-sameer-suneja-confectionery|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130808213301/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-06/news/41131786_1_chlormint-sameer-suneja-confectionery|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2013}}</ref>

==Biography==
Suneja went to [[St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Delhi]] and graduated in 1989. He completed his masters from [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sameer Suneja to become global CEO of Perfetti Global|url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/3831}}</ref>

Suneja joined [[Colgate Palmolive]] as a brand manager in June 1994. He left Palmolive in January 1996 to join [[Frito Lay]], where he worked for a little over a year. He joined Perfetti Van Melle in February 1997. He was promoted to the role of executive vice-president for global innovations and business development in August 2012. Later, he was appointed global CEO in August 2013.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suneja, Sameer}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Perfetti Van Melle people]]

L. G. Ravichandran

2026-02-09T10:26:05Z

KirkEvd85074933: added a article

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = L. G. Ravichandran
|birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2013-present
|
}}

'''L. G. Ravichandran''' is an Indian film director, who has directed Tamil language films. He rose to fame through ''Anbu Thozhi'' (2007), and has gone on to make feature films including the dramas ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' (2013) and ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/l-g-ravichander|title=Kollywood Director L G Ravichander Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref>

==Career==
L. G. Ravichandran entered the film industry as an assistant director to [[Boopathy Pandian]], and regularly collaborated with the filmmaker in the 2000s. He made his directorial debut with ''Anbu Thozhi'' (2007), a film starring politician [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]] in the lead role. The film ran into trouble with the censors prior to release for its depiction of [[LTTE]] leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anbu-thozhi-gets-the-go-ahead-kannada-news-32097|title=Anbu Thozhi gets the go-ahead - Kannada News|date=2 July 2007|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

Ravichandran, was credited as LGR, in the horror drama ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' (2013) which starred [[Ramki]] and [[Ineya]] in leading roles. He notably cast Ramki in the film, with the actor marking a comeback to films after nine years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/second-coming/article4727320.ece|title=Second coming|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 May 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The director next worked on the comedy drama ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' (2014), which was widely promoted as actor [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]'s 25th film and noted that the film was the first to showcase the work of [[Siddha medicine]] practitioners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-director/lg-ravichandran/lg-ravichandhran-interview.html|title=L.G Ravichandhran Interview|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/jun/03/gear-up-for-some-guffaws-620801.html|title=Gear Up For Some Guffaws|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 June 2014 }}</ref>

He later went on direct films including [[Santhosh Prathap]]'s ''[[Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu]]'' (2019) and Balaji Murugadoss's ''[[Va Varalam Va]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-film-based-on-a-true-incident/articleshow/51546563.cms|title=A film based on a true incident|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/dec/23/naan-avalai-sandhitha-pothu-is-a-fictionalised-version-of-a-true-story-16177.html|title='Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu is a fictionalised version of a true story'|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''Anbu Thozhi'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' || Jointly directed with K. Padmaraja
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Va Varalam Va]]'' || Jointly directed with SBR
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|11226032}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichandran, L. G. }}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

R. Kannan

2026-02-03T21:32:18Z

KirkEvd85074933: basic rework formatting for clarity additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Kannan
| image = R.Kannan.JPG
| caption =
| years_active = 2008–present
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|07|21|df=y}} [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Rajmohan
| occupation = [[Film Director]] [[Screenwriter]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Madhana |2009}}
| children = 2
}}

'''R. Kannan''' (born '''Rajmohan''' on 21 July 1971) is an Indian [[Film director|filmmaker]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Narayanan|first=Venkateswaran|title=Vandhaan Vendraan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Vandhaan-Vendraan/movie-review/10028162.cms|accessdate=19 September 2011|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=18 September 2011}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the successful Tamil film ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' starring [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] and [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] in 2008.

==Career==
Kannan started his career assisting director [[Manobala]] before joining [[Mani Ratnam]] for films including ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002), ''[[Ayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004) and ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007). He made his directorial debut with the drama film, ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' (2008) starring [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] and [[Lekha Washington]], winning critical acclaim and commercial success at the box office. Featuring the story of an estranged brother and sister fighting over an ancestral property, Kannan won praise for his work. Sify.com stated that Kannan "has the potential to churn out a neat feel-good entertainer", adding that "the most refreshing thing about Kannan's film is that he tries to combine mainstream Tamil film aesthetics with mass appeal".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-kondaan-review-tamil-pclwIodibchji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421074750/http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-kondaan-review-tamil-pclwIodibchji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2016|title=Jayam Kondan|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> His second film, ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'', a remake of Imtiaz Ali's ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007), featured Bharath and Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead roles and was also successful commercially. His subsequent releases ''[[Vandhaan Vendraan]]'' with [[Jiiva]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]], and the remake of ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]].

After the release of ''Settai'', Kannan began pre-production works on a film titled ''Alangaram'' to be produced by PVP Cinemas during early 2014. He revealed that he had worked on the script for over two years and began negotiations with [[Karthi]] to play the lead role and Santhanam to portray a supporting role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130823/entertainment-kollywood/article/director-kannan-ropes-santhanam-alangaaram |title=Director Kannan ropes in Santhanam for Alangaaram |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010235557/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130823/entertainment-kollywood/article/director-kannan-ropes-santhanam-alangaaram |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/delhi-belly-to-mumbai-underbelly/article4564322.ece|title=Delhi Belly to Mumbai underbelly|first=Sudhish|last=Kamath|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 March 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605031928/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/delhi-belly-to-mumbai-underbelly/article4564322.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2014, Kannan announced that he would direct and co-produce a film titled ''Poda! Aandavane En Pakkam'', which would highlight the struggles faced by engineering degree graduates. After unsuccessful negotiations with [[Attakathi Dinesh|Dinesh]] and [[Sridivya]], Kannan eventually finalised [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]], [[Prayaga Martin]] and Swetha Ashok for the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/will-sridivya-join-hands-with-attakathi-dinesh.html|title=Will Sridivya join hands with Attakathi Dinesh?|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129151219/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/will-sridivya-join-hands-with-attakathi-dinesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/r-kannans-next-titled-poda-aandavane-en-pakkam/|title=R. Kannan's next is titled 'Poda Aandavane En Pakkam'|date=23 October 2014|website=Only Kollywood|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818105450/http://www.onlykollywood.com/r-kannans-next-titled-poda-aandavane-en-pakkam/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film began production in March 2015, with the team shooting for a single schedule and songs in Chennai with the lead actors. However the film failed to progress beyond the first schedule and was ultimately shelved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/minus-the-masala/article7018679.ece|title=Minus the masala|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 March 2015|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222144847/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/minus-the-masala/article7018679.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Kannan announced that he was simultaneously working on the script of a horror comedy titled ''Adiye Kantha'' in December 2014, but the film also did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Poda Aandavane En Pakkam'' and ''Adiye Kantha'' - some popular Tamil movie based on dialogues | website=The News Minute | date=2015-01-20 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/poda-aandavane-en-pakkam-and-adiye-kantha-some-popular-tamil-movie-based-dialogues-17899 | access-date=2020-08-28 | archive-date=24 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124004720/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/poda-aandavane-en-pakkam-and-adiye-kantha-some-popular-tamil-movie-based-dialogues-17899 | url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2016, he began work on an action film titled ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]'' starring [[Gautham Karthik]] in the lead role.

==Filmography==
===As director, producer, and screenwriter ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of R. Kannan film directing credits
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:25px;" scope="col" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:175px;" scope="col" | Film
! colspan="4" scope="col" | Credited as
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! width=65 scope="col" |Director
!Screenplay
!Story
! width="65" scope="col" |Producer
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jayamkondaan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|
|
| Remake of ''[[Jab We Met]]''
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Vandhaan Vendraan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Settai (film)|Settai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|
|| || Remake of ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Biskoth]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Thalli Pogathey]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| Remake of ''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023||''[[The Great Indian Kitchen (2023 film)|The Great Indian Kitchen]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|
| || Remake of ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''
|-
|''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| Remake of ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]''
|-
|2025 ||''[[Gandhari (2025 film)|Gandhari]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|}

===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]'' || Villager || Uncredited role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1583171}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, R.}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

West Bengal Gramin Bank

2026-01-31T05:38:24Z

KirkEvd85074933: new...

{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in West Bengal, India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = West Bengal Gramin Bank
| logo = Wbgb logo.png
| logo_size =
| caption =
| native_name = '''ওয়েষ্ট বেঙ্গল গ্রামীণ ব্যাঙ্ক'''
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]
| traded_as =
| predecessor = *Bangiya gramin vikash bank
*Paschim banga gramin bank
*Uttarbanga kshetriya gramin bank
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2025|05|01}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[West Bengal]]
| key_people = Shri Alok Kumar Goel (Chairman)
| industry = [[Financial]] [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
| products =
| production =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)
[[Government of West Bengal]] (15%)
[[Punjab National Bank]] (35%)
| num_locations = 960 Branches
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{ubl|{{URL|https://wbgb.bank.in/|}}|{{URL|https://ibanking.wbgb.bank.in/}}}}
| footnotes =
}}

The ''' West Bengal Gramin Bank''' ('''WBGB''') is an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[West Bengal]] established on 1 May 2025.<ref>Govt of India Notification CG-DL-E-07042025-262329 dated 07 April 2025 issued by the Department of Financial Services</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/industry/banking/govt-announces-one-state-one-rrb-implementation-from-may-1-2025-125040800039_1.html | title=Govt announces 'One State, One RRB' implementation from May 1, 2025 }}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of three rural banks in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]] namely [[Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank]], [[Paschim Banga Gramin Bank]], '''Uttar Banga Kshetriya Gramin Bank''' , sponsored by [[Punjab National Bank]], [[UCO Bank]] and [[Central Bank of India]] under The "One State, One RRB"<ref>{{cite web | author1=Livemint | title='One state-one RRB' to be effective from May 1 after govt approves consolidation of 15 regional rural banks | Mint | work=mint | date=8 April 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/one-state-one-rrb-to-be-effective-from-may-1-after-govt-approves-consolidation-of-15-regional-rural-banks-11744118507326.html }}</ref> policy of government. It currently has 960 branches in rural areas of [[West Bengal]].
It functions under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976 and is sponsored by [[Punjab National Bank]].

== History ==
=== Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank ===
'''Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank (BGVB) ''' was a [[Regional Rural Bank|regional rural bank]] in India, operating in West Bengal. It was established with the amalgamation of '''Mallabhum Gramin Bank''', '''Gaur Gramin Bank''', '''Murshidabad Gramin Bank''', '''Nadia Gramin Bank''' and '''Sagar Gramin Bank''' in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/02/21/five-rrbs-in-bengal-amalgamate-to-become-bangiya-gramin-vikash-bank-1174148419.html|title=Five RRBs in Bengal amalgamate to become Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank|date=17 March 2007|website=Oneindia.com|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> and was sponsored by [[Punjab National Bank]].

=== Paschim Banga Gramin Bank ===
[[Paschim Banga Gramin Bank]]('''PBGB''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbgbank.com|title= Paschim Banga Gramin Bank website}}</ref> was a premier [[Regional Rural Bank|regional rural bank]] in [[Banking in India|India]]. It is under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. It was established on 26 February 2007<ref>Government of India, Notification No.1/4/2006 – RRB dated 26 February 2007 (Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs (Banking Division), New Delhi)</ref> in exercise of the powers conferred by Sub-section (1) of Section 23A of the Regional Rural Bank Act, 1976 (21 of 1976). The bank was established by the amalgamation of '''Howrah Gramin Bank''', '''Bardhaman Gramin Bank''' and '''Mayurakshi Gramin Bank'''. This bank was sponsored by [[UCO Bank]] and owned by the government of India, the government of West Bengal and [[UCO Bank]]. The bank's head office was located at Tikiapara, [[Howrah]], West Bengal.

=== Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank ===
'''Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank'''('''UBKGB'''), was a [[Regional Rural Bank|regional rural bank]] in India sponsored by [[Central Bank of India]], was established on the 7th March 1977 under the Provision of Section 3(2) of RRB Act 1976 [ 21 of 1976] with equity participation of Government of India (50%). Its head office was located in [[Coochbehar]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Regional rural bank]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[Make in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wbgb.bank.in/ Official site]
* [https://ibanking.wbgb.bank.in/ Internet Banking]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2025]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2025]]
[[Category:Punjab National Bank]]

Mahadek Formation

2026-01-31T05:13:40Z

KirkEvd85074933: added info

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Mahadek Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|Maastrichtian}}
| period = Maastrichtian
| prilithology =
| otherlithology =
| namedfor =
| namedby =
| region = [[Meghalaya]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = [[25.3° N, 91.3° E]]
| paleocoordinates =
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies = N/A
| overlies = N/A
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 25.3
| lon_deg = 91.3
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Mahadek Formation''' is a [[Mesozoic]] geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[India]]. [[Dinosaur]] remains are among the [[Fossil|fossils]] that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific [[genus]].<ref name="dinosaurdistribution">Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.</ref> Additionally, teeth similar to [[Elasmobranchii|elasmobranch]], as well as teeth and post cranial material of a [[reptile]], identified as a [[mosasaur]], are known from Krem Puri Caves rocks, which are also a part of this formation.<ref name="6:">{{cite journal |last1=Sauro |first1=Francesco |last2=Mecchia |first2=Marco |last3=Tringham |first3=Mark |last4=Arbenz |first4=Thomas |last5=Columbu |first5=Andrea |last6=Carbone |first6=Cristina |last7=Pisani |first7=Luca |last8=Waele |first8=Jo De |title=Speleogenesis of the world's longest cave in hybrid arenites (Krem Puri, Meghalaya, India) |journal=Geomorphology |volume=359 |issue=6 |date=2020-06-15 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107160 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-20 |title=Meghalaya: At over 24,000 metres in length, world’s longest sandstone cave found |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-over-24-000-metres-in-length-world-s-longest-sandstone-cave-found-in-meghalaya/story-trgDuRkbXtjvWhWhMGg7OO.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Paleontology|Dinosaurs||}}
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
** [[List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian Stage]]

{{Asia-geologic-formation-stub}}

Uttar Pradesh Day

2026-01-24T02:53:52Z

KirkEvd85074933: done...

{{Short description|Indian observance on 24 January}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Uttar Pradesh Day
| type = State
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nickname = Uttar Pradesh Diwas, UP Diwas
| observedby = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India,
| litcolor =
| longtype =
| significance = Foundation day of Indian state [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| begins =
| ends =
| scheduling = Same day each year
| date = 24 January
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto =
| official_name = ''Uttara Pradēśa Divasa''
}}
'''Uttar Pradesh Day''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Uttara Pradēśa Divasa'') is celebrated as foundation day of Indian state, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is observed on 24 January.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh Day to be celebrated on Jan 24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-day-to-be-celebrated-on-jan-24/story-VOC7l5dxtXDkmATnlSaNvM.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Uttar Pradesh Diwas' commence in lucknow |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/utta |publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]] |date=24 January 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |title=Governor Ram Naik welcomes Yogi Adityanath's decision on Uttar Pradesh Divas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/governor-ram-naik-welcomes-yogi-adityanaths-decision-on-uttar-pradesh-divas-4665675/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
On 24 January 1950, the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] was renamed as [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In May 2017, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] declared to celebrate UP Day on 24 January every year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi's Fifth Cabinet Meeting: UP Day to be Celebrated on Jan 24 Every Year |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/yogis-fifth-cabinet-meeting-up-day-to-be-celebrated-on-jan-24-every-year-1389535.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=2 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=यूपी सरकार मनाएगी हर साल 24 जनवरी को उत्तर प्रदेश दिवस |url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/india/up-government-will-celebrate-24th-january-of-every-year-on-uttar-pradesh-day-ps-27296.html |publisher=First Post |date=2 May 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref> The celebration of UP Day was proposed by then governor [[Ram Naik]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Subhas |title=CM Yogi government plans mega celebrations on UP Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cm-yogi-government-plans-mega-celebrations-on-up-day/articleshow/62346418.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress/><ref>{{cite news |title=UP Celebrates Its Foundation Day For First Time In 68 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-celebrates-its-foundation-day-for-first-time-in-68-years-1804263 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[History of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian state foundation days}}
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:Indian state foundation days]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh (1947–present)]]

{{UttarPradesh-stub}}

The Table (restaurant)

2026-01-22T17:03:25Z

KirkEvd85074933: refine references also and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox restaurant
| name = The Table
| image =
| image_caption =
| slogan =
| logo = The Table (restaurant) logo.png
| logo_width =
| established = 2011
| current_owner = Jay Yousuf and Gauri Devidayal
| food_type = [[European food|European]] and [[Continental food|Continental]]
| dress_code =
| rating =
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| PIN =
| country = [[India]]
| seating_capacity =
| reservations =
| other_locations =
| other_information =
| website = [http://www.thetable.in table.in]
}}
'''The Table''' is a restaurant at [[Colaba]], Mumbai, India, known for serving [[San Francisco]] style globally inspired cuisine. It was established by Jay Yousuf and Gauri Devidayal in early 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai's best new restaurants of 2011|url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/eat/mumbais-10-best-new-restaurants-2011-509950|publisher=cnn.com|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Dinner with Strangers|date=23 January 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dinner-with-strangers/|publisher=[[indianexpress.com]]|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='San Francisco-style' restaurant named Best Restaurant in India|work=Inside Scoop SF |date=10 April 2014 |url=http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/blog/2014/04/10/san-francisco-style-restaurant-named-best-restaurant-in-india/|publisher=[[sfgate.com|insidescoopsf.sfgate.com]]|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>

==History==
The Table, was established by Jay Yousuf and Gauri Devidayal in early 2011,<ref>{{cite web|title=A chat with the minds behind The Table, Mumbai|url=http://chefatlarge.in/featured-people/a-chat-with-the-minds-behind-the-table-mumbai/|publisher=chefatlarge.in|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> located around the corner from the famous Taj Hotel in [[Colaba]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A day in Colaba, Mumbai: city guide|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/feb/23/a-day-in-colaba-mumbai-city-guide|newspaper=[[Manchester Guardian]]|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> They teamed up with the [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco Bay area's]] consultant chef Joey Altman and executive chef ''Alex Sanchez''. Chef Alex aims to procure ingredients from local sources, he does also use some imported products.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colaba restaurants are back in vogue|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/colaba-restaurants-are-back-in-vogue/article1-995171.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123222906/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Colaba-restaurants-are-back-in-vogue/Article1-995171.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2013|publisher=[[hindustantimes.com]]|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> In 2014, The [[Time Out (magazine)|Timeout Mumbai]] awarded The Table restaurant as the best restaurant in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Restaurants & Cafés - Best Restaurant|url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/restaurants-cafés/features/critics-choice|publisher=[[Time Out (magazine)|timeoutmumbai.net]]|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>

==Cuisine and decor==
The Table serves global cuisine which ranges from American, Japanese, Italian, French, Chinese and Thai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mumbaiboss.com/2011/01/21/restaurant-review-the-table/ | title=Mumbai Boss - Making Sense of the City }}</ref> The Table's menu changes almost every day.<ref>http://www.thetable.in</ref>

The trade mark of The Table is the 20-foot long Burma teak community dining table placed near the bar.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dinner-with-strangers/ | title=Dinner with Strangers | date=23 January 2014 }}</ref> The owners worked closely with architect Tarik Currimbhoy who helped design The Table.<ref>[https://www.waakif.com/blog/food-and-hospitality Food and hospitality] 28 February 2011. {{dead link|date=December 2022}}</ref>

==The Table Farm==
The Table, with the assistance of Fresh & Local, a movement to facilitate urban farming in Mumbai, has started to grow fresh, high quality fruits, herbs and vegetables without chemicals, for the restaurant.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-indian-chefs-are-adopting-to-a-farm-to-table-approach/228575 | title=Why Indian chefs are adopting to a 'farm-to-table' approach | date=25 August 2013 }}</ref> The long-term goal of The Table Farm which is based in Alibag at the home of owners Jay Yousuf and Gauri Devidayal is to provide The Table with as much seasonal produce as possible, over about an acre of land. Currently The Table Farm grows spinach, beetroot, radish, carrots, mizune and other leafy greens, heirloom varieties of tomatoes, herbs and several different microgreens.<ref>[http://brownpaperbag.in/mumbai/food-and-drink/buy-organic-veggies-at-the-table/ Organic veggies at the table] Brown paper bag {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703221902/http://brownpaperbag.in/mumbai/food-and-drink/buy-organic-veggies-at-the-table |date=3 July 2015 }}</ref> The Table has recently opened their farm to the public with hands-on workshops where, along with Adrienne Thadani of Fresh & Local, participants discuss design of the farm, build permaculture beds, plant seeds and transplant seedlings, and end with a lunch made of freshly harvested crop from the restaurant.<ref>[https://archive.today/20150111214206/http://chefatlarge.in/listings/mumbai-listings/alibag-farm-workshops/ Mumbai listings]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://fountain-hotel.business.site/ Dine in restaurant in shilphata]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Table (restaurant), The}}
[[Category:Restaurants in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Chandana Sarkar

2026-01-02T20:07:29Z

KirkEvd85074933: cleanup references as per guidelines after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandana Sarkar
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| office =Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2021
| constituency = [[Baisnabnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baisnabnagar]]
| predecessor = [[Swadhin Kumar Sarkar]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| website =
| spouse = Paritosh Sarkar(বাচ্চু মাস্টার)

| children =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater =
| date =
| year =
| signature =
| bodyclass =
}}

'''Chandana Sarkar''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Baisnabnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baisnabnagar]] as a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/baisnabnagar-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title=Baisnabnagar Election Result 2021 | publisher=Times Now | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/ | title=West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners | publisher=Financial Express | date=3 May 2021 | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1923 | title=Chandana Sarkar | publisher=MyNeta | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref> She is referred to as the people's helper. She was elected President of Malda Zilla Parishad.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Chandana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Vedha (composer)

2025-12-02T09:33:24Z

KirkEvd85074933: started

{{Short description|Indian composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
'''Vedha''' ('''S. S. Vedhasalam''') was an Indian composer<ref name=hindu>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Yaar-Nee-1966-TAMIL/article14467014.ece| title=Yaar Nee? (1966) TAMIL| work=[[The Hindu]]| date=3 July 2016| access-date=18 December 2017| last=Guy| first=Randor| author-link=Randor Guy| archive-url=https://archive.today/20171218005332/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Yaar-Nee-1966-TAMIL/article14467014.ece| archive-date=18 December 2017| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> who started working in Sinhala films during the early 1950s when they were being produced in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Then he worked mainly in [[Tamil film]]s. He was active in the field for about 25 years since 1952.

He composed music for many films produced by [[Modern Theatres]]. He was popularly known to adapt Hindi tunes to Tamil songs.

==Career==
He started his career by assisting music directors in films. He was a co-music director in the 1955 film [[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]] along with [[T. G. Lingappa]] and [[C. N. Pandurangan]].

The first film he was in-charge of as music director is [[Marma Veeran]] released in 1956. The song ''Thudikkum Vaalibame'' sung by [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] in this film was a big hit. Usually R. Balasaraswathi was known for singing lullaby songs but this song is full of romantic love known as [[Sringara]]m.

''Nadakkaadhu Jambam Palikkadhu'' a song sung by [[T. M. Soundararajan]] and [[Jamunarani]] in the 1958 film [[Manamalai]] was a popular number in [[Radio Ceylon]] for a long time.

He composed music for another film in the same year. [[Anbu Enge]] was a successful film, music being one of the factors.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |author=Randor Guy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Anbuengey-1958/article6020438.ece |title=Blast from the Past — Anbuengey 1958 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 May 2014 |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171218022137/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anbuengey-1958/article6020438.ece |archive-date=18 December 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Particularly, the number ''Dingiri Dingale'' sung by [[T. M. Soundararajan]] and [[P. Susheela]] separately as two versions, was a mega hit. The tune is of [[Baila (genre)|Baila]] genre.

The song "Oraayiram Paarvaiyile" from the 1965 film ''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]'' was also a very popular number. Though the tune was lifted from Hindi, the lyrics by [[Kannadasan]] and the mesmerising voice of T. M. Soundararajan gave it a Tamil flavour.

A song from the 1966 film ''Vallavan Oruvan'', "Palinginaal Oru Maaligai" was an apt number for [[L. R. Eswari]]'s singing talent. Her voice combined with Vedha's music took audience to great heights.

==Singers==
The singers who sang for his composition are: [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[T. A. Mothi]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], S. V. Ponnusamy, [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], [[Mohideen Baig]], [[Eddie Jayamanne]], [[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[Radha Jayalakshmi|(Radha) Jayalakshmi]], [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[B. Vasantha]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[Mabel Blythe]], [[Rukmani Devi]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]].

==Lyricists==
Lyricists who wrote lyrics for Vedha's compositions include [[Kannadasan]], Sundar Kannan, A. L. Narayanan, [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], Villiputhan, [[A. Maruthakasi]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], Karunaidasan, Nallathambi, [[Alangudi Somu]] and [[Panju Arunachalam]].

==Filmography==
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2017}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Production company
|-
| 1952 || ''Umathu Vishvasaya'' || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] || [[B. A. W. Jayamanne]] || Ceylon Theatres
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Kele Handa]]'' || Sinhala || [[B. A. W. Jayamanne]] || Ceylon Theatres
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Irangini]]'' || Sinhala || [[B. A. W. Jayamanne]] || Ceylon Theatres
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[V. C. Subburaman]] || Kasturi Films
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Dingiri Menika]]'' || Sinhala || [[A. S. A. Sami]] || Heladiva Film Arts
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Marma Veeran]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Raghunath]] || Jubilee Arts
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Jeevitha Satana]]'' || Sinhala || [[Shanthi Kumar]] || Ceylon Theatres
|-
|rowspan=2|1958 || ''[[Anbu Enge]]'' || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || Jubilee Arts
|-
| ''[[Manamalai]]'' || Tamil || [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayanamurthi]] || Janatha Pictures
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Minnal Veeran]]'' || Tamil || Jampanna || TNR Productions
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || Jubilee Films
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Kannadi Maaligai]]'' || Tamil || N. N. C. Sami || Rani Pictures
|-
| rowspan=3|1963 || ''[[Alapiranthavan (1963 film)|Alapiranthavan]]'' || Tamil || [[Nanabhai Bhatt]] ||
|-
| ''[[Konjum Kumari]]'' || Tamil || G. Viswanathan || [[Modern Theatres]]
|-
| ''[[Pen Manam]]'' || Tamil || K. Somu || Mokeshvar Chitra
|-
| rowspan=4|1964 || ''[[Amma Engey]]'' || Tamil || G. Viswanathan || rowspan=2 |[[Modern Theatres]]
|-
| ''[[Chitrangi]]'' || Tamil || R. S. Mani
|-
| ''[[Pasamum Nesamum]]'' || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || Alankar Pictures
|-
| ''[[Veeranganai]]'' || Tamil || [[A. S. A. Sami]] || Oriental Pictures
|-
| rowspan=3|1965 || ''[[Sarasa B. A.]]'' || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] ||Ganesh Films
|-
| ''[[Oru Viral]]'' || Tamil || C. M. V. Raman || Salvandar Fernandez
|-
| ''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Sundaram]] || [[Modern Theatres]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1966 || ''[[Aame Evaru?]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[B. S. Narayana]] || P. S. V. Pictures
|-
| ''[[Iru Vallavargal]]'' || Tamil || K. V. Srinivasan || rowspan=3|[[Modern Theatres]]
|-
| ''[[Monagallaku Monagadu]]'' || Telugu || S. D. Lal
|-
| ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Sundaram]]
|-
| ''[[Yaar Nee?]]'' || Tamil || Satyam || P. S. V. Pictures
|-
| rowspan=4|1967 || ''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]'' || Tamil || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || rowspan=2|[[AVM Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Ave Kallu]]'' || Telugu || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|-
| ''[[Ethirigal Jakkirathai]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Sundaram]] || rowspan=4|[[Modern Theatres]]
|-
| ''[[Kadhalithal Podhuma]]'' || Tamil || K. V. Srinivasan
|-
| 1968 || ''Evaru Monagadu'' || Telugu || [[T. R. Sundaram]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1969 || ''[[Naangu Killadigal]]'' || Tamil || L. Balu
|-
| ''[[Manasatchi]]'' || Tamil || T. N. Balu || Vijaya Balaji Movies
|-
| ''[[Ulagam Ivvalavudhan]]'' || Tamil || [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || Pandi Amman Movies
|-
| ''[[Ponnu Mappillai]]'' || Tamil || S. Ramanathan || P. S. V. Pictures
|-
| ''Rajya Kanksha'' || Telugu || G. Viswanathan || Bharadwaja Films
|-
| 1970 || ''[[CID Shankar]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Sundaram]] || rowspan=3|[[Modern Theatres]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1971 || ''[[Justice Viswanathan]]'' || Tamil || G. R. Nathan
|-
| ''Nenu Manishine'' || Telugu || G. V. R. Seshagiri Rao
|-
|}

==References==
*{{cite book|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=ta}}
*{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1|author=G. Neelamegam|language=ta|publisher=Manivasagar Publishers, Chennai 108 (Ph:044 25361039). First edition December 2014}}
*{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2|author=G. Neelamegam|language=ta|publisher=Manivasagar Publishers, Chennai 108 (Ph:044 25361039). First edition November 2016}}
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century male composers]]

Nauraspur

2025-11-07T14:18:57Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Short description|Destroyed city in Karnataka, India}}
'''Nauraspur''' was a city in what is today [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It was founded in July 1599 by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]], the sultan of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur Sultanate]].<ref name="r901">{{cite web | last=Nazim | first=M. | title=Bijapur Inscriptions | url=https://ia801400.us.archive.org/4/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.58423/2015.58423.Memoirs-Of-The-Archaeological-Survey-Of-India-No-49-Bijapur-Inscriptios_text.pdf | access-date=7 November 2025 | page=10}}</ref> It was destroyed in 1624 by [[Burhan Nizam Shah III]], then sultan of the [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]], which were the Adil Shahis' greatest rival and also a member of the [[Deccan Sultanates]].<ref name="IbE">{{cite book|first1=Catherine B.|last1=Asher|first2=Cynthia|last2=Talbor|title=India Before Europe|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=169|url=https://archive.org/details/indiabeforeeurop0000ashe/page/168/}}</ref>

It was located {{convert|3|km|mi}} west of [[Bijapur]], the capital of the Sultanate,<ref name="MZ99">{{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999| location = Cambridge| isbn = 0-521-56321-6}}</ref>{{rp|42}} and was intended to be a hub of learning and culture, but was never fully completed when it was destroyed in 1624.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Thomas Grahame|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfUrduLiterature/page/n25/mode/2up|title=A History of Urdu Literature|date=1932|publisher=Association Press (Y.M.C.A.)|isbn=978-81-7000-080-8}}</ref><ref name="IbE"/><ref name="MZ99"/>{{rp|14}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Populated places established in 1599]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 1624]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Namo Narain Meena

2025-10-28T05:15:28Z

KirkEvd85074933: added info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Namo Narain Meena
| image = Namo Narain Meena (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|12|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bamanwas, [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| residence = Bamanwas
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of State for Finance]]
| term_start1 = 28 May 2009
| term_end1 = 26 May 2014
| president1 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] [[Pratibha Patil]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Union Minister of State for Environment and Forests]]
| term_start2 = 23 May 2004
| term_end2 = 22 May 2009
| president2 = Pratibha Patil [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister2 = Manmohan Singh
| constituency_MP3 = [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| term3 = 2004 - 2014
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]]
| office4 = Member, [[Rajasthan State Human rights Commission]]
| term_start4 = 11 September 2003
| term_end4 = 22 March 2004
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse = Kesar Meena
| children = 1 son and 4 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 August|
| year = 2008|
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4060
| relations = Laxmi Narayan Meena ([[Son-in-law]])
}}

'''Namo Narain Meena''' (born 24 December 1943) is an Indian politician and retired [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who is a member of [[Indian National Congress]] from the state of [[Rajasthan]]. He was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Sawai Madhopur]] constituency and of the [[15th Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]<ref>[http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=4060 Shri Namo Narain Meena – Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India]. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 2012-08-25.</ref> constituency. He served as the Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]] in the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|UPA-I government]] between 2004 and 2009 and as the Minister of State in the Department of Expenditure, Banking and Insurance of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]<ref>[http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/ministerofstate/index_mos(eb&i).asp The Minister of State (EB&I): Ministry of Finance, Government of India]. Finmin.nic.in. Retrieved on 2012-08-25.</ref> in the [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|UPA-II government]] between 2009 and 2014.
[[File: Shri Namo Narayan Meena assumes the charge of Union Minister for Environment & Forest in New Delhi on May 24, 2004.jpg|thumb|Namo Narain Meena assumes the charge of Union Minister for Environment & Forest in New Delhi on May 24, 2004.|right]]

==Political career==
After resigning as a member of the RSHRC, Namo Narain Meena joined the [[Indian National Congress]] party and was nominated to contest from the [[Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Sawai Madhopur]] constituency of Rajasthan in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]]. He defeated sitting member of parliament and union minister [[Jaskaur Meena]] by a margin of 1,11,163 votes. Following his election, he was inducted into the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|first council of ministers]] under the premiership of [[Manmohan Singh]] as a Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]] on 22 May 2004 and served until 23 May 2009. {{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]], he contested from the [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]] constituency and defeated his nearest rival and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kirori Singh Bainsla]] by a thin margin of 317 votes. Following his re-election, he was re-appointed to the union council of ministers. He was appointed the Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] on 28 May 2009 and remained in office till 26 May 2014. {{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

He was nominated by the Indian National Congress to contest from the [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]] constituency in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], however he was defeated by the BJP candidate and his brother [[Harish Meena]] who later joined the Congress Party in 2018. He contested from the Tonk-Sawai Madhopur seat in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] and was defeated by sitting MP and BJP candidate [[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Awards==
* [[President's Police Medal]]{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
* [[President's Police Medal|President's Distinguished Service Medal]]{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Namo Narain}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:People from Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]

Caitika

2025-10-15T22:55:57Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Short description|Early Buddhist school}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Bojjana Konda statue 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of the Buddha at [[Bojjannakonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
{{EarlyBuddhism}}
[[File:Sankaram caves.JPG|thumb|Statue of the Buddha at [[Bojjannakonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
[[File:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|The Great [[Stupa]] at [[Sanchi Stupa|Sanchi]] associated with the Caitikas.]]

The '''Caitika''' ({{zh|制多山部 or 制多部}}) was an [[Early Buddhist schools|early Buddhist school]], a sub-sect of the [[Mahāsāṃghika]]. They were also known as the '''Caityaka''' sect.

The Caitikas proliferated throughout the mountains of [[South India]], from which they derived their name.{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=35}} In [[Pali]] writings, members of this sect and its offshoots were generally referred to as the ''Andhakas'', meaning "of [[Coastal Andhra]]".

== History ==
The Caitikas branched off from the main Mahāsāṃghika school in the 1st or 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=48}} Epigraphic evidence of the Mahāsāṃghikas in the [[Mathura]] region dates to the first century BCE, and the ''{{IAST|Śāriputraparipṛcchā Sūtra}}'' dates the formation of the Caitikas to 300 years after the Buddha.{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=43}} However, the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower [[Krishna Valley|Kṛṣṇa Valley]], including [[Amaravati Stupa|Amarāvati Stupa]], [[Nagarjunakonda|Nāgārjunakoṇḍā]] and [[Jaggayyapeta|Jaggayyapeṭa]] "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=2}}

The Caitikas gave rise to the Aparaśailas and Uttaraśailas (also called Pūrvaśailas). Together, they comprised an important part of the Mahāsāṃghika located in South India.{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=43}} Two other sub-sects associated with the Caitikas include the Rājagirikas and the Siddhārthikas, both of which emerged from the Andhra region around 300 CE.<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 279.</ref>

The Caitikas are said to have had in their possession the Great [[Stupa]] at [[Sanchi]].{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=197}} The Great Stūpa was first commissioned by [[Ashoka|Asoka]] in the 3rd century BCE and became known as a [[Buddhist pilgrimage]] site. In the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajaṇṭā Caves]], the only epigraphic reference to an early Buddhist sect is to that of the Caitikas, which is associated with an iconic image in Cave 10.{{sfn|Malandra|1993|p=133}} The Mahāsāṃghikas were generally associated with the early veneration of anthropomorphic Buddha images.{{sfn|Malandra|1993|p=133}}

When [[Xuanzang]] visited [[Dharanikota|Dhānyakaṭaka]], he wrote that the monks of this region were Mahāsāṃghikas, and mentions the Pūrvaśailas specifically.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=437}} Near Dhānyakaṭaka, he met two Mahāsāṃghika [[bhikkhu|bhikṣu]]s and studied Mahāsāṃghika [[Abhidharma]] with them for several months, during which time they also studied various Mahāyāna [[shastra|śāstra]]s together under Xuanzang's direction.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=437}}<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 213.</ref>

== Doctrine ==
[[File:AmaravatiFrieze.jpg|thumb|Drum-slab from the [[Amaravati Stupa]]]]
The southern Mahāsāṃghika schools such as the Caitikas advocated the ideal of the [[bodhisattva]], the [[bodhisattvayāna]], over that of the [[arhat]] or [[śrāvakayāna]], and they viewed arhats as being fallible and still subject to ignorance.{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=44}} The main Caitika school, along with the Aparaśailas and Uttaraśailas, all emphasised the transcendent and supramundane character of the Buddha.

Xuanzang considered the Mahāsāṃghika doctrine of a ''mūlavijñāna'' ("root consciousness") to be essentially the same as the [[Yogācāra|Yogāćāra]] doctrine of the [[Eight Consciousnesses|ālāyavijñāna]] "storehouse consciousness". He also noted that the doctrine of the ''mūlavijñāna'' was contained in the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgama]] of the Mahāsāṃghikas.<ref>Cook, Francis (tr). ''Three Texts on Consciousness Only.'' 1999. p. 88.</ref>

==Relationship to Mahāyāna==

===Associations===
[[A. K. Warder]] holds that the Mahāyāna "almost certainly" first developed from the southern Mahāsāṃghika schools of the Āndhra region, among monastic communities associated with the Caitikas and their sub-sects.<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 313.</ref>

Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]], [[Dignāga]], [[Candrakīrti|Ćandrakīrti]], [[Āryadeva]], and [[Bhāviveka]], among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra."{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=1}}

===Royal patronage===
Some early Mahāyāna sūtras reference wealthy female donors and provide evidence that they were developed in the Āndhra region, where the Caitika were predominant. The Mahāyāna ''Mahāmegha Sūtra'', for example, gives a prophecy about a royal princess of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Śatavāhana dynasty]] who will live in Āndhra, along the Kṛṣṇa River, in Dhānyakaṭaka, seven hundred years after the [[parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]] of the Buddha.<ref name="osto_114"/>

Several scholars such as [[Étienne Lamotte]], and Alex and Hideko Wayman, associate the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Āndhra Ikṣvāku dynasty]] with patronage of Mahāyāna sūtras.<ref name="osto_114">Osto, Douglas. ''Power, Wealth and Women in Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra'' 2011. pp. 114–115.</ref> Epigraphic evidence at Nāgārjunikoṇḍa also provides abundant evidence of royal and wealthy female donors.<ref name="osto_114"/>

===Prajñāpāramitā===
A number of scholars have proposed that the Mahāyāna [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] teachings were first developed by the Caitika subsect of the Mahāsāṃghikas. They believe that the ''{{IAST|Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra}}'' originated amongst the southern Mahāsāṃghika schools of the Āndhra region, along the [[Krishna River|Kṛṣṇa River]].{{sfn|Xing|2005|p=66}} Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in Southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River."{{sfn|Xing|2005|pp=65-6}} These Mahāsāṃghikas had two famous monasteries near the Amarāvati and the Dhānyakaṭaka, which gave their names to the schools of the Pūrvaśailas and the Aparaśailas.{{sfn|Xing|2005|p=66}} Each of these schools had a copy of the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' in [[Prakrit]].{{sfn|Xing|2005|p=66}} Guang Xing also assesses the view of the Buddha given in the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' as being that of the Mahāsāṃghikas.{{sfn|Xing|2005|p=66}} [[Edward Conze]] estimates that this Sūtra originated around 100 BCE.{{sfn|Xing|2005|p=66}}

===Tathāgatagarbha===
Brian Edward Brown, a specialist in Tathāgatagarbha doctrines, writes that it has been determined that the composition of the ''[[Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra]]'' occurred during the Āndhra Ikṣvāku dynasty in the 3rd century CE as a product of the Mahāsāṃghikas of the Āndhra region (i.e. the Caitika schools).<ref>Brown, Brian Edward. ''The Buddha Nature: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha and Ālayavijñāna.'' 2010. p. 3.</ref> [[Alex Wayman]] has outlined eleven points of complete agreement between the Mahāsāṃghikas and the ''Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra'', along with four major arguments for this association.{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|pp=153-154}} After its composition, this text became the primary scriptural advocate in India for the universal potentiality of [[Buddhahood]].<ref>Brown, Brian Edward. ''The Buddha Nature: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha and Ālayavijñāna.'' 2010. p. 3.</ref> Anthony Barber also associates the earlier development of the ''[[Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra]]'' with the Mahāsāṃghikas, and concludes that the Mahāsāṃghikas of the Āndhra region were responsible for the inception of the Tathāgatagarbha doctrine.{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|pp=155-156}}

===Bodhisattva canons===
In the 6th century CE, Bhāviveka speaks of the Siddhārthikas using a Vidyādhāra Piṭaka, and the Aparaśailas and Uttaraśailas (Pūrvaśailas) both using a Bodhisattva Piṭaka, implying collections of Mahāyāna texts within these Caitika schools.<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 53.</ref> During the same period, Avalokitavrata speaks of the Mahāsāṃghikas using a Great Āgama Piṭaka, which is then associated with Mahāyāna sūtras such as the ''Prajñāparamitā'' and the ''[[Ten Stages Sutra|Ten Stages Sūtra]]''.<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 53.</ref> Avalokitavrata also states that Mahāyāna sūtras such as the ''Prajñāparamitā'' were recited by the Aparaśailas and the Pūrvaśailas.<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 53.</ref>

According to the Theravādin text ''[[Nikāyasaṅgraha]]'', the large Mahāyāna collection called the ''[[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]]'' ([[Taishō Tripiṭaka]] No. 310) was composed by the "Andhakas", meaning the Caitika schools of the Āndhra region.<ref>Adikaram, E. W. ''Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon.'' 1953. p. 100.</ref><ref>Paul, Diana. ''The Buddhist Feminine Ideal.'' 1980. p. 12.</ref> This collection includes the ''Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra'', the ''[[Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra]]'', the ''Akṣobhyavyūha Sūtra'', a long text called the ''Bodhisattva Piṭaka'', and others.<ref>Sangharakshita. ''The Eternal Legacy: An Introduction to the Canonical Literature of Buddhism.'' 2006. p. 168.</ref> The ''Mahāratnakūṭa'' collection totals 49 Mahāyāna sūtras, divided into 120 fascicles in the Chinese translation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0022.html|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (T 310)}}</ref>

== Disputes with Theravāda ==
In the [[Mahavihara|Mahāvihāra]] tradition of the [[Theravada|Theravāda]] school, [[Buddhaghosa|Buddhaghoṣa]] grouped the Caitika schools in the Āndhra region, such as the Rājagirikas and the Siddhārthikas, as the "Andhakas".{{sfn|Sree Padma|2008|p=35}} Works such as the ''[[Kathāvatthu]]'' show that Mahāvihāra polemics were directed overwhelmingly at these "Andhakas" in India.<ref>{{citation |last=Sujato |first=Bhante |title=Sects and Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools |page=52 |year=2012 |publisher=Santipada |isbn=9781921842085 |authorlink=Bhante Sujato}}.</ref>

===Textual authenticity===
The Caitika schools rejected the post-Asokan texts that were in use by the [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya]] tradition such as the ''[[Parivāra]]'', the six books of [[Abhidharma]], the ''[[Paṭisambhidāmagga]]'', the ''[[Niddesa]]'', some [[Jataka tales|Jātakas]], some [[Gatha (India)|Gāthās]], and so on.<ref>{{citation |last=Sujato |first=Bhante |title=Sects and Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools |page=51 |year=2012 |publisher=Santipada |isbn=9781921842085 |authorlink=Bhante Sujato}}.</ref> For example, the Caitikas claimed that their own Jātakas represented the original collection before the Buddhist tradition split into various lineages.<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. pp. 286–287.</ref>

===Interpretation of Buddhist texts===
One dispute recorded in the ''Kathāvatthu'' between the Mahāvihāravasins and the Andhakas was a fundamental matter concerning the interpretation of the Buddha's teachings. The Andhakas are said to have held that the Buddha's actions and speech were supramundane, but some may only perceive the conventional or mundane interpretation. For the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism, the ultimate meaning of the Buddha's teachings was "beyond words", and words were merely a conventional exposition of the Dharma. The Theravāda Mahāvihāravasins, in contrast, argued that literal interpretations of the Buddha's teachings were best.<ref>Buescher, John. ''Echoes from an Empty Sky: The Origins of the Buddhist Doctrine of the Two Truths.'' 2005. p. 46.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
*[[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikāya Buddhism]]
*[[Schools of Buddhism]]
* [[Secular Buddhism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Bibhuti|title=Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-152-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Malandra|first=Geri Hockfield|title=Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MU44LPu3mbUC&pg=PR1|year=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1355-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Sree Padma|title=Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8H5VwQUbIMIC&pg=PA1|date=7 August 2008|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7814-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Xing|first=Guang|title=The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTWZLMGFFgkC|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-33344-3}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Mahāsāṃghika]]
[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]

Ladakh FC

2025-10-08T02:54:10Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Leh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
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| website = {{url|https://www.ladakhfc.com/}}
}}

'''Ladakh Football Club''', also known as '''1 Ladakh FC''', is an [[India]]n professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]. The club last competed in '''Ladakh Super League''', one of the [[Indian State Leagues]] & also national [[Youth League (India)|youth leagues]]. It is the first professional club from the state of Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=Ladakh gets its first 'professional' football club |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/ladakh-gets-its-first-professional-football-club/articleshow/99248397.cms |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=1 Ladakh FC Sets Out With Focus on Environment Amid Effects of Global Warming in Region |url=https://www.news18.com/football/1-ladakh-fc-sets-out-with-focus-on-environment-amid-effects-of-global-warming-in-region-7538647.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=At 11,000 feet above sea level, Indian football's newest destination also has green goals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/at-11000-feet-above-sea-level-indian-footballs-newest-destination-also-has-green-goals-8543038/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-05-24 |title=Steve Marsella to lead 1 Ladakh FC as head coach, ushering New Era for Football |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/steve-marsella-to-lead-1-ladakh-fc-as-head-coach-ushering-new-era-for-football/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-30 |title=1 Ladakh FC: Everything You Need to Know About Ladakh's First Professional Football Club |url=https://technosports.co.in/1-ladakh-fc-ladakhs-first-profess-football-club/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=technosports.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The principal of the club is to play for awareness on climate change. They play home matches at the 11,000 feet Astro Turf Football Stadium. The club organises '''Ladakh Climate Cup''', a preseason competition with participants from different parts of India.

== Crest ==
The crest consists of a [[black-necked crane]], a [[bird]] found in Ladakh. The primary colour of the club is orange. 1 Ladakh FC launched their first ever home kit on 6 July 2023, on the [[birthday]] occasion of the [[Tibet]]an spiritual leader [[Dalai Lama]].

== See also ==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Ladakh Football Association]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]

{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}

Subhas Chakraborty

2025-09-16T17:25:02Z

KirkEvd85074933: quick update

{{Short description|Indian politician (1942–2009)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = The Honourable
| name = Subhas Chakraborty
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|18 March 1942}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|3 August 2009|18 March 1942}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| office = [[Third Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee ministry|Minister of Transport, Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = [[Shyamal Chakraborty]]
| successor = Ranjit Kundu
| office1 = [[Third Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee ministry|Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs, Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 1982
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = Jatin Chakraborty
| successor1 = [[Kanti Ganguly]]
| office2 = [[Third Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee ministry|Minister of Tourism, Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 1987
| term_end2 = 1996
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = Manab Mukherjee
| office3 = [[Third Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee ministry|Minister of Milk Development, Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start3 = 1982
| term_end3 = 1987
| office6 = General Secretary, [[Students' Federation of India]]
| term_start6 = 1976
| term_end6 = 1979
| predecessor6 = [[Biman Bose]]
| successor6 = [[Nepaldev Bhattacharjee]]
| office5 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| term_start5 = 1977
| term_end5 = 2009
| predecessor5 = Ganapati Sur
| successor5 = [[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
| constituency5 = [[Belgachia East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belgachia East]]
| spouse = Ramala Chakraborty
| party = [[Image:CPI-M-flag.svg|18px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–2009)
| otherparty = [[Communist Party of India]] (till 1964)
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| profession = Politician, [[social worker]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Subhas Chakraborty''' (18 March 1942<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bangla.ganashakti.co.in/shownews.php?w=434&h=666&year=2009&month=8&date=4&page=1&dpn=210587|title = Subhas Chakraborty | publisher = Ganashakti Patrika|language=bengali}}</ref> – 3 August 2009) was an Indian politician belonged to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] who served as Minister of Transport, Sports and Youth Services in the [[Government of West Bengal]].

==Early life==
Chakraborty was born in Bengali Hindu [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-09-16|title=Bengal minister revolts with worship|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bengal-minister-revolts-with-worship-246773.html|access-date=2021-12-11|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> of 1942 in [[Dhaka]], [[British India]] to Hemchandra Chakraborty and Labonyoprobha Debi. His political career began from his residence in [[Dum Dum]]. It was a refugee colony.

Subhas Chakraborty studied at [[Dum Dum Motijheel College]], which was then affiliated with the prestigious [[University of Calcutta]]. Thereafter, he was the Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Students' Federation, and after that served as the General Secretary of the [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]]. In 1962 he joined the still undivided [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and in [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|the 1964 party split]], he aligned with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

==Early political life==
Chakraborty was elected as Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Students' Federation in 1969 and became the state secretary of the newly formed [[Students' Federation of India]] in 1970. He was elected as the all India general secretary of SFI in 1976 and continued in that position until 1979.

In the days of semi-fascist terror in West Bengal, he played an important role in defending the Party. His electoral successes started as far back as 1967 when he was elected a councilor with overwhelming popular support in the then south Dumdum municipality—and he remained a councilor until 1978. He was mentored by [[Promode Dasgupta|Pramod Dasgupta]].

==Later political life==

He was elected a member of the CPI(M) West Bengal state committee in 1971. He was elected as an MLA from the [[Belgachia East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belgachia East]] constituency in 1977 and continued representing it until his death in 2009.

In 1982, he became the state minister of Sports, Youth affairs and Milk development. In 1987 became a cabinet minister of Sports, Youth affairs and Tourism department. In 1991 also, he was the cabinet minister for same departments.

In 1996, he became the cabinet minister of Transport and Sports. He got the additional charge for Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners also in 2001.

In 2006, he was the cabinet minister of Transport, Sports and Youth Services. He served in those capacities until his death in 2009. He became a member of the state secretariat of the Party in 2008.

Throughout his life Subhas remained controversial, but was a down-to-earth person. He was more a mass leader than a political leader.

He was deeply involved with the world of sports and culture, as also with a string of social activities. He was the person whose determination created Salt Lake stadium, one of the largest of its kind in Asia.

Chakraborty was also the vice-president of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]]'s West Bengal branch. He was also a member of national council of CITU.

Due to emerging differences with the party leadership, he had decided to leave the party in early-2000s. However, he was desisted by [[Jyoti Basu]] and other leaders.

==Death==
Chakraborty died on 3 August 2009 at 11:35 AM (IST) at the [[AMRI Hospitals]], Kolkata a week after being admitted with [[lung]] and [[kidney]] disorders, and severe [[heart]] problems. Sources differ upon his age at the time of his death, some citing his age as having been 68<ref name="HI">{{cite web| title=WB Minister Subhas Chakraborty Dead| work=[[Headlines India]]| url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/state-news/west-bengal/wb-minister-subhas-chakraborty-dead-18676.html| access-date=2009-08-03| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806152400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/state-news/west-bengal/wb-minister-subhas-chakraborty-dead-18676.html| archive-date=6 August 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> while others presented it as having been 66.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| title=West Bengal Communist leader dies| work=[[BBC]]| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8180936.stm| access-date=2009-08-03 | date=2009-08-03}}</ref>

At his death, the nonagenarian Communist leader [[Jyoti Basu]], who was also his political idol expressed "It is my time to go. But the irony is I am alive, while Subhas is no more. He was a very capable leader."<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/senior-wb-minister-subhas-chakraborty-passes-away_552428.html|title = Senior WB minister Subhas Chakraborty passes away|date = 4 August 2009}}</ref> Basu died five months later, incidentally in the same hospital as Chakraborty died.

Former India cricket captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] had said "I am shocked. I feel sad. I knew for the last few months that Subhasda was ill. He was a great personality. I knew him since my childhood as a family friend".

[[National Film Awards]]-winning actor [[Mithun Chakraborty]] said he was like an elder brother to him. "I loved him a lot. He helped everybody, irrespective of party affiliations. Every day 100-150 people would come to his residence for help. And nobody returned disappointed. He was a great lover of sports. He was always there when somebody was in crisis"—said the actor in a choked voice.

In [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], several clubs expressed their sorrow by flying their flags at half mast.<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/>

==Personal life==
Chakraborty's wife, Ramala Chakraborty, is also a member of the CPI(M). She was a vice-president of the [[All India Democratic Women's Association|AIDWA]] West Bengal State Committee, the women's wing of the CPI(M) and a member of the district committee of North 24 Parganas of the CPI(M). Apart from that she was the convener of an NGO, Pather Panchali (which used to celebrate with Subhas's active participation the birthday of the former chief minister of [[West Bengal]] Mr. [[Jyoti Basu]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090806152400/http://www.headlinesindia.com/state-news/west-bengal/wb-minister-subhas-chakraborty-dead-18676.html Subhas Chakraborty's death]

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Subhas}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]

Majhi people

2025-08-23T04:46:33Z

KirkEvd85074933:

{{Short description|Majhi people of Nepal}}{{Distinguish|Majhi dialect|Majha}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Majhi people
| native_name = माझी
| native_name_lang = ne
| image = Boy and Girl in Majhi Cultural Dress.jpg
| image_caption = Boy and Girl in Majhi Cultural Dress
| population = {{flag|Nepal}} 111,352<ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| languages = [[Majhi language]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]] 82%, [[Prakriti]] 16%, [[Christianity]] 1.33%<ref>{{cite report |date=2014 |title=Population monograph of Nepal |volume=II |author=Central Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Government of Nepal |url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Tharu people]], [[Danuwar people|Danuwar]], [[Darai people|Darai]], [[Bote people|Bote]]
}}

The '''Majhi people''' are an [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]] [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] to the [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal|inner Terai]] regions of [[Nepal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Population Monograph of Nepal Volume II (Social Demography) |url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf}}</ref> They live on the banks of rivers and streams, fishing, boating, making chillies, and make a living by farming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=Majhi community observes Koshi puja |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/majhi-community-observes-koshi-puja |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref> They speak [[Majhi language]].The territories of Majhi people include hilly and inner Terai regions along the tributaries of [[Kosi River|Saptakoshi river]] like [[Sunkoshi River|Sunkoshi]], [[Tamakoshi River|Tamakoshi]], [[Dudh Koshi|Dudhkoshi]], [[Arun River (China–Nepal)|Arun]], [[Barun River|Barun]], [[Likhu Khola|Likhu]], and [[Tamur River|Tamur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majhi |url=https://english.indigenousvoice.com/majhi |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=indigenousvoice.com |language=Nepali}}</ref> They have their own distinct language, religion, culture, rituals, custom and lifestyles. The Majhis belongs to the most marginalized group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Majhi Caste : Another Indigenous Inhabitant of Nepal |url=https://notesnepal.com/archives/7480 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Majhi Community of Nepal, Kathmandu |url=https://everythinginnepal.com/the-majhi-community-of-nepal-697 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Everything In Nepal |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The word Majhi means [[Fisherman|fishermen]] in Nepali. The present day Majhi narrate multiple stories and beliefs about the origin of their ethnic group. Many older Majhi from Sindhuli and Ramechap districts are of the view that Majhi are descendants of the people related with the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epics such as the Ramayana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Majhis of Nepal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279256314}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Majhi people live alongside the rivers of Nepal with ancestral occupations of boating and fishing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-12 |title=Impacts of Climate Change on the indigenous Majhi community in Nepal |url=https://www.weadapt.org/placemarks/maps/view/22816 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=weADAPT |language=en}}</ref> Their distinct folklore, songs, and dances often celebrate the beauty and power of the rivers. The community's traditional wooden boats, known as "dohis," have become emblematic of their way of life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Majhi women resisting the construction of Sunkoshi hydropower dam in Manthali, Ramechhap to protect their land rights |url=https://apwld.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nepal-Land-FPAR-NIWF.pdf}}</ref> For generations, the Majhi community has played a pivotal role in facilitating transportation and trade, ferrying people, goods, and livestock across Nepal's rivers. There’s similarity in custom and occupation of [[Bote people|Bote]] or Majhi people though they live in different places of Nepal. Living besides river, fishing boating, looking for gold, farming and rearing animals are the main occupations of these people. They have different tradition of birth, death, wedding, feast and festivals from other races.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bote Majhi |url=https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstream/123456789/4488/2/Chapter.pdf}}</ref>

== Language ==
Majhi people speak [[Majhi language]] (also known as Majhi Kuro or Majhi Bhasa) which is spoken in central and eastern Nepal. According to the census of 2011, there were a total of 24,000 who considered Majhi as their mother tongue. There are some regional dialects of the Majhi language. There are some differences in each district and village.<ref name=":1" />

== Religion ==
Majhi people consider themselves as Nature worshippers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janajatis of Nepal |url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/Janjatis-in-Nepal.pdf}}</ref> Though Majhis do not employ Brahmin priest while performing religious rites, they claim themselves to be Hindu. They observe all such festivals as Baisakh Purnima, Sansari Puja, Aitabare, Shrawan Sankranti, Dashain, Tihar, Godhko dhup, Maghe Sankranti and Chaite Dasain. Additionally, they also offer sacrifice (Panchabali) to gods and celebrate Barden and Bhumi Puja (land-worship), Jhakani Puja to name a few.<ref name=":0" />

== Marriage ==
The Majhi follow different kinds of marriage system, love marriage and arranged marriage.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

Yazh

2025-08-19T22:21:56Z

KirkEvd85074933: brief refine formatting to improve readability also and improved wording

{{Short description|Musical instrument}}{{About|the instrument|the Sri Lankan city named after the instrument|Jaffna}}{{see also|Ancient veena|Ancient Tamil music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox instrument
| name = Yazh
| image = 2024-03-22 Burmis Swam, Villadi Yaaz, Villadi Naadmandal in Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Pune.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Three recreations of historical harps: ''Villadi Yaaz'' (center), ''Burmis Swam'' (left), ''Villadi Naadmandal'' (right).
| background =
| names =
| classification = [[String instrument]]
| hornbostel_sachs = [[List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 322.11|322.11]]
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[arched harp]]
| inventors =
| developed =
| timbre =
| volume =
| attack =
| decay =
| range =
| pitch =
| related = {{bulleted list|[[African harp]]|[[Pin (harp)|Pin]] (Cambodian harp)|[[Saung]] (Burmese harp)|[[Ancient vina|harp-style Vina]]}}
| musicians = Tharun Sekar
| builders = Tharun Sekar<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Gershon|first= Livia|date= 26 April 2021|title= Listen to the First Song Ever Recorded on This Ancient, Harp-Like Instrument; Tharun Sekar, a luthier based in southern India, has painstakingly recreated the long-lost yazh|url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hear-sound-ancient-indian-instrument-180977426/|magazine= Smithsonian Magazine|location= |publisher= Smithsonian|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>
| articles =
}}

The '''yazh''' ({{langx|ta|யாழ்}}, also transliterated '''yāḻ''', {{IPA|ta|jaːɻ|pron}}) is a [[harp]] used in [[ancient Tamil music]]. It was strung with gut strings that ran from a curved ebony neck to a boat or trough-shaped resonator, the opening of which was a covered with skin for a soundboard. At the resonator the strings were attached to a string-bar or tuning bar with holes for strings that laid beneath of the soundboard and protruded through. The neck may also have been covered in hide.<ref name=grove>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick|editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Yāl|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page=881 }}</ref><ref name=cornell>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100210134738/http://www.rso.cornell.edu/spicmacay/spicmacay_files/home_files/instr.html |archive-date= 10 February 2010 |url=https://www.rso.cornell.edu/spicmacay/spicmacay_files/home_files/instr.html |title=Musical instruments played in India |publisher=Chapter of SPICMACAY, Cornell University|access-date=16 November 2011 |quote= The yazh is an ancient Dravidian instrument, somewhat like a harp. It was named for the fact that the tip of stem of this instrument was carved into the head of the animal yaali (vyala in Sanskrit). The yazh was an open-stringed polyphonous instrument, with a wooden boat-shaped skin-covered resonator and an ebony stem. It was tuned by either pegs or rings of gut moved up and down the string...was displaced by the veena in the middle ages}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Celebrating unheard melodies|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article974391.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 December 2010|location=India |quote=Yazh (a form of harp)...Notes (svaras) are known as Narambu. Narambu are the gut strings used in the Yazh. Each string of the Yazh was tuned to one note therefore this association of Narambu to note.}}</ref>

The arched harp was used in India since at least the 2nd century B.C.E., when a woman was sculpted with the instrument in a Buddhist artwork at [[Bharhut|Bhārut]].<ref name=ludvik227>{{cite book|author=Catherine Ludvík|title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lsYKIXBOK0C&pg=PA227|year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15814-6|pages=227–229}}</ref> Both the Indian [[ancient veena|harp-style ''veena'']] and the Tamil ''yazh'' declined starting in about the 7th century C.E., as [[Alapini vina|stick-zither style veenas]] rose to prominence.<ref name=grove/><ref name=cornell/>

While use of the instrument died out in centuries past, artworks have preserved some knowledge of what the instruments looked like. Luthiers have begun to recreate the instrument.

==Characteristics==

The instruments were built between 1 and 3 feet tall.<ref name=rajeswari/> Strings made of goat intestine were stretched and shaped to differing thicknesses for different notes.<ref name=rajeswari/> Bodies were carved from local woods, including ''emmaram'' (red wood) or ''pala maram'' (jackfruit) wood, and today red cedar is used.<ref name=rajeswari/> Soundboards were made of goatskin, glued to the body with a paste made of tamarind seeds.<ref name=rajeswari/> The sound bar beneath the soundboard, which the strings anchor to, was glued to the instrument's body with a lacquer called Arakku.<ref name=rajeswari/>
[[File:Kinnara playing a yazh, Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchipuram, India, ca 8th century CE.jpg|thumb|Kinnara playing a yazh, Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchipuram, India, ca. 8th century C.E.<ref>{{cite magazine |title= யாழ் என்னும் இசைக்கருவி – ஒரு பார்வை (translation from Tamil: Jaffna Musical Instrument – A View) |magazine= Varalaaru.com |author= லலிதாராம் (translation from Tamil: Lalitaram) |issue = 8 |date= 15 February – 14 March 2005|url= http://www.varalaaru.com/design/article.aspx?ArticleID=109}}</ref>]]

Harps are tuned to [[Scale (music)|musical scales]], with each string being tuned to one note in the scale. According to literature, Tamil land was divided into five regions, each having its own scale (Paan) and variant of the instrument.<ref name=rajeswari>{{cite web |title= Yazh: rebirth with a twist|last= Rajeswari |first= Janani |access-date=1 October 2022|website=The Verandah Club|quote= ...five major types of Yazh based on the number of strings: Sengotti Yazh (seven strings to play seven swaras); Sagoda Yazh (14 strings); Makara Yazh (19 strings), Periyazh (containing 21-29 strings which was closer to the Veena on which one can play 27 notes) and the Seeryazh...ancient literature divided the land into five forms: Marutham, Mullai, Paalai, Neidhal and Kurunji. "It is believed that each of the regions had a Paan (ancient scale of music) and also a Yazh that was unique to it," says Tharun. |url= https://theverandahclub.com/article/yazh-rebirth-with-a-twist-287}}</ref>

The Tamil poet [[Thiruvalluvar]] mentions yazh in his work ''[[Thirukkural]]''.<ref name="tamil">{{cite book |title=Tamil culture |editor=Xavier S. Thani Nayagam |publisher=Tamil Literature Society, Academy of Tamil Culture |date=1966 |series=Tamil (Indic people) |volume=12 |pages=208, 209 |language=en, ta}}</ref> Many major Tamil classical literary masterpieces written during [[Sangam period]] have mentioned the yazh. ''[[Silappatikaram]]'', written by a Tamil Chera prince [[Ilango Adigal]], mentions four kinds of yazhs:<ref name="yazh">{{cite book |last=Rangarajan |first=Haripriya |title=Jainism: art, architecture, literature & philosophy |editor1=Haripriya Rangarajan |editor2=G. Kamalakar |editor3=A. K. V. S. Reddy |editor4=M. Veerender |editor5=K. Venkatachalam |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |date=2001 |series=Religion / Jainism |page=142 |isbn=9788185616773 |language=en, ta}}</ref><ref name=rajeswari/>

*''Peri yazh'' – 21-29 strings – large yazh
*''Makara yazh'' – 19 strings – [[makara]] yazh
*''Cakota yazh'' – 14 strings
*''Cenkotti yazh'' – 7 strings

The Tamil book [[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]] says the strings of a yazh should not have any twists in them. Other Tamil literature which have mentions on yazh are [[Seevaga Sindhamani]] and [[Periya Puranam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=On the basics of conservation |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450960100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125072123/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450960100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |date=4 December 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=India}}</ref> In modern times [[Swami Vipulananda]] has written a book of scientific research in Tamil called the ''[[Yazh Nool]]'', detailing 6 different yazh harps.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilnation.co/hundredtamils/vipulananda.htm |title=One hundred Tamils of the 20th century: Swami Vipulananda (1892–1947)}}</ref>

===Body shape===
The instrument may have a relationship with the mythological ''[[Yali (mythology)|yali]]'', the word for which (யாழி) is linguistically similar to the word for this arched harp (முகம்). Whatever relationship the words may or may not have linguistically, some researchers believe the mythological yali was carved into the tip of the yazh harp's neck.<ref name=cornell/> The relationship between a stringed instrument and the yali is not limited to this Tamil instrument, but also was mentioned by [[Śārṅgadeva]] in his [[Sangita Ratnakara]] as a feature of the [[Eka-tantri vina|ekatantri stick-zither veena]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Varieties of Veena |website= SARASWATHI VEENA(SARASWATI VEENA) |url=https://theveena.com/?page_id=445 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002114656/https://theveena.com/?page_id=445 |archive-date=2022-10-02 |quote= [paraphrased-translation placed online of parts of the Sangeeta Ratnakara of Sarngadeva]}}</ref> The modern [[Saraswati veena]] retains this feature.<ref name=intotovina>{{cite journal |title= An Introduction to the Vina |author= Karaikudi S. Subramanian |journal= Asian Music |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |date=Spring–Summer 1985 |pages= 9–13, 19 |publisher= University of Texas Press |doi = 10.2307/833772 |jstor= 833772 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/833772|url-access= subscription }}</ref>

''Other types of yazh are:''
* ''Mayil Yazh'' – ''"resembling a peacock"''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst2.htm |title=Musical Instruments |page=2 |publisher=Government Museum, Chennai, India |access-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927234750/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst2.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref>
* ''Vil Yazh'' – ''"shaped like a bow''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst3.htm |title=Musical Instruments |page=3 |publisher=Government Museum, Chennai, India |access-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927234851/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/02/01/musinst3.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref>

The animal used in creating the instrument has an effect on its sound, affecting the instrument's dimensions which changes its sound.<ref name=rajeswari/> The shapes are both culturally aesthetic and lend themselves to incorporating the [[golden ratio]] curve into the arch of the instrument.<ref name=rajeswari/>

==Literature==
There is a city named for the yazh in the story of its founding, [[Jaffna]], known in Tamil as ''Yazhpanam''. A [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] legend recounts that a blind man ''Panan'' played on the Yazh so beautiful that he was given land from a king, which he named after himself, literally meaning ''"town of harper"''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSUeAAAAIAAJ |title=Ceylon Sessional Papers |last=Pārlimēntuva |first=Ceylon |date=1957-01-01 |publisher=Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4_domy-aYsC&q=yalpanam&pg=PA4 |title=A Hand Book to the Jaffna Peninsula and a Souvenir of the Opening of the Railway to the North |last = Katiresu |first = Subramanier| date = 2004-01-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120618725 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Jaffna>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9DpMY206bMC |title=Ancient Jaffna: Being a Research into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period |last1=Rasanayagam |first1=C. |last2=Rasanayagam |first2=Mudaliyar C. |date=1993-01-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120602106 |language=en}}</ref>

Not only seen in literature, Yazh are found in sculptures in the [[Darasuram]] and [[Thirumayam]] temples in Tamil Nadu and also in [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Recreating treasures of the past |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821054545/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650010100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2008 |date=26 December 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=India}}</ref>

The yazh was played in ''[[Meenakshi Temple|Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple]]'' in early centuries. It was mentioned in ''[[Shaiva Thirumurai|ShaivaThirumurai]]'' 11th Pathigam. It was also played by the musician and poet ''Panapathirar'' ''({{langx|ta|பாணபத்திரர்}})'' who is mentioned in religious devotional stories.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Yaarl.jpg|Modern reproduction of a ''Yazh'', an instrument used in [[Ancient Tamil music]]. This reproduction has a yali head carved into the curved neck.
File:Yaaz.jpg|Modern recreations of the yazh/yal
File:Makarayazh woman.jpg|Modern illustration of Makara yal (Tamil: மகரயாழ்).
File:யாழ் மீட்டும் பெண்.png|Woman playing a yal.
File:Virkodi Yazh.jpg|''Virkodi yazh'' or ''vil yazh''. A music theory proposes that a hunters bow was inspiration for the first stringed instruments in India. This is from [[Tamil Nadu]].
</gallery>

==External links ==
*[https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-63031069 BBC video showing the instrument being played.]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-veena-shaped-like-a-tortoise-vies-with-one-shaped-like-a-peacock-in-this-pune-museum/article24592527.ece/ News article with prominent photo of Makara yazh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170729045035/http://www.dailynews.lk/2017/06/21/features/119512/how-jaffna-got-name-yarlpanam Brief history of Jaffna and the yazh, Daily News, Sri Lankha]
*[https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/design-and-living/redesigning-the-yazh-ancient-string-instrument/ News story on re-creating yazh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210607000504/https://www.dtnext.in/news/topnews/2020/10/15003020/1256576/city-architect-redesigns-forgotten-musical-instruments.vpf Photo and news clip of modern re-created yazh]
*[https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/sangam-literature-inspired-fusion-song-harmonises-tamil-nadus-yazh-and-armenias-duduk/ Music featuring Yazh]

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian musical instruments}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Harps]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Tamil music]]