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Gifu Prefecture

2026-05-28T23:30:14Z

KiraHutchinson4:

{{Short description|Prefecture of Japan}}
{{Redirect|Gifu, Japan|the city|Gifu}}
{{Redirect|JP-21|the Japanese RGB-21 connector|SCART}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gifu Prefecture
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|岐阜県}}}}
| settlement_type = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| translit_lang1 = Japanese
| translit_lang1_type = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ja|岐阜県}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Romanization of Japanese|Rōmaji]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ja-Latn|Gifu-ken}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Ukai Gifu Nagaragawa 05.jpg
| caption1 = [[Cormorant fishing on the Nagara River]]
| image2 = 220727 Nakasendo Magome-juku Nakatsugawa Gifu pref Japan03s3.jpg
| caption2 = [[Magome-juku]]
| image3 = Takayama Matsuri-2017-5.jpg
| caption3 = Spring Festival in Takayama
| image4 = Shirakawa-go (2023-07-22).jpg
| caption4 = Shirakawa-go
| image5 = Hida Folk Village, May 2017.jpg
| caption5 = [[Hida Minzoku Mura Folk Village]]
| image6 = The-Battlefield-of-Sekigahara-1.jpg
| caption6 = A monument in [[Battle of Sekigahara]]
| image7 = Usuzumi Zakura 20220401 02.jpg
| caption7 = Usuzumi cherry-blossom in Motosu
| image8 = Kiso River and Mount Ibuki.JPG
| caption8 = [[Mount Ibuki]] and [[Kiso River]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Gifu Prefecture.svg
| flag_size = 100px
| image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Gifu Prefecture.svg
| blank_emblem_size = 80px
| blank_emblem_type = Symbol
| image_map = Map of Japan with highlight on 21 Gifu prefecture.svg
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Japan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of Japan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chūbu region|Chūbu]] ([[Tōkai region|Tōkai]])
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of islands of Japan|Island]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Honshu]]
| seat_type = [[List of capitals in Japan|Capital]]
| seat = [[Gifu]]
| parts_type = Subdivisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Districts of Japan|Districts]]: 9
| p2 = [[Municipalities of Japan|Municipalities]]: 42
| leader_title = [[List of prefectural governors in Japan|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Yoshihide Esaki]]
| area_total_km2 = 10621.29
| area_water_percent = 0.2
| area_rank = [[List of Japanese prefectures by area|7th]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2040000
| population_as_of = Summer, 2025
| population_rank = [[List of Japanese prefectures by population|17th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020年度国民経済計算（2015年基準・2008SNA） : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府 |url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kakuhou/files/2020/2020_kaku_top.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=内閣府ホームページ |language=ja}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[JP¥]]8,225 billion [[US$]]60.8 billion (2022)
| iso_code = JP-21
| website = {{URL|www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/English}}
| module = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
| country = Japan
| bird = [[Rock ptarmigan]] (''Lagopus muta'')
| fish = [[Ayu sweetfish|Ayu]] (''Plecoglossus altivelis'')
| flower = Chinese milk vetch (''[[Astragalus (plant)|Astragalus]] sinicus'')
| tree = [[Taxus cuspidata|Japanese yew]] (''Taxus cuspidata'')
}}
| anthem = [[:ja:岐阜県民の歌|Gifu kenmin no uta]]
}}
[[File:Gifucastleview.jpg|thumb|right|200px|= Panoramic view of the [[Nōbi Plain]] with [[Gifu]] City, Gifu Prefecture seen from the top of [[Gifu Castle]]]]
{{Nihongo|'''Gifu Prefecture'''|岐阜県|Gifu-ken|{{IPA|ja|ɡʲi.ɸɯ, ɡʲi.ɸɯ̥ꜜ.keɴ}}<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ja:NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典|publisher=NHK Publishing|editor=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|date=24 May 2016|lang=ja}}</ref>}} is a [[Prefectures of Japan|prefecture]] of [[Japan]] located in the [[Chūbu region]] of [[Honshu]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Gifu-ken" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 246|page=246}}</ref>{{rp|page=246}}<ref>Nussbaum, "Chūbu" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 126|page=126}}</ref>{{rp|page=126}} Gifu Prefecture has a population of 2,040,000 ({{as of|2025|04|01|lc=y|df=US}})<ref name="Population">{{cite web |url= https://www.japan.go.jp/_src/230558/summer15_26-27.pdf |title= Japan’s Regional Strength
|author= |publisher= Gifu Prefectural Government official website |access-date=October 12, 2025 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012033140/https://www.japan.go.jp/_src/230558/summer15_26-27.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2025 }}</ref> and has a geographic area of {{convert|10621|km2|sqmi|lk=on}}. Gifu Prefecture borders [[Toyama Prefecture]] to the north; [[Ishikawa Prefecture]] to the northwest, [[Fukui Prefecture]] and [[Shiga Prefecture]] to the west, [[Mie Prefecture]] to the southwest, [[Aichi Prefecture]] to the south, and [[Nagano Prefecture]] to the east.

[[Gifu]] is the capital and largest city of Gifu Prefecture, with other major cities including [[Ōgaki]], [[Kakamigahara]], and [[Tajimi]].<ref>Nussbaum, "Gifu" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 246|page=246}}</ref>{{rp|page=246}}

Gifu Prefecture is located in the center of Japan, one of only eight inland prefectures, and features the country's [[center of population]]. Gifu Prefecture has served as the historic [[Intersection (road)|crossroads]] of Japan with routes connecting the east to the west, including the [[Nakasendō]], one of the [[Edo Five Routes|Five Routes]] of the [[Edo period]]. Gifu Prefecture was a long-term residence of [[Oda Nobunaga]] and [[Saitō Dōsan]], two influential figures of Japanese history in the [[Sengoku period]], spawning the popular phrase "control Gifu and you control Japan" in the late [[History of Japan#Feudal Japan|Medieval era]].<ref name="instant">''Instant Gifu''. Gifu International Center, 1995.</ref> Gifu Prefecture is known for its traditional ''[[Washi]]'' paper industry, including [[Gifu lanterns]] and [[Gifu umbrellas]], and as a center for the [[Japanese swordsmithing]] and [[Japanese kitchen knife|cutlery]] industries. Gifu Prefecture is home to [[Gifu Castle]], the 1,300-year-old tradition of [[cormorant fishing on the Nagara River]], and the site of the [[Battle of Sekigahara]].

== History ==
{{See also|List of Historic Sites of Japan (Gifu)}}

The land area that makes up modern-day Gifu became part of the [[Yamato period|Yamato Court]] around the middle of the fourth century. Because it is in the middle of the island of [[Honshu]], it has been the site of many decisive battles throughout Japan's history, the oldest major one being the [[Jinshin War]] in 672, which led to the establishment of [[Emperor Tenmu]] as the 40th emperor of Japan.

The area of Gifu Prefecture consists of the [[Old provinces of Japan|old provinces]] of [[Hida Province|Hida]] and [[Mino Province|Mino]], as well as smaller parts of [[Echizen Province|Echizen]] and [[Shinano Province|Shinano]].<ref>Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 780|page=780}}</ref> The name of the prefecture derives from its capital city, [[Gifu]], which was named by [[Oda Nobunaga]] during [[Siege of Inabayama Castle|his campaign]] to unify all of Japan in 1567.<ref name="kashimoristone">Stone ledger in front of [[Kashimori Shrine]]. Erected by Kashimori Shrine.</ref> The first character used comes from Qishan ('''岐'''山), a legendary mountain from which most of China was unified, whereas the second character comes from [[Qufu]] (曲'''阜'''), the birthplace of [[Confucius]].<ref name="gkankou">[http://www.kankou-gifu.jp/en/outline/index.html Gifu tour guide – Outline of Gifu Prefecture] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001133648/http://www.kankou-gifu.jp/en/outline/index.html |date=October 1, 2011 }}. Gifu Prefecture Tourist Federation. Accessed September 9, 2007.</ref> Nobunaga chose those characters because he wanted to unify all of Japan and he wanted to be viewed as a great mind.

Historically, the prefecture served as the center of swordmaking for the whole of Japan, with [[Seki, Gifu|Seki]] being known for making the best swords in Japan. More recently, its strengths have been in fashion (primarily in the city of Gifu) and aerospace engineering ([[Kakamigahara]]).

On October 28, 1891, the present-day city of [[Motosu, Gifu|Motosu]] was the [[epicenter]] for the [[1891 Mino–Owari earthquake|Mino–Owari earthquake]], the second largest earthquake to ever hit Japan.<ref name="nsm">[http://research.kahaku.go.jp/rikou/namazu/04nobi/noubi.html Mino Earthquake] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706095621/http://research.kahaku.go.jp/rikou/namazu/04nobi/noubi.html |date=July 6, 2014 }}. {{in lang|ja}} Tokyo Science Museum. Accessed July 5, 2007.</ref> The earthquake, estimated at 8.0 ([[surface-wave magnitude]]), left a [[fault scarp]] that can still be seen today.

== Geography ==
One of the few landlocked prefectures in Japan, Gifu shares borders with seven other prefectures: [[Toyama Prefecture|Toyama]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]], [[Fukui Prefecture|Fukui]], [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]], [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]], [[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]], and [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]]. Japan's [[postal code#Japan|postal codes]] all start with a three-digit number, ranging from 001 to 999. Part of Gifu has the 500 prefix, reflecting its location in the center of Japan.
The [[Center of population|center of Japanese population]] is currently located in Seki City, Gifu Prefecture. The center of population is a hypothetical point at which a country is perfectly balanced assuming each person has a uniform weight. The spot was calculated using the 2005 census.

{{as of|2019|03|31|post=,}} 18 percent of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as [[Prefectural Natural Park|Natural Parks]], namely the [[Hakusan National Park|Hakusan]] and [[Chūbu-Sangaku National Park|Chūbu-Sangaku]] National Parks, [[Hida-Kisogawa Quasi-National Park|Hida-Kisogawa]] and [[Ibi-Sekigahara-Yōrō Quasi-National Park|Ibi-Sekigahara-Yōrō]] Quasi-National Parks, and fifteen Prefectural Natural Parks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.env.go.jp/park/doc/data/natural/naturalpark_4.pdf |script-title=ja:自然公園都道府県別面積総括 |trans-title=General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture |language=ja |publisher=[[Ministry of the Environment (Japan)|Ministry of the Environment]] |date=31 March 2019 |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

===Regions===
Gifu has five unofficial regions, which allows local municipalities to work together to promote the surrounding area. The five regions are [[Seinō]],<ref name="nishimino">[http://www.ginet.or.jp/nisimino/index.shtml Nishi Mino Portal Site]. {{in lang|ja}} Ginet. Accessed June 24, 2008.</ref> [[Gifu (region)|Gifu]],<ref name="gifushinko">[http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/gifu/ Gifu Regional Promotion Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153534/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/gifu/ |date=September 27, 2011 }}. {{in lang|ja}} Gifu Prefecture. Accessed August 9, 2011.</ref> [[Chūnō]],<ref name="chunoshinko">[http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/chuno/ Chūnō Promotion Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153556/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/chuno/ |date=September 27, 2011 }}. {{in lang|ja}} Gifu Prefecture. Accessed August 9, 2011.</ref> [[Tōnō]]<ref name="tonoshinko">[http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/tono/ Tōnō Promotional Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153606/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/tono/ |date=September 27, 2011 }}. {{in lang|ja}} Gifu Prefecture. Accessed August 9, 2011.</ref> and [[Hida (region)|Hida]].<ref name="hidashinko">[http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/hida/ Hida Promotional Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153611/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/soshiki/shinkokyoku/hida/ |date=September 27, 2011 }}. {{in lang|ja}} Gifu Prefecture. Accessed August 9, 2011.</ref> The borders of the regions are loosely defined, but they are usually delineated among major cities.

===Topography===
The northern [[Hida (region)|Hida region]] is dominated by tall mountains, including parts of the [[Japanese Alps]]. The southern [[Mino Province|Mino]] region is mostly parts of the fertile [[Nōbi Plain]], a vast plains area with arable soil. Most of the prefecture's population lives in the southern part of the prefecture, near the [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|designated city]] of [[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]].

The mountainous Hida region contains the [[Hida Mountains]], which are referred to as the "Northern Alps" in Japan. The [[Ryōhaku Mountains]] are also in the Hida region. Other major ranges include the [[Ibuki Mountains]] and the [[Yōrō Mountains]].

Much of the Mino region is made up of the [[alluvial plain]] of the [[Kiso Three Rivers]], which are the [[Kiso River]], [[Nagara River]] and [[Ibi River]]. The sources of Kiso river is in Nagano prefecture, and those of the others are in Gifu prefecture. They eventually run through Aichi and Mie prefectures before emptying into [[Ise Bay]]. Other major rivers in the prefecture include the [[Jinzū River|Miya]], [[Takahara River|Takahara]], [[Shō River|Shō]], [[Shōnai River|Toki (Shōnai)]], [[Yahagi River|Yahagi]], and [[Itoshiro River|Itoshiro]] rivers.

=== Climate ===
[[File:MagomeVista.jpg|thumb|right|View from the top of a hill in [[Magome-juku]], Nakatsugawa, Gifu Prefecture]]
Gifu's climate varies from [[humid subtropical climate]] in the south, eventually making the transition to [[humid continental climate]] in the north.

Because the Mino region is surrounded by low mountains, the temperature fluctuates through the year, from hot summers to cold winters. The eastern city of [[Tajimi, Gifu|Tajimi]], for example, often records the hottest temperature in Japan each year and is considered to be the hottest city within Honshu boasting an average daytime high of {{convert|34.1|C}} during the peak of summer. On August 16, 2007, Tajimi set the record for the hottest day recorded in Japan's history—{{convert|40.9|C}}.<ref>[http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/national/20070816page_id=1553 Gifu Prefecture sees highest temperature ever recorded in Japan – 40.9] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818051003/http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/national/20070816page_id%3D1553 |date=August 18, 2016 }} – [http://www.japannewsreview.com Japan News Review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019083232/http://www.japannewsreview.com/ |date=October 19, 2016 }}</ref> Summers are hotter, as the landlocked area becomes a heat island, and the temperature rises even further when hot, dry [[foehn wind]]s blow over the Ibuki Mountains from the [[Kansai region]]. The Hida region, with its higher elevation and northerly latitude, is significantly cooler than the Mino region, although there are sometimes extremely hot days there too. The Hida region is more famous for its harsh winters, bringing extremely heavy snowfall, especially in the northwestern areas. Gifu boasts a high amount of skiing locations. [[Shōkawa, Gifu|Shōkawa-chō]], part of the city of [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]], is up in the mountains, and its location has led it to be called the coldest inhabited place on Honshū.

{|
|-
|'''Gifu City (Mino Region)'''
{{Weather box|width=100%
|location = Gifu, Gifu (1981–2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 20.4
|Feb record high C = 22.2
|Mar record high C = 25.8
|Apr record high C = 30.8
|May record high C = 33.5
|Jun record high C = 36.2
|Jul record high C = 39.0
|Aug record high C = 39.8
|Sep record high C = 37.7
|Oct record high C = 31.0
|Nov record high C = 26.7
|Dec record high C = 21.1
|year record high C = 39.8
|Jan high C = 8.8
|Feb high C = 10.0
|Mar high C = 13.7
|Apr high C = 19.8
|May high C = 24.2
|Jun high C = 27.4
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 33.0
|Sep high C = 28.8
|Oct high C = 23.1
|Nov high C = 17.2
|Dec high C = 11.6
|year high C = 20.7
|Jan low C = 0.5
|Feb low C = 0.9
|Mar low C = 3.9
|Apr low C = 9.3
|May low C = 14.2
|Jun low C = 19.0
|Jul low C = 23.0
|Aug low C = 24.3
|Sep low C = 20.4
|Oct low C = 13.8
|Nov low C = 7.7
|Dec low C = 2.7
|year low C = 11.6
|Jan record low C = −14.3
|Feb record low C = −13.7
|Mar record low C = −6.7
|Apr record low C = −2.8
|May record low C = 1.7
|Jun record low C = 6.8
|Jul record low C = 12.8
|Aug record low C = 14.0
|Sep record low C = 8.3
|Oct record low C = 0.8
|Nov record low C = −2.4
|Dec record low C = −8.7
|year record low C = −14.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 67.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 82.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 143.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 161.2
|May precipitation mm = 204.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 245.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 261.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 148.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 237.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 125.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 93.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 58.0
|Jan snow cm = 19
|Feb snow cm = 17
|Mar snow cm = 1
|Apr snow cm = 0
|May snow cm = 0
|Jun snow cm = 0
|Jul snow cm = 0
|Aug snow cm = 0
|Sep snow cm = 0
|Oct snow cm = 0
|Nov snow cm = 0
|Dec snow cm = 9
|Jan humidity = 67
|Feb humidity = 63
|Mar humidity = 60
|Apr humidity = 60
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 71
|Jul humidity = 74
|Aug humidity = 70
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 67
|Nov humidity = 67
|Dec humidity = 68
|Jan precipitation days = 9.5
|Feb precipitation days = 9.7
|Mar precipitation days = 10.7
|Apr precipitation days = 10.7
|May precipitation days = 11.6
|Jun precipitation days = 12.7
|Jul precipitation days = 13.7
|Aug precipitation days = 9.7
|Sep precipitation days = 12.5
|Oct precipitation days = 9.3
|Nov precipitation days = 8.1
|Dec precipitation days = 9.3
|unit precipitation days = 0.5 mm
|Jan snow days = 9.4
|Feb snow days = 8.2
|Mar snow days = 2.9
|Apr snow days = 0.2
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.1
|Dec snow days = 3.7
|Jan sun = 160.3
|Feb sun = 163.6
|Mar sun = 188.3
|Apr sun = 196.0
|May sun = 199.0
|Jun sun = 159.4
|Jul sun = 167.0
|Aug sun = 202.2
|Sep sun = 157.8
|Oct sun = 174.2
|Nov sun = 157.3
|Dec sun = 160.2
|source 1 = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47632&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=
| title = 平年値（年・月ごとの値） | access-date = 2011-11-18 | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (records)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47632&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view=
| title = 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）| access-date = 2010-03-06 | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}
|-
|'''Hida Takayama (Hida Region)'''
{{Weather box|width=100%
|location = Central Takayama, Gifu (1971–2000)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 16.7
|Feb record high C = 18.5
|Mar record high C = 23.4
|Apr record high C = 30.6
|May record high C = 32.1
|Jun record high C = 34.7
|Jul record high C = 36.1
|Aug record high C = 37.3
|Sep record high C = 35.4
|Oct record high C = 29.4
|Nov record high C = 23.9
|Dec record high C = 21.7
|year record high C = 37.3
|Jan high C = 2.9
|Feb high C = 3.6
|Mar high C = 8.5
|Apr high C = 16.5
|May high C = 21.9
|Jun high C = 25.2
|Jul high C = 28.7
|Aug high C = 30.1
|Sep high C = 24.9
|Oct high C = 18.8
|Nov high C = 12.3
|Dec high C = 5.9
|year high C = 16.6
| Jan mean C = -2.1
| Feb mean C = -1.1
| Mar mean C = 2.9
| Apr mean C = 9.7
| May mean C = 15.2
| Jun mean C = 19.8
| Jul mean C = 23.6
| Aug mean C = 24.7
| Sep mean C = 20.1
| Oct mean C = 13.4
| Nov mean C = 7.2
| Dec mean C = 1.6
|year mean C = 11.2
|Jan low C = -7.1
|Feb low C = -5.7
|Mar low C = -2.5
|Apr low C = 2.9
|May low C = 8.4
|Jun low C = 14.3
|Jul low C = 18.5
|Aug low C = 19.3
|Sep low C = 15.1
|Oct low C = 7.9
|Nov low C = 2.0
|Dec low C = -2.7
|year low C = 6.0
|Jan record low C = -23.5
|Feb record low C = -25.5
|Mar record low C = -21.2
|Apr record low C = -7.6
|May record low C = -3.1
|Jun record low C = 1.8
|Jul record low C = 8.1
|Aug record low C = 9.4
|Sep record low C = 3.8
|Oct record low C = -3.5
|Nov record low C = -10.7
|Dec record low C = -19.5
|year record low C = -25.5
|Jan precipitation mm = 88.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 99.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 120.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 139.1
|May precipitation mm = 134.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 193.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 226.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 169.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 257.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 126.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 98.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.3
|year precipitation mm = 1733.5
|Jan snow cm = 166
|Feb snow cm = 155
|Mar snow cm = 66
|Apr snow cm = 7
|May snow cm = 0
|Jun snow cm = 0
|Jul snow cm = 0
|Aug snow cm = 0
|Sep snow cm = 0
|Oct snow cm = 0
|Nov snow cm = 15
|Dec snow cm = 98
|year snow cm = 511
|Jan sun = 95.6
|Feb sun = 112.6
|Mar sun = 150.9
|Apr sun = 174.6
|May sun = 181.3
|Jun sun = 143.0
|Jul sun = 146.5
|Aug sun = 180.5
|Sep sun = 124.1
|Oct sun = 125.8
|Nov sun = 98.9
|Dec sun = 89.0
|year sun = 1623.7
|source 1 = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=52&prec_ch=%8A%F2%95%8C%8C%A7&block_no=47617&block_ch=%8D%82%8ER&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=
| title = 平年値（年・月ごとの値） | access-date = 2010-03-06 | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=52&prec_ch=%8A%F2%95%8C%8C%A7&block_no=47617&block_ch=%8D%82%8ER&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view=
| title = 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）| access-date = 2010-03-06 | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
}}</ref>
|source 2 = All Met Sat<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://en.allmetsat.com/climate/japan.php?code=47617
| title = AllMetSat Takayama| access-date = 2012-02-11 | publisher = All Met Sat
}}</ref>
|date=February 2012
}}
|-
|'''Shōkawa, Takayama (Hida Region)'''
{{Weather box|width=100%
|location = Shōkawa, Takayama, Gifu (1971–2000)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = -0.2
|Feb high C = 0.7
|Mar high C = 4.6
|Apr high C = 12.1
|May high C = 17.8
|Jun high C = 21.2
|Jul high C = 24.7
|Aug high C = 26.1
|Sep high C = 21.6
|Oct high C = 15.6
|Nov high C = 9.5
|Dec high C = 3.0
|year high C = 13.0
| Jan mean C = -5.1
| Feb mean C = -4.9
| Mar mean C = -1.1
| Apr mean C = 5.2
| May mean C = 10.9
| Jun mean C = 15.4
| Jul mean C = 19.4
| Aug mean C = 20.3
| Sep mean C = 16.1
| Oct mean C = 9.2
| Nov mean C = 3.1
| Dec mean C = -2.3
|year mean C = 7.2
|Jan low C = -11.7
|Feb low C = -12.3
|Mar low C = -7.5
|Apr low C = -1.8
|May low C = 3.5
|Jun low C = 9.6
|Jul low C = 14.7
|Aug low C = 15.5
|Sep low C = 11.3
|Oct low C = 3.4
|Nov low C = -2.6
|Dec low C = -8.0
|year low C = 1.2
|Jan precipitation mm = 152.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 135.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 173.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 175.9
|May precipitation mm = 221.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 262.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 331.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 233.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 324.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 165.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 143.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 137.1
|year precipitation mm = 2439.3
|Jan sun = 75.8
|Feb sun = 103.3
|Mar sun = 149.6
|Apr sun = 181.6
|May sun = 185.1
|Jun sun = 143.2
|Jul sun = 138.2
|Aug sun = 155.6
|Sep sun = 117.0
|Oct sun = 128.3
|Nov sun = 102.3
|Dec sun = 81.7
|year sun = 1563.7
|source 1 = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=52&prec_ch=%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C&block_no=1305&block_ch=%E5%85%AD%E5%8E%A9&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=
| title = 平年値（年・月ごとの値） | access-date = 2012-05-06 | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
}}</ref>
|date=June 2012
}}
|}

==Municipalities==
{{See also|List of cities in Gifu Prefecture by population}}[[File:Map of Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|thumb|Map of Gifu Prefecture {{legend0|#EAB|City}} {{legend0|#ED9|Town}} {{legend0|#BFE|Village}}]]
All of the cities, towns, villages and districts of Gifu Prefecture are listed below.

===Cities===
Twenty-one cities are located in Gifu Prefecture:
[[Image:Minokamo and Mount Ontake from Mount Hatobuki.jpg|thumb|right|Minokamo]]
[[Image:Mount Kinshō from Mount Ikeda.JPG|thumb|right|Ōgaki]]
[[Image:Takayama from Mount Kurai.jpg|thumb|right|Takayama]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Area (km2)
! rowspan="2" |Population
! rowspan="2" |Map
|-
![[Romanization of Japanese|Rōmaji]]
![[Kanji]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ena, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Ena, Gifu|Ena]]
|恵那市
|504.24
|48,777
|[[File:Ena in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Gero, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Gero, Gifu|Gero]]
|下呂市
|851.21
|33,283
|[[File:Gero in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Gifu, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Gifu]] (capital)
|岐阜市
|203.60
|400,118
|[[File:Gifu in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Gujo, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Gujō, Gifu|Gujō]]
|郡上市
|1,030.75
|41,858
|[[File:Gujo in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hashima, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Hashima, Gifu|Hashima]]
|羽島市
|53.66
|67,909
|[[File:Hashima in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hida, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Hida, Gifu|Hida]]
|飛騨市
|792.53
|24,726
|[[File:Hida in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kaizu, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Kaizu]]
|海津市
|112.03
|34,960
|[[File:Kaizu in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kakamigahara Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Kakamigahara]]
|各務原市
|87.81
|148,225
|[[File:Kakamigahara in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kani, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Kani, Gifu|Kani]]
|可児市
|87.57
|99,826
|[[File:Kani in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mino, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Mino, Gifu|Mino]]
|美濃市
|117.01
|20,749
|[[File:Mino in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Minokamo, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Minokamo, Gifu|Minokamo]]
|美濃加茂市
|74.81
|56,972
|[[File:Minokamo in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mizuho, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Mizuho, Gifu|Mizuho]]
|瑞穂市
|28.19
|54,686
|[[File:Mizuho in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mizunami, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Mizunami, Gifu|Mizunami]]
|瑞浪市
|174.86
|37,705
|[[File:Mizunami in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Motosu Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Motosu, Gifu|Motosu]]
|本巣市
|374.65
|34,453
|[[File:Motosu in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nakatsugawa, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Nakatsugawa]]
|中津川市
|676.45
|78,930
|[[File:Nakatsugawa in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ogaki, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Ōgaki]]
|大垣市
|206.57
|161,539
|[[File:Ogaki in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Seki, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Seki, Gifu|Seki]]
|関市
|472.33
|89,020
|[[File:Seki in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tajimi, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Tajimi]]
|多治見市
|91.25
|110,070
|[[File:Tajimi in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Takayama, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]]
|高山市
|2,177.61
|81,968
|[[File:Takayama in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Toki, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Toki, Gifu|Toki]]
|土岐市
|116.02
|58,567
|[[File:Toki in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Yamagata, Gifu.svg|25x25px]] [[Yamagata, Gifu|Yamagata]]
|山県市
|221.98
|27,356
|[[File:Yamagata in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|59x59px]]
|}

===Towns and villages===

These are the towns and villages in each [[Districts of Japan|district]]:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Area (km2)
! rowspan="2" |Population
! rowspan="2" |District
! rowspan="2" |Map
|-
![[Romanization of Japanese|Rōmaji]]
![[Kanji]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Anpachi, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Anpachi, Gifu|Anpachi]]
|安八町
|18.19
|15,072
|[[Anpachi District, Gifu|Anpachi District]]
|[[File:Ampachi in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ginan, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Ginan, Gifu|Ginan]]
|岐南町
|7.91
|25,661
|[[Hashima District, Gifu|Hashima District]]
|[[File:Ginan in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Godo Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Gōdo, Gifu|Gōdo]]
|神戸町
|18.78
|19,361
|[[Anpachi District, Gifu|Anpachi District]]
|[[File:Godo in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hichiso, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Hichisō, Gifu|Hichisō]]
|七宗町
|40.4
|3,801
|[[Kamo District, Gifu|Kamo District]]
|[[File:Hichiso in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Higashishirakawa, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Higashishirakawa, Gifu|Higashishirakawa]]
|東白川村
|87.09
|2,278
|[[Kamo District, Gifu|Kamo District]]
|[[File:Higashishirakawa in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ibigawa, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Ibigawa]]
|揖斐川町
|803.44
|21,319
|[[Ibi District, Gifu|Ibi District]]
|[[File:Ibigawa in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ikeda Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Ikeda, Gifu|Ikeda]]
|池田町
|38.80
|24,034
|[[Ibi District, Gifu|Ibi District]]
|[[File:Ikeda in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kasamatsu, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Kasamatsu, Gifu|Kasamatsu]]
|笠松町
|10.3
|22,273
|[[Hashima District, Gifu|Hashima District]]
|[[File:Kasamatsu in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kawabe Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Kawabe, Gifu|Kawabe]]
|川辺町
|41.16
|10,303
|[[Kamo District, Gifu|Kamo District]]
|[[File:Kawabe in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kitagata Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Kitagata, Gifu|Kitagata]]
|北方町
|5.18
|18,410
|[[Motosu District, Gifu|Motosu District]]
|[[File:Kitagata in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mitake, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Mitake, Gifu|Mitake]]
|御嵩町
|56.69
|18,363
|[[Kani District, Gifu|Kani District]]
|[[File:Mitake in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ono, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Ōno, Gifu|Ōno]]
|大野町
|34.20
|23,111
|[[Ibi District, Gifu|Ibi District]]
|[[File:Ono in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sakahogi, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Sakahogi, Gifu|Sakahogi]]
|坂祝町
|12.87
|8,253
|[[Kamo District, Gifu|Kamo District]]
|[[File:Sakahogi in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sekigahara Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Sekigahara, Gifu|Sekigahara]]
|関ケ原町
|49.28
|7,109
|[[Fuwa District, Gifu|Fuwa District]]
|[[File:Sekigahara in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Shirakawa Town, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Shirakawa, Gifu (town)|Shirakawa]]
|白川町
|237.90
|8,288
|[[Kamo District, Gifu|Kamo District]]
|[[File:Shirakawa town in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Shirakawa, Gifu (village).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Shirakawa, Gifu (village)|Shirakawa]]
|白川村
|356.64
|1,630
|[[Ōno District, Gifu|Ōno District]]
|[[File:Shirakawa village in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tarui Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Tarui, Gifu|Tarui]]
|垂井町
|57.09
|25,632
|[[Fuwa District, Gifu|Fuwa District]]
|[[File:Tarui in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tomika, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Tomika, Gifu|Tomika]]
|富加町
|16.82
|5,714
|[[Kamo District, Gifu|Kamo District]]
|[[File:Tomika in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Wanouchi, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Wanouchi, Gifu|Wanouchi]]
|輪之内町
|22.33
|9,910
|[[Anpachi District, Gifu|Anpachi District]]
|[[File:Wanouchi in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Yaotsu, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Yaotsu]]
|八百津町
|128.79
|11,036
|[[Kamo District, Gifu|Kamo District]]
|[[File:Yaotsu in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Yoro, Gifu.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Yōrō, Gifu|Yōrō]]
|養老町
|72.29
|29,309
|[[Yōrō District, Gifu|Yōrō District]]
|[[File:Yoro in Gifu Prefecture Ja.svg|frameless|59x59px]]
|}

===Mergers===
{{Main|List of mergers in Gifu Prefecture}}

== Economy ==
[[File:Mitarashi dango 001.jpg|thumb|''[[Dango|Mitarashi dango]]'', a traditional sweet dumpling from [[Hida, Gifu]]]]

Traditional industries such as paper-making and agriculture are found in Gifu, but its economy is dominated by the manufacturing sector including aerospace and automotive, with industrial complexes extending from the Nagoya area. A wealth of small component manufacturing is also found, such as precision machines, dye and mold making, and plastic forming.

===Traditional industries===
[[File:Ukai Gifu Nagaragawa 05.jpg|thumb|[[Cormorant fishing]] in Nagara River]]
Gifu is famous for [[Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River|cormorant fishing]], which has a history of over 1,300 years. Agriculture is also a major industry because of Gifu's vast, arable plains. The forests in the north provide materials for woodworking and for the viewing boats used in cormorant fishing.

The Mino region has long been known for its high-quality paper called ''[[Mino washi]]'', which is stronger and thinner than most other papers in Japan, and was used by the Japanese military during World War II.<ref name="fireballoon">{{cite web |title=The Fire Balloons |url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avfusen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175214/http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avfusen.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |author=Greg Goebel |access-date=November 23, 2007}}</ref> Other paper-based products include [[Gifu Lanterns]] and [[Gifu Umbrellas]], made in the prefectural capital of [[Gifu, Gifu|Gifu]]. Other traditional goods include ''mino-yaki'' pottery in [[Tajimi, Gifu|Tajimi]], [[Toki, Gifu|Toki]], and [[Mizunami, Gifu|Mizunami]], [[cutlery]] in [[Seki, Gifu|Seki]], and [[lacquerware]] in [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]]. [[Sake]] is often brewed with clear water from the rivers.

===Modern industries===
[[Kakamigahara, Gifu|Kakamigahara]] has a large role in the prefecture's modern industries. It boasts large aerospace facilities of both [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]] and [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]], as well as many [[metalworking]] and [[manufacturing]] companies.

Information technology (IT) is gaining a foothold in the prefecture with both [[Softopia Japan]] in [[Ōgaki, Gifu|Ōgaki]] and VR Techno Japan (part of Techno Plaza) in Kakamigahara. The capital city of Gifu, located between Ōgaki and Kakamigahara, is also working to strengthen its IT fields, too.

===Tourism===
[[File:Ogi Shirakawa01n3200.jpg|thumb|Traditional housing in Shirakawa-gō]]

Gifu has many popular tourist attractions, bringing visitors to all parts of the prefecture. The most popular places are Gifu, [[Gero, Gifu|Gero]], [[Shirakawa, Gifu (village)|Shirakawa]] and [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]]. Gero is known for its relaxing [[hot spring]]s, which attract visitors throughout the year. Shirakawa's [[Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama|historic villages]] are a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]. Takayama is famous for retaining its original appearance and is often referred to as ''Little [[Kyoto]]''.

In addition to international tourists, Gifu also plays host to many international events. The [[World Event and Convention Complex Gifu]] is available for many types of events. Other areas of Gifu, too, bring international events. The [[World Rowing Championships]] were held in the city of [[Kaizu, Gifu|Kaizu]] in 2005. The [[FIS Snowboard World Cup]] was held in the city of [[Gujo, Gifu|Gujo]] in 2008. The [[APEC]] Japan 2010 SME Ministerial Meetings were held in [[Gifu City]].

===Science===
The Kamioka area of the city of [[Hida, Gifu|Hida]] is home to the [[Kamioka Observatory]] underground laboratory. Located {{Convert|1000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} underground in Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co.'s Mozumi Mine, the [[Super-Kamiokande]] experiment searches for neutrinos from the high atmosphere, the sun and supernovae, while the [[KamLAND]] experiment searches for antineutrinos from regional nuclear reactors. The Super-Kamiokande consists of a cylindrical stainless steel tank that is {{Convert|41.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{Convert|39.3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in diameter holding 50,000 tons of ultra-pure water. Some of the 11,146 photomultiplier tubes are on display at the [[Miraikan]] in Tokyo. The same facility also hosts the [[CLIO]] prototype and [[KAGRA]] gravitational wave detector.

== Demographics ==
[[File:Gifu prefecture population pyramid in 2020.svg|thumb|Gifu prefecture population pyramid in 2020]]
The prefecture's population was 2,040,000, {{as of|2025|04|01|lc=y| post=,}}<ref name="Population"/> with approximately 1.8 million people in the cities and the rest in towns and villages.<ref name="stat">[http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/data.htm Statistics Division of Gifu Prefecture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014004923/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/data.htm |date=October 14, 2007 }}. {{in lang|ja}} Gifu Prefecture. Accessed November 2, 2007.</ref> The percentage of male and female residents is 48.4% and 51.6%, respectively.<ref name="stat"/> 14.4% of the population is no more than 14 years old, with 22.1% of the population being at least 65 years old.<ref name="stat"/>

According to Japan's [[census#Japan|census]], the country's [[center of population]] is located in Gifu Prefecture. In 2000, it was located in the former town of Mugi, which has since merged with [[Seki, Gifu|Seki]]. In the most recent census in 2005, the center of population has moved slightly more to the east but is still located within Gifu.

== Education ==
[[File:Gifu-u snow.jpg|thumb|Gifu University Faculty of Engineering]]

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Asahi University]]
*[[Chubu Gakuin University]]
*[[Chukyo Gakuin University]]
*[[Gifu City Women's College]]
*[[Gifu College of Nursing]]
*[[Gifu Keizai University]]
*[[Gifu Pharmaceutical University]]
*[[Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University]]
*[[Gifu University]]
*[[Gifu University of Medical Science]]
*[[Gifu Women's University]]
*[[Institute of Advanced Media Arts and Sciences]]
*[[Tokai Gakuin University]]
{{div col end}}

== Transportation ==

=== Rail ===
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*[[Akechi Railway]]
*[[Central Japan Railway|JR Central]]
**[[Chūō Main Line|Chuo Line]]
**[[Taita Line]]
**[[Takayama Line]]
**[[Tokaido Line]]
**[[Tokaido Shinkansen]] – [[Gifu-Hashima Station]]
*[[Meitetsu]]
**[[Meitetsu Hashima Line|Hashima Line]]
**[[Meitetsu Hiromi Line|Hiromi Line]]
**[[Meitetsu Inuyama Line|Inuyama Line]]
**[[Meitetsu Kakamigahara Line|Kakamigahara Line]]
**[[Meitetsu Nagoya Line|Nagoya Line]]
**[[Meitetsu Takehana Line|Takehana Line]]
*[[Nagaragawa Railway]]
*[[Tarumi Railway]]
*[[Yoro Railway]]

{{div col end}}

=== Road ===

==== Expressway and toll roads====
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*Chubu Jukan Expressway
*[[Chuo Expressway]]
*Hakusan Forest Road
*[[Meishin Expressway]]
*Mount Ibuki Toll Road
*Nagaragawa Riversideway
*[[Tokai-Hokuriku Expressway|Tokai Hokuriku Expressway]]
*[[Tokai-Kanjo Expressway|Tokai Loop Expressway]]

{{div col end}}

==== National highways====
{{div col|colwidth=8em}}
* [[Japan National Route 19|Route 19]]
* [[Japan National Route 21|Route 21]]
* [[Japan National Route 22|Route 22]]
* [[Japan National Route 41|Route 41]]
* [[Japan National Route 156|Route 156]]
* [[Japan National Route 157|Route 157]]
* [[Japan National Route 158|Route 158]]
* [[Japan National Route 248|Route 248]]
* [[Japan National Route 256|Route 256]]
* [[Japan National Route 257|Route 257]]
* [[Japan National Route 258|Route 258]]
* [[Japan National Route 303|Route 303]]
* [[Japan National Route 360|Route 360]]
* [[Japan National Route 361|Route 361]]
* [[Japan National Route 363|Route 363]]
* [[Japan National Route 365|Route 365]]
* [[Japan National Route 417|Route 417]]
* [[Japan National Route 418|Route 418]]
* [[Japan National Route 419|Route 419]]
* [[Japan National Route 471|Route 471]]
* [[Japan National Route 472|Route 472]]
* [[Tōkai-Kanjō Expressway|Route 475]]
{{div col end}}

== Prefectural symbols ==
[[File:Gifu prefectural logo.JPG|thumb|upright=.5|Prefectural Logo]]

Gifu's symbol comes from the first character ''gi'' (岐) of its Japanese name, written in a stylized script, surrounded by a circle, which represents the peace and harmony of the prefectural citizen. It was chosen by contest in 1932.<ref name="symguide">[http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/english/eng2007-1.pdf A Statistical Guide to Gifu Prefecture 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325083413/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/english/eng2007-1.pdf |date=March 25, 2009 }}. Gifu Prefecture. Accessed November 2, 2007.</ref>

The prefectural logo (''see right'') expands from the red dot into the center to the outer two lines and, finally, the yellow plain. This symbol was chosen in 1991 for the development and expansion of the prefecture.<ref name="symguide"/>

The prefecture also has two plants (the [[milk vetch]] (renge) and the [[Taxus cuspidata|Japanese yew]]) and two animals (the [[rock ptarmigan|snow grouse]] and the [[Ayu sweetfish|ayu]]) as symbols. The milk vetch was chosen in 1954, because the prefecture is well known for its abundance of blooming milk vetch each spring. The yew was chosen in 1966, because it is the tree used to make ornamental scepters for the emperor, many of which came from the Hida district. The snow grouse was chosen in 1961, as the birds live up in the Japanese alps and is a nationally protected species. Ayu were chosen in 1989, because the fish is found in many prefectural rivers and is prized for its sweet taste.<ref name="symguide"/>

==Notable people==
* [[Chitose Abe]], fashion designer
* [[Chie Aoki]], sculptor
* [[Junji Ito]], manga artist
* [[Tsuyoshi Makino]], author and social activist
* [[Rie Matsubara]], rhythmic gymnast
* [[Airi Suzuki]], Japanese singer, actress, model and radio personality
* [[Kaiu Shirai]], manga artist
* [[Chiune Sugihara]], diplomat
* [[Teiji Takagi]], mathematician
* [[n-buna]], musician
* [[Lisa (Japanese musician, born 1987)|LiSA]], singer-songwriter, lyricist.

==See also==
*[[Solar Ark]], a [[solar energy]] project located in Gifu Prefecture

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan Encyclopedia'']. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-674-01753-6}}; {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}. {{oclc|58053128}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gifu prefecture}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Gifu (prefecture)}}
* {{Official website|http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/foreign-languages/English/}}
*[http://travel.kankou-gifu.jp/en/ Gifu travel guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204033532/http://travel.kankou-gifu.jp/en/ |date=December 4, 2015 }}
*[https://gogifu.wordpress.com Go Gifu (blog about tourism in Gifu)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090322201250/http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/jpg_prg/jgmWeb?%25TmpFileDisp%25Env=jpeg2k_images%2Fezu%2Ffukenchizu%2F017_gifu_e.env Map of Gifu Prefecture in 1891]. National Archives of Japan.

{{Gifu Prefecture}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|35|29|N|136|54|E|scale:500000|display=title}}


[[Category:Gifu Prefecture| ]]
[[Category:Chūbu region]]
[[Category:Prefectures of Japan]]

Thanjavur student suicide case

2026-05-04T05:17:58Z

KiraHutchinson4: added entry

{{Short description|2022 suicide}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lavanya Muruganantham
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2022|1|19|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Suicide by poisoning]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = [[Student]]
}}

In January 2022, 17-year-old student Lavanya Muruganantham committed suicide in the [[Thanjavur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Her parents alleged that the student was forced to do work by the warden, after she allegedly refused to convert to Christianity. The investigation was transferred by the Madras High court to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], due to lapses on the part of the state police in conducting the investigation.<ref name="SCMP" /><ref name="Newslaundry 5 February 2022">{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Laasya |date=5 February 2022 |title=Lavanya suicide case: 'Forced conversion' vs 'family abuse', measured reportage vs trial by media |work=Newslaundry |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/02/05/lavanya-suicide-case-forced-conversion-vs-family-abuse-measured-reportage-vs-trial-by-media |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

==Incident==
Lavanya Muruganantham was a 17-year-old student of [[Sacred Heart Girls Higher Secondary School]], a recognized minority school administered by [[Franciscan Missionaries of Mary]] in [[Thanjavur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Tamil-Nadu,-nun-arrested-on-(false)-charges-of-inciting-suicide-and-conversion-54974.html|title = Tamil Nadu, nun arrested on (False) charges of inciting suicide and conversion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thanjavur-student-suicide-no-complaints-over-religion-school-10-yrs-says-dept-160332|title = Thanjavur student suicide: No complaints over religion at school in 10 yrs, says dept|date = 28 January 2022}}</ref>

On 9 January 2022, Lavanya consumed pesticide in an attempt to kill herself.<ref name="SCMP">{{cite news |title=Uproar in India at Hindu teen's death amid 'forced Christian conversion' |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3165513/india-hindu-teens-death-amid-forced-christian |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=South China Morning Post |date=1 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> After she was taken to a hospital, she regained consciousness.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last= Stalin|first= J Sam Daniel|date=21 January 2022|title=In Video Before Suicide, Tamil Nadu Schoolgirl Alleged Abuse By Warden|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-nadu-student-alleges-abuse-forced-conversion-kills-self-2720888|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref> She died on 19 January 2022.<ref name="NDTV" />

==Investigation==
After Lavanya's death the hostel warden was arrested by the police under the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015]], on charges of abatement to suicide.<ref name="NDTV" /> Police have interrogated 50 people connected to Lavanya.<ref name="SCMP" />

The school have denied any wrongdoing in the case.<ref name="SCMP" /> The girl's parents alleged that they had not seriously considered their complaints of their daughter being pressured to convert.<ref name="News18-2">{{cite news |last= Narasimhan|first= Anand|date=22 January 2022|title=TN 'Forced Conversion' Case: Was Asked Directly to Convert My Girl to Christianity for 'Respect', Say Parents|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tn-forced-conversion-case-was-asked-directly-to-convert-my-girl-to-christianity-for-respect-say-parents-4685651.html|newspaper=News18}}</ref>

Senior police officer in Thanjavur, Ravali Priya Gandhapuneni, said that the police had recorded Lavanya's complaint, statement and dying declaration in front of the Judicial Magistrate. Lavanya did not speak about religious conversion while recording her statements. The parents of the girl also did not allege religious conversion. She noted that the police had also started investigation on the allegations of conversion.<ref name="NDTV" />

Police were also searching for the person who filmed the video shared on social media to verify the authenticity of the shared video and the motives of the person in releasing the video. According to the police officer, revealing the identity of a minor girl is a violation of law.<ref name="NDTV" />

===Tamil Nadu Child Rights Watch===

Tamil Nadu Child Rights Watch (TNCRW) along with Right to Education Forum – Tamil Nadu, Campaign Against Child Labour – Tamil Nadu and Shout for Freedom had set up a fact finding team headed by an Advocate.<ref name="TNCRW" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Conversion Ruled Out In Thanjavur Case {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/conversion-ruled-out-in-thanjavur-case/articleshow/89513910.cms |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=12 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The team was to submit its report after meeting Lavanya's family members, Department of School Education officials, school authorities, classmates and the representatives of local government.<ref name="formed">{{cite news |title=Fact finding committee formed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fact-finding-committee-formed/article38341323.ece |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=28 January 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The team reported that the alleged religious conversion angle in the death was 'fabricated and being politicised'.<ref name="TNCRW">{{cite news |title=Thanjavur girl's death: fact finding team rules out conversion angle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thanjavur-girls-death-fact-finding-team-rules-out-conversion-angle/article38410100.ece |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=11 February 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

TNCRW's team found that the alleged religious conversion angle in the death was 'fabricated and being politicised'. The fact finding team had inquired with the public and the village panchayat members about the claims of religious conversion. They found that the management did not use words related to religious conversion.<ref name="TNCRW" /> The team believed that the environment at home and hostel to have caused Lavanya's suicide. The report also noted that the school management and hostel management did not address the psychological issues faced by the student, nor did they try to solve it by discussing the issues with her parents.<ref name="TNCRW" />

==Court proceedings==
The parents of the girl approached the [[Madras High Court]] on 21 January asking for a CBI investigation.<ref name="Week">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=31 January 2022|title=Madras HC orders transfer of Thanjavur student death case to CBI|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/01/31/madras-hc-orders-transfer-of-thanjavur-student-death-case-to-cbi.html|newspaper=The Week}}</ref> On 31 January, upholding the plea from Lavanya's parents the Madras High Court ordered the case to be transferred to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] for further investigation.<ref name="SCMP" /><ref name="The News Minute">{{cite news |last= Fathima|first= Azeefa|date=31 January 2022|title=Conversion angle not improbable: What Madras HC said on Thanjavur student suicide case|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/conversion-angle-not-improbable-what-madras-hc-said-thanjavur-student-suicide-case-160421|newspaper=The News Minute}}</ref>

On 14 February 2022, the Supreme Court hearing the plea of [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] challenging the Madras High Court judgement, refused to intervene with the High court judgement.<ref name="thenewsminute">{{cite news |date=14 February 2022|title=Lavanya suicide case: SC allows CBI probe to continue|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lavanya-suicide-case-sc-allows-cbi-probe-continue-160947|newspaper=thenewsminute}}</ref>

==Politics ==
''[[South China Morning Post]]'' reported that the far-right Hindu groups in the region often accused the health care and educational institutions run by the Christian organisations of [[proselytising]].<ref name="SCMP" />

The opposition NDA alliance partner, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) announced that it will set up a committee for investigating the allegations of coerced conversion.<ref name="SCMP" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last= Hebbar|first= Nistula|date=27 January 2022|title=Thanjavur girl death by suicide - BJP sets up committee|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/thanjavur-girl-death-by-suicide-bjp-sets-up-committee/article38334279.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]], the president of Tamil Nadu wing of BJP was leading the political campaign that focused on the death of the girl.<ref name="SCMP" /> Annamalai had shared Lavanya's video on his [[Twitter]] profile.<ref name="NDTV" />

[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. K. Stalin]] accused the BJP of doing [[Religious violence in India|communal politics]] over the incident.<ref name="Week" />

On 28 January, a group of the villagers from different religions of Michaelpatti village submitted petitions to Thanjavur Collector alleging that "vested interests" were attempting to disrupt the religious harmony of their village using the incident of Lavanya's death. Their village of 800 families following Christianity, Hinduism and Islam lived amicably since five generations. So far no one had attempted to convert the villagers into another religion, neither in the village nor in the school.<ref name="Michaelpatti 29 January 2022">{{cite news |title=Thanjavur girl's suicide: Michaelpatti rallies against 'vested interests' disrupting communal harmony |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jan/29/thanjavur-girls-suicide-michaelpatti-rallies-against-vested-interests-disruptingcommunal-harmony-2412619.html |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 January 2022}}</ref> They demanded that independent committees created by the political parties and religious organizations be prevented from conducting investigations in their village. The girl's father too petitioned the Collector, seeking action against school authorities for "forcing his daughter to end her life."<ref name="Thanjavur Collector">{{cite news |title=Thanjavur Collector receives multiple pleas over girl's death. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thanjavur-collector-receives-multiple-pleas-over-girls-death/article38341600.ece |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=29 January 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The parent-teachers association president, residents, parents of students and alumni of the school, where Lavanya studied, submitted their separate petition to the Collector, seeking protection for the School. They stated that since the death, some political parties and religious outfits were carrying out a "smear campaign" against the school and teachers. In their petition, action against these parties and outfits was sought.<ref name="Thanjavur Collector" />

Members of the minority groups in [[Karur]] lodged a legal complaint against the state BJP president [[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]] at Thanthonimalai police station accusing him of making attempts to disturb the religious harmony. The Police did not immediately, file an [[First Information Report|FIR]] on the complaint.<ref name="Michaelpatti 29 January 2022" />

The accused hostel keeper was released on bail on 13 February 2022. She was greeted by DMK's Trichy East Assembly member [[Inigo S. Irudayaraj]], and presented with a shawl and garland.<ref name="maalaimalar">{{cite news |date=13 February 2022|title=Release of hostel guard arrested in student suicide case|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2022/02/13144438/3481155/TRICHY-NEWS-HOSTEL-WARDEN-RELEASE-BAIL.vpf|newspaper=maalaimalar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lavanya case: CBI team begins probe, visits school where she studied |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lavanya-case-cbi-team-begins-probe-visits-school-where-she-studied-161217 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=22 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Iruthayaraj stated that she had worked in the rural areas for the education of poor children. He added, "Justice will prevail. We will continue to work for religious harmony."<ref name="MLA">{{cite news |last1=TK |first1=Smitha |title=Thanjavur Girl Suicide: DMK MLA Greets Accused Warden Outside Prison |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dmk-mla-inigo-iruthayaraj-welcoming-mary-warden-accused-suicide-girl-tamil-nadu-thanjavur |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=TheQuint |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Unverified video==

After her death, an unverified video was shared in the social media captured by [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]'s [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur District]] Secretary,<ref>{{cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=VHP man shot 3 videos of Thanjavur student, no mention of conversion in new video |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vhp-man-shot-3-videos-thanjavur-student-no-mention-conversion-new-video-160291}}</ref> in which Lavanya is seen alleging that she was forced into chores related to cleaning, maintenance and administration of the hostel.<ref name="NDTV" /> The video suggested that Lavanya was being pressured to become Christian.<ref name="SCMP" />

Three more videos were later leaked.<ref name="Newslaundry 5 February 2022" /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that the second video of Lavanya appeared to have been shot while Lavanya was undergoing treatment at the hospital. The video purportedly showed that Lavanya had attempted suicide as she was unable to concentrate in studies due to the non-academic work she had to do in the hostel. The video did not mention religious conversion.<ref name="Hindu Fresh video">{{cite news |date=27 January 2022 |title=Fresh video of girl who died by suicide in Thanjavur indicates no religious conversion |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fresh-video-of-girl-who-died-by-suicide-in-thanjavur-indicates-no-religious-conversion/article38333077.ece |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Thanjavur Collector" /> She identified herself in one video by providing personal information. In another video, she explained about the chores she was made to do in school, and in another, she talked about her stepmother.<ref name="Newslaundry 5 February 2022" />

The videos were first investigated by the police and the case heard in the Madurai bench of the Madras High court.<ref name="Thanjavur Collector" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:January 2022 in India]]
[[Category:Drug-related suicides in India]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:2022 suicides]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Female suicides]]

Abdul Majid Padder

2026-05-03T10:06:23Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting the post v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Abdul Majid Padder''' (born 1958) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from [[Noorabad Assembly constituency]] which is now renamed as Damhal Hanjipora Assembly constituency in [[Kulgam district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2014: Complete list of winning candidates {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2014-complete-list-of-winning-candidates-230461/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> Padder contested the 2024 election unsuccessfully as the [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Kashmir: DH Pora (Noorabad) Constituency Profile |url=https://kashmirlife.net/dh-pora-assembly-constituency-a-profile-365151/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Padder is from [[Noorabad Assembly constituency|Noorabad]], Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Gh. Mohd. Padder. He completed his Class 9 at the Government High School in 1977 and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ab Majeed Padder(JKPDP):Constituency- NOORABAD(KULGAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=199 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Padder won from Noorabad Assembly constituency representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 29,698 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Sakina Itoo]] of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], by a margin of 3,708 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-13 |title=J&K polls: Only 3 per cent women get tickets for assembly elections |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jk-polls-only-3-per-cent-women-get-tickets-for-assembly-elections/articleshow/45133171.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padder, Abdul Majid}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Satyanweshi (film)

2026-04-23T18:42:27Z

KiraHutchinson4: added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{For|other novels, films, and series about Byomkesh Bakshi|Byomkesh Bakshi in other media}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satyanweshi
| image = Satyanweshi movie poster.jpg
| alt = Satyanweshi movie poster
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| producer = Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| writer =
| based_on = {{based on|''Chorabali''|[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]}}
| starring =
| music = [[Debajyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|09|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Satyanweshi''''' is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Mystery film|mystery]]-[[thriller film]] directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]] (in his posthumous film) and produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni. This was Ghosh's last full-length film as a director. Indian film director [[Sujoy Ghosh]] played the fictional detective [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] in this film.<ref name="IBNLive 15 Aug 2013">{{cite news|title=Sujoy Ghosh to not act in any film after Rituparno's 'Satyanweshi'|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sujoy-ghosh-to-not-act-in-any-film-after-rituparnos-satyanweshi/414435-8-73.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826181140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sujoy-ghosh-to-not-act-in-any-film-after-rituparnos-satyanweshi/414435-8-73.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2013|accessdate=16 August 2013|newspaper=IBNLIve|date=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="HT 10 June 2013">{{cite news|title=Rituparno Ghosh's cinematographer, not Sujoy Ghosh to complete Satyanweshi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Rituparno-Ghosh-s-cinematographer-not-Sujoy-Ghosh-to-complete-Satyanweshi/Article1-1073963.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612212957/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Rituparno-Ghosh-s-cinematographer-not-Sujoy-Ghosh-to-complete-Satyanweshi/Article1-1073963.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2013|accessdate=16 August 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="BL 31 July 2013">{{cite news|title=Satyanweshi poster: Sujoy Ghosh looks like a real detective!|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/satyanweshi-poster-sujoy-ghosh-looks-like-a-real-detective/|accessdate=16 August 2013|newspaper=Bollywood Life|date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Maharaja Arunangshu, the ruler of a princely state named Balabantpur, had made a wish list on his death bed in the presence of Dewan Chandrashekhar, the family physician Kaligati and the High Priest. It laid down certain conditions under which his son Himangshu could inherit the kingdom. The first condition forbade Himangshu to marry a non-Hindu girl, and the second demanded a legitimate heir within three years of his marriage. Bound by his father's conditions of succession, Himangshu is compelled to marry Alaka, an aspiring actress. A year and half into the marriage, Harinath, the young palace librarian, who is friendly with Alaka, disappears without any trace. This mystery occasions the arrival of the sleuth Byomkesh and his author friend Ajit to Balabantpur. The visit, however, is under the pretext of an invitation to take part in a hunting expedition. In the course of their stay, they unravel many secrets involving the residents of the palace and also about the topography of Balabantpur. Byomkesh is particularly intrigued by the character of Kaligati, the royal physician, and uncovers several clues which connect Kaligati with the disappearance of Harinath. It is discovered that Alaka is sexually frigid. But she was anxious to continue the bloodline of Himangshu. Not getting any sexual pleasure from his wife, Himangshu was attracted towards Leela, the daughter of Kaligati. On a previous hunting expedition Alaka had sent Leela with Himanghshu instead of herself accompanying him. Thus Leela became pregnant with his child. But Harinath the librarian loved Leela and wanted to marry her despite knowing she was carrying Himangshu's child. Kaligati found this inconvenient as Leela's son would then be officially known as Harinath's son and not Himangshu's. Kaligati wanted to be the grandfather of the royal offspring. Thus he orchestrated Harinath's drowning in quicksand on the night when he discovered Harinath had married Leela. The ensuing story revolves around the detective's unveiling of Kaligati as the culprit behind the mystery of Balabantpur.

== Cast ==
* [[Sujoy Ghosh]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]
* [[Anindya Chatterjee]] as Ajit Bandyopadhyay
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Himangshu
* [[Sibaji Bandyopadhyay]] as Kaligati
* [[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]] as Aloka
* Anirban Ghosh as Horinath
* Anindya Bandyopadhyay as Arunangsho
* [[Sanjoy Nag]] as Diwan Chandrasekhar
* Anandi Ghosh as Leela

== Filming ==
Satyanweshi was Rituparno Ghosh's last full-length film as a director. Before his death on 30 May 2013, he completed shooting of most of the film. The remaining work of the film was done by Ghosh's core team, though Sujoy Ghosh, the lead actor of the film, who is a director himself proposed the same.<ref name="HT 10 June 2013" /> The filming was done at the [[Gain (surname)|Gain]] Rajbari in [[Dhanyakuria]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3083962}}

{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}
{{Rituparno Ghosh}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]

Badwaha Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:34Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting first post w/ refs!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badwaha
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 182
| map_image = 182-Badwaha.svg
| mla = [[Sachin Birla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Hitendra Singh Solanki
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Khargone district|Khargone]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
}}

'''Badwaha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Khargone District]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The current MLA is Sachin Birla.<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite news |title=BADWAH (GEN) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/madhya-pradesh/badwaha-election-result-s12a182/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=News 18 |date=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-3">{{cite news |title=Badwah Elections Results 2018 - Party and Candidate Wise Full Winner List |url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2018/badwah-chunav-result-live/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Firstpost Hindi |date=12 Dec 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=2|Hitendra Singh Solanki
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sachin Birla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Badwaha<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sachin Birla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:90467}}
|percentage = 49.66
|change = +11.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narendra Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:84968}}
|percentage = 46.64
|change = -9.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Trilok Rathor
|votes = {{formatnum:2942}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change = +0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1542}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5499}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change = -14.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182184}}
|percentage = 78.52
|change = -2.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Badwaha<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sachin Birla]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:96230}}
|percentage = 56.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hitendra Singh Solanki
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:65722}}
|percentage = 38.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subodh Subhashchandra Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1599}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1553}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30508}}
|percentage = 17.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170239}}
|percentage = 81.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Badwaha<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hitendra Sinh Dhyan Sinh Solanki
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 67,600
|percentage = 43.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Sachin Birla
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 61,970
|percentage = 40.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajendra Singh Dhayan Singh Solanki
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14,323
|percentage = 9.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kailash Rokde
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,273
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,897
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,630
|percentage = 3.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,54,346
|percentage = 79.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.25|76.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khargone district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Arun Subramanian

2026-04-18T22:32:47Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting a details initial version

{{Short description|American federal judge (born 1979)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Arun Subramanian
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Arun Subramanian.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Subramanian in 2022
| office = Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]
| term_start = April 13, 2023
| term_end =
| appointer = [[List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
| predecessor = [[Alison Nathan]]
| successor =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Arun Srinivas Subramanian
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1979}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| party =
| spouse =
| education = [[Case Western Reserve University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Columbia Law School|Columbia University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}

'''Arun Srinivas Subramanian''' (born 1979)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Subramanian%20SJQ%20Public%20Final.pdf|title=Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees|publisher=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|access-date=December 12, 2022}}</ref> is an American lawyer from New York who serves as a [[United States federal judge|United States district judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]].

== Early life and education ==

Subramanian was born in [[Pittsburgh]] in 1979. His family were Indian [[Tamils]] who had immigrated to the United States. His father was a [[control systems engineer]] and his mother was a [[bookkeeper]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/world/meet-arun-subramanian-1st-indian-american-to-become-new-york-district-court-judge-manhattan-federal-district-court-5932978/|title=Meet Arun Subramanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/arun-subramanian-becomes-first-indian-american-judge-of-new-york-district-court/articleshow/98489326.cms|title=Arun Subramanian becomes first Indian-American judge of New York district court| website=[[The Times of India]] |date=March 8, 2023 }}</ref> Subramanian graduated from [[Case Western Reserve University]] in 2001 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]], ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]''. He then attended [[Columbia Law School]], where he was the executive articles editor of the ''[[Columbia Law Review]]''. He graduated in 2004 with a [[Juris Doctor]] with James Kent Cooke Scholar and Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar honors.<ref name="WHBio">{{Cite press release |title=President Biden Names Twenty-Sixth Round of Judicial Nominees |date=September 2, 2022 |publisher=The White House |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-names-twenty-sixth-round-of-judicial-nominees/ |access-date=September 2, 2022}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Career ==

After law school, Subramanian was a [[law clerk]] to Judge [[Dennis Jacobs]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] from 2004 to 2005, to Judge [[Gerard E. Lynch]] of the Southern District of New York from 2005 to 2006, and to Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] from 2006 to 2007. From 2007 to 2023, he was in private practice at the law firm [[Susman Godfrey LLP]] in New York City, where he focused on [[commercial law]] and [[bankruptcy law]].<ref name="WHBio" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2022/09/05/biden-names-arun-subramanian-as-new-york-district-court-judge-450836/ | title=Biden names Arun Subramanian as New York district court judge | date=September 5, 2022 }}</ref>

=== Federal judicial service ===

Subramanian was recommended to President [[Joe Biden]] by Senator [[Chuck Schumer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balk|first=Tim|date=June 9, 2022|title=Sen. Schumer recommends 3 candidates for spots on federal bench in New York's Eastern, Southern Districts|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/new-york-elections-government/ny-sen-schumer-three-candidates-federal-bench-eastern-southern-district-20220609-7zjxwqngefdghpoqc6qlzuk7ni-story.html|access-date=September 2, 2022|website=New York Daily News}}</ref> On September 2, 2022, President Biden announced his intent to nominate Subramanian to serve as a [[United States federal judge|United States district judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]. On September 6, 2022, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Subramanian to the seat vacated by Judge [[Alison Nathan]], who was elevated to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] on March 31, 2022.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Nominations Sent to the Senate|date=September 6, 2022|publisher=The White House|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/06/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-80/}}</ref> On December 13, 2022, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations|date=December 12, 2022|publisher=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/12/13/2022/nominations}}</ref> On January 3, 2023, his nomination was returned to the President under [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI|Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6]] of the [[United States Senate]]. He was renominated on January 23, 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Nominations Sent to the Senate|date=January 23, 2023|publisher=The White House|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/01/23/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-92/}}</ref> On February 9, 2023, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 16–5 vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2023-02-09%20-%20EBM%20-%20Results.pdf|title=Results of Executive Business Meeting – February 9, 2023|publisher=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|accessdate=February 9, 2023}}</ref> On March 7, 2023, the Senate invoked [[cloture]] on his nomination by a 58–37 vote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 7, 2023|title=On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: Arun Subramanian to be U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of New York)|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1181/vote_118_1_00044.htm|access-date=March 7, 2023|website=United States Senate}}</ref> Later that day, his nomination was [[senate confirmation|confirmed]] by a 59–37 vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1181/vote_118_1_00045.htm|title=On the Nomination (Confirmation: Arun Subramanian, of New York, to be U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of New York)|website=United States Senate|date=March 7, 2023|access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> He received his judicial commission on April 13, 2023.<ref>{{FJC Bio|nid=13367441|inline=yes}}</ref> He is the first South Asian judge to serve on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden nominates Arun Subramanian as first South Asian judge for Southern District of New York|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/us-elections-government/ny-biden-sdny-first-south-asian-judge-20220902-p72iybxzq5gjpbfjccaagnygse-story.html|access-date=September 2, 2022|website=New York Daily News|date=September 2, 2022 }}</ref>

=== Notable cases ===
{{Main|Trial of Sean Combs}}
In October 2024, Subramanian was designated the judge overseeing the criminal case of rapper and record producer [[Sean "Diddy" Combs]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |last2=Planas |first2=Antonio | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/sean-diddy-combs-attorneys-ask-judge-publicly-identify-accusers-rcna175622 | title=Sean 'Diddy' Combs' attorneys ask judge to publicly identify his accusers | website=[[NBC News]] | date=October 15, 2024 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Edward |last=Segarra | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2024/10/10/diddy-jail-court-hearing-live-updates/75597105007/|title=Sean 'Diddy' Combs trial date set for sex crimes charges | website=[[USA Today]] |date=October 10, 2025|accessdate=October 10, 2024}}</ref> Subramanian set a trial date for May 5, 2025, alongside issuing an order barring both parties from making statements relating to secret grand jury material and other non-public evidence in the case.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neumeister |first1=Larry |last2=Sisak |first2=Michael | url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/sean-diddy-combs-to-make-first-appearance-before-trial-judge-in-sex-trafficking-case/ | title=Sean 'Diddy' Combs' sex trafficking trial set for May | website=[[The Seattle Times]] | date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Scannell |first=Kara | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/10/entertainment/sean-diddy-combs-trial-date/index.html | title=Judge sets trial date in Sean 'Diddy' Combs racketeering and sex trafficking case | website=[[CNN]] | date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> The trial began on May 5, 2025. Combs was convicted on the two lesser charges and acquitted of racketeering and trafficking. Subramanian denied bond.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayya |first=Anusha |date=July 2, 2025 |title=Meet the judge who oversaw the Combs trial: Arun Subramanian. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/07/02/arts/sean-combs-diddy-trial-jury |access-date=July 2, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On October 3, 2025, following the submissions from the defense and the prosecution as well as admission of some victim impact statements, judge Subramanian imposed a sentence of 50 months in prison and ordered Combs to pay a fine of $500,000. He also authorized 5 years of supervised release of Combs after he has served his time in jail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Betts |first=Anna |date=2025-10-03 |title=Sean 'Diddy' Combs sentencing: how it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/oct/03/sean-diddy-combs-sentencing |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Asian American jurists]]
* [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{FJC Bio|nid=13367441}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alison Nathan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]}}|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{United States 2nd Circuit district judges}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Arun}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:American jurists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]
[[Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:New York (state) lawyers]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by Joe Biden]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]

Sankalp India Foundation

2026-04-18T16:11:40Z

KiraHutchinson4: added article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sankalp India Foundation
| image = Sankalp_India_Foundation_10_yrs_logo.png
| caption = Lets Give Life a Better Chance
| type = Non-Government Voluntary Organisation
| founded = 23 May 2003
| founder = Students
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| website = http://www.sankalpindia.net
}}

'''Sankalp India Foundation''' is a Bangalore-based [[non-government organisation]].<ref name="DCRef1">{{cite news |url= http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130305/news-current-affairs/article/ngo-connect-%E2%80%98bombay-blood%E2%80%99-flown-istanbul|title=NGO connect: 'Bombay Blood' flown to Istanbul| work= [[Deccan Chronicle]]|url-status=bot: unknown| archiveurl= https://archive.today/20131028133050/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130305/news-current-affairs/article/ngo-connect-%E2%80%98bombay-blood%E2%80%99-flown-istanbul |archivedate=2013-10-28}}</ref> It is a youth organisation working for blood donation, [[thalassemia]], [[bone marrow transplantation]] and disaster relief.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Voluntary blood donation==
Since 2003,<ref name="Hinduref1">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/an-appeal-to-donate-blood/article222673.ece| title= An appeal to donate blood |work= [[The Hindu]] | date= 9 March 2010 | url-status= dead| url-access= subscription| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180628232336/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/An-appeal-to-donate-blood/article16549867.ece| archivedate= 28 June 2018| access-date= 29 April 2025}}</ref> it has been working for voluntary blood donation in Karnataka. A blood helpline is run by the organisation.<ref name="HinduRef2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/statewide-helpline-for-blood-launched/article206990.ece|title=State-wide helpline for blood launched|date=17 August 2009|work= The Hindu| access-date= }}</ref> It is one of the pioneer organisations which helps patients worldwide with a rare blood group, Bombay Blood Group (also known as [[hh blood group]]).<ref name="TOIRef1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Istanbul-man-finds-blood-donor-in-Bangalore/articleshow/18841152.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212354/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-07/bangalore/37531009_1_bombay-blood-group-rare-blood-blood-bank|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=Istanbul man finds blood donor in Bangalore |date=7 March 2003|first=Sunitha |work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Rao R |access-date= 29 April 2025}}</ref>

Sankalp India Foundation organizes several [[blood donation]] camps. It has conducted extensive work regarding the quality and safety of blood donation camps, studying the extent of non-compliance<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Agarwal |first1=RK |last2=Dhanya |first2=R |last3=Parmar |first3=LG |last4=Vaish |first4=A |last5=Sedai |first5=A |last6= Periyavan |first6= S| display-authors= 3 |title= A study of the noncompliance of blood banks on safety and quality parameters in blood donation camps in Bengaluru |journal= [[Asian Journal of Transfusion Science]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=23–8 |pmid= 25722568 |date=1 January 2015 |doi=10.4103/0973-6247.150942 |pmc=4339926 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and adverse donor events<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=RK |last2=Periyavan |first2=S |last3=Dhanya |first3=R |last4=Parmar |first4=LG |last5= Sedai |first5=A |last6=Ankita |first6=K |last7=Vaish |first7=A |last8=Sharma |first8=R |last9=Gowda |first9=P| display-authors= 3 |title= Complications related to blood donation: A multicenter study of the prevalence and influencing factors in voluntary blood donation camps in Karnataka, India |journal= Asian Journal of Transfusion Science |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages= 53–8 |pmid= 27011671 |date= 1 February 2016 |doi=10.4103/0973-6247.165840 |pmc=4782495 |doi-access=free }}</ref> blood banks in voluntary blood donation camps.

==Thalassemia management, prevention and care==
Sankalp India Foundation runs several [[day care center]]s across South and West India for patients suffering from thalassemia and related blood disorders:
* Thal Day Care, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore
* Project Samraksha, Rashtrotthana Parishat, Bangalore<ref name="NIERef1">{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Thalassemia-day-care-centre-opened/2013/08/25/article1750838.ece|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211402/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Thalassemia-day-care-centre-opened/2013/08/25/article1750838.ece| url-status= dead |archive-date=29 October 2013|title= Thalassemia day care centre opened|date=25 August 2013|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="DCRef2">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130903/news-current-affairs/article/thalassemia%E2%80%88-growing-challenge|title=Thalassemia: The growing challenge|work=Deccan Chronicle|url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204326/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130903/news-current-affairs/article/thalassemia%E2%80%88-growing-challenge| archivedate= 2013-10-29}}</ref>
* Wenlock District Hospital, Mangalore <ref>{{cite news| title=Thalassaemia day-care centre to open today| url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/thalassaemia-day-care-centre-to-open-today/article19494257.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher= |accessdate=2 September 2017}}</ref>
* Jai Shivshakti Center For Thalassemia, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum
* Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Centre, Nagpur
* Radha Mohan Mehrotra Global Hospital Trauma Center, Abu Road
* Indian Red Cross Society, Nellore
* Sankalp Centre for Thalassemia Care, Rajkot
* Sarvoday Samarpan, Mumbai
* Shree Jalaram Abhuday Sadbhavana Trust, Ahmedabad
* Indian Red Cross Society, Eluru
* Mamata Foundation, Vijayawada
* KJ Somaiya Hospital, Mumbai
* Day care centre at RDT Hospital, Ananthapur is also part of the network.

Its StopThalassemia campaign is an initiative of Sankalp India Foundation to strengthen thalassemia prevention by focusing on antenatal screening. The campaign provides screening services to pregnant women and their husbands in the first trimester of their pregnancy. The following maternity centres are part of the campaign:
* Lady Goschen Hospital – Mangalore
* District Hospital – Tumkur
* Rural Development Trust - Bathalapalli – Ananthpur
* Viswa Bharathi Super Speciality Hospital - Kurnool
* Father Muller Medical College – Mangalore
* Daga Memorial Government Women Hospital - Nagpur

Sankalp India Foundation has been offering bone marrow transplantation for patients suffering from thalassemia. The organisation started the first bone marrow transplantation center In collaboration with People Tree Hospitals and Cure2Children Foundation, Italy in Bangalore in August 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Hope-for-Bengaluru-kids-with-thalassemia/articleshow/48704709.cms|title= Hope for Bengaluru kids with thalassemia|work=The Times of India|date=28 August 2015}}</ref> In May 2017, the organisation has started a new bone marrow transplantation center in collaboration with [[Care Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), Ahmedabad|Care Institute of Medical Science]], Ahmedabad. In November 2017 Sankalp connected to MY Hospital, Indore for a new bone marrow transplantation program, which started in March 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/bmt-at-myh/articleshow/61679057.cms|title= MY Hospital eyes high rate of success in BMT|work=The Times of India |date= 17 November 2017}}</ref> a new centre started in June 2021 at Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain Hospital, Bangalore. The organisation performed more than 500 transplants for patients with thalassemia until December 2022.

==Disaster relief==
The organization also participates in disaster relief activities. A few of the disasters in which it participated for relief are the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Tsunami on the Indian sub continent]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/bangalore/28221815_1_tsunami-victims-christmas-cheer-volunteers|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/bangalore/28221815_1_tsunami-victims-christmas-cheer-volunteers| url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013 |work= The Times of India |title=People remember Tsunami victims |agency= TNN |date=26 December 2010| place= Bangalore| access-date= 29 April 2025}}</ref> Karnataka floods, Sikkim earthquake, J&K earthquake, and the Assam floods.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.the-nri.com/life/politics/water-water-everywhere| title= Water, Water, Everywhere| first= Sourav| last= Roy| website= the-nri.com| access-date= 28 October 2013| archive-date= 29 October 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202127/http://www.the-nri.com/life/politics/water-water-everywhere| url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Achievements==
* [[AmeriCares]] India's Spirit of Humanity Awards
**Jury's Choice, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americaresindia.org/spirit-of-humanity-awards/soh-win2011.html|title=AmeriCares Spirit of Humanity Awards 2011 Winners|website= americaresindia.org|access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101064602/http://www.americaresindia.org/spirit-of-humanity-awards/soh-win2011.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Thalassemia category, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americaresindia.org/spirit-of-humanity-awards/americares-spirit-of-humanity-awards-2014-winners.html|title= AmeriCares Spirit of Humanity Awards 2014 Winners| website= americaresindia.org| url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129085628/https://www.americaresindia.org/spirit-of-humanity-awards/americares-spirit-of-humanity-awards-2014-winners.html| archivedate= 29 November 2014| access-date= 29 April 2025}}</ref>
**Child care category, 2016<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=97447&sid=2| title= NGOs from across India felicitated at 7th Spirit of Humanity Awards 2016| place= Mumbai| date= 14 September 2016 |website= pharmabiz.com| publisher= | access-date= 29 April 2025}}</ref>
* [[Manthan Award]] Asia Pacific, e-Health category, 2013<ref>{{cite web| url= http://manthanaward.org/section_full_story.asp?id=1332| title= Winner of Manthan Award Asia Pacific - 2013 | website=manthanaward.org | publisher= |url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141201232946/http://manthanaward.org/section_full_story.asp?id=1332| archivedate=2014-12-01| access-date= 29 April 2025}}</ref>
* [[eNgo Challenge]] winner, South Asia Organizational Efficiency category, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://engochallenge.org/winner-2014/|title =Winner 2014 | date= 2014| website= engochallenge.org | publisher= eNgo Challenge| access-date= 29 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sankalpindia.net Official website]

[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2003]]
[[Category:Blood banks in India]]
[[Category:Blood donation]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Karnataka]]

Syed Waheed Ashraf

2026-04-14T11:33:49Z

KiraHutchinson4: added new post

{{Short description|Indian Sufi scholar and poet}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2021}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2018}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2018}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
| era = Present
| image =
| caption = Syed Waheed Ashraf
| title = Allama, Shaikhe Tariqat
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|02|04}}
| nationality = Indian
| region = [[India]]
| main_interests = [[Sufism]]
| works = Sufism, Arabic, English, Urdu and Persian quatrains (Rubai) and Naat, Persian and Urdu literary criticism, Islamic studies
}}

'''Syed Waheed Ashraf''' (born 4 February 1933) is an Indian Sufi scholar and poet in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]].

== Education and career ==
Ashraf received his B.A., M.A. and PhD (1965) degrees from [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. The title of his doctoral [[dissertation]] was ''A Critical Edition of Lataife Ashrafi''.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/id/eprint/200|title=A Critical Edition of the Lajaif-I-AshrafI Fi Bayan-I-Tawaif-I-Sufi|year=1965|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|type=phd|last1=Ashraf|first1=Saiyid Waheed}}</ref> After serving at a number of [[Higher education in India|Indian universities]] (Punjabi University at Patiala, M.S. University of Baroda and the [[University of Madras]]), Ashraf retired as head of the department of [[Arabic]], Persian and Urdu at the University of [[Madras]] in 1993. Fluent in seven languages (Pahlavi, Persian, Arabic, Urdu, English, Hindi and Gujarati), he writes in Urdu, Persian and English,<ref>"The Political and Economic Thoughts of Hadrat Saiyed Ashraf Jahangir" in ''Indo-Iranica, The Quarterly Organ of the Iran Society'', Volume 56, March, June, September and December 2003, Numbers 1 to 4. Iran Society, 12 Dr. M. Ishaque Road, Kolkata 700,016.</ref> has written, edited or compiled over 35 books.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Ashraf has focused on upholding and propagating the principles and practices of [[Sufism]].

==Works==

===Books===

===={{anchor|Sufism and Islamic Studies}}Sufism and Islamic studies====
=====Urdu=====
*''Hayate Makhdoom Syed [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]]''(1975)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hayat-e-syed-ashraf-jahangir-samnani-syed-waheed-ashraf-kichhauchhvi-ebooks|title=Hayat-e-Syed Ashraf Jahangir Samnani by Syed Waheed Ashraf Kachhauchhvi|website=Rekhta|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052820/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hayat-e-syed-ashraf-jahangir-samnani-syed-waheed-ashraf-kichhauchhvi-ebooks|url-status=live}}</ref> Second Ed.(2017) {{ISBN|978-93-85295-54-6}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Daily |first1=Shamstimes |url=http://www.shamstimes.com/articles/life-of-makhdoom-:2649|title=حیات مخدوم سید اشرف جہانگیر سمنانیؒ مکمل تحریر|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175723/http://www.shamstimes.com/articles/life-of-makhdoom-:2649|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Citation
|title = HAYATE MAKHDOOM SYED ASHRAF JAHANGIR SEMNANI (2nd Ed.)
|edition =
|date = 2017
|ol = 26384309M
}}
*''Tasawwuf'' (''Part I'' ) (1988), Reprint (2016)<ref name="auto">[https://mumbaiurdunews.com/view/308/mumbai-urdu-news/5 Mumbai Urdu News] {{dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-93-85295-28-7}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India
*''Tasawwuf'' (''Part II'' ) (2020),<ref name="auto"/> {{ISBN|978-93-85295-13-3}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India
*''Tafsīr-e-Ashrafi (Iradat)'', Part I
*''Tafsīr-e-Ashrafi (Bayat)'', Part II
*''Qāal-Alashraf''
*''Qāal-Ussufia''
*''Me'Rāj Sharīf'' (2003)
*''Roza'' (1996)
*''Mumin'' (2003)
*''Hajje Tamattu'' (2010)-*''Chand Duyain Aur Mukhtasar Aurade Ashrafia'' (Urdu and Arabic, 2007)

=====Persian=====
*''Jawahirus-Sulūk'' (translated and illustrated)
*''Latāif-e-Ashrafi and Maktubāt-e-Ashrafi As Sources of History of Medieval India'' (sponsored by the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]])
*''Muqaddema-e-Latāif-e-Ashrafi''. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, 1976.[https://books.google.com/books?id=iXkAAAAAMAAJ مقدمۀ لطايف اشرفي]
*''Latāif-e-Ashrafi'', part I (edited and annotated, 2010)
*''Latāif-e-Ashrafi'', part II (edited and annotated, 2010)
*''Latāif-e-Ashrafi'', part III (edited and annotated, 2010)

=====English=====
*''The Exoteric and Esoteric Aspects of Islamic Prayers'' (2005)

====Poetry====

=====Urdu=====
*''Rubai''(1987)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/rubai-syed-waheed-ashraf-kichhauchhvi-ebooks|title=Rubai by Syed Waheed Ashraf Kachhauchhvi|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051252/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/rubai-syed-waheed-ashraf-kichhauchhvi-ebooks|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Tajalliyāt'' First Ed.(1996), Second Ed.(2018) {{ISBN|978-93-85295-76-8}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India
*''Lamhaat'' First Ed.(1998), Second Ed.(2023) {{ISBN|978-93-85295-76-8}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaiurdunews.com/view/883/mumbai-urdu-news/5#google_vignette|title=12 Nov 2023 - Page 5|accessdate=20 December 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114075739/https://www.mumbaiurdunews.com/view/883/mumbai-urdu-news/5#google_vignette|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Munājāt'' First Ed.(2002), Second Ed.(2022) {{ISBN|978-93-85295-36-2}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India
*''Āyāt'' First Ed.(1996), Second Ed.(2020) {{ISBN|93-85295-12-8}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India
*''Saughāt'' (2005)
*''ChaiNama'' (2016)
*''Barakaat'' First Ed.(2021), {{ISBN|978-93-84434-62-5}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India

=====Persian=====
*''Parwaaze Tafakkur'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.newdelhi.icro.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=158&pageid=11648&newsview=624882|title=رايزني فرهنگي ج .ا.ا - دهلي نو - اخبار > مجموعه رباعیات فارسی دکتر سید وحید اشرف منتشر شد|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819103536/http://en.newdelhi.icro.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=158&pageid=11648&newsview=624882|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Ruba'i: Part I'' (2010)
*''Ruba'i: Part II''
*''Daryā Bi Qatrah'' (2009)

==== Criticism ====

=====Urdu=====
*''Fida'' ([[Pupil of Ghalib]]; Co-Author [[Malik Ram]], First Edition 1983<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/deewan-e-fida-ebooks|title=Deewan-e-Fida|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051108/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/deewan-e-fida-ebooks|url-status=live}}</ref>))Second Edition (2015)
*''[[Afsar Maudoodi]]''
*''Mutalae Afsar Maudoodi'' (2012)
*''Muqaddema-e-Rubai''First Ed.(2001), Reprint (2019) {{ISBN|978-93-85295-00-4}}, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002, India <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/muqaddama-e-rubai-syed-waheed-ashraf-kichhauchhvi-ebooks|title=Muqaddama-e-Rubai Rubai Par Char Maqale by Syed Waheed Ashraf Kachhauchhvi|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054325/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/muqaddama-e-rubai-syed-waheed-ashraf-kichhauchhvi-ebooks|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Urdu Zaban Mein Na'at Gū'ī Ka Fan''
*''Rūh-e-Mahmood''
*''Tauzeehāt''

=====Persian=====
*''Tafheemāt''
*''Qasāid-e-Zauqi Vellori'' (translated, illustrated and edited)

===={{anchor|Miscellaneous books}}Letters====
*''Irtibāt-o-Inekaas'' (Urdu and English)

=== {{anchor|Other works|Published articles}}Articles ===

===English===
*"The Political and Economic Thoughts of Hadrat Saiyed Ashraf Jahangir", ''Indo-Iranica, The Quarterly Organ of the Iran Society'', Volume 56, March, June, September and December 2003, Numbers 1 to 4. Iran Society, 12 Dr. M. Ishaque Road, Kolkata 700,016.
*"Avicenna's Explanation of Destiny",''Indo-Iranica, The Quarterly Organ of the Iran Society'', Volume-34: Nos: 1 to 4: March- Dec: 1981: IBN SINA NUMBER Iran Society, 12 Dr. M. Ishaque Road, Kolkata 700,016.
*"Nationalism in Urdu Poetry" ''Annals of Oriental Research'', University of Madras, Volume 31 (1982), p. 391.
*"An Introduction to the Persian Poetry of Iqbal" in ''Annals of Oriental Research'', University of Madras, Volume 30i (1980), p. 1-14.
*"Modern Persian Prose" ''Annals of Oriental Research'', University of Madras, Volume xxviii, part 2 p. 1-8 (1979)
*"Sufism" ,''Annals of Oriental Research'', University of Madras, Volume 32(I) (1984), p. 55-72.
*"The contribution of the House of Qutb-e-Vellore to Persian Literature" ,''Annals of Oriental Research'', University of Madras, pages 1–22, volume xxx part2 (1981)
*"A Scholastic Approach To Some Muslim Religious Movements In India During 14th Century A.H., ''Annals of Oriental Research'', University of Madras, Pages 1–30, Volume xxxi part 1, (1982)

===Urdu===
*''Urdu Mein Naat Goi Ka Fan''-Naat Rang- Vol. 14 (اردو میں نعت گوئی کا فن ،- ڈاکٹر سیّد وحید اشرف کچھوچھوی)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naatkainaat.org/index.php/%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%94%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_14|title=نعت رنگ ۔شمارہ نمبر 14|date=20 March 2017|website=نعت کائنات|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007162030/http://naatkainaat.org/index.php/%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%94%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_14|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Nafhatul- Uns par Tahqeeki Nazar(1)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Jan. 1966 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1966-01.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515000905/http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1966-01.pdf |date=15 May 2023 }}
*''Nafhatul -Uns par Tahqeeki Nazar(2)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Feb. 1966 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1966-02.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519231108/http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1966-02.pdf |date=19 May 2023 }}
*''Tareekhe Paidaisho Wafaat Hazrat Syed Ashraf Jahangir Semnani'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Mar. 1966 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1966-03.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184609/http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1966-03.pdf |date=22 May 2022 }}
*''Tasawwufe Islami Par Ek Hindustani Kitaab(1)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Aug. 1968 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1968-08.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514185838/http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1968-08.pdf |date=14 May 2023 }}
*''Tasawwufe Islami Par EK Hindustani Kitaab (2)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Sept. 1968 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1968-09.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184523/http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1968-09.pdf |date=22 May 2022 }}
*''Tasawwuf o Sulluk Shah Hamdani Ki Tahreeron Mein (1)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Jan. 1989 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1989-01.pdf]
*''Tasawwuf o Sulluk Shah Hamdani Ki Tahreeron Mein (2)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Feb. 1989 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1989-02.pdf]
*''Khwaja Hafiz Sheerazi Ki Shairi Mein Sulook(1)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Nov. 1991 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1991-11.pdf]
*''Khwaja Hafiz Sheerazi Ki Shairi Mein Sulook(2)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Dec. 1991 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1991-11.pdf]
*''Iqbal Ki Faarsi Shairi par Ek Ijmaali Nazar(1)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Jan.1995 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1995-01.pdf]
*''Iqbal Ki Faarsi Shairi par Ek Ijmaali Nazar(2)'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Mar.1995 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-1995-03.pdf]
*''Amir Khusro Bahaisiate Faarsi Rubai Nigaar,'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Feb. 2001 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-2001-02.pdf]
*''Abdul Qadir Fakhri Maharban'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, Oct.2002 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-2002-10.pdf]
*''Hazrat Zauqi Ki Farsi Shairi'', Maarif, Darul Musannafein, Azamgarh, May2003 [http://shibliacademy.org/sites/default/files/Maarif_1916_2016/Maarif-2003-05.pdf]
* Ahmad Raza Ki Farsi Aur Urdu Shairi, Al-Meezan Monthly, Bombay, Imam Ahmad Raza Number, 1976
* Masnavi Asrare Khudi Ki Fikri Buniyaad, Ziyae Wajeeh Monthly, Rampur

===Persian===
*"Rubaiyaat (Amir Khusro)"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ensani.ir/fa/content/283386/default.aspx|title=رباعیات "امیرخسرو"|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815144633/http://www.ensani.ir/fa/content/283386/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Mutalae Hafiz Shirazi Az Hais Zabaano Subk Bayaan", Danish 56-57, 3645(مطالعه خواجه حافظ شیرازی از حیث زبان و سبک) -دانش،57 و 56.*3645 <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/search?origin=pager&q=سید+وحید+اشرف&pn=5&ps=10&and=&or=&exact=&note=&fields=* | title=Search - نورمگز }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashraf, Syed Waheed}}
[[Category:Scholars of Sufism]]
[[Category:Sufi writers]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:People from Ambedkar Nagar district]]
[[Category:Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Sufi philosophy]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]

Viruman

2026-04-12T16:48:47Z

KiraHutchinson4:

{{short description|2022 film directed by M Muthaiah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Viruman
| image = Viruman.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Muthaiah]]
| writer = M. Muthaiah
| producer = [[Suriya]]
| starring = [[Karthi]] [[Aditi Shankar]]
| cinematography = [[Selvakumar S. K.]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| editing = Venkat Raajen
| studio = [[2D Entertainment]]
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|08|12}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}60 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=Karthikeya 2, Thiruchitrambalam seal South films' box office rule in August: Ormax Media report |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/karthikeya-2-thiruchitrambalam-seal-south-films-box-office-rule-in-august-ormax-media-report/cid/1887739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922214302/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/karthikeya-2-thiruchitrambalam-seal-south-films-box-office-rule-in-august-ormax-media-report/cid/1887739 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=India}}</ref> 
}}
'''''Viruman''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/viruman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2ntg0|title=Viruman|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|quote=VIRUMAN is a Tamil language action drama in which a powerful local politician and the son from which he has been estranged carry on their lifelong feud.}}</ref> written and directed by [[M. Muthaiah]]. Produced by [[Suriya]] under [[2D Entertainment]], the film stars [[Karthi]] and [[Aditi Shankar]], while [[Prakash Raj]], [[Rajkiran]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Karunas]], and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=Suriya to produce Karthi's upcoming film ''Viruman'' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/suriya-to-produce-karthis-upcoming-film-viruman/2154534/?next |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222144209/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/suriya-to-produce-karthis-upcoming-film-viruman/2154534/?next |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] with cinematography by [[Selvakumar S. K.]] and editing by Venkat Raajen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=Yuvan to compose the music for Karthi & Muthaiah's Viruman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-to-compose-the-music-for-karthi-muthaiahs-viruman/articleshow/85948810.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222144516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-to-compose-the-music-for-karthi-muthaiahs-viruman/articleshow/85948810.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2021 |title=Karthi, Aditi Shankar film Viruman wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/22/karthi-aditi-shankar-film-viruman-wrapped-up-28576.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222145509/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/22/karthi-aditi-shankar-film-viruman-wrapped-up-28576.html |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 12 August 2022 and emerged as a commercial success at the [[List of Tamil films of 2022#Box office collection|box office]].<ref name="IE" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title='Life is Beautiful When Women...': Suriya at Viruman's Success Party |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/life-is-beautiful-when-women-suriya-at-virumans-success-party-5768959.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817143101/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/life-is-beautiful-when-women-suriya-at-virumans-success-party-5768959.html |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>This is the last film of [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] in an acting role, who died on 25 March 2025.

== Plot ==
Muniyandi is a narcissistic man from a village in [[Theni District|Theni]] who cares about his reputation and money and would go to any extent to get what he wants. His sister Dhanam and brother-in-law Balu are in love, but Muniyandi disapproves. Dhanam poisons herself and tells Muniyandi that she will get married if he takes her to the hospital, but Muniyandi leaves her to die and treats his wife Muthulakshmi poorly. Muthulakshmi finds out that her husband is having an affair, and Muniyandi tells her to adjust. Eventually, Muthulakshmi burns herself to death, which her young son Viruman witnesses. Enraged, Viruman chases his father with an [[aruval]] into the court. When the court advises Viruman not to kill Muniyandi, Viruman says he does not want to live with him and wants his uncles, Niraipandian and Balu, to raise him.

'''Present''': Tension and rivalry grow between Viruman and Muniyandi, which bothers others, specifically Viruman's brothers – Selvam, Muthukutty, and Ilango. Viruman takes any criticism and disrespect from his brothers because he respects them. Meanwhile, Thenmozhi "Theanu," Selvam's sister-in-law, praises Muniyandi since he is her sister's father-in-law and hates Viruman. However, Viruman loves her. When the family fights, she publicly defends Muniyandi.

Meanwhile, Selvam needs a job and wants his father's help, but the latter rejects. Viruman helps him get a job with the help of [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Pathinettaampadiyan, who fortifies a condition to sell his mother's land, which Viruman has refused to sign for years, but finally does so for the sake of his brothers. Thaenu realizes this and reciprocates Viruman's feelings.

Muniyandi discovers Theanu and Viruman's relationship. He starts disrespecting her and asks her to pay for the remaining dowry from her sister's marriage. At the village panchayat between Selvam and Muniyandi, Viruman tells him to stop being co-dependent on his father, as he has a family to focus on. Selvam agrees and decides to live independently from his father. This enrages Muniyandi, who wants to fight Viruman, but Thaenu kisses Viruman, shocking everyone. Muthukutty wants his father to sign the restaurant auction, but the latter rejects. Muthukutty's wife Sundari suggests asking Viruman, which he hesitates to do, but later accepts. When Muniyandi finds out, he asks the village rogue Soonapaana, who slapped him, to make Muthukutty lose the auction. When the auction happens, Viruman realises that his father has hired Soonapaana and decides to trap him. He makes his gang chase him, and Viruman locks them up.

Muthukutty ends up winning the auction. Soonapaana and his gang arrive and disrespect the restaurant staff. Viruman beats up Soonapaana and his gang, which leads to them being taken to the hospital. Muniyandi is mad at them and brings sarees to imply that they are women. Angered, Soonapaana vows to get the son and father killed. While Viruman and Thaenu are on their date, they encounter Ilango with his girlfriend, Pathinettaampadiyan's daughter; they have been dating for four years. Viruman asks Ilango whether he told their father, and he says no. Viruman comes up with a plan: Ilango should slap Viruman, making his father happy and proud of Ilango, and then bring up his relationship.

Muniyandi agrees to ask Pathinettaampadiyan for his approval, but Pathinettaampadiyan rejects it. When Viruman arrives, Pathinettaampadiyan demands Viruman's approval, angering Muniyandi. He says to cancel Ilango's marriage proposal, but Ilango leaves. Meanwhile, Muniyandi's brother Kuthalam Thevar and nephew Sembadayan plan to kill Viruman. Sembadayan lies to his cousin Viruman, saying they need his help to fix a funeral marquee. A fight ensues, and Muniyandi witnesses it. Kuthalam reveals that he wanted to kill Muniyandi and blame Viruman because he wanted his brother's money. Muniyandi arrives home and is mad at everyone for leaving him. He drinks alcohol, faints, and is hospitalized.

Muniyandi, suffering from kidney failure due to alcoholism, seeks a donor for a kidney transplant. Muniyandi's kidney was successfully transplanted, as Balu donated his kidney to save him. Muniyandi visits his wife's old home, where Soonapaana and his gang attempt to burn his house. Viruman arrives and saves Muniyandi, who feels guilty for Muthulakshmi and Dhanam's deaths. Muniyandi apologises, Viruman forgives him, and they reconcile.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Karthi]] as Viruman
* [[Aditi Shankar]] as Thenmozhi "Theanu", Viruman's love interest{{Efn|Although not explicitly mentioned in the film, her character's full name was revealed in 2021.<ref name=WU/>}}
* [[Rajkiran]] as Niraipandiyan Thevar, Muthulakshmi's brother and Viruman's uncle
* [[Prakash Raj]] as P. Muniyandi Thevar, Viruman's father
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Muthulakshmi, Viruman's mother
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Kuthukkal, Viruman's friend
* [[Karunas]] as Balu, Muthulakshmi's brother and Viruman's uncle
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Kannatha, Muniyandi's mother
* [[R. K. Suresh]] as Soonapaana, the village rogue
* Vasumithra as Selvam, Viruman's first elder brother
* [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] as Muthukutty, Viruman's second elder brother
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Ilango, Viruman's third elder brother
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Sangaiya, Thenmozhi's father
* [[Singampuli]] as Thalaiyaari, village assistant
* [[G. M. Sundar]] as MLA Pathinettaampadiyaan
* [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] as Kanimozhi, Selvam's wife and Thenmozhi's elder sister
* [[Myna Nandhini]] as Sundari, Muthukutty's wife
* [[Indraja Shankar]] as Kolavikkal
* Indhumathi
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Kuthalam Thevar, Muniyandi's brother
* [[Pattimandram Raja]] as Lawyer
* [[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Doctor
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Auctioneer
* [[Aruldoss]] as Paalpandi
* TSR as Villager
*Uriyadi Suruli }}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was announced on 6 September 2021 via a promotional poster, with official confirmation that film producer [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=Suriya to produce Karthi's upcoming film 'Viruman' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/sep/06/suriya-to-produce-karthis-upcoming-film-viruman-2354946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311043036/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/sep/06/suriya-to-produce-karthis-upcoming-film-viruman-2354946.html |archive-date=11 March 2022 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Initially, [[Aparna Balamurali]] was announced to be playing the female lead,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2021 |title=Aparna Balamurali to romance Karthi in Muthiah's directorial |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aparna-balamurali-to-romance-karthi-in-muthiahs-directorial/articleshow/85298953.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925223015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aparna-balamurali-to-romance-karthi-in-muthiahs-directorial/articleshow/85298953.cms |archive-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> however she was replaced by [[Aditi Shankar]], daughter of director [[S. Shankar]], which marks her acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Shankar on daughter Aditi debuting with Karthi's Viruman: 'She is in good hands' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/director-shankar-on-daughter-aditi-debuting-in-karthis-viruman-she-is-in-good-hands-8070161/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909083820/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/director-shankar-on-daughter-aditi-debuting-in-karthis-viruman-she-is-in-good-hands-8070161/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Motion capture]] for ''Viruman'' begun on 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Karthi & Aditi Shankar to begin shooting in Theni for Viruman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-aditi-shankar-to-begin-shooting-in-theni-for-viruman/articleshow/86293300.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222143136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-aditi-shankar-to-begin-shooting-in-theni-for-viruman/articleshow/86293300.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Muhurat shot and formal launch was done on 6 September 2021 in Theni, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=Karthi & Aditi Shankar's 'Viruman' begins with a pooja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-aditi-shankars-viruman-begins-with-a-pooja/articleshow/85972790.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222143140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-aditi-shankars-viruman-begins-with-a-pooja/articleshow/85972790.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began that day, as informed by the makers. On 22 December 2021, entire shooting of the film has been wrapped up.<ref name=WU>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2021 |title=Karthi & Aditi Shankar's Viruman wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-aditi-shankars-viruman-wrapped-up/articleshow/88425110.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222143137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-aditi-shankars-viruman-wrapped-up/articleshow/88425110.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Viruman
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| alt =
| cover =
| lyrics =
| released = 3 August 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| studio = [[U1 Records]], [[Chennai]] [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Studio]], [[Mumbai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=52}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| chronology =
| prev_title = [[Kuruthi Aattam]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Naane Varuvean]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{External media|
| audio1 = {{YouTube|fyXQ5s-SQV8|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles|
| name = Viruman
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Kanja Poovu Kannala
| single1date = 25 May 2022
}}
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The music rights of the film are owned by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1522933528303865856 |user=sri50 |title=Here we go! https://t.co/edVNU0zoWF #KanjaPoovuKannala – The first single from #Viruman 🎤 kui- @sidsriram ✍️ – #KarumathurManimaran 🎶 – @thisisysr #VirumanFirstSinglePromo |first=Sreedhar |last=Pillai |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The first single titled "Kanja Poovu Kannala" was released on 25 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2022 |title=First single Kanja Poovu Kannala from Karthi's Viruman |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-kanja-poovu-kannala-from-karthis-viruman/articleshow/91788075.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710153230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-kanja-poovu-kannala-from-karthis-viruman/articleshow/91788075.cms |archive-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| title1 = Kanja Poovu Kannala
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics1 = Karumathur Manimaran
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Madura Veeran
| lyrics2 = [[Raju Murugan]]
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Aditi Shankar]]
| length2 = 3:49
| title3 = Vaanam Kidukidunga
| lyrics3 = [[Snehan]]
| extra3 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Muthu Sirpi
| length3 = 4:09
| title4 = Aagasam Kannukkulla
| lyrics4 = [[Raju Murugan]]
| extra4 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length4 = 1:43
| total_length = 13:39 
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Viruman'' was initially set to release on 31 August 2022, during [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayagar Chaturthi]]. However it was later preponed and released theatrically on 12 August 2022, coinciding with [[Raksha Bandhan]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref name="IE">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=Karthi's Viruman gets new release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthis-viruman-gets-new-release-date-8059738/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729172713/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthis-viruman-gets-new-release-date-8059738/ |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The streaming rights of the film have been acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] while the satellite rights of the film have been sold to [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Suriya-Karthi's 'Viruman': OTT Platform And Satellite Deal Locked! |url=https://www.binged.com/news/suriya-karthis-viruman-ott-platform-and-satellite-deal-locked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028124445/https://www.binged.com/news/suriya-karthis-viruman-ott-platform-and-satellite-deal-locked/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=Binged}}</ref> The film began streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 11 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |title=Amazon Prime Video To Stream 'Viruman' From September 11 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/prime-video-to-stream-viruman-from-september-11-news-221791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907165537/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/prime-video-to-stream-viruman-from-september-11-news-221791 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Viruman'' received mixed reviews from critics and audience.<ref name="BO">{{Cite news |date=13 August 2022 |title='Viruman' box office collection Day 1: Karthi starrer becomes 8th highest grosser of 2022; Mints Rs 8 crores |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/viruman-box-office-collection-day-1-karthi-starrer-becomes-8th-highest-grosser-of-2022-mints-rs-7-crores/articleshow/93539388.cms#:~:text=twitterincomwhatsApp-,'Viruman'%20box%20office%20collection%20Day%201%3A%20Karthi%20starrer%20becomes,2022%3B%20Mints%20Rs%208%20crores&text=Karthi%20and%20Aditi%20Shankar%20starrer,on%20opening%20day%20for%20Karthi. |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814051800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/viruman-box-office-collection-day-1-karthi-starrer-becomes-8th-highest-grosser-of-2022-mints-rs-7-crores/articleshow/93539388.cms#:~:text=twitterincomwhatsApp-,'Viruman'%20box%20office%20collection%20Day%201%3A%20Karthi%20starrer%20becomes,2022%3B%20Mints%20Rs%208%20crores&text=Karthi%20and%20Aditi%20Shankar%20starrer,on%20opening%20day%20for%20Karthi. |archive-date=14 August 2022 |quote=the film has received both positive and negative comments from audiences and movie critics.}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Viruman'' could have been yet another template film with clichéd elements. However, it crumbles with its underwhelming screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman Movie Review: Karthi's flavourless film is full of stale ideas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/viruman-movie-review-karthi-s-flavourless-film-is-full-of-stale-ideas-1987178-2022-08-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812151240/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/viruman-movie-review-karthi-s-flavourless-film-is-full-of-stale-ideas-1987178-2022-08-12 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Lakshmi Subramanian of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote it "is a predictable affair with hardly any plot twists; and if there are any, those are resolved in the next few scenes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman review: A predictable action drama |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/viruman-review-a-predictable-action-drama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812151617/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/viruman-review-a-predictable-action-drama.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News18]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Karthi was interesting in his 2007 debut, ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'', but has somehow never managed to wean himself away from the same kind of portrayals, infused with rage and rancour, in his later outings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman Movie Review: Karthi, Prakash Raj Starrer is a Disappointing Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/viruman-movie-review-karthi-prakash-raj-starrer-is-a-disappointing-watch-5739535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812135434/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/viruman-movie-review-karthi-prakash-raj-starrer-is-a-disappointing-watch-5739535.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Viruman'' doesn't make you feel much while watching it, nor leaves you with a lot of thoughts about parenting. It is largely a passable movie".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman movie review: Karthi's film is passable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/viruman-movie-review-karthi-film-is-passable-8086464/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812150445/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/viruman-movie-review-karthi-film-is-passable-8086464/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Most films on family feuds set in rural areas are ultimately about kudumba paasam. ''Viruman'' would have been interesting if it had broken out of the formula".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman review: Karthi's rural entertainer is tepid and formulaic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/viruman-review-karthi-s-rural-entertainer-tepid-and-formulaic-166782%3famp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812175019/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/viruman-review-karthi-s-rural-entertainer-tepid-and-formulaic-166782?amp |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film's rating 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "On the technical side, there is basic proficiency, but even these feel generic – Selvakumar SK's visuals have the oft-seen colour palette found in contemporary rural films while Yuvan Shankar Raja contributes with a couple of catchy songs and a score that just about works."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman Movie Review : Actors make this generic rural drama a passable affair |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/viruman/movie-review/93517207.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812111350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/viruman/movie-review/93517207.cms |archive-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' after reviewing the film stated that "Viruman is the kind of film you don't mind overseeing because it creates a festival-like experience that's best enjoyed on the big screen."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman movie review: Karthi's predictable drama creates a festival-like experience |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/viruman-movie-review-karthi-leads-a-predictable-but-engaging-drama-101660290645734.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812101103/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/viruman-movie-review-karthi-leads-a-predictable-but-engaging-drama-101660290645734.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' after reviewing the film stated that "If at all there is a takeaway from Viruman, it is that we have finally found a formidable pair in Karthi and Raj for the Tamil remake of ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=12 August 2022 |title='Viruman' movie review: Karthi and Prakash Raj are endearing in this blaring rural drama that firmly sticks to its traditions |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/viruman-movie-review/article65761478.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814065532/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/viruman-movie-review/article65761478.ece |archive-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, stating that "Soon as you see an expansive setting (like an open field, an empty warehouse…), you know that a fight scene is incoming, and bad guys are going to bounce more times off the ground than a rubber ball."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman Movie Review: Many bad guys get beaten up, but we hurt the most |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/aug/12/viruman-movie-review-many-bad-guys-get-beaten-up-but-we-hurt-the-most-33692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818203241/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/aug/12/viruman-movie-review-many-bad-guys-get-beaten-up-but-we-hurt-the-most-33692.html |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave the film's rating 2.5 out of 5, stating that "The performances led by Karthi, Yuvan's music, and the rooted nature make Viruman a watchable family drama."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=VIRUMAN MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/viruman/viruman-review.html?ref=www.google.ae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418061926/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/viruman/viruman-review.html?ref=www.google.ae |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 39 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=விருமன் – சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/viruman-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818055015/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/viruman-movie-review |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=விருமன் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3184 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508033929/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3184 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Krishna Selvaseelan of ''[[Tamil Guardian]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5, stating, "the film is an underwhelming feat, with refreshing moments which helped carry it across the finish line".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaseelan |first=Krishna |date=12 August 2022 |title=Viruman: An underwhelming feat |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/viruman-underwhelming-feat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130152326/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/viruman-underwhelming-feat |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Tamil Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On the first day of its release, the film grossed over {{INR}} 8.2 crores at the box office.<ref name="BO" /> After the first three days of its release, the film collected over {{INR}} 30 crores worldwide and grossed {{INR}} 25 crores in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=15 August 2022 |title=Viruman box office: The Karthi-starrer exceeds expectations and is turning out to be a superhit |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/viruman-box-office-the-karthi-starrer-exceeds-expectations-and-is-turning-out-to-be-a-superhit/32f57ce16a814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815081631/https://www.ottplay.com/news/viruman-box-office-the-karthi-starrer-exceeds-expectations-and-is-turning-out-to-be-a-superhit/32f57ce16a814 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> On the third day of its release, the film grossed over {{INR}} 26 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2022 |title=Viruman' box office collection: The movie mints Rs 26 crore in 3 days |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/viruman-box-office-collection-the-movie-mints-rs-26-crore-in-3-days/articleshow/93568739.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028025548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/viruman-box-office-collection-the-movie-mints-rs-26-crore-in-3-days/articleshow/93568739.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 October 2023}}</ref> On the first weekend of its release the film grossed over {{INR}} 30 crores, becoming one of the [[List of Tamil films of 2022|highest grossing Tamil films]] of the year.<ref name="Box office">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Viruman, Thiruchitrambalam' Box Office Collection Brings Respite To Tamil Film Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/viruman-thiruchitrambalam-box-office-collection-brings-respite-to-tamil-film-industry-5814721.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828192222/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/viruman-thiruchitrambalam-box-office-collection-brings-respite-to-tamil-film-industry-5814721.html |archive-date=28 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> In [[Malaysia]], it is also the first Tamil film to gross over {{INR}} 2.8 crores at the Malaysian-box office after six days of its release.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15327256}}
{{2D Entertainment}}

{{M. Muthaiah}}

[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Muthaiya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

2019 Prayag Ardh Kumbh Mela

2026-04-12T14:37:23Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting some article basic info!

{{short description|Ardh Kumbh Mela held in Allahabad from January to March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2019 Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela
| image = Kumbh 2019 Prayagraj Logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt = logo
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name = Kumbh festival 2019
| duration = 55 days<ref name="ndt1"/>
| date = {{start and end dates|df=yes|2019|01|15|2019|03|04}}
| venue = [[Triveni Sangam]]
| location = [[Prayagraj]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.431|81.885|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| also_known_as = Ardh Kumbh Mela
| type = Social practices
| theme = Festive events
| cause = Rituals
| motive = Religious pilgrimage
| target =
| budget = ₹4200 Crores ($605,400,000)
| patrons = Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims
| organisers = Prayagraj Mela Authority
| participants = 120 million Hindu devotees<ref name="Guar1"/>
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| url =
| website = {{URL|http://kumbh.gov.in}}
| notes = [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]]
}}

The '''2019 Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela''' was the Ardh [[Kumbh Mela]] held at [[Triveni Sangam]] in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India from 15 January to 4 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-triveni-sangam|title=The Triveni Sangam|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref><ref name="ndt1">{{cite web |title=Kumbh Mela 2019 Live Updates: Devotees Take Holy Dip In Sangam In UP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kumbh-mela-2019-live-updates-devotees-take-holy-dip-in-sangam-in-uttar-pradesh-1977764 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> This event is followed by the [[2025 Maha Kumbh Mela|2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh]].

==Governance==
A bill was passed in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] to set up ''Prayagraj Mela Authority'', a permanent body to oversee the mela. The divisional commissioner of Prayagraj serves its chairperson while the district magistrate and inspector general of police as the vice-chairpersons. Mela officers and other district officials are also the members of this authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bill-prayagraj-mela-authority-uttar-pradesh-assembly-yogi-adityanath-4995023/|title=Bill to set up Prayagraj Mela Authority passed in UP Assembly|date=22 December 2017}}</ref>

==Projects==
Around ₹4200 crore was allotted by the state government for the Ardh Kumbh 2019, over two times more than it had spent on the last Kumbh held in 2013. About 199 projects of 16 government departments were completed under four phases which included a six-lane bridge over the river [[Ganga]] and a four-lane railway over-bridge worth ₹275 crore. The Public Works Department executed projects worth ₹430 crore including building an inner ring road in the city. ₹210 crore was spent on safe drinking water facilities and ₹60 crore to electrify the Kumbh area. Focus was also laid on solid waste management to ensure that Ganga water is not contaminated and putting up LED lights.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kumbh-2019-work-begins-officials-arrive-with-men-and-machine/articleshow/62289483.cms?from=mdr|title=Kumbh 2019 work begins, officials arrive with men and machine|first=Aman|last=Sharma|date=29 December 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Moreover, widening and beautification of 18 roads and 25 road crossings was completed before the deadline of October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-city-goal-round-develop-just-like-metro-cities-17451915.html|title=मेट्रो सिटी की तरह होंगे शहर के चौराहे}}</ref>

==Promotion==
The logo of 2019 Kumbh shows a group of Sadhus bathing in the Sangam confluence of the Ganga and the Yamuna. The Uttar Pradesh government has decreed that all state government documents, letterheads and publicity material, including advertisements and hoardings, should carry the new logo. Moreover, [[cinema hall]]s in the state are directed to display the logo straight after the [[Jana Gana Mana|national anthem]] is played.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uttar-pradesh-letters-to-carry-kumbh-mela-logo/articleshow/62075174.cms?from=mdr|title=Uttar Pradesh letters to carry Kumbh Mela logo|first=Aman|last=Sharma|date=14 December 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-cinema-halls-to-show-kumbh-logo-before-screening-movies/story-H7O5J6z57We4L4MKBZEKqL.html|title=UP cinema halls to show Kumbh logo before screening movies|date=3 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Guar1">{{cite web |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |title=Kumbh Mela: Hindus converge for largest-ever human gathering |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/15/kumbh-mela-hindus-converge-for-largest-ever-human-gathering-prayagraj-festival |website=The Guardian |date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Prayag Kumbh Mela]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* Kumbh Mela and The Sadhus,(English, Paperback, Badri Narain and Kedar Narain) Pilgrims Publishings, India, {{ISBN|9788177698053}}
* कुम्भ मेला और साधु समागम- अमरत्व की खोज : बद्री नारायण एवं केदार नारायण, पिल्ग्रिम्स पब्लिशिंग्स, (भारत) 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-7769-917-3}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190818205720/http://kumbh.gov.in/ Official Website]
* [https://www.sergebouvet.com/kumbh-mela/ Kumbh Mela 2019 in Prayagraj: documentary photo of the largest religious gathering in the world.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224038/https://www.sergebouvet.com/kumbh-mela/ |date=21 February 2019}}

{{Kumbh Mela}}

[[Category:2019 festivals]]
[[Category:2019 in India]]
[[Category:Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Fairs in India]]
[[Category:February 2019 in India]]
[[Category:January 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Kumbh Mela]]
[[Category:March 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pedakurapadu mandal

2026-04-12T01:39:46Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting a post more to come.

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pedakurapadu mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Pedakurapadu]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = MPP
| leader_name = Bellamkonda Meraiah
| leader_title1 = MPDO
| leader_name1 = Narasimha Rao
| leader_title2 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name2 = Kshama Rani
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=30 January 2016|page=14,408}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 50,030
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=625916|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =AP39
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive map outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Pedakurapadu Mandal''', is a mandal in [[Palnadu district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].It is under the administration of [[Sattenapalli revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Pedakurapadu]]. The mandal is bounded by [[Krosuru Mandal]], [[Sattenapalli Mandal]], [[Amaravathi Mandal]], [[Medikonduru Mandal]], and [[Achampeta Mandal, Palnadu District |Achampeta Mandal]]. It is a part of Palnadu Urban Development Authority (PAUDA)<ref>{{cite web|title= UADs in Andhara Pradesh|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/uda.html}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 50,030. The total population constitute, 25,031 males and 24,999 females —a sex ratio of 999 females per 1000 males. 5,004 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,595 are boys and 2,409 are girls —a ratio of 935 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 56.53% with 28,285 literates.<ref name=population />

== Administration ==

The mandal is a part of the Palnadu Urban Development Authority (PAUDA).<ref>{{cite web|title= UADs in Andhara Pradesh|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/uda.html}}</ref> It is under the control of a [[tahsildar]] and the present tahsildar is Kshama Rani. Pedakurapdu mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Palnadu district|5 mandals]] under [[Pedakurapadu (Assembly constituency)]], which in turn represents [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=11 October 2014|pages=22, 31}}</ref>

== Settlements ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 20 settlements, which includes 14 Revenue villages and 6 Non Revenue Villages.

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|
# 75 Tyallur
# Balusupadu
# Chinamakkena
# Garapadu
# Hussainnagaram
# Jalalpuram
# Khambampadu
# Kasipadu
# Lagadapadu
# Lingamguntla
# Mussapuram
# Patibandla
# Pedakurapadu
# Ramapuram
# Kannegandla
# Abbaraju Palem
# Buchaiahpalem
# Parasa
# Podapadu
# Thammavaram
}}

==Transport==
Pedakurapdu railway station is in Pedakurapadu mandal.

== See also ==

* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Palnadu district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Palnadu district]]

Baghliani dialect

2026-04-07T13:34:56Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting initial details v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

{{Short description|Dialect of Lower Mahasu Pahari, India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Baghliani
| familycolor = Indo-European
| glotto = maha1287
| altname = '''बघल्याणी'''
| nativename = '''𑚊𑚂𑚍𑚥𑚣𑚞𑚦'''
| region = [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu]]
| fam1 = [[Indo-European]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western]] or [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| fam6 = [[Mahasu Pahari]]
| fam7 =
| script = [[Takri script|Takri]]
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_caption = Approximate location of Baghliani speaking area
| coordinates = {{coord|31.144155|N|76.904916|E|display=inline}}
| pronunciation = [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[bə.ɡəl.jaː.ɳiː]]]
| image = Baghliani dialect of Mahasu Pahari written in Devanagari script.jpg
| imagecaption = Baghliani written in [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]]
| states = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
}}

'''Baghliani''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]:𑚊𑚂𑚍𑚥𑚣𑚞𑚦) is a dialect of Lower [[Mahasu Pahari]] belonging to the [[Western Pahari]] group of languages. It is spoken in the western [[Solan district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The dialect derives its name from the former princely state of [[Baghal State|Baghal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |title=www.baghlayani.org |url=https://www.baghlayani.org/en |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=www.baghlayani.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Extent ==
[[File:Map of Mahasuic group of languages.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasuic]] group of languages, as Baghliani dialect is part of it|260x260px]]
Baghliani dialect is spoken in western [[Solan district]], the area which was part of the former princely state of [[Baghal State|Baghal]]. It is also spoken in bordering villages of [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] which gradually transits in mixed of Baghliani and [[Bilaspuri]], after which core Bilaspuri is spoken. The notable areas in which it is spoken are [[Arki, India|Arki Tehsil]] (capital of former princely state of Baghal), [[Darlaghat]], [[Ramshehar]], [[Badi ki dhar|Badi Dhar]], western parts of [[Kunihar]] and northern parts of [[Nalagarh]] in which it makes gradual transiton with [[Hinduri language|Hinduri]], in proper Nalagarh, Hinduri replaces Baghliani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George A. |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/50321 |title=Indo-Aryan Family: Central Group: Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |date=1916 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |series=Linguistic Survey of India |volume=IX(IV) |location=Calcutta}}</ref>

== Script and specimen ==
'''Devanagari (Baghliani):'''

''“हिमाचलो रे अर्की-दारलाघाट तहसीलो दे बाघली-बघल्याणी ग्लाओएं। ऐ बुइली महासुई दे पड़ोइं होर बघाटी होर हिंदूरी साथी मिलोइं।”''

'''Transliteration:'''

''Himācalō ré Arkī-Dārlāghāṭ tehsilō dé Bāghlī-Baghlyāṇī glāoēṅ. É buili Māhāsui dé paṛoīṅ hor Baghāṭī hor Hindurī sāthī miloīṅ.''

'''Meaning (English):'''

''“Baghli–Baghliani is spoken in the Arki and Darlaghat tehsils of Himachal. It belongs to the Mahasui group and is similar to Baghati and Hinduri.”''

== Grammar ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Features
!Devanagari
!IPA
!Translation (English)
|-
|'''[[Dative case]]'''
|खे
|Khé
|to
|-
|'''[[Inessive case]]'''
|दे-दा, रे-रा, मा खे
|Dé-Dā, Ré-Rā, Bicé, Ma khe (sentence-dependent)
|of, in, to me
|-
|'''[[Possessive affix]]'''
|गे
|Gé
|to them
|-
|'''[[Comitative case]]'''
|साथे, सौगी
|Sāthé(/i) and Sāôgī
|with, partner
|-
|'''[[Genitive case|Genetive case]]'''
|रा, रे, री
|Rā, Ri, Ré
|his, their, her
|-
|'''[[Interrogative word|Intorregative words]]'''
|के, केबे, कऊँ, केईं-केती, कियां, कौ
|Ké, Kébbé, Kàuṅ, Kīyāṅ, Kéiṅ-Kétī, Kīyāṅ, Kaô/ Kô
|what, when, why, where, how, how many
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Sentences in Baghliani with translation:-'''
|-
|'''Baghliani'''
|Sé kyā/ ké kamāoāṅ
|-
|'''Devanagari'''
|से क्या/ के कमाओआं
|-
|'''English'''
|What does he do?
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|'''Baghliani'''
|Kébbé āôṅā tussé āsā ré
|-
|'''Devanagari'''
|केब्बे आऔणा तुस्से आसा रे
|-
|'''English'''
|When will you come visit us?
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
|'''Baghliani'''
|Kàuṅ bāhi tæṅ tés khé
|-
|'''Devanagari'''
|कऊँ बाही तैं तेस खे
|-
|'''English'''
|Why did you hit him?
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
|'''Baghliani'''
|Kéiṅ cālīré bhyāgō ré tussé
|-
|'''Devanagari'''
|केईं चालीरे भ्यागो रे तुस्से
|-
|'''English'''
|Where are you off too early in the morning?
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
|'''Baghliani'''
|Kiyāṅ kôé ubhé tusé étré cchōṛé
|-
|'''Devanagari'''
|कियां कौए उभे तुसे एत्रे छोड़े
|-
|'''English'''
|How did you climb up so quickly?
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
|'''Baghliani'''
|Kô bhāu hé /munnī hī tés ré
|-
|'''Devanagari'''
|कौ भाऊ हे /मुन्नी ही तेस रे/ री
|-
|'''English'''
|How many sons/ daughters does he have?
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Some notable words in Baghliani:-'''
|-
|'''Baghliani'''
|'''Devanagari'''
|'''English'''
|-
|Māṭhā
|माठा
|Boy
|-
|Munnī
|मुन्नी
|Girl
|-
|Bhāu
|भाउ
|Son
|-
|Ḍaīṇī ré
|डईणी रे
|snake (lit. of the witch)
|-
|Karàṛā
|कर्ड़ा
|Bitter
|}

== See also ==

* [[Baghal State]]
* [[Baghati dialect]]
* [[Keonthali dialect]]
* [[Hinduri language|Hinduri dialect]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*{{YouTube|id=BO7Q8qjsLlc|title=Differentiating between Mandeali and Baghliani dialect of Mahasu Pahari}}
*{{YouTube|id=JWsETq69evo|title=Showcasing sarcasm and fun in Baghliani dialect of Mahasu Pahari}}
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages written in Takri]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

C. Robert Bruce

2026-04-04T03:57:12Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. Robert Bruce
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|5|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency =[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| predecessor = [[S. Gnanathiraviam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse =
| children = 2
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents = Chellapan, Star Queen
| date =
| source =https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5629?from=members
}}
'''C. Robert Bruce''' from Kanyakumari dist, is an Indian politician. He is set to be a member of the [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] [[Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]] constituency in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).

==Political career==
Bruce was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="it">{{cite web | title=Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC Secures Seat | website=India Today | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/tirunelveli-tamil-nadu-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547973-2024-06-04 | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="f400">{{cite web | author=Anshul | title=Tamil Nadu election result 2024: Check full list of winners from 39 seats | website=cnbctv18 | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/tamil-nadu-election-result-2024-check-full-list-leading-candidates-and-parties-winners-losers-19423501.htm | access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce, C. Robert}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

PNB Housing Finance

2026-04-02T19:26:36Z

KiraHutchinson4:

{{Short description|Indian housing finance company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = PNB Housing Finance Ltd
| logo = PNB Housing Finance.png
| logo_size = 220px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|PNBHOUSING}}|{{BSE|540173}}}}
| area_served = India
| key_people = Jatul Anand (Executive Director) Vinay Gupta (Chief Financial Officer) krishna kant (Chief Compliance Officer) Anubhav Rajput (Chief Technology Officer)
| industry = [[Financial services]], Housing Finance Company (HFC), [[BFSI]]
| products = Home Loans, [[Mortgage loan]], Home Improvement Loans, Home Construction Loans, Plot Loans, Home Extension Loans, Land Loans, Loan Against Property, Lease Rental Discounting, [[Fixed Deposits]]
| locations = 300 branches (2025)
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|7057|c}} (2024) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pnbhousing.com/documents/d/guest/Financial%20Result|title=FY24 Results}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|1954|c}} (2024)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1508|c}} (2024)
| assets = {{up}} {{INRConvert|72405|c}} (2024)
| num_employees = ~1690 (2023)
| foundation = {{start date|df=yes|1988|11|11}}
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| website = {{URL|http://www.pnbhousing.com/}}
}}

'''PNB Housing Finance Limited''' (PNB Housing) is an Indian housing finance company. It was incorporated in 1988 as a subsidiary of [[Punjab National Bank]] (PNB). The company provides housing loans & loan against property as a part of its product portfolio and also holds the license to accept public deposits. The company's equity shares are listed on [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE) and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] since November 2016.

==History==

PNB Housing Finance was incorporated under the [[Companies Act, 1956]] and commenced its operations on 11 November 1988 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Punjab National Bank (PNB). In 2001, it registered with [[National Housing Bank]] (NHB).<ref>{{cite web|author=NULL |url=http://www.nhb.org.in/Regulation/List-granted-Certificate-Registration.pdf |title=List of Housing Finance Companies granted Certificate of Registration |publisher=nhb.org}}</ref>

On 9 December 2009, PNB entered into a strategic partnership with Destimoney Enterprises Private Limited (DEPL)<ref>{{cite web|author=Fe Bureau |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/PNB-sells-26-in-housing-finance-arm-to-Destimoney/552124 |title=PNB sells 26% in housing finance arm to Destimoney |date=16 February 2017 |publisher=financialexpress.com}}</ref> and sold its 26% stake to DEPL. DEPL which held 49% shares in the company until February 2015 sold its entire shareholding to Quality Investments Holdings, which is owned by Carlyle Group, a global investment firm.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/carlyle-picks-up-destimoney-s-49-stake-in-pnb-housing-finance-business-standard-news-115022500315_1.html | title=Carlyle picks up Destimoney's 49% stake in PNB Housing Finance | newspaper=Business Standard | first=Manojit | last=Saha | date=25 February 2015 | accessdate=14 September 2020 }}</ref> The remaining 51% was owned by the parent bank i.e. [[Punjab National Bank]].

In November 2016, the Company came out with a public issue of equity shares. Its equity shares are listed on National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) with effect from 7 November 2016. Post the public issue, the promoters jointly hold 76% of shared in the company and the public shareholding stands at 24%.

On 30 March 2019, [[Punjab National Bank]] announced that it had signed an agreement to sell a 13.01% stake in PNB Housing Finance to private equity firm [[General Atlantic]] and alternative investment firm [[Varde Partners]] for {{INRConvert|1851.60|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Panda |first1=Subrata |title=PNB offloads stake in PNB Housing Finance for Rs 1,851 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/pnb-offloads-stake-in-pnb-housing-finance-for-rs-1-851-crore-119032900383_1.html |website=Business Standard India |accessdate=29 March 2019 |date=29 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=Our |title=PNB inks pacts to sell 13% in housing arm for ₹1,852 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/pnb-sells-1301-stake-in-housing-finance-arm-for-185160-cr/article26672761.ece |website=@businessline |date=29 March 2019 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Housing finance companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:The Carlyle Group companies]]

Piramal Finance

2026-03-25T10:47:46Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting some data from scratch.

{{Short description|Housing finance company in Mumbai, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|date=April 2024}}
{{COI|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Piramal Finance Limited
| logo = Piramal Finance logo.svg
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = Financial services
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1984|04|11}}
| founder = Rajesh Wadhawan
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = {{ubl|Ajay G. Piramal (Chairman)|Jairam Sridharan (Managing director)|Yesh Nadkarni (CEO)}}
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Home Loan]]|Business Loans|Corporate Financing|Non-Housing Loans|[[Deposits]]}}
| services = Financial Services
| operating_income = {{increase}} ₹6,712 crore (2023-24)<ref name="AutoGO-1">{{Cite web|title=Piramal Capital & Housing Finance Limited Annual Report 2023-24|url=https://www.piramalfinance.com/content/dam/piramalfinance/pdf/stakeholder/annual-reports/pchfl-annual-report-2023-24.pdf}}</ref>
| net_income = {{increase}} ₹485 crore (2024-25)<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |last1=Angre |first1=Alekh |title=Piramal Enterprises Q4 Results: Profit falls 25% even as AUM surges 17% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/piramal-enterprises-q4-results-profit-falls-25-even-as-aum-surges-17/articleshow/120967884.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
| aum = {{increase}} ₹80,689 crore (2025)<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |last1=Angre |first1=Alekh |title=Piramal Enterprises Q4 Results: Profit falls 25% even as AUM surges 17% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/piramal-enterprises-q4-results-profit-falls-25-even-as-aum-surges-17/articleshow/120967884.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
| num_employees = 12,000+ (2023)<ref name="AutoGO-1"/>
| parent = [[Piramal Group]]
| website = {{URL|www.piramalfinance.com}}
}}

'''Piramal Finance Limited''' (formerly '''Piramal Capital & Housing Finance Limited''' and '''Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited (DHFL)''') is a non-banking financial company (NBFC–ICC) regulated by the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Piramal Enterprises]]. The company provides retail and wholesale financial services including home loans, loan against property (LAP), MSME loans, used-vehicle financing, and corporate lending. Following the acquisition of DHFL in 2021, the company was rebranded as Piramal Capital & Housing Finance.

The company was established following the acquisition of Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd. (DHFL) by Piramal Capital & Housing Finance Limited (PCHFL) in September 2021. This acquisition was the first successful resolution of a financial services company under the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]] (IBC) in India. The transaction was executed through a [[Reverse takeover|reverse merger]], wherein PCHFL merged into DHFL, and the combined entity became a wholly owned subsidiary of Piramal Enterprises.<ref name="lv">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2021 |title=Piramal Group completes DHFL acquisition in total consideration of ₹34,250 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/piramal-group-completes-dhfl-acquisition-pays-rs-34-250-cr-as-total-consideration-11632892698017.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

In April 2025, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) approved the company's transition from a Housing Finance Company (HFC) to a Non-Banking Financial Company – Investment and Credit Company (NBFC-ICC) and subsequently rebranded as Piramal Finance Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Capital gets RBI nod to operate as NBFC-ICC - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/piramal-capital-rbi-nod-to-operate-nbfc-icc-to-exit-housing-finance-business-19585590.htm |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=7 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was originally started as DHFL by Rajesh Kumar Wadhawan on 11 April 1984. The name of the company was changed to Dewan Housing Development Finance Ltd. and later to Dewan Housing Finance Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/dewanhousingfinancecorporation/history/DHF#DHF|title=Dewan Housing Finance Corporation > Company History > Finance - Housing > Company History of Dewan Housing Finance Corporation - BSE: 511072, NSE: DHFL|website=moneycontrol.com|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref>

In 2010, DHFL acquired [[Deutsche Postbank|Deutsche Postbank Home Finance]] unit for ₹1079 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dhfl-buys-deutsche-postbank-s-unit-for-rs-1-079-crore-110120200037_1.html|title=DHFL buys Deutsche Postbank's unit for Rs 1,079 crore|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2010-12-02|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, DHFL acquired 74% stake DHFL Pramerica Life Insurance Company Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhfl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/DHFL-and-Prudential-Financial-Inc.-complete-ownership-transfer-of-life-insurance-joint-venture-in-India1.pdf|title=DHFL and Prudential Financial, Inc. complete ownership transfer of life insurance joint venture in India}}</ref>

On 29 January 2019, Cobrapost, an Indian investigative journalist group, published an exposé of DHFL for using various shell corporations to siphon more than ₹ 31,000 crores of public money for the personal gains of the DHFL's primary stakeholders: Kapil Wadhawan, Aruna Wadhawan and Dheeraj Wadhawan.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=https://cobrapost.com/blog/press-realise-dhfl-l/1374 |title=:: Cobrapost :: |website=cobrapost.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129141356/https://cobrapost.com/blog/press-realise-dhfl-l/1374 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same article, Cobrapost also raised allegations of political donations worth crores of rupees, in violation of Section 182 of Companies Act, 2013 for political donations.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> DHFL filed a response with the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] saying the allegations raised by Cobrapost were untrue. DHFL, also rebutted these allegations in a hosted investors / analysts conference and clarified that the ₹ 31,000 crore loans mentioned in the allegation consist of its project loan portfolio. Also the company tried to clarify that the advances commented by Cobrapost should be ₹ 21,000 Crores and not ₹ 31,000 crores. Following the Cobrapost allegations, Indian credit rating agencies reaffirmed their high safety rating for the financial instruments issued by DHFL.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/news-portal-alleges-rs-31000-crore-fraud-by-home-finance-company-dhfl/articleshow/67748033.cms|title=News portal alleges Rs 31,000 crore fraud by home finance company DHFL - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|date=30 January 2019 |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

Even after the emergence of serious allegations of misconduct against its business, the Indian credit rating agencies continued to issue high safety ratings for the DHFL financial products, but, on 6 June 2019, DHFL defaulted on its debt repayment, resulting in a debt rating downgrade, immediately wiping out 16% of the value from its stock price. At the time, the fall in DHFL stock price was an all year low. This rapid decline in stock price resulted in a loss of investor confidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/dhfl-tanks-16-after-rating-downgrade-what-should-investors-do-4067641.html|title=DHFL tanks 16% after rating downgrade; what should investors do?|website=Moneycontrol|date=6 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/debt-funds-take-a-tumble-as-dhfl-slips-on-payment/articleshow/69670067.cms|title=Debt mutual funds take a tumble as DHFL slips on payment|last=Mahesh|first=Prashant|date=2019-06-07|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>

On 20 November 2019, the Reserve Bank of India removed the board of directors of the company citing corporate governance failure and the company's defaulted payment obligations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=48684|title=Reserve bank of India - Press Release}}</ref>

===2021: Acquisition by Piramal===
Piramal Finance Limited was established following the acquisition of Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited (DHFL) by Piramal Capital & Housing Finance Limited (PCHFL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Piramal Enterprises Limited. The acquisition was completed in September 2021 under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), with a total consideration of ₹34,250 crore. It marked the first resolution of a financial services company through the IBC process in India.<ref name="lv" />

As part of the resolution plan, PCHFL was merged into DHFL through a reverse merger structure. The merged entity continued operations under the name Piramal Capital & Housing Finance Limited and expanded its presence in the retail lending segment, leveraging DHFL's existing branch network and customer base.<ref name="lv" />

In April 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved the company's transition from a Housing Finance Company (HFC) to a Non-Banking Financial Company – Investment and Credit Company (NBFC-ICC).<ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2025 |title=Piramal Capital receives RBI nod to operate as NBFC-ICC |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-piramal-capital-receives-rbi-nod-to-operate-as-nbfc-icc-says-will-exit-housing-finance-biz-3801692/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CWe%20wish%20to%20inform%20you,of%20Non%2Dbanking%20Financial%20Institution%E2%80%93 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the company surrendered its HFC license and was renamed Piramal Finance Limited. Following this regulatory shift, the company relinquished its HFC license and was renamed Piramal Finance Limited. This reclassification aligns with its strategic focus on expanding retail and MSME lending across India.

In May 2025, Piramal Enterprises Limited announced a proposed [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] of Piramal Finance Limited with the parent entity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Enterprises to merge Piramal Finance with parent entity. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/piramal-enterprises-to-merge-with-unlisted-housing-finance-arm-for-listing-124050900314_1.html |access-date=4 June 2025 |publisher=business-standard.com}}</ref>

=== 2025: Developments ===
In May 2025, Piramal Enterprises announced a proposed merger of Piramal Finance into the parent company to streamline operations and improve capital efficiency.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2025 |title=Piramal Enterprises approves merger of Piramal Finance |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/piramal-enterprises-approves-merger-of-piramal-finance/articleshow/110512983.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Operations ==
As of August 2024, Piramal Finance operated more than 500 branches across 500+ cities in India, serving over 4.7 million customers.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Piramal Finance |url=https://www.piramalfinance.com/about-us |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

The company provides financial products including home loans, loan against property, MSME loans, used vehicle finance, and working capital solutions. It also partners with public and private sector banks under co-lending models. In April 2025, Piramal Finance entered a co-lending partnership with [[ICICI Bank]] targeting rural and semi-urban borrowers.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2025 |title=ICICI Bank and Piramal Finance partner for co-lending |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/icici-bank-and-piramal-finance-partner-for-co-lending-11690543260948.html |work=Mint}}</ref>

==Products and services==
Piramal Finance Limited provides financial services across retail, MSME, and corporate segments. Its offerings include home loans, personal loans, used vehicle finance, and business loans, primarily targeting underserved markets through branch and digital channels. The company also participates in affordable housing initiatives under government schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.piramalfinance.com/ |title=Piramal Finance: Home, Business, LAP and Personal Loans |website=Piramal Finance |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref> While it previously had a wholesale lending portfolio, its current focus is on expanding retail operations. Piramal Finance has also entered co-lending partnerships, including a 2025 collaboration with ICICI Bank to improve credit access in rural and semi-urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/nbfc/piramal-finance-and-icici-bank-join-hands-for-co-lending/120096243 |title=Piramal Finance and ICICI Bank join hands for co-lending partnership |website=ET BFSI |date=3 April 2025 |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries==
===Pramerica life insurance===
Pramerica Life Insurance Limited is a joint venture between Piramal Capital and Housing Finance Limited (PCHFL) and Prudential International Insurance Holdings Ltd., a subsidiary of Prudential Financial, Inc., USA.<ref>{{cite web |title=DHFL owes ₹87,000 crore to banks and bondholders, including State Bank of India, Life Insurance Corp. of India, Union Bank of India and many other foreign and domestic lenders. |date=4 January 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/oaktree-s-bid-for-dhfl-s-insurance-biz-faces-hurdle/story-akw9C7todTSgg2zDPTdI4N.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The company was established on September 1, 2008, as [[DLF (company)|DLF]] Pramerica Life Insurance Company Ltd. joint venture between DLF Limited & [[Prudential Financial]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Pramerica Life targets Rs 3,000-crore GWP in FY26,' Pankaj Gupta |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/pramerica-life-targets-rs-3000-crore-gwp-in-fy26-pankaj-gupta-3796945/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financialexpress]] |language=en |date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

==Legal matters and controversies==

=== SEBI insider-trading investigation ===
In 2024, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] concluded a settlement with the former managing director of Piramal Capital & Housing Finance and associated parties in relation to an investigation into alleged [[insider trading]] in shares of [[Piramal Group|Piramal Enterprises]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Piramal Capital MD settles SEBI insider trading case |work=The Times of India |date=2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/piramal-capital-housing-finance-md-settles-sebi-probe/articleshow/112026867.cms |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> The settlement involved the payment of approximately ₹43.5 crore without admission or denial of wrongdoing under SEBI's settlement mechanism.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal co MD, two others pay RS 44 crore to settle Sebi probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/piramal-co-md-two-others-pay-rs-44-crore-to-settle-sebi-probe/articleshow/112026968.cms |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Financial irregularities and probes against DHFL ===
In 2019, DHFL stopped payment of bonds and defaulted on its loan obligations. This caused its stock to fall over 97% and a government intervention in the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/dewan-housing-finance-share-price-falls-icra-crisil/story/354114.html|title=Why Dewan Housing Finance share price fell up to 15% in early trade today|website=businesstoday.in|date=6 June 2019 |access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/dhfl-puts-fresh-deposits-and-renewals-on-hold-halts-pre-mature-withdrawals-1558460507432.html|title=DHFL puts fresh deposits and renewals on hold, halts pre-mature withdrawals|last=Borate|first=Neil|date=2019-05-21|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/dhfl-shares-slump-20-after-halting-fresh-public-deposits-1558497975452.html|title=DHFL falls nearly 10% as company stops accepting fresh deposits, halts renewals|last=Borate|first=Ravindra N. Sonavane, Neil|date=2019-05-22|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/govt-launches-probe-against-dhfl-issue-may-hit-sector-investment-119013101503_1.html|title=Govt launches probe against DHFL, issue may hit sector investment|last=Roy|first=Anup|date=2019-01-31|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/yes-bank-share-price-crashes-rs-1506-crore-net-loss-in-q4/story/341809.html|title=YES Bank share price loses 30% on surprise Rs 1,506-crore net loss in Q4|website=businesstoday.in|date=30 April 2019 |access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

In August 2019, as efforts to draft a resolution plan by restructuring DHFL debt into equity, a few of the DHFL bond holders moved to the debt recovery tribunal, which could impact the resolution process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/use-of-insolvency-code-in-dewan-housing-will-expedite-resolution-process-1569212343590.html|title=Use of insolvency code in Dewan Housing will expedite resolution process|last=Ghosh|first=Shayan|date=2019-09-23|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref> The company meanwhile offered to repay all investors in full with due process of inter-creditor-agreement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/dhfl-offers-to-repay-investors-in-full-but-seeks-nod-for-ica/articleshow/71344455.cms|title=DHFL offers to repay investors in full, but seeks nod for ICA|last1=Das|first1=Saikat|date=2019-09-28|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-28|last2=Rebello|first2=Joel}}</ref>

In October 2019, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] conducted raids at several places of DHFL offices and promoter residences and found links of money laundering activity in loans given to firms closely linked to the promoters of the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/debt-laden-dhfl-loaned-to-firms-tied-to-its-promoters-ed-probe-6079523/|title=Debt-laden DHFL loaned to firms tied to its promoters: ED probe|date=2019-10-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> Additionally the trail of the loan given by DHFL to Sunblink real estate in 2010 lead to gangster Iqbal Mirchi, an accomplice of the organized crime mastermind Dawood Ibrahim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dhfl-lent-rs-2186-crore-to-company-under-lens-for-mirchi-links-ed-investigations-reveal/articleshow/71623886.cms|title=DHFL News: DHFL lent Rs 2,186 crore to company under lens for Mirchi links, ED investigations reveal|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

On 20 November 2019, under Section 45-IE (I) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Indian central bank removed the board of directors of Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited (DHFL). The reasons cited by the banking regulator for the dismissal of the DHFL board of directors were: inadequate governance and the various defaults on its payment obligations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=48684|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200213085754/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=48684|archive-date = 13 February 2020|title = Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases}}</ref>

On 27 January 2020, the promoter of DHFL, Kapil Wadhawan was arrested under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). The arrest was connected to his firm's alleged involvement in providing loans to the organized criminal enterprise of Dawood Ibrahim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhfl-promoter-kapil-wadhawan-arrested-in-iqbal-mirchi-money-laundering-case/story-Pdouu5NbIzEhn6c27YD3cM.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200214184318/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhfl-promoter-kapil-wadhawan-arrested-in-iqbal-mirchi-money-laundering-case/story-Pdouu5NbIzEhn6c27YD3cM.html|archive-date = 14 February 2020|title = DHFL promoter Kapil Wadhawan arrested in Iqbal Mirchi money laundering case|date = 27 January 2020}}</ref> On 22 February 2020, the PMLA court granted bail to Kapil Wadhwan. The Bombay high court upheld the bail decision by PMLA court, rejecting Indian [[Enforcement Directorate]] requests to stay the bail application.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/cricket-matches-in-wankhede-to-disrupt-normal-traffic-in-south-mumbai/story-3azJrE5TQE5g7DF7oVOosJ.html|title = Cricket matches in Wankhede to disrupt normal traffic in South Mumbai|date = 8 March 2020}}</ref>

The ED has linked [[Yes Bank]] for various fraud and transactions amounting to 3700 crores as debentures in DHFL. The central bank appointed administrator at Dewan Housing Finance (DHFL) has ordered a transaction audit at the non-bank lender after allegations of money laundering surfaced in the aftermath of the regulatory action on Yes Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yes-bank-founder-rana-kapoors-wife-daughter-charged-by-cbi-in-alleged-bribery-case-2192282|title=Crisis-Hit Yes Bank Founder Rana Kapoor's Wife, Daughters Charged By CBI|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>

On 24 March 2021, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] filed a new suit against DHFL and its promoters Kapil Wadhawan and Dheeraj Wadhawan, wherein the later were accused of syphoning off the welfare subsidy fund of [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] by creating 260,000 fake home loan accounts under the same scheme under the guise of a non-existent branch.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-03-24|title=CBI books DHFL over fake accounts created in PMAY|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cbi-books-dhfl-over-fake-accounts-created-in-pmay-11616608277393.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DHFL Share Price Hits Lower Circuit After CBI Books Promoters For Creating Fake Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/dhfl-share-price-hits-lower-circuit-after-cbi-books-promoters-for-creating-fake-accounts-6691161.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Moneycontrol|date=25 March 2021 }}</ref> The suit says, fake loans were granted worth ₹14,046 crore of which ₹11,755.79 crore were routed to shell corporations and citing these loans, subsidy amounts were claimed under [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-24|title=CBI books DHFL for creating over 2 lakh fake home loan accounts under PMAY|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-books-dhfl-for-creating-over-2-lakh-fake-home-loan-accounts-under-pmay-101616592758747.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DHFL directors availed thousands of crores through fake loan accounts under PMAY: CBI|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/dhfl-directors-availed-thousands-of-crores-through-fake-loan-accounts-under-pmjay-cbi/story/434782.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=24 March 2021 }}</ref>

In September 2025, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) attached DHFL assets worth {{INRConvert|186|c}} in a bank fraud case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=DHFL loan fraud case: ED attaches assets worth ₹185.84 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/dhfl-loan-fraud-case-ed-attaches-assets-worth-185-84-cr-101757445066053.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Housing finance companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

List of people from Vellore

2026-03-21T02:30:14Z

KiraHutchinson4: adjust article per sources and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
The following people were born or based their life in [[Vellore]].

== Education ==
* G. Viswanathan, founder and chancellor, [[Vellore Institute of Technology|VIT University]]
* V. L. Ethiraj, founder, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
* V. M. Muralidharan, chairman, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
* Benjamin Pulimood, director/principal, [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]]

== Entrepreneurs ==
* [[Mecca Rafeeque Ahmed]], founder and managing director of FARIDA Group
* [[V. Natarajan]], Chairman of KMV Group

== Film and entertainment ==
* Radhika Apte, Bollywood actress
* [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]], Indian film actor
* Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]], director of ''[[Bommarilu]]'', ''[[Paragu]]'', ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'', ''[[Ongole Githa'', ''[Bangalore Naatkal]]''
* Vani Jairam, playback singer
* R. Nataraja Mudaliar, known as the father of Tamil cinema, a pioneer in the production of silent films
* Dinesh Ravi, Tamil actor of [[Attakathi]] and [[Visaranai]] fame
* Nelson Dilipkumar, Director of ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'', [[Doctor (2021 film)|''Doctor'']], [[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']], Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']].
* Poornima Ravi, Tamil film actress
* Indhuja Ravichandran, Tamil film actress
* V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]], Indian film producer and distributor
* Aravinnd Singh, cinematographer of Tamil films ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' and ''Diary''
* [[Vellore A. R. Srinivasan]], classical carnatic musician
* Thiru (director)|Thiru]], Tamil film director
* Vishnu Vishal, Tamil actor
* N. Viswanathan, Bengali actor

== Politics ==
* C. Gnanasekaran, Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu
* C. Abdul Hakim, Indian politician and businessman
* Durai Murugan, Indian politician and Ex-Minister for Public Works, [[Govt. of Tamil Nadu]]
* Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]], Indian politician and former member of the [[15th Lok Sabha|Parliament of India]] from Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore Constituency]]
*V. S. Vijay, Indian politician and incumbent member of the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Vellore (State Assembly Constituency)|Vellore constituency]] and Ex-Minister for Health, [[Govt. of Tamil Nadu]]

== Sports ==
* Palani Amarnath, former player of IPL Chennai Superkings and Tamil Nadu Ranji Trophy
* M Tamil Selvan, won silver medal in 1978 & 1982 [[Commonwealth Games]]
* Sathish Sivalingam, won gold medal in 77 kg category in 2014 & 2018 [[Commonwealth Games]]

== Scientists ==
* C. Mohan, well known [[computer scientist]] in [[Silicon Valley]], an [[IBM Fellow]] and the former [[IBM India]] Chief Scientist

==Writers==
* Azhagiya Periyavan (pen name of C.Aravindan), journalist and author

[[Category:Lists of people from Tamil Nadu|Vellore]]
[[Category:People from Vellore| ]]

1994 Mokokchung Massacre

2026-03-18T04:03:43Z

KiraHutchinson4:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Short description|1994 massacre in Nagaland, India}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1994 Mokokchung Massacre
| partof = [[Naga conflict]]
| location = [[Mokokchung]], [[Nagaland]]
| coordinates =
| date = 27 December 1994
| image = Mokokchung 1994 (2).jpg
| caption = A victim being nursed by [[Red Cross]] volunteers
| time = 10:20{{nbsp}}a.m. to 12:30{{nbsp}}p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| target = Civilians
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 12
| injuries =
| perps = 10th [[Assam Rifles]] 16th [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
}}

The '''1994 Mokokchung Massacre''' also referred to as '''Ayatai Mokokchung''' by the citizens of the town, took place on 27 December 1994, when forces of the 10th [[Assam Rifles]] and the 12th [[Maratha Light Infantry]] of the [[Indian Army]] raided upon civilian populace of [[Nagaland]]'s [[Mokokchung]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Asit|url=https://www.countercurrents.org/das191111.htm|title=Armed Forces(Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) And Irom Sharmila's Struggle For Justice|date=19 November 2011|website=[[Counter Currents]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

The incident lasted for about 2 hours and left 89 shops, 48 houses, 17 vehicles and 7 two-wheelers razed to ashes, excluding those destroyed by gunfire and shelling. 7 civilians were gunned down, another 5 burned alive including a child, several women raped and more than a dozen gone missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/1994-isnt-just-number|title=1994 isn't just a number|date=22 September 2011|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

== Incident ==
On 27 December 1994 at around 10:20{{nbsp}}a.m., a patrol of the 16th Maratha Light Infantry (MLI) was moving near the Police Point in Mokokchung, Nagaland. According to MLI sources, they troops were fired upon by armed insurgents which led to the death of one MLI soldier.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

The MLI reacted by firing and then dousing woollen balls and other inflammable materials with fuel and started setting shops, houses and other buildings on fire.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

As the shooting intensifies, the military cordoned off the civilians who were in and around the main shopping area of the town. The women and children were then made to crawl towards the open space of the Main Traffic Island whereas men were systematically tortured.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== Investigation ==
According to reports, in order to create a fear psychosis among the people, the event was systematically premeditated to prevent any mishap to Indian Army Chief [[Shankar Roychowdhury]] as he was visiting Kohima that same day to "discuss the Law and Order problem in Nagaland" with the then Chief Minister of Nagaland, [[S. C. Jamir]]. Also earlier that day starting from around 7:00{{nbsp}}a.m. all telephone lines in the town were mysteriously out of service which led to the apprehension that the incident was planned beforehand.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Legacy ==
In January 2020, a number of Naga civil societies and various individuals showed their resentment against the construction of a War Memorial in Mokokchung by the Assam Rifles, one of the perpetrators of the infamous incident in the heart of the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/an-insult-to-the-nagas-and-a-diabolical-distortion-of-our-history/|title=An Insult to the Nagas and a Diabolical Distortion of Our History|date=1 February 2020|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths=250 heights=185 class="center">
File: Mokokchung 1994 (1).jpg|A building brought down to the ground by a mortar
File: Mokokchung 1994 (3).jpg|Vehicles and buildings razed down to ashes
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of massacres in Nagaland]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Mokokchung]]
[[Category: 1994 in Nagaland]]
[[Category: Massacres in 1994]]
[[Category: Massacres in Nagaland]]
[[Category: 1994 murders in India]]
[[Category:1994 mass murders]]
[[Category:December 1994 in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]

Surya: The Power of Love

2026-03-17T00:31:38Z

KiraHutchinson4: added new data

{{short description|Indian Kannada language romantic action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Surya Power of Love.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Sagar Dass
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Basavaraj M Benni
* Ravi M Benni
}}
| writer =
| starring = Prashantha Surya Harshitha Mk [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Nandi Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|15|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Surya: The Power of Love''''' is a 2026 [[India]]n [[Kannada language]] romantic action drama film directed by Sagar Dass. The film is produced by Basavaraj M Benni, and Ravi M Benni. The film stars Prashantha Surya, Harshitha Mk in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-12-28 |title=Surya trailer: This love story is an entertainer rooted in North Karnataka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/28/surya-trailer-this-love-story-is-an-entertainer-rooted-in-north-karnataka |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Prashantha Surya as Surya
*Harshitha Mk as Bhumika
*[[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Maari
*[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Mamatha

== Reception ==
Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' said that "Director Sagar Dass has attempted to keep the audiences entertained by including a number of action and song sequences. The director tries to narrate the story in a unique method."<ref>{{Cite web | first=Y. Maheswara |last=Reddy | title=Kannada Movie Review–Surya: The Power of Love: Action-packed entertainer |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewsurya-the-power-of-love-action-packed-entertainer/articleshow/126585401.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Susmita Sameera of ''[[The Times of India|Times Of India]]'' said that "While the core storyline doesn’t break new ground, the film does manage to stay engaging through a handful of unexpected twists and surprise character revelations that appear at key moments."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya Power of Love Movie Review: A Predictable Plot with Engaging Moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/surya-power-of-love-a-predictable-plot-with-engaging-moments/movie-review/126602323.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of [[The New Indian Express]] said that "It wants to speak about trafficking, class fractures, compromised ambition, and personal accountability — and manages to touch all these threads, even if not always with depth."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surya Movie Review: Earnest social drama wrapped in commercial tropes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Jan/19/kannadareview2026jan18surya-movie-review-earnest-social-drama-wrapped-in-commercial-tropes|website=The New Indian Express|date=2026-01-19|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title| tt39122437}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Ratan Rangwani

2026-03-15T04:05:33Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting new article needs work.

{{Short description|Indian actor and writer}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ratan Rangwani
| image = Ratan Rangwani.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|08|19}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2008 - present
}}
'''Ratan Rangwani''' (born August 19, 1972) is an actor, and writer<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Actor Ratan Rangwani turns writer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-actor-ratan-rangwani-turns-writer/articleshow/46550583.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> associated with [[Gujarati cinema]]. He also performed in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ratan Rangwani to be part of Hindi film Deadly Encounter |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwani-to-be-a-part-of-hindi-film-deadly-encounter/articleshow/47012436.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-01 |title=Gujarati movie actor features in Marathi commercial |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/ratan-rangwani-gujarati-movie-actorss-features-in-marathi-commercial/articleshow/39418406.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Sindhi cinema|Sindhi]] films. In 2014, Rangwani completed fifty films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ratan Rangwani to start shooting for his 50th film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwani-starts-shooting-for-his-50th-film/articleshow/45343600.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Films ==

=== Gujarati-language films ===

* ''Harpalde Shakti Na Amar Anjvana''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ratan Rangwani's next movie is all set to release soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwanis-next-movie-is-all-set-to-release-soon/articleshow/39111058.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''City Girl 009''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ratan Rangwani plays the bad guy in City Girl 009 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/city-girl-009-ratan-rangwani-plays-the-bad-guy-in-city-girl-009/articleshow/39419065.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''Harpale Shakti Na Amar Anjwada''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=It has been a busy year for actor Ratan Rangwani |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-it-has-been-a-busy-year-for-actor-ratan-rangwani/articleshow/39616517.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''Lekh Suhagan Na''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Mangu Sayba Janmon Janam No Saath''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ratan Rangwani shoots for his upcoming next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwani-shoots-for-his-upcoming-next/articleshow/44821313.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ratan Rangwani's next is a romantic action film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwanis-next-is-a-romantic-action-film/articleshow/48248283.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''Don Lewa Gayo Loan''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Rajput Nu DiL Ne Rajput Ni Dost''i<ref name=":0" />
* ''Annadata Shri Kuber Bhandari''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2014-09-04 |title=Ratan Rangwani features in a Gujarati TV show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/gujarati/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwani-features-in-a-gujarati-tv-show/articleshow/41695012.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-31 |title=Ratan Rangwani stars in a Gujarati telefilm |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwani-stars-in-a-gujarati-telefilm/articleshow/41330134.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ([[Telefilm]])
* ''Preet Karnar Kadi Duniya Thi Darta Nathi''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ratan Rangwani starts shooting for his next film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwani-starts-shooting-for-his-next-film/articleshow/45121675.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ratan Rangwani's next to release next weekend |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwanis-next-to-release-next-weekend/articleshow/46104702.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''Ekaj Target''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Bajrang Leela''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Maadi Laaj Rakhje Mari Pratigya Ni''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Desh Ni Koi Sarhad Prem Ne Roki Shakti Nathi''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ratan Rangwani to shoot in Kutch for his next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ratan-rangwani-to-shoot-in-kutch-for-his-next/articleshow/47972726.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''Haseen Zindagi''<ref name=":4" /> (also writer)
* ''Radha Rahishu Saday Sathe''<ref name=":4" />
* ''Madi Laaj Rakhje Mari Pratigya Ni''<ref name=":4" />

=== Hindi-language films ===

* ''Deadly Encounter''<ref name=":3" />

== Television ==

=== Gujrati serial ===

* ''Bhagwan Shri Swaminarayan''<ref name=":1" />

=== Hindi serial ===

* Sankalp<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-06 |title=Ratan Rangwani and Maulik Mehta work on a TV show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/ratan-rangwani-ratan-rangwani-and-maulik-mehta-work-on-a-television-show/articleshow/46821033.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9026922}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangwani, Ratan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Vasundhara Devi

2026-03-14T07:41:22Z

KiraHutchinson4: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Vasundhara devi in a still from the 1941 film Rishyasringar
| name = Vasundhara Devi
| birth_date = 1917
| birth_place = [[Madras]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1988|1917|df=y}}
| death_place =
| height =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Actor|Actress]], [[Indian classical dance]]r
| years_active = 1941–1960
| known_for = [[Mangamma Sapatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]
| notable_works =
| spouse = M. D. Raman
| children = [[Vyjayanthimala]]
}}

'''Vasundhara Devi''' (1917–1988) was an Indian actress, trained [[Bharathanatyam]] dancer and [[Carnatic music|carnatic singer]].<ref name="the hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350421600.htm |title=blast from the past |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 November 2007 |author=Randor Guy |access-date=13 April 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103010654/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350421600.htm |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> The Indian actress [[Vyjayanthimala]] is her daughter.<ref name="malaimalar_20110201">{{cite news |title=வாள் வீச்சில் புகழ் பெற்ற ரஞ்சன்: இந்திப் படங்களிலும் வெற்றிக் கொடி நாட்டினார் |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=27 February 2011 |language=ta |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2011/02/11141603/history-of-ranjan.html |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721131915/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2011/02/11141603/history-of-ranjan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
*(1941) ''[[Rishyasringar (1941 film)|Rishyasringar]]''
*(1943) ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]''
*(1947) ''[[Udayanan Vasavadatta]]''
*(1949) ''[[Naattiya Rani]]''
*(1959) ''[[Paigham]]''
*(1960) ''[[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1244432}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Vasundhara}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]

{{India-film-actor-1910s-stub}}

Rewa, Madhya Pradesh

2026-03-13T22:59:03Z

KiraHutchinson4: quick update

{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date = April 2012}}
{{original research|date=March 2019}}
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rewa
| other_name = The City of Waterfalls <ref>{{cite news|title=खूबसूरत झरनों से गुलजार रहती है 'सिटी ऑफ वॉटरफॉल', देखना न भूलें ...
|url=https://www.mptak.in/visualstories/travel/city-of-waterfalls-is-full-of-beautiful-jharna-do-not-forget-to-visit-this-place-in-mp-164918-24-08-2024|website=www.mptak.in|date=24 Aug 2024|language= hindi}}</ref>
| official_name = 
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| align = centre
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/1/2/2
| image1 = Vyankat Bhawan.jpg
| alt1
| image2 =Chachai waterfall.jpg
| alt2
| image3 = Bahuti Waterfall.jpg
| alt3
| image4 = Rewa Collectorate Building.jpg
| image5 = Krishna-raj-kapoor-auditorium REWA.jpg
| alt5
| image6 = Sirmour Chowk Rewa.jpg
| alt6
| image7 =Eco Park REWA.jpg
| alt7
| image8 = White Tiger Safari & Zoo.png
| alt8
}}
| image_caption = ''From top, left to right:'' Venkat Bhawan,[[Chachai Falls]], [[Bahuti Falls]], Collectorate, Krishna [[Raj Kapoor]] Auditorium, Night view Sirmour Chowraha, Eco Park and [[White Tiger Safari & Zoo Mukundpur]]
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|32|17|N|81|17|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vindhya]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| subdivision_name5 = 45 Wards
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Vikramaditya Singh
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Rewa Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Ajay Mishra
| leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Sanskriti Jain (IAS)
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Janardan Mishra]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party|(BJP)]]

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Rewa Info'>{{Cite web|url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/12_10th_MadhyPradesh-Rewa.pdf|title=Rewa Info}}</ref>
| area_rank = 22nd<ref name=census>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - MADHYA PRADESH |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2313_PART_B_DCHB_REWA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 69
| area_metro_km2 = 146
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name='Rewa Info'/>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 304
| population_total = 236,519
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 8th<ref name=census/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 486001 HPO 486002, 486003
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07662
| registration_plate = MP-17
| website = {{URL|https://rewa.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| leader_name4 = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party|(BJP)]]
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
}}

'''Rewa''' is a city in the north-eastern part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[India]]. It is the administrative center of [[Rewa District]] and [[Rewa Division]]. The city lies about {{convert|420|km|mi|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance between Rewa and Bhopal |url=https://www.yatra.com/distance-between/distance-from-bhopal-to-rewa.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Yatra}}</ref> northeast of the state capital [[Bhopal]] and {{convert|230|km|mi|0}} north of the city of [[Jabalpur]]. The maximum length of Rewa district is 125 km from east to west and the length of Rewa from north to south is 96 km. This area is surrounded by Kaimur hills to the south <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kaimur Hills |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaimur-Hills |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Vindhyachal ranges pass through the middle of the district.

==Geography==
Rewa is located on {{coord|24|32|17|N|81|17|43|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Rewa.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Rewa, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 259 metres (853 feet). Rewa is situated on the banks of Bihad and [[Bichhiya]] river, it's on Rewa plateau surrounded by [[Vindhya]] and Kaimur ranges.

==History==
{{see also|Rewa (princely state)}}
[[File: Delhi Durbar 1903.jpg|thumb|left|Delhi Durbar of 1903, held to commemorate the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra as Emperor and Empress of India: Elephant Carriage of the Maharaja of Rewa at the Retainers' Review, 7 January 1903]]
The district of Rewa derives its name from the town of Rewa, the district headquarters, which is another name for the [[Narmada River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Rewa |url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/history |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=District Rewa}}</ref>

Present day Rewa was part of the Baghelkhand region which extended from the present day [[Prayagraj]] in the North to [[Mahamaya Temple|Ratanpur]] in the South, [[Jabalpur]] in the West to [[Surajpur, Chhattisgarh|Surajpur]] in the East.

=== Baghel Dynasty ===
Baghel Dynasty was founded by Bhimaldev (son of Vyaghradev, the chieftain of Vyaghrapalli) in 1236 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewa, Madhya Pradesh: A Comprehensive Socio-Economic and Cultural Overview |url=https://timelybharat.com/rewa-madhya-pradesh/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Timely Bharat}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2022|reason=Exam prep/notes site}} Baghelas are basically [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chalukyans]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Anhilwara]] (Gujarat).

The region was earlier governed by [[Lodi dynasty|Lodhi]] and [[Sengar]] chieftains of Rajgond Dynasty. Lodhi's Diwan Tiwari conspired with Baghelas and assisted in foundation of Baghela Rule in the Gahora Patti region. In return of this favour, Baghelas granted title of "Singh Tiwari" or "Adhrajiya Tiwari" to the Diwan Tiwari.

'''Raja Ramchandra''' shifted capital to [[Bandhavgarh National Park|Bandhavgarh]], and later Raja Vikramjit Singh shifted capital to Rewa in 1605 CE.

Bandhavgarh Fort was sieged by Mughals. [[Tansen]] and [[Birbal]] (Mahesh Das) were in court of Ramchandra Singh Baghel.

'''Raghuraj Singh Baghel''' built [[Govindgarh Palace|Govindgarh Fort]], which lies in between Govindgarh lake. Govindgarh is known for its varieties of mangoes.

'''Raja Gulab Singh''' was called "social reformer King" of Rewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-14 |title=Maharaja Gulab Singh of Rewa Princely State |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/12315-maharaja-gulab-singh-of-rewa-princely-state/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=Mintage World}}</ref> Raja Martand Singh was the last Baghela Ruler. Later, the state joined the Union of India, after independence.

=== Revolt of 1857 ===
During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the princely state of [[Rewa district|Rewa]], located in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], witnessed significant yet complex developments. Although the broader uprising was marked by resistance to British colonial authority, Rewa's role in the rebellion was both supportive and suppressive in different contexts.

One of the most prominent figures in the region’s revolt was '''Thakur Ranmat Singh'''[https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?9137 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>], a Sardar in the service of the Maharaja of Rewa and a native of Mankhari village in the present-day Satna district. Deeply disillusioned with British interference in the princely affairs of Rewa, particularly with the actions of the British Resident Political Agent, [[Algernon Willoughby Osborne|Willoughby Osborne]], Ranmat Singh emerged as a regional leader of the anti-colonial movement.

Emboldened by the growing wave of rebellion across northern India, Ranmat Singh mobilized a force of approximately 2,000 rebels and launched an attack on Osborne’s bungalow. Although Osborne managed to escape, Ranmat Singh's rebellion continued to gain momentum. His forces engaged in several skirmishes across locations such as Nagod, Bhilsain, Chitrakoot, Nowgong, and Keoti—causing considerable concern to British authorities in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Jan 2023 |title=जरा याद इन्हें भी कर लो…. 1857 के आंदोलन में ठाकुर रणमत सिंह ने अंग्रेजों के छुड़ा दिए थे छक्के |url=https://www.patrika.com/singrauli-news/in-movement-of-1857-thakur-ranmat-singh-had-freed-sixes-from-british-7955224 |access-date=2 Jan 2023 |website=Patrika}}</ref>

Initially, the [[Maharajah of Rewa|Maharaja of Rewa]] appeared to sympathize with the nationalist cause. However, under mounting pressure from the British administration, the Maharaja eventually turned against the rebellion. Viewing Ranmat Singh as a liability, the Maharaja facilitated his arrest. Thakur Ranmat Singh was charged with the murder of British officials and was ultimately executed by hanging in August 1859.

The episode underscores the internal contradictions faced by princely states during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]. While figures like Ranmat Singh championed resistance to colonial rule, many ruling elites, including the Maharaja of Rewa, were compelled—or chose—to align with the British for political survival. This duality highlights the complex nature of the 1857 uprising, where local loyalties, colonial pressures, and nationalist sentiments often clashed.

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Rewa city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Islam]]|green|11.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.92}}
}}

As of 2011, Rewa had a population of about 2,35,654 out of which 1,24,012 are males and 1,11,642 are females. Rewa has an average literacy rate of 86.31%, male literacy is 91.67%, and female literacy is 80.40%. In Rewa, 10.76% of the population is under 6 years old.
<ref>{{cite web|title=DISTRICT PROFILE - REWA|url=https://hindustanmerijaan.com/wp-content/uploads/District-Profile_Rewa.pdf|access-date=18 September 2020|website=hindustanmerijaan.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Rewa City
! Total
! Male
! Female
|-
|City Population
|235,654
|124,012
|111,642
|-
|Literates
|81,504
|51,092
|50,412
|-
|Children (0-6)
|25,356
|13,731
|11,625
|-
|Average Literacy (%)
|46
.31 %
|31.67 %
|10.40 %
|-
|[[Sex ratio]]
| colspan="3" |900 ''(females per 1000 males)''
|}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of Rewa (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 51.21
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]
| value2 = 44.69
| color2 = indianred
| label3 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| value3 = 1.80
| color3 = yellow
| label4 = [[Urdu]]
| value4 = 0.94
| color4 = green
| other = y
| other-label = Others
| other-color = grey
}}

Hindi, namely its dialect Bagheli, is the dominant spoken language in the city. A few people speak Urdu while there is also a large Sindhi community in the city.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10249/download/13361/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] }}</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Rewa (1991–2020, extremes 1965–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 32.0
| Feb record high C = 36.5
| Mar record high C = 41.2
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 48.2
| Jun record high C = 47.5
| Jul record high C = 43.2
| Aug record high C = 39.4
| Sep record high C = 37.6
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 36.2
| Dec record high C = 32.4
|year record high C =
| Jan high C = 23.5
| Feb high C = 27.1
| Mar high C = 33.4
| Apr high C = 38.8
| May high C = 41.6
| Jun high C = 38.9
| Jul high C = 33.6
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 32.2
| Oct high C = 32.4
| Nov high C = 29.1
| Dec high C = 25.4
| year high C = 32.3
| Jan low C = 7.9
| Feb low C = 10.8
| Mar low C = 15.4
| Apr low C = 20.7
| May low C = 25.5
| Jun low C = 26.8
| Jul low C = 25.4
| Aug low C = 24.7
| Sep low C = 23.7
| Oct low C = 19.5
| Nov low C = 13.6
| Dec low C = 8.4
| year low C = 18.4
| Jan record low C = 0.6
| Feb record low C = 1.6
| Mar record low C = 6.4
| Apr record low C = 11.6
| May record low C = 16.5
| Jun record low C = 20.1
| Jul record low C = 15.2
| Aug record low C = 20.3
| Sep record low C = 10.2
| Oct record low C = 9.0
| Nov record low C = 4.4
| Dec record low C = 1.9
|year record low C = 0.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 11.7
| Feb rain mm = 26.4
| Mar rain mm = 6.2
| Apr rain mm = 3.3
| May rain mm = 7.5
| Jun rain mm = 112.8
| Jul rain mm = 326.8
| Aug rain mm = 301.2
| Sep rain mm = 175.5
| Oct rain mm = 51.7
| Nov rain mm = 8.1
| Dec rain mm = 6.5
| year rain mm = 1037.7
| Jan rain days = 1.2
| Feb rain days = 1.8
| Mar rain days = 0.6
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 0.8
| Jun rain days = 5.1
| Jul rain days = 12.6
| Aug rain days = 12.7
| Sep rain days = 7.7
| Oct rain days = 2.2
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 0.6
|year rain days = 46.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 57
| Feb humidity = 51
| Mar humidity = 35
| Apr humidity = 26
| May humidity = 26
| Jun humidity = 45
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 72
| Oct humidity = 60
| Nov humidity = 58
| Dec humidity = 57
|year humidity = 52
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Rewa Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 667–668
| access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M128
| access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Government And Administration==
===Government===
Rewa city is part of [[Rewa Assembly constituency|Rewa assembly constituency]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html | title=List of Assembly Constituencies - Madhya Pradesh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201233958/http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html | archive-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]] is the MLA from here, He is from Bhartiy Janta Party . Rewa contributes one member to the Lok Sabha. The entire rewa Assembly is part of the [[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa Lok Sabha]], [[Janardan Mishra]] Is an MP from Rewa, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] had been elected as the Member of Parliament in the 2024 Lok Sabha election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1210.htm|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

===Administration===
Rewa is a [[Rewa Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation city]] in district of Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. The Rewa city is divided into 45 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

Rewa Municipal Corporation has total administration over 45,275 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Municipal Corporation limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/public-utility/nagar-palik-nigam-rewa/ | title=Nagar Nigam Rewa | website=rewa.nic.in}}</ref>

'''Civic Utilities'''

Rewa is preparing to generate electricity from municipal waste. This work is on the shoulders of the waste management company Re Sustainability Limited (ReSL).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-06-08 |title=Generating electricity from municipal waste |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/environment/generating-electricity-from-municipal-waste-1503188332.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> This project aims to generate 12 MW of electricity via ReSL’s waste-to-energy plant, ensuring landfill waste reduction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=World Water Day 2024 |url=https://www.nagrika.org/post/water-challenges |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Nagrika |language=en}}</ref>

==Culture/cityscape==
* '''Rewa Fort''' - This fort is the main tourist attractions in Rewa. Behind it there are two rivers. Rewa Fort is the main hub of the city of Rewa, where the Rajpariwar of Rewa resides, the garden, art gallery and many historical buildings can be seen in this fort.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/tourist-place/rewa-fort/ | title=Rewa Fort | website=rewa.nic.in}}</ref>
* '''[[Govindgarh Palace|Govindgarh Palace and Lake]]''' - Govindgarh, the summer capital of Mahraja Rewa, is about 18 km from Rewa in Madhya Pradesh, India. The palace complex contained many buildings and temples, and at one time housed Mohan, the first white tiger found in India. The palace remained in use for almost a century, with a museum later established in the building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/rewa/attractions/govindgarh-fort/|title=Govindgarh Fort, Rewa|website=www.nativeplanet.com}}</ref>
* '''[[White Tiger Safari & Zoo Mukundpur]]''' - It is one of the unique regions where the white tiger was originally found. The main attraction at the zoo is the world's first white tiger safari in which visitors can see white tigers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whitetigersafari.in/|title=MMSJ White Tiger Safari and Zoo|website=whitetigersafari.in}}</ref>
* '''Keoti Waterfalls-''' Formed by the Mahana River, Keoti Waterfall cascades from a height of 130 meters (427 feet) from the Chitrakoot Hills. Located just 35 km from Rewa, the area around Keoti Fall is ecologically significant, with lush forests teeming with diverse flora and fauna, providing opportunities for wildlife spotting and nature photography.{{fact|date=June 2025}}
*'''Bahuti Waterfall-''' Recognized as the highest waterfall in Madhya Pradesh, Bahuti Waterfall<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=Rewa, Madhya Pradesh: Keoti and Bahuti Waterfalls |url=https://timelybharat.com/rewa-madhya-pradesh/#Keoti_and_Bahuti_Waterfalls |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Timely Bharat}}</ref> plunges from 198 meters (650 feet). It is formed by the River Odda (also known as Nihai), which joins the Belan River, a tributary of the Tons River.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Economy==
A limestone belt runs through the Rewa, attracting plants like the Jaypee Rewa Cement Plant and Ultratech Cement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jalindia.com/gallery-cement.html|title=Jaypee Group | Cement|website=jalindia.com}}</ref>

[[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar]] is an operational ground mounted, grid-connected photovoltaic solar park spread over an area of 1,590 acres (6.9 km2) in the Gurh tehsil of Rewa district.<ref name="psa">{{cite web|title=Electricity {{!}} District Rewa, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/district-produce/electricity/|access-date=2020-07-10|language=en-US}}</ref>The 750MW [[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar]] plant, one of the largest solar power projects in India was commissioned in July 2018.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=www.ETEnergyworld.com|title=Solar tariff reaches a historic low of Rs 2.97 a unit at Rewa bidding - ET EnergyWorld|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-tariff-reaches-a-historic-low-of-rs-2-97-a-unit-at-rewa-bidding/57084519|access-date=2022-02-18|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en}}</ref>

Bansagar Dam provides sufficient amount of water for irrigation, due to which progress has been seen in the field of agriculture. The main crops are rice, wheat, and pulses.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.icar-crida.res.in/CP/madhya%20pradesh/MP28_Rewa_20.05.2013.pdf | title=State: Madhya Pradesh - Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Rewa | website=www.icar-crida.res.in}}</ref>

The district exports fiber-optic cable, electrical parts, food, and manufactured goods.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://invest.mp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Rewa-district-export-plan-focuse-on-ODOP-approved-on-2.2.24.pdf | title=District Export Plan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218162342/https://invest.mp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Rewa-district-export-plan-focuse-on-ODOP-approved-on-2.2.24.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-18}}</ref>

The district is also a tourism destination.<ref>{{cite web |title=MP Trade Portal |url=https://mptradeportal.org/rewa |website=mptradeportal.org |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

==Education institutions==
There are many universities, colleges and institutes available in the field of education in Rewa, the major ones are :
[[File:MCU Rewa.jpg|thumb|Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism]]
*[[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]], Established in 1990
*[[Shyam Shah Medical College]], Established in 1968
*[[Rewa Engineering College]], Established in 1964
*[[Sainik School, Rewa]], Established in 1962
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidhyalaya Rewa]], Established in 1982
* [https://trscollegerewa.org/ Government Thakur Ranmat Singh College, Rewa], Established in 1869

== Notable people ==

* [[Awadhesh Pratap Singh]], former politician and Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]
* [[Sriniwas Tiwari]], former Speaker of Legislative assembly of Madhya Pradesh
* [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and [[Deputy Chief Minister - India|Deputy CM]] of Madhya Pradesh
* [[Ishwar Pandey]], former Indian Cricketer
* [[Kuldeep Sen]], Indian Cricketer
* [[Avani Chaturvedi]], India's first female fighter pilot
* [[Mohena Singh]], Indian Television actress
* [[Kumud Mishra]], Indian actor
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11730557/ Aayush Tiwari], Indian actor and Casting Director

==Transportation==
===Air===
[[File:Rewa airport.jpg|thumb|New Terminal Building at Rewa Airport]]
[[Rewa Airport]] is a [[domestic airport]] which serves the city of rewa. It is located at Chorhata, 11 km (6.8 mi) away from city centre. It became operational after inauguration by Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 20 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-10-20 |title=PM Modi inaugurates new airport in MP's Rewa |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/20/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-airport-in-mps-rewa |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The airport is well connected by flights to [[Bhopal]] and [[Khajuraho]] operated by [[FlyBig]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Deputy CM Rajendra Shukla Inaugurates 'Fly Big' Ticket Counter At Bhopal Airport, Distributes Bhopal-Rewa Boarding Passes To Passengers |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/mp-deputy-cm-rajendra-shukla-inaugurates-fly-big-ticket-counter-at-bhopal-airport-distributes-bhopal-rewa-boarding-passes-to-passengers |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Under PM Paryatan Vayu Seva a 6-seater flight connects Rewa with [[Jabalpur]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Singrauli]] runs twice a week.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/madhya-pradesh-takes-flight-new-air-service-pm-shri-paryatan-vayu-seva-to-connect-8-cities-in-state-433229-2024-06-14|website=www.businesstoday.in|title=Madhya Pradesh takes flight: New air service 'PM Shri Paryatan Vayu Seva' to connect 8 cities in state|date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mptourism.com/PM-shri-paryatan-vayu-seva.htm|website= www.mptourism.com|title=PM Shri Paryatan Vayu Seva|date=12 Aug 2024}}</ref>

Other major airports close to [[Rewa district|Rewa]] are [[Prayagraj Airport]], [[Khajuraho Airport]], [[Jabalpur Airport]] and [[Varanasi Airport]].

===Rail===
[[File:Railway station rewa mp.png|thumb|Rewa Railway Station]]

[[Rewa railway station]] is the main railway station in Rewa city. The station consists of 5 platforms. The station is terminal on Satna-Rewa branch line which is a section of [[Howrah-Prayagraj-Mumbai line]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/rewa-rewa/2333|title=16 Departures from Rewa WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> The city is well connected via direct trains to major Indian cities such as [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Vadodara]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Surat]], [[Rajkot]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] etc.

About 14 regular trains originate from this station. It consists of 7 [[Superfast trains in India|superfast trains]], 6 mail/express trains and 1 [[Vande Bharat Express]].

===Road===
Rewa is well enclosed in a ring of National Highways. The highways crossing through the city are [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]], [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]], and [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH 75]] NH 30.

==See also==
* [[Rewa Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Dabhaura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://rewa.nic.in/ Official Government Website of Rewa]

{{Rewa Division}}
{{Authority control}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Rewa, Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Rewa district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology

2026-03-07T13:02:15Z

KiraHutchinson4: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Engineering college in Hyderabad, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology
| image =
| motto = Lighted to Enlighten
| established = 1980
| type = Private Institution
| city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|17|25|40|N|78|26|33|E|type:edu|display= title}}
| free_label = Acronym
| free = MJCET
| website = [http://www.mjcollege.ac.in mjcollege.ac.in]
| affiliation = [[Osmania University]]
| founder = [[Muffakham Jah]]
}}
[[File:M._M._Hashim_Block,_Muffakham_Jah_College_of_Engg._and_Tech.jpg|thumb|M. M. Hashim Block, Muffakham Jah College of Engg. and Tech.]]
[[File:Entrance,_Muffakham_Jah_College_of_Engg._and_Tech.jpg|thumb|Entrance, Muffakham Jah College of Engg. and Tech.]]
[[File:Muffakham_Jah_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology.jpg|thumb|Block 2, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering & Technology]]
[[File:Block 1, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology.jpg|thumb|Block 1, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering & Technology]]
'''Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology''' ('''MJCET''') is an engineering college located at Mount Pleasant, Road number 3, [[Banjara Hills]], in the heart of the city of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The college is named after [[Muffakham Jah|Prince Muffakham Jah]] – grandson of the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam – Mir Osman Ali Khan]], who had donated the land for this educational institution.{{Citation needed|date = January 2026}}

MJCET is affiliated to [[Osmania University]] and is approved by the AICTE ([[All India Council for Technical Education]]). The college is run and maintained by the [[Sultan-ul-Uloom Education Society|Sultan-ul-Uloom Educational Society]]. The college offers [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E) courses in eight disciplines out of which seven courses - Artificial Intelligence and [[Data science|Data Science]], Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Production Engineering – have been accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA, AICTE) and the Institution of Engineers (India). The college offers admissions in various B.E courses through the scores obtained by the students in [[Engineering Agricultural and Pharmacy Common Entrance Test|TS EAPCET]].

==About the college==
Established in 1980, the Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology offers four year B.E. degree courses in eight engineering branches, namely, Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Production Engineering<ref name=":0" /> accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) and with approval from The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mjcollege.ac.in/linksection/aicte.php|title=AICTE Approvals :: Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology|website=mjcollege.ac.in|access-date=2019-08-03|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803171825/http://mjcollege.ac.in/linksection/aicte.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, there are five postgraduate courses of two years' duration; M.E (CAD/CAM), M.E (Digital Systems), M.E (Structural Engineering), M.E (Power Electronics System) and M.Tech (Computer Science).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mjcollege.ac.in/academic/courses_offered.php|title=Courses Offered:: Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology|website=mjcollege.ac.in|access-date=2019-08-03|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803170153/http://mjcollege.ac.in/academic/courses_offered.php|url-status=live}}</ref> An MCA of three year duration is also offered. The college houses a Research and Development cell, dedicated to providing funds for exceptional research project ideas that students may have.

==Campus==
The campus of MJCET is located at Banjara hills in the city of Hyderabad. The campus is divided into various buildings for different departments of engineering. Block 4 is the oldest, where the college was first started in 1980. There is a separate block exclusively for workshops. These workshops consist of a wide range of machinery depending on the respective departments. The college campus also has a mosque for prayers. There are two canteens, vegetarian and non-vegetarian. There are 4 different parking areas allotted for different departments and for students and professors to separate.

==Student Activity Clubs==
MJCET actively promotes various student branches in all engineering departments for the technical and soft skills development of the students. The various student branches of the college are
* ''' Microsoft Student Society (MSS)''': The MSS MJCET Chapter is powered by Microsoft. The sole aim. of the club is to help students improve their all-round technical skills with every contemporary technology. Core members are provided access to the MSDN subscription as per their project needs. The main aim is to prepare the students to compete at the Microsoft ImagineCup.
* '''Team Robocon MJCET (TRM)''': The team also participates in the international ROBOCON event every year. In 2013 they won the award for "The Best Idea Robot" and scored 7th out of 150 teams all over India including teams from national institutes. In 2014 they won the award for "The Best Manual Robot" and won 4th out of 95 teams all over India. This club also conducts workshops on building robots where students are taught how to build robots from scratch.
'''Association For Computing Machinery (ACM):'''
* '''IEEE student branch''': The IEEE student branch has six sub-branches under its banner some are namely the IEEE PES (Power Electronics Society), IEEE CS (Computer society) and the main IEEE student branch. All three IEEE student bodies strive for the technical development of the students of their respective departments by conducting various events like debates, group discussions, extempore and field trips.
* '''E-cell''': The E-cell is an abbreviation for the entrepreneurship cell of MJCET. E-cell mainly focuses on harnessing the entrepreneurship and leadership qualities of the students. This is the only student body on campus that is not restricted to specific departments and is open for all departments.
* '''ICI''': The Indian Concrete Institute Student Chapter at MJCET is run by students of the Civil Engineering dept. The Chapter conducts various technical events, workshops and field trips for the members, alongside attending outstation technical conferences. In one academic year of its inaugural, ICI has reached heights by collecting the Best Emerging Student Chapter award during the international conference by Innovative World of Concrete at HITEX.
* '''Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)''': This student body is run and maintained by the Mechanical and Production Engineering students. their recent accomplishments include winning the Supra SAE INDIA 2012 competition held at [[Buddh International Circuit]] in [[Noida]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MJCET team excels at Buddh F I track|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/mjcet-team-excels-at-buddh-f-i-track/article3930217.ece|website=The Hindu|date=24 September 2012|language=en|access-date=15 May 2013|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202181255/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/mjcet-team-excels-at-buddh-f-i-track/article3930217.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and Winning Runner-up in Hill-Climb Category in BAJA SAE INDIA 2008 out of 46 teams participated.
*'''Engineers Without Borders MJCET''': The EWB- MJCET chapter team which works with the motto of providing sustainable engineering solutions for the betterment of the underprivileged society has won second prize in the Prestigious International "Mondialogo Engineering Award" which was organized by Daimler and UNESCO in 2008. The student team had worked in collaboration with Karlsruhe German University students. The chapter guided by Prof. Ashfaque Jafari, Dean(Academics) of the college is successfully constructing a green building for its official purpose and is claimed as the first student chapter in India to go through this phase. Mrs. Ishrat Meera Mirzana and Ms. N. B. V. Lakshmi Kumari are notable advisers of the team. The team led by, Mr. Prashant is signing a Memorandum of Understanding(MoU) with the EWB chapter of the University of Connecticut(UConn). This team has won many awards for its commitment towards the betterment of society and is presently working on social projects funded by corporates and other Non-Govt Organisations (NGO's). It has indulged in many social activities like the adoption of schools, creating awareness regarding the environment and much more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2014/07/16/Pratt_Whitney_and_Supplier_Partners_Celebrate_Inauguration_o/|title=Pratt & Whitney and Supplier Partners Celebrate Inauguration of Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust Residential Facility for Girls (Pratt & Whitney)|publisher=|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225083426/http://article.wn.com/view/2014/07/16/Pratt_Whitney_and_Supplier_Partners_Celebrate_Inauguration_o/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mjcollege.ac.in/studentChapters/ewb/Projects.php|title=Engineers Without Borders :: Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology|publisher=|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225082117/http://mjcollege.ac.in/studentChapters/ewb/Projects.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mjcollege.ac.in/studentChapters/ewb/Activities.php|title=Engineers Without Borders :: Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology|publisher=|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225081505/http://mjcollege.ac.in/studentChapters/ewb/Activities.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Admissions==
For admission to the first year of the four-year degree course in Engineering, candidates must fulfill the eligibility requirements as prescribed by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and the Osmania University. Since it is a [[Muslim]] minority college, 75% of the seats are reserved for Muslims who appear and qualify in the state-level Engineering, Agricultural and Pharmacy Common Entrance Test (EAPCET). The remaining 25% seats are filled by the College Management and NRI (Non-resident Indian) candidates. This allows Indian students who have studied abroad up to high school, and who might find it difficult to compete in the highly competitive entrance tests, to be able to study in the institution. The NRI seats require the fee for all four years to be paid in advance, and the fee is generally set upwards of $12,000 (which is about 15–20 times of the fee for other seats). The basis of admission is the successful completion of 10+2 years of school education for the NRI seats.

==Courses offered==
MJCET offers undergraduate B.E (Bachelor Of Engineering) programs in Civil Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering with a specialization in Production Engineering.

The graduate programs are MCA (Master in Computer Applications) and M.E in CAD/CAM.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mjcollege.ac.in/mjcollege%20of%20engineering.htm |title=MJ College of Engineering & Technology |access-date=26 October 2008 |archive-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015030151/http://www.mjcollege.ac.in/mjcollege%20of%20engineering.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
* Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
* Information technology
* Civil Engineering
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Computer Science Engineering
* Production Engineering
* Master Of Computer Application (M.C.A)
* Electronics and communication engineering
* Instrumentation engineering

==Fees==
* The fee charged is INR 1,25,000 per year for all students in all branches of engineering as per the revised fee structure by the state government in 2022.<ref>http://www.mjcollege.ac.in/mjcollege/Disclosure_Norms/Disclosure%20Norms.pdf{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* NRI fee for the four-year B.E course is Rs 1 to 2 lakhs per year

==External links ==
* {{Official|http://mjcollege.ac.in}}
*{{commons category inline}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muffakham Jah College Of Engineering And Technology}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1980]]

Once Upon a Time in Jamaligudda

2026-03-06T05:07:57Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting a bio v1.

{{Short description| Indian Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Once Upon a Time in Jamaligudda
| image =
| caption =
| director = Kushal Gowda
| writer = Kushal Gowda
| producer = Sri Hari
| starring = [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Karthik S
| editing = [[Harish Komme]]
| studio = Pinaka Studios
| distributor = Jagadeesh Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Once Upon a Time in Jamaligudda ''''' is a 2022 [[India]]n [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by Kushal Gowda,<ref>{{cite news|title=Once Upon a Time in Jamaligudda is based on my real-life experience: Director Kushal Gowda|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/dec/24/once-upon-a-time-in-jamaligudda-is-based-on-my-real-life-experience-director-kushal-gowda-38047.html|access-date=2022-12-24|work=Cinema Express}}</ref> and produced by Sri Hari under Niharika Movies banners. The film stars [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] and [[Aditi Prabhudeva]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhananjay, Aditi Prabhudeva to star in 'Once Upon a Time in Jamaaligudda' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/29/dhananjay-aditi-prabhudeva-to-star-in-once-upon-a-time-in-jamaaligudda-2389270.html|access-date=2021-11-29|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Arjun Janya]]. It was released on 30 December 2022 and received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhananjay’s 'Jamaligudda' teaser stresses on the power of humanity|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/dec/01/dhananjays-jamaligudda-teaser-stresses-on-the-power-of-humanity-2523821.html|access-date=2022-12-01|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Once Upon A Time In Jamaligudda Movie Review : A Tale of Love and Lives
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/once-upon-a-time-in-jamaligudda/movie-review/96611443.cms|access-date=2022-12-30|work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Once Upon A Time In Jamaligudda (Kannada) Movie Review: Tale|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/once-upon-a-time-in-jamaligudda-kannada-movie-review-tale-of-a-prisoners-love/articleshow/96652613.cms|access-date=2023-01-01|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Chukki (Praanya P Rao) narrates the story of her childhood, set in the 90s, which includes time spent with her uncle, Hiroshima aka Krishna (Dhananjaya). Hiroshima is in love with Rukku (Aditi Prabhudeva) who works in a massage parlour. Their love story leads to chaos, and a murder changes the course of their lives. How they manage to come out of this mess forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
*[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] as Heroshima aka Krishna<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dhananjaya-shines-in-his-all-new-avatar-in-once-upon-a-time-in-jamaliguddas-trailer-6655717.html|title=Dhananjaya Shines in His All-new Avatar in Once Upon A Time in Jamaligudda’s Trailer|website=News18|access-date=2022-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/once-upon-a-time-in-jamaligudda-is-a-simple-film-that-may-not-meet-fan-expectations-dhananjaya/c63a6c96fd572|title=Once Upon A Time in Jamaligudda is a simple film that may not meet fan expectations: Dhananjaya|website=OTTplay|access-date=2022-12-17}}</ref>
*[[Aditi Prabhudeva]] as Rukmini aka Rukku<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aditi-prabhudeva-looks-alluring-and-intense-in-the-new-poster-of-once-upon-a-time-in-jamaligudda/articleshow/88874064.cms|title=Aditi Prabhudeva looks alluring and intense in the new poster of 'Once Upon a Time in Jamaligudda'
|website=The Times Of India|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref>
*Yash Shetty as Nagasaki
*Praanya P Rao as Chukki
*Triveni Rao as SI Roopa
*[[Prakash Belawadi]] as Police Officer
*[[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]]

==Release==
The film was released on 30 December 2022 in theatres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhananjay and Aditi Prabhudeva’s 'Once Upon A Time in Jamaligudda' gets release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/may/31/dhananjay-and-aditi-prabhudevas-once-upon-a-time-injamaligudda-gets-release-date-2459842.html|access-date=2022-05-31|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|16235046}}

[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Oral Mathram

2026-03-03T21:16:46Z

KiraHutchinson4: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oral Mathram
| image = Oral Mathram Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]
| producer =
| writer = [[S. N. Swamy]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Thilakan]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] [[Sreenivasan]] [[Sudheesh]] [[Lalu Alex]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1997|9|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Oral Mathram''''' is a 1997 [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]. The film stars [[Mammootty]], [[Thilakan]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Sudheesh]] and [[Lalu Alex]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/films-of-mammootty-sathyan-anthikkad-combo-230885.html | title=Mammootty-Sathyan Anthikkad: A Hugely Underrated Pair! | date=21 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/conversation-sn-swamy-man-behind-malayalam-cinema-s-finest-murder-mysteries-163247 | title=In conversation with SN Swamy, man behind Malayalam cinema's finest murder mysteries | date=25 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/actress-praveena-lalithabhai-shares-some-old-pictures-from-oral-mathram-movie-location/articleshow/77031379.cms?story=1 | title=എല്ലാം ഇന്നലെ കഴിഞ്ഞതു പോലെ! ഓര്‍മ്മ ചിത്രങ്ങളുമായി പ്രവീണ }}</ref>

==Plot==
Shekhara Menon is a retired income tax officer from Mumbai and has now settled in a remote village in Kerala. He owns some land and a house where he, his three daughters, and Menon's elderly father live together and leads a calm, silent and happy life. Menon owns a smaller house adjacent to his own which is given for rent, and is his source of income other than agricultural income. Mr. Menon's Pension from the service has been blocked due to some unclear issues. Hareendran is a struggling small-time contractor and comes in as a new tenant to the rented house. Hareendran is constantly put under unwanted troubles by his aide Balachandran, who convinces Hareendran to help people in trouble. His experience with Balachandran has made Hareendran a selfish man and he presently is least concerned about other people's problems around him.

But the things take a change after Menon goes absconding leaving three daughters and the grandfather alone in the house. Hareendran, the selfish tenant quickly decides to vacate the house to avoid unwanted troubles. Even though selfish and unkind outside, the good-hearted Hareendran cannot stand the harsh difficulties forced to be faced by the girls in front of his house and rest of the story is about how only Hareendran (''Oral Mathram'' -> the only person) steps up to help the girls.

After Shekhara Menon's disappearance his aged father starts doubting that he is no longer alive since he has not returned to see them for a long time. Eventually he dies out of grief. Hareendran approaches the District Collector with a request to speed up the police investigation which leads SI Mathew Varghese to find out that Shekhara Menon has travelled to Mumbai some days back, based on the ticket he took from the railway station. He also finds a co-traveler Hameed who was able to confirm this since he travelled with Menon that day briefly. Hareendran further seeks the help of his now suspended CI friend Sachi who deduces after meeting Menon's daughters that there is no chance of Menon absconding and would’ve been dead by now in all likeness. Meanwhile, Hareendran is approached by Kunjachan, a manager who wants Hareendran to undertake a wedding hall construction project on behalf of his boss settled at USA. Hareendran is confused as he is attacked by a couple of goons one night and his current project work getting halted midway under mysterious circumstances due to government issues. Sachi, on investigating further at Mumbai railway stations, find out that the train had Menon's reservation, but he never turned up for the trip and was mentioned as a ‘no show’ in the records. Hareendran and Sachi round up Hameed and beat him up to get the truth from him since it was now evident that he was lying about Menon travelling with him. He does not divulge anything even after intense questioning and physical torture but blurts out the name KRK while semi-conscious. On checking with Mathew Varghese, Hareendran and Sachi find out that KRK might be the name for KR Kuttikrishnan, a wealthy business owner who had got rich quickly and is notorious for his fraudulent ways. Sachi and Hareendran decide to visit KRK at his office and while there Hareendran is shocked to learn that KRK is the same person as Kunjachan. Hari lures him to his construction site pretending to discuss about the new project and beats him up there.

It is revealed that KRK was Menon's subordinate before in Income Tax department and was a highly corrupt employee. Based on Menon's action, he was imprisoned for 3 years which lead to his family getting humiliated and his sister's wedding getting cancelled. KRK soon becomes rich with his corrupt ways, getting hell bent on revenge at Menon. He starts blocking all alliances coming for Menon's elder daughter Devika using his wealth, power, and connections. Menon, too late to realize that KRK was all along behind his pension fund issue and his daughter's wedding problems, confronts KRK and requests him to stay out of his daughter's life. There is a struggle between the two where KRK kills Menon. To divert the case, he books a dummy ticket to Mumbai under Menon's name and has Hameed give false witness to the police to confirm his story. KRK goes behind bars and Sachi joins the force back, leaving Hareendran as the sole supporter for the 3 girls now.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as Hareendranath
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Devika Menon
* [[Thilakan]] as Shekhara Menon
* [[Sreenivasan]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Sachidanandan
* [[Sudheesh]] as Balachandran
* [[Lalu Alex]] as [[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Mathew Varghese
* [[Praveena]] as Malavika Menon
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Gopika Menon
* Sindhu as Engineer
* [[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]] as Muthasshan, Menon's aged father
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Pankunny Menon
* Vishnuprakash as Kunjachan / K.R.Kuttikrishnan (KRK)
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Kunjhalikutty
* [[Sankaradi]] as Nambiar, the tea shop owner
* [[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Hameed
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oral Mathram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Film
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film features songs composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and written by [[Kaithapram]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song title !! Singer
|-
| "Aardramaay Chandrakalabham" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Aardramaay Chandrakalabham" || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Chaithranilaavinte" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Kaarvarnane Kando Sakhi" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Kaarvarnane Kando Sakhi" || K. S. Chithra
|-
| "Mangalappaala" || K. S. Chithra
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246831/
* http://www.chakpak.com/movie/oral-mathram/cast/7523

{{Sathyan Anthikad}}
{{S. N. Swamy}}

[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]

Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi

2026-03-03T18:28:16Z

KiraHutchinson4: added a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi
| image = Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Y. V. S. Chowdary
| screenplay = Y. V. S. Chowdary
| producer = [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] Chandni
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = K. Rajendra Prasad
| editing = Shankar
| studio = Great India Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|1998|06|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi''''' ({{translation|Come on! Let's watch the marriage of Sita and Rama}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film|romance]] [[Drama (film and television)#Family drama|family drama film]], produced by [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] under the Great India Entertainments banner and directed by debutant [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] (in his debut), and Chandni. The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|title=The year gone by 'Twas good for some and bad for most|work=Andhra Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990428055419/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|archive-date=28 April 1999}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Ramachandra Raju is an arbitrator. To fulfill the last wish of his sister Rajyalakshmi, Ramachandra Raju marries his daughter Madhavi with her son Krishna when they are infants. Next, while immersing her ashes, Krishna falls into a river and goes missing. Grief-stricken Rajyalakshmi's husband Chandram leaves to go abroad along with Madhavi. Years roll by, and the story spins to Dubai, where 4 Indian guys, Raju, Sivaji, Kamal, & Radha, stay together in an apartment performing various petty jobs. Eventually, Ramachandra Raju fixes a new alliance with Madhavi, which she accepts and travels to India. On the transit to Dubai, she loses her passport when Raju secures and shelters her. Chandram advises her to hold up until he acquires the new one. During that time, Raju & Madhavi crush. Knowing it, Chandram counsels Raju to arrive as his lost son Krishna so they can quickly get approval from Ramachandra Raju. Here, as a flabbergast, Krishna also returns, and confusion occurs. However, Ramachandra Raju detects Raju as a forge and boots him, who quiets to keep Chandram's honor. Meanwhile, wedding arrangements for Krishna & Madhavi are in progress when Chandram advises Raju & Madhavi to elope, to which Raju denies taking Ramachandra Raju's prestige into account. Overhearing it, Ramachandra Raju is under dichotomy. At last, he spreads the glory of love when Krishna sets foot to give up. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Raju & Madhavi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Ramachandra Raju
* [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] as Raju
* Chandni as Madhavi
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Raghu
* [[Murali Mohan]] as Mohan Rao
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Qasim
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Venu
* Chandu as Krishna
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Sivaji
* Kamal as Kamal
* Radha Krishna as Radha
* Vinayak as Kishore
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala|Venniradai Nirmala]] as Bhavani
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Begum
* Kalpana as Rajyalakshmi
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]] as Priya
* Krishna Sri as Mahalakshmi
* Neelima Sudha as Lavanya
* Rajeswari as Sujatha
* Durga as Sribajith
* Baby Niharika as Rajyam
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Producer Nagarjuna supported director [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]'s decision to make a film with newcomers and new face [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] was cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_yvschowdary.html|title=Interview with YVS Chowdary|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 June 2022|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925185415/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_yvschowdary.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/venkat-hero.html|title=Interview with Venkat|date=27 June 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=20 January 2023|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120235205/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/venkat-hero.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1998
| recorded =1998
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 37:50
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Pelli Kanuka (1998 film)|Pelli Kanuka]]
| prev_year = 1998
| next_title = [[Seetharama Raju]]
| next_year = 1999
}}
The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]. Music was released on ADITYA Music Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/Sri-Seetharamula-Kalyanam-Chothamu-Rarandi-songs-A0000818 |title=Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi (Songs) |work=Raaga |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315044158/http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/Sri-Seetharamula-Kalyanam-Chothamu-Rarandi-songs-A0000818 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:50
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Evamma Vainamemamma
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length1 = 4:07

| title2 = O Prema
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sunitha
| length2 = 4:59

| title3 = E Desamegina
| extra3 = [[Suresh Peters]]
| length3 = 4:43

| title4 = Ramayana Saaram
| extra4 = Sunitha
| length4 = 1:08

| title5 = Nee Oohallo
| extra5 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], Suresh Peter, Sunitha
| length5 = 2:43

| title6 = Banturethi Koluvu
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 3:59

| title7 = Om Ani
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sunitha
| length7 = 5:04

| title8 = Hai Rabba
| extra8 = Chitra, Radhika
| length8 = 5:04

| title9 = Evamma Computeramma
| extra9 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], M. M. Keeravani, Sujatha, Sunitha
| length9 = 4:21

| title10 = Story Theme
| extra10 = Instrumental
| length10 = 1:14

| title11 = Shuklam Baradharam
| extra11 = Chitra, Sunitha
| length11 = 1:04
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "By his sheer skill, the debutante director turned a mediocre story into an appealing movie. The excellent songs and the rich locations are special attractions, while photography by Aravind is impressive. The slow pace in the first half picks up momentum".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/ssrkcr.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203084407/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/ssrkcr.htm | archive-date=3 February 1999 | title=Reviews }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1633247}}
{{YVS Chowdary}}{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1998 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. V. S. Chowdary]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]

Kodi Parakkuthu

2026-03-03T05:13:01Z

KiraHutchinson4: page edit

{{short description|1988 film directed by Bharathiraja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kodi Parakkuthu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]
| screenplay = Bharathiraja
| story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| producer = Bharathiraja
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]
| cinematography = [[B. Kannan]]
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Manoj Creations
| released = {{film date|1988|11|8|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kodi Parakkuthu''''' ({{translation|The flag is fluttering}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] co-written, produced and directed by [[Bharathiraja]]. The film starred [[Rajinikanth]], who worked with Bharathiraja nearly a decade after their last film ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977). It was released on 8 November 1988, and failed at the box office.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
A mafia leader tries to kill a policeman, Sivagiri, who took down his illegal businesses, with the help of a lookalike. Later, Sivagiri discovers that the leader is responsible for his father's death.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as DCP Erode Sivagiri/JDP Dhadha
*[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Aparna
*[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]] as Dhadha's love interest
*[[Manivannan]] as GD (voice dubbed by [[Bharathiraja]])
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Sengamalam
*[[A. R. Srinivasan]] as Sivagiri's uncle
*[[Janagaraj]] as Chinna Dhadha
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Sivagiri's father (Guest appearance)
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as Dhadha (Guest appearance)
*S. R. Veeraghavan as I.G.
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Police constable
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Madhavi
*[[Vinod Raj (Tamil actor)|Vinod Raj]] as Jailer Meyyappan
}}

== Production ==
Following the financial failure of some of his "award winning" films, [[Bharathiraja]] said he was forced to make the more populist ''Kodi Parakkuthu'' to compensate his losses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=31 July 1988 |title=Rajanikant: His name spells box-office magic in the south |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880731-rajanikant-his-name-spells-box-office-magic-in-the-south-797520-1988-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516093145/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880731-rajanikant-his-name-spells-box-office-magic-in-the-south-797520-1988-07-31 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Manivannan]] portrayed the film's antagonist, and his voice was dubbed by Bharathiraja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2023 |title=35 வருடங்களாக பாரதிராஜாவிடமிருந்து ஒதுங்கி இருக்கும் ரஜினி.. ஒரு தடவை பட்டதே போதும்டா சாமி |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/rajini-has-been-away-from-bharathiraja-for-35-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625020738/https://www.cinemapettai.com/rajini-has-been-away-from-bharathiraja-for-35-years/ |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Cinemapettai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2000 |title=Cine Biography: Actor Manivannan (Part-1) |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/23-04-00/manivan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030804003618/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/23-04-00/manivan.htm |archive-date=4 August 2003 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodi Parakkuthu Tamil film LP Vinyl Record by Hamsa Lekha |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kodi-parakkuthu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-hamsa-lekha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911115820/https://mossymart.com/product/kodi-parakkuthu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-hamsa-lekha/ |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodi Parakudhu (1988) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001976 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107090415/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001976 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=7 January 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Selai Kattum" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Shree]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=19 July 2013 |title=Auspicious Sri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/auspicious-sri/article4931610.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135808/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/auspicious-sri/article4931610.ece |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=18 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Oh Kadhal Ennai" was reused from the song "O Meghave" with a tune in between taken from another song "Mussanjeli Nammuralli" - both from Hamsalekha's earlier Kannada film ''[[Ranaranga]]'', which was released the same year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Annai Madiyil" (Female) ||[[Uma Ramanan]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Vairamuthu]] ||2:50
|-
| "Annai Madiyil" (Male) || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||3:47
|-
| "Oh Kadhal Ennai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]] ||5:05
|-
| "Oh Kadhal Ennai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] ||4:12
|-
| "Selai Kattum Pennukkoru" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra ||4:36
|-
| "Thondaikkulle"||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || ||6:02
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kodi Parakkuthu'' was released on 8 November 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் - ஒரு சரித்திரம் {{!}} சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் திரைக்காவியங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220629103609/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Kodi Parakkudhu'' is a flag that flutters in full flow, its not a half-mast performance and there's no question of Bharathiraja having surrendered creativity at the altar of starry caprice".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=25 November 1988 |title=Kodi Parakkudhu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19881125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' reviewed the film more positively, saying that while Bharathiraja fans may feel cheated due to the film not being in his usual style, it was a treat for Rajinikanth fans.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=11 December 1988 |title=கொடி பறக்குது |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/dec/11-12-1988/p59.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730052525/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/dec/11-12-1988/p59.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta}}</ref> The film was commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2019 |title=The Superstar in khakhi: When Rajinikanth dazzled the audience in police uniform |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/09/the-superstar-in-khakhi-1962296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019194317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/09/the-superstar-in-khakhi-1962296.html |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Bharathiraja}}
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s police films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 action films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sudarshan K. Aggarwal

2026-03-01T00:31:21Z

KiraHutchinson4: added a post

{{short description|Indian medical doctor and radiologist (born 1935)}}
{{For|the politician|Sudarshan Agarwal}}
{{Cleanup-PR|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudarshan K. Aggarwal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{bya|1935}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Radiologist
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Diwan Chand Aggarwal
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Beclere Medal Gösta Forssell Award [[J. C. Bose]] Oration Award K. R. Gupta Lifetime Achievement Award
}}
'''Sudarshan Kumar Aggarwal''' (born 1935) is an Indian medical doctor and [[radiologist]]. He was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2013, by bestowing on him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the field of medicine.<ref name="Padma 2013">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article4345496.ece | title=Padma 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 January 2013 | access-date=October 10, 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sudarshan K. Aggarwal was born in 1935, as the youngest son of Dr. Diwan Chand Aggarwal, one of the pioneers of radiology in India,<ref name="myecr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.myecr.org/master_01.php?pp=8,1,0,0,0&lid=1&site_id=47&di_id_s=83&temp=dig_bio.php |date=2014|title=Online shop to buy clenbuterol }}</ref> and a member of the British Institute of Radiology,<ref name="DC Aggarwal">{{cite journal | title=DC Aggarwal |journal = The British Journal of Radiology|volume = 41|issue = 485|pages = 322| date=2014 | doi=10.1259/0007-1285-41-485-322-b }}</ref> at [[Lahore]] in the [[British India]].<ref name="DCA Imaging Bio">{{cite web | url=http://dcaimaging.org/skaggrwal.asp | title=DCA Imaging Bio | publisher=DCA Imaging | date=2006 | access-date=October 22, 2014}}</ref> He graduated in medicine from Amristsar Medical College, Punjab University in 1957 and secured the post graduate degree of DMRD from London in 1961. He also obtained further degrees such as FRCR in 1986 from England, FACR in 1996 from the US and FRSM from the UK, the same year.<ref name="myecr" /> He had several training stints at various European hospitals viz. Middlesex Hospital, London, under Sir Bryan Windyer and Dr. F. C. Golding, the Western Regional Hospital in Glasgow, Scotland, the [[Karolinska Hospital]] in Stockholm, Sweden, and the Ullevel Hospital in Oslo, Norway, under Professor Frimann Dahl.<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" />

Aggarwal started his practice at the Diwan Chand Aggarwal Imaging Centre and Research Centre, run by his elder brother, Dr. S. P. Aggarwal, in 1959, specializing in Gastrointestinal and Uroradiology<ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health">{{cite web | url=http://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2011/02/dr-sudarshan-k-aggarwal-conferred-with-lifetime-achievement-award/#sthash.ZLnTaxbF.dpuf | title=E Health | publisher=E Health | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014}}</ref> and took over the management of the centre in 1989, on the death of his brother.<ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" /> Over the years, he has contributed to making the Diwan Chand Aggarwal Imaging Centre and Research Centre, a post graduate study centre, recognized by the [[National Board of Examinations]].<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" />

Aggarwal has co-authored a three volume book, Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging.<ref name="Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging - Vol. 1 to 3">{{cite book | title=Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging - Vol. 1 to 3 | publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers |author1=Kakarla Subbarao |author2=Samir Banerjee |author3=Sudarshan K. Aggarwal |author4=Satish K. Bhargava | date=1 January 2003 | pages=1441 | isbn=978-8180610691}}</ref>

* {{cite book | title=Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging - Vol. 1 to 3 | publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers |author1=Kakarla Subbarao |author2=Samir Banerjee |author3=Sudarshan K. Aggarwal |author4=Satish K. Bhargava | date=1 January 2003 | pages=1441 | isbn=978-8180610691}}

He has also published over 50 articles in Indian and international journals.<ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" /> Sudarshan K. Aggarwal lives in New Delhi, attending to his duties at the Diwan Chand Satyapal Aggarwal Imaging Research Centre.<ref name="Indian Radiological & Imaging Association" /><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web | url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=99937673 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141022113746/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=99937673 | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 22, 2014 | title=Bloomberg | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014}}</ref>

==Positions==
Aggarwal is the founding editor of the ''Asian Oceanian Journal of Radiology''.<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="Asian Oceanian Journal of Radiology">{{cite web | url=http://www.findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/display/journal1874 | title=Asian Oceanian Journal of Radiology | publisher=Find an Expert | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014 | issn=0972-2688}}</ref> and is a member of the editorial boards of two known journals, ''Abdominal Imaging''<ref name="Abdominal Imaging">{{cite web | url=https://link.springer.com/journal/261 | title=Abdominal Imaging | publisher=Springer | work=Journal | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014 | issn=0942-8925}}</ref> and the ''[[Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging]]''<ref name="Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/journal/0971-3026_Indian_Journal_of_Radiology_and_Imaging | title=Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging | publisher=Research Gate | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014 | issn=0971-3026 | oclc=123401890}}</ref>
* {{cite web | url=http://www.findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/display/journal1874 | title=Asian Oceanian Journal of Radiology | publisher=Find an Expert | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014 | issn=0972-2688}}
* {{cite web | url=https://link.springer.com/journal/261 | title=Abdominal Imaging | publisher=Springer | work=Journal | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014 | issn=0942-8925}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/journal/0971-3026_Indian_Journal_of_Radiology_and_Imaging | title=Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging | publisher=Research Gate | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014 | issn=0971-3026 | oclc=123401890}}

Sudarshan Aggarwal was the President of the Indian Radiological and Imaging Association in 1989.<ref name="Indian Radiological & Imaging Association">{{cite web | url=https://www.iria.in/pp_list.php | title=Indian Radiological & Imaging Association | publisher=Indian Radiological & Imaging Association | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014}}</ref> and the organizing secretary of the 6th Asian Oceanian Congress of Radiology (1991) and the 20th [[International Congress of Radiology]].<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /> He is a member of the Governing Council of the Devki Devi Foundation, a healthcare provider, based in Delhi.<ref name="Devki">{{cite web | url=http://www.devkidevifoundation.org/ | title=Devki | publisher=Devki Devi Foundation | date=2014 | access-date=October 22, 2014}}</ref>

Some of the important positions held by Dr. Aggarwal are:
* Consultant - US Embassy Nursing Home, New Delhi<ref name="myecr" />
* National Professor of Medicine and Allied Science - IMA College of General Practitioners<ref name="myecr" />
* Founder President - [[SAARC]] Society of Radiologists<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Aggarwal has received many awards and recognitions such as the ''Beclere Medal'' by the [[International Society of Radiology]]<ref name="myecr" /> and the [[J. C. Bose]] Oration by the Indian Radiological and Imaging Association.<ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" /> He is also a recipient of the ''[[Gösta Forssell]] Award'' of the Swedish Academy of Radiology.<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" /> The Government of India honoured Dr. Aggarwal with the [[Padma Shri]], in 2013.<ref name="Padma 2013" /> A year later, he received the K. R. Gupta Lifetime Achievement Award by the Indian Radiological and Imaging Association (IRIA).<ref name="E Health" /> The other honours received by Dr. Aggarwal are:
* Lifetime achievement award - International Congress of Radiology - 1998<ref name="myecr" />
* Radiologist of the Millennium - Indian Radiological Association and Indian Medical Association<ref name="myecr" />
* Fellow of the [[Royal College of Radiologists]] (UK)<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" />
* Fellow of the [[American College of Radiology]]<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" />
* Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Edinburgh<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" />
* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=March 19, 2016}}</ref>
* Fellow of the Indian College of Radiology<ref name="myecr" />
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, London<ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" /><ref name="E Health" />
* Honorary member - Radiological Society of North America<ref name="myecr" />
* Honorary member - Radiological Society of Italy<ref name="myecr" /><ref name="DCA Imaging Bio" />
* Honorary member - Radiological Society of Sweden<ref name="myecr" />
* Honorary member - International Relations Committee - European Society of Radiology<ref name="myecr" />
* Honorary member - [[European Congress of Radiology]]<ref name="myecr" />
* Honorary member - European Association of Radiology<ref name="myecr" />

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Radiology]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/2013/04/08/president-confers-padma-awards/ | title=Padma Awards List | publisher=Indian Panorama | date=2014 | access-date=October 12, 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Sudarshan K.}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian radiologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Radiology]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

List of Punjabi people

2026-02-27T00:33:12Z

KiraHutchinson4: content update

{{short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=June 2025}}
{{Dynamic list}}
}}

Following is a list of famous and notable [[Punjabi people]], an ethnic group belonging to the [[Punjab region]]. It contains people mainly from what is today [[Punjab, Pakistan]] and [[Punjab, India]], and people with Punjabi ancestry or people who speak Punjabi as their primary language.

==Artists==
*[[Allah Bakhsh (painter)|Allah Bakhsh]]
*[[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
*[[Anish Kapoor]], sculptor
*[[Abdur Rahman Chughtai]], painter
*[[Ahmed Parvez]], painter
*[[Bashir Mirza]], painter
*[[Manjit Bawa]], painter
*[[Zubeida Agha]], painter
*[[Rashid Rana]], sculptor
*[[Quddus Mirza]], art critic
*[[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]], painter

==Authors==
{{Main|List of Punjabi authors|List of Punjabi-language poets}}

=== Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu ===

==== Pakistan ====

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ali Haider Multani]]
* [[Baba Farid]]
* [[Madho Lal Hussain|Shah Hussain]]
* [[Sultan Bahu]]
* [[Bulleh Shah]]
* [[Lutf Ali]]
* [[Waris Shah]]
* [[Hashim (poet)|Hashim]]
* [[Qadir Yar]]
* [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh|Mian Muhammad Baksh]]
* [[Khawaja Ghulam Farid]]
* [[Ghulam Rasool Alampuri]]
* [[Jawayd Anwar]]
* [[Mohammad Hameed Shahid]]
* [[Zafar Ali Khan]]
* [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
* [[Hakim Ahmad Shuja]]
* [[Hafeez Jalandhari]]
* [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]
* [[Ustad Daman]]
* [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]
* [[Shareef Kunjahi]]
* [[Ahmad Rahi]]
* [[Habib Jalib]]
* [[Anwar Masood]]
* [[Aizaz Ahmad Azar]]
* [[Mazhar Tirmazi]]
* [[Ali Arshad Mir]]
* [[Mir Tanha Yousafi]]
{{div col end}}

==== India ====
[[File:Giani Gurdit Singh.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Giani Gurdit Singh]]]]
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bhai Gurdas]]
* [[Amrita Pritam]]
* [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
* [[Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha]]
* [[Bhai Vir Singh]]
* [[Damodar Das Arora]]
* [[Dhani Ram Chatrik]]
* [[Ram Sarup Ankhi]]
* [[Hira Singh Dard]]
* [[Nand Lal Noorpuri]]
* [[Chaman Lal Chaman]]
* [[Giani Gurdit Singh]]
* [[Gulzar|Sampuran Singh Gulzar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh (poet)|Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Inderjit Hasanpuri]]
* [[Jaswant Neki]]
* [[J. S. Grewal]]
* [[Devendra Satyarthi]]
* [[Jaswant Singh Kanwal]]
* [[Jaswant Singh Rahi]]
* [[Kulwant Singh Virk]]
* [[Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi]]
* [[Nanak Singh]]
* [[Navtej Bharati]]
* [[Pandit Lekh Ram]]
* [[Pash]]
* [[Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi]]
* [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
* [[Rupinderpal Singh Dhillon]]
* [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
* [[Shardha Ram Phillauri]]
* [[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]]
* [[Surjit Hans]]
{{div col end}}

===English===
[[File:Khushwantsingh.jpg|thumb|right|[[Khushwant Singh]] (1915-2014) was a prominent Indian novelist and journalist.|upright]]
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ahmed Rashid]]
* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]
* [[Amrita Pritam]]
* [[Chetan Bhagat]]
* [[Deepak Chopra]]
* [[Jaspreet Singh]]
* [[Kartar Singh Duggal]]
* [[Khushwant Singh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/khushwant-singh.html |title=Khushwant Singh - Khushwant Singh Biography, Life History of Khuswant Singh |publisher=Iloveindia.com |date=1915-02-02 |access-date=2012-06-06 |archive-date=2012-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521183022/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/khushwant-singh.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Manil Suri]]
* [[Mohammed Hanif]]
* [[Mulk Raj Anand]]
* [[Nadeem Aslam]]
* [[Neville Tuli]]
* [[Partap Sharma]]
* [[Rajiv Malhotra]]
* [[Romila Thapar]]
* [[Susham Bedi]]
* [[Tariq Ali]]
* [[Ved Mehta]]
* [[Vikram Seth]]
* [[Yuyutsu Sharma]]
* [[Zulfikar Ghose]]

{{div col end}}

== Aviators ==
*[[Kalpana Chawla]]
*Air Commodore [[Ravish Malhotra]]
*[[Rakesh Sharma]], first Indian in space

==Architects==
*[[Ustad Ahmad Lahori|Ahmad Lahori]]
*[[Ataullah Rashidi]]
*[[Bhai Ram Singh]]
*[[Ganga Ram|Sir Ganga Ram]]

==Business==

=== India ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}} {{sort list|asc|2=
* [[Ajay Banga]], president and CEO of MasterCard; ex-CEO of Citi Group Asia Pacific
* [[Dharampal Gulati]], founder of MDH
* [[M. S. Banga]], ex-CEO of Hindustan Lever; director on the board of Maruti Udyog Limited
* [[Binny Bansal]], entrepreneur and co-founder of [[Flipkart]]
* [[Rohit Bansal]], entrepreneur and co-founder of [[Snapdeal]]
* [[Sabeer Bhatia]], co-founder of [[Hotmail]]
* [[Gurbaksh Chahal]], entrepreneur who founded several internet advertising companies
* [[Vikram Chatwal]], hotelier
* [[Vinod Dham]], father of the [[Pentium processor]]
* [[Bob Singh Dhillon]], Sikh Punjabi Indian-Canadian property businessman
* [[Narinder Singh Kapany]], Indian-American physicist known for his work on fiber optics
* [[Rana Kapoor]], founder and managing director of Yes Bank
* [[Raj Kundra]], British–Indian businessman
* [[Vinod Khosla]], co-founder of [[Sun Microsystems]]
* [[Vipin Khanna]], businessman and financier
* [[F. C. Kohli]], regarded as the "father" of the Indian software industry, founder of TCS
* [[Gulshan Kumar]], T Series music label
* [[Avtar Lit]], founder of Sunrise Radio
* [[Sunil Mittal]], owner of Bharti Airtel
* [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]], Oberoi Hotels<ref name=br>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/860981/Mohan-Singh-Oberoi Mohan Singh Oberoi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202024558/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/860981/Mohan-Singh-Oberoi |date=2008-12-02 }}, [[Britannica.com]]</ref>
* [[Aroon Purie]], India Today group
* [[Kanwal Rekhi]], one of the first Indian entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley
* [[Avtar Saini]], microprocessor designer and former vice president of Intel
* [[Jessie Singh Saini]], Indo-American industrialist
* [[Jagdish Khattar]], managing director of Maruti Udyog ltd 1999 – 2007, civil servant
* [[Sanjiv Sidhu]], founder and president of [[i2 Technologies]]
* [[Shivon Zilis]], venture capitalist
* [[Kushal Pal Singh]], Chairman and CEO of [[DLF Limited|DLF]]
* [[Malvinder Mohan Singh]], Fortis Group
* [[J. C. Mahindra]], Mahindra & Mahindra Group
* [[Brijmohan Lall Munjal]], was an Indian entrepreneur and the founder of Hero Group
}} {{div col end}}

=== Pakistan ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Anwar Pervez]], founder of [[Bestway]]
* [[Ashar Aziz]], founder of [[FireEye]] in Silicon Valley
* [[Bashir A. Tahir|Bashir Tahir]], former CEO of Dhabi Group
* [[Fred Hassan]], director at [[Warburg Pincus]]
* [[James Caan (entrepreneur)|James Caan]], founder of Hamilton Bradshaw
* [[Malik Riaz]], founder of Bahria Town,
* [[Mansoor Ijaz]], founder of Crescent Investment Management Ltd
* [[Mian Muhammad Latif]], founder of Chenab Group
* [[Mian Muhammad Mansha]], founder of Nishat Group
* [[Michael Chowdry|Michael Chowdrey]], founder of [[Atlas Air]]
* [[Shahid Khan]], owner of the [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] and [[Fulham F.C.]], co-owner of [[All Elite Wrestling]]
* [[Zameer Choudrey, Baron Choudrey|Zameer Choudrey]], CEO of Bestway
{{div col end}}

==Cartoonists==
*[[Shekhar Gurera]], editorial cartoonist
*[[Pran Kumar Sharma]], cartoonist of ''Chacha Chaudhary'' fame
*[[Farooq Qaiser]]

== Doctors ==



=== India ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Satya Paul Agarwal]]
* [[M. M. S. Ahuja]]
* [[Jasbir Singh Bajaj]]
* [[Mukesh Batra|Dr Mukesh Batra]]
* [[Harpinder Singh Chawla]]
* [[Ram Nath Chopra]]
* [[Kirpal Singh Chugh]]
* [[Harbans Lall Gulati]]
* [[Gagandeep Kang]]
* [[Ved Prakash Kamboj]]
* [[Tarlochan Singh Kler]]
* [[Purshotam Lal]]
* [[Prithipal Singh Maini]]
* [[Ravinder N. Maini]]
* [[Jaswant Singh Neki]]
* [[Harvinder Sahota]]
* [[Baldev Singh (neurologist)|Baldev Singh]]
* [[Daljit Singh (ophthalmologist)|Daljit Singh]]
* [[Khushdeva Singh]]
* [[Sahib Singh Sokhey]]
* [[Janak Raj Talwar]]
* [[K. K. Talwar]]
* [[Purshottam Lal Wahi]]
* [[Mahinder Watsa]]
* [[Khushwant Lal Wig]]
{{div col end}}

== Educators and scientists ==

===Nobel laureates===
[[File:Abdus Salam 1987.jpg|thumb|160x160px|[[Abdus Salam]], first Pakistani Nobel prize winner in Physics]]
[[File:Har Gobind Khorana.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Har Gobind Khorana]], first Punjabi Nobel prize winner.]]

*[[Abdus Salam]], Pakistani theoretical physicist who won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his contributions to the [[Electroweak Unification theory|electroweak unification theory]]
*[[Har Gobind Khorana]], Indian-American Medicine [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel prize]] laureate

=== Pakistan ===

* [[Asad Abidi]], professor of electrical engineering at the [[University of California, Los Angeles|University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)]]
* [[Masud Ahmad|Masud Ahmed]], theoretical physicist and one of the leading figures of the ''Theoretical Physics Group'' - the group that developed the theoretical designs of Pakistan's nuclear weapons
* [[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)|Ishtiaq Ahmed]], professor of political science at the [[Stockholm University]]
* [[Nazir Ahmed (physicist)|Nazir Ahmed]], experimental physicist and first chairman of the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)]]
* [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], Pakistani nuclear scientist and engineer
* [[Samar Mubarakmand]], Pakistani nuclear scientist and the head of the team that conducted the Chagai-I nuclear tests in 1998.
* [[Farooq Azam]], professor of oceanography at the [[University of California, San Diego]]
* [[Tariq Ali]], political activist, historian, writer, journalist and public intellectual
* [[Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry]], nuclear physicist and pioneer of Pakistan's nuclear weapons research program
* [[Nayyar Ali Dada]], architect in modernist architecture
* [[Fayyazuddin]], theoretical physicist
* [[Mahbub ul Haq]], economist and inventor of the [[Human Development Index|Human Development Index (HDI)]]
* [[Tasawar Hayat]], mathematician
* [[Shahbaz Khan (hydrologist)|Shahbaz Khan]], hydrologist and director of the UNESCO cluster office in Jakarta
* [[Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood]], nuclear engineer
* [[Salim Mehmud]], rocket scientist
* [[Atif Mian]], professor of economics, public policy and finance at [[Princeton University]]
* [[Zia Mian]], physicist and co-director of the program on science and global security at [[Princeton University]]
* [[Ghulam Murtaza (physicist)|Ghulam Murtaza]], theoretical physicist
* [[Qaiser Mushtaq]], mathematician
* [[Adil Najam]], dean of global studies at [[Boston University]]
* [[Ayub Ommaya|Ayyub Ommaya]], neurosurgeon and inventor of the [[Ommaya reservoir]]
* [[Khalil Qureshi]], physical chemist
* [[Muneer Ahmad Rashid]], mathematical physicist
* [[Riazuddin (physicist)|Riazuddin]], theoretical physicist and one of the leading figures of the ''Theoretical Physics Group'' - the group that developed the theoretical designs of Pakistan's nuclear weapons

=== India ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[M. M. S. Ahuja]], Indian physician and endocrinologist
*[[Om P. Bahl]], Indian molecular biologist
*[[Jasbir Singh Bajaj]], Indian physician and diabetologist; conferred with the Padma Vibhushan award
*[[Hoon Balakram]], Indian mathematician
*[[Indu Banga]], historian at Punjab University, Chandigarh
*[[Lekh Raj Batra]], distinguished mycologist and linguist
*[[Sabeer Bhatia]], founder of the Hotmail email service and Jaxtr
*[[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]], first director-general of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
*[[Praveen Chaudhari]], Indian American physicist
*[[Kasturi Lal Chopra]], Indian material physicist
*[[Ram Nath Chopra]], Indian medical officer; widely considered the "father of Indian pharmacology"
*[[Virender Lal Chopra]], Indian biotechnologist, geneticist, agriculturalist, former director-general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
*[[Kirpal Singh Chugh]], Indian nephrologist
*[[Manoj Datta]], Indian engineer
*[[Sukh Dev]], Indian organic chemist
*[[Vinod Dham]], engineer, entrepreneur and venture capitalist; popularly known as "Pentium Engineer"
*[[Meena Dhanda]], philosopher and academic at [[University of Wolverhampton]]
*[[Satish Dhawan]]
*[[Baldev Singh Dhillon]]
*[[Vijay K. Dhir]], Indo-American scientist
*[[Guru Prakash Dutta]], Indian cell biologist and immunologist
*[[Khem Singh Gill]], Indian academic, geneticist
*[[Piara Singh Gill]], Indian nuclear physicist
* [[Sucha Singh Gill]], Indian academic, economist
*[[Khem Singh Grewal]], Indian pharmacologist
*[[Ravi Grover]], Indian nuclear scientist
*[[Hansraj Gupta]], Indian mathematician
*[[Sardul Singh Guraya]], Indian biologist
*[[Ranjit Lal Jetley]], soldier and scientist
*[[Gurcharan Singh Kalkat]], Indian agricultural scientist
*[[Ved Prakash Kamboj]]
*[[Vijay Kumar Kapahi]], Indian astrophysicist
*[[Narinder Singh Kapany]], Indian-born American Sikh physicist
*[[Satinder Vir Kessar]], Indian synthetic organic chemist
*[[Pradeep Khosla]], academic computer scientist
*[[Vinod Khosla]] Indian American engineer and businessman
*[[Rakesh Khurana]], Indian-American educator
*[[Neelam Kler]], Indian neonatologist
*[[Nayanjot Lahiri]], Indian historian and archaeologist at [[Ashoka University]]
*[[Purshotam Lal]], Indian cardiologist
*[[Narinder Kumar Mehra]], Indian immunologist
*[[Mridula Mukherjee]], Indian historian specialized in modern India [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
*[[Manohar Lal Munjal]], Indian acoustical engineer
*[[Yash Pal]], Indian scientist, educator and educationist
*[[Janak Palta McGilligan]], Indian Padma Shri recipient, social worker, and a writer of Indian educational curriculum books
*[[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]], Punjabi civil servant, botanist, historian, art and culture promoter, prominent writer
*[[Narinder Singh Randhawa]], Indian agricultural scientist
*[[Suresh Rattan]]
*[[Birbal Sahni]], Indian paleobotanist who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent
*[[Daya Ram Sahni]], Indian archaeologist
*[[Harvinder Sahota]], Indian American cardiologist
*[[Hargurdeep (Deep) Saini]], Vice President and Principal of the [[University of Toronto]] at Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
*[[Sartaj Sahni]], American-Indian computer scientist
*[[Harvinder Sahota]], Indian American cardiologist
*[[Pritam Saini]], English, Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu writer; historian; literary critic<ref>Punjabi author Pritam Saini dead, Tribune News Service, Monday, November 10, 2003, Chandigarh, India, / http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031110/punjab1.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222814/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031110/punjab1.htm |date=2011-06-05 }}</ref>
*[[Sanjay Saini]], professor of radiology, [[Harvard Medical School]]<ref>Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Abdomen, pp 111, Endoscopy and gastrointestinal radiology By Gregory G. Ginsberg, Michael L. Kochman, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2004</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.massgeneral.org/radiology/index.asp?page=staff&subpage=saini |title=Sanjay Saini, MD, Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School |access-date=2011-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212143520/http://www2.massgeneral.org/radiology/index.asp?page=staff |archive-date=2009-12-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Subhash Saini]], senior computer scientist, [[NASA Ames Research Center]], USA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nano4/saini.html |title=Subhash Saini |publisher=Zyvex.com |access-date=2009-09-20 |archive-date=2008-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327135213/http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nano4/saini.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[P. K. Sethi]]
*[[Dheeraj Sharma (professor)|Dheeraj Sharma]], professor at IIM-Ahmedabad; writer
*[[Khushdeva Singh]], Indian physician and social worker
*[[Manjit Singh (armament scientist)|Manjit Singh]], armament scientist
*[[Upinder Singh]], Indian historian specialized in ancient India at [[University of Delhi]]
*[[Sahib Singh Sokhey]], Indian biochemist
*[[Janak Raj Talwar]], Indian cardiothoracic scientist
*[[B. K. Thapar]], Indian archaeologist; Director-general of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1978–1981
*[[Kartar Singh Thind]]
*[[Surinder Vasal]], Indian geneticist scientist
*[[Purshottam Lal Wahi]]
*[[Khushwant Lal Wig]], Indian physician
*[[Bagicha Singh Minhas]], Indian economist
{{div col end}}

==Folklore==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Heer Ranjha]]
* [[Mirza Sahiba]]
* [[Puran Bhagat]]
* [[Prince Saiful Malook and Badri Jamala|Sayful Muluk]]
* [[Sohni Mahiwal]]
* [[Boysie Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2006/01/14/pirates_of_the/ |title=Pirate of the Caribbean | Sepia Mutiny |date=14 January 2006 |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327024710/http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2006/01/14/pirates_of_the/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,29353.html|title=Boysie Singh 20th Century Pirate of the Caribbean|date=7 August 2005|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828104827/http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,29353.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.trinicenter.com/Cudjoe/2004/0706.htm |title=Selwyn R. Cudjoe - de true true story |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925092814/https://www.trinicenter.com/Cudjoe/2004/0706.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Film industry==
===Bollywood (India)===
The following is a list of famous Punjabi families and individual artistes who have worked in Bollywood:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:85%;"
|-
! Family
! Artistes
|-
|The Sahnis|| [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Bhisham Sahni]], [[Parikshit Sahni]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Anands|| [[Chetan Anand (producer and director)|Chetan Anand]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Chopras - 1|| [[Baldev Raj Chopra]], [[Yash Chopra]], [[Ravi Chopra]], [[Aditya Chopra]], [[Uday Chopra]]
|-
|The Chopras - 2|| [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Parineeti Chopra]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Deols|| [[Dharmendra]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Esha Deol]], [[Abhay Deol]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
|[[Bachchan family|The Bachchans]]||[[Teji Bachchan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Malhotras|| [[Prem Nath]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Prem Kishen]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Roshans|| [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Rajesh Roshan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]]
|-
|The Randhawas|| [[Dara Singh]], [[Vindu Dara Singh]], [[Randhawa (wrestler)|Randhawa]], [[Shaad Randhawa]]
|-
|The Rajs|| [[Jagdish Raj]], [[Anita Raj]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Puris|| [[Chaman Puri]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Vardhan Puri]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Khannas - 1|| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Twinkle Khanna]], [[Rinke Khanna]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Khannas - 2|| [[Vinod Khanna]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071211120409/http://164.100.24.209/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=197 Parliamentary Biography]</ref> [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Rahul Khanna]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Bedis - 1|| [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Pooja Bedi]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Bedis - 2|| [[Narendra Bedi]], [[Rajat Bedi]], [[Manik Bedi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Kapurs|| [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Shahid Kapoor]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|[[Kapoor family|The Kapoors]] - 1|| [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Trilok Kapoor]], [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Karishma Kapoor]], [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Karan Kapoor]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Kapoors - 2|| [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Boney Kapoor]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Sonam Kapoor]]
|-
|The Kapoors - 3|| [[Jeetendra]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
|The Ahujas|| [[Arun Kumar Ahuja]], [[Nirmala Devi]], [[Govinda Ahuja]], [[Sunita Ahuja]], [[Tina Ahuja]], [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Ragini Khanna]], [[Vinay Anand]], [[Arti Singh|Arti Sharma]], [[Saumya Seth]]
|-
|The Dhawans|| [[David Dhawan]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Rohit Dhawan]], [[Anil Dhawan]]
|-
|The Devgans|| [[Veeru Devgan]], [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Anil Devgan]]
|-style="background:#edf3fe;"
|The Oberois|| [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Vivek Oberoi]]
|-
|The Aroras|| [[Malaika Arora Khan]], [[Amrita Arora]]
|-
|The Tulis|| [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Kumar Gaurav]]
|-
|The Dutts|| [[Nargis Dutt]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Sanjay Dutt]]
|-
|The Mehras|| [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Soniya Mehra]], [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Mehra]]
|-
|The Babbars|| [[Raj Babbar]], [[Arya Babbar]], [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Juhi Babbar]]
|-
|The Goswamis|| [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Kunal Goswami]]
|-
|}

====Individual Actors====
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Achala Sachdev]]
* [[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
* [[Aditya Seal]]
* [[Akshay Dogra]]
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Akanksha Juneja]]
* [[Amrinder Gill]]
* [[Amrita Singh]]
* [[Ammy Virk]]
* [[Aneet Padda]]
* [[Annu Kapoor]]
* [[Arjan Bajwa]]
* [[Arjun Rampal]]
* [[Armaan Kohli]]
* [[Arshad Warsi]]
* [[Arun Bakshi]]
* [[Arya Babbar]]
* [[Avtar Gill]]
* [[Aryan Vaid]]
* [[Ayushman Khurana]]
* [[Babbal Rai]]
* [[Bhumika Chawla]]
* [[Bina Rai]]
* [[Binnu Dhillon]]
* [[Celina Jaitley]]
* [[Chandan Prabhakar]]
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Dilip Kumar]]
* [[Deepak Parashar]]
* [[Geeta Bali]]
* [[Geeta Basra]]
* [[Gippy Grewal]]
* [[Gracy Singh]]
* [[Gul Panag]]
* [[Gulshan Grover]]
* [[Gurdas Maan]]
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
* [[Gurshabad Singh]]
* [[Hard Kaur]]
* [[Harman Baweja]]
* [[Harry Ahluwalia]]
* [[Hasleen Kaur]]
* [[Iftekhar]]
* [[Jassi Gill]]
* [[Jaspal Bhatti]]
* [[Jimmy Shergill]]
* [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Jyothika]]
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
* [[Kapil Sharma]]
* [[Karan Johar]]
* [[Karan Singh Grover]]
* [[Karan Wahi]]
* [[Kidar Nath Sharma]]
* [[Kiran Juneja]]
* [[Kirron Kher]]
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]]
* [[Kriti Sanon]]
* [[Kulraj Randhawa]]
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]
* [[Lakha Lakhwinder Singh]]
* [[Mahek Chahal]]
* [[Mahie Gill]]
* [[Mandira Bedi]]
* [[Mangal Dhillon]]
* [[Maniesh Paul]]
* [[Manjot Singh]]
* [[Manoj Pahwa]]
* [[Mehar Mittal]]
* [[Minissha Lamba]]
* [[Mink Brar]]
* [[Mona Singh]]
* [[Monica Bedi]]
* [[Mukesh Khanna]]
* [[Mukesh Rishi]]
* [[Mukul Dev]]
* [[Navin Nischol]]
* [[Neeru Bajwa]]
* [[Neetu Singh]]
* [[Neha Dhupia]]
* [[Nikitin Dheer]]
* [[Nimrat Kaur]]
* [[Om Prakash]]
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Pankaj Dheer]]
* [[Parmeet Sethi]]
* [[Pavan Malhotra]]
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]]
* [[Poonam Dhillon]]
* [[Pramod Moutho]]
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
* [[Prateik Babbar]]
* [[Praveen Kumar (actor)|Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Prem Chopra]]
* [[Priya Gill]]
* [[Preity Zinta]]
* [[Pulkit Samrat]]
* [[Puneet Issar]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Rajat Kapoor]]
* [[Rajit Kapur]]
* [[Rakesh Bedi]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]]
* [[Ranjeet]]
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Rana Ranbir]]
* [[Ram Kapoor]]
* [[Raveena Tandon]]
* [[Rati Agnihotri]]
* [[Ridhi Dogra]]
* [[Ruby Bhatia]]
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]]
* [[Sahil Anand]]
* [[Sanya Malhotra]]
*
* [[Sargun Mehta]]
* [[Saumya Tandon]]
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]]
* [[Shakti Kapoor]]
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]]
* [[Shiny Ahuja]]
* [[Shoma Anand]]
* [[Sidharth Malhotra]]
* [[Simi Garewal]]
* [[Simone Singh]]
* [[Simran Bagga]]
* [[Simrat Kaur]]
* [[Smriti Irani]]
* [[Sonu Sood]]
* [[Sudesh Berry]]
* [[Sunil Grover]]
* [[Sunny Leone]]
* [[Sunny Singh (actor)]]
* [[Suraiya]]
* [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
* [[Taapsee Pannu]]
* [[Tinnu Anand]]
* [[Urvashi Sharma]]
* [[Vaani Kapoor]]
* [[Varun Sharma]]
* [[Vicky Kaushal]]
* [[Vidyut Jamwal]]
* [[Vikas Bhalla]]
* [[Vijay Arora]]
* [[Vinod Mehra]]
* [[Vishal Malhotra]]
* [[Vivek Shauq]]
* [[Yami Gautam]]
* [[Yash Johar]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery>
File:Kareena2.jpg|[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] actress
File:Priyanka Chopra at 2019 Cannes (cropped).jpg|[[Priyanka Chopra]], Miss World 2000, Indian and American film actress
File:Akshay Kumar in Sydney for Heyy Babyy.jpg|[[Akshay Kumar]], [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] actor
File:Ranbir Kapoor at the launch of 'Barfi!' promo 10.jpg|[[Ranbir Kapoor]], Indian film actor
</gallery>

====Directors====
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Abdur Rashid Kardar]]
* [[Abhishek Kapoor]]
* [[Aditya Chopra]]
* [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
* [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
* [[Ashim Ahluwalia]]
* [[B. R. Chopra]]
* [[Brij Sadanah]]
* [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]]
* [[David Dhawan]]
* [[Deepa Mehta]]
* [[Deepak Balraj Vij]]
* [[Deepak Sareen]]
* [[Dharmesh Darshan]]
* [[Goldie Behl]]
* [[Guddu Dhanoa]]
* [[Gulzar]]
* [[Harry Baweja]]
* [[Inder Raj Anand]]
* [[J.P.Dutta]]
* [[Kamal Sadanah]]
* [[Karan Johar]]
* [[Karan Malhotra]]
* [[Kunal Kohli]]
* [[Lekh Tandon]]
* [[Loveleen Tandan]]
* [[Mira Nair]]
* [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]]
* [[Mohit Suri]]
* [[Mukul Anand]]
* [[Pankaj Parashar]]
* [[Prakash Mehra]]
* [[Punit Malhotra]]
* [[Raj Kanwar]]
* [[Raj Khosla]]
* [[Rajiv Rai]]
* [[Rajkumar Kohli]]
* [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]
* [[Ramanand Sagar]]
* [[Ravi Chopra]]
* [[Ravi Tandon]]
* [[Ritesh Batra]]
* [[Shakun Batra]]
* [[Shekhar Kapur]]
* [[Siddharth Anand]]
* [[Subhash Ghai]]
* [[Suneel Darshan]]
* [[Tinnu Anand]]
* [[Umesh Mehra]]
* [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
* [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]
* [[Vikas Bahl]]
* [[Vipin Handa]]
* [[Yash Chopra]]
{{div col end}}

====Documentary filmmakers====
* [[Mukesh Gautam]]

===Lollywood (Pakistan)===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Aamina Sheikh]]
* [[Aasia|Aasia Begum]]
* [[Adeel Chaudhry]]
* [[Adnan Shah Tipu|Adnan Shah]]
* [[Ahmed Ali Akbar]]
* [[Ahsan Khan]]
* [[Akmal Khan|Akmal]]
* [[Albela (actor)|Albela]]
* [[Ali Ejaz]]
* [[Ali Kazmi]]
* [[Ali Zafar]]
* [[Armeena Khan]]
* [[Asad Malik]]
* [[Aslam Pervaiz]]
* [[Babar Ali]]
* [[Babra Sharif]]
* [[Bahar Begum]]
* [[Bilal Ashraf]]
* [[Bushra Ansari]]
* [[Firdous Begum]]
* [[Gohar Rasheed]]
* [[Hania Aamir]]
* [[Habib-ur-Rehman (actor)|Habib-ur-Rehman]]
* [[Hamid Rana]]
* [[Hamza Ali Abbasi]]
* [[Humayun Saeed]]
* [[Iftikhar Thakur]]
* [[Inayat Hussain Bhatti]]
* [[Irfan Khoosat]]
* [[Javed Sheikh]]
* [[Jia Ali]]
* [[Kifayat Hussain Bhatti]]
* [[Masood Akhtar (actor)|Masood Akhtar]]
* [[Meera (Pakistani actress)|Meera]]
* [[Mikaal Zulfiqar]]
* [[Moammar Rana]]
* [[Mohsin Abbas Haider]]
* [[Munawar Zarif]]
* [[Naghma (Pakistani actress)|Naghma]]
* [[Najma Mehboob]]
* [[Nargis (Pakistani actress)|Nargis]]
* [[Nayyar Ejaz]]
* [[Neelo]]
* [[Nirma (actress)|Nirma]]
* [[Rafi Khawar]]
* [[Rani (Pakistani actress)|Rani]]
* [[Resham]]
* [[Sabiha Khanum]]
* [[Sahiba Afzal]]
* [[Sajjad Kishwar]]
* [[Saleem Sheikh]]
* [[Salma Mumtaz]]
* [[Salman Shahid]]
* [[Shaan Shahid]]
* [[Shafqat Cheema]]
* [[Shahid (actor)|Shahid Hameed]]
* [[Shahida Mini]]
* [[Sultan Rahi]]
* [[Swaran Lata (actress)|Swaran Lata]]
* [[Tariq Aziz (TV personality)|Tariq Aziz]]
* [[Usman Peerzada]]
* [[Waheed Murad]]
* [[Yasir Hussain]]
* [[Yousuf Khan (actor)|Yousuf Khan]]
* [[Zara Sheikh]]
* [[Zeba]]
{{Div col end}}

====Directors====

* [[Anwar Kamal Pasha]]
* [[Hassan Tariq]]
* [[Javed Raza]]
* [[M. Akram]]
* [[Masood Parvez]]
* [[Pervaiz Kaleem]]
* [[Riaz Shahid]]
* [[Sarmad Khoosat]]
* [[Syed Noor]]

===Punjabi cinema (India)===
{{Further|Punjabi cinema}}

====Directors====

* [[Amberdeep Singh]]
* [[Amitoj Maan]]
* [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
* [[Baljit Singh Deo]]
* [[Gippy Grewal]]
* [[Harry Baweja]]
* [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
* [[Manmord Sidhu]]
* [[Mukesh Gautam]]
* [[Pankaj Batra]]
* [[Rohit Jugraj Chauhan]]
* [[Simerjit Singh]]
* [[Smeep Kang]]

====Actors====
<gallery>
File:Diljit-Dosanjh-and-others-grace-Rising-Star-2-Uthao-Soch-Ki-Deewar-3.jpg(2).edit1.jpg|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], star of ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' and ''[[Punjab 1984]]''
File:Jassi Gill.JPG|[[Jassi Gill]], star of ''[[Mr & Mrs 420]]'' and ''[[Sargi]]''
File:Neeru Bajwa at Kochi International Fashion Week 2011 02.jpg|[[Neeru Bajwa]], star of ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' and ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]''
File:Sargun Mehta at a pre-Diwali party.jpg|[[Sargun Mehta]], star of ''[[Angrej]]'' and ''[[Lahoriye]]''
</gallery>

The Punjabi film industry has produced a number of successful actors, actresses, writers, directors and filmmakers, many of whom have been known internationally.

'''Actors'''
{{Main|List of Punjabi cinema actors}}

'''Actresses'''
{{Main|List of Punjabi cinema actresses}}

===Tamil cinema (India)===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Simran Bagga]], Punjabi Hindu
* [[Jyothika]], Punjabi Hindu
* [[Kajal Agarwal]], Punjabi Hindu
* [[Sonia Aggarwal]], Punjabi Hindu
{{div col end}}

===International Film and TV personalities===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Lilly Singh]]
* [[Purva Bedi]]
* [[Waris Ahluwalia]]
* [[Tarsem Singh]]
* [[Monica Dogra]]
* [[Param Gill]]
{{div col end}}

==Historical==

[[File:Sultan of Gujarat Codice Casanatense.png|thumb|Sultan of Gujarat, a descendant of [[Muzaffar Shah I]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhir |first=Krishna S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA498 |title=The Wonder That Is Urdu |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4301-1 |pages=498 |language=en |quote=Zafar Khan was a Punjabi}}</ref>]]

=== Ancient ===

* [[Porus]]
* [[Sudas]]
* [[Vasishtha]]
* [[Vishvamitra]]
* [[Pushkarasarin]]
* [[Chanakya]]
* [[Pāṇini|Panini]]
* [[Taxiles]]
* [[Khema]]

=== Medieval ===
* [[Jayapala]]
* [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]]
* [[Khizr Khan]]
* [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1879 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354/page/n254 249]}}</ref><ref name="Wink">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=gujarat+sultanate+tank+khatri&pg=PA143 |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |date=1990 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13561-1 |pages=143 |language=en |quote=Zafar Khan (entitled Muzaffar Shah) himself was a convert to Islam from a sub-caste of the Khatris from southern Punjab |access-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413141202/https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=gujarat+sultanate+tank+khatri&pg=PA143 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1UdAAAAMAAJ&q=Zafar+Khan |title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 |date=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=137 |language=en |quote=He was a convert to Islam from a sect of the Khatris known as the Tank |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151136/https://books.google.com/books?id=h1UdAAAAMAAJ&q=Zafar+Khan |archive-date=2023-04-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shaikha Khokhar]]
* [[Jasrath Khokhar]]
* [[Rai Sahra Langah]]
* [[Husseyn Langah I|Sultan Husseyn Langah I]]<ref name="glossary2">{{cite book |last=Rose |first=H.A. |title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: L.-Z, Volume 3 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=1997 |isbn=9788185297705 |quote=Langah are described by Tod as a clan of the Chaluk or Solanki tribe of Agnikula Rajputs, who inhabited Multan and Jaisalmer...}}</ref>

'''<big>Post Medieval Era</big>'''

'''<big>Muslims</big>'''
[[File:Adina Beg Khan.jpg|thumb|235x235px|[[Adina Beg]], last Muslim governor of Punjab]]
* [[Sultan Sarang Khan Ghakkar|Sarang Khan Ghakkar]]
* [[Shaikh Gadai Kamboh]], Chief Justice of Mughal Empire<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=Michael Herbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wJJzQEACAAJ&q=a+short+history+of+the+mughal+empire |title=A Short History of the Mughal Empire |date=2019 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-7556-0491-3 |language=en |quote=Shaikh Gadai Kamboh (a Punjabi whose ancestors had converted to Islam) |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142007/https://books.google.com/books?id=0wJJzQEACAAJ&q=a+short+history+of+the+mughal+empire |archive-date=2023-03-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]], Governor of [[Bengal]]
* [[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]],<ref name="Koch">{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=The complete Taj Mahal : and the riverfront gardens of Agra |date=2006 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |others=Richard André. Barraud |isbn=978-0-500-34209-1 |location=London |pages=45 |oclc=69022179 }}</ref> [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier of Mughal Empire]]
* [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]],<ref name="Siddiqui">{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Shabbir A. |date=1986 |title=Relations Between Dara Shukoh and Sa'adullah Khan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47 |pages=273–276 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44141552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422052225/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552 |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref> [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier of Mughal Empire]]
* [[Hifzullah Khan]], Governor of Sindh and Kashmir<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khān |first=Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynbHwgEACAAJ&q=maasir+e+alamgiri |title=Maāsir-i-ʻĀlamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-ʻĀlamgir (reign 1658-1707 A.D.) of Saqi Mustʻad Khan |date=2019 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-93-87587-94-6 |language=en |quote=Hifzullah Khan, son of S'adullah Khan, Subahdar of Thattha and Faujdar of Siwistan |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142007/https://books.google.com/books?id=ynbHwgEACAAJ&q=maasir+e+alamgiri |archive-date=2023-03-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Adina Beg|Adina Beg Arain]], Governor of [[Lahore]] and [[Multan]]
* [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat]], 3rd Nizam of Hyderabad
* [[Nur Muhammad Chattha]]
* [[Pir Muhammad Chattha]]
* [[Ghulam Muhammad Chattha]]
* [[Fath Muhammad]]
* [[Hyder Ali]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&dq=hyder+ali+punjabi&pg=PA773 |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27917-1 |page=273 |language=en |quote=Hyder Ali was originally a Punjabi adventurer in the army of the Hindu king of Mysore. |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409100723/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&dq=hyder+ali+punjabi&pg=PA773 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moon |first=Penderel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GwDin-jzIUC&q=haidar,+who+was+of+punjabi+origin |title=The British Conquest and Dominion of India |date=1989 |publisher=Duckworth |isbn=978-0-253-33836-5 |language=en |quote=Haidar Ali, a Punjabi by origin |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142010/https://books.google.com/books?id=2GwDin-jzIUC&q=haidar,+who+was+of+punjabi+origin |archive-date=2023-03-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5IyEAAAQBAJ&q=the+anarchy |title=The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire |date=2019-09-10 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4 |language=en |quote=Haidar, who was of Punjabi origin, had risen in the ranks of the Mysore army |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142010/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5IyEAAAQBAJ&q=the+anarchy |archive-date=2023-03-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Bowring |first=Lewin B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID3gwwEACAAJ&q=Hyder%27s+great-grandfather+Muhammad+Bhailol+was+a+Muslim+devotee%2C+who+left+the+Punjab+to+seek+his+fortune+in+southern+India... |title=Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan |date=2019-03-07 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-0-530-43288-5 |page=12 |language=en |quote="...Hyder's great-grandfather Muhammad Bhailol was a Musalman devotee, who left the Punjab to seek his fortune in southern India..." |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313123130/https://books.google.com/books?id=ID3gwwEACAAJ&q=Hyder%27s+great-grandfather+Muhammad+Bhailol+was+a+Muslim+devotee%2C+who+left+the+Punjab+to+seek+his+fortune+in+southern+India... |archive-date=2023-03-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tipu Sultan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-63557-433-3 |location=London (GB)}}</ref>

=== Sikh Empire ===
'''Sikh'''
* [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]
* [[Hari Singh Dhillon]]
* [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]]
* [[Sham Singh Atariwala]]
* [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]]
*[[Jawahar Singh (wazir)|Jawahar Singh Aulakh]]
* [[Tej Singh]]
* [[Sher Singh Attariwalla]]
* [[Ranjodh Singh Majithia]]
* [[Mangal Singh Ramgarhia]]
* [[Sangat Singh Saini]]
* [[Nanu Singh Saini]]

==== Hindu ====
* [[Dewan Mokham Chand]]
* [[Misr Diwan Chand]]
* [[Gulab Singh]]
* [[Mahan Singh Mirpuri]]
* [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]]
* [[Dhian Singh]]
* [[Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra|Dewan Sawan Mal Chopra]]
* [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh Kahluria]]
* [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra]]
* [[Sukh Jiwan Mal]]

==== Muslim ====

* [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din]] (died 1846), governor of Kashmir
* [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din]] (1819–1859), governor of Kashmir
* [[Mian Ghaus Khan|Mian Ghousa]] (died 1814), artillery officer
* [[Fakir Azizuddin]] (1780–1845), diplomat and physician
* [[Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana|Fateh Khan Tiwana]] (died 1848), [[Tiwana family of Shahpur|Tiwana chief]]
* [[Ilahi Bakhsh]] (died 1849), artillery officer
* [[Sultan Mahmud Khan]] (died 1859), artillery officer

==Monarchs==

=== Sayyid Sultans of Delhi ===

* [[Khizr Khan]], founder of the [[Sayyid dynasty]]
*[[Mubarak Shah II]]
*[[Muhammad Shah IV]]
*[[Alam Shah]]

=== Raja of Sialkot ===

* [[Jasrat|Jasrat Khokhar]]

=== Gakhar Sultans of Potohar ===

* Jhanda Khan Ghakkar
* Tatar Khan Ghakkar
* Hathi Khan Gakkar
* [[Sarang Khan Gakhar]]
* Adam Khan Gakhar
* [[Kamal Khan Gakhar]]
* Said Khan
* Nazar Khan
* Allah Quli Khan
* [[Muqarrab Khan Gakhar|Sultan Muqarrab Khan]]

=== Langah Sultans of Multan ===

* [[Rai Sahra Langah]], founder of the [[Langah Sultanate]]<ref name="Qanungo-1965">{{Cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=langah+sultanate |title=Sher Shah and His Times |last2=Kānūnago |first2=Kālikā Rañjana |date=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=286 |language=en |quote=Under the shadow of Rajput Langah dynasty of Multan...}}</ref>
*[[Husseyn Langah|Husseyn Shah Langah]]
*Feroz Khan Langah
*Buddha Khan Langah
*Hussain Langah II
*Lashkar Khan Langah

===Sikh Empire===
[[File:MaharajaRanjitSIngh - L Massard.gif|thumb|221x221px|[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of the Sikh Empire]]
* [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of [[Sikh Empire]]
* [[Kharak Singh|Maharaja Kharak Singh]], second ruler of the Sikh Empire
* [[Nau Nihal Singh|Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh]], third emperor of the Sikh Empire.
* [[Sher Singh|Maharaja Sher Singh]], was the fourth maharaja of the Sikh Empire.
* [[Maharaja Dalip Singh|Maharaja Duleep Singh]] was the last Emperor of the Sikh Empire

===Misl Rulers===
* [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], Commander-in-chief of [[Khalsa]] army
* [[Ala Singh]], First maharaja of Patiala and founder of [[Phulkian Misl]].
* [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] founder of Ahluwalia Misl and leader of [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]]
* [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] Organizer of [[Sikh Confederacy]]
* [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] founder of [[Ramgarhia Misl]]
* [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] one of the most powerful sikh rulers during Sikh Confederacies period founder of [[Kanhaiya Misl]]
* [[Charat Singh]] founder of [[Sukerchakia Misl]] father of [[Maha Singh]] and grandfather of [[Ranjit Singh]]
* [[Hari Singh Dhillon]] one of the most powerful and admired Sikh Worrier leaders of [[Bhangi Misl]]
* [[Maha Singh]] son of [[Charat Singh]] and father of [[Ranjit Singh]] second chief of [[Sukerchakia Misl]]
* [[Jhanda Singh Dhillon]] son of [[Hari Singh Dhillon]] under his leadership [[Bhangi Misl]] become the most powerful among all the Misls
* [[Baba Deep Singh]] founder of [[Shaheedan Misl]]

=== Sardars of Jhang ===

* Walidad Khan Sial, founder of the [[Sial dynasty]]
* [[Inayatullah Khan Sial]]
* Sultan Kabir Khan Sial
* Ahmad Khan Sial

=== Nawab of Punjab ===

* [[Adina Beg Khan|Adina Beg Arain]]

=== Nizam of Hyderabad ===

* [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat]]

=== Raja of Kashmir ===

* [[Sukh Jiwan Mal]]

=== Sultans of Mysore ===

* [[Hyder Ali]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" />
* [[Tipu Sultan]]

==Journalists==

===Print===

====India====
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Ajit Saini]]
* [[Angela Saini]]
* [[Aroon Purie]]
* [[Barjinder Singh Hamdard]]
* [[Barkha Dutt]]
* [[Karan Thapar]]
* [[Kuldip Nayar]]
* [[Pritam Saini]]
* [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]]
* [[Swati Mia Saini]]
* [[Tarun Tejpal]]
* [[Tavleen Singh]]
* [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]
* [[Vinod Mehta]]
* [[Yuyutsu Sharma]]
{{div col end}}

====England====
*[[Simon Singh]]
*[[Riz Khan]]

====Pakistan====
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Agha Shorish Kashmiri]]
* [[Ayaz Amir]]
* [[Hameed Nizami]]
* [[Janbaz Mirza]]
* [[Najam Sethi]]
* [[Mazhar Ali Khan (journalist)|Mazhar Ali Khan]]
* [[Mubashir Lucman]]
{{div col end}}

===Electronic/broadcast===

====India====
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Amrita Cheema]]
* [[Aniruddha Bahal]]
* [[Barkha Dutt]]
* [[Daljit Dhaliwal]]
* [[Karan Thapar]]
* [[Monita Rajpal]]
* [[Satinder Bindra]]
* [[Tavleen Singh]]
{{div col end}}

====Pakistan====
* [[Yawar Hayat Khan]]
* [[Mishal Husain]]
* [[Hassan Nisar]]
* [[Suhail Warraich]]

==Military==
===Pakistan Armed Forces===
====Air Force====
[[File:Noor khan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nur Khan]] served as the 3rd [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force]]. A notable figure involved in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]], politician, and [[Politician|statesman]], Khan was known for his outstanding management skills that benefited the country, especially in the case of [[Cricket in Pakistan|Pakistani cricket]] and the [[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]] which under his leadership became one of the world's frontline carriers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Obituary|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/307432/obituary-national-icon-air-marshal-m-nur-khan-flies-no-more/|date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piac.com.pk/corporate/about-us/history|title=Pakistan International Airlines History}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/519732-conflict-of-interest|title=Conflict of interest|date=4 July 2020}}</ref>]]
*Air Marshal [[Nur Khan]]
*Air Marshal [[Abdul Rahim Khan]]
*Air Commodore [[Sajad Haider]]
*Air Chief Marshal [[Mujahid Anwar Khan]]
*Air Chief Marshal [[Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed]]
*Air Vice Marshal [[Farooq Umar]]
*Air Vice Marshal [[Abdul Razzaq Anjum]]
*Air Chief Marshal [[Kaleem Saadat]]
*Air Commodore [[Rizwan Ullah Khan]]
*Flight Lieutenant [[Yunus Hussain]]
*Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]]
*Air Chief Marshal [[Zulfiqar Ali Khan]]
*Air Marshal [[Zafar Chaudhry]]
*Pilot Officer [[Rashid Minhas]]
*Group Captain [[Cecil Chaudhry]]

==== Army ====
[[File:Raheel Sharif.jpg|thumb|upright|[[General]] [[Raheel Sharif]], former [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] is a notable commander in the country's recent history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Zahid|date=2016-11-23|title=The general's legacy|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298018|access-date=2021-02-08|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=2020-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112043636/https://www.dawn.com/news/1298018|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
*Maj Gen [[Iftikhar Khan]], most senior to succeed General [[Douglas Gracey]] as the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]], but was killed in a [[C-53]] crash with 22 others, including his wife and infant daughter before he could take office leading to [[General Ayub Khan]] being appointed instead
*[[General]] [[Asim Munir]], current Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army
*[[General]] (R) [[Raheel Sharif]], former [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]]
*General (R) [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]], former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army
*General [[Zia ul Haq]], former Chief of Army Staff and [[President of Pakistan]]
*General (R) [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]], former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan army
*General (R) [[Tikka Khan]], former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army
*General [[Asif Nawaz Janjua]], former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army
*Lt Gen [[Sarfraz Ali (general)|Sarfraz Ali]]
*Lt Gen (R) [[Abdul Ali Malik]]
*Lt Gen (R) [[Asim Saleem Bajwa]]
*Lt Gen (R) [[Nasser Khan Janjua]]
*Maj Gen (R) [[Rao Farman Ali]]
*Maj Gen (R) [[Muhammed Akbar Khan]]
*Maj Gen [[Iftikhar Janjua]], most senior Pakistani officer killed in battle during [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] while fighting with his troops on the front line
*Maj Gen (R) [[Iftikhar Khan]], designated as the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
*Maj Gen (R) [[Yusaf Khan (general)|Muhammad Yusaf Khan]]
*Maj Gen (R) [[Raja Sakhi Daler Khan]]
*Maj Gen (R) [[Akhtar Hussain Malik]]
*Maj Gen (R) [[Noel Israel Khokhar]]
*Brig [[Siddique Salik]]
*Brig (R) [[Raja Habib ur Rahman Khan]]
*Brig (R) [[Amir Gulistan Janjua]]
*[[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Tufail Mohammad]], [[Nishan-e-Haider]]
*Major [[Raja Aziz Bhatti]], Nishan-e-Haider
*Major [[Muhammad Akram]], Nishan-e-Haider
*Major [[Shabbir Sharif]], Nishan-e-Haider
*Lieutenant Colonel [[Haroon Islam]]
*[[Captain]] [[Raja Muhammad Sarwar]], Nishan-e-Haider
*[[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] [[Saif Ali Janjua]], Nishan-e-Haider
*[[Lance Naik]] [[Muhammad Mahfuz]], Nishan-e-Haider
*[[Sowar]] [[Muhammad Hussain Janjua]], Nishan-e-Haider

====Navy====
* [[Admiral]] (R) [[Muhammad Asif Sandila]]
* Admiral (R) [[Muhammad Afzal Tahir]]

=== Indian Armed Forces ===

====Airforce====
*[[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Om Prakash Mehra]], former Chief of [[Indian Air Force]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Chief Marshal Om Prakash Mehra, PVSM [Air Chiefs Since 1947]|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Air-Chiefs/Chiefs-Air-8.html|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231193329/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Air-Chiefs/Chiefs-Air-8.html|archive-date=December 31, 2008|access-date=2009-04-28}}</ref> Awarded highest military peace award.
*[[Marshal]] [[Arjan Singh]], former Chief of Indian Air Force;<ref>{{cite web|title=Marshal Arjan Singh|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/defence/marshal-arjan-singh.html|access-date=2012-06-06|publisher=Mapsofindia.com|archive-date=2012-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324090545/http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/defence/marshal-arjan-singh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> only marshal in the history of Indian Air Force
*Air Chief Marshal [[Dilbagh Singh]], former Chief of Indian Air Force
*Air Chief Marshal [[Nirmal Chandra Suri]], former Chief of Indian Air Force
*[[Rakesh Sharma]], Indian Air Force, first Indian in space

====Army====
[[File:General Bikram Singh taking over as the new Chief of the Army Staff, in New Delhi on May 31, 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|General Bikram Singh]], former [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]]]]
*[[General]] [[Deepak Kapoor]], former Indian Army Chief
*[[General]] [[Om Prakash Malhotra]], former Indian Army Chief
*[[Captain]] [[Saurabh Kalia]], martyr of [[Kargil war]]
*[[General]] [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]], former Indian Army Chief
*[[Captain]] [[Arun Singh Jasrotia]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=sangeeta |date=2020-09-15 |title=Capt. Arun Singh Jasrotia 9 Para (SF) goes down in legend |url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/capt-arun-singh-jasrotia-9-para-sf-goes-down-in-legend-as-the-lion-of-lolab/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=ADU |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927135318/https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/capt-arun-singh-jasrotia-9-para-sf-goes-down-in-legend-as-the-lion-of-lolab/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[General]] [[Pran Nath Thapar]], former Indian Army Chief
*[[General]] [[Nirmal Chander Vij]], former Indian Army Chief
*[[Lt General]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] (1916–2005), General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; led the ground forces campaign in the eastern front of the war
*[[Lt General]] [[Punita Arora]], first woman in the Indian Armed Forces to reach the second highest rank of Lt General;<ref>{{cite web|title=Land Forces Site - Featured Articles|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Articles/Article36.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906170749/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Articles/Article36.html|archive-date=2012-09-06|access-date=2012-06-06|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref> first woman to become the Vice-Admiral of [[Indian Navy]]<ref>{{cite news|title=AFMC chief becomes first lady Vice-Admiral|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/72768/|access-date=2005-05-17|archive-date=2023-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413141150/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/afmc-chief-becomes-first-lady-vice-admiral/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Major General [[Shabeg Singh]]
*[[Brigadier]] [[Kuldip Singh Chandpuri]] (retired), awarded [[Maha Vir Chakra]] (MVC) by the [[Indian Army]] for his leadership in the [[Battle of Longewala]]
*[[Vikram Batra|Captain Vikram Batra]], former officer of Indian army, martyred in 1999 [[Kargil war]] and was awarded [[Param Vir Chakra]] posthumously
*[[Lieutenant general]] [[Satinder Kumar Saini]], former [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]

====Navy====
*Admiral [[Robin K. Dhowan]], former Chief of Indian Navy
*Admiral [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda|S.M. Nanda]], former Chief of Indian Navy

====Other notables====
*[[Kiran Bedi]], first woman IPS officer
* [[Uday Singh Taunque]], awarded the [[Purple Heart]] and [[Bronze Star]]; first Indian to die in Iraq War as part of the [[US Army]]
* [[Ishar Singh (havildar)|Ishar Singh]], leader of the [[36th Sikhs]] regiment during the [[Battle of Saragarhi]]

=== Singapore Armed Forces ===
* Colonel [[Gurcharan Singh Sekhon]]

=== United States Armed Forces ===
* [[Humayun Khan (soldier)|Humayun Khan]], army officer who was killed during the [[Iraq War]]

==Music==
{{Main|List of Punjabi singers}}

=== Pakistan ===
[[File:Alam Lohar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alam Lohar]], considered one of the most important singers of Punjabi folk.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dillagi|first=Lohar, Alam. Pachhtaya Khan, Atta Ullah. Nathli Khan, Atta Ullah. Chimta K̲h̲ān, Badar Miyān̲ Dād. Sajan K̲h̲ān, Badar Miyān̲ Dād. Dil Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali.|title=Super legends|publisher=Star|oclc=872096062}}</ref>]]

==== Punjabi Folk ====
[[File:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], considered as one of the greatest performers of ''qawwali.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan {{!}} Biography, Songs, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nusrat-Fateh-Ali-Khan|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512211556/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nusrat-Fateh-Ali-Khan|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Alam Lohar]]
* [[Arif Lohar]]
* [[Inayat Hussain Bhatti]]
* [[Iqbal Bahu]]
* [[Khawaja Pervez]]
* [[Munawar Sultana (singer)]]
* [[Musarrat Nazir]]
* [[Pathanay Khan]]
* [[Saieen Zahoor]]
* [[Samina Syed]]
* [[Shaukat Ali (singer)|Shaukat Ali]]
* [[Shazia Manzoor]]
* [[Tahira Syed]]{{div col end}}

==== Sufi Qawwali ====

* [[Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali singer)|Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Badar Miandad]]
* [[Ghulam Farid Sabri]]
* [[Maqbool Ahmed Sabri|Maqbool Ahmad Sabri]]
* [[Amjad Sabri]]

==== Classical Hindustani Gharanas ====

===== Panjabi Gharana =====
* [[Shaukat Hussain]]
* [[Ustad Tafu|Ustad Tafu Khan]]
* [[Tari Khan]]
* [[Ustad Zakir Hussain]]
* [[Alla Rakha]]

===== Patiala Gharana =====
* [[Barkat Ali Khan]]
* [[Amanat Ali Khan]]
* [[Bade Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]]
* [[Hamid Ali Khan]]
* [[Asad Amanat Ali Khan]]
* [[Farida Khanum]]

===== Sham Chaurasia Gharana =====

* [[Salamat Ali Khan]]
* [[Sharafat Ali Khan]]
* [[Shafqat Ali Khan]]

[[File:Atif Aslam in black coat.jpg|thumb|[[Atif Aslam]], widely acclaimed playback singer|upright]]

==== Modern Playback ====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Abdullah Qureshi (singer)|Abdullah Qureshi]]
*[[Abrar-ul-Haq]]
*[[Aima Baig]]
*[[Ali Aftab Saeed]]
*[[Ali Azmat]]
*[[Ali Sethi]]
*[[Ali Zafar]]
*[[Annie Khalid]]
*[[Asrar (musician)|Asrar Shah]]
*[[Atif Aslam]]
*[[Bilal Saeed]]
*[[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]]
*[[Faakhir Mehmood]]
*[[Fakhar-e-Alam]]
*[[Farhad Humayun]]
*[[Farhan Saeed]]
*[[Goher Mumtaz]]
*[[Hadiqa Kiani]]
*[[Haroon (singer)|Haroon]]
*[[Humaira Arshad]]
*[[Humaira Channa]]
*[[Imran Khan (singer)|Imran Khan]]
*[[Javed Bashir]]
*[[Jawad Ahmad]]
*[[Khursheed Bano]]
*[[Mahvash Waqar]]
*[[Masood Rana]]
*[[Meesha Shafi]]
*[[Mustafa Zahid]]
*[[Nabeel Shaukat Ali]]
*[[Naheed Akhtar]]
*[[Naseebo Lal]]
*[[Naseem Begum]]
*[[Noor Jehan]]
*[[Nouman Javaid]]
*[[Sahir Ali Bagga]]
*[[Salman Ahmad]]
*[[Sanam Saeed]]
*[[Sara Raza Khan]]
*[[Shamoon Ismail]]
*[[Shiraz Uppal]]
*[[Shuja Haider]]
*[[Tassawar Khanum]]
*[[Umair Jaswal]]
*[[Uzair Jaswal]]
*[[Waris Baig]]
*[[Zil-e-Huma]]
*[[Zubaida Khanum]]
*[[Zulfiqar Jabbar Khan]]

{{div col end}}

=== India ===
[[File:Mohammed Rafi 2003 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mohammed Rafi]] was a singer famous for singing multiple genres and styles]]
[[File:Prakash Kaur (left) Deedar Singh Pardesi & Surinder Kaur-Nairobi-1967.jpg|thumb|Punjabi folk singers and sisters [[Parkash Kaur]] and [[Surinder Kaur]] in 1967|upright]]

====Punjabi folk====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Asa Singh Mastana]]
* [[Amar Singh Chamkila]]
* [[Didar Sandhu]]
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Dolly Guleria]]
* [[Gurdas Maan]]
* [[Hans Raj Hans]]
* [[Harbhajan Mann]]
* [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
* [[Jagmohan Kaur]]
* [[Jaswinder Brar]]
* [[Kuldeep Manak]]
* [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Mohammad Sadiq]]
* [[Pammi Bai]]
* [[Parkash Kaur]]
* [[Ranjit Kaur]]
* [[Sardool Sikander]]
* [[Satwinder Bitti]]
* [[Surinder Kaur]]
{{div col end}}

====Sufi Qawwali====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Rabbi Shergill]]
* [[Master Saleem]]
* [[Puranchand Wadali]]
* [[Pyarelal Wadali]]
{{div col end}}

==== Hindu devotional ====

* [[Narendra Chanchal]]
* [[Gulshan Kumar]]
* [[Hari Om Sharan]]
* [[Anup Jalota]]

[[File:Jagjit Singh (Ghazal Maestro).jpg|thumb|[[Jagjit Singh]], popular [[ghazal]] singer|upright]]

====Classical Hindustani music====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jagjit Singh]]
{{div col end}}

=====Patiala Gharana=====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sardool Sikander]]
* [[Barkat Sidhu]]
* [[Som Dutt Battu]]
* [[Shiv Dayal Batish]]
{{div col end}}

=====Sham Chaurasia Gharana=====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Nooran Sisters|Jyoti Nooran]]
* [[Nooran Sisters|Sultana Nooran]]
{{div col end}}

[[File:Sukhwinder Singh (singer).jpg|thumb|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], singer of [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Academy]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Grammy]] award-winning song "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]"|upright]]

====Modern playback====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[AP Dhillon]]
* [[Afsana Khan]]
* [[Alla Rakha]]
* [[Ammy Virk]]
* [[Amrinder Gill]]
* [[Anushka Manchanda]]
* [[Akhil Pasreja]]
* [[Akhil Sachdeva]]
* [[Arijit Singh]]
* [[Arjan Dhillon]]
* [[Armaan Malik]]
* [[Asees Kaur]]
* [[B Praak]]
* [[Babbu Mann]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
* [[Roshan Prince]]
* [[Daler Mehndi]]
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Garry Sandhu]]
* [[Gippy Grewal]]
* [[Gurinder Gill]]
* [[Gurnam Bhullar]]
* [[Guru Randhawa]]
* [[Hansraj Hans]]
* [[Hard Kaur]]
* [[Hardy Sandhu]]
* [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
* [[Himani Kapoor]]
* [[Honey Singh]]
* [[Jasleen Royal]]
* [[Jassi Gill]]
* [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
* [[Jaspinder Narula]]
* [[Jass Manak]]
* [[Jazzy B]]
* [[Jonita Gandhi]]
* [[Karan Aujla]]
* [[Kanika Kapoor]]
* [[Kanth Kaler]]
* [[Kavita Seth]]
* [[Kundan Lal Saigal]]
* [[Labh Janjua]]
* [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
* [[Meena Kapoor]]
* [[Mika Singh]]
* [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* [[Mohit Chauhan]]
* [[Narinder Biba]]
* [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
* [[Neha Bhasin]]
* [[Neha Kakkar]]
* [[Nimrat Khaira]]
* [[Ninja]]
* [[Nitin Mukesh]]
* [[Miss Pooja]]
* [[Parmish Verma]]
* [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
* [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
* [[Rupinder Handa]]
* [[Satinder Sartaaj]]
* [[Shailender Singh|Shailendra Singh]]
* [[Shehnaz Gill]]
* [[Shibani Kashyap]]
* [[Shipra Goyal]]
* [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
* [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
* [[Sunanda Sharma]]
* [[Suraiyya]]
* [[Taz (singer)|Taz]]
* [[Tony Kakkar]]
* [[Tulsi Kumar]]
* [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
{{div col end}}

==Models==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Amarjot Kaur<ref name="Indiatimes.com 2015">{{cite web | title=Amarjot Kaur - Femina Miss India Chandigarh Contestants | website=Indiatimes.com | date=20 August 2015 | url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/17568937.cms?curpg=3 | access-date=20 August 2015 | archive-date=24 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124112446/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/17568937.cms?curpg=3 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
* [[Harnaaz Sandhu]], Punjabi beauty pageant titleholder and model who was crowned [[Miss Universe 2021]]
* [[Hasleen Kaur]]
* [[Jesse Randhawa]], Bollywood model
* [[Kuljeet Randhawa]]
* [[Mahek Chahal]]
* [[Mandira Bedi]]
* [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]]
* [[Neha Kapur]]
* [[Neelam Gill]], [[Burberry]]
* [[Gurleen Chopra]], model<ref name="The Independent 2014">{{cite news | title=Burberry enlists first Indian model Neelam Gill as its new beauty muse | website=The Independent | date=22 August 2014 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/burberry-enlists-first-indian-model-as-its-new-beauty-muse-9685846.html | access-date=20 August 2015 | archive-date=18 June 2022 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/burberry-enlists-first-indian-model-as-its-new-beauty-muse-9685846.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Simran Kaur Mundi]]
* [[Sonam Bajwa|Sonampreet Bajwa]]
{{div col end}}

==Politicians==

===India===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Amarinder Singh]]
* [[Arun Jaitley]], former [[Finance Minister of India]]
* [[Arvind Khanna]]
* [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
* [[Bhagwant Mann]], [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)]]
* [[Baldev Singh]]
* [[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]
* [[Buta Singh]]
* [[Charanjit Singh Channi]], former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)]]
* [[Darbara Singh]]
* [[Giani Zail Singh]], former [[President of India]]
* [[Girdhari Lal Dogra]]
* [[Gulzari Lal Nanda]]
* [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]
* [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
* [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Jagjit Singh Taunque]]
* [[Krishan Kant]]
* [[Kanshi Ram]]
* [[Madanlal Khurana]]
* [[Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
* [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]]
* [[Manmohan Singh]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], [[Chief Minister of Haryana]]
* [[Master Tara Singh]]
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
* [[Pratap Singh Kairon]]
* [[Priya Dutt]]
* [[Rai Bahadur Chaudhari Dewan Chand Saini]]
* [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
* [[Raghav Chadha]]
* [[Sant Fateh Singh]]
* [[Sardul Singh Caveeshar]]
* [[Sheila Dikshit]]
* [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
* [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
* [[Sushma Swaraj]]
* [[Swaran Singh]]
* [[Laxmi Kanta Chawla]]
* [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
* [[Parminder Singh Dhindsa]]
* [[Sarup Chand Singla]]
* [[Angad Singh (INC politician)|Angad Singh Saini]]
{{div col end}}

===Pakistan===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal]]
* [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]]
* [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]
* [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]
* [[Chaudhry Muhammad Sarwar Khan]]
* [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]]
* [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]
* [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]]
* [[Chaudhry Amir Hussain]]
* [[Feroz Khan Noon]]
* [[Ghulam Bibi]]
* [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
* [[Hamza Shahbaz]]
* [[Hanif Ramay]]
* [[Liaqat Abbas Bhatti]]
* [[Liaqat Ali Khan]]
* [[Malik Amjad Ali Noon]]
* [[Malik Anwer Ali Noon]]
* [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]]
* [[Malik Meraj Khalid]]
* [[Master Taj-uj-Din Ansari]]
* [[Mazhar Ali Azhar]]
* [[Mian Iftikharuddin]]
* [[Mian Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]]
* [[Mian Umar Hayat]]
* [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]]
* [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
* [[Mushahid Hussain Syed]]
* [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]]
* [[Nawaz Sharif]]
* [[Nisar Ali Khan]]
* [[Omer Sarfraz Cheema]]
* [[Rana Sanaullah Khan]]
* [[Rana Mashood Ahmad Khan]]
* [[Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan (politician)|Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan]]
* [[Saqlain Anwar|Saqlain Anwar Sipra]]
* [[Sardar Ayaz Sadiq]]
* [[Shahbaz Sharif]]
* [[Shahid Hussain Bhatti]]
* [[Sheikh Hissam-ud-Din]]
* [[Sheikh Waqas Akram]]
* [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]]
* [[Syeda Sughra Imam]]
* [[Wasim Sajjad]]
{{div col end}}

===United States===
* [[Preet Bharara]], former member of the [[U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]]
* [[Nikki Haley]], [[Governor of South Carolina]], former member of the [[United States House of Representatives]]
* [[Piyush "Bobby" Jindal]], [[Governor of Louisiana]], former member of the [[United States House of Representatives]]
* [[Jenifer Rajkumar]], Member of [[New York State Assembly]] from [[Queens]]
* [[Ro Khanna]], Member of [[United States House of Representatives]] from California's 17th congressional district
* [[Zohran Mamdani]], Mayor of New York City
* [[Kiran Ahuja]]
* [[Vivek Kundra]]
* [[Harry Arora]]
* [[Sam Arora]]
* [[Gurmit Singh Aulakh]]
* [[Balvir Singh]]
* [[Ravinder Bhalla]]
* [[Ram Nath Puri]]
* [[Ranjeev Puri]]
* [[Aftab Pureval]]
* [[Raj Panjabi]]
* [[Aneesh Chopra]]
* [[Rohit Chopra]]
* [[Harmeet Dhillon]]
* [[Shammas Malik]]
* [[Manka Dhingra]]
* [[Gurbir Grewal]]
* [[Gopal Khanna]]
* [[Puneet Talwar]]
* [[Monika Kalra Varma]]
* [[Richard R. Verma|Richard Verma]]
* [[Swaranjit Singh Khalsa]]
* [[Sabrina Singh]]
* [[Faisal Gill]]
* [[Daleep Singh]]
* [[Jas Jeet Singh]]
* [[Saggy Tahir]]
* [[Mussab Ali]]

=== United Kingdom ===
*[[Rishi Sunak]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
*[[Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi|Baroness Sayeeda Hussain Warsi]]
*[[Seema Malhotra]]
*[[Sajid Javid]]
*[[Sajjad Karim]]
*[[Humza Yousaf]], [[Prime Minister of Scotland]]
*[[Gagan Mohindra]]
*[[Onkar Sahota]]
*[[Paul Uppal]]
*[[Preet Kaur Gill]]
*[[Anas Sarwar]]
*[[Pam Gosal]]
*[[Sonia Kumar]]
*[[Parmjit Dhanda]]
*[[Atma Singh (politician)|Atma Singh]]
*[[Jas Athwal]]
*[[Sadiq Khan]]
*[[Tan Dhesi]]
*[[Imran Hussain (British politician)|Imran Hussain]]
*[[Shahid Malik]]
*[[Neena Gill]]
*[[Shabana Mahmood]]
*[[Virendra Sharma]]
*[[Saqib Bhatti]]
*[[Naz Shah]]
*[[Piara Khabra]]
*[[Afzal Khan (British politician)|Afzal Khan]]
*[[Satvir Kaur]]
*[[Anas Sarwar]]
*[[Chaudhry Sarwar]]
*[[Yasmin Qureshi]]
*[[Faisal Rashid]]
*[[Hardyal Dhindsa]]

===Canada===
*[[Harjit Sajjan]]
*[[Jagmeet Singh]]
*[[Jag Bhaduria]]
*[[Sonia Sidhu]]
*[[Navdeep Bains]]
*[[Gurratan Singh]]
*[[Iqra Khalid]]
*[[Gagan Sikand]]
*[[Deepak Obhrai]]
*[[Ruby Dhalla]]
*[[Tim Uppal]]
*[[Raj Saini]]
*[[Herb Dhaliwal]]
*[[Anita Anand]]
*[[Gurbux Saini]]
*[[Ujjal Dosanjh]]
*[[Nina Grewal]]
*[[Wajid Khan (Canadian politician)|Wajid Khan]]
*[[Amarjeet Sohi]]
*[[Jyoti Gondek]]
*[[George Chahal]]
*[[Arpan Khanna]]
*[[Amandeep Sodhi]]
*[[Vim Kochhar]]
*[[Ratna Omidvar]]
*[[Harry Sohal]]
*[[Raj Pannu]]
*[[Bharat Agnihotri]]
*[[Rajan Sawhney]]
*[[Moe Sihota]]
*[[Harry Lali]]
*[[Sindi Hawkins]]
*[[Karn Manhas]]
*[[Raj Chouhan]]
*[[Kash Heed]]
*[[Niki Sharma]]
*[[Rohini Arora]]
*[[Sunita Dhir]]
*[[Steve Kooner]]
*[[Gulzar Singh Cheema]]
*[[Diljeet Brar]]
*[[Obby Khan]]
*[[Jasdeep Devgan]]
*[[Tania Sodhi]]
*[[Deepak Anand]]
*[[Gurratan Singh]]
*[[Amarjot Sandhu]]
*[[Kuldip Kular]]
*[[Nina Tangri]]
*[[Gary Grewal]]
*[[Ausma Malik]]

==Revolutionaries==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal]]
* [[Bhagat Singh]]
* [[Bhai Mati Das]]
* [[Bhai Parmanand]]
* [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]]
* [[Ganda Singh|Ganda Singh Phangureh]]
* [[Harnam Singh]]
* [[Jahanara Shahnawaz]]
* [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]]
* [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]
* [[Madan Lal Dhingra]]
* [[Muhammad Arif Khan Rajbana Sial]]
* [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
* [[Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan]]
* [[Sardul Singh Caveeshar]]
* [[Sukhdev]]
* [[Udham Singh]]
* [[Harnam Singh Saini]]

{{div col end}}

==Religious figures==
===Sikh Gurus===
[[File:GuruNanakFresco-Goindwal.jpg|thumb|189x189px|[[Guru Nanak]], founder of [[Sikhism]]]]
* [[Guru Nanak Dev]], founder of [[Sikhism]]
* [[Guru Angad]]
* [[Guru Amar Das]]
* [[Guru Ram Das]]
* [[Guru Arjan|Guru Arjan Dev]], was the first two Gurus [[Martyred]] [[Sikh]] faith
* [[Guru Hargobind]]
* [[Guru Har Rai]]
* [[Guru Har Krishan]]
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]], Last Sikh Guru in human form founder of [[Khalsa]] panth

===Other Sikh figures===
* [[Bhai Kanhaiya]], he was known for pouring water for all the wounded members of the battlefield no matter whether they were [[Sikhs]] or enemies
* [[Baba Buddha]], one of earliest Sikh figures
* [[Bhai Mardana]], was the first [[Sikh]]
* [[Bhai Daya Singh]], first in [[Panj Pyare]]
* [[Nanua Bairagi|Bhai Jamala Singh Saini]], renowned mystic, humanitarian and Sikh warrior of Punjab.

=== Muslim Sufis and saints ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]]
* [[Rukn-e-Alam]]
* [[Madho Lal Hussain|Shah Hussain]]
* [[Sultan Bahu]]
* [[Mian Mir]]
* [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi]]
* [[Shah Inayat Qadiri|Shah Inayat]]
* [[Bulleh Shah]]
* [[Waris Shah]]
* [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh|Mian Muhammad Baksh]]
* [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid|Khawaja Ghulam Farid]]
* [[Meher Ali Shah]]
* [[Abdul Hakim Sialkoti]]{{div col end}}

===Hindu Gurus and saints===
* [[Sri Chand|Baba Shri Chand]]
* [[Rama Tirtha|Swami Rama Tirtha]]
* [[Swami Shraddhanand]]
* [[Puran Bhagat|Sri Chauranginatha]]
* [[Bawa Lal Dayal]]
* [[Mastana Balochistani]]
* [[Virajanand Dandeesha]]

=== Buddhist figures ===

* [[Khema]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Amarnath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3PLpwruJJQC&q=Sialkot&pg=PA81 |title=Buddha and Buddhist Synods in India and Abroad |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-317-5 |pages=81 |language=en |quote=She was from Sagala, modern Sialkot in Punjab... |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090440/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3PLpwruJJQC&q=Sialkot&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert E. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&q=khema+born+sagala |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S. Jr. |date=2013-11-24 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3 |pages=447 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090438/https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&q=khema+born+sagala |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bhadda Kapilani]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pt37HHrNYTEC&q=Bhadda+Kapilani+sagala |title=Gautama Buddha |date=1994 |publisher=Books For All |isbn=978-81-7386-112-3 |pages=49 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090448/https://books.google.com/books?id=pt37HHrNYTEC&q=Bhadda+Kapilani+sagala |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=K. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&dq=Bhadda+Kapilani+sagala&pg=PA146 |title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-226-0 |pages=146 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090451/https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&dq=Bhadda+Kapilani+sagala&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhadda+Kapilani+sagala |title=Purābhāratī: Studies in Early Historical Archaeology and Buddhism : Commemoration Volume in Respect of Prof. B.P. Sinha |date=2006 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-88934-39-3 |pages=455 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090439/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhadda+Kapilani+sagala |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Queen Anoja|Anoja]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Malalasekera |first=Gunapala Piyasena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Au_lIP1ZnQC&dq=anoja+sagala&pg=PA473 |title=Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-3022-6 |pages=473 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090439/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Au_lIP1ZnQC&dq=anoja+sagala&pg=PA473 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert E. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&dq=anoja+sagala&pg=PA496 |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S. Jr. |date=2013-11-24 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3 |pages=496 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090442/https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&dq=anoja+sagala&pg=PA496 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kumāralāta|Kumaralata]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&q=Kum%C4%81ral%C4%81ta+&pg=PA105 |title=Buddhism in Central Asia |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0372-5 |pages=105 |language=en |quote=The venerable Kumāralāta (labdha) was a native of Takṣaśilā. |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090443/https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&q=Kum%C4%81ral%C4%81ta+&pg=PA105 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC&dq=Kum%C4%81ral%C4%81ta+taxila&pg=PA258 |title=A History of Indian Literature |date=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0265-0 |pages=258 |language=en |quote=Kumāralāta was the founder of the Sautrántika school, and came from Taxila. |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090528/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC&dq=Kum%C4%81ral%C4%81ta+taxila&pg=PA258 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=kumaralata+taxila&pg=PA323 |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |pages=323 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115091007/https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=kumaralata+taxila&pg=PA323 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pulin (editors) |first1=Basu Kaushik Ray Ranjan And Nayak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZvpAAAAMAAJ&q=kumaralata+taxila |title=India's Interaction with China, Central and West Asia |last2=Culture |first2=Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565789-0 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watters |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxnUDwAAQBAJ&q=Kum%C4%81ralabdha&pg=PA245 |title=On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629-645 A.D |date=1904-01-01 |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115091032/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxnUDwAAQBAJ&q=Kum%C4%81ralabdha&pg=PA245 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Radha Soami Satsang Beas===
* [[Jaimal Singh|Baba Jaimal Singh]]
* [[Sawan Singh|Baba Sawan Singh]]
* [[Jagat Singh (Sant)|Sardar Bahadur Maharaj Jagat Singh]]
* [[Charan Singh (Sant)|Maharaj Charan Singh]]
* [[Gurinder Singh|Baba Gurinder Singh]]

===Ahmadiyya===
{{Main|Khalifatul Masih}}

* [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] (1889–1908)
* [[Hakeem Noor-ud-Din|Malauna Hakeem Noor-ud-Din]] (1908–1914)
* [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]] (1914–1965)
* [[Mirza Tahir Ahmad]] (1982–2003)
* [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]] (2003–present)

==Sportspersons==
===Baseball===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Jasvir Rakkar]]
* [[Muhammad Hussain (baseball)|Muhammad Hussain]]
{{div col end}}

===Chess===
* [[Tania Sachdev]]
* [[Sultan Khan (chess player)|Sultan Khan]]
* [[Vaibhav Suri]]
* [[Sahaj Grover]]
* [[Aryan Chopra]]
* [[Vishal Sareen]]

=== Badminton ===

* [[Dinesh Khanna]]
* [[Tarun Dhillon]]
* [[Palak Kohli]]
* [[Muhammad Irfan Saeed Bhatti]]
* [[Zarina Jamal]]
* [[Mandeep Kaur (para badminton)|Mandeep Kaur]]

===Table Tennis===
* [[Manika Batra]]
* [[Indu Puri]]

===Tennis===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Shikha Uberoi]]
* [[Neha Uberoi]]
* [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
* [[Man-Mohan Bhandari]]
* [[Kiran Bedi]]
* [[Naresh Kumar (tennis)]]
* [[Jasjeet Singh (tennis)]]
* [[Sanam Singh]]
* [[Haroon Rahim]]
* [[Shruti Dhawan]]
* [[Anu Peshawaria]]
* [[Sunil-Kumar Sipaeya]]
* [[Chandril Sood]]
* [[Lakshit Sood]]
* [[Manisha Malhotra]]
* [[Vishal Uppal]]
* [[Riya Bhatia]]
* [[Karman Thandi]]

{{div col end}}

===Cricket===

====India====
[[File:Harbhajan Singh bowling.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Harbhajan, pictured here bowling in the nets]]
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Aashish Kapoor]]
* [[Akash Chopra]]
* [[Amanjot Kaur]]
* [[Amarjit Kaypee]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Ashok Malhotra]]
* [[Atul Wassan]]
* [[Balwinder Sandhu]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh snr]]
* [[Bishan Singh Bedi]]
* [[Chetan Sharma]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Gurkeerat Singh]]
* [[Gursharan Singh]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
* [[Harvinder Singh (cricketer)|Harvinder Singh]]
* [[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Jahangir Khan]]
* [[Kapil Dev]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/30028.html | title=Kapil Dev - Player Webpage | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=2007-03-17 | archive-date=2009-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001319/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/30028.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Lala Amarnath]]
* [[Madan Lal]]
* [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]]
* [[Mohinder Amarnath]]
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Nikhil Chopra]]
* [[Paras Dogra]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Rajinder Ghai]]
* [[Reetinder Sodhi]]
* [[Sarandeep Singh]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Sunny Sohal]]
* [[Surinder Amarnath]]
* [[Surinder Khanna]]
* [[V. R. V. Singh]]
* [[Vijay Mehra (Indian cricketer)|Vijay Mehra]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Yograj Singh]]
* [[Yuvraj of Patiala|Yadavendra Singh]]
{{div col end}}

====Pakistan====
[[File:Shoaib Akhtar.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|[[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistani]] [[cricket]]er [[Shoaib Akhtar]] is one of the fastest bowlers in the world.]]
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Aamer Malik]]
* [[Aamer Sohail]]
* [[Aaqib Javed]]
* [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]]
* [[Abdul Qadir (cricketer)|Abdul Qadir]]
* [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]]
* [[Aizaz Cheema]]
* [[Asif Masood]]
* [[Ata-ur-Rehman (cricketer)|Ata-ur-Rehman]]
* [[Azeem Hafeez]]
* [[Azhar Mahmood]]
* [[Babar Azam]]
* [[Fazal Mahmood]]
* [[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)|Ijaz Ahmed]]
* [[Imran Farhat]]
* [[Imran Nazir (cricketer)|Imran Nazir]]
* [[Imtiaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1928)|Imtiaz Ahmed]]
* [[Intikhab Alam]]
* [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]
* [[Kamran Akmal]]
* [[Khan Mohammad]]
* [[Mahmood Hussain (cricketer)|Mahmood Hussain]]
* [[Majid Khan (cricket player)|Majid Khan]]
* [[Maqsood Ahmed]]
* [[Mohammad Amir]]
* [[Mohammad Hafeez]]
* [[Mohammad Ilyas (cricketer, born 1946)|Mohammad Ilyas]]
* [[Mohammad Nazir]]
* [[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer)|Mohammad Wasim]]
* [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammad Yousuf]]
* [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammed Asif]]
* [[Moin Khan]]
* [[Mudassar Nazar]]
* [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]]
* [[Pervez Sajjad]]
* [[Rameez Raja]]
* [[Rocky Khan]]
* [[Saeed Ahmed (cricketer, born 1937)|Saeed Ahmed]]
* [[Saleem Altaf]]
* [[Saleem Elahi]]
* [[Saleem Malik]]
* [[Salman Butt]]
* [[Saqlain Mushtaq]]
* [[Sarfraz Nawaz]]
* [[Shabbir Ahmed (cricketer)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
* [[Shadab Khan]]
* [[Shoaib Akhtar]]
* [[Shoaib Malik]]
* [[Shujauddin Butt|Shujauddin]]
* [[Sohail Tanvir]]
* [[Tahir Naqqash]]
* [[Talat Ali]]
* [[Taufeeq Umar]]
* [[Waqar Hasan]]
* [[Waqar Younis]]
* [[Wasim Akram]]
* [[Wasim Raja]]
* [[Zaheer Abbas]]
*[[Nashra Sandhu]]
*[[Sidra Nawaz]]
{{div col end}}

====England====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ajaz Akhtar]]
* [[Ajmal Shahzad]]
* [[Monty Panesar]]
* [[Ravi Bopara]]
{{div col end}}

====Canada====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ashish Bagai]]
* [[Harvir Baidwan]]
* [[Haninder Dhillon]]
* [[Ishwar Maraj]]
* [[Jimmy Hansra]]
* [[Harjit Singh Sajjan]]
{{div col end}}

====New Zealand====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ish Sodhi]]
{{div col end}}

===Basketball===
* [[Sim Bhullar]]
* [[Satnam Singh Bhamara]]
* [[Amjyot Singh]]

===Hockey===
====Field hockey====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Lala Abdul Rashid|Abdul Rashid]]
* [[Ajitpal Singh]]
* [[Asif Bajwa]]
* [[Balbir Singh Sr.]]
* [[Baljeet Singh Saini]]
* [[Baljit Singh Dhillon]]
* [[Balwant (Bal) Singh Saini]]
* [[Gagan Ajit Singh]]
* [[Hanif Khan]]
* [[Hasan Sardar]]
* [[Inder Singh (field hockey)|Inder Singh]]
* [[Kaleemullah Khan (field hockey)|Kalimullah]]
* [[Kamran Ashraf]]
* [[Kulbir Bhaura]]
* [[Manzoor Hussain (field hockey)|Manzoor Hussain]]
* [[Muhammad Shahbaz]]
* [[Prabhjot Singh (field hockey)|Prabhjot Singh]]
* [[Prithipal Singh]]
* [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1971)|Ramandeep Singh]]
* [[Ravi Kahlon]]
* [[Saini Sisters]]
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed]]
* [[Shahnaz Sheikh]]
* [[Sardara Singh]]
* [[Sohail Abbas]]
* [[Wasim Feroz]]
* [[Imtiaz Sheikh]]
{{div col end}}

====Ice hockey====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Arshdeep Bains]]
* [[Jujhar Khaira]]
* [[Manny Malhotra]]
* [[Kevin Bahl]]
* [[Robin Bawa]]

{{div col end}}

=== Figure skating ===

* [[Emanuel Sandhu]]
* [[Nishchay Luthra]]
*

=== American football ===

* [[Mike Mohamed]]

=== Canadian Football ===

* [[Sukh Chungh]]

===Athletics===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Arshad Nadeem]]
* [[Abdul Khaliq (athlete)|Abdul Khaliq]]
* [[Milkha Singh]]
* [[Kamaljeet Sandhu]]
* [[Haider Ali (athlete)|Haider Ali]]
* [[Tajinderpal Singh Toor]]
* [[Makhan Singh (sprinter)|Makhan Singh]]
* [[Ajmer Singh (athlete)|Ajmer Singh]]
* [[Muhammad Ramzan Ali]]
* [[Harwant Kaur]]
* [[Kamalpreet Kaur]]
* [[Abdul Malik (athlete)]]
* [[Sadaf Siddiqui]]
* [[Ghulam Raziq]]
* [[Muhammad Nawaz]]
* [[Abdul Khaliq (athlete)]]
* [[Rabia Ashiq]]
* [[Manjit Walia]]
* [[Ghulam Abbas (hurdler)]]
* [[Navjeet Kaur Dhillon]]
* [[Liaqat Ali]]
* [[Arpinder Singh]]
* [[Mohinder Singh Gill]]{{div col end}}

===Golf===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ashbeer Saini]]
* [[Jeev Milkha Singh]]
* [[Jyoti Randhawa]]
* [[Arjun Atwal]]
* [[P. G. Sethi]]
* [[Gaurav Ghei]]
* [[Shiv Kapur]]
* [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]]
* [[Vani Kapoor]]
* [[Tvesa Malik]]
* [[Amit Luthra]]
* [[Himmat Rai]]
* [[Aadil Bedi]]
* [[Arvind Khanna]]
* [[Rahul Bajaj]]
* [[Akshay Bhatia]]
* [[Kiran Matharu]]
* [[Aaron Rai]]{{div col end}}

===Wrestling===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[The Great Gama|Ghulam Muhammad (The Great Gama)]]
* [[The Great Khali]], [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)|World Heavyweight Champion]]
* [[Dara Singh]]
* [[Bholu Pahalwan]]
* [[Premchand Dogra]]
* [[Aslam Pehlwan]]
* [[Tiger Jeet Singh]]
* [[The Singh Brothers]]
* [[Jinder Mahal]], [[WWE Championship|WWE Champion]]
* [[Akam (wrestler)]]
{{div col end}}

===Shooting===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Abhinav Bindra]], first individual Olympic gold medalist
* [[Gagan Narang]], the only Indian to win two medals at a World championship
* [[Avneet Sidhu]], Commonwealth Games medalist, [[Arjun Award]]ee
{{div col end}}

===Cycling===
* [[Alexi Grewal]], American-Sikh, won gold medal in Olympics
* [[Imtiaz Bhatti]]
* [[Muhammad Shah Rukh]]
* [[Harshveer Sekhon]]
* [[Suchha Singh]]
* [[Muhammad Hafeez (cyclist)]]
* [[Amar Singh Billing]]
* [[Muhammad Ashiq]]

===Soccer===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Michael Chopra]], English footballer
* [[Shaan Hundal]], Canadian soccer player
* [[Harpal Singh]]
* [[Yan Dhanda]]
* [[Brandon Khela]]
* [[Ashvir Singh Johal]]
* [[Sunny Singh Gill]]
* [[Rikki Bains]]
* [[Dilan Markanday]]
* [[Mal Benning]]
* [[Roger Verdi]]
* [[Karanveer Singh Grewal]]
* [[Raspreet Sandhu]]
* [[Harpal Singh]]
* [[Danny Batth]]
* [[Aman Dosanj]]
* [[Rohan Luthra]]
* [[Permi Jhooti]]
* [[Jazz Juttla]]
* [[Delwinder Singh]]
* [[Adeel Younas]]
* [[Tanveer Ahmed (footballer)|Tanveer Ahmed]]
* [[Harmeet Singh (footballer)|Harmeet Singh]]
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]], second Indian goalkeeper and first to professionally play as GK for 1st division European club
* [[Sandesh Jhingan]], India u-23 and national team player, was adjudged the best footballer of the inaugural ISL
* [[Sharafat Ali]]
* [[Haroon Yousaf]]
* [[Samar Ishaq]]
* [[Gurmeet Singh Chahal]]
* [[Amrinder Singh]]
* [[Aman Verma (footballer)]]
* [[Adnan Ahmed]]
* [[Jimmy Khan]]
* [[Simranjit Thandi]]
* [[Mateen Akhtar]]
* [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]], former footballer
* [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]]
* [[Inderjeet Aujla]]
* [[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder Singh]]
* [[Kabir Kohli]]
* [[Rashid Sarwar]]
* [[Shebby Singh]]
* [[Santokh Singh]]
* [[Jagvir Singh]]
* [[Manprit Sarkaria]]
* [[Arjan Raikhy]]
* [[Jeevan Badwal]]
* [[Muhammad Umar Hayat]]
* [[Etzaz Hussain]]
* [[Ali Uzair]]
* [[Sarpreet Singh]], New Zealand footballer
* [[Masood Fakhri]]
* [[Arif Mehmood]]
* [[Ghulam Sarwar (footballer)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
* [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
* [[Deepak Tangri]]
* [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]]
* [[Sarfraz Rasool]]
* [[Triman Ranvir]], Belgian-Indian footballer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/triman-ranvir-belgian-footballer-play-for-india-40443|title=Belgian footballer Triman Ranvir turns back on Europe to play for India|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|date=13 March 2023|access-date=12 April 2023|first=Dipankar|last=Lahiri|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410205645/https://thebridge.in/football/triman-ranvir-belgian-footballer-play-for-india-40443}}</ref><ref name="CYS">{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/Triman-Ranvir-18-year-old-footballer-from-Belgium-dreaming-to-play-for-India/6025|title=Triman Ranvir:18-year-old footballer from Belgium dreaming to play for India|date=26 February 2023|access-date=12 April 2023|website=chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|first=Moinak|last=Banerjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320025049/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/Triman-Ranvir-18-year-old-footballer-from-Belgium-dreaming-to-play-for-India/6025|archive-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>

{{div col end}}

===Boxing===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Amir Khan (British boxer)|Amir Iqbal Khan]]
* [[Andrew Kooner]]
* [[Gurcharan Singh (boxer)]]
* [[Sukhdeep Singh Chakria]]
* [[Simranjit Kaur]]
* [[Kaur Singh]]
* [[Pardeep Singh Nagra]]
* [[Harpreet Singh (boxer)]]{{div col end}}

===Volleyball===
* [[Nirmal Saini]]

=== Water Polo ===

* [[Sushil Kohli]]
* [[Gurpreet Sohi]]

=== Weightlifting ===

* [[Parvesh Chander Sharma]]
* [[Nooh Dastgir Butt]]
* [[Harjinder Kaur]]
* [[Meena Kumari (weightlifter)|Meena Kumari]]
* [[Tara Singh (weightlifter)|Tara Singh]]
* [[Lovepreet Singh (weightlifter)|Lovepreet Singh]]
* [[Gurdeep Singh (weightlifter)|Gurdeep Singh]]
* [[Pardeep Singh]]
* [[Rajinder Singh Rahelu]]
* [[Talha Talib]]

=== Freestyle Wrestling ===

* [[Muhammad Inam|Muhammad Inam Butt]]
* [[Muhammad Bashir]]
* [[Amar Dhesi]]
* [[Zaman Anwar]]
* [[Kartar Singh]]
* [[Mandhir Kooner]]
* [[Sunil Dutt (wrestler)]]
* [[Nishan Randhawa]]
* [[Madho Singh (wrestler)|Madho Singh]]

=== Mixed martial arts ===
* [[Jaideep Singh]], Indian-Japanese mixed martial artist
*[[Arjan Bhullar|Arjun Bhullar]], Punjabi-Canadian mixed martial artist
*[[Narender Grewal]]
*[[Bashir Ahmad (mixed martial artist)|Bashir Ahmad]]

== See also ==
* [[List of Punjabi Muslims]]
* [[Punjabis]]
* [[List of British Punjabis]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Punjabi people| List]]
[[Category:Lists of Pakistani people|Punjabi]]
[[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity|Punjabi]]

Misal pav

2026-02-26T15:11:41Z

KiraHutchinson4: brief enhance section per standard format further and updated info

{{Short description|Curry based savory dish from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Misal pav
| image = Kolhapuri Misal Pav.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = A plate of misal pav
| alternate_name = Misal
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Pune]], [[Nashik]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Curry]] and bread
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = Sprouts, peas, bean sprouts, chick peas and chilli powder gravy

| variations = Misal vada
| calories = 289 cal
| other =
|no_recipes=}}

'''Misal pav''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: मिसळपाव) is a dish from the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It consists of a vegetable curry, mostly made from [[Vigna aconitifolia|moth beans]], locally known as [[misal]], and pav, which is a type of Indian [[bread roll]].<ref name="indiatimes.com 2015" /><ref name="Doctor 2015" /> The final dish is topped with ''[[farsan (food)|farsan]]'' or ''[[sev (food)|sev]]'', onions, lemon and coriander (cilantro).<ref name="NDTV 2011" /> It is usually served hot with bread or rolls<ref name="Hingle 2015" /> toasted with butter and buttermilk or [[Curd (India)|''dahi'']] and ''[[papad]]''. Misal pav is served as a breakfast dish, as a snack and also as a full meal.

==Misal regional varieties==
Misal pav from [[Kolhapur]] is known for its high spice content and unique taste.{{efn|"Nashik misal is rather well flavored with chili; the misal includes rice flakes called poha also sabudana khichadi sometimes. This latter ingredient, reconstituted and quickly sautéed with chopped onion, mustard seeds, turmeric, and green chilli is another breakfast ..."<ref name="Brien 2013"/>}} There are different versions of misal pav such as [[Pune]] misal, Khandeshi misal, [[Nashik]] misal and [[Ahmednagar]] misal. Other types are kalya masalyachi misal, shev misal, and [[Yogurt|dahi]] (yoghurt) misal.

==Preparation==
Misal is prepared in part with sprouted [[lentil]]s<ref name="Goela 2015"/> and has less water content and a watery, spicy "kat" (pronounced "cut"). It has two parts, a thick curry of matki, called ''[[usal]]'', and watery gravy,<ref name="NDTV 2011"/> also called ''rassa''.<ref name="Gowardhan 2015"/> Usually people mix these two according to their taste and requirement. When moth beans are unavailable, it is sometimes prepared using [[mung bean]]s.<ref name="Hingle 2015"/> It may be garnished with Indian snack noodles.<ref name="Hingle 2015"/> The moth curry or ''usal'' form is prepared using onion, ginger, garlic and other spices.<ref name="NDTV 2011"/>

<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px">
File:Misal Pav2.JPG|Misal pav
File:MAHARASHTRIAN CUISINES 01.jpg|Close-up view of misal pav
File:Maharashtra's Misal Pav.jpg|Misal pav topped with Indian snack ''[[farsan (food)|farsan]]'' or ''[[sev (food)|sev]]''
File:Misal Pav.jpg|Misal bread (Kolhapuri misal)
</gallery>

==Recognition==
In 2015, the ''misal pav'' served at [[Dadar]]'s Aaswad restaurant was named the world's tastiest [[vegetarian]] dish at the FoodieHub Awards in London.<ref name="indiatimes.com 2015">{{cite web | title=Mumbai's Misal Pav Beats Dishes From Across The World. Crowned World's Tastiest Veg Snack! | website=indiatimes.com | date=June 5, 2015 | url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/mumbais-misal-pav-beats-dishes-from-across-the-world-crowned-worlds-tastiest-veg-snack-233324.html | access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/food-misal-pav-the-worlds-tastiest-vegetarian-dish/20150604.htm|title=The world's tastiest vegetarian dish}}</ref><ref name="mid-day 2015">{{cite web | title=Food: Now, enjoy world's best Misal Pav in Ghatkopar | website=mid-day | date=August 26, 2015 | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/food-now-enjoy-worlds-best-misal-pav-in-ghatkopar/16486153 | access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>

== Variants ==
* The Nashik version of ''misal'' is usually spicy and served with pav, curd, papad, chopped coriander and onion. Several misal joints are popular in the city.
* [[Puneri misal]] is another version which contains ''pohe''. There are a number of restaurants in the city that are popular for their misal. While most Misal variants are at a spicier side, Puneri Misal often has a sweet to tangy taste.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lokmat.com/jarahatke/visit-pune-then-tastes-exactly-mixture|title=पुण्याला भेट देताय? मग इथली मिसळ नक्की चाखून या.|date=2017-10-12|work=Lokmat|access-date=2017-10-24|language=mr}}</ref>
* Many renowned restaurants in Maharashtra have been serving Misal for decades, including Jogeshwari Misal,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misal|first=Jogeshwari |title=Jogeshwari Misal - Franchise Opportunity in India! |url=https://jogeshwarimisal.com/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Jogeshwari Misal - Franchise Opportunity in India! |language=en-US}}</ref> Katakir Misal, Mamledar Misal, Bedekar Misal, and Thorat's Barbeque Misal among others.

==See also==
{{portal|Food|India}}
* [[List of Indian dishes]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Doctor 2015">{{cite web | last=Doctor | first=Vikram | title=The healthy snack that needs more attention: misal pav | website=Times Of India Blogs | date=June 17, 2015 | url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/the-healthy-snack-that-needs-more-attention-misal-pav/ | access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="NDTV 2011">{{cite web | title=Misal Pav | website=NDTV Food| date=November 30, 2011 | url=http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-misal-pav-154077 | access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Brien 2013">{{cite book | last=Brien | first=C.O. | title=The Penguin Food Guide to India | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2013 | isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT339 | access-date=May 25, 2016 | page=pt339}}</ref>
<ref name="Gowardhan 2015">{{cite book | last=Gowardhan | first=M. | title=Indian Kitchen: Secrets of Indian home cooking: Secrets of Indian home cooking | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4447-9456-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgu0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 | access-date=May 25, 2016 | page=pt91}}</ref>
<ref name="Goela 2015">{{cite book | last=Goela | first=S. | title=India on my Platter | publisher=OM Books International | year=2015 | isbn=978-93-83202-04-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdoyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT107 | access-date=May 25, 2016 | page=107}}</ref>
<ref name="Hingle 2015">{{cite book | author=[[Richa Hingle]]| title=Vegan Richa's Indian Kitchen: Traditional and Creative Recipes for the Home Cook | publisher=Vegan Heritage Press, LLC | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-941252-10-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCUCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT237 | access-date=May 25, 2016 | page=pt237}}</ref>
}}

{{commons category}}
{{Indian dishes}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian curries]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]

Maithili Express

2026-02-21T17:03:41Z

KiraHutchinson4: creating first data needs work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{short description|Train in India}}{{Italic title}}{{Infobox rail service
| name = Maithili Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[West Bengal]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|12|06}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Darbhanga}} (DBG)
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Kolkata}} (KOAA)
| distance = {{convert|540|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 15233 / 15234
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Maithili Express (Kolkata - Darbhanga) route map.png|250px|Maithili Express (Kolkata–Darbhanga) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 15233 / 15234 '''Maithili Express''' is [[Express trains in India|express]] train of [[Indian Railways]]. It is connecting [[Kolkata]] with [[Darbhanga]]. It covers a distance of 539 kilometers at an average speed of 49 kmph. It has general, AC two tier, AC three tier, and sleeper classes. All classes except general require reservations. There is no [[pantry car]], although [[tatkal scheme]] is available. It is hauled by [[WAM-4]], [[WAP-4]] and [[WDM-3A]] classes of locomotives.

==Route and halts==
The train runs from {{stnlnk|Darbhanga}} via {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jhajha}}, {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Durgapur}}, {{stnlnk|Bardhaman Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Dakshineswar}} to {{stnlnk|Kolkata}}.

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] / [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Kolkata to Darbhanga, and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 15235/15236 [[Howrah–Darbhanga Express]].

==Timings==
* 15233 Maithili Express departs Kolkata station at 10:40 on Monday, Thursday and reaches Darbhanga at 22:15 same day.
* 15234 Maithili Express departs Darbhanga at 16:10 on Sunday, Wednesday and reaches Kolkata station at 3:10 next day.

==Timetable==
'''15233 - Chitpur (Kolkata) to Darbhanga'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | KOAA
| valign="top" | Kolkata Terminus, [[West Bengal]]
| valign="top" | Starting station
| valign="top" | 10:40
|-
| valign="top" | BWN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
| valign="top" | 12:16
| valign="top" | 12:21
|-
| valign="top" | DGR
| valign="top" | Durgapur
| valign="top" | 13:18
| valign="top" | 13:20
|-
| valign="top" | ASN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}
| valign="top" | 14:11
| valign="top" | 14:21
|-
| valign="top" | JAJ
| valign="top" | Jhajha
| valign="top" | 17:20
| valign="top" | 17:25
|-
| valign="top" | BJU
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
| valign="top" | 19:55
| valign="top" | 20:15
|-
| valign="top" | SPJ
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}
| valign="top" | 21:05
| valign="top" | 21:10
|-
| valign="top" | DBG
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Darbhanga Junction}}
| valign="top" | 22:15
| valign="top" | Destination station
|}

'''15234 - Darbhanga to Chitpur (Kolkata)'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | DBG
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Darbhanga Junction}}
| valign="top" | Starting station
| valign="top" | 16:10
|-
| valign="top" | SPJ
| valign="top" | Samastipur Junction
| valign="top" | 16:55
| valign="top" | 16:58
|-
| valign="top" | BJU
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
| valign="top" | 17:50
| valign="top" | 18:10
|-
| valign="top" | JAJ
| valign="top" | Jhajha
| valign="top" | 20:25
| valign="top" | 20:30
|-
| valign="top" | ASN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}
| valign="top" | 23:15
| valign="top" | 23:25
|-
| valign="top" | DGR
| valign="top" | Durgapur
| valign="top" | 00:03
| valign="top" | 00:05
|-
| valign="top" | BWN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
| valign="top" | 01:10
| valign="top" | 01:15
|-
| valign="top" | KOAA
| valign="top" | Kolkata Terminus, [[West Bengal]]
| valign="top" | 03:10
| valign="top" | Destination station
|}

==References==
*http://indiarailinfo.com/train/8920?kkk=1315119719141
<references/>

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maithili Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Govind Padmasoorya

2026-02-20T20:59:46Z

KiraHutchinson4: improved article

{{short description|Indian actor and YouTuber}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox youtuber
| name = Govind Padmasoorya
| image = Govind Padmasoorya.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|06|16}}
| birth_place = [[Pattambi]], [[Palakkad district]], Kerala
| othername = GP, Padma
| occupation = {{hlist| Actor|television presenter|[[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]|singer|YouTuber|film Maker}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Gopika Anil]]|2024}}
| awards =
| website = {{URL|padmasoorya.com}}
| youtube_handle = GovindPadmasooryaGP
| youtube_display_name = Govind Padmasoorya

| youtube_years_active = 2020-present
| youtube_genre = {{Hlist|Lifestyle|Travel Vlog|Motivation|Music}}
| youtube_subscribers = 640 thousand
| youtube_views = 138 million
| stats_update = 6 March 2021{{nu|date=October 2025}}
}}

'''Govind Padmasoorya''' (born 16 June 1987), popularly known by his initials '''GP''', is an Indian actor who works mainly in [[Malayalam cinema]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{cite web |title='തകര'യുടെ തകര്‍പ്പന്‍ വരവ്‌ |author=സി.ശ്രീകാന്ത്‌ |language=Ml |date=1 October 2012 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/306524/ |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215003525/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/306524/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his debut in the movie ''[[Atayalangal]]'' directed by [[M. G. Sasi]] which won 5 Kerala State awards including Best Film.

He became popular through the dance reality show ''[[D 4 Dance]]''. He directed a promo film for Malayalam television channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] for their 25 years celebration. He marked his [[Telugu language|Telugu]] debut in the film [[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]] directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]] starring [[Allu Arjun]].

== Early life ==
Govind Padmasoorya was born at [[Pattambi]] in the [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]] to Govind Menon and Malathy. He has a younger brother named Govind Amrithsoorya. After schooling, he did his [[B.A.]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manu |first1=Meera |title=College Was as Fun as in Films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2014/Dec/08/college-was-as-fun-as-in-films-691454.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 December 2014 |language=en}}</ref> at [[St. Aloysius, Mangaluru|St. Aloysius College, Mangaluru]], where he served as arts secretary. He then earned an MBA in Media and Entertainment from [[Manipal University]].

On 22 October 2023, he got engaged to Malayalam television actress [[Gopika Anil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Govind Padmasoorya gets engaged to Gopika Anil, see photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/govind-padmasoorya-gets-engaged-to-gopika-anil-see-photos-8995081/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
They got married on 28 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor-TV host Govind Padmasoorya ties the knot with Gopika Anil |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/01/28/govind-padmasoorya-gopika-gets-married-thrissur-temple.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

== Career ==
He made his debut in Malayalam cinema in 2008 as the protagonist in ''[[Atayalangal]]'', directed by [[M. G. Sasi]] and produced by Aravind Venugopal.<ref>{{cite news |author=Deepa Soman |date=22 September 2014 |title=Dance is my fear factor but I dared to do that too: Govind Padmasoorya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Dance-is-my-fear-factor-but-I-dared-to-do-that-too-Govind-Padmasoorya/articleshow/43081420.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=5 September 2016 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920021845/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Dance-is-my-fear-factor-but-I-dared-to-do-that-too-Govind-Padmasoorya/articleshow/43081420.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was based on the life and literature of the writer Nandanar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/02sd1.htm |date=5 May 2008 |title=Stepping into Nandanar's shoes |publisher=Rediff |access-date=6 February 2010 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426031104/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/02sd1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Next, GP portrayed the role of Vinu, the brother of the IG ([[Suresh Gopi]]) in [[B. Unnikrishnan|B. Unnikrishnan's]] ''[[I G Inspector General|IG]]'', who transforms from a loving brother to a ruthless terrorist towards the end of the movie. He was also cast as Sreekanth, an Indian cricketer, in ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Sreesanth-offered-film-alongside-Mamooty/222586/ |title=Sreesanth offered film alongside Mammootty |work=Express India |accessdate=2010-02-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920210134/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Sreesanth-offered-film-alongside-Mamooty/222586/ |archivedate=20 September 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Then on he did lead roles in many films including ''[[32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam]]'' along with [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] & [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] directed by [[Arjun Prabhakaran]] and [[32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam|Gokul Ramakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2015 |title=A thriller Outing |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-Thriller-Outing/2015/06/16/article2868157.ece |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=2016-02-09 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220452/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-Thriller-Outing/2015/06/16/article2868157.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He marked his Tamil debut in the film [[Kee (film)|Kee]] directed by Kalees starring [[Jiiva]]. He marked his Telugu debut in the film [[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]] directed by Trivikram Srinivas starring [[Allu Arjun]].

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2008||''[[Atayalangal]]''|| Padathuparambil Gopinathan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2009 || ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]''||Sreekanth||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomi Malayalam]]''||Satheeshan ||
|-
|''[[I G Inspector General|IG]]''|| Vinod Krishna||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[College Days (2010 film)|College Days]]'' || Joe ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]''|| Moby ||
|-
| ''[[72 Model]]'' || V. Sajan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Ettekaal Second]]'' || Sandeep S Nair (Sandu) ||
|-
| ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' || Dr.Prakashan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Lavender (2015 film)|Lavender]]'' ||Kabir Abbas ||
|-
| ''[[32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam]]'' || Freddy Abraham ||
|-
|2016||''[[Pretham]]''|| rowspan="2" |Shibu Majeed ||
|-
|2018||''[[Pretham 2]]''|| Cameo appearance
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Kee (film)|Kee]]'' || Shiva || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film<ref name="Govind Padmasoorya turns baddie for Kollywood flick Kee">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |title=Govind Padmasoorya turns baddie for Kollywood flick Kee |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/111217/govind-padmasoorya-turns-baddie-for-kollywood-flick-kee.html |access-date=22 January 2022 |date=11 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122042307/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/111217/govind-padmasoorya-turns-baddie-for-kollywood-flick-kee.html |archive-date=22 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' || Paidithalli ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film <ref name="Allu Arjun’s swag is matchless in 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo': Govind Padmasoorya">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Allu Arjun's swag is matchless in 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo': Govind Padmasoorya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjuns-swag-is-matchless-in-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-govind-padmasoorya/article30494310.ece |access-date=22 January 2022 |date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122042626/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjuns-swag-is-matchless-in-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-govind-padmasoorya/article30494310.ece |archive-date=22 January 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Bangarraju]]'' || Aadhi Sampath ||Telugu film<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-13 |title=Govind Padmasoorya on working with Akkineni Nagarjuna and Naga Chaitanya in 'Bangarraju' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/govind-padmasoorya-on-working-with-akkineni-nagarjuna-and-naga-chaitanya-in-bangarraju/articleshow/88869978.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]'' || Police Officer || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Shefeekkinte Santhosham]]'' || Shejeer ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Neeraja]]'' || Alex ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New song from Shruti Ramachandran's Neeraja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511205530/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Manorajyam'' ||Manu Keraleeyan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Watch: Trailer Of Manorajyam Promises An Engaging Dark Comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-trailer-of-manorajyam-promises-an-engaging-dark-comedy-article-112884709 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
;TV shows and series
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Programme !! Role !! Network !! Language
|-
| 2014 || ''[[D 4 Dance]]'' || Co-Host with [[Jewel Mary]] || rowspan="3" |[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || rowspan="17" |[[Malayalam]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''[[D 4 Dance|Gum on D2]]'' ||Co-Host with [[Pearle Maaney]]
|-
| ''[[D 4 Dance|Thengakola Mangatholi]] ''||Himself
|-
|2015–2016||''Adi Mone Buzzer:Fastest Family First''||Host||rowspan=7|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016||[[Asianet Film Awards]] 2016||Host with Meera, [[Gayathri Suresh]]
|-
|''Singapore Onam''||Host / Performer
|-
|2017||[[Asianet Film Awards]] 2017||Host with [[Meera Nandan]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2017-2018|| ''Dare The Fear: Aarkunde ee Chankoottam?'' || rowspan="2" | Host
|-
|''Dare The Fear: Extra time''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019|||21st [[Asianet Film Awards]]||Host with [[Nyla Usha]]
|-
|''D 5 Junior''||Special Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2019-2020||''Anantharam''||Host ||Flowers TV
|-
|2020-2021||''Mr.&.Mrs''||Judge||[[Zee Keralam]]
|-
|2021||''Star Magic''||Mentor||Flowers TV
|-
|2021–2022||''Bzinga''||Host||[[Zee Keralam]]
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th SIIMA Awards]]
|Host with [[Pearle Maaney]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Meet Cute (TV series)|Meet Cute]]'' || Ajay || [[SonyLIV]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=H |first=Murali Krishna C. |date=2022-01-22 |title=I don't want to be trapped in a certain image: Govind Padmasoorya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/Jan/22/i-dont-wantto-be-trapped-ina-certain-imagegovind-padmasoorya-2409777.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> || Telugu
|-
|2022–2023||''Bzinga Family Festival''||Host||[[Zee Keralam]]||Malayalam
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Work !! Role !! Language
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''Monchulla Painkily''
| rowspan="2" |Actor
| rowspan="6" |Malayalam
|-
|''Vanamallike''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020||''Nirmana''|| rowspan="4" |Singer
|-
|''Aaradhu Song''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021||''Ennum Ennum Nenjoram''
|-
|''Minnume Kannukal''
|-
|''Shivoham''||Singer/actor||Malayalam Tamil
|-
|2022||''Gham Ki Barish''||Actor||Hindi
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3286607}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmasoorya, Govind}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Veeran

2026-02-12T03:25:04Z

KiraHutchinson4: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veeran (Veera Raghavan Nair)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Manimuzhakkam, from Mammootty to Srinivasan|author=Adam Ayub| url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/manimuzhakkam-from-mammootty-to-srinivasan-252785| publisher=Media One|date=15 September 2025}}
</ref>
| image=
| birth_place = [[Edathuva]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]] [[Voice Actor|Dubbing Artiste]]
| parents =
| years_active= 1952–1980
}}
'''Veeran''' was an Indian actor and [[Voice Actor|dubbing artist]] in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-is-gold-priya-1970/article3387630.ece|title=Old is Gold: Priya 1970|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 May 2012|last1=Vijayakumar|first1=B.}}</ref> He has acted in more than 100 films. He appeared in character roles as well as villain roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Veeran-3398 |title=Veeran:Profile and Biography, Malayalam Movie Actor Veeran latest Photo Gallery | Video Gallery, Malayalam Movie Actor Veeran, Veeran Filimography, Veeran Films and Cinemas, Veeran Awards and Nominations |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184632/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Veeran-3398 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==

* ''[[Akalangalil Abhayam]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Rakthamillatha Manushyan]]'' (1979) as Sumathi's father
* ''[[Kalliyankattu Neeli]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Ezhunirangal]]'' (1979) as Raghava Panikker
* ''[[Bandhanam]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Avar Jeevikkunnu]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Rowdy Ramu]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Adavukal Pathinettu]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Kaithappoo]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Makampiranna Manka]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Vishukkani]]'' (1977) as Collector Janardhanan Nair
* ''[[Anugraham (1977 film)|Anugraham]]'' (1977) as Joseph contractor
* ''[[Aparaadhi]]'' (1977) as Shankara Pillai
* ''[[Aayiram Janmangal]]'' (1976) as Panikkar
* ''[[Manimuzhakkam]]'' (1978) as Govinda Menon
* ''[[Chalanam]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Chattambikkalyaani]]'' (1975) as Thirumanassu/Gangster
* ''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Pulivaalu]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]'' (1974) as Somasundaram
* ''[[Nadeenadanmaare Aavasyamundu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Raakkuyil]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Veendum Prabhaatham]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Nakhangal (1973 film)|Nakhangal]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Panitheeratha Veedu]]'' (1973) as Kunjikannan
* ''[[Kaapaalika]]'' (1973) as Ittooppu
* ''[[Miss Mary (1972 film)|Miss Mary]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Iniyoru Janmam Tharu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Puthrakameshti]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Sree Guruvayoorappan (1972 film)|Sree Guruvayoorappan]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Thettu]]'' (1971) as Kaippassery Paili
* ''[[Aabhijathyam]]'' (1971) as Barrister Pilla
* ''[[Puthanveedu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Panchavan Kaadu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Moonu Pookkal]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Muthassi (film)|Muthassi]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Rathri Vandi]]'' (1971) as Aravindan
* ''Sthree'' (1970)
* ''[[Kaakkathampuraatti]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Ambalapraavu]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Priya (1970 film)|Priya]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Abhayam (1970 film)|Abhayam]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kallichellamma]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Newspaper Boy (1955 film)|Newspaper Boy]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Puthradharmam]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Baalyasakhi]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Aathmasakhi]]'' (1952)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3840792}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Veeran Veeran at MSI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008102113/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Veeran |date=8 October 2014 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}
{{Voice-actor-stub}}

Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi: Nayi Kahaani

2026-02-10T18:39:05Z

KiraHutchinson4: Starting a article.

{{Short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{long plot|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = KRPKAB 2.webp
| genre = [[Romantic drama]] [[Family drama]]
| writer = Mamta Yash Patnaik, Harneet Singh, Shashwant Rai Gaurav
| director = Noel Smith Prateek Shah
| creator = [[Yash A Patnaik]]
| creative_director = Shibani Das Gupta
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Adil-Prashant
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 90
| producer = [[Yash A Patnaik]] Mamata Yash A Patnaik
| cinematography = Dinesh Singh
| editor = Kshitja Khandagale Bhopendra Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 20 minutes
| company = {{unbulleted list|Beyond Dreams Entertainment Pvt Ltd|[[Inspire Films|Inspire Films Pvt Ltd]]}}
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]] [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|07|12}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|11|12}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/erica-fernandes-opens-up-on-kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-going-off-air-says-character-changes-were-disappointing-7595384/|title=Erica Fernandes opens up on Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi going off-air, says character changes were 'disappointing'|author=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
| composer =
| open_theme = "Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi" by Subhajit Mukherjee and Arpita Mukherjee
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]
* [[Kamnaa (tv series)|Kamnaa]]
}}
| alt_name = KRPKAB
| screenplay = Sonal Ganatra, Gaurav Misra
| story = Mamta Patnaik
}}

'''''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi: Nayi Kahaani''''' ({{Translation|Shades Of Love: New Story}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic drama television series which started airing on 12 July 2021 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. It stars [[Erica Fernandes]], [[Shaheer Sheikh]] and [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|title='Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3' New Promo: Dev-Sonakshi Face Challenges In Their Relationship|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-nayi-kahaani-second-promo-erica-fernandes-shaheer-sheikh-show-on-sony-tv-1463059|access-date=2021-10-27|website=ABP Live|date=11 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Sequel to ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]'', it is the 3rd season of the same series with a new story and new characters were unfolded.

== Plot ==
After their 9th anniversary and post a leap of 2 years, Dev and Sonakshi are shown to be emotionally and mentally detached from each other, due to work-related stress and the challenges in parenting their daughter Suhana and toddler son Shubh, while Ishwari enjoys being a grandparent to them. Radharani and Baldev still live in the "Ishwari Niwas", while Elena, Vicky, and Golu have shifted to an apartment after Elena became an internet sensation. Bijoy lives with Saurabh, Ronita, and Mishti, after his wife Asha's death.

Dev soon learns that a stranger, Rohit Verma, who is on his deathbed following a rash driving incident which Dev experienced, has been calling out for him. Reaching there, he finds out from him that Ayushmann, who considers Rohit his father, is actually Dev's son with Sona, and that Suhana, who lives with the couple, is actually Rohit's daughter with his late wife Meenal Arora. Verma; the two kids had been switched at birth, since Rohit wanted an heir. However Meenal died some time after. Rohit dies immediately after the confession, and Dev reveals the entire truth to Sona. This brings up turbulence in the Dixit family. Suhana starts feeling insecure about her family's love for her with the sudden arrival of a same-aged new brother that her grandmother clearly dotes more upon. Ayushmaan feels unsettled in his new home and struggles with Ishwari’s overt affections. To balance their love and time for all three of their children and maintain the relationships of their own marriage, Sonakshi and Dev struggle with Ishwari's overprotective nature for Aayushman, who she renames "Ved", a reversal of "Dev". Following an incident, Ayushmann accepts the Dixit family and Suhana slowly overcomes her insecurities. Ishwari learns the error of her recent behaviour and vows to love both Ayushmaan and Suhana equally. Dev and Sonakshi take up marriage counseling and Dev understands the real reason why Sonakshi was angry - he failed to support her in the months immediately following Asha's death. They mend their relationship after she learns that Dev was consuming anxiety pills, which causes them to reconcile and seek out the marriage counselor with fresh rigour.

Meanwhile, Sanjana Arora, a young interior designer, decides to join Dev's company after she becomes intrigued overhearing him at a florist's shop when he is buying a bouquet for Sona. Growingly besotted with Dev, she befriends him and tries to learn more about him, but gets shocked after learning at an informal office party that he is married and was separated from Sona for seven years after Dev reveals his special guest to be Sona's friend and colleague Jatin Roy, who Dev thanks for supporting his wife. Yet, she believes in "serendipity" and has fallen for him. So she makes continuous efforts to impress Dev, thus making Sona insecure. As it turns out, Sanjana is shown to be related to Rohit in some manner and has come looking for him. During a dinner she is invited to by the Dixit family, by which time Dev's sister Neha has also joined them, Sanjana fears losing out on an opportunity to speak her heart out and eventually confesses her feelings to Dev just as Sona arrives. Although Sona is suspicious, Dev, who is as much confused as Sona, dismisses it as a skit Sanjana was supposed to perform as part of a game hosted by the children. The very next day, however, her attempts to actually inform him about her feelings culminate in Dev losing his temper on her, as he tells her he is a married man with a committed and loving family and that feelings at work have no place in his work culture or life.

Sanjana decides to resign to her fate, but soon learns that Rohit died in an accident; it is revealed that she is Rohit's sister-in-law and Meenal's biological sister, thus being Suhana's biological aunt. The next day, she informs a still angry Dev about her relation with Suhana, confusing him. Sona arrives there unexpectedly, and learns about it. Later, however, when Sanjana comes up with proof of her relation, she instead finds Sona in Dev's place; Sona bitterly chastises Sanjana for her obsession with Dev and sternly warns her to stay away from her family, especially Dev and Suhana. Extremely hurt, Sanjana decides to avenge her humiliation at Sona's hands to ensure that Sona loses the support of all her dear ones, including Dev.

Seeking a second chance, Sanjana cunningly targets Sona's kin as part of her revenge plans. She first attempts to murder Bijoy and electrocutes him, though he is rescued just in time by Dev and Sona, but falls into a coma. She later hides an instrumental file of documents related to the Asha Foundation, which leads to Vicky getting arrested despite multiple efforts on Dev's part; Elena shrugs Sona off in the events that follow. Although the Dixit family hires a lawyer, she deceivingly gets Vicky bailed out, earning the affection of Radharani, Elena and Neha; Ishwari permits Sanjana to temporarily stay in the Dixit house with great hesitation. Sanjana also gains Neha's trust and turns her against Sonakshi, later luring Dev away from Delhi on a highway at night, where she succeeds in sedating him and getting intimate with him, though he has no recollection of what happened. Finally, Diwali arises and everyone is celebrating at home when photos of Dev and Sanjana being intimate are leaked to the media and go viral. Although Sona angrily decides to walk away, Ishwari and Radharani surprisingly decide to kick Dev and Sanjana out of the house instead, asking Sona to stay back.

However, it is soon revealed that Dev and Sonakshi are meeting in secret and have figured out that Sanjana is hiding her real intentions, and they devise a plan to crowd her out, taking Ishwari into confidence. Sanjana, however, has figured out his location and overhears the entire plan; Dev returns home, but by the time a good part of the plan has worked out, with both Neha and Vicky getting convinced that she manipulated them, and Dev and Sona being alerted about her credentials as a software engineer who indulges in hacking and stole the credentials of a real interior designer Prerna Sharma to find her way into the office, an angry Sanjana has already brainwashed Rohit's parents into claiming custody for Suhana, who eventually finds out in a heated confrontation that Dev and Sonakshi are not her biological parents. Suhana forgives Dev and Sona after Ayushmann intervenes, having developed a close bond with her. The matter is taken to court, but no judgment is ruled since Dev and Sona do not have any concrete evidence to prove Sanjana's evil nature.

With only two days left for the final verdict to release, the Dixits figure out that her files may contain some evidence; though a restless check on her files doesn't initially work, Dev flings the papers in frustration, only for a photograph of Asha to fall to the floor and come cleanly visible to everyone. Realizing that Asha's was the dearest photograph which went missing from Bijoy's album, even as Jatin reveals that Sanjana wanted to harm someone from the Dixit family, Sona figures out in an epiphany that she was the target, and Saurabh and Dev conclude that the only way to blow Sanjana's cover is to let her know that Bijoy isn't dead but is actually just comatose, hoping that she be disturbed and hastily rush to her own doom. Sanjana reaches the hospital in anger as she learns of this through her lawyer, and is almost about to suffocate Bijoy in everyone's absence, when Saurabh, Dev and Sona reveal themselves and corner her.

Despite becoming aware that her actions have been taped on camera and will be handed over to the law, Sanjana deduces that she was lured, and finally admits to her revenge against Sona; in a sudden move, she holds Sona at knifepoint, asking Dev to passionately claim love for herself while shouting out that she has hated Sona bitterly and is yearning for Dev's affection. However, she is overpowered by Sona, and it is soon revealed that the police has been spectating the entire scene. Vicky brings the cops to arrest Sanjana, who leaves without guilt. Rohit's parents, realizing the malaise in Sanjana's intent, now agree to let Suhana stay at the Dixits' place since they feel that the atmosphere is indeed perfect for her. Later, Neha reveals that she is pregnant. The show concludes on a happy note, with Dev and Sonakshi celebrating their 10th anniversary.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the show was composed by Adil-Prasant. Songs were sung by Subhajit Mukherjee and Arpita Mukherjee. In the S3 The Show has Acquired Many Songs
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!<abbr>No.</abbr>
!Title
|-
!1.
|"Ye Lamhe Hazar Se" <ref>{{Citation|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी - Episode 28 - 6th April, 2016| date=6 April 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxEaDj6Y60Y|language=en|access-date=2021-10-27|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
!3.
|"Pagle Se Din Hai Meri Badli Se Raatein (Duet)"
|-
!4.
|"Pagle Se Din Hai Meri Badli Se Raatein (Female)" <ref>{{Citation|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Tere Rangon Mein Kuch Rang Hai - Song| date=20 June 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSAt1kGrF8o|language=en|access-date=2021-10-27|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
!5.
|"Pagle Se Din Hai Meri Badli Se Raatein (Male)"
|-
!6.
|"Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Male)" <ref name="auto">{{Citation|title=Song Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyada Hai {{!}} Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi| date=22 June 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m75FDxEU34c|language=en|access-date=2021-10-27|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
!7.
|"Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Female)" <ref name="auto"/>
|-
!8.
|"Tu Mujhme Mujhse Jyada Hai (Duet)" <ref>{{Citation|title=Sonakshi, and Dev Break Up - Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi - Song| date=21 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_cbYHYe8Kc|language=en|access-date=2021-10-27|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
!9.
|"Kismat Ke Lekhe Kisne Dekhe (KRPKAB SAD)" <ref>{{Citation|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी-Maha Episode-Episode 140 - 12th September, 2016| date=14 September 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhOf5tcLYj4|language=en|access-date=2021-10-27|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
!11.
|"Tujhse Naraz Nhi Zindagi (Male/Season 3) (Acquired)"
|-
!12.
|"Tujhse Naraz Nhi Zindagi (Female/Season 3) (Acquired)"
|-
!13.
|"Pyaar......Ek Tarfah (Female/Season 3) (Acquired)"
|}

==References==

<references />

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s romantic drama television series]]

Anees Jung

2026-02-06T05:33:16Z

KiraHutchinson4: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Indian author and journalist (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anees Jung
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes| 15 December 1944}}
| birth_place = [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]]; India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = ''Unveiling India'' (1987)
|alma_mater = [[University of Michigan]]
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[journalist]], [[columnist]]
}}
[[File:WIDE VIEW OF ROURKELA.JPG|thumb|[[Rourkela]], a city where Anees was born.]]

'''Anees Jung''' (born 15 December 1944) is an Indian author, journalist and columnist for newspapers in India and abroad,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/27/stories/2004012710670300.htm|title=Indian women lack freedom: Anees Jung|date=27 January 2004|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915133519/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/27/stories/2004012710670300.htm|archive-date=15 September 2007|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> whose most known work, ''Unveiling India'' (1987) was a chronicle of the lives of women in India, noted especially for the depiction of [[Muslim]] women behind the [[purdah]].<ref name="tr">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040427/cth2.htm#7|title=Highlighting problems of women, youth|author=Parbina Rashid|date=27 April 2004|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Rourkela]],<ref name="flamingo">{{cite book |author1=Anees Jung |url=http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lefl102.pdf |title=Flamingo - Textbook in English for Class XII |date=2007 |publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] |isbn=978-81-7450-650-4 |location=New Delhi |page=13 |language=en |chapter=Lost Spring |quote=Anees Jung (1944) was born in Rourkela and spent her childhood and adolescence in Hyderabad. |accessdate=6 November 2019}}</ref> and growing up in Hyderabad,<ref name="flamingo" /> Anees Jung is from an aristocratic family – her father, Nawab Hosh Yar Jung, was a scholar and poet, and served as the ''musahib'' (adviser) to the last [[Nizam]] (prince) of [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name=pg>[http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Anees_Jung.aspx Anees Jung] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927002202/http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Anees_Jung.aspx |date=27 September 2010 }} [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] India.</ref> Her mother and brother are also [[Urdu]] poets.<ref>[http://www.oxfordbookstore.com/dotcom/oxford/archives/oxford_bookstore_review/talk_shop/anees_jung.htm Anees Jung] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622001629/http://www.oxfordbookstore.com/dotcom/oxford/archives/oxford_bookstore_review/talk_shop/anees_jung.htm |date=22 June 2010 }} [[Oxford Bookstore and Stationery Company|Oxford Bookstore]].
</ref> After schooling and college at [[Osmania University]] in Hyderabad, she went to the United States for higher studies at [[University of Michigan]] [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], where she did her master's degree in sociology and American studies.<ref>''Seven Sisters: among the women of South Asia''. Penguin Books, 1994, p. i.</ref>

==Career==
She started her career in writing with the ''Youth Times'', a [[Times of India]] publication, where she worked as a journalist and editor (1973 to 1980). She has subsequently worked for ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''.<ref>[http://www.writersfestival.org/archives/bios/jung.html Anees Jung] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727091634/http://www.writersfestival.org/archives/bios/jung.html |date=27 July 2010 }} writersfestival.org</ref> Anees Jung lives in Delhi.<ref name=pg/>

===Books===
Jung published ''Unveiling India'' in 1987. It is a travel diary focusing on interviews with women. She has written several subsequent books on the same, talking to women about their everyday lives, including
''Night of the New Moon: Encounters with Muslim women in India'' (1993),
''Seven Sisters'' (1994). ''Breaking the Silence'' (1997) is based on conversations on women's lives from around the world.

Others are maltreated by alcoholic fathers or married off early or sexually abused,<ref name=ht>Mishty Varma,  [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/jung-exposes-national-shame/story-A3Bk3dW1nKnHlJ01rCntMK.html "Jung exposes national shame"], ''Hindustan Times'', 1 January 2001.</ref> though some find refuge in schools set up by well-meaning NGOs. A section of this book is part of the [[NCERT]]'s, an academic publisher, Class 12 English Book in [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] Schools <ref name=flamingo/> Jung is noted for her lively and vivid descriptions.<ref name=ht/>

==Bibliography==
* ''When a Place Becomes a Person''. Vikas Pub. House, 1977. {{ISBN|0-7069-0526-1}}
* ''Flashpoints: Poems in Prose''. Tarang Paperbacks, 1981. {{ISBN|0-7069-1440-6}}.
* ''Unveiling India'', Penguin Books, 1987. {{ISBN|0-14-010344-9}}.
* ''The Song of India''. Himalayan Books, 1990. {{ISBN|81-7002-055-7}}
* ''Night of the New Moon: Encounters with Muslim Women in India''. Penguin Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-14-023405-5}}
* ''Seven Sisters: Among the Women of South Asia''. Penguin Books, 1994. {{ISBN|0-14-024579-0}}
* ''Breaking the Silence: Voices of Women from Around the World''. Penguin Books, 1997. {{ISBN|92-3-103374-3}}
* ''Olives from Jericho: Peace in Winter Gardens''. UNESCO, 1999. {{ISBN|92-3-103642-4}}.
* ''Beyond the Courtyard: a Sequel to Unveiling India''. Viking, 2003
* ''Lost Spring: Stories of Stolen Childhood''. Penguin Books, 2005. {{ISBN|0-14-400016-4}}.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Indian literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Journalism|Books}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jung, Anees}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rourkela]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian women travel writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)

2026-02-05T04:22:19Z

KiraHutchinson4: cleanup

{{Short description|Motorway in Maharashtra}}
{{About|the freeway in Mumbai|the freeway in Melbourne|Eastern Freeway (Melbourne)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|name = Vilasrao Deshmukh Eastern Freeway विलासराव देशमुख पूर्व मुक्त मार्ग
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=11|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q5330149|title=Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)}}
| map_notes = Eastern Freeway in red
| map_custom = yes
|image=
|length_km= 16.8
|established=16 June 2014
|direction_a= South
|terminus_a= [[P D'Mello Road]], [[South Mumbai]]
|junction=
|direction_b= North
|terminus_b= [[Eastern Express Highway]], [[Chembur|Chhedanagar, Chembur]]
|history=
|states= [[Maharashtra]]
|cities= [[Mumbai]]
|maint = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]]
}}
{{coord|19.0253235|72.8807017|display=title}}

The '''Eastern Freeway''' (officially '''Vilasrao Deshmukh Eastern Freeway''' {{langx|mr|विलासराव देशमुख पूर्व मुक्त मार्ग}}), is a [[controlled-access highway]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/2012082420120824043140823e0ee5945/From-darkness-to-light.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129144009/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/2012082420120824043140823e0ee5945/From-darkness-to-light.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2013 |title=From darkness to light |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=13 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eastern Freeway in Mumbai named after ex-CM Vilasrao Deshmukh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/eastern-freeway-named-after-ex-cm-deshmukh/articleshow/91824491.cms |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=27 May 2022}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]], that connects [[P D'Mello Road]] in [[South Mumbai]] to the [[Eastern Express Highway]] (EEH) at [[Chembur]]. It is {{cvt|16.8|km}} long and its estimated cost is {{INRConvert|1436|c}}. The Eastern Freeway was built by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) and funded by the [[Government of India|Central Government]] through the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JnNURM). Construction was contracted to Simplex Infrastructure Ltd.<ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vision-barriers-to-prevent-possible-attacks-on-sensitive-locations/1086736/0 |title=Vision barriers to prevent possible attacks on sensitive locations |work=Indian Express|date=12 March 2013 |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> A 13.59 km stretch of the freeway, comprising two of three segments with one of the twin tunnels, from Orange Gate on P D'Mello Road up to Panjarpol, near [[R. K. Films|RK Studios]] in [[Chembur]], was opened to the public on 14 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-12/mumbai/38490621_1_eastern-freeway-ramps-santa-cruz-chembur-link |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416022950/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-12/mumbai/38490621_1_eastern-freeway-ramps-santa-cruz-chembur-link |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2013 |title=South Bombay to Chembur in 16 minutes |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> The second tunnel was opened on 12 April 2014. The third and final segment from Panjarpol to Jeejabai Bhosle Marg at [[Chembur]] was opened on 16 June 2014.

The Eastern Freeway is primarily intended to reduce travel time between South Mumbai and the [[Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs]].<ref name="efopen">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/news/31749213_1_eastern-freeway-mmrda-metropolitan-region-development-authority |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219020542/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/news/31749213_1_eastern-freeway-mmrda-metropolitan-region-development-authority |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2014 |title=First phase of Rs.847 crore Eastern Freeway to open by December| location=Mumbai |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=26 May 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> It is also expected to ease traffic on Dr B R Ambedkar Road, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Marg, Port Trust Road, [[P D'Mello Road]], the [[Eastern Express Highway]] (EEH) and Mohammad Ali Road.<ref>{{cite news|author=Manthan K Mehta |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Entire-Eastern-Freeway-in-Mumbai-likely-to-be-opened-by-May/articleshow/34125368.cms |title=Entire Eastern Freeway in Mumbai likely to be opened by May |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-Eastern-Freeway-frees-up-other-major-roads/Article1-1078133.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618220611/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-Eastern-Freeway-frees-up-other-major-roads/Article1-1078133.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2013 |title=Mumbai: Eastern Freeway frees up other major roads |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Heavy vehicle]]s (except [[Public transport bus service|public buses]]),<ref name="indianexpress3">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/zip-through-mumbai-over-and-under/1121861/0 |title=Zip through Mumbai, over and under |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> [[three-wheeler]]s, [[two-wheeler (disambiguation)|two-wheeler]]s, [[bullock cart]]s, [[handcart]]s, and pedestrians are prohibited from using the freeway, though bicycles have often been sighted post opening.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1848202/report-run-more-buses-for-public-on-freeway-experts |title=Run more buses for public on Freeway |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=15 June 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Vehicles are also prohibited from halting on the freeway. The maximum allowed speed limit is 80 km/h.<ref name="Livemint.com">{{cite web|date=28 February 2020|title=New speed limit for Mumbai flyovers, highways, Bandra Worli Sealink|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-speed-limit-for-mumbai-flyovers-highways-bandra-worli-sea-link-full-list-11582879969796.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 February 2020|publisher=Livemint.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310115025/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-speed-limit-for-mumbai-flyovers-highways-bandra-worli-sea-link-full-list-11582879969796.html |archive-date=10 March 2020 }}</ref>

==History==
Wilbur Smith and Associates, commissioned in 1962 to study transportation in Bombay, recommended construction of a freeway from the southern part of the city to the Western Express Highway near Bandra.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shukla|first=Alka|title=The man who saw tomorrow...|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/The-man-who-saw-tomorrow--/articleshow/16111678.cms|access-date=31 March 2014|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|date=22 March 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref> An eastern freeway to connect the Eastern Suburbs with South Mumbai was also proposed in the Central Road Research Institute's transport improvement plan for Bombay in 1983. It also recommended a western freeway to connect the [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western Suburbs]] with South Mumbai. However, the plan was not given serious consideration until about 2003, when work on the Bandra-Worli Sea Link (BWSL), which was part of the proposed [[Western Freeway (Mumbai)|Western Freeway]], had begun. It led to an increase in traffic in eastern Mumbai, and the MMRDA decided to consider building the Eastern Freeway. The MMRDA called for bid in 2007, and construction of the main freeway began in January 2008, except for the Anik-Panjarpol link road on which construction had begun in 2004.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/zip-through-mumbai-over-and-under/1121861/0 |title=Zip through Mumbai, over and under |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> The Eastern Freeway was scheduled to be completed by 18 January 2011<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/Eastern-Freeway-cost-overrun-Rs-259-crore-RTI/articleshow/33571062.cms |title=Eastern Freeway cost overrun Rs 259 crore: RTI |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref> but faced several delays due to obtaining permissions for construction in forest and [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pan]] areas, reclaiming of land and difficulties posed by unmapped underground [[Public utility|utilities]] in the construction work. The delays also escalated the cost of the 9.29 km elevated road from the initial {{INRConvert|5.31|b}} to {{INRConvert|5.72|b}}.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-road-corridor-of-Mumbai-by-the-start-of-next-year/articleshow/15081434.cms | work=The Times of India | title=New road corridor of Mumbai by the start of next year | date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

A 14 km section of the 17 km Eastern Freeway was completed by 24 May 2013.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1845979/report-freeway-awaits-vip-rough-ride-awaits-you |title=Freeway awaits VIP, rough ride awaits you |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=10 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Chavan had promised to open the freeway on 7 June 2013, when he inaugurated the Milan flyover in May 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Krishna Kumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/krishna-kumar/story/ipl-betting-ipl-spot-fixing-dawood-ibrahim-match-fixing-sharad-pawar-vindu-dara-singh-167086-2013-06-17 |title=Making betting legal no solution |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> The delay in opening the freeway led to criticism from transport experts and the media,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/eastern-freeway-to-open-1.1196319 |title=Eastern Freeway to open |publisher=GulfNews.com |date=12 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Freeway-inauguration-awaits-VIP-rain-hit-Mumbaikars-wait-for-relief/articleshow/20531576.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-11/mumbai/39897880_1_eastern-freeway-inauguration-arterial-roads |url-status=live |archive-date=28 June 2013 |title=Freeway inauguration awaits VIP, rain-hit Mumbaikars wait for relief |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> and protests from angry Mumbai residents.<ref>{{cite web|author=Raksha Shetty |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indias-second-longest-flyover-will-be-open-to-public-in-mumbai-today/398365-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615092014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indias-second-longest-flyover-will-be-open-to-public-in-mumbai-today/398365-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=India's second longest flyover will be open to public in Mumbai today |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> The problem was exacerbated by heavy [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|monsoon]] rains that caused most other roads to be waterlogged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/mumbai-eastern-freeway-develops-cracks-1371186747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618025255/http://post.jagran.com/mumbai-eastern-freeway-develops-cracks-1371186747 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2013 |title=Eastern Freeway falling apart before it's thrown open to public |publisher=Post.jagran.com |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> A 13.59 km stretch of the Eastern Freeway, comprising the four-lane 9.29 km elevated road from Orange Gate on P D'Mello Road to the beginning of Anik-Panjarpol Link Road and four of eight lanes of the 4.3 km road-tunnel-flyover from Anik to the beginning of Panjarpol-Ghatkopar Link Road, was eventually inaugurated by the Chief Minister himself on 13 June 2013. However, the freeway could not be opened the same day as the stage erected for the ceremony remained in the middle of the road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-eastern-freeway-opens-but-not-yet-for-you/Article1-1076067.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616111251/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-eastern-freeway-opens-but-not-yet-for-you/Article1-1076067.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Mumbai: eastern freeway opens, but not yet for you |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> The freeway was opened to the public the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/phase-1-of-eastern-freeway-opens-to-public/1129238/ |title=Phase 1 of Eastern Freeway opens to public |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 June 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>

All civil work on the remaining stretch from Panjarpol to Ghatkopar-Mankhurd Link Road (GMLR) was completed in January 2014. The final stretch opened to the public in April 2014.

The original estimated cost of all three segments together was {{INRConvert|8.47|b}}.<ref name="indianexpress2" /> The final cost of the project is estimated to be {{INRConvert|14.63|b}}.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ramps-linking-Wadala-to-Freeway-will-open-today/articleshow/33301095.cms |title=Ramps linking Wadala to Freeway will open today |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2014-04-06 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref>

Eight CCTV cameras are installed on the freeway and are operational since 12 August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/eastern-freeway-finally-under-cctv-coverage/|title = Eastern Freeway finally under CCTV coverage|date = 18 August 2015}}</ref>

==Construction==
The freeway was built in three segments – a 9.3 km elevated road from Orange Gate on [[P D'Mello Road]] to the beginning of Anik-Panjarpol Link Road, a 5 km mostly at grade road featuring twin tunnels from Anik to the beginning of Panjarpol-Ghatkopar Link Road, and a 2.5 km flyover from Panjarpol to Ghatkopar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-ride-your-vehicle-on-indias-second-longest-flyover-in-mumbai-today-4290752-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221232244/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-ride-your-vehicle-on-indias-second-longest-flyover-in-mumbai-today-4290752-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2014 |title=Ride your vehicle on India's second longest flyover in Mumbai today |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> The 4-lane Eastern Freeway, starts at P D'Mello Road near Wadi Bandar, and further enters into [[Mumbai Port Trust]] road and eventually joins the EEH via Anik Panjarpol Link Road (APLR), near [[Wadala]].<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel_1731961 Light at the end of the tunnel – India – DNA]</ref>

===P D'Mello Road to Anik===
The first section has a length of 9.3 km, width of 17.2 meters<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mumbai-eastern-freeway-thrown-open-to-public/article4811609.ece |title=Mumbai Eastern Freeway thrown open to public |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> and connects [[P D'Mello Road]] to Anik. This phase also includes ground improvement of existing roads, the construction of a 4-lane elevated corridor and the construction of a missing link. This stretch is made up of 4 sections,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/showProject.jsp?srv=DT1dJK23HOSNq54 |title=Mmrdamumbai.org – Mmrdamumbai and Mumbai Samachar |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331174849/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/showProject.jsp?srv=DT1dJK23HOSNq54 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has 5 ramps for exit and entry at Reay Road, Port Road, Anik and Orange Gate.<ref name="Ramps">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Four-ways-to-a-faster-commute/Article1-1010870.aspx |title=Four ways to a faster commute |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213154235/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Four-ways-to-a-faster-commute/Article1-1010870.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

*Section I – From S V Patel road junction on P D'Mello road to Orange Gate consisting of up and down ramps (0.41 km)
*Section II – Orange gate to Mumbai Port Trust pipeline gate – elevated corridor (7.02 km)
*Section III – Mumbai Port Trust pipe line gate to WTT road consisting of construction of elevated corridor through salt pan (Missing Link) and customs area (0.78 km)
*Section IV – WTT road near customs area to start of APLR – elevated corridor (1.08 km)

Civil construction work on this section was completed on 9 March 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=IANS |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-09/mumbai/37580807_1_anik-panjrapole-efp-mmrda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820043329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-09/mumbai/37580807_1_anik-panjrapole-efp-mmrda |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2013 |title=Mumbai to have India's longest elevated road |date=9 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130311/main3.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> The 9.29 km stretch from Orange Gate to Mahul Creek is the longest flyover in Mumbai and third longest flyover in India, after the 25 km Kanpur city bypass flyover on NH-2 and the 11.6 km [[Elevated Expressways in Hyderabad#P.V. Narasimha Rao Elevated Expressway|P. V. Narasimha Rao Elevated Expressway]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Travel-from-Chembur-to-SoBo-in-20-mins/Article1-1075447.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614081851/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/mumbai/Travel-from-Chembur-to-SoBo-in-20-mins/Article1-1075447.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2013 |title=Travel from Chembur to SoBo in 20 mins |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/facts-about-mumbais-longest-flyover-on-eastern-freeway/slideshow/18881250.cms |title=Second largest flyover in the country – Facts about Mumbai's longest flyover on Eastern Freeway | The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=9 March 2013 |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> This segment was opened to the public on 14 June 2013, along with four lanes of the Anik – Panjarpol link road.

===Anik – Panjarpol link road===
[[File:Eastern-Freeway-Tunnel-South.jpg|thumb|The tunnels on the Anik Panarpol Link Road]]
[[File:Anik Panjarpol Road.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Anik Panjarpol Road]]
The second segment is the 8-lane, 5 km long Anik – Panjarpol link road.<ref name="Ramps" /> This stretch required the construction of Mumbai's first twin tunnel.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news|author=Manthan K Mehta |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/South-bound-tunnel-on-Eastern-Freeway-to-be-opened-tomorrow/articleshow/33622011.cms |title=South-bound tunnel on Eastern Freeway to be opened tomorrow |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref> The twin tunnels are 505m (North-bound) and 555m (South-bound) in length;<ref name="autogenerated1" /> 18 metres in width and 9 metres in height.

This segment was opened to traffic on 14 June 2013.<ref name="indianexpress3" /> However, only the North-bound tunnel was opened on that date, but it was used for two-way traffic. The South-bound tunnel was opened to traffic from 12 April 2014, making the entire stretch 8-lane.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The ramps connecting Anik Wadala Road to the Eastern Freeway were opened to traffic on 6 April 2014. The construction of these two ramps had been scheduled to complete in January 2014, but the work was delayed due to unforeseen technical reasons.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|author=Dna Correspondent |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-two-ramps-of-the-eastern-freeway-at-wadala-will-be-opened-to-traffic-on-sunday-1975542 |title=Two ramps of the Eastern Freeway at Wadala will be opened to traffic on Sunday |publisher=DNA |date=2014-04-06 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref>

===Panjarpol – Ghatkopar link road===
[[File:Mumbai Eastern Freeway Northern end.jpg|thumb|Aerial image of the junction of Mumbai's Eastern Freeway with the Ghatkopar-Mankhurd Link Road.]]
The third segment consists of a 4-lane elevated 2.8 km flyover from Panjarpol till the [[Jeejabai Bhosle Marg|Ghatkopar-Mankhurd Link Road]] (GMLR), via [[Govandi]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Eastern-Freeway-to-be-completed-today/articleshow/18872308.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515075248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-09/mumbai/37580405_1_eastern-freeway-longest-flyover-panjarpol |url-status=live |archive-date=15 May 2013 |title=Eastern Freeway to be completed today |date=9 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Eastern-freeway-slab-falls-1-killed/articleshow/15048217.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Eastern freeway slab falls, 1 killed | date=20 July 2012}}</ref> This stretch has 3 ramps near Deonar, Govandi and Panjarpol.<ref name="Ramps" /> The section consists of 103 spans.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pending-work-may--mess-up--freeway-phase-ii-deadline/1130774/0 |title=Pending work may 'mess up' freeway phase II deadline |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Like the elevated section of the freeway, the Panjarpol-Ghatkopar Link Road has a bitumen layer atop the concrete, ensuring smoother riding quality than a regular cement road.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/second-phase-of-eastern-freeway-in-final-lap/ |title=Second phase of Eastern Freeway in final lap |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2014-02-15 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref>

Construction work on this phase of the project was awarded in August 2009 at a cost of {{INRConvert|168|c|year=2009|nolink=yes}},<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Eastern-Freeway-didnt-match-up-to-plan-says-Comptroller-and-Auditor-General/articleshow/36727269.cms |title=Eastern Freeway didn't match up to plan, says Comptroller and Auditor General – The Times of India |language=ru |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref> and MMRDA officials announced February 2011 as the deadline. However, obtaining permissions from authorities concerned, rehabilitating project affected families and engineering challenges involved during the construction stage, delayed the project.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|author=DNA Correspondent |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-panjarpol-ghatkopar-link-road-to-be-ready-by-mid-may-1984744 |title=Panjarpol-Ghatkopar Link Road to be ready by mid-May |publisher=DNA |date=2014-05-04 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref>

All civil work on the final stretch of the Eastern Freeway, from Panjarpol to Ghatkopar-Mankhurd Link Road (GMLR), was completed in January 2014. Engineers working on the project then concretised the surface of the Panjarpol-Ghatkopar Link Road, which begins at Panjarpol junction near R K Studio in Chembur and ends at the GMLR. When the first phase of the freeway was inaugurated in June 2013, the MMRDA had planned to commission the final stretch in December 2013.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> The up and down ramps on the Panjrapole – Ghatkopar Link Road at Panjrapole junction were opened for vehicular traffic on the morning of 30 April 2014.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/2-more-ramps-on-Eastern-Freeway-to-open-today/articleshow/34390060.cms |title=2 more ramps on Eastern Freeway to open today |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref> By the end of April 2014, the MMRDA was finishing up the painting and concretising and installing streetlights and signs.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/second-phase-likely-to-be-ready-by-mid-may/ |title=Second phase likely to be ready by mid-May |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2014-04-30 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref> The final leg of the 2.8 km Panjarpol-Ghatkopar link road was opened to traffic on 16 June 2014, marking the commissioning of the entire Eastern Freeway.<ref>{{cite news|author=Somit Sen |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/Traffic-runs-smooth-on-Eastern-Freeway-motorists-reach-office-in-record-time/articleshow/36700147.cms |title=Traffic runs smooth on Eastern Freeway, motorists reach office in record time |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2014-06-17 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/cm-inaugurates-eastern-freeway-kherwadi-flyover-in-mumbai/article6120080.ece |title=CM inaugurates Eastern Freeway, Kherwadi flyover in Mumbai |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-19}}</ref>

===Other work===
Seismic arresters installed on the freeway will enable it to handle earthquakes of up to 7.5 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_eastern-freeway-to-have-seismic-arresters_1809399 |title=Eastern freeway to have seismic arresters – Mumbai – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>

==Future plans==
Recently completed the [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] connects to the Eastern Freeway at [[Sewri]].

The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] plans to extend the southern arm of the freeway by building a 1.5 kilometer extension from Orange Gate, where it currently ends to Mint Road. It is looking at the costs involved as well as the number of lanes of traffic possible.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Manthan K Mehta|title=Eastern Freeway to be extended till Mint Rd, Harbour line to shift|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Eastern-Freeway-to-be-extended-till-Mint-Rd-Harbour-line-to-shift/articleshow/47021210.cms|access-date=3 May 2015|agency=TNN|publisher=Times of India, Mumbai|date=April 23, 2015}}</ref>

=== Vehicle Restrictions ===
Due to safety reasons, the Eastern Freeway does not permit entry of two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and heavy vehicles, with the exception of public buses, with speed limits set at 80 km/h(50 mph).<ref name="Livemint.com"/> The ban of two-wheelers also extend to bicyclists, who are also penalized under the Bombay Police Act 1951, though many of the riders are given warnings or use the [[Motor Vehicles Act]], which has no provisions to penalize bicyclists.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.reddit.com/r/mumbai/comments/kjz47f/can_you_bicycle_down_the_eastern_freeway/|title= Can you bicycle down the Eastern freeway?|date= 25 December 2020}}</ref>

==Bus services==
Several bus services used to operate on the Eastern Freeway but now are discontinued{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}, mostly connecting the Eastern and Harbour Suburbs with South Mumbai and further down to Navi Mumbai. [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) operates service from [[Electric House, Colaba Bus station]] to [[Anushakti Nagar Bus Station]] C21 Express and A26 via the Eastern Freeway.<ref name="indiatimes3" /> The [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC) operates 2x2 seating buses on the freeway.<ref name="indiatimes3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006064351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-07/mumbai/41854116_1_eastern-freeway-best-official-vashi Soon, 2 more BEST services on Freeway – Times Of India]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (7 September 2013). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>

The MSRTC began running AC buses from Panvel to Mantralaya on 23 September 2013,<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1888247/report-from-sept-23-hop-on-to-panvel-mantralya-ac-bus From Sept 23, hop on to Panvel-Mantralya AC bus – Mumbai – DNA]. Dnaindia.com. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref> marking the first time that AC buses plied on the Eastern Freeway. AC buses to South Mumbai had been operated by the NMMT prior to MSRTC's service, but the latter was the first time that buses took the Eastern Freeway route.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-23/mumbai/42322116_1_ac-buses-ac-bus-services-panvel ?AC bus services on freeway from today – Times Of India]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (23 September 2013). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:Roads in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Expressways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 2014]]

Gandhian socialism

2026-02-02T08:46:54Z

KiraHutchinson4: minor edit

{{Short description|Indianised socialism based on the ideas of non-possession, cooperation and trusteeship}}
{{Socialism sidebar}}
{{Sources exist|date=September 2019}}
{{original research|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
'''''Gandhian socialism''''', a socio-economic philosophy devised by the Indian independence activist and practical idealist, [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], is a syncretism of philosophical [[anarcho-pacifism]], [[egalitarianism]], [[anti-consumerism]], and [[socialism]]. Its core principles including [[Sarvodaya]], [[Satyagraha]] and [[Trusteeship]] are primarily drawn from '[[Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule]]' and '[[Constructive Programme: Its Meaning and Place]]', authored by Gandhi.

The ideology aligns with the village-centric, bottom-up federated approach for political and economic decentralisation, and expresses conservatism, skepticism, and reluctance towards the perceived exploitation and scientific misuse caused by the [[modernisation]] of [[technology]] and large-scale [[industrialisation]], while emphasising local production, [[cottage industries]], self-employment, [[Sharirashrama]] (bread labour), and [[autarky|self-reliance]] within an enlightened anarchy in [[Ram Rajya]], the ideal state.

This Indianised and traditionalised variant of [[socialism]] was championed by several [[Gandhians]], including Gandhi's close associates, thinkers, scholars and public figures, such as [[Acharya Vinoba Bhave]], a spiritual ascetic and pioneer of the [[Bhoodan Movement]]; [[Jayprakash Narayan]], a political activist and the leader of the [[Sampoorna Kranti|Total Revolution]]; [[J.C. Kumarappa]], an economist of rural economic development; [[Mahadev Desai]], a prolific scholar of Gandhi's works; and [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] and [[G.D. Birla]], both of whom were industrialists and philanthropists.

Dr. Kumarappa's '[[Gandhian Economic Thought]]' also perfectly embodies the traditional and rural spirit of Gandhian socialism, by referring it as the economy of utmost permanence and enlightenment.

Although the Gandhian economic thought holds immense relevance and reverence in the contemporary Indian society and political discourse, many intellectuals still feel the need for its revitalization, realisation and acculturation.

==Background==
Gandhian socialism was greatly influenced by ideas that he embraced from his reading of [[John Ruskin|Ruskin]]'s ''[[Unto This Last]]'' in 1904 during a 24-hour train journey in South Africa.<ref>Marbaniang, D. (2023). Gandhian Pluralist Spirituality and the Anticorruption Mission of the Aam Aadmi Party in Delhi. In: KWAN, S.SM., CHOW, WY. (eds) Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14</ref> He translated the book into Gujarati as ''[[Sarvodaya]]'' (welfare of all) and summarized its contents into three main ideas: 
# That the good of the individual is contained in the good of all.
# That a lawyer's work has the same value as the barber's, in as much as all have the same right of earning their livelihood from their work.
# That a life of labor—that is, the life of the tiller of the soil and the handicraftsman—is the life worth living.<ref>Marbaniang, D. (2023). Gandhian Pluralist Spirituality and the Anticorruption Mission of the Aam Aadmi Party in Delhi. In: KWAN, S.SM., CHOW, WY. (eds) Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14</ref> 
He articulated his ideas in his work titled [[Swaraj]] and ''India of My Dreams'' in which, he describes Indian society, with no one rich or poor, no class conflict, where there is an equal distribution of the resources, and self-sufficient economy without any exploitation and violence.{{sfn|Koshal|Koshal|1973a|p=191}} Thus, Gandhian socialism differed from Western socialism because the latter believed in material progress whereas Gandhi considered every one materially equal.{{sfn|Koshal|Koshal|1973a|p=197}} As [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] puts in his biography, "he suspects also socialism, and more particularly [[Marxism]], because of their association with violence." He believed his style of socialism came from the strong beliefs he held in non-violence and not those adopted from any books.<ref name="Majumdar">{{cite journal |last1=Majumdar |first1=Bimanbihari |title=Gandhi and Socialism |journal=Indian Literature |date=September 1969 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=10–11 |jstor=23329173 }}</ref> Many experts observed that, similar to other schools of socialism, Gandhi's concept of socialism was a result of ethical considerations, but had nothing to do with class-consciousness as professed by the western socialism.{{sfn|Pradhan|1980|p=97}} There was also a religious aspect of Gandhi's socialism. To understand Gandhi's socialist philosophy, as [[Romain Rolland]] observed; "it should be realized that his doctrine is like a huge edifice composed of two different floors or grades. Below is the solid groundwork, the basic foundation of religion. On this vast and unshakable foundation is based the political and social campaign."<ref name="Rolland1924">{{cite book|author=Romain Rolland|title=Mahatma Gandhi: The Man who Became One with the Universal Being|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zM6AQAAIAAJ|year=1924|publisher=Century Company|page=26|isbn=9780824004989 }}</ref>

==Economic philosophy==
The key aspects of the economic policies of Gandhian socialism are based on ethics. According to Gandhi: "Economics that hurts the moral well-being of a human or a nation is immoral and, therefore sinful". Hence, Gandhian socialism roots for economic social justice by promoting equality for all.<ref name="Rao">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V.K.R.K.V |title=The Gandhian Alternative to Western Socialism |journal=India Quarterly |date=December 1970 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=331–332 |doi=10.1177/097492847002600401 |jstor=45069630 |s2cid=153248034 }}</ref> Evolving from this ideology, the economic components of Gandhian socialism are centered around ''Swaraj'', resulting from complete economic freedom. This is achieved through self-sufficiency and self-reliance, where, everyone gets an appropriate share of his labor. According to Marbaniang, Gandhian social economics argues "for a decentralized, nonparliamentarian, and autonomous rural communitarian self-governance based on the concept of the dignity of labor and the individual ethic of nonviolent social cooperation."<ref>Marbaniang, D. (2023). Gandhian Pluralist Spirituality and the Anticorruption Mission of the Aam Aadmi Party in Delhi. In: KWAN, S.SM., CHOW, WY. (eds) ''Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation.'' Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14</ref> Therefore, Gandhian socialism advocates a society without economic classes, which Gandhi termed it as ''[[Sarvodaya]]''.{{sfn|Koshal|Koshal|1973a|p=192}}{{sfn|Pradhan|1980|p=170}} An example of this concept can be seen in the implementation of [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat Raj]] in India.{{sfn|Koshal|Koshal|1973b|p=313}} In 1938, during the formulation of an economic plan for the post-independent India, it was noted that the planning under a democratic India should be based not only on raising the [[standard of living]] by copying various [[socialist]], [[capitalist]], or a [[fascist]] nation's plan, but it should be centered towards its roots firm in Indian soil and India's problems.{{sfn|Koshal|Koshal|1973b|p=315}}

==See also==
* [[Gandhian economics]]

==Further reading==
* Shourie, Arun (1990). Individuals, institutions, processes: How one may strengthen the other in India today. New Delhi, India: Viking. {{ISBN|9780670837878}}
* [[Ram Swarup|Swarup, Ram]] (1955). Gandhism and communism: Principles and technique. New Delhi: J. Prakashan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last1=Koshal |first1=Rajindar K. |last2=Koshal |first2=Manjulika |title=Gandhian Economic Philosophy |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=April 1973a |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=191–209 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1973.tb02190.x |jstor=3485726 }}
* {{cite book|first=Benudhar |last=Pradhan|title=The Socialist Thought of Mahatma Gandhi: Vol-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sZAAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=GDK Publications}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Koshal |first1=Manjulika |last2=Koshal |first2=Rajindar K. |title=Gandhi's Influence on Indian Economic Planning: A Critical Analysis |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=July 1973b |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=311–330 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1973.tb03156.x |jstor=3485967 }}

{{Socialism}}

[[Category:Eponymous political ideologies]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophy]]
[[Category:Paternalistic conservatism]]
[[Category:Socialism in India]]
[[Category:Types of socialism]]

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University

2026-01-27T23:05:57Z

KiraHutchinson4: fixed issues

{{Short description|University in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Confusing|date=December 2021}}
{{Prose|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University
| image_name = Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University logo.jpg
| other_name = BAOU, Open University of Gujarat
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|1994}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Gujarat]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Ami Upadhyay
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| postalcode = 382481
| country = [[India]]
| students = >100,000
| type = [[Public university|Public]], [[Distance Education]]
| campus = Urban, Multiple sites
| accreditation = [[National assessment and accreditation council|NAAC]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Distance Education Bureau|DEB]]
| website = [http://www.baou.edu.in www.baou.edu.in]
}}

'''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University''' is a public institution of higher learning in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It provides a variety of certificate courses, Diploma and degree programs through [[distance education]] mode, and other flexible mediums for its students. It is named after [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the architect of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].

==Profile==
The new concept of open education came into existence with the establishment of the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]. The university offers 38 programmes.

==Structure==
The university offers a number of programmes and is divided into three main divisions: Centres, Cells, and Schools.

=== Programmes ===

* Post Graduate Programmes
* Graduate Programmes
* Post Graduate Diploma Programmes
* Diploma Programmes
* Certificate Programmes
* Ph.D. and M.Phil Programmes(university entrance required)

===Centres===

* Centre for Internal Quality Assurance
* Centre for Electronic Media Production - Chaitanya Studio
* Centre for Examination and Evaluation
* Centre for Electronic Data Processing - Computer Department
* Centre for Research and Development
* Centre for Online Education
* Centre for Skill Development and Vocational Training
* Centre for Equal Opportunities and Inclusive Education
* Centre for Innovation, Start-up and Entrepreneurship
* Centre for Holistic Development of Women

=== Cells ===
*Grievance Redressal programme
*Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe Cell
*Students Cell
*Sexual Harassment Cell
*Statistical Cell
*Single Window Cell
*Women Development Cell

===Schools===
*School of Commerce and Management
*School of Computer Science
*School of Education Distance Education & Education Technology
*School of Humanities & Social Sciences

==External links==
*[http://www.baou.edu.in Website of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]

{{Ahmedabad topics}}
{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Open Education in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|23.0870|72.5277|type:edu_region:IN-GJ|display=title}}

[[Category:Open universities in India]]
[[Category:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]

{{Gujarat-university-stub}}

Mathai Chacko

2026-01-25T19:40:21Z

KiraHutchinson4: reworked formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician (1959 – 2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2017}}
'''Mathai Chacko''' (12 May 1959 – 13 October 2006) was a politician from [[Kerala state]]. He was member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 2001 - 2006. He represented the [[Thiruvambadi]] constituency of [[Kerala]] and was a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) political party. He became the first elected MLA to take oath outside the Kerala Legislative Assembly, having taken oath at [[Lake Shore Hospital]] in [[Kochi]], where he was undergoing treatment for [[leukemia]], on 29 May 2006.

==Political life ==
He entered politics through students movement: was an active worker of [[Students Federation of India]] (SFI) and [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]]. He was the secretary of SFI of [[Devagiri College, Kozhikode]] unit, [[Mukkam]] and Kozhikode area committee, Kozhikode district committee and State committee. Was president of DYFI Kozhikode district committee, Joint secretary, DYFI state committee. He was involved in various agitations led by SFI and DYFI like agitation against privatisation of polytechnic in Kerala state, paralleled college students fare concession struggle etc.

==Personal life==

Mathai Chacko was born on 12 May 1959 at [[Thiruvambadi]], as the son of A.M Mathai and Smt.Treessia. He was married to Smt.Mercy with one son and one daughter.

== Death ==

Mathai Chacko died on 13 October 2006 at the age of 47 at Lake Shore Hospital in Kochi due to leukaemia. He could not attend any meeting of the 12th Kerala legislative assembly due to his illness. He was cremated with full state honours at the premises of his home.

After Mathai Chacko's death, [[Paul Chittilapilly]], the bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thamarassery|Diocese of Thamarassery]] claimed that Mathai Chacko had voluntarily accepted the last communion at his deathbed. This sparked controversy as Mathai Chacko was known to be an [[atheism|atheist]] and a follower of Communist ideology. Following this, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] who was then the state secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|communist party]] made the infamous remark describing the bishop as a "wretched creature". He had said, "Whoever he may be, the person who said that the late Mathai Chacko, who led the pious life of a Communist, had voluntarily accepted the last communion from a priest is only telling a blatant lie, and he is nothing but a wretched creature". Later, the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] protested against the CPI(M) leadership for the comments against the bishop. However, Pinarayi Vijayan repeated the same and stuck to his comments.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/society1.htm "Church, Marxists and a comrade's corpse"].</ref><ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/senior-cpi-m-leader-speaks-out-favour-cross-demolition-60741 "Senior CPI (M) leader speaks out in favour of cross demolition"]</ref>

==Posts held==

*[[Calicut University]] Union councillor from [[Devagiri college]]
*Private secretary to the [[Minister for Co- operation and Fisheries]] (1987–91)
*Syndicate Member [[University of Calicut|Calicut University]]
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Meppayur Assembly constituency|Meppayur Assembly Constituency]] (2001-2006).
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Thiruvambady Assembly constituency|Thiruvambady Assembly Constituency]] (2006)
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Mathai-Chacko-was-a-believer-says-Mar-Thoomkuzhy/article14857639.ece
* http://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/14/cpi-m-mla-mathai-chacko-laid-to-rest-1160831145.html
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mathai-chacko-sworn-in-mla/article18442457.ece?css=print

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chacko, Mathai}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from leukemia in India]]

Kangsabati River

2026-01-09T11:23:54Z

KiraHutchinson4:

{{short description|River in West Bengal, India}}
{{about|river in eastern India|river in Africa see|Kasai River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kangsabati River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Cossye
| name_etymology =

| image = Kangsabati-River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kangsabati River near [[Midnapore]] City
| map = Damodar Map.jpg
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Purulia]], [[Bankura]], [[Midnapore]], [[Kharagpur]]

| length = {{convert|465.23|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Haldia]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = Jabor Pahar, [[Purulia district]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], [[West Bengal]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right = Kumari River
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Kangsabati River''' (Pron:{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|ŋ|s|ə|ˈ|b|ɑː|t|ɪ}}) (also variously known as the '''Kãsai''' and '''Cossye''') rises from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] [[plateau]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]] and passes through the districts of [[Purulia]], [[Bankura]], [[Jhargram]], [[Paschim Medinipur]] and [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] in West Bengal before draining in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

== Course ==
[[File:Kansai river flowing besides Deulghata in Purulia district.jpg|left|thumb|The river flowing besides Deulghata in Purulia district]]
The river's [[headwater]]s are on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in [[Purulia district]], near the city of [[Jhalda]], where the smaller rivers Saharjhor and Girgiri join together. From there, it passes through [[Bankura district]], passing the towns of [[Purulia]], [[Khatra]] and [[Ranibandh]]. At Binpur it is joined by the [[Bhairabbanki]], and at Keshpur the river splits into two.

The northern branch flows through the Daspur area, where it is known as the Palashpai Canal. This branch eventually flows into the [[Rupnarayan River]]. The other branch, still called the Kangsabati, flows in a south-easterly direction. Eventually, it meets the [[Keleghai River]], and the junction of the two forms the [[Haldi River]], which flows into the [[Bay of Bengal]] at [[Haldia]].<ref>Bandopadhyay, Dilip Kumar, ''Bharater Nodi'', p.68, Bharati Book Stall, 93 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata 700 997</ref>

== Kangsabati Project ==
[[File:কংসাবতী জলাধার, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ, ভারত। Kangsavati Reservoir, West Bengal, India.jpg|right|thumb|Kangsavati Reservoir, West Bengal, India]]
In 1956, the Indian government launched the Kangsabati Irrigation Project (also called the Kangsabati Reservoir Project) to provide water for the irrigation of [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], and [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] districts (the last now partitioned into [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] and [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] districts).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Irrigation & Waterways Dept – Irrigation Sector – Major Irrigation Projects – Kangasbati|url=http://www.dvlp.com/temp/water_irrigation/irrigation_sector/major/kangsabati.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827203542/http://www.dvlp.com/temp/water_irrigation/irrigation_sector/major/kangsabati.htm|archive-date=27 August 2008|access-date=22 May 2008}}</ref> To facilitate this, [[Mukutmanipur Dam]] was constructed at the border of Purulia and Bankura districts near [[Mukutmanipur]], creating a large reservoir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Irrigation & Waterways Department|url=https://wbiwd.gov.in/index.php/applications/kangsabati|access-date=2021-11-22|website=wbiwd.gov.in}}</ref> It is an earthen [[gravity dam]] with a concrete saddle [[spillway]], standing {{convert|38|m|ft}} high and {{convert|10098|m|ft|abbr=on}} long with a gross storage capacity of 1.04 cubic kms (36.73 tmcft).<ref name=":1" /> Prior to this project, an [[Anicut|anicut dam]] built on the Kangsabati River near [[Midnapore]] in 1784 was the sole irrigational structure on the river.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M47tx1g1rf8C&q=kangsabati+anicut|title=Flood Control Journal|date=1959|publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2008|August}}, the dam provided water to just under {{convert|3500|km2|mi2}} of land.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
{{portal|Environment|Ecology}}
{{Commons category}}
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of major rivers of India|Rivers of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

{{Coord|22.922350|N|86.779633|E|source:yahoomap_region:IN|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]

1907 Bellingham race riot

2025-12-18T18:08:16Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting some info first draft

{{Short description|Riots against Americans of Asian descent in Bellingham}}

{{use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{use American English|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1907 Bellingham Race Riot
| subtitle =
| partof = [[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = September 4, 1907
| place = [[Bellingham, Washington]], United States
| coordinates =
| causes = Racial prejudice against South Asian immigrants, labor competition in the lumber mills
| goals = Expulsion of [[South Asian]] Indian immigrants from Bellingham
| methods = [[Mob violence]], [[Assault|beatings]], [[intimidation]]
| status = Ended by September 5, 1907
| result = Indian immigrants expelled, no prosecution of mob members
| side1 = White mob (predominantly [[Asiatic Exclusion League]])
| side2 = South Asian Indian immigrants (mostly [[Sikhs]])
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 = 400-500
| howmany2 = 125+
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = 6 hospitalized (disputed)
| casualties3 =
| fatalities = None
| injuries = 6 hospitalized (disputed)
| arrests = 5 arrested, all released
| damage = None reported
| detentions = 100 held overnight in Bellingham jail
| charged = None
| fined = None
| effect = Migration of victims to other areas, lasting racial tension
| effect_label = Long-term racial tension
| casualties_label =
}}

The '''Bellingham riots''' occurred on September 4, 1907, in [[Bellingham, Washington]], United States.<ref name="1907 Bellingham riots by UW">{{cite web |url=https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/bham_intro.htm |title=The 1907 Bellingham Riots |website=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project |publisher=University of Washington |accessdate=2024-01-09}}</ref> A mob of 400–500 white men, predominantly members of the [[Asiatic Exclusion League]], with intentions to exclude [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]] immigrants from the work force of the local lumber mills, attacked the homes of the South Asian Indians.<ref name="Lieb 2006">{{cite web |last=Lieb |first=Emily |date=December 26, 2006 |title=White workingmen attack Bellingham's East Indian millworkers on September 4, 1907 |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=8039 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=HistoryLink.org |id=Essay 8039}}</ref> The Indians were mostly [[Sikhs]] from [[Punjab]] but were labelled as [[Hindus]] by much of the media of the day.<ref name="depts.washington.edu 1907">{{cite web |title=The 1907 Bellingham Riots: News Coverage 1907-2007 |url=https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/bham_news.htm |website=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project |publisher=University of Washington |accessdate=2024-01-09}}</ref>

[[File:Article from the 16 September 1906 Puget Sound American issue describing recent "Hindu" immigration to Bellingham, Washington, featung illustrations depicting Sikhs.jpg|thumb|Article from the 16 September 1906 Puget Sound American newspaper incorrectly describing turbaned Sikhs as "Hindu" and their unfavorable immigration to Bellingham]]

==Events==
The mob threw the South Asian workers into the streets, beat them, and pocketed their valuables. The authorities co-operated with the mob by corralling the beaten Indian immigrants into the City Hall, ostensibly for their safety.<ref name="Cahn 2008">{{cite web |last=Cahn |first=David |url=http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/bham_history.htm |title=The 1907 Bellingham Riots in Historical Context |year=2008 |website=Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project |publisher=University of Washington |accessdate=2024-01-09}}</ref> "By the next day 125 South Asians had been driven out of town and were on their way to British Columbia".<ref name="Lee 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Erika |author-link=Erika Lee |date=2007-11-01 |title=The "Yellow Peril" and Asian Exclusion in the Americas |url= |journal=Pacific Historical Review |language=en |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=537–562 |doi=10.1525/phr.2007.76.4.537 |issn=0030-8684 |jstor=10.1525/phr.2007.76.4.537 |oclc=6965417308}}</ref> According to one report, disputed by local leaders and newspapers, six South Asians were hospitalized; no one was killed. About 100 were held overnight in the Bellingham jail, reportedly under "[[protective custody]]". Although five men were arrested, they were later released and none of the participants in the mob violence were prosecuted.<ref name="Wynne 1966">{{Cite journal |last=Wynne |first=Robert E. |date=1966 |title=American Labor Leaders and the Vancouver Anti-Oriental Riot |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40488175 |journal=The Pacific Northwest Quarterly |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=174 |issn=0030-8803 |jstor=40488175 |oclc=9972703563}}</ref>

Some victims of the riots migrated to [[Everett, Washington]] where two months later, they received similar treatment.<ref name="Labovitch 2021">{{cite web |last=Labovitch |first=Lisa |date=June 4, 2021 |title=White mob gathers to expel Asian Indian laborers from Everett on November 2, 1907 |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/21247 |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=HistoryLink.org |id=Essay 21247}}</ref> Similar [[riot]]s occurred during this period in [[Vancouver]], BC<ref name="Vancouver Courier 2007-08-31">{{cite web |last=Vancouver Courier |author-link=Vancouver Courier |date=August 31, 2007 |title=Two-day conference examines city's 1907 race riot |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouvercourier/news/story.html?id=27e737a2-acbb-4671-a6c1-5f39adaee1d8&k=77221 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104211807/http://www.canada.com/vancouvercourier/news/story.html?id=27e737a2-acbb-4671-a6c1-5f39adaee1d8&k=77221 |archivedate=2012-11-04 |website=canada.com}}</ref> and [[California]].<ref name="McMahon 2001">{{Cite book |last=McMahon |first=Suzanne |chapter=The Great White Wall |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/echoesoffreedoms0000mcma/page/22/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration |date=2001 |title=Echoes of freedom: South Asian pioneers in California, 1899-1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/echoesoffreedoms0000mcma |url-access=registration |access-date= |publisher=Center for South Asian Studies, University of California |language= |publication-place=Berkeley, CA, US |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-944613-41-2 |oclc=1341891513 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/echoesoffreedoms0000mcma/page/22/mode/2up 23]–[https://archive.org/details/echoesoffreedoms0000mcma/page/24/mode/2up -24]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
To acknowledge and atone for the riots, [[Whatcom County]] Executive [[Pete Kremen]] and Bellingham Mayor [[Tim Douglas]] jointly proclaimed the 100th anniversary of the riots, Sept. 4, 2007, a "Day of Healing and Reconciliation."<ref name="Human Rights Commemorative Project 2010">{{cite web |title=Human Rights Commemorative Project leaflet |url=http://archofhealing.org/archwp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Proclamation-Day-of-healing-reconciliation-Sept-4-2007.pdf |orig-date=2007-09-04 |date=2010-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309005304/http://www.cob.org/documents/features/hrcp-leaflet.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2014 |website=Arch of Healing and Reconciliation |publication-place=Bellingham, WA}}</ref> A granite monument, the Arch of Healing and Reconciliation, was erected in downtown Bellingham and dedicated in 2018 in memory of the three groups of Asian immigrants who were expelled from the region: the Chinese in 1885, the Indians in 1907, and the Japanese in 1942.<ref name="Bellingham 2017">{{cite web |title=Arch of Healing and Reconciliation to Honor Diversity and Immigrants in Washington State |website=Bellingham Whatcom County Tourism |date=2017-10-03 |url=https://www.bellingham.org/press-releases/arch-healing-reconciliation-honor-diversity-immigrants-washington-state/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920172702/https://www.bellingham.org/press-releases/arch-healing-reconciliation-honor-diversity-immigrants-washington-state/ |archive-date=2020-09-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|1907 Vancouver anti-Asian riots}}, which followed those in Bellingham
* [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States]]
* {{annotated link|Pacific Coast race riots of 1907}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last=Englesberg |first=Paul |title=The 1907 Bellingham Riot and Anti-Asian Hostilities in the Pacific Northwest |website=Canadian Sikh Centre |date=2013-03-01 |url=http://www.canadiansikhcentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Paul-Englesber-Bellingham-Riots-read-on-9.22.12.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030641/http://www.canadiansikhcentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Paul-Englesber-Bellingham-Riots-read-on-9.22.12.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hallberg |first=Gerald N. |title=Bellingham, Washington's Anti-Hindu Riot |journal=Journal of the West |volume=12 |year=1973 |pages=163–175 |oclc=1783221 |issn=0022-5169}}
* {{cite book |last=Jensen |first=Joan M. |author-link=Joan M. Jensen |title=Passage from India: Asian Indian immigrants in North America |publisher=Yale University Press |publication-place=New Haven |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-300-03846-0 |oclc=1342141898 |url=https://archive.org/details/passagefromindia0000jens |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Erika |author-link=Erika Lee |title=Hemispheric Orientalism and the 1907 Pacific Coast Race Riots |journal=Amerasia Journal |volume=33 |issue=2 |date=2007 |issn=0044-7471 |doi=10.17953/amer.33.2.y263745731125524 |pages=19–48 |oclc=1259572954}}
* {{Cite book |last=McMahon |first=Suzanne |date=2001 |title=Echoes of freedom: South Asian pioneers in California, 1899-1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/echoesoffreedoms0000mcma |url-access=registration |access-date= |publisher=Center for South Asian Studies, University of California |language= |publication-place=Berkeley, CA, US |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-944613-41-2 |oclc=1341891513}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/bellingham-riot |title=Bellingham Riot materials |website=South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)}} This includes a video documentary and archival print materials.
* {{cite web |last=Koritala |first=Srirajasekhar Bobby |title=A historical perspective of Americans of Asian Indian origin |website=infinityfoundation.com |date=December 13, 2016 |url=https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_korit_histical.htm |access-date=2024-01-10}}
* {{cite web |title=The Racial Politics of Empire: South Asian Revolutionaries on the Pacific Coast |website=Sixth European Social Science History Conference |date=2005-12-17 |url=http://www2.iisg.nl/esshc/programme.asp?selyear=8&pap=3720 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217160400/http://www2.iisg.nl/esshc/programme.asp?selyear=8&pap=3720 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |url-status=dead}}
{{Bellingham}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellingham Riots}}
[[Category:1907 in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:1907 riots]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Asian-American culture in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Asian-American riots in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Bellingham, Washington]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against Asian Americans]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:September 1907 in the United States]]
[[Category:Sikhism in the United States]]
[[Category:White American riots in the United States]]

Nirmal Mondal

2025-11-19T00:43:31Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting new article more to come.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1955–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Nirmal Chandra Mondal''' (1955–2021)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Nirmal Chandra Mondal (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency - Baruipur Parba (SC) (South 24 Parganas) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1469 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency]], which was reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[South 24 Parganas district]]. He won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baruipur-purba Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Baruipur-purba Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-baruipur-purba-constituency-137.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He died of [[COVID-19]] on 30 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-01 |title=Covid kills 2 ex-legislators |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/covid-kills-2-ex-legislators/articleshow/82335532.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2021-04-30 |title=Bengal Coronavirus Update : कोरोना संक्रमण से TMC के निवर्तमान MLA निर्मल चंद्र मंडल की हुई मौत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bengal-coronavirus-update-outgoing-mla-of-tmc-nirmal-chandra-mandal-died-due-to-corona-infection-637205.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mondal was from [[Sonapur, Alipurduar|Dakshin Sonapur]] village, South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He was the son of late Sarada Prasad Mondal. He completed his graduation in arts at a college affiliated with [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mondal first became an MLA from Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress, winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 83,636 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bimal Mistry of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 17,479 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Baruipur Purba Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/baruipurpurba-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He retained the seat for the Trinamool Congress winning the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election where he polled 92,313 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sujoy Mistry, also the Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidate by a margin of 20,362 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Baruipur Purba Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Baruipur Purba assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/baruipur-purba-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-baruipur-purba-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9146511.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Baruipur Purba Assembly Constituency 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/baruipur-purba-991640566 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Nirmal}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

2016–2017 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections

2025-11-09T06:19:29Z

KiraHutchinson4:

{{Short description|By elections in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 2016-17
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2011-16 Tamil Nadu assembly by-elections
| previous_year = 2011-16
| next_election = 2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections
| next_year = 2019 | election_date = 19 November 2016 and 21 December 2017
| seats_for_election = vacant seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]

| party1 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance1 = AIADMK-led Alliance
| seats1 = 3 {{efn|name=Main}}
| seat_change1 =
| party2 = Independent
| alliance2 =
| seats2 = 1
| seat_change2 =
| leader1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leader2 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=T. T. V. Dhinakaran.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=}}

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J Jayalalithaa.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
}}

During the 2016–2017 timeframe, by-elections were held in Tamil Nadu, India, due to the following events:

* 25 May 2016 - Tirupparankundram AIADMK MLA S M Seenivel died
* 5 December 2016 - Radhakrishnan Nagar AIADMK MLA and CM of Tamil Nadu [[J. Jayalalithaa]] died

== Events leading to By-Election==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Event !! [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]] !! [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] !! [[Indian National Congress|INC]] !! [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] !! Independent !! Vacant !! Total
|-
| 19 May 2016||2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election (Election to Aravakurichi and Thanjavur were cancelled by the EC on confirmed reports of bribing voters)|| 134 || 89||8 ||1 ||0 ||2 || 232
|-
| 25 May 2016||Tirupparankundram AIADMK MLA S M Seenivel passes away <ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/52430964.cms|title=AIADMK leader S M Seenivel passes away before taking oath as MLA | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=25 May 2016 | agency=PTI | access-date=1 July 2020 }}</ref>|| 133 || 89||8 ||1 ||0 ||3 || 231
|-
| {{nowrap|22 November 2016}}||First By-Election (19 November 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-bypolls-to-be-held-on-nov-19/article9230438.ece|title=Tamil Nadu bypolls to be held on Nov 19}}</ref>|| 136 || 89||8 ||1 ||0 ||0 || 234
|-
| 6 December 2016||RK Nagar AIADMK MLA, Tamil Nadu CM J. Jayalalithaa Passes Away<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article16766475.ece|title=Jayalalithaa is no more}}</ref>|| 135 || 89||8 ||1 ||0 ||1 || 233
|-
| {{nowrap|18 September 2017}}||Disqualification of 18 dissident AIADMK MLAs <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-speaker-disqualifies-18-dissident-aiadmk-mlas/article19708105.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Speaker disqualifies 18 dissident AIADMK MLAs}}</ref>|| 117 || 89||8 ||1 ||0||19 || 215
|-
| 24 December 2017||Second By-Election (21 December 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/live-update-rk-nagar-bypoll-results/article22270082.ece|title=R.K. Nagar bypoll {{!}} Updates: Dhinakaran wins R.K. Nagar bypoll}}</ref>|| 117 || 89||8 ||1 ||1 ||18 || 216
|-
| 2 August 2018||Tirupparankundram AIADMK MLA A.K. Bose passes away <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-thiruparankundram-mla-dies-in-madurai/article24578665.ece|title=AIADMK Thiruparankundram MLA dies in Madurai}}</ref>|| 116 || 89||8 ||1 ||1 ||19 || 215
|-
| 7 August 2018||Tiruvarur DMK MLA, Former CM of Tamil Nadu CM M Karunanidhi Passes Away<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/m-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away/article24624474.ece|title=M Karunanidhi passes away}}</ref>|| 116 || 88||8 ||1 ||1 ||20 || 214
|-
| 20 February 2019||Hosur AIADMK MLA P. Balakrishna Reddy convicted by special court<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hosur-constituency-officially-declared-vacant/article26317517.ece|title=Hosur constituency officially declared vacant}}</ref>|| 115 || 88||8 ||1 ||1 ||21 || 213
|-
| 21 March 2019||Sulur AIADMK MLA R Kanagaraj passes away<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-r-kanagaraj-passes-away-after-cardiac-arrest-1483205-2019-03-21|title=AIADMK MLA R Kanagaraj passes away after cardiac arrest}}</ref>|| 114 || 88||8 || 1 || 1 ||22 || 212
|-
| 23 May 2019||Third By-Election (18 April 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/by-elections-to-18-assembly-constituencies-in-tn-on-april-18/article26487894.ece|title=T.N. to witness bypoll in 18 Assembly seats}}</ref>|| 123 || 101 || 8 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 234
|-
| 29 May 2019||Nanguneri, Congress MLA Vasanthakumar resigned after being elected to Lok Sabha<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nanguneri-to-face-bypolls-as-congress-mla-vasanthakumar-resigns/article27283560.ece|title=Nanguneri to face bypoll as Congress MLA Vasanthakumar resigns|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=2019-05-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>|| 123 || 101 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 233
|-
| 14 June 2019||Vikravandi DMK MLA K Radhamani passes away|| 123 || 100 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 232
|}

The 123 AIADMK members include three independents who contested under the AIADMK symbol. They are [[M.Thamimun Ansari]] from Nagapattinam (Manithaneya Jananayaga Katchi), [[U. Thaniyarasu]] from Kangayam ([[Tamil Nadu Kongu Ilaingar Peravai]]) and [[Karunas]] from Tiruvadanai (Mukkulathor Pulipadai).

== November 2018 by-elections ==
On 26 October 2016, the Election Commission announced that the election for [[Thiruparankundram]], Aravakurichi {{efn|name=Main}} and Thanjavur constituencies would be held on 19 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/|title=Tamil Nadu (TN) Elections 2016 - Results, Cabinet Ministers and News Updates|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> The outcome was:{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency !! Contestant DMK !! Contestant ADMK !! Winning candidate !! Winning party !! Margin
|-
| [[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]] {{efn|name=Main|Aravanchi election was postponed in main election}} || [[K. C. Palanisamy (DMK politician)|K. C. Palanisamy]] || [[V. Senthil Balaji]] || [[V. Senthil Balaji]] || AIADMK || 23,661
|-
| [[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]] || Anjugam Boopathy|| [[M. Rangaswamy]] || [[M. Rangaswamy]]|| AIADMK || 26,874
|-
| [[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]|| Saravanan|| [[A. K. Bose]] || [[A. K. Bose]] || AIADMK || 42,670
|}

===Aravakuruchi===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Aravakurichi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = '''[[V. Senthil Balaji]]'''
|votes = '''88,068'''
|percentage = '''53.51'''
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = K. C. Palanisamy
|votes = 64,407
|percentage = 39.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = S. Prabhu
|votes = 3,162
|percentage = 1.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,538
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Muthu
|votes = 1,513
|percentage = 0.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 23,661
|percentage = 14.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,64,582
|percentage = 82.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Tanjore===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thanjavur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. Rangaswamy]]
|votes = 1,01,362
|percentage = 54.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Anjugam Boopathy
|votes = 74,488
|percentage = 39.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramalingam M S
|votes = 3,806
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,295
|percentage =1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = Abdullah Sait V
|votes = 1,534
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,874
|percentage = 14.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,86,444
|percentage = 69.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Thirupparakundram===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016–17 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly bye-election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/%E2%80%9CVictory-due-to-good-work-of-government%E2%80%9D/article16685336.ece|title=Victory due to good work of government|date=2016-11-23|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/newlyelected-tiruparankundram-mla-passes-away/article8643810.ece|title=Newly-elected Tiruparankundram MLA passes away|date=2016-05-25|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. K. Bose]]
|votes = 113,032
|percentage = 55.65
|change = {{increase}}8.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[P. Saravanan]]
|votes = 70,362
|percentage = 36.73
|change = {{increase}}1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,214
|percentage = 1.10
|change = {{decrease}}0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 42,670
|percentage = 18.92
|change = {{increase}}7.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 203,100
|percentage = 70.89
|change = {{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}8.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

==December 2017 by-elections ==
On 24 November 2017, the Election Commission announced that the election for [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] constituency would be held on 21 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rk-nagar-bypoll-on-december-21/article20746668.ece |title= By-election to Jayalalithaa's R.K. Nagar Assembly seat to be held on Dec. 21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/11RKNagarByeElection-2017/FORM21E.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128085043/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/11RKNagarByeElection-2017/FORM21E.pdf|archive-date=28 Jan 2018|access-date=24 Dec 2017|title=Form 21E (Return of Election)}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=2017 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly By-election: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]|votes=89,013|percentage=50.32|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[E. Madhusudhnan]]|votes=48,306|percentage=27.31|change=-28.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=N. Marudhu Ganesh|votes=24,651|percentage=13.94|change=-19.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=Kalaikottuthayam|votes=3,802|percentage=2.15|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the Above|candidate=NOTA|votes=2,373|percentage=1.34|change=-0.31}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 40,707
|percentage = 23.01
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,76,890|percentage=77.68|change=+9.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist|40em}} {{notelist}}
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu legislative assembly by-election, 2009-2010}}
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:By-elections in Tamil Nadu]]

The Golden Threshold

2025-10-17T03:49:49Z

KiraHutchinson4: added entry

{{Short description|Anthology of poems}}
{{italics title}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay-like|date=March 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
}}
[[File:Sarojini Naidu.png|thumb|Author, Sarojini Naidu]]
'''''The Golden Threshold'''''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8cEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA3 |title=The Golden Threshold |date=1916 |publisher=John Lane Company |language=en}}</ref> is an [[anthology]] of poems written by [[Sarojini Naidu]]. The text was published in 1905 when Naidu was only 26 years old. The selection of poems within ''The Golden Threshold'' were inspired by her own life and are written in [[English language|English]] diction. The poems present a variety of themes, some being romance, nature and spirituality. Naidu utilizes them to express [[orientalism]], [[cosmopolitan nationalism]], and Indian feminization. She meticulously chose her words to shed light on significant issues that resided within her culture, paving the way for her Political career.

Shortly after providing a voice for silenced women through her poetry, Naidu entered the political realm. In 1914, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and Naidu gathered for the very first time in London to discuss protests against British enactment that would tax Indian people and force them to carry passes. The reunion would lead them to the establishment of their friendship. Her relationship with Gandhi influenced the approach she would take in her political life as she worked very closely with him. In 1925 Naidu became the first woman President of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Meena |date=1985 |title=Sarojini Naidu: Romanticism and Resistance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4374972 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=20 |issue=43 |pages=WS68–WS71 |jstor=4374972 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== Contents ==

=== Folk songs ===

* Palanquin-Bearers
* Wandering Singers
* Indian Weavers
* Coromandel Fishers
* The Snake Charmer
* Corn Grinders
* [[The Village Song]]
* In Praise of Henna
* Harvest Hymn
* Indian Love-Song
* Cradle-Song
* Suttee

=== Songs for music ===

* Song of a Dream
* Humayun to Zobeida
* Autumn Song
* Alabaster
* Ecstasy
* To my Fairy Fancies

=== Poems ===

* Ode to the H.H. the Nizam of Hyderabad
* Leili
* In the Forest
* Past and Future
* Life
* The Poet's Love-Song
* To the God of Pain
* The Song of Princess Zeb-un-nissa
* Indian Dancers
* My Dead Dream
* Damayanti to Nala in the Hour of Exile
* The Queen's Rival
* The Poet to Death
* The Indian Gypsy
* To my Children
* The Pardah Nashin
* To Youth
* Nightfall in the City of Hyderabad
* Street Cries
* To India
* The Royal Tombs of Golconda
* To a Buddah seated on a Lotus

== Literary devices ==

=== Poetical ideologies ===
Naidu's ''The Golden Threshold'' “explicitly situates against the ideology that poetic concerns are private ones”. Naidu's lyric is not of private telling as her work is far less personal but rather on board with public concerns. Her public recitation of her books poetry “evinces a communal function,<ref name=sr>{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Sheshalatha |date=2010 |title=The Cosmopolitan Nationalism of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25733492 |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=571–589 |doi=10.1017/S1060150310000173 |jstor=25733492 |issn=1060-1503|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ”painting herself as a "poet of the people".<ref name=sr/> Her refusal of the private poetic ideology serves her poetry's relevance between the literary form between individualism and [[communitarianism]]. Rather than keeping her poetry separate from the spheres of personal and political issues, Naidu took on poetry as her form of activism. She "intentionally blurred the established boundaries between political rhetoric and lyric poetry".<ref name=sr/> Naidu's poetry served as her outlet to simultaneously showcase the pride she had in her culture and promote cosmopolitan nationalism, using her personal experiences to then speak on broader political issues.

=== Literary identifications ===
In ''The Golden Threshold'', Naidu positions herself "as a colonial subject caught in the pull of competing identifications".<ref name=sr/> Naidu attempts to reinstate her identity "as an Indian-English poet working within English literary traditions".<ref name=sr/> while still being able to claim herself “as an Indian poet of an Indian nation writing for the Indian ‘people'".<ref name=sr/>

=== Poetic form ===
Naidu uses poetic form in conjunction with her means of political ideologies to create an “abstract measure of the nation”. Naidu's poetic form aims to build the nation and showcase the work her community has done respectively.

== Ties to decadence and orientalism ==

=== Sensuality regarding decadence ===

==== Critique of Naidu's use of the senses ====
Many critics, such as Symons, view Sarojini Naidu's poetry as decadent through “agony of sensation.” The idea of “agony of sensation” refers to Naidu's unique and unconventional style of writing driven by her “pain or pleasure [that] transported her,” allowing her to encapsulate strong emotions through contrasting objects such as anger to “a flower’s cup” often romanticizing negative emotions.<ref name=ch>{{Cite journal |last=Hoene |first=Christin |date=2021-09-03 |title=Senses and Sensibilities in Sarojini Naidu's Poetry |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=966–982 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2021.1969747 |issn=0085-6401|doi-access=free }}</ref>) “Symmons also seems to suggest that these objects Naidu writes about never “seemed of importance” to “others,” essentially claiming her emphasis on certain subjects was possibly misplaced.<ref name=ch/> This interpretation often labels the work as overly sensual or discredits its descriptive power because of interpretations such as Symons claiming women are “overly sensitive.” This essentially creates a misogynistic and problematic atmosphere because it allows women of color to be scrutinized for implementing powerful descriptive diction in their poetry and writing it off as the author being “easily excitable”.<ref name=ch/> Many then also question if Naidu's poetry was intentionally an act of “self-orientalisation” simply because her poetry was written in a different cultural context or background. The common conclusion to this question revolves around the idea that Symons encouraged Naidu to incorporate aspects of orientalism into her writing to make her writing intriguing and unknown to a Western audience.

=== Decadent aesthetic through rasa ===

==== What is rasa? ====
Rasa is an Indian aesthetic theory that focuses on “the emotional response to a work of art”.<ref name=ch/> Although Naidu's poems are written in English, her stylistic choices are “deeply embedded in Indian aesthetics and cultural tradition,” which plays a significant role in why her poems are often misinterpreted and overly romanticized by [[Western culture]], thus Symons. Hoene claims that Naidu essentially is tied to orientalism because of her Indian traditionalist style of writing while her ties to decadence stem from her ability to evoke sensuality through perception regarding the essence and beauty of describing Indian culture.

=== Decadent aspects and origins for inspiration ===
Naidu draws inspiration from her roots in Hyderabad (her home city), often discussing its beauty and mystical qualities. She emphasizes the senses through her life experience, which she describes as “dramatic” and full of “fiery beauty”.<ref name=ch/> She depicts the sensuality of “colour, music, perfume” and “vivid human faces” she has experienced in Hyderabad.<ref name=ch/> The sensuality she describes in her poetry is then translated and recognized by Western culture as decadence because of its indulgence and romanticization of the physical.

== Naidu as a nationalist author ==
Naidu's work as an author prior to her nationalist and political work constructs the discrepancies in the critiques of ''The Golden Threshold'' work by English critics. The “flattering” reviews made by [[Arthur Symons]] and Eunice Tiejens emphasized the representation of the orient as presented in ''The Golden Threshold'' in Naidu's prosec.<ref name=em>{{Cite journal |last=Marx |first=Edward |date=March 1996 |title=Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale as Nationalist |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002198949603100104 |journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.1177/002198949603100104 |issn=0021-9894|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The ''New Republic's'' review of ''The Golden Threshold'' highlighted lack of orientalism despite Nadiu being a Hindu woman.<ref name=em/> M.K. Naik elaborated upon the inadequate representation of the orient and Naidu's language hybridity as an Indian and English writer.<ref name=em/>

Naidu's poetic voice was influenced by her colonialism, racism, and the critical reading of her work as related to her feminism. In 1986 Naidu's writing was noticed by Edumund Gossse, who constructed a program that orientalized and influenced Naidu's technical writing skills to make them more appealing to English critics.<ref name=em/>

''The Golden Threshold'' illustrates Naidu's work as a nationalist in poems such as; “Eastern Dancers” and “Nightfall in the City of Hyderabad”, that exemplify the orient through Naidu's interpretation and commemorate Indian tradition, as Naidu was influenced by folk traditions.<ref name=em/> The poem “To India” nuances nationalism and patriotism, though the hybridity of her language as a poet. While the Decadence of Naidu's work is related to her collaboration with Symons and his acquaintances.<ref name=em/>

In 1915, Bombay, Naidu supported home rule at the Indian National Congress, encouraging unity to India's diverse populations contenting for self-government, and Indian unity. Naidu's work after the publishing of ''The Golden Threshold'' indicates more clearly her political action and advocacy for India's unity.<ref name=em/>

Critics analyze Naidu through her limitations in her stance as a feminist, within the political context.

== Naidu as a translingual subject ==
The fact that ''The Golden Threshold'' is written in English is an example of how Naidu uses the language to challenge Western colonial ideology rather than as a tool of assimilation. According to Dr. Ana Parejo Vadillo, Naidu was "conscious of the fact that the English language was a colonial instrument".<ref name=apv>{{Cite journal |last=Vadillo |first=Ana Parejo |date=2021-05-04 |title=Decadent women poets: translingual thresholds |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24692921.2021.1950469 |journal=Feminist Modernist Studies |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=146–165 |doi=10.1080/24692921.2021.1950469 |issn=2469-2921|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Early in her literary career, she had translated Persian poetry for English-speaking readers and published poetry with Persian titles in English magazines. She took inspiration from decadent women poets such as Nur-Jahan and Zeb-Un-Nissa while writing poems to be included in ''The Golden Threshold.'' Poems in the collection such as “The Song of Princess Zeb-Un-Nissa In Praise Of Her Own Beauty” exemplify both Naidu's inspiration from these poets and her refusal to reinvent herself as an Orientalist subject for English audiences. In Vadillo's reading of “The Song of Princess Zeb-Un-Nissa,” Naidu refuses to lift her veil to the suitor as a representation of how Naidu likewise refuses to unveil herself to the audience who "want[s] to recognize her as an authentic Indian (and not an English) poet".<ref name=apv/> Additionally, Padillo argues that the English title of the collection itself is a symbol, representing a translingual imagining of the world as it evokes a borderless liminal space. By doing so, Naidu is able to affirm Decadence as an Indian literary movement.

== ''The Golden Threshold'' and Naidu’s work as an Indian nationalist and politician ==
Evaluations of ''The Golden Threshold'' fail to recognize Naidu's request to not untangle her poetry and politics, her stance in the public and private sector, and her work as a cosmopolitan and nationalists. The circulation of her poems and herself as a writer were aimed to address and challenge the separation of her spheres as she intended to use her poetry to intentionally blur the boundaries between political rhetoric and lyric poetry.<ref name=sr/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1905 poetry books]]

Dasari Arun Kumar

2025-10-03T11:33:06Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting a bio

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Arun Kumar Dasari
| occupation = Actor, politician
| years_active = 1998{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| parents = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] (father)
}}
'''Dasari Arun Kumar''' is an Indian former actor and politician, who worked in Telugu-language films. He often collaborated with his father [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].

==Career==
In 1998, he made his debut with [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]'s ''[[Greeku Veerudu (1998 film)|Greeku Veerudu]]'' co-starring [[Pooja Batra]] and further made a special appearance in ''[[Anthahpuram]]'' that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/dasaris-son-eager-to-comeback-to-acting.html|title=Dasari's son eager to comeback to acting | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT|date=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bouncing-back/articleshow/3275189.cms|title=Bouncing back?|date=25 July 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2000, Arun Kumar worked on ''[[Kondaveeti Simhasanam]]'' and ''Orey Thammudu'' co-starring [[Srihari]] but was later removed from the first film as it went through production delays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news68.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> His next film ''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]'' (2001) garnered notice for shooting its songs in New Zealand and for its attempt to dub the film in Sinhala and release it in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news37.html|title=Dasari to shoot his songs in abroad for the first time|work=Idlebrain.com|date=4 September 2000|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news98.html|title=Chinna to be released in Srilanka|work=Idlebrain.com|date=22 January 2001|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> His next film ''Rifles'' (2002) was set in [[Telangana]] and featured [[Vijaya Shanthi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news131.html|title=Dasari's Rifles|work=Idlebrain.com|date=7 May 2001|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>

He co-starred [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Thriller Manju]] and [[Vani Viswanath]] in the action film ''Janam'' later that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-janam.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Janam - Vani Viswanath, Sai Kumar, Thriller Manju, Dasari Arun Kumar|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> He played [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]'s brother in ''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]'' (2003) and a critic called his performance "adequate".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tigerharischandraprasad.html|title=Movie review - Tiger Harischandra Prasad|date=18 December 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226085906/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tigerharischandraprasad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He returned to playing the lead role with ''[[Adivishnu]]'' co-starring [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]].<ref name="T"/>

==Personal life==
In 2019, Arun Kumar joined the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talari |first=Yadedya |date=March 14, 2019 |title=Dasari Narayana son Arun Kumar joins YSRCP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/dasari-narayana-son-arun-kumar-joins-ysrcp-512030 |website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

In 2021, a case was filed against him under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|SC/ST Atrocities Act]] after a complaint by a former employee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Late Dasari Narayana Rao's son booked under SC/ST Atrocities Act |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/Aug/19/latedasari-narayana-raos-son-booked-under-scst-atrocities-act-2346666.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2022, he was arrested for drunk driving and later released on bail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Telugu film actor Dasari Arun Kumar gets arrested! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-film-actor-dasari-arun-kumar-gets-arrested/articleshow/89042446.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayabrahma |first=Roja |date=January 20, 2022 |title=Hyderabad: Tollywood actor Dasari Arun Kumar held for negligent driving |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/hyderabad-tollywood-actor-dasari-arun-kumar-held-for-negligent-driving-725482 |website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Hyderabad: Actor held for accident, found driving drunk |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/actor-held-foraccident-founddriving-drunk/articleshow/89027618.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|1998 || ''[[Greeku Veerudu (1998 film)|Greeku Veerudu]]'' || Rajesh||
|-
| ''[[Anthahpuram]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| 1999 || ''Pellivaramandi'' || Chanti||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001 || ''Orey Thammudu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]'' || Chinna ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002 || ''Rifles'' || ||
|-
| ''Janam'' || Vishal ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]'' || Devaprasad ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Pelli Kosam'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Samanyudu]]'' || Abhi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Adivishnu]]'' || Vishnu ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' || Dr. T. S. Tarun ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Shailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' || Anu's uncle ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Venky Mama]]'' || Dora Babu ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0201926}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Dasari Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2024 AIFF Super Cup group stage

2025-10-02T19:08:48Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting the data needs work!

{{Short description|Football results}}
The '''[[2024 Indian Super Cup|2024 Kalinga Super Cup]] ''' held in Odisha from January 9 to 28, 2024. A total of 16 teams, consisting of 12 [[Indian Super League|ISL]] and 4 [[I-League]], compete in the group stage to decide the 4 places in the [[2024 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

==Draw==
The draw for the group stage was conducted at the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Football House in [[New Delhi]] on Monday, December 18, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>

The teams were divided into four pots, with the 12 [[Indian Super League]] teams placed in Pots 1–3, according to their points per match in the [[2023–24 Indian Super League|ISL 2023-24]] as of December 17, 2023. The three [[I-League]] teams were in Pot 4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/kalinga-super-cup-2024-group-stage-draw-announced-in-new-delhi|title=KALINGA SUPER CUP 2024: GROUP STAGE DRAW ANNOUNCED IN NEW DELHI|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|access-date=|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>

Five I-League teams confirmed their participation in the Kalinga Super Cup – [[Gokulam Kerala FC]], [[Sreenidi Deccan FC]], [[Shillong Lajong FC]], [[Inter Kashi]], and [[Rajasthan United FC]]. The top three of these teams, as per the [[2023–24 I-League|I-League 2023-24]] standings after the matches on December 24, 2023, qualified directly for the Kalinga Super Cup group stage as I-League 1, I-League 2, and I-League 3, respectively. The bottom two teams contested a single-leg qualifying play-off on January 9 to determine the fourth and final I-League team in the group stage. This team, known as I-League 4, was not included in the draw pot and automatically got placed in Group D at Position D4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=25%| Pot 1
!width=25%| Pot 2
!width=25%| Pot 3
!width=25%| Pot 4
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] [[FC Goa|Goa]] [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|I-League 1 I-League 2 I-League 3
|}

==Format==
Each group was played in a single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The top team advanced to the knockout stage.

===Tiebreakers===
The teams were ranked according to [[Three points for a win|points]]. When tied on points, tiebreakers were applied in the following order:
#Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#[[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
#Goal difference in all group matches;
#Goals scored in all group matches;
#Drawing of lots.

==Groups==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group A
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted AIFF]


|update =complete
|team_order= EAB, MBG, SRD, HYD
|win_MBG=2 |draw_MBG=0 |loss_MBG=1 |gf_MBG=5|ga_MBG=5
|win_EAB=3 |draw_EAB=0 |loss_EAB=0 |gf_EAB=8|ga_EAB=4
|win_HYD=0 |draw_HYD=0 |loss_HYD=3 |gf_HYD=4|ga_HYD=9
|win_SRD=1|draw_SRD=0 |loss_SRD=2 |gf_SRD=6|ga_SRD=5


|match_MBG_EAB=null
|match_MBG_HYD=2-1
|match_MBG_SRD=2–1

|match_EAB_MBG=3-1
|match_EAB_HYD=3–2
|match_EAB_SRD=2–1

|match_HYD_MBG=null
|match_HYD_EAB=null
|match_HYD_SRD=null

|match_SRD_MBG=null
|match_SRD_EAB=null
|match_SRD_HYD=4-1


|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|09|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 3–2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26068
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 =
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 33', 54'
* [[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 80'
| goals2 =
* [[Ramhlunchhunga]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 45'
* [[Nim Dorjee Tamang|Nim]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 79' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Cleiton Silva]] (East Bengal)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26069
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
* [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 40'
* [[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 72'
| goals2 =
* [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 30' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Asish Rai]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|14|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26075
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 =
* Zohminghlua [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 88' ([[Own goal#Association football|o.g.]])
* [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+2'
| goals2 =
* [[Ramhlunchhunga]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 7'
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Ramhlunchhunga]] (Hyderabad)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26076
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
* [[Hijazi Maher|Maher]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 12'
* [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 32'
| goals2 = [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+1' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Hijazi Maher]] (East Bengal)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|19|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 1–4
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26082
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
* [[Makan Chothe|Chothe]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 83'
| goals2 =
* [[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Sissoko]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 5'
* [[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 7'
* Lalromawia [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 10'
* [[Kean Lewis|Lewis]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 36'
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = Lalromawia (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|19|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 1–3
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26083
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
*[[Héctor Yuste|Yuste]][[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 19'
| goals2 =
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 24', 80'
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 63'
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Cleiton Silva]] (East Bengal)
| referee =
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group B
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted AIFF]


|update =complete
|start_date = 10 January 2024
|team_order= JAM,NEU,KER,SHL
|win_JAM=3 |draw_JAM=0 |loss_JAM=0 |gf_JAM=7 |ga_JAM=3
|win_KER=1 |draw_KER=0 |loss_KER=2 |gf_KER=6 |ga_KER=8
|win_NEU=2 |draw_NEU=0 |loss_NEU=1 |gf_NEU=7 |ga_NEU=4
|win_SHL=0 |draw_SHL=0 |loss_SHL=3 |gf_SHL=2 |ga_SHL=7


|match_KER_NEU=null
|match_KER_JAM=null
|match_KER_SHL=3-1

|match_NEU_KER=4-1
|match_NEU_JAM=null
|match_NEU_SHL=2-1

|match_JAM_KER=2-3
|match_JAM_NEU=2-1
|match_JAM_SHL=2-0

|match_SHL_KER=null
|match_SHL_NEU=null
|match_SHL_JAM=null


|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]

}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|10|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 3–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26070
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
* [[Kwame Peprah|Peprah]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 15', 27'
* [[Mohammed Aimen|Aimen]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 46'
| goals2 = * [[Renan Paulino|Paulino]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 30' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Kwame Peprah]] (Kerala Blasters)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26071
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 = * [[Néstor Albiach|Néstor]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 17'
| goals2 = * [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chima]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 68'
* [[Steve Ambri|Ambri]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 89'
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Jérémy Manzorro]] (Jamshedpur)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|15|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26077
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
* [[Néstor Albiach|Néstor]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 59', 67' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| goals2 =
* [[Douglas Tardin|Tardin]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 17'
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Néstor Albiach]] (NorthEast United)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|15|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 2–3
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26078
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
* [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 29' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]]), 61' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| goals2 =
* [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chima]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 33', 57'
* [[Jérémy Manzorro|Manzorro]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 69' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chima]]
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26084
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
* Sanan [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 45+1'
* [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 73'
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = Sanan Mohammed K (Jamshedpur)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 1–4
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26085
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 = * [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 70'
| goals2 = * [[Parthib Gogoi|P. Gogoi]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 2'
* [[Mohammed Ali Bemammer|Bemammer]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 68'
* [[Redeem Tlang|Tlang]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 75'
* [[Jithin M. S.|Jithin]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 79'
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Mohammed Ali Bemammer]] (NorthEast United)
| referee =
}}

===Group C===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group C
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted AIFF]


|update =complete
|start_date = 9 January 2023
|team_order= MCI, CHE, PFC, GOK
|win_MCI=3 |draw_MCI= |loss_MCI= |gf_MCI=6 |ga_MCI=3
|win_CHE=1 |draw_CHE=1 |loss_CHE=1 |gf_CHE=3 |ga_CHE=2
|win_PFC= |draw_PFC=2 |loss_PFC=1 |gf_PFC=3 |ga_PFC=4
|win_GOK= |draw_GOK=1 |loss_GOK=2 |gf_GOK=1 |ga_GOK=4


|match_MCI_CHE=1-0
|match_MCI_PFC=3-2
|match_MCI_GOK=2–1

|match_CHE_MCI=null
|match_CHE_PFC=1–1
|match_CHE_GOK=2-0

|match_PFC_MCI=null
|match_PFC_CHE=null
|match_PFC_GOK=0-0

|match_GOK_MCI=null
|match_GOK_CHE=null
|match_GOK_PFC=null


|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_PFC=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]

}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|11|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26072
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = * Ayush Chhikara [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 76'
* [[Abdenasser El Khayati|El Khayati]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+7' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| goals2 = [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Sánchez]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 23'
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Abdenasser El Khayati]] (Mumbai City)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26073
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 = [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Murray]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 82'
| goals2 = [[Wilmar Jordan|Jordan]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 4'
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Connor Shields]] (Chennaiyin)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|16|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26079
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
* [[Connor Shields|Shields]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 25'
* [[Irfan Yadwad]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 64'
| goals2 =
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Connor Shields]] (Chennaiyin)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|16|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 3–2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26080
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
* Ayush Chhikara [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 37', 56'
* Seilenthang Lotjem [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+3'
| goals2 =
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 28', 87'
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = Ayush Chhikara (Mumbai City)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|21|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26086
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = Melroy Melwin Assisi (Punjab)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|21|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26087
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 =
* [[Hmingthanmawia|Valpuia]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 24'
| goals2 =
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Phurba Lachenpa]] (Mumbai City)
| referee =
}}

===Group D===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group D
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted AIFF]


|update =complete
|team_order= OFC, FCG, BEN, IKA
|win_FCG=2 |draw_FCG=0 |loss_FCG=1 |gf_FCG=5 |ga_FCG=4 |status_FCG =
|win_OFC=3 |draw_OFC=0 |loss_OFC=0 |gf_OFC=7 |ga_OFC=2
|win_BEN=0 |draw_BEN=1 |loss_BEN=2 |gf_BEN=1 |ga_BEN=3 |status_BEN =
|win_IKA=0 |draw_IKA=1 |loss_IKA=2 |gf_IKA=2 |ga_IKA=6 | status_IKA =


|match_FCG_OFC=null
|match_FCG_BEN=1–0
|match_FCG_IKA=2–1

|match_OFC_FCG=3-2
|match_OFC_BEN=1–0
|match_OFC_IKA=3–0

|match_BEN_FCG=null
|match_BEN_OFC=null
|match_BEN_IKA=1–1

|match_IKA_FCG=null
|match_IKA_OFC=null
|match_IKA_BEN=null


|name_FCG=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_IKA=[[Inter Kashi]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]

}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|12|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26452
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
* [[Noah Sadaoui|Noah]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 58'
* [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Martínez]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 66'
| goals2 =
* [[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 78'
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Noah Sadaoui]] (Goa)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26074
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 =
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 21'
| goals2 =
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Ahmed Jahouh]] (Odisha)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|17|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26081
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 =
*[[Brison Fernandes]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 90+3'
| goals2 =
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = Brison Fernandes (Goa)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26453
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
*[[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Puitea]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 45+2'
*[[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 59'
*[[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Vanlalruatfela]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 79'
| goals2 =
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Diego Maurício]] (Odisha)
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|22|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26454
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
* [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 58' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
| goals2 =
* [[Edmund Lalrindika|Edmund]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 15'
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] (Bengaluru
| referee =
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|21|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 2–3
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26088
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
* [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Martínez]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 75', 86'
| goals2 =
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 51' ([[Penalty kick (association football)|pen.]])
* [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] [[File:Soccerball shade.svg|13px|Goal]] 61', 66'
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Mourtada Fall]] (Odisha)
| referee =
}}

==References==
<references />
{{#invoke:Portal bar|main|India|Association football}}

[[Category:2024 AIFF Super Cup]]

Bhikhusinh Parmar

2025-08-17T16:42:02Z

KiraHutchinson4: starting initial details w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Bhikhusinh Parmar''' (born 1954)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhikhusinhji Chatursinhji Parmar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MODASA(ARVALLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6201 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Modasa Assembly constituency in [[Aravalli district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modasa Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Bhikhusinhji Chatursinhji Parmar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/modasa-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562033.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Parmar is from [[Modasa]], Arvalli district, Gujarat. He is the son of Chatursinhji Parmar. He studied Class 11 and passed the old SSC (Class 11) examinations in 1974 conducted by [[Gujarat Secondary Education Board]]. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Parmar won from [[Modasa Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled votes and defeated his nearest rival and three time MLA, Rajendrasinh Thakor of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 34,788 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-13 |title=Gujarat elections: ‘Serial loser’ wins poll, turns minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-elections-serial-loser-wins-poll-turns-minister/articleshow/96185028.cms |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha trends and results December 2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0631.htm?ac=31 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He lost four times. In 1995 and 2002, he contested unsuccessfully as an independent candidate.<ref name=":1" /> Later in 2007, he contested on BSP ticket but lost again.<ref name=":1" /> Then, he shifted to the Bharatiya Janata Party but lost the 2017 Assembly election by 1640 votes.<ref name=":1" /> Finally, he became an MLA winning the 2022 Assembly election.<ref name=":1" /> In June 2024, he survived a minor brain stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=Minister Bhikhusinh Parmar stable after minor brain stroke: Hospital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/minister-bhikhusinh-parmar-stable-after-minor-brain-stroke-hospital-9403128/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Bhikhusinh}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Aravalli district]]

National Highway 24 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T01:57:51Z

KiraHutchinson4: redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 530 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Mysore Zoo

2025-05-29T21:10:52Z

KiraHutchinson4: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Mysore Zoo
|logo =
|logo_caption =
|image = Entrance of Mysore Zoo.jpg
|image_width = 250px
|image_caption = Entrance of Mysore Zoo
|location = [[Mysore]], [[India]]
|date_opened = 1892<ref name="kuchbhi" />
|date_closed =
|area = {{Convert|157|acre|abbr=on}}<ref name="zoo_history" /> + {{Convert|113|acre|abbr=on}}
|coordinates = {{Coord|12.3008|76.6677|type:landmark_scale:2500_region:IN|display=it}}
|num_species =
|num_animals = 1320
|largest_tank_vol =
|total_tank_vol =
|annual_visitors =
|members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list" /> / [[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums|WAZA]]/ [[Zoo Authority of Karnataka|ZAK]]
|exhibits =
|website = {{URL|https://www.mysuruzoo.info}}
}}[[File:Giraffe mysuru zoo april.jpg|thumb|[[Giraffe]]s at the zoo]]
[[File:SHI 8879.JPG|thumb|Two [[Bengal tiger|Bengal Tigers]] in an enclosure]]

'''Mysore Zoo''' (or '''Mysuru Zoo'''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysuru Zoo |url=https://www.mysuruzoo.info/ |access-date=16 June 2018 |website=www.mysorezoo.info |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810000621/http://mysuruzoo.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref> officially known as '''Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens''', is a composite of [[zoological garden]]s and animal park located in the [[South India|southern Indian]] city of [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]. Stretching across a {{Convert|157|acre|adj=on}}-expanse and situated at about 700 metres (0.43 miles) from [[Mysore Palace]], it is the oldest zoo in India and one of the oldest in the world.<ref name="elephant.se" /> One of the most popular zoos in [[India]] and one of the city's most popular attractions, it is home to a wide range of over 168 species.

== History ==
Mysore Zoo was created from the private menagerie of [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]], the twenty-third [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. in 1892, on {{Convert|10|acre}} of the Summer Palace. Over the next 10 years, the zoo was expanded to {{Convert|45|acre}} with spacious enclosures that are still in use.<ref name="zoo_history" />
[[File:Chamaraja Wodeyar 1863-94.jpg|thumb|[[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]], the founder of the zoological gardens]]
Originally called the Palace Zoo, it was renamed "Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens" in 1909. A.C. Hughes, from South Wales, was the zoo's first superintendent, serving from 1892 to 1924. Hughes, [[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]], and [[Gustav Hermann Krumbiegel|G.H. Krumbiegel]] worked towards refashioning the zoo and updating it with modern, natural enclosures. It now features a bandstand and an artificial lake.

In 1948, management of the zoo was devolved to the Department of Parks and Gardens, Government of Mysore. The zoo was expanded first with another {{Convert|50|acres}}, and then another {{Convert|150|acre}} with the acquisition of the [[Karanji Tank]], in which an artificial island has been created as a sanctuary for birds.<ref name="zoo_history" /> In 1972, the zoo was entrusted the Forest Department and later in 1979 to the Zoo Authority of Karnataka, the first autonomous organisation in India to manage a zoo.<ref name="zoo_history" />

The zoo had completed 100 years in 1992. The centenary celebrations were held in 1990 and 91. During the centenary celebrations various developmental activities were initiated such as renovation and modification of the entrance gate, hospital building, walkthrough reptiles, ''etc''. A bust of Chamaraja Wadiyar X was unveiled. The logo of the zoo, centenary souvenir, publication of literature and leaflets, conducting various competitions, preparation of a documentary film were other highlights.<ref name="zoo_history" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Zoo|first=Mysore|title=History|url=http://mysorezoo.info/history-of-mysore-zoo/|publisher=Punith Suresh Gowda|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509192907/http://mysorezoo.info/history-of-mysore-zoo/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
The objectives of Mysore Zoo are as under:
* Conservation education
* Conservation breeding
* Research, documentation and study
* Rescue and rehabilitation of the wild animals and birds
* Recreation and education for general visitors, tourist & locals<ref>{{cite web|last=Mysore|first=Zoo|title=Objective|url=http://mysorezoo.info/goals-of-mysore-zoo/|publisher=Punith Suresh Gowda|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417225457/http://mysorezoo.info/goals-of-mysore-zoo/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Management and lands holdings ==
While mainly depending on entry fees for its financing, an adoption scheme introduced in the early 2000s has been a success. Celebrities, institutions, animal lovers and volunteers of various clubs in the zoo have contributed directly to the welfare of the zoo inhabitants.

=== Lands under the control of Mysore Zoo ===
* Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore.
* Karanji Lake Nature Park, Mysore.
* Chamundi Conservation and Rehabilitation Center, Kurugahalli, Mysore.<ref name="zoo_history" />

== Karanji Lake ==
{{Main article|Karanji Lake}}
The Karanji Lake which covers {{Convert|77.02|acre|abbr=on}} is located on the eastern side of the zoo. The Chamundi Hills acts as catchment and provides a dramatic backdrop.

Previously the tank was almost a garbage dump being used by all and sundry for each and every function. There was no bird life but for scavengers, crows, and the entire area was a slum. As such it was in constant danger of being taken over by developers for real estate development. The tank was handed to Mysore Zoo in March 1976 by public works department for development and maintenance. The tank is situated on north-east side of Mysore city. It functions as a percolation tank. After the protection and afforestation in the foreshore area, the tank started attracting a variety of birds for breeding & nesting activities. Restoration and development activities were taken up under the [[Asian Development Bank]] project through Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation to the extent of Rs.1.17 crores.

About {{Convert|5|acre|abbr=on}} of prime zoo land has been donated to the Natural History Museum, which will enhance the educational potential of the zoo by offering people a rare opportunity to study natural history of wild animals, aquatic birds and tropical vegetation, etc.<ref>[[Karanji Lake]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2024}}

== Animals ==

The zoo is currently home to ten elephants, and has more elephants than any other zoo in India. A total of 34 elephants have lived at this zoo, many of which were eventually transferred to other zoos in Mysore. The zoo also has five [[green anaconda]]s, contributed by [[Colombo Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/mysore/30437003_1_anacondas-enclosure-sand-boa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/mysore/30437003_1_anacondas-enclosure-sand-boa | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 January 2014 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Anacondas settle into new home}}</ref> It is also the only zoo in India to house [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s, [[orangutan]]s, white rhinos and cheetahs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primates settle into their new home |date=2 October 2021 |url=https://starofmysore.com/primates-settle-into-their-new-home-at-mysuru-zoo/ |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112025402/https://starofmysore.com/primates-settle-into-their-new-home-at-mysuru-zoo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some of the animals housed in the Mysore Zoo include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysuru Zoo |url=https://www.mysuruzoo.info/animals}}</ref>

===List of animals===
;Birds

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bar-headed goose]]
*[[Eastern barn owl|Barn owl]]
*[[Black-crowned night heron]]
*[[Black-necked swan]]
*[[Blue-and-yellow macaw]]
*[[Brahminy kite]]
*[[Brown wood owl]]
*[[Budgerigar]]
*[[Common pheasant|Chinese ring-necked pheasant]]
*[[Comb duck]]
*[[Common ostrich]]
*[[Darwin's rhea]]
*[[Eclectus parrot]]
*[[Eurasian spoonbill]]
*[[Goffin's cockatoo]]
*[[Golden pheasant]]
*[[Great hornbill]]
*[[Great white pelican]]
*[[Green pheasant]]
*[[Grey junglefowl]]
*[[Grey parrot]]
*[[Indian peafowl]]
*[[Jandaya conure]]
*[[Lady Amherst's pheasant]]
*[[Lesser adjutant]]
*[[Livingstone's turaco]]
*[[Military macaw]]
*[[Mottled wood owl]]
*[[Painted stork]]
*[[Plum-headed parakeet]]
*[[Rainbow lorikeet]]
*[[Red-and-green macaw]]
*[[Red lory]]
*[[Ruddy shelduck]]
*[[Sarus crane]]
*[[Scarlet ibis]]
*[[Scarlet macaw]]
*[[Silver pheasant]]
*[[Spot-billed pelican]]
*[[Sulphur-crested cockatoo]]
*[[Sun parakeet|Sun conure]]
*[[Tawny eagle]]
*[[White-throated toucan]]
}}

;Mammals
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[African buffalo]]
*[[African bush elephant]]
*[[Asian elephant]]
*[[Asian palm civet]]
*[[Asiatic lion]]
*[[Barasingha]]
*[[Bengal fox]]
*[[Bengal tiger]]
*[[Blackbuck]]
*[[Bornean orangutan]]
*[[Cheetah]]
*[[Chimpanzee]]
*[[Common marmoset]]
*[[Dhole]]
*[[Four-horned antelope]]
*[[Gaur]]
*[[Giraffe]]
*[[Golden jackal]]
*[[Grant's zebra]]
*[[Indian rhinoceros|Greater one-horned rhinoceros]]
*[[Hamadryas baboon]]
*[[Himalayan black bear]]
*[[Himalayan goral]]
*[[Hippopotamus]]
*[[Indian hog deer|Hog deer]]
*[[Indian crested porcupine]]
*[[Indian muntjac]]
*[[Indian leopard]]
*[[Indian wolf]]
*[[Jaguar]]
*[[Jungle cat]]
*[[Leopard cat]]
*[[Lion-tailed macaque]]
*[[Malabar giant squirrel]]
*[[Sangai|Manipur brow-antlered deer]]
*[[Meerkat]]
*[[Nilgai]]
*[[Nilgiri langur]]
*[[Northern plains grey langur]]
*[[Red-necked wallaby]]
*[[Rhesus macaque]]
*[[Ring-tailed lemur]]
*[[Sambar deer]]
*[[Sloth bear]]
*[[Smooth-coated otter]]
*[[South American tapir]]
*[[Southern white rhinoceros]]
*[[Chital|Spotted deer]]
*[[Striped hyena]]
*[[Tufted capuchin]]
*[[Western hoolock gibbon]]
*[[Western lowland gorilla]]
}}

;Reptiles
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bengal monitor]]
*[[Gharial]]
*[[Green anaconda]]
*[[Green iguana]]
*[[Ahaetulla nasuta|Green vine snake]]
*[[Indian cobra]]
*[[Indian star tortoise]]
*[[King cobra]]
*[[Craspedocephalus malabaricus|Malabar pit viper]]
*[[Morelet's crocodile]]
*[[Saltwater crocodile]]
*[[Siamese crocodile]]
*[[Spectacled caiman]]
*[[West African slender-snouted crocodile]]
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Consolidated Animal Inventory Report for the Month of October 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mysorezoo.info/admin/activity_documents/October%202019.pdf |title=Welcome to Mysore Zoo |website=www.mysorezoo.info}}</ref>
|'''Schedule I and II'''
|'''Male'''
|'''Female'''
|'''Undetermined'''
|'''Total'''
|-
|Mammals
|124
|116
|38
|278
|-
|Birds
|16
|23
|8
|47
|-
|Reptiles
|15
|15
|10
|40
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''155'''
|'''154'''
|'''56'''
|'''365'''
|-
|'''Other Schedule Species'''
| colspan="4" |
|-
|Mammals
|93
|82
|44
|219
|-
|Birds
|99
|103
|72
|274
|-
|Reptiles
|9
|10
|23
|42
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''201'''
|'''195'''
|'''139'''
|'''535'''
|-
|'''Exotic species'''
| colspan="4" |
|-
|Mammals
|32
|28
|5
|65
|-
|Birds
|97
|125
|205
|427
|-
|Reptiles
|6
|12
|3
|21
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''135'''
|'''165'''
|'''213'''
|'''513'''
|-
|'''Grand Total'''
| colspan="4" |
|-
|Mammals
|249
|226
|87
|562
|-
|Birds
|212
|251
|285
|748
|-
|Reptiles
|30
|37
|36
|103
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''491'''
|'''514'''
|'''408'''
|'''1413'''
|}

== Incidents ==

The zoo witnessed a series of animal deaths in 2004 and 2005. In August 2004, a [[lion-tailed macaque]] was found mysteriously dead.<ref name="monkey_death" /> An [[emu]] and a [[tiger]] were also reported to have died mysteriously. On 4 September 2004, an [[elephant]] died, reportedly of acute haemorrhagic [[enteritis]] and respiratory distress. It was reported that the illness in elephants was due to poisoning. As a safety measure, the zoo authority suspended several staff members who were allegedly responsible for the "gruesome killings". Laboratory tests later confirmed that the two elephants, named Ganesha and Roopa, had been poisoned.<ref name="elephant_death" /> This was followed by another elephant death (Komala) on 7 September despite heightened security. Komala had been scheduled to be transferred to Armenia in about a month.<ref name="elephant_death2" />

On 24 October 2005 another elephant, Rohan along with his mate Ansul, died with suspicions of poisoning. The elephants were supposed to be sent to [[Armenia]] as a [[Goodwill ambassador|goodwill gesture]]. The [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]] immediately ordered a probe into the death of Ansul and Rohan.

4 January 2017, the zoo announced that it was hit by avian influenza. Lab reports confirmed that six free-ranging and migratory birds died due to avian influenza (H5N8) in late December. The monthlong closure is the longest for the 124-year-old Mysore Zoo

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:ElephantFamily.jpg|[[Indian elephant]]
File:SHI 9492.JPG|[[Leopard]]
File:GiraffesAtLunch.jpg|[[Giraffe]]s feeding
File:Tiger, prince manu, r.r ngr blore, Mysore zoo.jpg|Tiger in lush vegetation
File:Zebras, Sumit Dhar, image taken at Mysore Zoo.jpg|[[Zebra]]s
File:Sri Chamarajendra Zoo, Mysore 54.jpg|[[Swan]]
File:Great White Pelican Mysore07.jpg|Great white pelican
File:TwoHornedRhino Mysore07.jpg|White rhinoceros
File:IndianBison Mysore07.jpg|Gaur
File:Mysore Zoo - 16.JPG|Elephant
File:Mysore Zoo - 14.JPG|Rhino
File:Mysore Zoo - 10.JPG|White tiger
File:Lion in Mysore zoo 01.jpg|[[Lion]]
File:Statue located at Mysore Zoo (Mysuru Zoo) 20180127 084918.jpg|Statue located at Mysore Zoo
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist |refs=

<ref name="zoo_history">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.mysore.org.uk/tourist-attractions/mysore-zoo.html
|title=Mysore Zoo
|work=mysore.org.uk
|publisher=Mysore: City of Palaces
|access-date=9 April 2011
|archive-date=12 March 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312083945/http://www.mysore.org.uk/tourist-attractions/mysore-zoo.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

<ref name="cza_list">{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|accessdate=4 July 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="kuchbhi">{{Cite web
|url = http://www.kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|title = List of Zoos in India, from 1800 until now
|work = kuchbhi.com
|publisher = Kuchbhi
|access-date = 4 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111021205725/http://kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|archive-date = 21 October 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

<ref name="elephant_death">{{Cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/21/stories/2004092104982000.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014032803/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/21/stories/2004092104982000.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 October 2004
|title=Zoo killers of Mysore
|first=Kumar
|last=R. Krishna
|date=21 September 2004
|access-date=8 April 2011
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref>

<ref name="elephant_death2">{{Cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-24/bangalore/27152239_1_female-elephant-mysore-zoo-zoo-executive-director
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-24/bangalore/27152239_1_female-elephant-mysore-zoo-zoo-executive-director
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 July 2011
|title=Another elephant dies at Mysore Zoo
|date=24 October 2004
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=4 April 2011
}}</ref>

<ref name="monkey_death">{{Cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-14/delhi/27161483_1_mysore-zoo-cza-lion-tail
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-14/delhi/27161483_1_mysore-zoo-cza-lion-tail
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 July 2011
|title=Yet another 'murder' in Mysore zoo
|first=Surojit
|last=Mahalanobis
|date=14 October 2004
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=4 April 2011
}}</ref>

<ref name="elephant.se">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.elephant.se/location2.php?location_id=153&show=1
|title=Mysore Zoo
|work=elephant.se
|publisher=[[Dan Koehl#Elephant Encyclopedia|Koehl D, Elephant Encyclopedia]]
|access-date=9 April 2011
|archive-date=14 May 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514150950/http://www.elephant.se/location2.php?location_id=153&show=1
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mysore Zoo}}
*{{Official website|https://mysorezoo.info/html/animals.php}}
*[https://techbeyondinfinity.com/guides/mysore-zoo-timings Mysore Zoo Timings | Mysore Zoo Story]

{{Mysore topics}}
{{Zoos of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Zoos in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1892]]
[[Category:Zoos established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mysore]]
[[Category:Culture of Mysore]]

Geography of West Bengal

2025-05-27T01:07:11Z

KiraHutchinson4: quick update

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[Image:India West Bengal locator map.svg|thumb|Location of West Bengal]]
The '''Geography of [[West Bengal]]''', a [[States and territories of India|state]] in eastern [[India]], is primarily defined by plains and plateaus, with the high peaks of the [[Himalaya]]s in the north and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south.

==Location and extent==
[[Image:WestBengalDistricts numbered.svg|thumb|250px|[[Districts of West Bengal]]|alt=22nd District: Jhargram; 23rd District: Paschim Bardhaman]]
West Bengal is on the eastern neck of India, stretching from the [[Himalaya]]s in the north to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south. It lies between 85 degree 50 minutes and 89 degree 50 minutes east longitude, and 21 degrees 25 minutes and 27 degrees 13 minutes north latitude.<ref name=arsenicwb>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Status in West Bengal| access-date = 29 October 2006| work = Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal – India (17 Years Study)| publisher = School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University| archive-date = 28 December 2012| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121228044845/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> The state has a total area of {{convert|88752|km2|sqmi|0}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html| title = Statistical Facts about India
| access-date = 26 October 2006| publisher = indianmirror.com
}}</ref> With [[Bangladesh]] on its eastern border, the state forms the ethno-linguistic region of [[Bengal]]. To its northeast lie the states of [[Assam]] and [[Sikkim]] and the country of [[Bhutan]]. To its southwest is the state of [[Odisha]]. To the west, it borders the states of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]], and to the northwest, [[Nepal]]. The capital of the state is [[Kolkata]], the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|third-largest]] [[urban agglomeration]] and the [[List of most populous cities in India|seventh-largest city]] in India.

==Political geography==
[[File:Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg|thumb|[[Divisions of West Bengal]]]]

There are 23 districts and 5 divisions in West Bengal. The [[Burdwan Division]] consists of [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]], [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]], and [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]]; [[Medinipur division]] consists of [[Purba Medinipur District|Purba Medinipur]], [[Paschim Midnapore District|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]], [[Bankura District|Bankura]] and [[Purulia District|Purulia]]; the [[Jalpaiguri Division]] consists of [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]], [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], and [[Kalimpong District|Kalimpong]]; the [[Malda division]] consists of [[Uttar Dinajpur District|Uttar Dinajpur]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Malda district|Malda]], and the [[Presidency Division]] consists of [[Kolkata District|Kolkata]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[North 24 Parganas District|North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas District|South 24 Parganas]] and [[Howrah District|Howrah]]. The newly added 7 districts are Ranaghat, Jangipur, Berhampur, Bishnupur, Sundarban, Icchemati and Bashirhat.

Each district is governed by a [[district collector]] or district magistrate, appointed either by the [[Indian Administrative Service]] or the [[West Bengal Civil Service]]. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]], and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s (village councils) and town [[Municipality|municipalities]].<ref name=arsenicwb/> Often, the districts north of the Ganges (i.e., [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], kalimpong, [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]], [[North Dinajpur]], [[South Dinajpur]], and [[Malda district|Malda]]) are together called [[North Bengal]].

The capital of the state is Kolkata – the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|third-largest]] [[urban agglomeration]]<ref name=uapop2011>
{{cite web |url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |title= Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above|year=2011|work= Provisional population totals, census of India 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref> and the [[List of most populous cities in India|seventh-largest city]]<ref name=cityrank>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011|work= Provisional population totals, census of India 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> in India. [[Asansol]] is the second largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal after Kolkata.<ref name=uapop2011/> [[Siliguri]] is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern [[Siliguri Corridor]] (Chicken's Neck) of India. Other major [[cities and towns in West Bengal]] are [[Howrah]], [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]], [[Raniganj]], [[Haldia]], [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Kharagpur, West Bengal|Kharagpur]], [[Burdwan]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Midnapore]], and [[English Bazar|Malda]].<ref name=cityrank/>

==Landforms==
===Darjeeling Himalayan hill region===
{{main|Darjeeling Himalayan hill region}}
[[Image:Teestavalley.jpg|right|thumb|[[List of National Highways in India|National Highway 31A]] winds along the [[Teesta River]] near [[Kalimpong]], in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region.]]
Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is situated to the north of the state. This region belongs to the [[Eastern Himalaya]] range. The entire [[Darjeeling district]] (except the [[Siliguri]] subdivision and northern parts of Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar districts) falls under this zone, which starts abruptly from the [[Terai region]]. The deep gorges of [[Teesta River]], which runs from north to south have divided this mountainous region into two parts: the western mountains (west of Teesta) and the eastern mountains (east of Teesta).

==== The Western Mountains ====
[[Image:Kanchendzonga from sandakaphu.jpg|thumb| Singalila Range and [[Kangchenjunga|Kanchenjungha]] from [[Sandakphu]]]]
The western mountains are the higher part of Darjeeling Himalayan range, with an average height of {{Convert|2200|m|ft|abbr=on}}. They spread from Nepal border to the Teesta river, and primarily consist of two mountain ranges: the Singalila Range and the Darjeeling range. The [[Singalila Ridge|Singalila Range]] is located along the border of Darjeeling district and [[Nepal]]. It separates West Bengal from Nepal. Singalila starts from Western Sikkim and penetrates into Darjeeling district. It has four important peaks higher than 3,000 m: [[Sandakphu]] (3,636 m), [[Phalut]] (3,595 m), Sabargram (3,543 m), and [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]] (3,036 m). Among the Himalayan ranges of this region, Singalila Range hosts Sandakphu (3,636 m), the highest peak in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/attractions_activities/sandakphu|title=Attractions of Sandakphu|accessdate=8 March 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112161946/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/attractions_activities/sandakphu|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kanchenjunga]] (the world's 3rd highest peak), [[Everest]] (world's highest peak), [[Lhotse]] (world's 4th highest peak), and [[Makalu]] (world's 5th highest peak) can be seen from the Singalila Range.

The Darjeeling range rises steadily from Terai area. Located within this range, [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]] railway station (2,258 m) is the highest rail station in India. The famous [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling|Tiger Hill]] (2,567 m) is situated at the middle of this mountain chain and is a viewpoint from which some of the world's tallest peaks can be seen, including Kanchenjunga, Everest, Lhotse, and Makalu. Three minor mountain chains start from Tiger Hill: Darjeeling Lebong in the north, Takdah Peshok in the northeast, and Bagora Dowhill in the south. Sinchal (2,615 m) is one of the well-known peaks here.

==== The Eastern Mountains ====
The eastern side of the Darjeeling Himalayan mountains are lower than the western side, with an average altitude of {{Convert|1900|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Durpin Dara and Chola are two major mountain chains of this part.

The Durpin Dara chain holds the highest peak of eastern part: Rishila, at {{convert|3121|m|ft|0}}. There are two peaks, Renigango (1,885 m) and Chhoto Sinchula (1726m) to the north of Jalpaiguri district. The Buxa hill is located at the east end of this region. Sangchuli is the highest peak of the Buxa hills. [[Kalimpong]] town is one of the well-known towns of this area.

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (simply known as "toy train") has been listed in [[UNESCO]] world heritage sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/heritage/darjeeling-himalayan-railway.html|title=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|accessdate = 8 March 2021}}</ref>

===Terai region===

{{main| Terai}}
{{see also|Dooars}}
[[Image:Tea garden in dooars.jpg|thumb|A tea garden in Dooars with the background of the Himalayas]]

The Teesta River divides the area into two parts: the [[Terai]] to the west and the [[Dooars]] (or Duars) to the east. The Dooars region can be further subdivided into the Siliguri (Western) Dooars, the Jalpaiguri (Middle) Dooars, and the Alipur (Eastern) Dooars.

The Terai ("moist land") is a belt of marshy [[grassland]]s, [[savanna]]s, and [[forest]]s at the base of the Himalaya range stretching southwards about 38 km. Above the Terai belt lies the [[Bhabar]], a forested belt of rock, gravel, and soil eroded from the Himalayas. The Terai zone is composed of alternate layers of clay and sand, with a high water table that creates many springs and [[wetland]]s. The Terai zone is inundated yearly by the [[monsoon]]-swollen rivers of the Himalayas. The [[Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands]] is an ecoregion that stretches across the middle of the Terai belt, consisting of tall grasslands, savannas, evergreen forests, and deciduous forests [.

The Terai and [[Dooars]] region politically constitute the plains of [[Darjeeling District]], the whole of [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] and [[Alipurduar district]], and the upper region of [[Cooch Behar District]] in [[West Bengal]]. The slope of the land is gentle, from north to south. The general height of the land is 80–100 m. The entire region is made up of sand, gravel, and pebbles laid down by Himalayan rivers including the [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Torsa River|Torsa]], [[Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Sankosh]], and [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]].

===North Bengal plains===
{{main|North Bengal plains}}
The North Bengal plains start from the south of Terai region and continue up to the left bank of the [[Ganges]]. The southern parts of the district [[Jalpaiguri]], [[North Dinajpur]] baring some extreme northern regions, [[South Dinajpur]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[Alipurduar]] and southern part of [[Cooch Behar]] districts constitute this geographical region. The narrow land mass in the [[North Dinajpur district]] is known as Mahananda Corridor. This corridor runs north to south joining [[Malda district|Malda]] with the plains of Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar. The entire part of North and South Dinajpur is silt laden plain.

The [[Mahananda River]] divides the district of [[Malda district|Malda]] into two parts. The eastern part (known as Barind or Barendrabhumi) consists of undulating plains and ''[[Inselberg|tilas]]'', and is made up of old [[alluvium]] and is part of the [[Ganges Delta]]. In contrast, the western part is made up of new alluvium, and here the [[Kalindi River]] joins the Mahananda River. The area north of the Kalindi River is a lowland covered with [[swamp]]s and [[beel]]s (small water bodies) and is known as ''tal''. In contrast, the area south of the Kalindi is a very fertile land and is known as ''diara''.

The plain south of [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Alipurduar]], and [[Cooch Behar district]] is also made of new alluvium deposited by numerous rivers including the [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Torsa River|Torsa]], [[Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Sankosh]], [[Balason River|Balason]], [[Punarbhaba River|Punarbhaba]], and [[Atrai River|Atrai]] [1].

===Rarh region===
{{main|Rarh region}}
Rarh is the region that intervenes between the [[Vajjabhumi]] and the Ganges Delta. This region is composed of parts of the districts [[Murshidabad]], [[Birbhum]], [[Bankura]], [[Purba Bardhaman]], [[Paschim Bardhaman]], [[Purba Medinipur]], and [[Paschim Medinipur]]. The region is about 50–100 m above [[sea level]], and is believed to consist of soil from the [[Geography of India#The Peninsular Plateau|Deccan plateau]]. The area is formed by the silt brought by the tributaries of the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], [[Mayurakshi River]], [[Ajay River]], [[Damodar River|Damodar]], and [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]] rivers, which flow through the red [[laterite soil]] of the western plateau region. The land is sloped from west to southeast, and the formation of natural [[levees]] along the riverbanks is a common phenomenon.

===Coastal plain===

[[File:Shankarpur, 2004.JPG|thumb|[[Shankarpur]] beach near [[Digha]] is a part of this coastal plain]]

A small coastal region is on the extreme south of the state. A part of the district of [[Purba Medinipur]] along the [[Bay of Bengal]] constitutes the coastal plain. This emergent coastal plain is made up of sand and mud deposited by rivers and wind. Parallel to the coast are areas of sand dunes and marsh. The [[Digha|Digha dunes]] lie nearest to the [[Bay of Bengal]], while the Kanthi dunes are the farthest from it. In some areas, dunes occur at a distance of 15–16 km from the coast and are 11–12 m high [2].

===Western plateau and high lands===
{{main|Vajjabhumi}}

[[File:Susunia.jpg|thumb|Susunia hill]]The western part of [[Purulia]], [[Bankura]], [[Birbhum]], [[Bardhaman]], and [[Paschim Medinipur]] districts constitute the western plateau and highlands, which form the eastern fringes of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Geologically, this area is made of [[igneous rocks]] of the [[Archean|Archaean]] era as well as coal-bearing [[mudstone]] and [[quartzite]] rocks of [[Carboniferous]] period. Because of long and continuous erosion, the whole region has been transformed into an undulating [[peneplain]]. This area is interspersed by small [[monadnocks]] locally known as ''tila''. Some of the important hills in the area include [[Ajodhya Hills]] (677 m), Panchet (643 m), and [[Baghmundi]] in Purulia, and [[Biharinath]] (452 m) and [[Susunia]] (442 m) in Bankura. Gorgaburu in the Ayodhya Hills (677 m) is the highest point in the region.

The average altitude in the area ranges from 100 to 500 m. The area has a slope from the west to the east.

There are some [[badlands]] in this region. The Sinhati Badlands are located 4 km northwest of Bishnupur town in the Sinhati area of Bankura district.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kar|first=Nabendu Sekhar|title=Lateritic Badland of Sinhati, Bankura, West Bengal: A Geomorphic Investigation|date=2016-01-09|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290542359|work=Springer Geography|pages=19–31|isbn=978-3-319-26443-1|access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref> The Gangani (or Garbheta) Badlands are located in Paschim Midinipur district beside river Shilabati. These badlands are also known as Grand Canyon of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mandal|first1=Rahul|last2=Chakrabarty|first2=Premangshu|date=2021-06-01|title=Badlands of Gangani in West Bengal, India: An assessment on account of geotourism development|journal=International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks|series=Exploration of Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=147–156|doi=10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.001|s2cid=233918897 |issn=2577-4441|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Ganges delta===
{{main|Ganges Delta}}

[[Image:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|thumb|Ganges river delta, in Bangladesh and India]]

The Ganges Delta covers the entirety of [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Kolkata]], [[North 24 Parganas]], and [[South 24 Parganas]] districts, and the eastern half of [[Murshidabad district]]. The Ganges passes through this vast area and divides into three distinct parts: the old delta, the mature delta, and the active delta.

The old delta consists of the districts of Murshidabad and Nadia. The formation of delta is complete and the rivers here are heavily silted and many have even dried up over time. Silted rivers, swamps, [[beel]]s, and [[oxbow lake]]s form the area. This area is also known as Bagri region.

The districts of [[Kolkata]] and North 24 Parganas form mature delta region. The rivers are slow and meandering and frequently shift their courses. Swamps, [[beel]]s, and oxbow lakes characterise the scenery. The district of South 24 Parganas is known to be the active delta of the Ganges, where the formation of the delta is still an ongoing process.

==Agro-climatic groups==

[[Image:PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG|thumb|Agriculture is leading occupation in the state. Shown here are freshly sown saplings of paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks.]]
Depending on soil and climate variations, West Bengal can be divided into six broad divisions:<ref name=hdrchap1>{{cite book
|title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004
|year = 2004
|url = http://www.undp.org.in/hdrc/shdr/WB/
|access-date = 26 August 2006
|publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal
|isbn = 81-7955-030-3
|pages = 176–178
|chapter = Environmental Issues
|chapter-url = http://www.undp.org.in/hdrc/shdr/WB/WB%20HDR%202004/Chap9.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060527075941/http://www.undp.org.in/hdrc/shdr/WB/
|archive-date = 27 May 2006
}}</ref>

*The hill region in the north
*The Terai and Teesta alluvial region of North Bengal
*The laterectic, red and gravely undulating region in the west
*The coastal alluvial region in the south
*The Gangetic alluvial region in the east
*The Vindhya alluvial region in the centre

==Rivers==
[[Image:HooghlyRiverOverBally gobeirne.jpg|thumb|Hooghly River viewed over the town of [[Bally, Howrah]]]]
The [[Ganges]] enters West Bengal near [[Rajmahal]] and then flows in a southeasterly direction. It divides in two near north of [[Dhulian]] in [[Murshidabad district]].<ref name="hsecogeo"/> One branch enters Bangladesh as the [[Padma River|Padma]] (or ''Pôdda''), while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi and [[Hooghly River]] in a southern direction. The Bhagirathi-Hooghly is the main river in West Bengal, and flows past some of the important cities like [[Murshidabad]], [[Baharampur]], [[Nabadwip]], [[Chinsurah]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Srirampur, India|Srirampur]], [[Howrah]], [[Kolkata]], [[Diamond Harbour]], and [[Haldia]]. It empties into [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Sagar Island]] in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district.<ref name="hsecogeo"/>

Numerous rivers flow eastwards through West Bengal and join the Bhagirathi on the right bank.<ref name="hsecogeo"/> These include:

* The [[Mayurakshi River]]—which is fed by the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], [[Dwarka River|Dwarka]], [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]], and [[Kopai River|Kopai]]—joins the Bhagirathi near [[Kandi, Murshidabad]].
* The [[Ajay River]], which rises in the hills of [[Bihar]] and is joined by the [[Kunur River|Kunur]], flows down the plateau fringe, marking the boundary between [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] and [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] districts and joining the Bhagirathi near [[Katwa]].
* The [[Damodar River]] joins the Bhagirathi near [[Uluberia]]. The river is also known as "the sorrow of Bengal", and controlled by the [[Damodar Valley Project]].
* The [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]] and [[Shilabati River|Shilabati]] rivers join to form the [[Rupnarayan River]]. The [[Kangsabati]] and [[Keleghai River|Keleghai]] rivers join to form the [[Haldi River]].<ref name="hsecogeo" /> The Rupnarayan and Haldi then join the Bhagirathi in the [[East Midnapur district]].
* The [[Subarnarekha River]], after flowing for a short distance in West Bengal, re-enters into [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] [1].

Similarly, several rivers flow westwards into West Bengal and join the Bhagirathi on its left bank.<ref name="hsecogeo" /> These include:

* The [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Jalangi River]], which join together (then known as Jalangi) before joining the Bhagirathi.
* The [[Mathabhanga River]], which divides into two branches: the [[River Churni|Churni]] and [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]]. The Churni meets the Bhagirathi, while the Ichhamati flows southwards and joins the [[Kalindi River]].<ref name="hsecogeo" />

These rivers carry with them plenty of water, keeping the Bhagirathi River submerged with water throughout the year. The rivers also carry silt and sand eroded from the western plateaus and deposit them in the Bhagirathi. This silting causes trouble for the [[Kolkata Port]] and often causes flooding during years of heavy rain.<ref name="hsecogeo" />

The [[Sunderbans]] region is covered by numerous estuaries and streams, mainly distributaries of main rivers [3]. The rivers are interconnected and are fed by tidal waters. The major rivers of the area are the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], [[Matla River|Matla]], [[Gosaba River|Gosaba]], [[Saptamukhi River|Saptamukhi]], [[Haribhanga River|Haribhanga]], [[Piyali River|Piyali]], [[Thakuran River|Thakuran]] (or Jamira), [[Raimangal River|Raimangal]], [[Kalindi River|Kalindi]], and [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]] [4].<ref name="hsecogeo" />

The [[Teesta River]] cuts deep [[Canyon|gorges]] from north to south in the mountainous Darjeeling district. It then enters the plains at [[Sevoke]] and flows in a mighty stream in a straight line towards the southeast, until it pours into the [[Brahmaputra River]] in Bangladesh.<ref name="hsecogeo" />

The [[Torsa]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Kaljani]], [[Raidak]], [[Sankosh]], and [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]] rivers originate in the northern hilly region which rise in the [[Himalayas]] and flow in a southerly direction through the districts of [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]] and [[North Dinajpur|North]] and [[South Dinajpur]], before entering [[Bangladesh]]. As most of the rivers are fed by snow, they are perennial in nature and often flood during the rainy season.<ref name="hsecogeo" /> The entire region is made up of sand, gravel, and pebbles laid down by these rivers.<ref name="hsecogeo" /> The Mahananda rises from the Dow Hills forest, near the town of [[Darjeeling]], and runs in a zig-zag course through the district of Malda and joins the Padma in Bangladesh. In the central region, the main river is the Mahananda.{{Clarify|date=December 2022}} The [[Tangon River|Tangon]], [[Punarbhaba River|Punarbhabha]], and [[Atrai River|Atrai]] rivers arise in the plains; the former two join and flow into the [[Mahanadi]], while the Atrai flows into the Padma [1].

==Wetlands==
{{main|Sundarbans}}
[[Image:Sundarbans 02.jpg|thumb|[[Heritiera littoralis|Sundari trees]] in the Sundarbans]]
The Sundarbans delta is the largest [[mangrove]] forest in the world, situated in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district. It lies at the mouth of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and is spread across areas of [[Bangladesh]] and West Bengal. The Bangladeshi and Indian portions of the jungle are both [[UNESCO world heritage]] sites, separately listed as the Sundarbans and [[Sundarbans National Park]] respectively, though they are parts of the same forest [3]. The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of [[tide|tidal]] waterways, [[mudflat]]s, and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests, and present an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes [4].

The average elevation of the area is 10 m. This area has been created by the deposition of silt from its numerous rivers—the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], [[Matla River|Matla]], [[Thakuran River|Jamira]], [[Gosaba River|Gosaba]], [[Saptamukhi River|Saptamukhi]], and [[Haribhanga River|Haribhanga]]—and their tributaries. The formation of the delta is an ongoing process, and new [[wikt:Special:Search/bars|bars]] and islands are being created along the rivers and at the river mouth. A large percentage of the area is underwater during incoming tides.

The area is known for its wide range of fauna. The most famous among these is the [[royal Bengal tiger]], but numerous species of [[bird]]s, spotted [[deer]], [[crocodile]]s, and [[snake]]s also inhabit it. It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area [5].{{citation needed |date=August 2016}}

==Climate==
{{Main|Climate of West Bengal}}
[[Image:Wb-climate.gif|thumb|Average annual rainfall in West Bengal]]
[[Image:Kalinagar Floods B.JPG|thumb|Many areas flood during the heavy rains brought by monsoon]]
West Bengal's climate varies from [[tropical savannah]] in the southern portions to [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the north. The main seasons are summer, rainy season, a short autumn, and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India, with daily high temperatures ranging from {{convert|38|°C|°F|0}} to {{convert|45|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name=webindia>{{cite web
| url = http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/climate.htm
| title = Climate
| access-date = 5 September 2006
| work = West Bengal: Land
| publisher = Suni System (P) Ltd
}}</ref> At nights, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal.

In early summer, brief [[squall]]s and thunderstorms known as ''kal-baisakhi'' often arrive from the north or northwest.<ref name="kalboisakhi">{{cite web
|url = http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=kal-baisakhi1
|title = kal Baisakhi
|access-date = 5 September 2006
|work = Glossary of Meteorology
|publisher = American Meteorological Society
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060830065710/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=kal-baisakhi1
|archive-date = 30 August 2006
}}</ref> Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. West Bengal receives the [[Climate of India#Monsoon|Bay of Bengal branch]] of the [[Monsoon#Indian Ocean Monsoon|Indian Ocean monsoon]] that moves in a northwest direction. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average daily low temperatures of {{convert|15|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="webindia" /> A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. However, the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall at places.

==Natural resources==
[[Image:Wb-minerals.png|thumb|Map of mineral deposits in West Bengal]]

West Bengal stands third in India in terms of mineral production by state, contributing about one-fifth of the total mineral production of the country.<ref name="hsecogeo">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sudhansu Sekhar |author2=Gupta, Sushmita |title=Higher Secondary Economic Geography |publisher=Indian Progressive Publishing |year=1977 |location=Kolkata |pages=316–359}}</ref>

[[Coal]] constitutes 99% of the minerals extracted in West Bengal. West Bengal is the third largest state for coal production, accounting for about half of India's total.<ref name="hsecogeo"/> Coal is extracted from about 228 mines in the [[Raniganj]] and [[Asansol]] region of [[Bardhaman district]].<ref name="hsecogeo"/> High grade [[bituminous coal]] is mined at [[Raniganj]], [[Dishergarh]], [[Santaldih]], [[Kulti]], [[Barakar]], [[Ghushik]], and [[Kajora]]. Coalfields stretch over an area of about {{convert|1550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The coalfields of Raniganj support the Asansol-Durgapur industrial belt by providing fuel to the industries as well as generation of thermal power. [[Lignite]] mined in [[Darjeeling]] is used to make [[briquettes]]. Coal deposits are also found along the [[Ajoy river]] in [[Birbhum district]].<ref name="hsecogeo"/>

[[Fireclay]] and [[china clay]] are also mined. West Bengal ranks next to [[Bihar]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in production of fireclay.<ref name="hsecogeo"/> Most of this mineral is extracted in the Raniganj region, along with a small quantity extracted from [[Birbhum]] and [[Purulia district|Purulia]]. In 1993–94, 124,000 metric tons of fireclay were produced in West Bengal.<ref name="hsecogeo"/> China clay—used in the [[pottery]], [[paper]], [[textile]], [[rubber]], and [[paint]] industries—is unearthed at [[Mohammad Bazar (community development block)|Mohammad Bazar]] in Birbhum and [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]] in [[Bankura district|Bankura]]. The rest of the production comes from Purulia, Bardhaman, Darjeeling, and [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]].

[[Limestone]], [[copper]], [[iron ore]], [[wolframite]], [[manganese]], and [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]] are also mined in small quantities.<ref name="hsecogeo" /> Limestone—used in the [[cement]] industry—is mined in Bankura, Purulia, Darjeeling, and Jalpaiguri.<ref name="hsecogeo"/> There are copper mines in Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling. Small quantities of low-quality iron ore are mined in Bardhaman, Purulia, Birbhum, and Darjeeling.<ref name="hsecogeo"/> There is manganese in the [[Jhargram]] region of [[Paschim Medinipur]], Purulia, and Bardhaman. Wolframite is mined at [[Jhilimili]] in Bankura.<ref name="hsecogeo"/> The state's production of dolomite comes from the [[Dooars]] region of Jalpaiguri. 38.5 thousand tonnes of dolomite were raised in 1993–94.<ref name="hsecogeo"/>

There are possible deposits of mineral oil and natural gas in the areas near the [[Bay of Bengal]], in [[Purba Medinipur]], [[Sundarbans]], [[South 24 Parganas]], and [[North Bengal]] plains.<ref name="hsecogeo" /> Research is ongoing in various places to locate natural gas.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Geography of India}}

[[Category:Geography of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Environment of West Bengal]]

D. Murugesan (politician)

2025-05-19T09:00:04Z

KiraHutchinson4:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''D. Murugesan''' is an Indian politician from [[Anakaputhur]]. He was a member of the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengalpattu constituency]], representing the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] party.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=2017-04-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref>

The [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]] resulted in his constituency being won by [[M. Varalakshmi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/001_050.html |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murugesan, D.}}
[[Category:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

{{DMDK-politician-stub}}