Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

2026 Bengaluru Open – Singles

2026-05-08T01:46:20Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Tennis events|2026|Bengaluru Open|
| champ = {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|Pedro Martínez]]
| runner = {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov]]
| score = 7–6(7–5), 6–3
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| after_year = 2026
| after_name = Bengaluru Open II
}}

{{main|2026 Bengaluru Open}}

[[Brandon Holt]] was the defending champion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennistourtalk.com/119680/holt-hoists-bengaluru-open-trophy|title=Holt Hoists Bengaluru Open Trophy|first=Florian|last=Heer|date=March 3, 2025}}</ref> but chose not to defend his title.

[[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|Pedro Martínez]] won the title after defeating [[Timofey Skatov]] 7–6(7–5), 6–3 in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://menafn.com/1110581150/Bengaluru-Open-2026-Pedro-Martinez-Claims-Singles-Title-With-Straight-Sets-Win|title=Bengaluru Open 2026: Pedro Martinez Claims Singles Title With Straight-Sets Win|publisher=menafn.com|accessdate=18 January 2026}}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|Pedro Martínez]] (champion)'''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Lloyd Harris (tennis)|Lloyd Harris]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Matej Dodig]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Houkes]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|LBN}} [[Benjamin Hassan]] ''(first round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final

| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|Pedro Martínez]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''77'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Matteo Martineau]]
| RD1-score2-1=64
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=6
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot]]
| RD1-score4-1=4
| RD1-score4-2=3
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|Pedro Martínez]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''77'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov]]
| RD2-score2-1=65
| RD2-score2-2=3
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|P Martínez]]'''
| RD1-score01-1=4
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed02=Q
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|FIN}} [[Eero Vasa|E Vasa]]
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2=2
| RD1-score02-3=3

| RD1-seed03=Q
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|FRA}} Alexis Gautier
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=3
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Michael Geerts|M Geerts]]'''
| RD1-score04-1=3
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Borna Gojo|B Gojo]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Singh (tennis)|K Singh]]
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2=4
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cedrik-Marcel Stebe|C-M Stebe]]'''
| RD1-score07-1=4
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed08=7
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|NED}} [[Max Houkes|M Houkes]]
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2=3
| RD1-score08-3=1

| RD1-seed09=3
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]]
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2=1
| RD1-score09-3=2
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Matteo Martineau|M Martineau]]'''
| RD1-score10-1=4
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed11=Q
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|NED}} [[Niels Visker|N Visker]]
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2=2
| RD1-score11-3=4
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|UKR}} Eric Vanshelboim'''
| RD1-score12-1=3
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|IND}} Aryan Shah
| RD1-score13-1=1
| RD1-score13-2=2
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Beibit Zhukayev|B Zhukayev]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=WC
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manas Dhamne|M Dhamne]]'''
| RD1-score15-1='''7'''
| RD1-score15-2=4
| RD1-score15-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed16=5
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Matej Dodig|M Dodig]]
| RD1-score16-1=5
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=1

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|P Martínez]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''77'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Michael Geerts|M Geerts]]
| RD2-score02-1=63
| RD2-score02-2=3
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Borna Gojo|B Gojo]]
| RD2-score03-1=5
| RD2-score03-2=69
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cedrik-Marcel Stebe|C-M Stebe]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''7'''
| RD2-score04-2='''711'''
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Matteo Martineau|M Martineau]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|UKR}} E Vanshelboim
| RD2-score06-1=2
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Beibit Zhukayev|B Zhukayev]]
| RD2-score07-1=2
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=2
| RD2-seed08=WC
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manas Dhamne|M Dhamne]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2=3
| RD2-score08-3='''6'''

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|P Martínez]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|GER}} [[Cedrik-Marcel Stebe|C-M Stebe]]
| RD3-score02-1=2
| RD3-score02-2=0
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Matteo Martineau|M Martineau]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2='''77'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=WC
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manas Dhamne|M Dhamne]]
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2=65
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=1
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|P Martínez]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''77'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Matteo Martineau|M Martineau]]
| RD4-score02-1=64
| RD4-score02-2=1
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=6
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov|T Skatov]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Neil Oberleitner|N Oberleitner]]
| RD1-score02-1=3
| RD1-score02-2=3
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=Q
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|MAS}} Mitsuki Wei Kang Leong'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=Q
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|TUN}} [[Aziz Ouakaa|A Ouakaa]]
| RD1-score04-1=2
| RD1-score04-2=2
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Orlov|V Orlov]]
| RD1-score05-1='''77'''
| RD1-score05-2=5
| RD1-score05-3=4
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Dan Martin (tennis)|D Martin]]'''
| RD1-score06-1=64
| RD1-score06-2='''7'''
| RD1-score06-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jonáš Forejtek|J Forejtek]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''77'''
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=4
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|RSA}} [[Lloyd Harris (tennis)|L Harris]]
| RD1-score08-1=65
| RD1-score08-2=4
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=8
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|LBN}} [[Benjamin Hassan|B Hassan]]
| RD1-score09-1=4
| RD1-score09-2=1
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=Q
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|FRA}} Felix Balshaw'''
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Duje Ajduković|D Ajduković]]
| RD1-score11-1=4
| RD1-score11-2=4
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=WC
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhakshineswar Suresh|D Suresh]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal|S Nagal]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=WC
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev|SDP Dev]]
| RD1-score14-1=3
| RD1-score14-2=3
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|}} [[Petr Bar Biryukov|P Bar Biryukov]]
| RD1-score15-1=1
| RD1-score15-2=4
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot|H Mayot]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=6
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov|T Skatov]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''7'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=Q
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|MAS}} MWK Leong
| RD2-score02-1=3
| RD2-score02-2=5
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Dan Martin (tennis)|D Martin]]
| RD2-score03-1='''77'''
| RD2-score03-2=1
| RD2-score03-3=4
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jonáš Forejtek|J Forejtek]]'''
| RD2-score04-1=65
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed05=Q
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|FRA}} F Balshaw
| RD2-score05-1=3
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=64
| RD2-seed06=WC
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhakshineswar Suresh|D Suresh]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2=1
| RD2-score06-3='''77'''

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal|S Nagal]]
| RD2-score07-1=62
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=611
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot|H Mayot]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''77'''
| RD2-score08-2=1
| RD2-score08-3='''713'''

| RD3-seed01=6
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov|T Skatov]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jonáš Forejtek|J Forejtek]]
| RD3-score02-1=4
| RD3-score02-2=2
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=WC
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhakshineswar Suresh|D Suresh]]
| RD3-score03-1=65
| RD3-score03-2=2
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot|H Mayot]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''77'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=6
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timofey Skatov|T Skatov]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot|H Mayot]]
| RD4-score02-1=4
| RD4-score02-2=3
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.protennislive.com/posting/2026/7808/mds.pdf Main draw]
*[https://www.protennislive.com/posting/2026/7808/qs.pdf Qualifying draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2026 Bengaluru Open - 1}}
[[Category:2026 ATP Challenger Tour|Bengaluru Open - 1]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2026 Singles]]

Dinesh Sarkar

2026-05-06T15:35:08Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dinesh Sarkar
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj]]
| predecessor = [[Khageswar Roy]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dinesh Sarkar''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He won in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Rajganj, as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= DINESH SARKAR RAJGANJ (SC) (JALPAIGURI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=86|access-date=2026-05-04|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajganj Assembly Constituency Election Result 2026|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2518.htm|access-date=2026-05-04|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajganj election result 2026: BJP's Dinesh Sarkar defeated TMC's Swapna Barman by 21,477 votes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajganj-election-result-2026-tmcs-swapna-barman-vs-bjps-dinesh-sarkar/articleshow/130603156.cms|date=2026-05-04|access-date=2026-05-04|publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajganj election result LIVE: Dinesh Sarkar of BJP wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajganj-west-bengal-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10071710.html|date=2026-05-04|access-date=2026-05-04|publisher=News18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-02T03:38:09Z

Kiloforce123: formatting fix

{{Short description|Election to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| opinion_polls = 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election#Opinion polls
| previous_election = 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2021
| registered = 57,343,291 ({{decrease}} 8.9%)
| turnout = 85.14% ({{increase}} 12.41%)
| next_election =
| next_year = 2031
| election_date = 23 April 2026
| seats_for_election = All 234 elected seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 118
| map_image = File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Tamil Nadu.svg
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Tamil Nadu
| outgoing_members = 16th Tamil Nadu Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=08}}
| leader1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| leader_since1 = 2018
| alliance1 = Secular Progressive Alliance
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| leaders_seat1 = [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
| last_election1 = 37.7%, 133 seats
| alliance_seats1 =
| seats_before1 = 133
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Palanisamy.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| leader_since2 = 2017
| alliance2 = AIADMK-led Alliance
| party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| leaders_seat2 = [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
| last_election2 = 33.29%, 66 seats
| Alliance_Seats2 =
| seats_before2 = 60
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 58
| 1blank = Current Alliance seats
| 1data1 = 158
| 1data2 = 67
| 2blank = Alliance seats needed
| 2data1 = {{steady}}
| 2data2 = {{increase}} 51
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| before_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election =
| after_party =
| elected_members = 17th Tamil Nadu Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
}}
Legislative Assembly elections were held in [[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] on [[2026 elections in India|23 April 2026]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234 members]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. The votes will be counted and the results will be declared on 4 May 2026.

The election recorded a voter turnout of 85.1%, the highest ever for an assembly election in the state.

== Background ==
Elections to a [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislative assemblies]] in India are usually held once in five years, and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|members of the legislative assembly]] are directly elected to serve five year terms from [[Single-member district|single-member constituencies]]. The [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|previous assembly elections]] were held in April 2021 to elect the 234 members of the [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly]], and the tenure of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|assembly]] ends on 10 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Term of the Houses |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807185225/https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref> In the previous election, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] (SPA) formed the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] after winning 159 of the 234 seats, and [[M. K. Stalin]] sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2021 |title=Assembly elections 2021: DMK reclaims power in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-assembly-elections-2021-dmk-reclaims-power-in-tamil-nadu/article34490348.ece |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2021 |title=DMK chief MK Stalin takes oath as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/dmk-chief-mk-stalin-oath-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-cabinet-1799754-2021-05-07 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which won 66 seats, became the principal opposition party and its leader [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was elected and served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 May 2021|title=Edappadi Palaniswami elected as Leader of Opposition in Tamil Nadu Assembly|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143613/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2022, three members–[[O. Panneerselvam]], [[P. H. Manoj Pandian]], and [[R. Vaithilingam]] were expelled from the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK Expels OPS, His Supporters From Party; Defiant Leader Vows Action |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-expels-ops-his-supporters-from-party-defiant-leader-vows-action-3146536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712181227/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-expels-ops-his-supporters-from-party-defiant-leader-vows-action-3146536 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In August 2022, [[P. Ayyappan]] of the AIADMK also joined the expelled faction.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2022 |title=Usilampatti MLA switches over to Panneerselvam camp |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/usilampatti-mla-switches-over-to-panneerselvam-camp/article65819191.ece |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] was expelled from AIADMK in October 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jesudasan |first=Dennis S. |date=31 October 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu MLA Sengottaiyan expelled from AIADMK a day after his meeting with Panneerselvam, Dhinakaran, Sasikala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-mla-ka-sengottaiyan-expelled-from-aiadmk-a-day-after-meeting-ops-dhinakaran-sasikala/article70225526.ece |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and subsequently resigned from his position as a member of the assembly in November 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2025 |title=Expelled AIADMK veteran Sengottaiyan joins Vijay's TVK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ka-sengottaiyan-former-tn-minister-expelled-from-aiadmk-joins-tvk/article70329096.ece |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manoj Pandian resigned as a member of the assembly in November 2025 and joined the DMK,<ref>{{cite news |date=5 November 2025 |title=AIADMK MLA Manoj Pandian joins DMK, resigns as MLA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-mla-manoj-pandian-joins-dmk-resigns-as-mla/articleshow/125095599.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with Vaithilingam following suit in January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Former AIADMK Minister R. Vaithilingam joins DMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/r-vaithilingam-resigns-aiadmk-dmk-january-21-2026/article70532054.ece |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In late 2025, the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) split into two factions, with three members expressing support to [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] and two members supporting [[S. Ramadoss]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2025 |title=MLAs protest at Secretariat over PMK leadership dispute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/mlas-protest-at-secretariat-over-pmk-leadership-dispute/articleshow/124561053.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2025 |title=Anbumani seeks replacement of G K Mani as party floor leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/anbumani-seeks-replacement-of-g-k-mani-as-party-floor-leader/articleshow/124131189.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After Anbumani was recognised as the official leader of the PMK, Ramadoss formed a [[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss faction)|splinter faction]] of the PMK.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2025 |title=EC recognises Anbumani as PMK president; Ramadoss camp calls it a unilateral decision |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ec-recognises-anbumani-as-pmk-president-ramadoss-camp-calls-it-a-unilateral-decision/articleshow/123908124.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Two members–[[T. K. Amulkandasami]] (AIADMK) and [[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] (DMK) died on 21 June 2025 and 23 October 2025 respectively.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2025|title=Valparai AIADMK MLA Amul Kandasamy passes away at 60 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/valparai-aiadmk-mla-amul-kandasamy-passes-away-at-60/article69721031.ece |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu: Senthamangalam DMK MLA K. Ponnusamy passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/senthamangalam-dmk-mla-k-ponnusamy-passes-away/article70192532.ece |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 27 February 2026, Pannerselvam and Ayyappan resigned from the assembly and joined the DMK.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu: OPS and Ayyappan joined DMK|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-tamil-nadu-cm-o-panneerselvam-to-join-dmk-the-hindu-live-updates/article70682462.ece/|access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Composition of the assembly
! colspan="3" | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]] result
! colspan="3"| As on 27 February 2026
|-
! colspan="2" | Party !! Seats !! colspan="2" | Party!! Seats
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 133
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 133
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 66
| {{Party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 60
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 18
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 17
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |5
| {{Party name with colour|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| align=left|[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]]
| 2
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 4
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 4
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
|-
|
|
|
| {{Party name with colour|Casual vacancy}}
| 7
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! 234
! colspan="2" |-
! 234
|-
|}

==Schedule==


The [[Election Commission of India]] announced the schedule for the election on 15 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2026: full schedule |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2026-full-schedule-poll-date-counting-date-nominations-date/article70746432.ece |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Event
!Date
|-
| Nomination
| 30 March 2026
|-
| Deadline for filing nominations
| 6 April 2026
|-
| Scrutiny of nominations
| 7 April 2026
|-
| Deadline for withdrawal of nomination
| 9 April 2026
|-
| Polling
| 23 April 2026
|-
| Counting of votes
| 4 May 2026
|-
| Deadline for the completion of election process
| 6 May 2026
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
=== Secular Progressive Alliance ===

[[File:2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election SPA Seat Sharing Map.svg|thumb|[[Secular Progressive Alliance]] seat sharing map]]

On 9 March 2024, [[Kamal Haasan]]'s [[Makkal Needhi Maiam]] joined the Secular Progressive Alliance (SPA).<ref name="MNM">{{cite news |title=Actor Kamal Haasan's MNM joins DMK-led alliance; allotted one seat for 2025 Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/actor-kamal-haasans-mnm-joins-dmk-led-alliance-allotted-one-seat-for-2025-rajya-sabha-polls-2929362 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Parties which formed part of the DMK-led alliance –[[Indian National Congress]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], and [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], that won all the 39 seats in the state in the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 general election]], remained with the alliance despite emerging strains during subsequent seat-sharing negotiations.<ref name="MKS">{{cite news |title=DMK alliance sweeps Tamil Nadu; trounces AIADMK, BJP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-dmk-alliance-sweeps-tamil-nadu-trounces-aiadmk-bjp-3052740 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref name="SPA">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/secular-progressive-alliance-stages-demonstration/article70624672.ece |title=Secular Progressive Alliance stages demonstration |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

On 19 February 2026, the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] joined the DMK-led alliance.<ref name="DMDK">{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/dmdk-forms-alliance-with-dmk-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-polls-aiadmk-objects-9917190.html |title=DMDK Forms Alliance With DMK Ahead Of Tamil Nadu Polls, AIADMK Objects |date=19 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[News 18]]}}</ref> On 22 March 2026, [[T. Velmurugan]]-led [[Tamilaga Valvurimai Katchi]] withdrew its support to the DMK-led SPA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/velmurugan-of-tamilaga-vazhvurimai-katchi-exits-dmk-alliance-rules-out-joining-nda/article70772085.ece |title=Velmurugan Exits from DMK alliance, a first setback |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=22 March 2026 |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> On 24 March 2026, Haasan announced that the Makkal Needhi Maiam would not contest the election, and would extended its support to the alliance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/story/tamilnadu-election-2026/mnm-to-skip-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-extend-unconditional-support-to-dmk-alliance |title=MNM decided not to contest elections in spite it would campaign for DMK-led SPA Alliance Victory |date=24 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[DT Next]]]}}</ref> On 28 March 2026, DMK president Stalin released the party's candidate list for the assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026 |title=DMK leader Stalin releases candidates list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly-elections-kerala-assam-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-puducherry-2026-live/article70795253.ece |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Congress released its list of candidates on 3 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/congress-releases-list-of-28-candidates-for-tamil-nadu-polls |title=Congress releases list of 28 candidates for Tamil Nadu polls |work=News Minute |date=3 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="7" {{Party color cell|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="8" | '''[[Secular Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan="2" | Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref name="SPA" />
| [[File:Flag DMK.svg|50px|border]]
| rowspan=8 | [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50px]]
| align=left | [[M. K. Stalin]]<ref name="MKS" />
| 164<ref name="DMK List">{{cite web |date=30 March 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2026: Full list of DMK candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2026-dmk-candidates-full-list/article70799057.ece |access-date=30 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| rowspan=8 | 176<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026 |title=SPA seat sharing finalised and Rising Sun symbol to contest 175 seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/dmk-finalises-seat-sharing-seven-allies-to-contest-on-rising-sun-symbol/article70795931.ece |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="MDMK">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Apr/02/mdmk-will-contest-all-seats-under-dmks-rising-sun-symbol-vaiko |title=MDMK will contest all seats under DMK’s ‘Rising Sun’ symbol: Vaiko |work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=2 April 2026 |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref name="SPA" />
| [[File:MDMK.svg|50px|border]]
| align="left" | [[Vaiko]]<ref name="MDMK" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mdmk-likely-to-get-four-or-five-seats-in-dmk-alliance/article70731193.ece/ |title=MDMK to contest 4 seats confirms its seat allotment |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>
| 4<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/mdmk-seals-seat-sharing-pact-with-dmk-bags-4-seats |title=MDMK seals seat-sharing pact with DMK, bags 4 seats |work=[[DT Next]] | date=11 March 2026 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}}<ref name="KMDK">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Mar/14/deal-done-kmdk-to-contest-in-two-seats-on-dmks-rising-sun-symbol |title=Deal done, KMDK to contest in two seats on DMK’s ‘Rising Sun’ symbol |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=14 March 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref>
| [[File:Kmdkflag.gif|50px|border]]
| align=left | [[E. R. Eswaran]]<ref name="KMDK" />
| 2<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Kongunadu Makkal Desiya Katchi to contest two seats on DMK’s ‘Rising Sun’ symbol |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/kongunadu-makkal-desiya-katchi-to-contest-two-seats-on-dmks-rising-sun-symbol/article70738635.ece |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}}<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2026 |title=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi Decided to contest on DMK'S Rising Sun Symbol for upcoming 2026 election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-mmk-to-contest-on-dmks-rising-sun-symbol/article70665805.ece |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Manithaneya Makkal Katchi flag.jpg|50px|border]]
| align=left | [[M. H. Jawahirullah]]<ref name="IUML">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=IUML AND MMK had given each 2 by DMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iuml-and-mmk-to-contest-in-2-seats-each-as-part-of-dmk-alliance/article70689123.ece |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| 2<ref name="IUML" />
|-
| style="background-color: brown;" |
| align=left | Manithaneya Jananayaga Katchi<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/02/mjk-president-urges-congress-to-discuss-governance-share-privately-amid-alliance-tensions/ |title=MJK president urges Congress to discuss governance share privately amid alliance tensions |work=News Mill |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
| [[File:Manithaneya Jananayaga Katchi flag.jpg|50px|border]]
| align=left | [[Thamimum Ansari]]<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=Ansari urges Selvaperunthagai not to press for share in power in DMK alliance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ansari-urges-selvaperunthagai-not-to-press-for-share-in-power-in-dmk-alliance/articleshow/126380929.cms |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] | issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 1<ref name="DMK+">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/sdpi-mjk-mpp-get-one-seat-each-in-dmk-led-alliance/article70785198.ece |title=Karunas, SDPI, Thamimun Ansari had given each one by DMK contesting on DMK ticket |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color: yellow;" |
| align=left | Mukkulathor Pulipadai<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/karunas-mukkulathor-pulipadai-leader-karunas-confirms-the-alliance-with-dmd-and-to-stand-in-udhayas-777513.html |title=Mukkulathor Pulipadai leader Karunas confirms alliance with DMK and to stand in Udhaya Suriyan symbol |language=ta |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[One India]]}}</ref>
|
| align=left | [[Karunas]]<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2025 |title=Karunas: EPS is ruining AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/karunas-eps-is-ruining-aiadmk/articleshow/124771703.cms |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] | issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 1<ref name="DMK+" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Social Democratic Party of India}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.illustrateddailynews.com/politics/tamil-nadu-sdpi-joins-dmk-alliance-ahead-of-assembly-polls-seeks-3-seats-859299 |title=New Partner SDPI joins hands with DMK And Announced that it was contest on 'Rising Sun' Symbol ahead 26 election |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=3 March 2026 |work=Illustrated Daily News}}</ref>
| [[File:SDPI Flag.jpg|50px|border]]
| align=left | V. M. S. Mohamed Mubarak<ref>{{cite web |title=This man knows Dindigul inside out, and its needs too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/this-man-knows-dindigul-inside-out-and-its-needs-too/article68028486.ece |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| 1<ref name="DMK+" />
|-
| style="background-color: #FC0FC0;" |
| align=left | Tamilar Desam Katchi<ref name="TDK">{{cite news |url=https://tamil.news18.com/amp/tamil-nadu/tamilar-desam-party-leaves-nda-supports-dmk-alliance-nw-azt-ws-bl-2024096.html |title=K. K. Selvakumar exits from NDA Alliance to join DMK alliance |work=[[News 18]] | date=22 January 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
|
| align=left | K. K. Selvakumar<ref name="TDK" />
| 1<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2026 |title=Tamilar Desam Party gets 1 seat contesting on DMK ticket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tn-assembly-election-dmk-formally-signs-seat-sharing-pacts-with-four-outfits/article70789338.ece |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="SPA" />
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| align=left | [[K. Selvaperunthagai]]<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2024 |title=Selvaperunthagai named State Congress president, Rajesh Kumar new floor leader |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/selvaperunthagai-named-state-congress-president-rajesh-kumar-new-floor-leader/article67858665.ece |access-date=10 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] | issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| colspan=2 | 28<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-and-congress-finally-seal-pact-for-28-assembly-seat-one-rs-berth/article70704157.ece/ |title=Congress To Contest 28 Seats, Get 1 Rajya Sabha Spot As DMK Seals Pact For Tamil Nadu Polls |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=4 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}<ref name="DMDK" />
| [[File:Flag DMDK.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Nagara.svg|50px]]
| align=left | Premalatha Vijayakanth<ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2026 |title='The alliance has taken shape,' DMDK officially joins DMK-led front in TN |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/the-alliance-has-taken-shape-dmdk-officially-joins-dmk-led-front-in-tn/ |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=The South First}}</ref>
| colspan=2 | 10<ref>{{cite news |title=DMDK pacted to contest 10 seats on DMK Alliance for first time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly-elections-kerala-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-assam-puducherry-live-updates-march-24-2026/article70778149.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=24 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}<ref name="SPA" />
| [[File:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Pot Symbol.png|50px]]
| align="left" | [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| colspan="2" | 8<ref>{{cite news |title=VCK to contest 8 seats under SPA Alliance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-election-vck-to-contest-eight-seats-as-part-of-dmk-led-alliance/article70778674.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=24 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name="SPA" />
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| align=left | [[P. Shanmugam (Tamil Nadu politician, born 1960)|P. Shanmugam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=P Shanmugam elected CPI(M) TN secretary, CM Stalin greets |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/p-shanmugam-elected-cpim-tn-secretary-cm-stalin-greets-3342401 |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
| colspan=2 | 5<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tn-assembly-election-cpim-accepts-five-seat-offer-signs-pact-with-dmk/article70776669.ece |title=CPI-M accepts five-seat offer, pacted with DMK |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name="SPA" />
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| align=left | M. Veerapandian<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=M. Veerapandian is new T.N. CPI secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-veerapandian-is-new-tn-cpi-secretary/article70045521.ece |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| colspan=2 | 5<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-dmk-signs-poll-deal-with-cpi-allots-five-seats/article70756750.ece/amp/ |title=CPI to contest 5 seats on SPA alliance pacted with DMK |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-muslim-organisations-seat-sharing-talks-231072 |title=TN polls: IUML seeks greater Muslim representation in DMK alliance, requests 5 seats |date=22 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Federal}}</ref>
| [[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]]
| align=left | [[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2025 |title=IUML leader Kader Mohideen chosen for Thagaisal Thamizhar award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jul/04/iuml-leader-kader-mohideen-chosen-for-thagaisal-thamizhar-award |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| colspan=2 | 2<ref name="IUML" />
|-
! colspan="5" | Total
! colspan="2" | 234
|}

=== AIADMK-led Alliance ===

[[File:2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election NDA Seat Sharing Map.svg|thumb|[[AIADMK-led Alliance]] seat sharing map]]

On 25 September 2023, the AIADMK withdrew from the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA; to form front to fight 2024 LS polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-to-form-front-to-fight-2024-ls-polls-2700089 |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=AIADMK snaps ties with BJP-led NDA alliance ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 general election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] and the BJP-led NDA contested separately and both did not win any seat in the state.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=India Bloc Scripts Clean Sweep In Tamil Nadu, BJP And AIADMK Suffer Rout |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-results-tamil-nadu-india-bloc-scripts-clean-sweep-in-tamil-nadu-bjp-and-aiadmk-suffer-rout-5815886 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> On 11 April 2025, both the parties reunited to form an alliance,<ref name="NDA">{{cite news |title=BJP, AIADMK reunite forming alliance for 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411125344/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP announces alliance with AIADMK in Tamil Nadu ahead of 2026 elections, EPS to be CM candidate |date=11 April 2025 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-bjp-announces-alliance-with-aiadmk-in-tamil-nadu-ahead-of-2026-elections-eps-to-be-cm-candidate-2025-04-11-985064 |work=[[India TV]]}}</ref> with Palaniswami as the chief ministerial candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2025 |title=Edappadi – Amit Shah will take all alliance decisions: BJP to cadre in fresh gag order |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/edappadi-amit-shah-will-take-all-alliance-decisions-bjp-to-cadre-in-fresh-gag-order-830514 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2025 |title=EPS will be the NDA's CM face for 2026, coalition govt decision post-polls: Nainar Nagendran |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/eps-will-be-the-ndas-cm-face-for-2026-coalition-govt-decision-post-polls-nainar-nagendran-838403 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> On 7 January 2026, the PMK, led by Anbumani, formally joined the AIADMK-led front.<ref name="PMK">{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=PMK joins NDA for 2026 Tamil Nadu polls, Edappadi Palaniswami calls it winning force |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pmk-joins-nda-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-eps-confirms-alliance-2847872-2026-01-07 |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On 21 January 2026, [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]–led [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AMMK) joined the alliance.<ref name="AMMK">{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Dhinakaran-led AMMK returns to NDA fold, Palaniswami welcomes leader |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-led-ammk-returns-to-nda-fold-palaniswami-welcomes-leader-3869700 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

On 15 March 2026, the AIADMK constituted a four-member committee to hold consultations with its allies for seat sharing.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2026 |title=அதிமுக ஆட்சிமன்றக் குழு திருத்தியமைப்பு! எடப்பாடி பழனிசாமி அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2026/Mar/15/aiadmk-governing-council-reorganized-edappadi-palaniswami-makes-announcement |trans-title=AIADMK governing council reorganized: Edappadi Palaniswamy makes announcement |access-date=15 March 2026 |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]]}}</ref> On 23 March 2026, the AIADMK announced that it had finalised seat-sharing agreements with its principle allies, BJP, PMK and AMMK.<ref name="ADMK+">{{cite news |date=23 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | title=AIADMK-led NDA finalises seat sharing, BJP gets 27, PMK 18, AMMK 11 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-aiadmk-allots-27-seats-to-bjp-18-to-pmk/article70775644.ece |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> On 25 March 2026, AIADMK released its first list of 23 candidates.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T |date=25 March 2026 |title=AIADMK's first list out, no major surprises |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-aiadmks-first-list-out-no-major-surprises/article70782790.ece |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The party released its second list, comprising 127 candidates on 27 March,<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title=AIADMK announces second list of 127 candidates, fields 46 sitting MLAs, 17 women for TN Assembly polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Mar/27/aiadmk-announces-second-list-of-127-candidates-fields-46-sitting-mlas-17-women-for-tn-assembly-polls |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and the final list of 17 candidates on 29 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu election 2026: Former Ministers B. Valarmathi, S. Gokula Indira in AIADMK’s final list of candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tn-assembly-election-former-ministers-b-valarmathi-s-gokula-indira-in-aiadmks-final-list-of-candidates/article70798665.ece |access-date=30 March 2026 |date=30 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 30 March 2026, the PMK released the list of its candidates for the polls.<ref>{{cite news |title=PMK full candidate list: Thilagabama against Vijay in Perambur; Sowmiya Anbumani gets Dharmapuri |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2026/03/30/pmk-full-candidate-list-thilagabama-against-vijay-in-perambur-sowmiya-anbumani-gets-dharmapuri.html |access-date=30 March 2026 |date=30 March 2026 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> The BJP released its list of candidates on 3 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-bjp-announces-candidates-for-27-seats/ |title=BJP announces candidates for 27 seats |work=[[All India Radio]] | date=3 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="7" {{Party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="7" | '''[[AIADMK-led Alliance]]'''
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan=2 | Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref name="NDA" />
| [[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|50px|border]]
| rowspan=6 | [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|55px]]
| align=left | [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| 166<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu election 2026: full list of AIADMK candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-aiadmk-candidates-list/article70801815.ece |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| rowspan=6 | 172
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}<ref name="IJK">{{cite news |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ijk-initiates-seat-sharing-talks-with-aiadmk/articleshow/128808639.cms |title=IJK initiates seat-sharing talks with AIADMK |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
| [[File:IJK Party Flag.jpg|59px|border]]
| align=left | [[T. R. Paarivendhar]]<ref name="IJK" />
| 2<ref name="Seats">{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/story/news/politics/2026-tn-elections-aiadmk-announces-constituencies-for-tmc-ijk-tmmk-and-puratchi-bharatham |title=NDA Seat Sharing Finalised |work=[[DT Next]] | date=25 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}<ref name="NDA1">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Jan/24/tn-will-have-double-engine-nda-govt-after-polls-says-pm-modi |title=TN will have ‘double engine’ NDA govt after polls, says PM Modi |date=24 January 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| [[File:PBK FLAG.png|50px|border]]
| align=left | [[M. Jagan Moorthy]]<ref name="NDA1" />
| 1<ref name="Seats" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}<ref name="Week">{{cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2026/02/26/seat-sharing-talks-in-nda-to-begin-after-pm-modis-tamil-nadu-visit.html |title=Seat-sharing talks in NDA to begin after PM Modi’s Tamil Nadu visit |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=26 February 2026 |work=[[The Week (magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Puthiya Needhi Katchi Flag.jpg|50px|border]]
| align=left | [[A. C. Shanmugam]]<ref name="NDA1" />
| 1<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2026/03/27/tn-polls-a-c-shanmugam-to-contest-from-madurai-central-in-aiadmk-led-alliance/ |title=AC Shanmugham party to contest 2 seats each on AIADMK and BJP Symbol |date=27 March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=News Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=பாஜக வழங்கிய தொகுதியை அவர்களிடமே திருப்பி கொடுத்து விட்டோம்.. காரணத்துடன் ஏ.சி. சண்முகம் அறிவிப்பு |trans-title=AC Shanmugham announced that the one seat offered by BJP has been returned to them |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/ac-shanmugam-spoke-on-the-no-seat-for-the-pudhiya-needhi-katchi-in-the-bjp-candidate-list/amp_articleshow/130002463.cms |access-date=4 April 2025 |language=ta |work=Samayam Tamil |date=3 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#DAA520" |
| align=left | Singa Tamizhar Munnetra Kazhagam<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/mutharaiyar-sangam-administrator-who-contest-srirangam-consultancy-aiadmk-bjp-plan |title=ஸ்ரீரங்கம் தொகுதியில் முத்தரையர் சங்க நிர்வாகியை களமிறக்க பாஜக - அதிமுக திட்டம்? |trans-title=Mutharaiyar Sangam administrator to contest Srirangam |language=ta |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 March 2026 |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref>
|
| align=left | R. V. Bharathan<ref name="STMK">{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2026/Mar/26/singa-tamilar-munnetra-kazhagam-party-joins-the-aiadmk-alliance |title=Another Party joined in AIADMK-led NDA Alliance |work=[[Dinamani]] | date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
| 1<ref name="STMK" />
|-
| style="background:#0000FF" |
| align=left | Tamil Maanila Bahujan Samaj Party<ref name="TMBSP">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/amp/story/news/tamilnadu/porkodi-armstrong-to-contest-in-tiru-vi-ka-nagar-constituency |title=TMBSP to contest on AIADMK ticket |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] | date=29 March 2026 |access-date=29 March 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
|
| align=left | Porkodi Armstrong<ref name="TMBSP" />
| 1<ref name="TMBSP" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="NDA" />
| [[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px|border]]
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| align=left | [[Nainar Nagendran]]<ref name="NDA" />
| 26<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/tamilnadu-elections/2026/Apr/03/no-surprises-as-bjp-releases-list-of-27-candidates-ahead-of-tn-polls-annamalai-not-contesting |title=No surprises as BJP releases list of 27 candidates ahead of TN polls, Annamalai not contesting |work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=3 April 2026 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" | 33
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|dab=yes}}<ref name="NDA1" />
|
| align="left" | [[G. K. Vasan]]<ref name="TMC">{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/story/tamilnadu-election-2026/2026-tn-elections-tmcm-to-contest-5-seats-on-bjp-symbol-in-aiadmk-led-nda |title=TMC(M) to contest 5 seats on Lotus Symbol |work=[[DT Next]] | date=24 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
| 5<ref name="TMC" />
|-
| style="background:#C30010" |
| align=left | South Indian Forward Bloc<ref name="NDA2">{{cite news |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/vasantha-panchami-nda-public-meeting-on-january-23-why-the-alliance-launched-campaign-early-ahead-768021.html |title=NDA public meeting on January 23 |work=[[One India]] | date=24 January 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
|
| align=left | K. C. Thirumaran<ref name="SIFB">{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/tamilnadu/2026/Mar/24/tn-election-2026-south-india-forward-bloc-party-has-one-seat-in-national-democratic-alliance |title=South Indian Forward Bloc had decided to contest on BJP ticket on 1 seat |work=[[Dinamani]] | date=24 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
| 1<ref name="SIFB" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref name="Week" />
| [[File:Tmmk flag.png|50px|border]]
| align=left | [[B. John Pandian]]<ref name="Week" />
| 1<ref name="Seats" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<ref name="PMK" />
| [[File:PMK.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Mango SVG.svg|50px]]
| align=left | [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]<ref name="PMK" />
| colspan="2" | 18<ref name="ADMK+" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}<ref name="AMMK" />
|
| [[File:AMMK SYMBOL PRESSURE COOKER.png|50px|border]]
| align=left | [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]<ref name="ADMK+" />
| colspan="2" | 11<ref name="ADMK+" />
|-
! colspan="5" | Total
! colspan="2" | 234
|}

=== APMK–AIPTMMK Alliance ===

On 20 March 2026, the Ramadoss-led faction of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss)|PMK]], joined hands with All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam, led by [[V. K. Sasikala]], to contest the assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ramadoss-sasikala-join-hands-to-field-candidates-in-234-seats/article70766525.ece |date=20 March 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Ramadoss Sasikala join hands to field candidates for all 234 constituencies}}</ref> On 30 March 2026, Ramadoss released first list of five candidates and Sasikala released a list of 21 candidates.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/tamilnadu/2026/Mar/30/tn-election-2026-ramadoss-pmk-releases-first-phase-candidate-list |date=30 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=[[Dinamani]] | title=Ramadoss released first list of 5 candidates |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="AIPTMMK">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/former-mp-among-21-candidates-announced-by-sasikalas-party/article70800597.ece |title=Sasikala Released 21 candidates for first list |date=29 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 31 March 2026, PMK(R) released a second list of candidates for ten constituencies.<ref name="PMKR2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-ramadoss-releases-second-list-of-candidates/articleshow/129932939.cms |title=Tamil Nadu assembly election 2026: Ramadoss releases second list of candidates |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=31 March 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> On 31 March 2026, AIPMMK released a second list of 38 candidates.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/sasikala-second-list-for-the-2026-assembly-elections-is-ready-candidates-announced-for-38-constituencies/amp_articleshow/129938694.cms |title=Sasikala Released 38 candidates for 2nd list |date=31 March 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026 |language=ta |work=Samayam Tamil}}</ref> On 1 April, Sasikala released a third list of five candidates.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/tamilnadu/2026/Apr/01/ayyappan-joins-sasikalas-party-to-contest-again-in-usilampatti |title=சசிகலா கட்சியில் இணைந்த ஐயப்பன்: மீண்டும் உசிலம்பட்டியில் போட்டி! |trans-title=Ayyappan joins Sasikala's party and contesting Usilampati |work=[[Dinamani]] | date=1 April 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref> On 2 April, Ramadoss released the third and fourth list of ten and eight candidates respectively.<ref name="PMKR">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Apr/03/ramadoss-releases-list-of-18-candidates |title=Ramadoss releases list of 18 candidates |date=2 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 4 April 2026, Sasikala released a fourth list of nine candidates.<ref name="PTMMK">{{cite news |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/story/news/tamilnadu/sasikala-releases-4th-phase-candidate-list |title=4ஆம் கட்ட வேட்பாளர் பட்டியலை சசிகலா வெளியிட்டார் |trans-title=Sasikala Releases 4th list of candidates |work=[[Maalai Malar]] | date=4 April 2026 |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="7" {{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| colspan="7" | '''APMK–AIPTMMK Alliance'''
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan=2 | Seats
|-
| style="background:black" |
| align=left | All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sasikala-announces-her-partys-name-all-india-puratchi-thalaivar-makkal-munnetra-kazhagam/article70738382.ece |title=Sasikala announces her party’s name: All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=13 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
|
| rowspan=4 | [[File:Indian Election Symbol Coconut Farm.jpg|50px]]
| align=left | [[V. K. Sasikala]]<ref name="AIPTMMK" />
| 71<ref name="PTMMK" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/amp/story/story/news/tamilnadu/sasikala-party-to-contest-in-64-constituencies |date=2 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | trans-title=Sasikala's party to contest in 64 constituencies |title=64 தொகுதிகளில் சசிகலா கட்சி போட்டி}}</ref>
| rowspan=4 | 82<ref name="Final">{{cite news |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/coconut-grove-vs-cylinder-constituencies-where-sasikala-ramadoss-alliance-will-contest/articleshow/130191422.cms |title=120 தொகுதிகளில் ராமதாஸ் சசிகலா அணி போட்டி |trans-title=Sasikala Ramadoss front finalised to contest 120 seata |work=Samayam Tamil |date=11 April 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:Red" |
| align=left | Pasumpon Makkal Desam<ref name="Alliance2">{{cite news |url=https://tamil.news18.com/amp/tamil-nadu/vs-sasikala-announces-21-candidates-list-contest-against-tvk-vijay-in-trichy-east-released-nw-mma-ws-bl-2071537.html |title=கூட்டணிக்கு 3... சொந்த வேட்பாளர்கள் 21... திருச்சி கிழக்கில் விஜய்யை எதிர்க்கும் சசிகலா கட்சி! |trans-title=Three for alliance, 21 own candidates, Sasikala's party to face Vijay in Trichy East |work=[[News18]] | date=30 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
|
| align=left |
| 2<ref name="Alliance2" />
|-
| style="background:orange" |
| align=left | Vellalar Munnetra Kazhagam<ref name="Alliance2" />
|
|
| 1<ref name="Alliance2" />
|-
| {{party color cell|Others}}
| align=left | Others
|
|
| 8<ref name="Final" />
|-
| {{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/ramadoss-to-reveal-dravidian-alliance-choice |title=Ramadoss to reveal Dravidian alliance choice |date=27 February 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=Symbol|[[Election Commission of India]] allotted gas cylinder as an election symbol to [[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss)]] and [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] as they are not in direct contest in any of the constituencies.}}
| [[File:PMK.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|50px]]
| align=left | [[S. Ramadoss]]<ref name="PMKR" />
| colspan=2 | 38<ref name="PMKR" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/amp/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-chennai/fifth-list-released-by-ramadoss/4189822 |title=5ஆம் கட்ட வேட்பாளர் பட்டியலை ராமதாஸ் வெளியிட்டார் |trans-title=Dr. Ramdas Releases 5th list of candidates |work=[[Dinamalar]] | date=3 April 2026 |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" | Total
! colspan="2" | 120
|}

=== Others ===

On 2 February 2024, actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] announced the formation of his political party, [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK), stating that it would contest the 2026 elections.<ref name="TVK">{{cite news |title=Thalapathy Vijay Launches Political Party, Names it Tamizha Vetri Kazhagam |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/thalapathy-vijay-launches-political-party-names-it-tamizha-vetri-kazhagam-a505/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006100939/https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/thalapathy-vijay-launches-political-party-names-it-tamizha-vetri-kazhagam-a505/ |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Lokmat Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thalapathy' Vijay Launches Political Party: Thamizhaga Vettri Kazhagam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/thalapathy-vijay-announces-his-political-party-thamizaga-vettri-kazhagam-tvk-2876774 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> In February 2025, [[All India N.R. Congress]], the ruling party in the nearby [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] announced its intention to contest in the Tamil Nadu state elections.<ref name="AINRC">{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=AINRC to enter poll fray in Tamil Nadu during 2026 Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ainrc-to-enter-the-poll-fray-in-tamil-nadu-in-2026/article69191862.ece |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In February 2026, [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] released its list of 234 candidates for the polls.<ref name="NTK List">{{cite news |date=22 February 2026 |title=Seeman in Karaikudi; NTK candidates for 234 seats announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/22/seeman-in-karaikudi-ntk-candidates-for-234-seats-announced |access-date=5 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 18 March 2026, Vijay announced that the TVK will contest solo in all the 234 constituencies,<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's TVK confirms to contest solo for upcoming 2026 election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tvk-chief-vijay-rules-out-alliances-says-no-compromise-on-secular-social-justice-principles/article70758507.ece |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and announced all the candidate list on 30 March 2026.<ref name="TVK List">{{cite web |date=30 March 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly elections: Full list of TVK candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-2026-assembly-elections-tvk-vijay-candidates-full-list/article70799077.ece |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] | language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] released its first list of 43 candidates for the elections on 29 March 2026,<ref name="PT">{{cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Puthiya Tamilagam to go solo in TN polls; releases first list of 43 candidates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Mar/30/puthiya-tamilagam-to-go-solo-in-tn-polls-releases-first-list-of-43-candidates |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and followed it up with a second list of 27 candidates on the next day.<ref name="PT2">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/puthiya-tamilagam-to-contest-elections-alone-2nd-list-of-candidates-released-for |title=புதிய தமிழகம் 2ம் கட்ட வேட்பாளர் பட்டியல் வெளியீடு |work=[[Daily Thanthi]] | language=ta |date=31 March 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref>



{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/ntk-releases-first-list-of-100-candidates-seeman-yet-to-announce-his-constituency-855611 |title=NTK releases first list of candidates |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
|
| [[File:NTK-EC-Symbol.jpg|50px]]
| align=left | [[Seeman]]<ref name="NTK List" />
| 234<ref name="NTK List" />
|-
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}"|
| rowspan=2 align=left | [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu set for 4-way battle after Vijay confirms solo contest |url=https://www.dtnext.in/story/news/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-set-for-4-way-battle-after-vijay-confirms-solo-contest-852096 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[Daily Thanthi]]}}</ref>
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.png|50px]]
| align=left | [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/vijay-to-unveil-tvk-candidates-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-on-march-29/cid/2153459 |title=Vijay to declare all 234 candidates on 28 March |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] | date=27 March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>
| 233{{efn|name=TVK|Though [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] announced candidates for all the 234 assembly constituencies,<ref name="TVK List" /> the nomination of the official candidate of the party was rejected in the [[Edappadi Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=TVK's nomination was rejected in Edappadi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/assembly/story/tamil-nadu-election-edappadi-seat-tvk-candidate-nomination-rejected-missing-dmk-aiadmk-palaniswami-2893132-2026-04-08 |access-date=8 April 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> While the party later extended support to K. Prem Kumar, he contested as an [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] candidate on television symbol.<ref name="indp_edapadi">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/vijay-supports-tv-symbol-in-edappadi-constituency |title=பரபரக்கும் தேர்தல் களம்: எடப்பாடி தொகுதியில் தொலைக்காட்சி சின்னத்திற்கு விஜய் ஆதரவு |trans-title=A vibrant election field: Vijay supports the TV symbol in Edappadi constituency |work=[[Daily Thanthi]] | date=19 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Television.jpg|50px]]
| align=left | K. Premkumar
| 1{{efn|name=TVK}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi}}<ref name="TAVK">{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2026/Apr/01/camera-symbol-allotted-to-tamizhaga-vazhvurimai-katchi |title=தமிழக வாழ்வுரிமைக் கட்சிக்கு கேமரா சின்னம் ஒதுக்கீடு! |trans-title=Camera symbol allocated to Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi |work=[[Dinamani]] | date=1 April 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
| [[File:Tvk flag wikipedia.jpg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Camera.png|50px]]
| align=left | [[T. Velmurugan]]<ref name="TAVK" />
| 170<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/all-editions/edition-villupuram/cuddalore/2026/Apr/11/contesting-in-170-constituencies-across-tamil-nadut-velmurugan |title=தமிழக வாழ்வுரிமை கட்சி 170 தொகுதிகளில் போட்டியிடுகிறது |trans-title=Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Kachi to contest on 170 constituencies |work=[[Dinamani]] | date=11 April 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/eci-reviews-preparedness-for-the-coming-assembly-election-in-tamil-nadu/article70680832.ece |title=ECI reviews preparedness for the coming Assembly elections |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=27 February 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>
| [[File:BSP Flag.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Elephant_electoral_symbol.svg|50px]]
| align=left | P. Anandan<ref name="BSP">{{cite news |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/ta/state/amstrong-case-many-accused-not-arrested-says-anandan-tamil-nadu-news-tns26041104744 |title=BSP Tamil Nadu chief Anandan released list of 118 candidates and mentioned that still many accused were not arrested on Armstrong's Death |language=ta |date=12 April 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref>
| 118<ref name="BSP" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/politics/puthiya-tamilagam-party-to-decide-on-assembly-election-alliance-soon |title=Puthiya Tamilagam party to decide on assembly election alliance soon |work=[[Daily Thanthi]] | language=ta |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>{{efn|name=Symbol}}
| [[File:Puthiya Tamilagam Party Flag.jpg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|50px]]
| align=left | [[K. Krishnasamy]]<ref name="PT" />
| 70<ref name="PT" /><ref name="PT2" />
|}

=== Party-wise contest ===
Note: As per the party of the official symbol on which candidates contested.
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 rowspan="5" | Alliance and Party
|-
|colspan="4" {{Party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|-
|align=center colspan="4" |'''[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]'''
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| {{party color cell|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
! [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
! [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|AMMK]]
|-
|rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|rowspan="8" |'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
! [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| 135
| 25
| 8
| 8
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 18
| 5
| 3
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
! [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
| 6
| {{n/a}}
| 4
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
! [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]
| 5
| {{n/a}}
| 2
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 2
| 2
| 1
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
! [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 4
| 1
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
! [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
| 2
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
!colspan="4"| Total
!colspan="4"|234
|}

As per the Election Commission, 4,023 candidates contested across the 234 constituencies in the state.<ref name="PIB">{{cite press release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2255010&reg=3&lang=2 |title=General Elections to Legislative Assemblies and bye-elections 2026 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026 }}</ref> According to the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]], 404 out of the 722 candidates representing the major political parties had serious criminal cases pending them. Amongst these, 60 out of 170 candidates (35.3%) from the AIADMK, 43 out of 231 (18.6%) from the TVK, 32 out of 175 (18.3%) from the DMK, nine out of 33 (27.3%) from the BJP, five out of 28 (17.9%) from the Congress, six out of 18 (33.3%) from the PMK, one each from the DMDK and CPI declared serious criminal cases in their affidavits.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu Election 2026: At least 404 candidates in T.N. have serious criminal cases against them |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/at-least-404-candidates-in-tamil-nadu-have-serious-criminal-cases-against-them-report/article70880314.ece |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" | District
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
|-
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<ref>SPA candidate list:
*{{cite web |title=DMK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/dmk-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=INC candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/inc-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=DMDK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/dmdk-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=VCK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/vck-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=CPM candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/cpm-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=CPI candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/cpi-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=MDMK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mdmk-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<ref>ADMK+ candidate list:
*{{cite web |title=AIADMK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/aiadmk-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=BJP candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bjp-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=PMK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/pmk-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=AMMK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/ammk-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=TMC(M) candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/tmc-m-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}
*{{cite web |title=IJK candidate list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/ijk-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/| work=[[One India]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
!1
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. J. Govindrajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. Sudhakar
|-
!2
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Durai Chandrasekar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Balaraman]]
|-
!3
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|D. Krishnamoorthy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Hari]]
|-
!4
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. G. Raajendran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[B. V. Ramana]]
|-
!5
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Krishnaswamy]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. A. Elumalai]]
|-
!6
|[[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. M. Nasar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. Rajasimha Mahendra
|-
|rowspan="22" |[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
!7
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Ganapathy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Benjamin]]
|-
!8
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. P. Poornima]] 
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. N. Sekar
|-
!9
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madhavaram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Sudharsanam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Moorthy]]
|-
!10
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|L. Sundararajan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Kuppan]]
|-
!11
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. John Ebenezer]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. S. Rajesh
|-
!12
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. D. Shekar]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|M. Thilagabama
|-
!13
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Santhana Krishnan
|-
!14
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Karthik Mohan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. R. Vijayakumar]]
|-
!15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. S. Ravichandran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Porkodi Armstrong{{efn|name=TMBSP|Tamil Maanila Bahujan Samaj Party contested on the "Two Leaves" symbol of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), and is officially recorded as a AIADMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!16
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Tamilan Prasanna
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Abishek Rengasamy
|-
!17
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Subair Khan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|-
!18
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Manohar
|-
!19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Adhi Rajaram
|-
!20
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ezhilan Naganathan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[B. Valarmathi]]
|-
!21
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. Chitrarasu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Gokula Indira]]
|-
!22
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugambakkam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. M. V. Prabhakara Raja]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. N. Ravi
|-
!23
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ma. Subramanian]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Senthamizhan]]
|-
!24
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Raja Anbalagan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[B. Sathyanarayanan]]
|-
!25
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dha. Velu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|-
!26
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[J. M. H. Aassan Maulaana]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. K. Ashok]]
|-
!27
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Aravind Ramesh]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Kandan]]
|-
!28
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. M. Anbarasan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Saravanan
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!29
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Palani
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
!30
|[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[D. Murugesan (politician)|D. Murugesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Venkatesan{{efn|name=IJK|[[Indhiya Jananayaka Katchi]] contested on the "Two Leaves" symbol of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), and is officially recorded as a AIADMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!31
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. S. Krithika Devi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Rajendran|Chitlapakkam C. Rajendran]]
|-
!32
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. K. T. Karthik Dhandapani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Gajendran
|-
!33
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Panneer Doss
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. Balu
|-
!34
|[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Sinthanai Selvan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|E. Rajashekar
|-
!35
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Amulu Ponmalar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Maragatham Kumaravel]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!36
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Sundar]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|P. Maheshkumar
|-
!37
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Nithya Sugumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Somasundaram]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!38
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Ezhil Caroline]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Ravi (politician)|S. Ravi]]
|-
!39
|[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[A. M. Munirathinam]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. Saravanan
|-
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!40
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Durai Murugan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. Ramu
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!41
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Gandhi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|V. M. Karthikeyan{{efn|name=TMC(M)|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] contested on the "Lotus" symbol of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and is officially recorded as a BJP candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!42
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. L. Eswarappan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. M. Sukumar
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!43
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Karthikeyan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. R. K. Appu
|-
!44
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaikattu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. P. Nandakumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. Velazhagan
|-
!45
|[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|Kilvaithinankuppam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Rajeswari Mohankandhi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Jagan Moorthy]]{{efn|name=PBK|[[Puratchi Bharatham Katchi]] contested on the "Two Leaves" symbol of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), and is officially recorded as a AIADMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!46
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyattam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|K. B. Pratap
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Faridha Purushothaman]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
!47
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|Sayyed Farooq
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Senthilkumar]]
|-
!48
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. C. Vilvanathan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Venkatesan
|-
!49
|[[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kavitha Dhandapani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. C. Veeramani]]
|-
!50
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Gnanasekar
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
!51
|[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|R. Kuppusamy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. M. Tamilselvam]]
|-
!52
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[D. Mathiazhagan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|E. C. Govindarajan
|-
!53
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[A. Chellakumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Ashok Kumar]]
|-
!54
|[[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. S. Sreenivasan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Munusamy]]
|-
!55
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. A. Sathya]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Balakrishna Reddy]]
|-
!56
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[T. Ramachandran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nagesh Kumar
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
!57
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri politician)|S. Senthilkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Anbalagan]]
|-
!58
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|G. K. M. Tamilkumaran
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|V. Selvam
|-
!59
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|V. Elangovan
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Sowmiya Anbumani]]
|-
!60
|[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddippatti]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Palaniappan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Maragatham Vetrivel
|-
!61
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Shanmugam
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Sampathkumar]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
!62
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. P. Giri]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. S. Velu
|-
!63
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. V. Velu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|C. Ezhumalai
|-
!64
|[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Ramachandran
|-
!65
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. S. T. Saravanan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]]
|-
!66
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|T. P. Saravanan
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|C. R. Bhaskaran
|-
!67
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Mahalakshmi Govarthanan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[L. Jaya Sudha]]
|-
!68
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. Jothi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Mukkur N. Subramanian]]
|-
!69
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ambethkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Rani]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
!70
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. S. Masthan]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[A. Ganeshkumar]]
|-
!71
|[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[L. Venkatesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Ve. Shanmugam]]
|-
!72
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Vanniyarasu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Arjunan]]
|-
!73
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Gautham Dravidamani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Murugan
|-
!74
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Lakshmanan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Vijaya]]
|-
!75
|[[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Anniyur Siva]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[C. Sivakumar]]
|-
!76
|[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Gautham Sigamani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Palaniswami
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
!77
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpettai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|G. R. Vasanthavelu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|-
!78
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Vasantham Karthikeyan]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|A. P. Chezhiyan
|-
!79
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. Udhaya Suriyan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Rakesh
|-
!80
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Malathi (politician)|Malathi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Rajiv Gandhi
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Salem district|Salem]]
!81
|[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Chinnadurai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Nallathambi (AIADMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]
|-
!82
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|S. K. Arthanari
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. P. Jayasankaran]]
|-
!83
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. M. Revathi Matheswaran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Usharani]]
|-
!84
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|A. R. Elangovan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Mani]]
|-
!85
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Mithun Chakravarthy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Venkatachalam]]
|-
!86
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Kasi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|-
!87
|[[Sangagiri Assembly constituency|Sangagiri]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Manikandan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Vetrivel]]
|-
!88
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem (West)]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Azhagappuram Mohan Raj]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|M. Karthi
|-
!89
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem (North)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[S. Sadhasivam]]
|-
!90
|[[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem (South)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Loganathan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|J. Vinodh
|-
!91
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. K. Tharun
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Sri Balaji Sukumar
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
!92
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Mathivendhan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|S. D. Premkumar
|-
!93
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Poomalar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Chandrashekhar]]
|-
!94
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Rani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Sridevi P. S. Mohan]]
|-
!95
|[[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi-Velur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. S. Moorthy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Sekar]]
|-
!96
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengodu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. R. Eswaran]]{{efn|name=KMDK|[[Kongunadu Makkal Desiya Katchi]] contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Chandrashekhar
|-
!97
|[[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency|Kumarapalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Balu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Thangamani]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!98
|[[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode (East)]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gobinath Palaniappan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Manoharan
|-
!99
|[[Erode West Assembly constituency|Erode (West)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Muthusamy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. Yuvaraja{{efn|name=TMC(M)}}
|-
!100
|[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Senthilnathan{{efn|name=MDMK|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kirthika Sivakumar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!101
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Indirani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Sathyabama]]
|-
!102
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. P. Saminathan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. S. N. Nataraj]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!103
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. D. Venkatachalam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)|S. Jayakumar]]
|-
!104
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. A. Chandrasekhar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. C. Karuppannan]]
|-
!105
|[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Sivabalan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Haribhaskar
|-
!106
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. Nallasivam
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. B. Prabhu
|-
!107
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[P. L. Sundaram]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Bannari]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!108
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|B. Ramachandran
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhojarajan
|-
!109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravidamani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Pon. Jayaseelan]]
|-
!110
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. M. Raju
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Ramu
|-
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!111
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kavitha Kalyanachundaram]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. K. Chinnaraj]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!112
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Gokilamani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[L. Murugan]]
|-
!113
|[[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (North)]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Ravi Subramanian
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. S. M. Anandan]]
|-
!114
|[[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Dineshkumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|S. Thangaraj
|-
!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Selvaraj (DMK politician)|K. Selvaraj]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Paramasivam]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!116
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Murugesan (DMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. P. Kandasamy]]
|-
!117
|[[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|K. P. Suryaprakash
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. R. G. Arunkumar]]
|-
!118
|[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (North)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Senthamizhselvan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vanathi Srinivasan]]
|-
!119
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. R. Karthikeyan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. P. Velumani]]
|-
!120
|[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (South)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Senthil Balaji]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Amman K. Arjunan]]
|-
!121
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|V. Srinidhi Naidu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. R. Jayaraman]]
|-
!122
|[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. V. K. S. Sabari Karthikeyan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Damodaran (politician)|S. Damodaran]]
|-
!123
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Nithyanandhan{{efn|name=KMDK}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]
|-
!124
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Sudhakar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|D. Lakshmana Singh
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!125
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Radhakrishnan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
!126
|[[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Jayaramakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Shanmugavelu]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
!127
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|N. Pandi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Ravi Manoharan
|-
!128
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Sakkarapani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vidiyal Sekar{{efn|name=TMC(M)}}
|-
!129
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[I. Periyasamy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Viswanathan
|-
!130
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Nagajothi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Thaenmozhi]]
|-
!131
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. K. Selvakumar{{efn|name=TDK|Tamilar Desam Katchi contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
|-
!132
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[I. P. Senthilkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
|-
!133
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Gandhirajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Karur district|Karur]]
!134
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Monjanur R. Elango]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Selvakumar
|-
!135
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Asi. M. Thyagarajan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]]
|-
!136
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|C. K. Raja
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Dhivya]]
|-
!137
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Suriyanur A. Chandiran
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Karunakaran
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
!138
|[[Manapaarai Assembly constituency|Manapaarai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Abdul Samad]]{{efn|name=MMK|[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]] contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. L. Vijayakumar
|-
!139
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Durairaj
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Manoharan]]
|-
!140
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (West)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. N. Nehru]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Rajasekhar]]
|-
!141
|[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Inigo Irudhayaraj]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Rajasekaran
|-
!142
|[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Kumar]]
|-
!143
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. Parivallal
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Leema Rose Martin]]
|-
!144
|[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Kathiravan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. V. Bharathan{{efn|name=STMK|Singa Tamizhar Munnetra Kazhagam contested on the "Two Leaves" symbol of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), and is officially recorded as a AIADMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!145
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. S. N. Karunairaja
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. Yoganathan
|-
!146
|[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|M. Vichu Lenin Prasath
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. Suroja]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
!147
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. D. Jayalakshmi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Thamizhselvan]]
|-
!148
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. S. Sivasankar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Saranya Anbazhagan{{efn|name=IJK}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
!149
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Latha Balu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician, Ariyalur)|Thamarai S. Rajendran]]
|-
!150
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ka. So. Ka. Kannan]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. Vaithi
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
!151
|[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. V. Ganesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. Murugumaran]]
|-
!152
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Premalatha Vijayakhanth]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Tamilarasi Adhimoolam]]
|-
!153
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Saba. Rajendran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Sorathur R. Rajendran]]
|-
!154
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Abdul Rahman
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Mohan
|-
!155
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|A. S. Chandrashekhar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. C. Sampath]]
|-
!156
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Bhuvanendhran
|-
!157
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Durai K. Saravana
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Arunmozhithevan]]
|-
!158
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thamimun Ansari]]{{efn|name=MJK|Manithaneya Jananayaka Katchi contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. A. Pandian]]
|-
!159
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Jothimani Ilayaperumal]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Anbu Cholan
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
!160
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Senthil Selvan{{efn|name=MDMK|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Sakthi (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Sakthi]]
|-
!161
|[[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jamal Yunus Muhammed
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|S. A. Palanichamy
|-
!162
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Nivedha M. Murugan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Pavunraj]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
!163
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. H. Jawahirullah]]{{efn|name=MMK}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Thanga Kathiravan
|-
!164
|[[Kilvelur Assembly constituency|Kilvelur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[D. Latha]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Vadivel Ravanan
|-
!165
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Ma.Me. Pugazhendhi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. S. Manian]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
!166
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[K. Marimuthu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|U. Paladhandayutham
|-
!167
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. R. B. Rajaa]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Kamaraj]]
|-
!168
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Govi Chandru
|-
!169
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. M. S. Mohammed Mubarak{{efn|name=SDPI|[[Social Democratic Party of India]] contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Kamaraj]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
!170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Govi. Chezian]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ilamathi Subramanian]]
|-
!171
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Anbalagan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. K. R. Ashok Kumar{{efn|name=TMC(M)}}
|-
!172
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|A. M. Shahjahan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|D. Shanmugaprabhu
|-
!173
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Durai. Chandrashekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. Karthikeyan
|-
!174
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Ramanathan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. Muruganantham
|-
!175
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Vaithialingam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Sekar
|-
!176
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Annadurai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|C. V. Sekar
|-
!177
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar|N. Ashokkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Govi Ilango
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
!178
|[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandarvakottai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|M. Chinndadurai
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|C. Udhayakumar
|-
!179
|[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. K. Chellapandian
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Vijayabhaskar]]
|-
!180
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Muthuraja]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|N. Ramachandran
|-
!181
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Regupathy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. K. Vairamuthu]]
|-
!182
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Siva V. Meyyanathan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|D. Vimal
|-
!183
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[T. Ramachandran (INC politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kavitha Srikanth]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
!184
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[S. Mangudi]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dherpoki V. Pandi
|-
!185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. R. Periyakaruppan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. C. Thirumaran{{efn|name=SIFB|South Indian Forward Bloc contested on the "Lotus" symbol of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and is officially recorded as a BJP candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!186
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Karunas]]{{efn|name=MPP|Mukkulathor Pulipadai contested on the "Rising Sun" symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and is officially recorded as a DMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
|-
!187
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Tamilarasi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pon V. Balaganapathy
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
!188
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[P. Viswanathan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Periyapullan alias Selvam]]
|-
!189
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Moorthy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Mahendran
|-
!190
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Venkatesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Manickam]]
|-
!191
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Thalapathy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Saravanan]]
|-
!192
|[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Boominathan]]{{efn|name=MDMK}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Raama Sreenivasan
|-
!193
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Palanivel Thiaga Rajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Sundar C]]{{efn|name=PNK|[[Pudhiya Needhi Katchi]] contested on the "Two Leaves" symbol of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), and is officially recorded as a AIADMK candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!194
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Raghu Balaji
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Sellur K. Raju]]
|-
!195
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Keerthiga Thangapandi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]
|-
!196
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Manimaran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]
|-
!197
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|T. Saravanakumar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[I. Mahendran]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Theni district|Theni]]
!198
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Maharajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Logirajan
|-
!199
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Attral Arasu
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Kathirkamu]]
|-
!200
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. T. Narayansamy
|-
!201
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. Eramakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. T. K. Jakkaiyan]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
!202
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Thanga Pandian]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Priscilla Pandian]]{{efn|name=TMMK|[[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] contested on the "Lotus" symbol of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and is officially recorded as a BJP candidate in electoral records.}}
|-
!203
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|P. Mahalingam
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Chandra Prabha]]
|-
!204
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Kadarkarairaj
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|-
!205
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ganesan Ashokan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]
|-
!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|Vijayaprabhakar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. G. Ganesan
|-
!207
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Sethupathi
|-
!208
|[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thangam Thennarasu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. S. R. Rajavarman]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!209
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. K. Kathiravan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Muthiah (politician)|S. Muthaiah]]
|-
!210
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Karu Manickam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Keerthika Muniyasamy]]
|-
!211
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Katharbatcha Muthuramalingam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. Nagendran
|-
!212
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudhukulathur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. S. Raja Kannappan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Pandi]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
!213
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. V. Markandayan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Sathya
|-
!214
|[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. T. Chellapandian]]
|-
!215
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. R. M. Radhakrishnan
|-
!216
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Oorvasi S. Amirtharaj]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. P. Shanmuganathan]]
|-
!217
|[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. C. Shunmugaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Sundararaj]]
|-
!218
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Ka. Karunanithi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kadambur Raju]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
!219
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sangai Ganesan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dhileepan Jayasankaran
|-
!220
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. Raja]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ananthan Ayyasamy
|-
!221
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. M. Rajendran{{efn|name=MDMK}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Krishnamurali]]
|-
!222
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kalai Kathiravan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Selvamohandas Pandian]]
|-
!223
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Manoj Pandian]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. R. P. Prabakaran]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
!224
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Su. Subramanian
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Thachai N. Ganesaraja
|-
!225
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|V. P. Durai
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Isakki Subhaya]]
|-
!226
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Abdul Wahab]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Syed Sulthan Sumsuddin
|-
!227
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rubi Manoharan]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Esakkimuthu
|-
!228
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Appavu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|S. P. Balakrishnan
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
!229
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Mahesh
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thalavai N. Sundaram]]
|-
!230
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Austin]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[M. R. Gandhi]]
|-
!231
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Tharahai Cuthbert]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|T. Sivakumar
|-
!232
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|R. Chellasamy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|P. Ramesh
|-
!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|T. T. Pravin
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[S. Vijayadharani]]
|-
!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[S. Rajesh Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nivin Simon{{efn|name=TMC(M)}}
|-
|}

== Campaign ==
Following an order of the [[Madras High Court]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/no-one-above-law-court-orders-making-rules-for-rallies-by-political-parties-9302892 |title=Court Orders Making Rules For Rallies By Political Parties |work=[[NDTV]] |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] announced new rules and guidelines for political rallies in the state in January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-government-notifies-sop-for-political-meetings-rallies-other-large-public-gatherings/article70479181.ece |title=Tamil Nadu government notifies SOP for political meetings, rallies, other large public gatherings |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Secular Progressive Alliance ===
On 1 June 2025, DMK president Stalin launched "Oraniyil Tamil Nadu" (Tamil Nadu as one team), an enrollment drive to add new party members and urged the party cadres to enroll at least 30% of voters in each polling booth to the party through a door-to-door outreach.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 June 2025 |title=DMK launched ‘Oraniyil Tamil Nadu’ enrolment drive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/dmk-launched-oraniyil-tamil-nadu-enrolment-drive/articleshow/121555410.cms |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 July 2025 |title=CM Stalin launches Oraniyil Tamil Nadu, does not rule out more parties joining DMK bloc |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jul/02/cm-stalin-launches-oraniyil-tamil-nadu-does-not-rule-out-more-parties-joining-dmk-bloc |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> On 24 March, the party released a song for its campaign with the theme "Stalin Thodarattum, Tamil Nadu Vellattum" (let Stalin continue, let Tamil Nadu triumph).<ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2026 |title=DMK launches campaign song for Tamil Nadu assembly elections |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/video/dmk-launches-campaign-song-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2866670-2026-02-11 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref>

;Manifesto
On 29 March 2026, Stalin released the party's manifesto for the elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2026-dmk-election-manifesto/article70799667.ece |title= In manifesto, DMK promises homemakers ₹8,000 coupon for buying home appliances of choice |date=29 March 2026 |access-date=30 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> It promised {{INRconvert|8000}} coupons for non–income tax-paying homemakers to purchase household appliances, extension of the chief minister’s breakfast scheme in government schools till class eight, free laptops to all government college students, enhancement of the monthly entitlement for women to {{INRconvert|2000}}, increase in old-age pension from {{INRconvert|1200}} to {{INRconvert|2000}}, and provision of {{INRconvert|2500}} for persons with disabilities. It also proposed expanding coverage under the state government insurance scheme to {{INRconvert|1.5|m}} and construction of a million houses for the poor. Other proposals included the procurement of 10,000 new buses, development of high-quality bus shelters, introduction of mini-bus services in remote areas, expansion of [[Coimbatore International Airport]], establishment of a cargo terminal at [[Thoothukudi Airport]], {{INRconvert|100|b}} for beautification of roads and parks in urban areas, and establishment of future-ready global cities near major cities. The party proposed to attract foreign investment of about {{INRconvert|1800|t}}, and creation of employment opportunities for five million youth. In the agriculture sector, it included provision for distribution of free pump sets to two million farmers, increase in procurement price of paddy and sugarcane, raising milk procurement price by {{INRconvert|5}} per litre, desilting of 15,500 km of irrigation canals, and financial assistance to fishermen during fishing ban and low-catch periods. It also proposed interest-free loans up to {{INRconvert|0.5|m}} for self-help groups, establishment of a library to promote awareness of the anti-Hindi imposition movement, and introduction of capital punishment for crimes against children below eight years of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/70799704-dmk-manifesto-2026pdf |title=DMK Manifesto 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 March 2026 |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>

=== AIADMK-led Alliance ===
On 7 July 2025, AIADMK general secretary Palaniswami launched a statewide campaign with the slogan "Makkalai Kaappom, Thamizhagathai Meetpom" (let's protect the people, let's save Tamil Nadu).<ref>{{cite news |agency=ANI |date=5 July 2025 |title=EPS launches AIADMK campaign logo for 2026 TN polls, gives out call to ‘remove evil DMK govt’ |url=https://theprint.in/india/eps-launches-aiadmk-campaign-logo-for-2026-tn-polls-gives-out-call-to-remove-evil-dmk-govt/2680644/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK General Secretary Edappadi K. Palaniswami launches 'Let's Protect the People, Let's Save Tamil Nadu' ahead of Tamil Nadu Assembly election |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/aiadmk-general-secretary-edappadi-k-palaniswami-launches-lets-protect-the-people-lets-save-tamil-nadu-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-assembly-election20250707112508/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[ANI News]] }}</ref>

;Manifesto
On 24 March 2026, AIADMK general secretary Palaniswami released the party's election manifesto, which contained 297 promises. The manifesto proposed a range of welfare and economic measures, including a monthly assistance of {{INRconvert|2000}} for women, a {{INRconvert|10000}} relief payment per family to address rising prices, monthly assistance of {{INRconvert|2000}} for unemployed graduates, subsidiary of {{INRconvert|25000}} for working women to buy two-wheelers, and an increase in pension benefits to {{INRconvert|2000}} for senior citizens. It also proposed waiver of education and crop loans, provision of free refrigerators to poor families, three free LPG cylinders per year, and extension of free travel in local government buses to men. The party further proposed the increase of mandatory work days from 100 to 150 days under the rural employment scheme, increase of quota for government school students to 10% in government medical colleges and full coverage of major medical expenses for major treatments for state insurance holders. Additional measures included subsidies for solar power installations, revival of the marriage assistance scheme, expansion of subsidised government clinics, implementation of prohibition by closing liquor shops in phases, higher minimum support prices for paddy and sugarcane, and provision of free pulses and cooking oil through the Public Distribution System.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2026 |title=2026 - All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam - Election Manifesto |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/70779689-aiadmk-manifestotn-assembly-election-2026pdf |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

===Naam Tamilar Katchi===
On 22 March 2026, the NTK announced the first phase of its election campaign schedule, stating that the party’s chief coordinator, Seeman, would address nine public meetings by the end of March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=NTK chief Seeman’s first phase of poll campaigning from Monday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Mar/22/ntk-chief-seemans-first-phase-of-poll-campaigning-from-monday |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=22 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026
}}</ref>

;Manifesto
On 27 March 2026, Seeman released the party’s election manifesto, which included administrative reforms such as the creation of multiple functional capitals for the state, equal representation for women in legislative bodies, and fair pricing for farmers and fishermen, and other welfare schemes. It also proposed plans for the conservation of natural resources, food security, waste management, climate change and sustainability.<ref>{{cite news |title=NTK manifesto pitches decentralised governance, anti-drug measures, and Tamil-centric policies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/ntk-manifesto-pitches-decentralised-governance-anti-drug-measures-and-tamil-centric-policies/article70761204.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>

=== Tamilaga Vetri Kazhagam ===
On 13 September 2025, TVK president Vijay launched his party's election campaign in [[Tiruchirappalli]], with subsequent rallies planned on weekends.<ref>{{cite news |last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |date=14 September 2025 |title=‘Vijay is coming’: Tamil star kicks off Assembly poll campaign, targets DMK and BJP over broken promises |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/vijay-kicks-off-campaign-in-trichy-blasts-dmk-and-bjp-over-broken-promises-10248461/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Karthik |first=Deepak |date=13 September 2025 |title=Vijay launches election campaign in Trichy, says TVK will make only practical and implementable promises |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/vijay-launches-election-campaign-in-trichy-says-tvk-will-make-only-practical-and-implementable-promises/articleshow/123869217.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, following a [[2025 Karur crowd crush|crowd crush]] that resulted in the deaths of 41 people and injuries to 80-120 others, during a political rally hosted by TVK in [[Karur]], he suspended the campaign temporarily.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=39 die in stampede during TVK leader Vijay's Karur campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/10-die-in-stampede-like-situation-during-tvk-leader-vijays-karur-campaign/articleshow/124183777.cms |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=TVK rally stampede highlights: Madurai Bench of Madras High Court to hear TVK's case on September 29 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-vijay-rally-karur-updates-on-september-27-2025/article70102676.ece |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> During the campaigning, Adhav Arjuna, the general secretary of the TVK, made controversial remarks about actor [[Rajinikanth]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=15 March 2026 |title=TVK leader sparks row with claim that DMK ‘threatened’ Rajinikanth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tvk-leader-sparks-row-with-claim-that-dmk-threatened-tamil-superstar-rajinikanth-2882149-2026-03-15 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> which criticism from politicians and public.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 March 2026 |title=Nainar Nagenthran condemns Aadhav Arjuna’s remarks against Rajinikanth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/nainar-nagenthran-condemns-aadhav-arjunas-remarks-against-rajinikanth/article70749615.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajinikanth vs Vijay Fan Wars? Posters Put Up In Madurai Against TVK Leader's Comments |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/cities/chennai-news/rajinikanth-vs-vijay-fan-wars-posters-put-up-in-madurai-against-tvk-leader-aadhav-arjunas-comments-ws-l-9979453.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260317093848/https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/cities/chennai-news/rajinikanth-vs-vijay-fan-wars-posters-put-up-in-madurai-against-tvk-leader-aadhav-arjunas-comments-ws-l-9979453.html |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[News18]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Rajinikanth rejects TVK leader’s claim that 'DMK pressure' derailed his entry into politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-superstar-rajinikanth-calls-aadhav-arjunas-remarks-untrue-thanks-leaders-and-fans-for-support/articleshow/129627879.cms |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Vijay started his campaign for the elections on 30 March 2026, after filing his nomination to contest the elections from the [[Perambur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu election: Vijay, TVK cadre booked for conducting roadshow in violation of poll code |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-election-vijay-tvk-cadre-booked-for-conducting-roadshow-in-violation-of-poll-code/article70805776.ece |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;Manifesto
On 29 March 2026, Vijay released the manifesto for the elections. The TVK manifesto promised drug free state, job assurance to youth, collateral-free education and startup loans, and monthly financial assistance to students.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-poll-manifesto-tvk-chief-vijay-promises-drug-free-state-monthly-assistance-for-students/articleshow/129877083.cms |title=TVK Vijay promises drug free state and monthly assistance for students |date=29 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

== Surveys and polls ==
=== Opinion polls ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Seat projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
! rowspan="2" | Date published
! rowspan="2" | Sample size
| bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
! Others
|-
|align=left|[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]-Matrize
|15 March 2026<ref name="IANS">{{cite news |url=https://ianslive.in/opinion-poll-aiadmk-to-edge-ahead-of-dmk-in-tamil-nadu-ldf-and-udf-in-neck-and-neck-fight-in-kerala--20260315184504 |title=Opinion Poll: AIADMK to edge ahead of DMK in Tamil Nadu |access-date=15 March 2026 |date=15 March 2026 |work=IANS}}</ref><ref name="Mint">{{cite web |author=Chanchal |date=16 March 2026 |title=BJP surge in West Bengal, neck-and-neck fight for Stalin in Tamil Nadu - What opinion poll predicts |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-surge-in-west-bengal-neck-and-neck-for-stalin-in-tamil-nadu-what-opinion-poll-predicts-11773659721367.html |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[Live Mint]] }}</ref>
|17,410
|104-114
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|114-127}}'''
|6-12
|1-6
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|0-23}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[CNN News18|News18]]-Vote Vibe
|23 March 2026<ref name="News18">{{cite AV media |date=23 March 2026|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cgPReqT9Us |title=India Assembly Polls 2026: CNN-News18 Poll Tracker Goes LIVE For Kerala, TN, WB, Assam, Puducherry|publisher=[[News18]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=23 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260323185038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cgPReqT9Us |archive-date=23 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="N18">{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=ओपिनियन पोल: DMK-AIADMK में कांटे की टक्कर, 'वाइल्ड कार्ड' विजय, जानें जनता के मन की बात |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/tamil-nadu-election-opinion-poll-dmk-aiadmk-neck-to-neck-stalin-eps-vijay-tvk-wildcard-latest-news-10301468.html |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=[[News18]] |language=hi |trans-title=DMK and AIADMK neck to neck}}</ref>
|7,992
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|113-123}}'''
|106-116
|2-8
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|3-17}}'''
|-
|align=left|Agni News Agency
|23 March 2026 <ref name="ANS">{{cite news |date=23 March 2026 |title=DMK leads by nearly 6%|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/dmk-alliance-projected-to-win-180-seats-with-nearly-45-vote-share-in-assembly-polls-agni-news-survey20260323143902 |work=[[ANI News]] |access-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref><ref name="ANS1">{{cite news |date=23 March 2026 |title=DMK alliance to win 180 constituencies, securing 44.9 per cent vote share in TN polls: Survey |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/politics/dmk-alliance-to-win-180-constituencies-securing-449-per-cent-vote-share-in-tn-polls-survey |work=[[DT Next]] |access-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref>
|101,643
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|180+}}'''
|50-60
|0-10
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|120-130}}'''
|-
|align=left|Lokpoll
|1 April 2026<ref name="Lokpoll">{{cite web |date=23 March 2026|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/assembly-election/tamil-nadu/lok-poll-survey-projects-comfortable-victory-for-dmk-led-alliance-with-40-vote-share-article-13877146.html |title=Lok Poll survey projects comfortable victory for DMK-led alliance with 40% vote share|work=Moneycontrol|access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref>
|117,000
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|181-189}}'''
|38-42
|8-10
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|139-151}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[CNN News18|News18]]-Vote Vibe
|6 April 2026<ref name="News18P2">{{cite AV media |date=23 March 2026|url=https://youtube.com/watch?si=BwAkacavotLATwVq&v=Ga-5nyViamU |title=Will MK Stalin Return as Tamil Nadu CM? :High-Stakes 2026 Election Battle : DMK vs AIADMK - News18|publisher=[[News18]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407040914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ga-5nyViamU |archive-date=7 April 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|24,943
|90-100
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|130-140}}'''
|2-6
|0
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|30-50}}'''
|-
|align=left|Spick Media
|17 April 2026<ref name="Spickmedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0ksxyoi65my00hf548azp/FOTN-Final.pdf?rlkey=8g82wmaocacwb6z266p2qihkk&e=1&st=abnu9gyb&dl=0 |title=Fate of Tamil Nadu 3.0 Survey: DMK Faces Strong Anti-Incumbency|author=Spick Media|date=15 March 2026|work=Spick Media|format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417131111/https://spickmediagroup.in/Home/2026/04/17/fate-of-tamil-nadu-3-0-survey-dmk-faces-strong-anti-incumbency/|archive-date=17 April 2026 |access-date=17 April 2026 }}</ref>
|126,801
|88-94
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|112-120}}'''
|4-5
|0
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|18-32}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[Vikatan]]
|18 April 2026<ref name="JuniorVikatan">{{cite web |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/election/mega-survey-result-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026 |title=234 தொகுதிகள் மெகா சர்வே ரிசல்ட்... யாருக்கு வெற்றி? |date=15 March 2026 |work=[[Junior Vikatan]] |language=ta |trans-title=234 Constituencies mega survey result |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418031514/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/election/mega-survey-result-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026|archive-date=18 April 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|93,600
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|121}}'''
|83
|3
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|38}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[Thanthi TV]]
|20 April 2026<ref>{{cite AV media |date=20 April 2026|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zI5iPJxJn6c|title=Thanthi TV Opinion Poll 2026 : மக்கள் யார் பக்கம்? தந்தி டிவி-யின் கருத்துக்கணிப்பு முடிவுகள்|publisher=[[Thanthi TV]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=20 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260420211241/https://youtube.com/watch?v=zI5iPJxJn6c|archive-date=20 April 2026 |url-status=live |language=ta |trans-title=Thanthi TV final survey results}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2026|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-election-2026-thanthi-tv-opinion-poll-dmk-vs-admk-2026-vijay-tvk-party-exit-poll-tamil-nadu-vip-constituency-results-election-survey-results-2026-11744704|title=234 தொகுதிகளில் 84 தி.மு.க, 72 அ.தி.மு.க; விஜய் வெற்றி பெறுவாரா? தந்தி டி.வி இறுதிக்கட்ட சர்வே முடிவுகள்|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=ta|trans-title=Thanthi TV final survey results|access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>
|60,000
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|98-103}}'''
|91-101
|1-2
|0
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Others}}; color:"Blue"|'''Hung'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Vote share projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
! rowspan="2" | Date published
! rowspan="2" | Sample size
| bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
! Others
|-
|align=left|[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]-Matrize
|15 March 2026<ref name="IANS"/><ref name="Mint"/>
|17,410
|37-38%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|39-40%}}'''
|14-15%
|10-12%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|1-3%}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[CNN News18|News18]]-Vote Vibe
|23 March 2026<ref name="News18"/><ref name="N18"/>
|7,992
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|40%}}'''
|38%
|15%
|7%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|2%}}'''
|-
|align=left|Agni News Agency
|23 March 2026 <ref name="ANS"/><ref name="ANS1"/>
|101,643
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|44.9%}}'''
|38.5%
|9.7%
|6.9%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|6.4%}}'''
|-
|align=left|Lokpoll
|1 April 2026 <ref name="Lokpoll"/>
|117,000
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|40.1%}}'''
|29%
|23.9%
|7%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|11.1%}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[CNN News18|News18]]-Vote Vibe
|6 April 2026<ref name="News18P2" />
|24,943
|39%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|41%}}'''
|12%
|8%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|2%}}'''
|-
|align=left|Spick Media
|17 April 2026<ref name="Spickmedia"/>
|126,801
|37.47%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|38.85%}}'''
|14.81%
|8.47%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|0.98%}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[Vikatan]]
|18 April 2026<ref name="JuniorVikatan"/>
|93,600
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|37.5%}}'''
|33.63%
|24.71%
|4.16%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|3.87%}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[Dinamalar]]
|20 April 2026<ref name="Dinamalar">{{cite web |date=20 April 2026|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/tamilnadu-election-prediction-2026-who-will-win-if-the-election-is-held-today-dinamalar---chanakya-poll/4204561 |title=TamilNadu Election PRediction 2026 இன்று தேர்தல் நடந்தால் யார் வெற்றி பெறுவார்: தினமலர் - சாணக்யா கருத்துக்கணிப்பு|work=Dinamalar|access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>
|25,691
|32%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|36%}}'''
|23%
|9%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|4%}}'''
|}

=== Exit polls ===
The Election Commission had banned the publication of any [[exit poll]] from 7 am on 9 April until 6.30 pm on 29 April to prevent any influence on voters across the [[2026 elections in India|five state assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=Assembly Elections 2026: EC bans exit polls from April 9 to April 29 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assembly-elections-2026-ec-bans-exit-polls-from-april-9-to-april-29/articleshow/130082751.cms |access-date=30 April 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Seat projection
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
! rowspan="2" | Date published
| bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
! Others
|-
|align=left|Agni News Agency<ref name="Agniexit">{{cite news |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/tamil-nadu-exit-poll-results-2026-agni-news-seat-prediction-vote-share-who-will-win-794543.html |title=திமுக கூட்டணி 169 சீட்.. தவெக 1 சீட் மட்டுமே.. அக்னி நியூஸ் வெளியிட்ட சர்வே ரிசல்ட்! |trans-title=DMK alliance 169 seats, TVK 1 seat only, Agni news survey result |work=[[One India]] |date=29 April 2026 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
|rowspan=14|29 April 2026
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|169}}'''
|64
|1
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|105}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[Axis My India]]<ref name="Axis">{{cite news |date=29 April 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-election-exit-poll-2026-live-updates-tn-opinion-polls-result-tvk-bjp-exit-poll-in-tamil-nadu-news/amp_liveblog/130598223.cms |title=Axis My India projects chances for TVK to form government and others predicted for DMK |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="MC">{{cite news |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/assembly-election-exit-polls-results-2026-live-updates-west-bengal-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-liveblog-13903997.html |title=Tamil Nadu Exit Polls 2026: Looking at the projections for the state |work=Money Control |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
|92-110
|22-32
| style="background:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|98-120}}'''
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|2-28}}'''
|-
|align=left|Chanakya Strategies<ref name="FE">{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-exit-poll-results-2026-live-axis-my-india-cvoters-todays-chanakya-prediction-dmk-vs-aiadmk-vs-bjp-seat-projection/4221797/ |title=Tamil Nadu Exit Poll Results 2026 Highlights: 4 exit polls predict 120 seats for DMK, Vijay’s TVK can win between 10-40 seats |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=29 April 2026 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|145-160}}'''
|50-65
|13-18
|5-8
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|80-110}}'''
|-
|align=left|JVC<ref name="TN"/><ref name="MC"/>
|75-97
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|128-147}}'''
|8-15
|0
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|31-72}}'''
|-
|align=left|Kamakhya Analytics<ref name="TN"/><ref name="MC"/>
|78-95
|68-84
|67-81
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Others}};" |'''{{font color|black|Hung}}'''
|-
|align=left|Matrize<ref name="TN">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/exit-polls-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-assam-kerala-puducherry-poll-cvc-chankya-matrize-jan-ki-baat-cvoter-axismyindia-result-liveblog-154195293 |title=Exit Polls Results 2026 Highlights: BJP Edge in Bengal, Kerala Backs UDF, Tamil Nadu Chooses DMK+, NDA Leads Assam Race |work=[[Times Now]] |date=29 April 2026 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |date=29 April 2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-exit-polls-2026-pollsters-back-stalin-return-tvk-a-key-disruptor/amp_articleshow/130609084.cms |title=Tamil Nadu exit polls 2026: 3 out of 4 pollsters back Stalin return; TVK a key disruptor |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|122-132}}'''
|87-110
|10-12
|0-6
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|12-45}}'''
|-
|align=left|P Marq<ref name="MC"/><ref name="TN"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|125-145}}'''
|65-85
|16-26
|1-6
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|40-80}}'''
|-
|align=left|People Insight<ref name="MC"/><ref name="TN"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|122-140}}'''
|60-70
|30-40
|0-4
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|52-80}}'''
|-
|align=left|People's Pulse<ref name="MC"/><ref name="TN"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|125-145}}'''
|65-80
|18-24
|2-6
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|45-80}}'''
|-
|align=left|Political Laboratory<ref name="NM">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/all-exit-polls-show-dmk-lead-axis-my-india-says-tvk-to-win-minimum-98-seats |title=All exit polls show DMK lead, Axis My India says TVK to win minimum 98 seats |work=News Minute |date=29 April 2026 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|135-140}}'''
|82-85
|10-14
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|50-58}}'''
|-
|align=left|Praja Poll<ref name="MC"/><ref name="TN"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|148-168}}'''
|61-81
|0
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|67-107}}'''
|-
|align=left|Spick Media<ref name="Spickmediaexitpoll">{{cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/790jw1hq0kxy6jk17ll93/Exit-Poll-Final.pdf?rlkey=uxkg2dw7uhhiagbazlwhj8asb&e=2&st=adsmpidi&dl=0 |title=Idam Valam Exit Poll : AIADMK alliance ahead, DMK close behind, TVK emerges as key disruptor|date=29 April 2026|work=Spick Media|format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429190905/https://spickmediagroup.in/Home/2026/04/29/spick-media-idam-valam-exit-poll-aiadmk-alliance-ahead-dmk-close-behind-tvk-emerges-as-key-disruptor/|archive-date=29 April 2026 |access-date=29 April 2026 }}</ref>
|89-101
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|124-127}}'''
|4-6
|0
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|23-38}}'''
|-
| align=left|Today's Chanakya<ref name="Chanakya">{{cite web |date=30 April 2026 |title=Today's Chanakya Predicts Edge for DMK |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-exit-poll-live-updates-mk-stalin-dmk-vijay-aiadmk-tvk-2nd-term-for-dmk-in-tamil-nadu-tvk-to-do-better-than-aiadmk-todays-chanakya-exit-poll-11431384/amp |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|114-136}}'''
|34-56
|52-74
|0-2
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|40-84}}'''
|-
|align=left|Vote Vibe<ref name="MC"/><ref name="Votevibe exitpoll">{{cite web |date=29 April 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tamil-nadu-exit-polls-2026-will-vijay-play-kingmaker-in-a-tight-dmk-vs-aiadmk-race-10064479.html |title=Tamil Nadu Exit Polls 2026: Will Vijay Play Kingmaker In A Tight DMK Vs AIADMK Race? |work=[[CNN News18]] |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
|103-113
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|114-124}}'''
|4-10
|0
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|1-21}}'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Vote share projection
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
! rowspan="2" | Date published
| bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
! Others
|-
|align=left|Agni News Agency<ref name="Agniexit"/>
|rowspan=8|29 April 2026
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|43.1%}}'''
|34.8%
|15.1%
|7%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|8.3%}}'''
|-
|align=left|[[Axis My India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nadu-exit-poll-vijay-tvk-axis-my-india-dmk-aiadmk-seats-prediction-10662911/ |title=Can Thalapathy Vijay really storm Fort St. George? One Tamil Nadu exit poll gives him the spotlight |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 April 2026 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
|35%
|23%
|35%
|4%
| style="background:{{party color|Others}};" |'''{{font color|black|Hung}}'''
|-
|align=left|Chanakya Strategies<ref name="NM"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|42-46%}}'''
|36-40%
|12-16%
|4-6%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|2-10%}}'''
|-
|align=left|Matrize<ref name="NM"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|40.3%}}'''
|37.1%
|17.5%
|5.1%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|3.2%}}'''
|-
|align=left|P-Marq<ref name="NM"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|36%}}'''
|31%
|23%
|10%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|5%}}'''
|-
|align=left|People's Pulse<ref name="NM"/>
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|38.4%}}'''
|31.5%
|23.6%
|6.5%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|6.9%}}'''
|-
|align=left|Spick Media<ref name="Spickmediaexitpoll"/>
|36.21%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|36.5%}}'''
|21.6%
|5.69%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|0.29%}}'''
|-
|align=left|Vote Vibe<ref name="Votevibe exitpoll"/>
|38.9%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|39.9%}}'''
|15.8%
|5.4%
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|1%}}'''
|}

== Voting ==
A [[Special Intensive Revision]] (SIR) was conducted by [[Election Commission of India]] before the polls, and in February 2026, after the exercise, 56,707,380 voters were declared as eligible to vote in the 2026 assembly election in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu SIR final electoral roll updates: 5.67 crore voters in State after deletion of nearly 70 lakh electors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/final-electoral-roll-tamil-nadu-live-updates-february-23-2026/article70665752.ece |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elections.tn.gov.in/ACwise_Gendercount_23022026.aspx |title=Consitutency wise count |date=23 February 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026 |work= [[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref> As per the final voter list, 57.3 million voters were eligible to vote in the assembly elections in Tamil Nadu. This includes 28.3 million male, 29.3 million female, and 7,728 third gender voters.<ref name="PIB"/><ref name="HT">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nikita |date=22 April 2026 |title=Stage set for mega contest in Bengal's first phase, voting on all 234 seats in Tamil Nadu today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/stage-set-for-mega-contest-in-bengals-first-phase-voting-on-all-234-seats-in-tamil-nadu-101776876916720.html |access-date=23 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>

The polling was held on 23 April 2026 across 75,064 polling stations across 33,133 locations in the state. About 1,06,418 [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machine]]s were used for the polls.<ref name="PIB"/><ref name="HT"/> As per the data released by the Election Commission after the polling day, the state recorded 84.69% [[voter turnout]], which was 11.06% higher than the preceding assembly elections in 2021, and the highest ever recorded in the assembly elections in the state.<ref name="PIB"/><ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu elections 2026: Over 84% voter turnout in the State, highest in its electoral history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/over-84-polling-in-tamil-nadu-highest-in-its-electoral-history/article70898260.ece |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Of the registered electorate of 57.3 million, 83.57% of male, 85.76% of female, and 60.49% of third gender voters cast their votes.<ref name="PIB"/> On 25 April, the turnout was revised to 85.1%.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2026 |title=No rest for the wicked: Even as Tamil Nadu comes down from its election high, tensions are still rising |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/even-as-tamil-nadu-comes-down-from-its-election-high-tensions-are-still-rising/article70913675.ece |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-turnout-dips-to-85-1-chennai-surges-as-ec-adds-72000-more-votes/articleshow/130526275.cms |title=Tamil Nadu turnout dips to 85.1%; Chennai surges as EC adds 72,000 more votes |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 April 2026 |access-date=27 April 2026}}</ref>

The votes polled increased by 5.5% compared to the previous assembly election in 2021, while the increase was 6.22% in 2021, 18.5% in 2016, and 11.4% in 2011 when compared to the respective previous assembly elections in the state. Despite the lower increase in the actual votes polled, the higher percentage of voter turnout is attributed in part to the revision of the electoral rolls during the SIR process conducted prior to the polls.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=25 April 2026 |title=T.N. records lowest increase in votes polled during Assembly elections over the last 15 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tn-records-lowest-increase-in-votes-polled-during-assembly-elections-over-the-last-15-years/article70902239.ece |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Voter turnout by district ===
{{sticky header}}{{static row numbers}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header static-row-numbers col1left
|-
! colspan="1" |District
! colspan="1" |Turnout (%){{cn|date=April 2026}}
|-
|[[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
|83.76
|-
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|83.74
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
|87.39
|-
|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|85.46
|-
|[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
|89.89
|-
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|88.76
|-
|[[Tirupathur district|Thirupattur]]
|88.9
|-
|[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|85.48
|-
|[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
|90.13
|-
|[[Tiruvannamalai district|Thiruvannamalai]]
|89.66
|-
|[[Viluppuram district|Villupuram]]
|88.99
|-
|[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
|88.5
|-
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|90.76
|-
|[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
|90.21
|-
|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|90.1
|-
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|88.59
|-
|[[Nilgiris district|Nilgris]]
|78.92
|-
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|84.76
|-
|[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|89.25
|-style="background:lightgreen;"
|[[Karur district|Karur]]
|92.63
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Thiruchirapalli]]
|85.44
|-
|[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
|85.5
|-
|[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
|87.41
|-
|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|85.49
|-
|[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
|82.14
|-
|[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
|86.3
|-
|[[Tiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
|83.69
|-
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|80.63
|-
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukottai]]
|83.9
|-
|[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
|76.66
|-
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|80.52
|-
|[[Theni district|Theni]]
|81.55
|-
|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|84.82
|-
|[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
|77.01
|-
|[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
|80.53
|-
|[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
|82.41
|-
|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|77.94
|-style="background:pink;"
|[[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
|75.61
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!Change
|-
|rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|rowspan="8" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|align=left|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|176
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align=left|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|28
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|align=left|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|10
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|align=left|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|8
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|5
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|5
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|align=left|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|2
|
|
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#FFE6E6"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|{{formatnum:}}
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|234
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|rowspan="5" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|align=left|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|172
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align=left|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|33
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|align=left|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|18
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|align=left|[[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|11
|
|
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#cce6d8"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|{{formatnum:}}
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|234
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|colspan="3" align=left|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|234
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|colspan="3" align=left|[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|233
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other parties}}
|colspan="3" align=left|[[#Others|Other parties]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3" align=left|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"align=left|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!{{formatnum:}}
!%
! —
!
!
! —
|-
|}

===Results by district===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! Others
|-
|align=left|[[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
!22
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Tirupathur district|Thirupattur]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Thiruvanamalai district|Thiruvanamalai]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]
!7
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Salem district|Salem]]
!11
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Erode district|Erode]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Thiruppur district|Thiruppur]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!10
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Dindigul district|Dindigal]]
!7
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Karur district|Karur]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]]
!9
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
!2
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
!2
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
!9
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Pudukottai district|Pudukottai]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
!10
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Theni district|Theni]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
!7
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!234
!
!
!
|}

===Results by region===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2"|Region{{clarify|On what basis are regions defined and which constituencies are part of it.|date=April 2026}}
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! Others
|-
|align=left|Northern Tamil Nadu
!69
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|Western Tamil Nadu
!68
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|Southern Tamil Nadu
!51
|
|
|
|-
|align=left|Central Tamil Nadu
!46
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!234
!
!
!
|}

=== Results by constituency ===

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name{{efn|name=Reserved|SC and ST indicate constituencies reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Scheduled Tribes]] respectively.}}
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
!1
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!2
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!3
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!4
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!6
|[[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="22" |[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
!7
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!8
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!9
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!10
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!11
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!12
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!13
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!14
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!16
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!17
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!18
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!20
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!21
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!22
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugambakkam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!23
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!24
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!25
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!26
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!27
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Shozhinganallur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!28
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!29
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
!30
|[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!31
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!32
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!33
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!34
|[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!35
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!36
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!37
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!38
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!39
|[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!40
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!41
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!42
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!43
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!44
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaikattu]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!45
|[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|Kilvaithinankuppam]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!46
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyattam]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
!47
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!48
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!49
|[[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!50
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
!51
|[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!52
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!53
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!54
|[[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!55
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!56
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
!57
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!58
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!59
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!60
|[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddippatti]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!61
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
!62
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!63
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!64
|[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!65
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!66
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!67
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!68
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!69
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
!70
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!71
|[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!72
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!73
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!74
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!75
|[[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!76
|[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
!77
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpettai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!78
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!79
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!80
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Salem district|Salem]]
!81
|[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!82
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!83
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]] (ST)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!84
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!85
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!86
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!87
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!88
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem (West)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!89
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem (North)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!90
|[[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem (South)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!91
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
!92
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!93
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]] (ST)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!94
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!95
|[[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi-Velur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!96
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengodu]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!97
|[[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency|Kumarapalayam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!98
|[[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode (East)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!99
|[[Erode West Assembly constituency|Erode (West)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!100
|[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!101
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!102
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!103
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!104
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!105
|[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!106
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!107
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!108
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!110
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!111
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!112
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!113
|[[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (North)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!114
|[[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!116
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!117
|[[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!118
|[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (North)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!119
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!120
|[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (South)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!121
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!122
|[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!123
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!124
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!125
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!126
|[[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
!127
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!128
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!129
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!130
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!131
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!132
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!133
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Karur district|Karur]]
!134
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!135
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!136
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!137
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
!138
|[[Manapaarai Assembly constituency|Manapaarai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!139
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!140
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (West)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!141
|[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!142
|[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!143
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!144
|[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!145
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!146
|[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
!147
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!148
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
!149
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!150
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
!151
|[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!152
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!153
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!154
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!155
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!156
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!157
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!158
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!159
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
!160
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!161
|[[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!162
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
!163
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!164
|[[Kilvelur Assembly constituency|Kilvelur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!165
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
!166
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!167
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!168
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!169
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
!170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!171
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!172
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!173
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!174
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!175
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!176
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!177
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
!178
|[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandarvakottai]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!179
|[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!180
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!181
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!182
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!183
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
!184
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!186
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!187
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
!188
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!189
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!190
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!191
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!192
|[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!193
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!194
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!195
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!196
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!197
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Theni district|Theni]]
!198
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!199
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!200
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!201
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
!202
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!203
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!204
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!205
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!207
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!208
|[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!209
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!210
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!211
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!212
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudhukulathur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
!213
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!214
|[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!215
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!216
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!217
|[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!218
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
!219
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!220
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!221
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!222
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!223
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
!224
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!225
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!226
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!227
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!228
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
!229
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!230
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!231
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!232
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== See also ==
* {{anl|2026 elections in India}}
* {{anl|2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election}}
* {{anl|Elections in Tamil Nadu}}
* {{anl|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Tamil Nadu elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2026 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]

Gautambhai Chauhan

2026-04-25T00:18:20Z

Kiloforce123: Added A Post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gautambhaiji Gopabhaiji Chauhan
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = Kanubhai Baraiya
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = 1974
| birth_place = [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]], [[Bhavnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]]
}}

'''Gautambhai Gopabhai Chauhan'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06100.htm?ac=100 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> (born 1974)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautambhai Chauhan(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- TALAJA(BHAVNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5558 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] from Gujarat. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautambhai Chauhan: Gujarat Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/gujarat/gautambhai-chauhan-talaja-candidate-s06a100c08/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chauhan is from [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]], Bhavnagar district, Gujarat. He is the son of Gopabhai Jerambhai Chauhan. He studied Class 10 at Jalaram High School, Pithalpur and passed the examinations in 1992.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chauhan won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Talaja Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022 winners' list: BJP triumphs in state again |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-election-result-2022-winners-list-complete-constituency-wise-updates-11670466145194.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> He polled 90,255 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Kanubhai Baraiya of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 43,306 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Talaja Election Result 2022 LIVE: Gautambhai of BJP wins by over 40000 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-talaja-legislative-assembly-election-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15344491.htm |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Talaja Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate GAUTAMBHAI GOPABHAI CHAUHAN wins from Talaja , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/talaja-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568232 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Gautambhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chauntra Assembly constituency

2026-04-23T15:55:40Z

Kiloforce123: Added New Page!

{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chauntra
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 23,298
|mla = Ram Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Chauntra Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chauntra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,494 |percentage=75.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,108 |percentage=12.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopi Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=610 |percentage=7.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Chand |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=367 |percentage=4.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,386 |percentage=62.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,579 |percentage=38.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,298 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}{{HimachalPradesh-stub}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coords|32.01|76.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Van Gujjar people

2026-04-22T07:21:00Z

Kiloforce123: started new details

{{Short description|Pastoral ethnic group of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group =
| native_name = وان گجر
| image = Young Van Gujjar child.jpg
| image_caption = Van Gujjar child from [[Uttarakhand]]
| regions =
{{flagicon|India}} [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]
| population = 1,59,784 (see [[#Population|below]])
|region1 =
| pop1 =
|region2 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| pop2 = 70,000{{efn|There are 70,000 ''Van Gujjars'' in Uttarakhand state.<ref name=":pop1">{{Cite web |title=In Uttarakhand, Van Gujjars Battle Decades of Silencing as State Pushes Them to the Brink |url=https://thewire.in/rights/in-uttarakhand-van-gujjars-battle-decades-of-silencing-as-state-pushes-them-to-the-brink |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":pop2">{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Vineet |date=2024-04-18 |title=Ground report: Why this Muslim nomadic tribe in Uttarakhand has little to gain from elections |url=https://scroll.in/article/1066606/ground-report-why-this-muslim-nomadic-tribe-in-uttarakhand-has-little-to-gain-from-polls |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":pop3">{{Cite book |last1=Hamilton-Jones |first1=Phoebe |url=https://publications.smartforests.net/community-led-forest-technologies |title=COMMUNITY-LED FOREST TECHNOLOGIES: A SMART FORESTS INTERIM REPORT |last2=Gabrys |first2=Jennifer |last3=Westerlaken |first3=Michelle |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2024 |location=UK |pages=44 |quote=The Van Gujjars, who identify as Indigenous to South Asia, follow Islam and practice transhumance and semi-nomadic activities in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Within Uttarakhand, where this case study is located, about ''70,000 Van Gujjars'' are spread out across various constituencies in forested landscapes.}}</ref><ref name=":pop4">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyam |date=24 Dec 2022 |title=The forest is calling, but Van Gujjars cannot return |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1032854 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
|region3 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh|West U.P]]
| pop3 = 80,000<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Benanav |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Himalaya_Bound_An_American_s_Journey_wit.html?id=AdQkjgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Himalaya Bound: An American's Journey with Nomads in North India |date=2015-07-22 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5177-091-6 |pages=13 |language=en |quote=Already, over the previous six decades, many Van Gujjar clans had been driven out of the jungles by government policies; today perhaps 80,000 of them live settled in villages in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, with little connection to their ancestral ways.}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| pop4 = 9,784<ref name=":Dipika">{{Cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=Dipika |last2=Bhatt |first2=Anupam |last3=Lal |first3=Brij |date=2019-02-11 |title=Ethnobotanical knowledge among the semi-pastoral Gujjar tribe in the high altitude (Adhwari's) of Churah subdivision, district Chamba, Western Himalaya |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0286-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=6371563 |pmid=30744678}}</ref>
| ref3 =
| languages = [[Van Gujjari]], [[Pahari language|Pahadi]], [[Urdu]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Hindi]]<ref name=":4" />
| religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20px]] [[Sunni Islam]]
| related_groups = [[Gaddis]] • [[Bakarwal]] • [[Bhoksa people]] • [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Van Gujjar'''s{{efn|'''Van Gurjars''' is also known as '''Jammuwallahs''', '''Ban Gujjar''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_Mortals_and_Mountain_Gods_Meet/fiduAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Where Mortals and Mountain Gods Meet: Society and Culture in Himachal Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7986-000-7 |pages=144 & 146 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Rwat">{{Cite journal |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |date=1993 |title=Deforestation and Its Impact on the Jammu Gujjars of Sub-Himalayan Tarai: A Historical Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143037 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=54 |pages=637 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> '''Muhamadan Gujjars'''<ref name=":Chetan">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chetan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Natural_Premises/d0h_AAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Natural Premises: Ecology and Peasant Life in the Western Himalaya, 1800-1950 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564276-6 |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Jungali''' (forest) '''[[Gurjar]]s'''.<ref name=":Chetan" /><ref name=":Rwat" />}} are a [[Van Gujjari]]-speaking [[Nomadic people|nomadic]] ethnic group and a sub-tribe of the larger [[Muslim Gujjars|Muslim Gujjar]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karlsson |first1=Bengt T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ukrBgAAQBAJ |title=Indigeneity In India |last2=Subba |first2=T. B. |date=2013-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-21922-1 |pages=105 |language=en |quote=At that time the Van Gujjars were still (at least) officially just part of a large fuzzy, ethnic group of [[Muslim Gujjars]].}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Madsen |first=Stig Toft |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUZdAgAAQBAJ |title=State, Society and the Environment in South Asia |date=2013-12-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79785-9 |pages=78–103 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karlsson |first=B. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIUfAgAAQBAJ |title=Contested Belonging: An Indigenous People's Struggle for Forest and Identity in Sub-Himalayan Bengal |date=2013-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-82753-2 |pages=141–295 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Raghav |date=24 October 2022 |title=The making of pastoralisms: An account of the Gaddis and Van Gujjars in the Indian Himalaya |journal=Pastoralism |volume=12 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022Pasto..12...42S |doi=10.1186/s13570-022-00259-z |issn=2041-7136 |pmc=9590384 |pmid=36311345 |quote= |doi-access=free |article-number=42}}</ref> They are traditionally [[herder]]s and primarily reside in the [[Shivalik Hills]] region of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Western Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gujjar |first=Rahim Bhatti |date=1 January 2025 |title=The Gujjar People: An Ethnohistorical and Linguistic Survey with a Focus on Central Asian Origins and Gojri's Hindko Affinities |url=https://www.academia.edu/129887504 |journal=Independent}}</ref> Following [[Islam]], they are a pastoral semi-nomadic community known for practicing [[transhumance]].<ref name="businessline_outside_jungle">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/09/04/stories/100444m8.htm |title=Outside the jungle book |author=Radhakrishna Rao |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=4 September 2000 |access-date=31 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528103747/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/09/04/stories/100444m8.htm |archive-date=28 May 2007}}</ref> Van Gujjars started adopting Islam between the 13th and 14th centuries, with [[Sufism|Sufi]] teachings playing a significant role in their conversion.<ref name=":2" /> The Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand and [[Uttar Pradesh]] have strong ties with the [[Muslim Gujjars]] of Himachal Pradesh, with intermarriages being common, but they have not maintained relations with Hindu Gujjars of [[North India]].<ref name=":ajay1">{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNQU4VFrbgC |title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-97-1 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=108}}<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Sitaram |first=Kasana |date=October 2020 |title=Sustainable Livelihood and Resilience of the Van Gujjars |url=https://aipublications.com/uploads/issue_files/6IJREH-SEP202054-Sustainable.pdf |journal=International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research |volume=04 |issue=5 |pages=213 |doi=10.22161/ijreh.4.5.6 |doi-broken-date=30 September 2025 |issn=2456-8678 |quote=The Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand closely related to the Muslim Gujjars of H.P. (Himachal Pradesh) whom they met during the summer migration. The Gujjars of H.P. are like family to them, and the two groups have been known to intermarry.}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |last=Pierre-Alexandre |first=Paquet |url=https://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/index.html?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=160772 |title=Jungle Government: Forestry, state-making and development for the Van Gujjar pastoralists of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India |date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Department of Anthropology [[McGill University]] Montreal, Quebec, Canada |location=Canada |pages=11 |language=en |quote=The Van Gujjars of U.P (Uttar Pradesh) closely related to the Muslim Gujjars of H.P. (Himachal Pradesh) whom they met during the summer migration.The Gujjars of H.P. are like family to them, and the two groups have been known to intermarry.}}</ref>

Historically, they were referred to as '''Jammuwallah''' or '''Dodhi Gujars''' by others, but they simply identified themselves as Gujjars.<ref name=":2" />

The Shivalik Hills Forest Division has been a seasonal habitat for the Van Gujjars since the late 1920s. Traditionally, they'd migrate with their livestock, spending winter in [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik Hills]] and summer in the meadows of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Currently about 4,000 Van Gujjar families reside in Shivalik hills forest area.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2021-04-17 |title=Bullets and bureaucracy: Van Gujjars of Shivalik hills are caught in the crosshairs |url=https://cjp.org.in/bullets-and-bureaucracy-van-gujjars-of-shivalik-hills-are-caught-in-the-crosshairs/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref>

Van Gujjars are known to be [[Lacto vegetarianism|lactovegetarian]]s due to sole dependence on animal-herding and [[milk delivery]] as a livelihood opportunity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=28 May 2021 |title=Van Gujjars: People of the forest or nowhere? |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/05/van-gujjars-people-of-the-forest-or-nowhere/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahi |first=Dr Javaid |date=1 January 2018 |title=The GUJJARS Vol -04 History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe : Ed. Dr. Javaid Rahi |url=https://www.academia.edu/41725937 |journal=The Gujjars Vol 04}}</ref>

==History==
===Colonial history===
[[British Raj|British]] records of the forest department confirm a Van Gujjars presence in the [[Doon Valley]], after the British regained control of it in the aftermath of the [[Anglo-Nepalese War|Anglo-Gurkha War]] (1814–15). In some measure, this was recognition of the law of their rights as inhabitants of the forests, an official incorporation of their custodianship as part of forest management, a continuation of the Van Gujjars occupation of the Doon valley of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradeep |first=Singh |date=29 May 2020 |title=Van Gujjars, the "Lesser People" |url=https://www.bygonedoon.com/2020/05/van-gujjars-lesser-people-i.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=bygonedoon.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The state focuses on fixed boundaries and territories, whether legally or just culturally, is at odds with the Van Gujjars existence as [[nomad]]s. A clear example of that is the continued consequences of the [[British Forest Act of 1865]], which barred indigenous communities from access to their ancestral territories.<ref name=":pop1" /> Decades after [[Indian independence movement|India was freed]] from colonial rule, the story has not changed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pernile |first=Gooch |date=October 2009 |title=Victims of Conservation or Rights as Forest Dwellers Van Gujjar Pastoralists between Contesting Codes of Law |journal=Journal of Conservation and Society |volume=07 |issue=4 |page=239 |doi=10.4103/0972-4923.65171 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Reference page|page=243}} The [[Uttarakhand Forest Department]], with its biased view of the Van Gujjars, authenticated a history of abuse and violations of rights representing their native pastoral culture as a threat to conservation.<ref name=":pop1" />

In an 1870 account, British [[forester]] [[Sainthill Eardley-Wilmot]] described the Van Gujjars as a herding tribe who were highly dependent upon the forest and annually moved about the [[Himalayas|Himalaya]]. Wilmot noted their different ways of [he] talking about them somewhat favorably.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hornborg |first1=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfSaZnxj178C |title=Ecology and Power: Struggles over Land and Material Resources in the Past, Present and Future |last2=Clark |first2=Brett |last3=Hermele |first3=Kenneth |date=2013-06-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33528-0 |pages=1975 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[British Raj|British colonial]] regime in India classified Van Gujjars as "[[Denotified Tribes|criminal tribes]]" in accordance with the [[Criminal Tribes Act|1871 Criminal Tribes Act]]. The Act also marked those who did not conform to gender norms as "[[eunuch]]s." The law was amended, India abolished this law in 1949 and replaced it with its own law, while the section related to gender non-conformity was repealed in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Jyoti |date=2022-07-28 |title=How Tina, A Van Gujjar Trans Woman, Navigates Many Marginal Identities |url=https://behanbox.com/2022/07/28/how-tina-a-van-gujjar-trans-woman-navigates-many-marginal-identities/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=BehanBox |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

British officer Williams' notes from 1874 confirm the Van Gujjars movement into the [[Doon Valley]] of Uttarakhand during the 18th century. Other historical documents from British forestry members further verify that the Van Gujjars have roots within the history of the Doon Valley.<ref name=":12" />{{Reference page|page=9}}

The [[British raj|British]] surveys from the 1880s show the Van Gujjars in five (khols; with the term khol being defined as streams, rivulets, or springs) had ownership of 542 buffaloes, 26 cows, and 81 sheep or goats. While this number is far fewer than the earlier numbers from the various accounts, it is surprising because it had been noted in the late 1870s, that various herders individual owned herds of up to 350 with respect to the cattle ownership. The reader can only wonder if the number was understated or less Van Gujjar moved the [[Shivalik Hills]] in the later part of the 1880s.<ref name=":Paquet" />{{Reference page|page=271}}

In 1885, [[Fisherman|Fisher's]] reports to the British authorities alerted them to a dangerous situation: the people of [[Bushahr|Bashahr state]] had violently displaced the Van Gujjars from their territory, and some have alleged that they performed the act of sacrificing a Gujjar boy in a temple ritual. Prior to that in 1884, an act of violence had occurred, in which several Van Gujjars were alleged to have killed a man in the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]].<ref name=":Paquet" />{{Reference page|page=217}}

Their mode of life as nomads, with nothing but a wandering lifestyle devoid of fixed dwellings or agricultural settlements, was powerful enough to separate them from the villagers that the colonial state could easily comprehend as the 'locals'. Their non-settled lifestyle resulted in them deviating from the colonial state definition of a proper subject. Again in January 1885, an order from the [[North-Western Provinces|North-Western Province]] demonstrated their ambiguous relationship with the [[British Raj]].<ref name=":2" /> One such order was as follows:
{{Blockquote|text=All Gujars and other wandering herdsmen are warned that for the ensuing year, only 150 heads of buffaloes will be allowed to graze in the Jaunsari, Tehri Garhwal, Raimgarh and Dadi partitions of the Jaunsar Division.<ref name=":2" />}}

[[E.M. Moir]], the Conservator of Forest for the [[Jaunsar-Bawar|Jaunsar Division]] Department in the [[North-Western Provinces]], wrote on August 17, 1887, regarding a severe cattle disease outbreak that severely affected a Van Gujjar herder who lost 300 cattle out of the 350 cattle he managed.<ref name=":Paquet">{{Cite book |last=Pierre-Alexandre |first=Paquet |url=https://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/index.html?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=160772 |title=Jungle Government: Forestry, state-making and development for the Van Gujjar pastoralists of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India |date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Department of Anthropology [[McGill University]] Montreal, Quebec, Canada |location=Canada |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=197}}

In 1902, a new provision was proposed to regulate Van Gujjar migration. When the herders returned to [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British provinces]] each fall, the herders were to pay a small security deposit of 8 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Annas]] (half rupee) that would be returned in April, assuming they did not engage in excessive cutting of trees in protected forests. In Dickinson's view, this could be a good source of revenue – 50 rupees for every 100 cattle by charging 8 Annas per herder.<ref name=":Paquet" />{{Reference page|page=198}}

British colonial document records indicate that the Van Gujjars moved to the [[Shivalik Hills]] in the [[Saharanpur district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] during the mid or late 19th century due to restrictions on forests and growing population pressures in [[Punjab]]. Moving further eastward, they moved into the rough lands from Uttar Pradesh up to [[Uttarakhand]], including [[Rajaji National Park]] forest area in Uttarakhand. According to the document, the [[British Raj|British Government]] acted quickly to appoint a man to identify and mark in the area those forests that would have commercially valuable [[Forestry|timber reserves]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paquet |first1=Pierre-Alexandre |last2=Kuroyedov |first2=Elizabeth |date=2021-01-01 |title=Everyday Forest Rights: Claiming Territories and Pastoral Livelihoods in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India |url=https://www.academia.edu/60720933 |journal=Conservation and Society |publisher=Medknow |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=240 |doi=10.4103/CS.CS_20_123 |doi-access=free |issn=0972-4923 |via=Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK}}</ref>

===Land ownership and permit system===
Annual grazing permits have been issued to family or [[clan]] leaders of the Van Gujjar community since the [[British Raj]] that identify precise compartments of use by each group. Most of the significant decisions about these compartments and migration patterns is performed by the family head to better manage resources.<ref name=":5" />

The Van Gujjars are a landless group who inhabit and graze on state-managed common land (managed by the forest departments), typically within [[Uttarakhand]], Uttar Pradesh and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. They historically used these spaces for centuries before the [[British Raj|British]] colonial administration instituted a permit system to regulate Van Gujjar nomadism as part of a broader colonial goal of harvesting forest resources. These permits outlined specific grazing areas and livestock quotas per family unit.<ref name=":Benan" />{{Reference page|page=39}}

The permit system is still active today, requiring Van Gujjars to annually present their documentation and pay taxes for grazing in the Himalayan meadows and for using forest products in the Sivalik Hills, in order to have access to buffalo grazing rights.<ref name=":Benan" />{{Reference page|page=39}}

===Post-colonial history===
The Van Gujjars experience systemic marginalization as a response to exclusionary [[British Raj|British]]-based forest policy. Their position as [[Muslims]] and indigenous people renders them particularly vulnerable. Unlike other indigenous Indian Tribes, Van Gujjars never acquired [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) status, most likely because of their religious identity in a communal and ethnically divided society. A lack of some basic rights such as domicile, advocacy, and education status all play a role in their marginalization.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Muhammed |first=Faheem M. P. |date=2020-09-30 |title=Culture Communication and Colonial Forest Policy: Van Gujjar Marginalization and Struggle for Forest Rights |url=https://www.academia.edu/44260972 |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research |pages= |doi=10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.13128326.V1}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=19}}

The plight of Van Gujjars is further evidenced by a report issued by [[National Human Rights Commission of India|India's National Human Rights Commission]] regarding Van Gujjars living in [[Rajaji National Park]] who face harassment and other abuses from staff in the Uttarakhand Forest Department.<ref name=":12" />{{Reference page|page=9}}

Those living in [[Himachal Pradesh]] face even more dire situations, with many Van Gujjars reported as homeless and landless. A government report in 1983 reported that only 11.83% of Van Gujjars owned land (with even fewer actually having homes). That means 88.17% of Van Gujjars have nowhere to build a permanent house.<ref name=":Himach">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Jitender |last2=Bhandari |first2=Dr. Rajan |date=2022 |title=Problems and Challenges in Transhumance as a Livelihood Strategy: A Case Study of Van-Gujjar in Upper Yamuna Basin. |url=https://ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2207280.pdf |journal=International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1620–1623|via=ijrti.org}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1620}}

The association between the [[Shivalik Hills|Shivalik range]] and the [[Indian army]] began in the 1980s, yet the state still attempts to expel all the Van Gujjars from the [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Uttarakhand Forests. The Van Gujjars distrust the forest department, who they believe is the ultimate authority responsible for eviction under the guise of conservation or development. Their distrust is compounded by the assertion of the Indian Forest Department that 25,000 hectares are unoccupied, when there are actually 1,800 Van Gujjar families occupying that same land.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehra |first=Neharika |date=16 August 2022 |title=UP: Van Gujjars Seek Protection Under FRA as Govt Serves Vacation Notices |url=https://www.newsclick.in/UP-Van-Gujjars-Seek-Protection-Under-FRA-Govt-Serves-Vacation-Notices}}</ref>

While the Indian Forest Rights Act, 2006 recognizes their rights for forest land as "traditional forest dwellers," they experience conflict with the local state forest authorities denying human and livestock presence inside "reserved parks."<ref name="Bound" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2009/0731/p17s07-wosc.html |title=Is there room for India's nomads? |work=Christian Science Monitor |author=Michael Benanav |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> As Muslims, they have frequently been the target of actions from the [[Uttarakhand Forest Department]], wrongful eviction notices, forced evictions, and other illegal conduct from the forest department.<ref name=":pop1" /><ref name=":12" />{{Reference page|page=16}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hamilton-Jones |first1=Phoebe |url=https://publications.smartforests.net/community-led-forest-technologies|title=COMMUNITY-LED FOREST TECHNOLOGIES: A SMART FORESTS INTERIM REPORT |last2=Gabrys |first2=Jennifer |last3=Westerlaken |first3=Michelle |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2024 |location=UK |pages=71 |quote=The Van Gujjars, who are viewed by the state as encroachers on forest land, face political marginalisation due to their Muslim, nomadic identity.}}</ref>

In 2011 and 2017, the state [[Government of Uttarakhand]] issued additional displacement orders affecting certain Van Gujjar families in those areas. The 2018 decision by the High Court that Van Gujjars were illegally occupying forest land caused a renewed uproar as they had yet to provide any framework for rehabilitation. The [[Supreme Court of India]] intervened later that year, stopping the High Court from enforcing the eviction order. In 2020, Van Gujjar families were engaged in a confrontation with forest officials, and the officials physically assaulted men and women from the community during the confrontation and arrested some members. The [[Uttarakhand High Court]] ordered the government to form a committee to address the issues faced by Van Gujjars.<ref name=":9" />

On May 25, 2021, the [[Uttarakhand High Court]] ruled that the Van Gujjars have a right to access meadows inside the [[Govind Pashu Vihar National Park]], relying on the [[Forest Rights Act (India)|2006 Forest Rights Act]], and even ordered the local administration to allow them access. The Court noted the Van Gujjars had been living in indignity for a month at that time, at which point the Court directed the appropriate authorities to grant access to summer habitat, and guarantee that Van Gujjars and their livestock were provided at a minimum basic supplies by June 15, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=For How Long Will Van Gujjars Have To Seek Legal Remedies for Their Livelihood Practices? – The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/law/for-how-long-will-van-gujjars-have-to-seek-legal-remedies-for-their-livelihood-practices/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713075740/https://science.thewire.in/law/for-how-long-will-van-gujjars-have-to-seek-legal-remedies-for-their-livelihood-practices/ |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=science.thewire.in |language=en-GB |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the same time, the [[Van Gujjar Tribal Yuva Sangathan]] sought recognition under the 2006 Forest Right Act and presented claims at the SDM office, in 2022, for the community's [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST status]]. In 2023, the Van Gujjar organization [[Van Panchayat Sangharsh Morcha]] disputes eviction notices, in 2023 the [[Uttarakhand Forest Department|forest department of Uttarkhand]] acknowledged their errors in the eviction notices they provided to the Van Gujjars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2023-06-05 |title=U'khand Forest Dept admits faults in eviction notices issued to Van Gujjars |url=https://cjp.org.in/ukhand-forest-dept-admits-faults-in-eviction-notices-issued-to-van-gujjars/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

In 2023, a flood devastated the [[Naouki]] settlement of the Van Gujjars in Uttarkhand's [[Haridwar district]], with 9 out of 100 homes destroyed, due to a combination of unusually early and intense rainfall. The Van Gujjars contend that the damage was exacerbated by two linear retaining walls constructed by the NHAI as part of the [[Char Dham Highway|Char dham highway]] project. The [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]] generally takes location into account when considering flood damage, but, due to the Naouki settlement being a non-official settlement of the Van Gujjars the area was not considered. The Van Gujjars settlement was not represented in official records as they are not regarded as permanent residents according to the [[Uttarakhand Forest Department|Forest Department]], and thus were not entitled to any protection and rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highway to the danger zone: The Char Dham project and the Van Gujjars |url=https://idronline.org/ground-up-stories/highway-to-the-danger-zone-the-char-dham-project-and-the-vann-gujjars/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Etymology and origin==
===Etymology===
The term Van Gujjar, is a combination of two [[Van Gujjari language|Van Gujjari]] words" van" and" Gujjar", rephrasing to" [[forest]]- [[dwelling]]"" Gujjars". The community added the prefix" van" in the 1980s to distinguish itself from other Gujjars, particularly the Hindu Gujjars of north western India, historically, the Van Gujjars were known as ''Jammuwallahs'' and ''Dodhi Gujjars'', while within their own community, they call themselves as [[Muslim Gujjars|Gujjars]].<ref name=":2" />

===Origin===
They are believed to have migrated from the [[Kashmir]] region, passing through Sirmaur before settling in the [[Bhabar]] region of the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik Hills]] roughly 1,500 years ago.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lapinski |first=Valerie |date=7 October 2009 |title=Showcase: Traveling With the Van Gujjar Tribe |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/showcase-61/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Lens Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Benan">{{Cite book |last=Benanav |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Himalaya_Bound_An_American_s_Journey_wit.html?id=AdQkjgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Himalaya Bound: An American's Journey with Nomads in North India |date=2015-07-22 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5177-091-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=9 - 10}} They further trace their origins back to the [[Gurjaras of Lata|Gurjara Kingdom]], which dates back to 570 CE in what is now [[Rajasthan]], [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nighoskar |first=Devyani |title='Guests in our own homes': The forest tribe of India's Himalayas |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/8/23/guests-in-our-own-homes-the-forest-tribe-of-indias-himalayas |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

As per the Van Gujjars ancestors, they came to [[Uttarakhand]] from [[Jammu division|Jammu]]. A queen from Jammu and Kashmir married into a royal family in Uttarakhand but missed her motherland's Gujjar community. She requested her father to shoot some Gujjars to her new home, and they came as part of her dowry around 250 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Iftikhar |date=2021-03-02 |title=How The Pandemic Impacted Livelihood Practices Of Van Gujjar Nomadic Pastorals |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/03/03/impact-pandemic-on-livelihood-practices-van-gujjar-pastorals-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":Benan" />{{Reference page|page=9 - 10}}

==Demographics==
The Van Gujjars are a forest- lodging, pastoral Muslim community primarily abiding in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] and [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik foothills]] of northern India. They're traditionally set up around the Himalayan countries similar to Uttarakhand, [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":3" />

Van Gujjars also lives in [[Haryana]] and [[Indian Punjab]]. Where they live in settled villages of Haryana, Indian Punjab and [[Uttar Pradesh]], and their population is roughly 80,000 in these states.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Benanav |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Himalaya_Bound_An_American_s_Journey_wit.html?id=AdQkjgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Himalaya Bound: An American's Journey with Nomads in North India |date=2015-07-22 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5177-091-6 |pages=13 |language=en |quote=Already, over the previous six decades, many Van Gujjar clans had been driven out of the jungles by government policies; today perhaps 80,000 of them live settled in villages in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, with little connection to their ancestral ways.}}</ref>

===Uttarakhand===
In Uttarakhand, Van Gujjars are mostly found in the southern regions, particularly [[Nainital]] and [[Dehradun]]. They traditionally resettle with their buffalo herds through forested regions and have longstanding seasonal routes between downtime and summer ranges within the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seshia |first=Shaila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scrsAAAAMAAJ |title=Traditional Wisdom in Natural Resource Management: The Only Way to Conserve |date=2005 |publisher=Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref>

===Himachal Pradesh===
In [[Himachal Pradesh]], Van Gujjars are mostly found in the southern and northern regions. Their areas of settlements include [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Sirmaur district|Sirmour]], [[Shimla]], and [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] districts.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vGzAAAAIAAJ |title=Pathways: In Search of Exemplary Practices on Environment and Sustainable Development in Asia |date=2000 |publisher=Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement for the International Conference of Asian Foundations and Organizations |isbn=978-971-8817-18-6 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> There are almost 9,784 Van Gujjars in Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh, and they make up 97.12% of the entire Gujjar population in these districts.<ref name=":Dipika" />

===Uttar Pradesh===
In [[Uttar Pradesh]] their settlements are mostly found in the Chapdi range of the Sivalik forest located near the Saharanpur, [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], and [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Van Gujjar Traditional Jewellery |url=https://theridhisidhi.in/2025/05/29/van-gujjar-jewellery/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=theridhisidhi.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2021-04-17 |title=Bullets and bureaucracy: Van Gujjars of Shivalik hills are caught in the crosshairs |url=https://cjp.org.in/bullets-and-bureaucracy-van-gujjars-of-shivalik-hills-are-caught-in-the-crosshairs/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Sharjeel |title=Jungle Raj: Indian Army Accused Of Killing Van Gujjars During Illegal Use Of Firing Range In Shivalik Forest - The Polis Project |url=https://thepolisproject.com/read/jungle-raj-indian-army-accused-of-killing-van-gujjars-during-illegal-use-of-firing-range-in-shivalik-forest/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> From 2002 to 2023, it was reported that 50 or further families of Van Gujjars were killed by the illegal firing of the [[Asan Field Firing Range]] of the [[Indian army]]. Because of similar firing, the Van Gujjars constantly requested the administration of the [[Saharanpur district]] for the rehabilitation and relocation of the Van Gujjars from the Shivalik Hills to landmass areas of the quarter, but the district administration did not hear their demands.<ref name=":7" />

==Religion==
The Van Gujjars are fully Muslim and follow the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni sect]] of Islam, like other Muslim Gujjar communities including the [[Bakarwal]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=J. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC |title=Marriage and Customs of Tribes of India |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-087-0 |pages=88 |language=en |quote=Van Gujjars are Sunni Muslims, as might be expected from their origins.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seshia |first=Shaila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scrsAAAAMAAJ |title=Traditional Wisdom in Natural Resource Management: The Only Way to Conserve |date=2005 |publisher=Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref>

It is believed they adopted [[Islam]] through [[Sufism]] in the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries during the Turkish rule in [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Raghav |date=2022 |title=The making of pastoralisms: An account of the Gaddis and Van Gujjars in the Indian Himalaya |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |volume=12 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022Pasto..12...42S |doi=10.1186/s13570-022-00259-z |issn=2041-7136 |pmc=9590384 |pmid=36311345 |doi-access=free |article-number=42}}</ref>

Van Gujjars have strong ties with the [[Muslim Gujjars]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], with intermarriages being common, but they have not maintained relations with [[Hindu Gujjars]].<ref name=":ajay1">{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNQU4VFrbgC |title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-97-1 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=108}}<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Sitaram |first=Kasana |date=October 2020 |title=Sustainable Livelihood and Resilience of the Van Gujjars |url=https://aipublications.com/uploads/issue_files/6IJREH-SEP202054-Sustainable.pdf |journal=International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research |volume=04 |issue=5 |pages=213 |doi=10.22161/ijreh.4.5.6 |doi-broken-date=30 September 2025 |issn=2456-8678 |quote=The Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand closely related to the Muslim Gujjars of H.P. (Himachal Pradesh) whom they met during the summer migration. The Gujjars of H.P. are like family to them, and the two groups have been known to intermarry.}}</ref>

==Clan system==
Van Gujjars clans overlap with other [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] communities including [[Muslim Gujjar]], Hindu Gujjars and [[Bakarwal]]s. Some of their notable clans include.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vGzAAAAIAAJ |title=Pathways: In Search of Exemplary Practices on Environment and Sustainable Development in Asia |date=2000 |publisher=Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement for the International Conference of Asian Foundations and Organizations |isbn=978-971-8817-18-6 |pages=37 |language=en |quote=Van Gujjars have many clans such as the Kushan (Kasana), Chechi, and Lodha.}}</ref>

*Lodha<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" />
*[[Chechi (clan)|Chechi]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Chauhan (surname)|Chauhan]]<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Vinod |last2=Dr. D.C |first2=Goswami |date=March 2018 |title=Permanent Settlement And Socio Economic Condition Of Van Gujjar In Garhwal Region |url=https://www.ijiras.com/2018/Vol_5-Issue_3/paper_4.pdf |journal=International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies |volume=05 |issue=03 |pages=19 |issn=2394-4404 |via=Ijiras.org}}</ref>
*Kushan (Kasana)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Khatana]]<ref name=":15" />
*Chopra<ref name=":13" />
*Bagri<ref name=":13" />
*Dinda<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" />
*Kalas<ref name=":13" />
*Baniya<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last1=Mehra |first1=Neharika |last2=Choudhury |first2=Kushal |date=1 October 2022 |title=Young Van Gujjars of U'Khand Hope to Build Political Power |url=https://www.newsclick.in/interview-young-van-gujjars-uKhand-hope-build-political-power |work=[[NewsClick]]}}</ref>
*Padhana<ref name=":13" />
*Bhainsi<ref name=":13" />

==Culture and traditions==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Gju-Maari Jaban Maari Birsa-Taukeer Alam-Van Gujjari Wedding.webm|thumb|[[Taukeer Alam]] sharing the Van Gujjar wedding rituals and clothings in [[Van Gujjari]]]]

According to [[Islam]], which does not prohibit the practice of family planning, Van Gujjars engage in nomadism, rely primarily on a herding lifestyle, and place great physical demands on women, which has contributed to low fertility among their families. Divorce does not tend to happen among Van Gujjar families, who try to bring some resolution to disputes and issues of domestic violence through the local [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=J. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC |title=Marriage and Customs of Tribes of India |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-087-0 |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref>

The Van Gujjar community is known for raising an indigenous breed of wild [[Bubalina|buffalos]] called "''Gojri"'' or "''Gujari"''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Traditional Governance Systems of the Van Gujjars in Uttarakhand (India) |url=https://radicalecologicaldemocracy.org/traditional-governance-systems-of-the-van-gujjars-in-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Radical Ecological Democracy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Sharjeel |title=Van Gujjars Trapped In A Cycle Of Debt And Dependence |url=https://thepolisproject.com/read/van-gujjars-trapped-in-cycle-of-debt/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Dressing===
Van Gujjar women wear long-sleeved [[Shalwar kameez|Salwar kameez]] style dresses, often bright colors, often worn with a [[dupatta]] as a way of covering the head. Children also cover their heads, wearing dresses very much alike to the adults.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zuha |first=Junaidi |date=2019-09-19 |title=A Day in the Life of Van Gujjars |url=https://cjp.org.in/a-day-in-the-life-of-van-gujjars/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref>

Van Gujjar women wear long [[kurta]]s, [[churidar]] trousers, and [[jacket]]s, and do not generally practice [[purdah]]. Van Gujjar men are easily recognizable to outsiders because of their distinctive dress, including [[turban]]s, loose tahmat, and often sporting long [[beard]]s and [[waistcoat]]s.<ref name=":Kamboj" />

Van Gujjar men wear a style of [[Hat|cap]] with local embroidery, called "Topi," for cultural events and while taking part in rituals.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karlsson |first1=Bengt T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ukrBgAAQBAJ |title=Indigeneity In India |last2=Subba |first2=T. B. |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-21922-1 |pages=91 |language=en |quote=One detail that is interesting for identity formation was the symbolic importance of the embroidered cap, topi, traditionally used by Van Gujjar men.}}</ref>

===Kinship===
Both men and women of the Van Gujjar community have a high level of investment into their [[animal]]s, which is important in determining relationships.<ref name=":1" /> The family is the basic unit of society for the Van Gujjars defining a structure of the father and son, and their [[Bubalina|buffaloes]]. These families gather to form settlements where families are part of a larger kin group or [[clan]] that share a direct ancestor.<ref name=":5" />

===Marriage===
Male and female Van Gujjars traditionally practice [[monogamy]], and [[polygamy]] is rare. Due to education and a strong religious belief, they also generally oppose family planning.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Shobhita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u5UB9Z7ULgC |title=The Economics and Politics of Resettlement in India |last2=Bala |first2=Madhu |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0092-1 |pages=228 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samal |first=Prasana K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hE6BAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribal Development: Options : Proceedings of a National Seminar, May 22-24, 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=Gyanodaya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85097-41-1 |pages=516 _ 519 |language=en}}</ref>

Marriage customs among Van Gujjar people are practiced in ways that are different from any other [[Islam in India|Muslim communities]] in [[North India|Northern India]]. The first notable feature is the mehndi ceremony, where men and women put simple traditional henna designs on their hands. Also, marriage ceremonies typically last several days, to host guests who have traveled from far distances. Furthermore, it is a custom of the [[Bridegroom|groom]]'s family to give the bride and groom a [[Bubalina|buffalo]] to symbolize the family's success. These customs and others speak to the strong communal structure of Van Gujjar society.<ref name=":4" />

During wedding celebrations, Van Gujjar [[bride]]s adorn themselves with beautiful silver ornaments, including [[chain]]s, [[Sargast]], Gani, Mahail, Dolara, [[Bangle]]s, [[Ring (jewellery)|rings]] and [[earring]]s. Every ornament concontains an important meaning and has cultural and social implications for the community.<ref name=":art" />{{Reference page|page=6}}

===Gender Status===
In Van Gujjars female and male members are treated equally. During migration activities, women take charge, including the oldest women, who are responsible for many of the interactions with authorities. The balance of power has shifted causing women to become powerful as leaders of the migration group as opposed to supportive followers. Van women have also readily agreed to use modern methods of family planning in some of the government programs.<ref name=":10" />{{Reference page|page=10}}

===Food===
The traditional diet of the Van Gujjars is based on [[Chapati|chappatis]], which are made from either [[Wheat flour|wheat]] or [[maize flour]] and are often eaten with [[potato]] or [[Onion|onion curry]], and on occasion, [[lentil]] curry. Some members have access to homegrown [[vegetable]]s, but the consumption of [[meat]] is limited to special occasions. Notably the Van Gujjars do not kill their state-owned buffaloes for food.<ref name=":ajay1" />{{Reference page|page=111 — 112}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khazanov |first1=Anatoly M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8cTrMo4ZG8C |title=Who Owns the Stock?: Collective and Multiple Property Rights in Animals |last2=Schlee |first2=Günther |date=2012-08-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-336-5 |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref> In terms of behavior, they tend to not consume [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] but enjoy [[cigarette]]s, [[tobacco]], and [[Betel|betel leaf]].<ref name=":ajay1" />{{Reference page|page=111 — 112}}

Essentially the Van Gujjars eat only [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] meals, with dairy being a prominent feature of their diet.<ref name=":8" /> Daily cuisine is often made with [[yogurt]], [[lassi]], [[kheer]], [[Ghee|desi ghee]], [[butter]], and [[Paneer]] from milk.<ref name=":ajay1" />{{Reference page|page=111 — 112}}

Similar to [[Hindu Gujjars]], they neither slaughter their [[Bubalina|buffaloes]] nor sell them for meat.<ref name="Bound">{{cite book |title=Himalaya Bound: One Family's Quest to Save Their Animals - and an Ancient Way of Life |publisher=Pegasus Books |author=Michael Benanav |year=2018 }}</ref>

===Dera===
[[File:Traditional Van Gujjar house.jpg|thumb|A traditional double floor Van Gujjar house]]
Van Gujjars reside in traditional [[dwelling]] units called Deras, either clustered into small groups or dispersed across the [[forest]] area. Their homes are very clean and well maintained, and are actually quite large, having roofs made of thatch and a [[Cone|conical]] form, supported by sturdy [[wooden poles]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNQU4VFrbgC |title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-97-1 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Jyotsana" />{{Reference page|page=39}}
[[File:Van Gujjar Dera-2.jpg|thumb|A Van Gujjar Dera at night]]
[[File:Van Gujjar house.jpg|thumb|A Van Gujjar house in day light]]

The animal shelters are separated from the living quarters, and are made of sturdy wooden frames with thatched roofs that protect their [[livestock]] from wild animals at night. Some Deras are covered with mud walls, and wealthier families may have some thatched [[hut]]s for a gathering place with many cots inside.<ref name=":11" />
[[File:Van Gujjar's dwelling-2.jpg|thumb|Mud made Van Gujjar house]]

===Languages===
They converse in the [[Van Gujjari language|Van Gujjari]] dialect of the [[Gujari language]]. The Van Gujjars are multilingual, as Gujari is their native language facilitated by different levels of proficiency in [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and [[English language|English]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sitaram |first=Kasana |date=October 2020 |title=Sustainable Livelihood and Resilience of the Van Gujjars |url=https://aipublications.com/uploads/issue_files/6IJREH-SEP202054-Sustainable.pdf |journal=International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research |volume=04 |issue=5 |doi=10.22161/ijreh.4.5.6 |doi-broken-date=30 September 2025 |issn=2456-8678|page=213}}</ref>

===Art and craft===
====Bead jewellery ====
The process of making [[Bead jewellery|bead jewelry]] is an important craft done by the Van Gujjars. Tribal [[handicraft]] centers have allowed the Van Gujjars to design and make many products, from jewelry to decorative and more functional products, such as [[rope]] for cattle and [[broom]]s made of [[grass]]. This demonstrates their [[Artistry (cosmetics)|artistry]], where functional items are designed with artistry. There are a total of five handicraft centers in [[Uttarakhand]] that were established to support their art and culture.<ref name=":art" />{{Reference page|page=4 — 7}}

Examining the Van Gujjar women's processes of bead jewelry making through a feminist lens can deepen the understanding of their cultural practice and roles. Jewelry has a long human history and among Van Gujjar people, it makes sense that women commonly wear semi-precious beads [[jewellery]] that is light and portable. Most of the jewelry ornamentation is crafted using beads, and persists as tradition, and may even exist from pre-Islamic ornamentation.<ref name=":art" />{{Reference page|page=6}}

====Kaintha jewellery ====
Van Gujjar women have adroitly [[Seed bead|sewn beads]] into traditional ornamentation including the Kaintha vibrant area exotic jettison area genetic kinetic, kinetic energetic kinetic, and kinetic jewelry. This [[craft]] is a method of creativity and identity as well as connecting them to past generations. Young Van Gujjar girls enjoy the challenge of developing elaborate [[Kaintha]] pieces, using colorful [[bead]]s and devising elaborate designs and patterns. Selecting beads skillfully and blending into [[Kaintha jewellery]] is part art.<ref name=":art">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhaundiyal |first1=Dhriti |last2=Dangwal |first2=Surekha |date=8 January 2024 |title=Ethnographic Insights into Bead Jewellery Traditions of the Women of the Van Gujjar Community of Uttarakhand |url=https://chitrolekha.com/ns/v8n1/v8n103.pdf |journal=Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design |volume=18 |issue=12024 |doi=10.21659/cjad.81.v8n103 |issn=2456-978X}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=8}}

===Festivals===
The Van Gujjars keep all major [[Islamic holidays|Islamic festivals]] such as [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Ramadan]], [[Mawlid|Eid Milad un-Nabi]] and [[Muharram]] as per the general practices of Muslim community.

===Sela Parv===
Sela Parv is a special [[festival]] for the Van Gujjar community, which is held every year in July from the 20th to the 30th across three [[North India]]n states: [[Uttar Pradesh]], Himachal Pradesh and [[Uttarakhand]]."Sela" means green in [[Gujari|Gujjari language]] and "parv" means feast day. Sela Parv is a festival that is a celebration of tree [[plantation]]s alongside cultural festivities, and reflects their deep-seated relationship with nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulay |first=Radhika |date=2025-09-23 |title=Sela Parv: Van Gujjars Celebrate Forest, Culture & Solidarity |url=https://kalpavriksh.org/sela-parv-van-gujjars-celebrate-forest-culture-solidarity/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Kalpavriksh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=Van Gujjar tribe plans annual tree plantation drive to keep forests green |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/van-gujjar-tribe-plans-annual-tree-plantation-drive-keep-forests-green/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Population==
The Van Gujjar community's population figures have not been documented in any [[Census of India|Indian census]] reports yet.<ref name=":6" /> According to CFM ([[City Forest Management plan]]) for Dehradun, the Van Gujjar population in [[Dehradun district]] of Uttarakhand was around 3,072 in 1931, growing to approximately 5,500 by 1991.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bombay Natural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdXaAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=1999 |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |pages=129 |language=en |quote=The CFM plan seeks to circumvent the trauma of forcefull eviction that the ''Van Gujjars'' otherwise face. The book highlights the population trends in the area and points out that the ''Van Gujjars'' have been unjustifiably accused of breeding like rabbits. The Van Gujjar population has shown a marginal increase from approximately 3072 in 1931 to about 5500 at present, while the population of Dehradun district has multiplied roughly four times between 1941 and 1991.}}</ref>

Their population in Uttarakhand state is estimated to be 70,000.<ref name=":pop1" /><ref name=":pop2" /><ref name=":pop3" /><ref name=":pop4" />

In the [[north India]]n states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab,India|Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] their population is roughly estimated to be 80,000, and they live in settled villages in these states.<ref name=":17" />

There are 9,784 van Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh mainly found in the [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] districts of the state.<ref name=":Dipika" />

==Social status==
The Social status of the Van Gujjars varies by location; In [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] they are classified as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Adamson |first=Michael (Mukund) Dean |date=2024-06-04 |title=Culture, Environment & Education: Learnings from my Time in the Van Gujjar Basti |url=https://aif.org/culture-environment-education-learnings-from-my-time-in-the-van-gujjar-basti/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=AIF |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=Van Gujjars help conserve forests, but are deprived of rights {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/magazine/environment/van-gujjars-help-conserve-forests-are-deprived-rights |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}}</ref>

While in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] they are classified as [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward classes]] (OBC).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

===Demands for ST status===
In [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] they demanded for the ST status but not yet given by the states governments. In 1994 a [[Non-governmental organization ]](NGO) argued that the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] had recommended [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe status]] for the Van Gujjars in 1994. The state government's letter to the [[Government of India|National Government of India]] was in response to the NGO'S advocacy efforts, which aimed to secure ST status for the Van Gujjars in Uttar Pradesh. Despite the efforts, Van Gujjar community still awaits recognition as a Scheduled tribe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-06-03 |title=UP govt favoured ST tag for Van Gujjars in '94, claims NGO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-govt-favoured-st-tag-for-van-gujjars-in-94-claims-ngo/articleshow/2095525.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In March 2013, Van Gujjar community in Uttarakhand made a demand for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) recognition, giving the state government a one-month deadline to issue a resolution in their favor, but their demand is still not accepted by the state government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |title=Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand demand ST status |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/van-gujjars-of-uttarakhand-demand-st-status-113032100459_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511134206/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/van-gujjars-of-uttarakhand-demand-st-status-113032100459_1.html |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=2025-09-25 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Relocation==
In 1979 nearly 1,393 Van Gujjar families were relocated from the [[Rajaji National Park]] to [[Gaindikhata]] about 15 years ago, yet around 1,610 families remain living inside the National Park.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Van Gujjars in Uttarakhand Fight for Legal Recognition of Forest Rights |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/van-gujjars-in-rajaji-national-park# |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Land Conflict Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2021-02-20 |title=Our life is linked to the forests we call home: Van Gujjars |url=https://cjp.org.in/our-life-is-linked-to-the-forests-we-call-home-van-gujjars/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2000, over 400 Van Gujjar families had been relocated to Pathri and Gaindikhata, two rehabilitation sites located near [[Haridwar district]], outside the [[Rajaji National Park]].<ref name=":Kamboj">{{Cite journal |last=Kamboj |first=N. K. |last2=Bahuguna |first2=Pankaj |last3=Belwal |first3=O.K. |date=September 2014 |title=VAN-GUJJARS AS A BARRIER FOR WILD ANIMALS AND HUMAN OUT-MIGRATION (A STATISTICAL STUDY BASED ON RNP PROBLEMS WITH A LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL) |url=https://garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Sep2014/15.pdf |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=180 |issn=2278-6236 |via=garph.co.uk}}</ref>

In 2012 the [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Of Government]] relocated around 1,200 Van Gujjar families from the Jim Corbett and Rajaji Tiger reserves. Breaking it down, 181 families from the [[Jim Corbett National Park]] received land and other facilities as promised, while 84 families didn't get anything. Another 154 families only got land, but no other facilities. Around 157 Van families were relocated from the [[Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary]]. Meanwhile, 878 families from [[Rajaji National Park]] were shifted to Gaindi Khata in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Priyanka |date=2023-06-29 |title=[Commentary] A decade after relocation, the lives of Van Gujjars still lack stability and security |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2023/06/commentary-a-decade-after-relocation-the-lives-of-van-gujjars-still-lack-stability-and-security/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2016, around 1,400 Van Gujjar families from Rajaji National Park in [[Rishikesh]] were shifted into single-room dwellings located near the [[Beatles Ashram]], which lies outside their traditional social and cultural environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Parthshri |date=2018-08-28 |title=Van Gujjars in Uttarakhand Don't Have WhatsApp and They Don't Watch TV |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/van-gujjars-in-uttarakhand-dont-have-whatsapp-and-they-dont-watch-tv/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of the Van Gujjars revolves around [[Livestock|animals]], forest resources, and the trade of [[milk]] and [[dairy products]]. They convert utmost of their milk into adulation and [[ghee]] due to limited request access in the high- altitude areas, dealing these products to dealers as they descend to the [[foothills]]. Their frugality heavily relies on milk product, dairy products and furnishing high- quality indigenous [[Bubalina|buffalo]] seed to native people in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last1=Nusrat |first1=Rubina |last2=Pattanaik |first2=B.K. |last3=Farooqui |first3=Nehal A. |title=Adaptation and Coexistence of Van Gujjars in the Forests: A Success Story |url=https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlcrest/api/core/bitstreams/b476603c-c3fc-442b-85cc-e628bc4cb2cf/content |website=dlc.dlib.indiana.edu |pages=1–10}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1 — 4}}
[[File:Van Gujjar man milking buffalo.jpg|thumb|A Van Gujjar milking buffalo]]

The Van Gujjars primary livelihood is [[dairy farming|dairy husbandry]], which contribute for 80.6% for their income. Labor employment was second largest contributor, making up 13.9% of their total earnings. Selling of [[Non-timber forest product|Non-Timber Forest Products]] (NTFPs) contributed 4.2%, while agrarian product played a lower part, contributing 1.4% to their overall income.<ref name=":Jyotsana">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Jyotsana |last2=Gairola |first2=Sumeet |last3=Gaur |first3=R. D. |last4=Painuli |first4=R. M. |date=2012-03-01 |title=Forest utilization patterns and socio-economic status of the Van Gujjar tribe in sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-012-0102-9 |journal=Forestry Studies in China |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages= |doi=10.1007/s11632-012-0102-9 |issn=1993-0372}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=41}}

==Literacy rate and education==
Van Gujjar community struggles with education due to numerous challenges. Only a small portion (23.13) have completed primary education, and the hustler rate is bogarting high. The fugitive life of Van Gujjars is characterized by frequent migration between summer and time-out ranges (constantly 50– 300 km piecemeal), making it truly delicate for children to pierce harmonious, quality education, contributing to low enrollment and high hustler rates.<ref name=":Himach">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Jitender |last2=Bhandari |first2=Dr. Rajan |date=2022 |title=Problems and Challenges in Transhumance as a Livelihood Strategy: A Case Study of Van-Gujjar in Upper Yamuna Basin. |url=https://ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2207280.pdf |journal=International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1620–1623|via=ijrti.org}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1623}}
[[File:Van Gujjar children studying.jpg|thumb|A group of Van Gujjar children studying]]

Various associations worked to help and promote education in Van Gujjars. [[Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra]]'s (RLEK) education program for the Van Gujjar community was a pioneering action. This program stands out due to its flexible approach, accommodating the community's emigrant patterns and allowing for continuous education. According RLEK's over 21,000 Van Gujjars have gained knowledge chops, which have enhanced their traditional livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education and literacy – making it all pervasive |url=https://rlek.org/education-and-literacy-making-it-all-pervasive/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2015 to 2016 the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act]] enabled the establishment of Non-Domestic Special Training Centers in select Van Gujjars agreements, including [[Kunau Chaud]], to give formal education to children of the Van community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Trying to make the grade in a Van Gujjar basti |url=https://en/articles/trying-to-make-the-grade-in-a-van-gujjar-basti/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=People's Archive of Rural India |language=en}}</ref>

==Politics==
The 1950s and 1960s were the important years for Van Gujjar politics. Rehabilitation enterprise thrust the" Gujjar question" into the public spotlight, expanding its compass beyond timber administration. As a result, Gujjar communities in [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] engaged more constantly with politicians. This new dynamic enabled them to state grievances through government channels, submitting solicitations to quarter adjudicators and advanced authorities. In themid- 1970s, during a conflict in the Rupin- Supin area of U.P (now [[Uttarakhand]]), Van Gujjar leaders sought help from the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]], knowing they would find a sympathetic cult noteworthy was the support they entered in 1994.<ref name=":Paquet">{{Cite book |last=Pierre-Alexandre |first=Paquet |url=https://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/index.html?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=160772 |title=Jungle Government: Forestry, state-making and development for the Van Gujjar pastoralists of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India |date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Department of Anthropology [[McGill University]] Montreal, Quebec, Canada |location=Canada |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=378}}

Van Gujjars are increasingly asserting their political presence, with their voting power and influence growing. Original village leaders now concentrate on issues of Van Gujjars. In a recent [[Panchayat raj|Panchayat]] election in [[Uttar Pradesh]], a Van Gujjar candidate, Abdul Kareem ran alongside 12 others in the [[Geneshpur Mohand]] village Panchayat. Van Gujjar community madly campaigned for their candidate, and although their candidate did n't win, they gained precious experience from the election process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathi |first=Amit |title=National Seminar On Two Decades of 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (Panchayat Raj): Experiences, Issues, Challenges and Opportunities with Special Reference to Uttar Pradesh |url=https://tiss.ac.in/uploads/files/Amit_National_Seminar_LKO.pdf |pages=9–10}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery|Muslim Van Gujjar family.jpg|A Muslim Van Gujjar family|A Van Gujjar family.jpg|A Van Gujjar family from Uttarakhand|Three Van Gujjar girls.jpg|Three Van Gujjar girls|An old Van Gujjar man.jpg|An old Van Gujjar man|Van Gujjar woman with her children.jpg|Van Gujjar woman with her children|A Van Gujjar man~2.jpg|A young Van Gujjar man~2.jpg|A young Van Gujjar man sitting on floor|Van Gujjar man sitting on desi bed|Van Gujjar's dwelling.jpg|A typical Van Gujjar house|Van Gujjar Dera at night.jpg|Van Gujjar house in at night|title=|width=190|height=120|noborder=yes|align=center|footer=|alt1=|alt2=|class3=bg-transparent|alt3=|class4=bg-transparent|alt4=}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Khosla|first=A. |title=Following the rhythms: transition and tradition of the Van Gujjars of the western Himalayas.|url=https://lib.icimod.org/records/nkmte-rqf64 |year=2005 |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Amir |first1=Zeba |last2=De Meulder |first2=Bruno |date=2023-01-02 |title=Contested forests: The Van Gujjars' struggle to settle |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2023.2258722 |journal=Journal of Landscape Architecture |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1080/18626033.2023.2258722 |bibcode=2023JLaAr..18a..30A |issn=1862-6033|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=David Emmanuel|title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upk5AgAAQBAJ|year=2012|location=Boston|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-1-61451-185-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Alice |last2=Thrusfield |first2=Michael |date=2016-01-01 |title=Perceptions of zoonotic and animal diseases in the Van Gujjar community of North India |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26718054 |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |volume=123 |pages=143–153 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.012 |issn=1873-1716 |pmid=26718054}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=Pushpa |title=[[Gender Analysis in Dairy Farming Practices among Van Gujjars in India: A research Study in Hardwar District of Uttarakhand]] |publisher=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-3659114854 |location=India |publication-date=13 July 2012 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Samajdar |first1=Tanmay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx5FtQAACAAJ |title=Forest Based Dairy Husbandry Practices of Van Gujjars |last2=Chander |first2=Mahesh |date=December 2011 |publisher=Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG |isbn=978-3-8473-2535-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gooch |first=Perniile |date=2004 |title=Van Gujjar: The Persistent Forest Pastoralists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123728 |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.3167/082279404780446140 |jstor=43123728 |issn=0822-7942}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Raghav |date=2022 |title=The making of pastoralisms: An account of the Gaddis and Van Gujjars in the Indian Himalaya |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=42 |doi=10.1186/s13570-022-00259-z |doi-access=free |issn=2041-7136 |pmc=9590384 |pmid=36311345 |bibcode=2022Pasto..12...42S }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nusrat |first=Rubina |date=November 2015 |title='Unheard Voices of Van Gujjar Women': A Thematic Analysis of Coping Patterns by Women in the Context of Sedentarization among Himalayan Pastoralists |url=https://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=3225 |journal=Sociology and Anthropology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=598–607 |doi=10.13189/sa.2015.031104 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430133605/https://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=3225 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |doi-access=free |access-date=16 September 2025 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |first=Brajadulal |last=Chattopadhyaya |title=The Making of Early Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmVuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195634150}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite news |date=2015-10-21 |title=Best friends with buffaloes: Inside India's Van Gujjar tribe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34462434 |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite web |first= |date=23 May 2024 |title=Teaching the Nomads in the Wild, India |url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/litbase/teaching-nomads-wild-india |website=UNESCO.org}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pernille |first=Gooch |date=4 November 1998 |title=At the Tail of the Buffalo : Van Gujjar pastoralists between the forest and the world arena |url=https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/c18b3efb-2e47-4cd3-a943-7186ec542ed9 |access-date=2025-09-29 |isbn=91-89078-53-5}}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=People and Tigers. The uncertain fate of the Indian tribe Van Gujjar |url=https://www.robertonistri.com/van-gujar-india-nomadic-tribe/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Roberto Nistri |language=en-US}}
{{Commons}}
{{Gurjar clans}}

[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]
[[Category:Indian pastoralists]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Uttar Pradesh]]

Spillover of the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)

2026-04-19T16:44:56Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Lead too short|date=December 2025}}
[[File:Civilians fleeing to Thailand during the siege of Myawaddy.png|thumb|Myanmar civilians fleeing to [[Thailand]] during the [[siege of Myawaddy]].]]
{{Short description|none}}The ongoing [[Myanmar civil war (2021-present)|Myanmar civil war]] has had an impact on neighbouring countries. [[Refugee|Refugees]] and [[State Administration Council|junta]] officials have fled into [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] and [[Thailand]]. Territorial violations of Bangladeshi territory, such as artillery strikes and firing at vessels near [[St. Martin's Island]], have caused border tensions. In India, the conflict also contributed to the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]].

== Bangladesh==
[[File:Bangladesh-Myanmar border 15.jpg|The Bangladesh-Myanmar border|thumb]]
The spillover of the Myanmar civil war has particularly been a cause of concern to Bangladesh. Beyond the influx of refugees from renewed violence on the border, the rise of the non-state actor [[Arakan Army]] created concerns about [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] repatriation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title='Myanmar war spillover may turn into a national security threat for Bangladesh' |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/myanmar-war-spillover-may-turn-national-security-threat-bangladesh-788042 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

Multiple [[Tatmadaw]] artillery strikes have accidentally ended up in Bangladesh territory over the course of the war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Explosions rattle Myanmar border |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/explosions-rattle-myanmar-border-818601 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> The war has strained Bangladesh’s economy significantly by shrinking legal trade with Myanmar and increasing illegal activities such as smuggling, drugs, and human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Rakhine War Affects Bangladesh’s Economy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/02/how-the-rakhine-war-affects-bangladeshs-economy/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2022, Bangladesh strongly protested territorial violations when two [[Myanmar Army]] mortar shells hit a Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh and when a junta helicopter entered Bangladeshi airspace and fired a shell.<ref name="Daily Star">{{cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Dhaka summons Myanmar ambassador again, protests land, airspace violation |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/bangladesh-summons-myanmar-ambassador-strongly-protests-land-airspace-violation-3122161 |work=The Daily Star |location=Dhaka |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019204856/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/bangladesh-summons-myanmar-ambassador-strongly-protests-land-airspace-violation-3122161 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aung Kyaw Moe, the ambassador of Myanmar to Bangladesh, was summoned by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh ministry of foreign affairs]] four times in 2022 due to multiple violations of Bangladesh's airspace in the [[Naikhongchhari Upazila|Naikhongchhari]] border area by the [[Myanmar Army]].<ref name="new">{{Cite news |title=Another chapter in Bangladesh-Myanmar relations |work=New Age |language=en |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/182493/article/index.php |access-date=2022-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007181302/https://www.newagebd.net/article/182493/article/index.php|archive-date=October 7, 2022}}</ref>

On 3 February 2024, intensifying clashes between the [[Arakan Army]] and Tatmadaw in [[Rakhine state]] led to mortar shells and bullets landing in Bangladesh, injuring civilians and prompting local villagers to flee. Bangladeshi authorities closed schools and [[madrasas]] in border villages.<ref name="DS">{{cite web|last=Alamgir|first=Nur Uddin|title=Tension mounts as war rages on BD-Myanmar frontier|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/733524|website=Daily Sun|date=February 2024|access-date=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205133710/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/733524|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 2024, 327 Myanmar [[Border Guard Police]] personnel sought refuge in Bangladesh due to clashes with the [[Arakan Army]].<ref>{{cite web |title=63 more border guards of Myanmar enter Bangladesh |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/zzx5e271nm |website=Prothom Alo |date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309212406/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/zzx5e271nm|archive-date=March 9, 2024}}</ref> Two days later, Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] instructed the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] and BGB to have patience regarding the situation in Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM for patience regarding war-like situation in Myanmar: Law minister|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/pm-patience-regarding-war-situation-myanmar-law-minister-787814|website=The Business Standard|date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140717/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/pm-patience-regarding-war-situation-myanmar-law-minister-787814|archive-date=February 5, 2024}}</ref> On 7 February BGB Director [[Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman Siddiqui]] recommended suspending the naval route to [[St. Martin's Island]] in Bangladesh due to the increasing border tensions,<ref>{{cite web|title=BGB chief suggests suspension of ship movement to St Martin amid Myanmar border conflict|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bgb-chief-recommends-suspension-ship-movement-st-martin-amid-myanmar-border-conflict|website=The Business Standard|date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209034247/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bgb-chief-recommends-suspension-ship-movement-st-martin-amid-myanmar-border-conflict|archive-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> accordingly, sea travel to St. Martin's Island is indefinitely closed down by the district administration of [[Cox's Bazar district|Cox's Bazar]] from 10 February.<ref>{{cite web|title=অনির্দিষ্টকালের জন্য সেন্টমার্টিন ভ্রমণে নিষেধাজ্ঞা|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/news-1356321|publisher=NTV |date=8 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224094228/https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/news-1356321|archive-date=February 24, 2024}}</ref> On 8 February 2024, the Tatmadaw agreed to send a ship to take back the stranded BGP personnel in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hasib|first=Nurul Islam|title=Myanmar sending ship to take back BGP members from Bangladesh|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/338940/%C2%A0myanmar-sending-ship-to-take-back-bgp-members|website=Dhaka Tribune|date=8 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208120213/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/338940/%C2%A0myanmar-sending-ship-to-take-back-bgp-members|archive-date=February 8, 2024}}</ref>

During June 2024, Myanmar Navy vessels reportedly fired at boats traveling near [[St. Martin's Island]].<ref>[https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/349184/sporadic-gunfire-from-myanmar-isolates-st-martin%E2%80%99s Sporadic gunfire from Myanmar isolates St Martin’s Island from mainland]. [[Deutsche Welle]]. June 12, 2024</ref> However, it soon became unclear whether the shots came from [[Arakan Army]] or the Myanmar military.<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2024/06/myanmars-conflict-reaches-the-doorstep-of-bangladeshs-saint-martins-island/ Myanmar’s Conflict Reaches the Doorstep of Bangladesh’s Saint Martin’s Island]. [[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]. Saqlain Rizve. June 18, 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/st-martins-running-out-supplies-3634211 Saint Martin's situation certainly calls for counter response]. [[Prothom Alo]]. June 16, 2024. M Sakhawat Hossain</ref> Due to the firing, the island's population faces a food shortage.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/st-martins-running-out-supplies-3634211 St Martin’s running out of supplies]. [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]. June 14, 2024 Mokammel Shuvo.</ref>

On 9 December 2024, Arakan Army captured all of the Burmese military outposts and seized control of the Myanmar's entire border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/09/asia/myanmar-arakan-army-bangladesh-border-intl-hnk/index.html | title=Rebel group claims to have taken control of Myanmar's border with Bangladesh in grinding civil war | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=10 December 2024 }}</ref> With this victory, the AA has controlled all three Burmese townships bordering Bangladesh: [[Maungdaw]], [[Buthidaung Township|Buthidaung]], and [[Paletwa Township|Paletwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2024-12-09 |title=AA Takes Complete Control of Myanmar-Bangladesh Border After Seizing Maungdaw |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/aa-takes-complete-control-of-myanmar-bangladesh-border-after-seizing-maungdaw.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2025, around more than 350 Bangladeshi fishermen were abducted by Arakan Army in the period of 10 months within the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Forgotten Hostage Crisis: Bangladeshi Citizens in the Arakan Army's Captivity |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/a-forgotten-hostage-crisis-bangladeshi-citizens-in-the-arakan-armys-captivity/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> At least 28 people were also injured by landmines allegedly placed by the AA in the Bangladesh border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Landmines destroy limbs and lives on Bangladesh-Myanmar border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2026/1/13/landmines-destroy-limbs-and-lives-on-bangladesh-myanmar-border |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 January 2026, a 12 year old Bangladeshi national was killed between the clashes of Arakan Army and Rohingya militants in the Teknaf border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Myanmar Border Shooting {{!}} Stray bullet from Myanmar kills 12-year-old girl in Teknaf: Police {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/stray-bullet-myanmar-kills-12-year-old-girl-teknaf-police-4078191 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-08 |title=Child killed by stray bullet from Myanmar laid to rest in Teknaf |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/child-killed-stray-bullet-myanmar-laid-rest-teknaf-1355161 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

[[Twan Mrat Naing]] claimed in an interview with [[The Irrawaddy]] that AA has proof ARSA and the RSO coordinated with officers in the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] to attack positions in [[Maungdaw Township]] on 18 September 2025.<ref> [https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/aa-chief-accuses-bangladesh-officials-of-inciting-rohingya-insurgent-attacks.html AA Chief Accuses Bangladesh Officials of Inciting Rohingya Insurgent Attacks]. [[The Irrawaddy]]. September 23, 2025.</ref> The [[Border Guard Bangladesh|Bangladesh Border Guard]] (BGB) further denied this claim and termed it as "misleading".<ref>{{Cite web |title=BGB rejects ULA allegations of links with Rohingya armed groups |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/392825/bgb-rejects-ula-allegations-of-links-with-rohingya |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==China==
Fighting in northern Myanmar has repeatedly spilled into China's [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], causing casualties and reactions from Beijing. In early January 2024, stray artillery shells from clashes in northern Myanmar landed in the Chinese border town of [[Nansan, Yunnan|Nansan]] in [[Zhenkang County]], injuring five civilians and damaging shops and buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jie |first=张洁 Zhang |title=Beijing urges end to conflict in Myanmar |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202401/05/WS6597404da3105f21a507aa64.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=global.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=Five injured after stray artillery shells hit town in south-west China near Myanmar |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-04/stray-artillery-shells-hit-town-in-south-west-china-near-myanmar/103286176 |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Beijing calls for Myanmar ceasefire after shelling injures five in Chinese town |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3247311/beijing-calls-halt-myanmar-fighting-after-stray-artillery-fire-injured-five-chinese-border-town |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

==India==
{{Main|Involvement of Northeast Indian insurgents in the Myanmar civil war}}

{{see also|Chin theater}}
The renewed ethnic conflict, particularly in [[Chin state]], has fueled the displacement of many into India. On 22 September 2021, after the [[Battle of Thantlang]], nearly 8,000 residents of Thantlang, Chin state, fled to [[Mizoram]], India after houses were set ablaze by the junta army.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 September 2021|title=Myanmar: Whole town flees amid fierce fighting|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58650762|url-status=live|publisher=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922140946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58650762 |archive-date=22 September 2021 }}</ref>

On January 10 and 12, 2023, [[Myanmar Air Force]] carried out airstrikes with one Yak-130 and two MiG-29<ref>{{cite news |title=Five killed in junta airstrike on Chin resistance force headquarters near Myanmar-India border |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/five-killed-in-junta-airstrike-on-chin-resistance-force-headquarters-near-myanmar-india-border/ |agency=Myanmar Now |date=January 12, 2023}}</ref> targeting Camp Victoria, the [[Chin National Army]] (CNA)'s headquarters, near the [[India-Myanmar border]]. Five CNA soldiers were killed, at least 10 were injured and some buildings were damaged. The air attacks violated Indian airspace and soil, according to the CNF, local [[Mizo people|Mizo]] organizations, and the international research and advocacy organization Fortify Rights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fears of escalation after Myanmar air raids near India border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/25/warning-of-escalation-after-myanmar-air-raids-near-india-border |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) states that at least 200 Chin refugees crossed the border later the week following the airstrikes by Myanmar Army.<ref>{{cite news |title=Refugees Flee to India Amid Military Airstrikes in Myanmar |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/refugees-flee-to-india-amid-military-airstrikes-in-myanmar/6924644.html |agency=VOA News |date=January 18, 2023 }}</ref>

Later in March 2023, the [[Chinland Defence Force]] of [[Matupi, Myanmar|Matupi]] engaged in attacks near [[Paletwa Township]]. CDF Paletwa assured that on 15 March 2023, [[Assam Rifles]] entered Paletwa township and fired gunshots.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Master |title=Assam Rifles fired ten gunshots after entering Paletwa township |url=https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/6411cd1366b6f3021f33eabd |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=narinjara.com |language=en}}</ref> However, the Assam Rifles denied, saying its soldiers were engaged in “routine border point verification inside the Indian territory."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasnat |first=Karishma |date=2023-03-15 |title='Routine verification' — Assam Rifles deny they crossed border after Myanmar media outlet posts photos |url=https://theprint.in/india/assam-rifles-deny-entering-myanmar-after-fb-photos-row-routine-verification-didnt-cross-border/1445367/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Indo-Burmese Border.jpg|thumb|Indo-Burmese Border at [[Rikhawdar]], Chin State]]
On 14 November 2023, the CNA and local CDF forces attacked the Myanmar Army's border guard outpost in [[Rikhawdar]], Falam Township, a hub for border trade with [[India]]. The junta responded with air assaults using a jet fighter,<ref>{{cite news |title=Chin Resistance Routs Myanmar Junta in Second Indian Border Town |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chin-resistance-routs-myanmar-junta-in-second-indian-border-town.html |work=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> to flee into [[Mizoram]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar ethnic alliance fighters attack border outposts as civilians flee |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/13/myanmar-ethnic-alliance-fighters-attack-border-outposts-as-civilians-flee |access-date=November 13, 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A total of 43 [[Myanmar Army]] soldiers crossed the [[India-Myanmar border]] and sought refuge from the Indian police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar fighting intensifies near India border, curfew imposed in Sittwe |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/myanmar-fighting-intensifies-near-india-border-curfew-imposed-in-sittwe |access-date=November 14, 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> They were handed to the Myanmar officials by the Indian authorities through the [[Moreh, India|Moreh]]-[[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]] border.<ref>{{cite news |title=39 Myanmar soldiers return home through Moreh border |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/39-myanmar-soldiers-return-home-through-moreh-border/articleshow/105222097.cms |access-date=November 15, 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Two days later, residents who had fled to India returned.<ref>{{cite news |title=After battle with junta, Myanmar rebels take control of border point with India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/after-battle-with-junta-myanmar-rebels-take-control-border-point-with-india-2023-11-15/ |access-date=November 15, 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

In late December 2023 and January 2024, fierce fighting in the [[Rakhine offensive (2023-present)]], 276 Myanmar army soldiers, with their arms, entered India surrendering to Indian authorities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/more-myanmar-soldiers-enter-mizoram-amid-conflict-with-armed-ethnic-group-4888638 | title=More Myanmar Soldiers Enter Mizoram Amid Conflict with Armed Ethnic Group |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Because of the influx of refugees and junta soldiers, the Indian government decided to fence the {{convert|1000|mi|km}} border with Myanmar,.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-Myanmar border to be fenced soon, says Home Minister Amit Shah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/will-protect-myanmar-border-like-that-of-bangladesh-amit-shah/article67759383.ece |date=20 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 July 2025, [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA(I)]] claimed that the Indian Army launched drone attacks on camps shared by the group and [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN(K)]] in [[Sagaing Region]]. Indian officials denied knowledge of any cross-border operations recently targeting ULFA(I).<ref> [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ulfa-i-myanamar-camp-attack-leader-killed-july-13-2025/article69806870.ece ULFA(I) claims missile strikes killed its commanders in Myanmar]. July 13, 2025. [[The Hindu]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718045622/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ulfa-i-myanamar-camp-attack-leader-killed-july-13-2025/article69806870.ece|date=July 18, 2025}}</ref>

On 17 July 2025, high-ranking members of the [[Chin Brotherhood]] Mara Defence Force, were arrested in Mizoram by a joint police-Assam Rifles task force. Body armor, helmets, and [[.22 Long Rifle]] rounds were seized.<ref> [https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/65347/ ချင်းလက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့ MDFထိပ်ပိုင်းခေါင်းဆောင် အိန္ဒိယတွင်ဖမ်းခံရ ]. [[Myanmar Now]]. July 22, 2025.</ref>

On 13 March 2026, 6 Ukrainians and 1 American were arrested by the [[National Investigation Agency]] for allegedly smuggling drones and training armed groups in [[Chin State]]. According to [[Advocate]] Pramod Kumar Dubey, the NIA possessed a flimsy case did not abide by the [[Vienna Convention on Consular Relations]].<ref> [https://theprint.in/india/7-foreigners-in-nia-custody-under-uapa-for-meeting-ethnic-groups-in-myanmar-drone-delivery-from-europe/2880686/ 7 foreigners in NIA custody under UAPA for ‘meeting ethnic groups in Myanmar, drone delivery from Europe’]. March 16, 2026. [[The Print]]. Mayank Kumar. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316210618/https://theprint.in/india/7-foreigners-in-nia-custody-under-uapa-for-meeting-ethnic-groups-in-myanmar-drone-delivery-from-europe/2880686/|date=March 16, 2026}}</ref>

Rajeev Bhattacharyya, writing for [[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]], publicized the March 2026 deaths of 3 Bengali-speaking Indian nationals in Chin State on 13 April 2026. According to the Chin People's Defence Army (PDA), they detained the men on 17 March due to them not speaking English or any [[Kuki-Chin languages]]. Through an interpreter, the men claimed they intended to hawk mattresses at local markets and showed them a [[Inner Line Permit]] to sell mattresses in [[Champhai]], [[Mizoram]]. On 22 March, the [[Zomi Revolutionary Army|Zomi Revolutionary Army-Eastern Command]] allegedly raided the PDA camp and tortured the 3 men to death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Indian Nationals Killed in Myanmar Civil War|url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/04/three-indian-nationals-killed-in-myanmar-civil-war/|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Rajeev|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en|date=April 13, 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံသား ၃ ဦး ချင်းပြည်နယ်တွင် သတ်ဖြတ်ခံရ|url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/74053/|author=Khin Yi Ri Zaw|work=[[Myanmar Now]] |language=my|date=April 17, 2026|trans-title=3 Indian nationals killed in Chin State}}</ref>
===Impact on Manipuri conflict===
Analysts cite the Myanmar civil war as one of many instigating factors for [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|the increased ethnic violence in Manipur]], a state plagued with [[Insurgency in Manipur|insurgency]] for a long time, with [[Naga people|Naga]] [[Christianity in Manipur|Christian]] [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|insurgents]] based in the hills targeting the [[Hinduism in Manipur|Meitei Hindu]] majority concentrated in the [[Imphal Valley]]. Drug trafficking and the junta's use of aerial bombing and [[napalm]] has destabilized the border region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur conflict rages on amid Myanmar civil war |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/manipur-conflict-rages-on-amid-myanmar-civil-war-547719 |last=Mehta |first=Ashok K |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>
India expressed its concern to the junta about its military actions near its sensitive northeastern region in the wake of a massive exodus of refugees into India. In July 2023, there were an estimated 50,000 refugees who had fled to India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Asks Myanmar to Avoid Actions That Aggravate Border Situation |website=The Wire |date=16 July 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-asks-myanmar-to-avoid-actions-that-aggravate-border-situation}}</ref> These refugees reportedly include many ex-security forces.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bismee Taskin |date=2021-03-21 |title='If we don't obey, they shoot us' — why many Myanmar policemen are escaping to India |url=https://theprint.in/india/if-we-dont-obey-they-shoot-us-why-many-myanmar-policemen-are-escaping-to-india/624047/|website=ThePrint }}</ref> [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Amit Shah]] stated that the mass influx of [[Christianity in Myanmar|Christian]] [[Kuki people]] from Myanmar created fears of demographic change amongst the Meitei Hindus and triggered the violence. According to ground reports, many refugees also brought arms with them and instigated drug turf wars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Myanmar's Civil War Blowing Up India's Act East Policy |url=https://indepthnews.net/myanmars-civil-war-blowing-up-indias-act-east-policy/ |website=In Depth New |last=Seneviratne |first=Kalinga |date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

While the Myanmar refugees are given familial treatment with compassion to take shelter by the state government of [[Mizoram]], the [[Manipur]] government's view on the matter is somewhat divergent.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Bismee Taskin |author2=Pia Krishnankutty |date=2021-03-24 |title=Why Mizoram sees Myanmar refugees as 'family' — close ethnic ties that have survived a border |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-mizoram-sees-myanmar-refugees-as-family-close-ethnic-ties-that-have-survived-a-border/627009/|website=ThePrint }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Bikash Singh |date=2023-07-26 |title=Two North Eastern states – Manipur and Mizoram – have divergent views on Myanmar refugees |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/two-north-eastern-states-manipur-and-mizoram-have-divergent-views-on-myanmar-refugees/articleshow/102132027.cms?from=mdr |issn=0013-0389 |ref=none}}</ref> The [[Zo people|Zo]]-[[Kuki people|Kuki]] demographic dominates Manipur's [[Churachandpur district]] which borders the state of Mizoram, and the dominant [[Mizo people|Mizos]] have strong ethnic relations with each other and with the Kukis of Myanmar. While Chief Minister [[Zoramthanga]] of Mizoram, under his governance, showed a sense of compassion towards refugees including ex-forces of Myanmar, at least some Zo-Kuki in Manipur are not happy with the attitude of Manipur government, under the leadership of Chief Minister [[N. Biren Singh]], towards them who are, if not together, in the proximity of Myanmar immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=8 Myanmar nationals with bullet injuries in Manipur hospital spark allegations of illegal influx |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/8-myanmar-nationals-with-bullet-injuries-in-manipur-hospital-spark-allegations-of-illegal-influx-612694-2023-07-11 |website=India Today NE }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Rifles Says Myanmar Nationals With Bullet Injuries Not Involved in Manipur Violence |url=https://thewire.in/security/10-myanmar-nationals-undergoing-treatment-for-bullet-injuries-detained-in-manipur |website=The Wire}}</ref>

On 14 May 2025, the [[Assam Rifles]] under the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command of the Indian Army]] shot and killed 10 insurgents in the [[Chandel District]] of Manipur.<ref> [https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-army-operation-myanmar-border-kills-10-insurgents-2025-05-15/ Indian army operation on Myanmar border kills 10 insurgents] [[Reuters]]. May 14, 2025. </ref><ref> [https://x.com/easterncomd/status/1922712254467944564 Acting on specific intelligence on movement of armed cadres nearby New Samtal village, Khengjoy Tehsil, #Chandel District near the #Indo_MyanmarBorder, #AssamRifles unit under #SpearCorps launched an operation on 14 May 2025. During the operation, the troops were fired upon by suspected cadres to which they quickly reacted, redeployed and retaliated in a calibrated and measured manner. In the ensuing firefight 10 cadres were neutralized and a sizeable quantity of arms and ammunition have been recovered.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20250516010532/https://x.com/easterncomd/status/1922712254467944564?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1922712254467944564%7Ctwgr%5E2aafd833ded2f3e47bf4a8a249627eef1808c738%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/10-militants-killed-in-gunfight-with-assam-rifles-in-manipurs-chandel-district/articleshow/121174336.cms|date=May 16, 2025}}</ref> Burmese anti-junta officials confirmed that they were part of a {{ill|PaKaFa|my|ပြည်သူ့ကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်ဖွဲ့}} unit (PDO) from [[Tamu District|Tamu]], [[Sagaing Region]]. While India claims that the PDO fighters fired first, anti-junta officials claimed they were tortured.<ref> [https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/63778/ အိန္ဒိယတွင် ရဲဘော် ၁၀ ဦး အသတ်ခံရကြောင်း တမူးခရိုင်ပအဖ အတည်ပြု]. [[Myanmar Now]]. May 20, 2025.</ref> The bodies were returned after negotiations with the Indian government, but cross-border anxieties flared up.<ref> [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/2/everyone-feels-unsafe-border-panic-as-indian-forces-kill-myanmar-rebels ‘Everyone feels unsafe’: Border panic as Indian forces kill Myanmar rebels]. June 2, 2025. [[Al Jazeera]]. Yashraj Sharma.</ref>

==Thailand==
On 5 April 2024, the junta garrison in [[Myawaddy]] surrendered to the KNLA, allowing anti-junta forces to take the border town.<ref> [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68750528 Myanmar military loses border town in another big defeat]. April 6, 2024. [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]. Jonathan Head. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406171044/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68750528|date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> During the [[Siege of Myawaddy|capture of Myawaddy]], certain junta officials fled into [[Thailand]]. The junta requested Thailand for a military flight from [[Mae Sot]] to evacuate said officials and others awaiting refuge on the border.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2024/04/08/myanmar-army-in-myawaddy-asks-thailand-to-shelter-its-officials/ |title=Myanmar Army in Myawaddy Asks Thailand to Shelter its Officials |date=8 April 2024 |work=[[Khaosod]] |language=en}}</ref>

The conflict has also contributed to a rise in [[malaria]] along the [[Myanmar–Thailand border]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=2023-07-17 |title=Conflict shoots up malaria cases on the Thai-Myanmar border |url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/conflict-shoots-up-malaria-cases-on-the-thai-myanmar-border/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Frontier Myanmar |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 30 November 2024, the [[Myanmar Navy]] opened fire on Thai fishing boats after allegedly intruding on Myanmar waters. One fisherman drowned, two were injured, and 31 crew members were detained.<ref> [https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-protests-myanmars-navy-firing-thai-fishing-boats-2024-12-01/ Thailand protests Myanmar's navy firing at Thai fishing boats] [[Reuters]]. Panu Wongcha-um and Sonali Paul. December 1, 2024</ref><ref> [https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2911782/31-crew-from-thai-boats-taken-into-myanmar 31 crew from Thai boats 'taken into Myanmar'] ''[[Bangkok Post]]'' and [[Reuters]]. November 30, 2024 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201012551/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2911782/31-crew-from-thai-boats-taken-into-myanmar|date=December 1, 2024}}</ref>

On 30 November 2025, 4 Burmese migrant workers in Mae Sot were injured from shells originating from clashes between the Tatmadaw and the KNLA in Minletpan, [[Myawaddy Township]].<ref>{{cite AV media |date=November 30, 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBSpyF_IQAk|title=မဲဆောက်ကို လက်နက်ကျည်ကျ လူထိခိုက်ဒဏ်ရာရ(ရုပ်/သံ)|publisher=[[The Irrawaddy]]|via=[[YouTube]]|language=my|trans-title=People injured in Mae Sot shelling (video/audio)}} </ref>

On 22 January 2026, the Cobra Column unit of the [[Karen National Liberation Army]] handed over a Myanmar national, Naing Lin Aung, to the [[Royal Thai Army]] after he attempted to flee Thailand. He allegedly shot at a Thai police sergeant in [[Mae Sot]] during an undercover operation against arms smuggling 2 days earlier.<ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7FRqSJiXo0 ပစ်ခတ်မှုနဲ့ သတ်ဖြတ်မှု နောက်ဆက်တွဲ မဲဆောက်မြို့ အခြေအနေ]. [[Myanmar Now]]. January 22, 2026.</ref><ref> [https://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2026/01/21/manhunt-under-way-after-police-shooting-near-border/ Manhunt under way after police shooting near border]. [[Khaosod]]. January 21, 2026.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Foreign involvement in the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Myanmar civil war (2021–present)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spillover of the Myanmar civil war (2021-present)}}
[[Category:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)]]
[[Category:Spillover of wars|Myanmar civil war (2021—present)]]
[[Category:Military history of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Myanmar–Thailand relations]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Myanmar relations]]

Azamgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:14Z

Kiloforce123: Put up a post...

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
'''Azamgarh''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Azamgarh in the [[Azamgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Azamgarh
| constituency_no = 347
| map_image = 347-Azamgarh.svg
| mla = Durga Prasad Yadav
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
Azamgarh is one of the 5 assembly constituencies in the [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 347 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bisram
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]|| rowspan="3" |Bhima Prasad
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]||Bisram
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||Bhima Prasad
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]||Ram Kunwar Singh
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| {{full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]||Raj Bali Yadav
|{{full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|{{full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Azamgarh<ref name="election2022">{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24347.htm?ac=347 | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100813}}
|percentage = 42.66
|change = +1.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:84777}}
|percentage = 35.87
|change = +6.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:39281}}
|percentage = 16.62
|change = -10.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Kamar Kamal
|votes = {{formatnum:5532}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Praveen Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2175}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1470}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16036}}
|percentage = 6.79
|change = -5.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:236330}}
|percentage = 59.64
|change = +2.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Durga Prasad Yadav]] won in the last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Akhilesh Mishra by a margin of 26,262 votes.<ref name="election2017-1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/azamgarh.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Azamgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88087}}
|percentage = 41.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar Mishra
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61825}}
|percentage = 28.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhupendra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58185}}
|percentage = 27.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2134}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26262}}
|percentage = 12.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213948}}
|percentage = 57.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|26.07|83.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bihar Football Association

2026-04-11T04:11:17Z

Kiloforce123: Put up a post

{{Short description|State governing body of Football in Bihar}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Notability|Organizations|date=October 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Bihar Football Association
|abbrev = BFA
|logo = Bihar Football Association.svg
|sport = [[Association football|Football]]
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
|founded = {{start date|1968}}<ref name="bfa">{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-bihar-football-league-structure/19n2crrtwphan1481o6nbysuyq |title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Bihar |website=Goal.com |first=Anselm |last=Noronha |date=4 July 2018 }}</ref>
|aff = [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)
|headquarters = [[Patna]]
|membership = 38 district associations
|president = Prasenjeet Mehta
|secretary = Syed Imtiaz Hussain
|url =
}}

The '''Bihar Football Association''' is the state governing body of [[association football|football]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.the-aiff.com/association/499?id=33 Bihar Football Association - The AIFF]</ref> The [[Bihar football team|Bihar men's]] and [[Bihar women's football team|women's football team]] are administered by the association. It is affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]], the national administrating body for [[football in India]]. The [[Bihar State Soccer League]] is the top-flight football league of [[Bihar]]. The association sends state teams for [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].

==State teams==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
===Men===
*[[Bihar football team]]
*[[Bihar under-20 football team]]
*[[Bihar under-15 football team]]
*[[Bihar under-13 football team]]
{{col-2}}

===Women===
*[[Bihar women's football team]]
*[[Bihar women's under-19 football team]]
*[[Bihar women's under-17 football team]]
{{col-end}}

==Affiliated district associations==
All 38 districts of [[Bihar]] are affiliated with the '''Bihar Football Association'''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Association !! District
!President
|-
| 1 || Araria District Football Association || [[Araria district|Araria]]
|
|-
| 2 || Arwal District Football Association || [[Arwal district|Arwal]]
|
|-
| 3 || Aurangabad District Football Association || [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|-
| 4 || Banka District Football Association || [[Banka district|Banka]]
|
|-
| 5 || Begusarai District Football Association || [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|-
| 6 || Bhagalpur District Football Association || [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|-
| 7 || Bhojpur District Football Association || [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|
|-
| 8 || Buxar District Football Association || [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|
|-
| 9 || Darbhanga District Football Association || [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|-
| 10 || East Champaran District Football Association || [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|-
| 11 || Gaya District Football Association || [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|-
| 12 || Gopalganj District Football Association || [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]]
|
|-
| 13 || Jamui District Football Association || [[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|
|-
| 14 || Jehanabad District Football Association || [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
|
|-
| 15 || Khagaria District Football Association || [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|
|-
| 16 || Kishanganj District Football Association || [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|
|-
| 17 || Kaimur District Football Association || [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|
|-
| 18 || Katihar District Football Association || [[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|-
| 19 || Lakhisarai District Football Association || [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|
|-
| 20 || Madhubani District Football Association || [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|
|-
| 21 || Munger District Football Association || [[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|-
| 22 || Madhepura District Football Association || [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|
|-
| 23 || Muzaffarpur District Football Association || [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|-
| 24 || Nalanda District Football Association || [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|-
| 25 || Nawada District Football Association || [[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|
|-
| 26 || Patna District Football Association || [[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|-
| 27 || Purnia District Football Association || [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|-
| 28 || Rohtas District Football Association || [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|-
| 29 || Saharsa District Football Association || [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|-
| 30 || Samastipur District Football Association || [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|-
| 31 || Sheohar District Football Association || [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
|
|-
| 32 || Sheikhpura District Football Association || [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|
|-
| 33 || Saran District Football Association || [[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|-
| 34 || Sitamarhi District Football Association || [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|
|-
| 35 || Supaul District Football Association || [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|
|-
| 36 || Siwan District Football Association || [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|-
| 37 || Vaishali District Football Association || [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|-
| 38 || West Champaran District Football Association || [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|
|}

==Competitions==
===Club level===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
====Men's====
*[[Bihar State Soccer League]]
*Moin-ul-Haq Cup<ref name="bfa"/>
*All India Chaturbhuj Cup
{{col-2}}

====Women's====
*Bihar State Women's League<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theawayend.co/bihar-state-womens-league/ |title=Bihar State Women's League |website=The Away End |access-date=12 September 2022 }}</ref>
{{col-end}}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian state football associations]]
*[[Football in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Indian state football associations}}

[[Category:Football governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Football in Bihar]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1968]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Patna]]

{{Bihar-stub}}
{{footy-org-stub}}

Sundeep Waslekar

2026-04-06T03:15:02Z

Kiloforce123: started new post

{{Short description|Indian author and public policy thinker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=several of the "copyedits" (many of which actually added content rather than copyediting), note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in text, edit summaries, promotionality, etc}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Sundeep Waslekar
|image = Sundeep Waslekar, at the 2009 Horasis Global China Business Meeting (cropped).jpg
|caption = Waslekar at the [[Horasis]] Global China Business Meeting 2009
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|fields = [[Governance]], [[Peace and conflict studies]]
|workplaces = [[Strategic Foresight Group]], [[Centre for Policy Research]], [[International IDEA]]
|alma_mater = [[Oxford University]]
|known_for = [[Peace and conflict studies]], Global Future, Water Diplomacy
}}

'''Sundeep Waslekar''' is an Indian author, public policy analyst, and founder of the [[Strategic Foresight Group]], a think tank based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="SFGprofile">{{Cite web |title=Founder |url=https://www.strategicforesight.com/teamview.php?id=1 |website=Strategic Foresight Group |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> He has worked on international policy dialogues related to cooperation and conflict resolution.<ref name="BluePeace">{{Cite web |title=Blue Peace in the Middle East |url=https://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/36399Blue%20Peace%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20-%20Report.pdf |publisher=Strategic Foresight Group |date=2011 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

Reports from the Strategic Foresight Group have been referenced in proceedings of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], including during debates on [[water security]] in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Debate |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2010-06-16/debates/10061670000001/WaterSecurityMiddleEast |website=Hansard |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> His recommendations have also been cited in various [[United Nations]] documents, including references before the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Palash |title=India's Blue Peace Plan |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/palashghosh/2011/12/30/india-promotes-blue-peace-plan-to-ensure-water-security-in-middle-east |work=Forbes |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> In 2019, Waslekar was among the signatories of the [[Normandy Format|Normandy Manifesto for World Peace]], a statement supported by global figures advocating [[diplomatic]] approaches to resolving international tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Normandy Manifesto for World Peace |url=https://normandyforpeace.org/en/manifesto-world-peace |website=Normandy for Peace |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
Waslekar was born in [[Mumbai]], India, and raised in [[Dombivli]]. He obtained a [[Master of Commerce]] from the [[University of Mumbai]]. After graduation, he published an article on reforming the global financial system in ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'', and presented his views at a seminar hosted by [[Liberal International]].

In December 2011, he received an honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.) from [[Symbiosis International University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://sundeepwaslekar.com/about-2/ |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In 2014, he was elected Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflicts, [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team - profile |url=https://www.strategicforesight.com/inner-team.php?id=17 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230803171424/https://www.strategicforesight.com/inner-team.php?id=17 |archive-date=2023-08-03}}</ref>

== Contributions to Global Policy ==

A key contribution is the conceptualization of the "Blue Peace" framework, which promotes transboundary water cooperation as a means to foster peace and stability among nations.<ref name="bluepeace2011">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Blue Peace: Rethinking Middle East Water |url=https://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/18100The%20Blue%20Peace%20-%20Rethinking%20Middle%20East%20Water.pdf |access-date=23 July 2025 |publisher=Strategic Foresight Group}}</ref> He has participated in policy discussions involving the United Nations, the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], and regional governments on topics such as cooperation and future preparedness.<ref name="oxfordbio">{{cite web |title=Sundeep Waslekar |url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/people/sundeep-waslekar/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Oxford Martin School}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Peace processes==
In the 1980s, Waslekar contributed articles to international newspapers such as the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'', ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', ''[[Hamilton Spectator]]'', and ''[[Toledo Blade]]''. In 1985, during the United Nations International Year of Peace, he led an Eight-Nation Peace Mission from Rome to Ottawa. He later joined the [[Centre for Policy Research]] to focus on economic collaboration and conflict resolution in South Asia. In 1991, he founded the International Centre for Peace Initiatives, which participated in diplomatic efforts between India and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-04 |title=In an incisive appeal for reason in an arms-mad world, Sundeep Waslekar's A World Without War seeks to turn back the ticking nuclear clock |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sundeep-waslekars-a-world-without-war-book-review-8476925/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Following the [[September 11 attacks]], he participated in dialogues between Western and Islamic leaders organized with the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe]] and the [[Arab League|League of Arab States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundeep Waslekar: From Despair To Hope |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/ideas-to-change-the-world/sundeep-waslekar-from-despair-to-hope/13692/1 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, he and Ilmas Futehally of the Strategic Foresight Group developed cost-of-conflict models for [[India]]–[[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Conflict has cost the Middle East $12 trillion - study |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLN697081}}</ref> In 2015, he introduced the Water Cooperation Quotient to assess cooperation in transboundary river basins. The model was revised in 2017 to cover 286 shared river basins worldwide and received political support from the [[InterAction Council of Former Heads of State and Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water co-operation: the power of principles |url=https://www.osce.org/magazine/377500 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.osce.org |language=en}}</ref>

Waslekar was involved in the development of the [https://www.osce.org/magazine/377500 Blue Peace framework], for using water as an instrument of peace, a concept which led to the first [[United Nations Security Council]] session on water, peace, and security (UNSC 7818).<ref>{{Cite web |title=S/PV.7818 |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/spv7818.php |access-date=2025-02-28}}</ref>

==Governance==
Between 1989 and 1991, Waslekar consulted with international leaders to develop proposals for post–Cold War global governance. In the 1990s, he published two books on governance in South Asia: ''South Asian Drama: Travails of Misgovernance'' and ''Dharma Rajya: Path-breaking Reforms for India's Governance''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRSC_uTGhZ8C&dq=waslekar,+shashi+tharoor,+south+asian+drama&pg=PA328|title=India: From Midnight to the Millennium and Beyond|first=Shashi|last=Tharoor|date=4 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-10 |title=The Interview - Peace and global governance: New strategies in a changing world |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191010-peace-and-global-governance-new-strategies-in-a-changing-world-4 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2002, he proposed a framework for categorizing the Indian economy based on consumption patterns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ZESTCurrent/message/561|title=ZESTCurrent : Message: Governments come and governments go, India mov…|date=9 July 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709120220/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ZESTCurrent/message/561|archive-date=2012-07-09}}</ref> In 2005, he was associated with Canadian Prime Minister [[Paul Martin]]’s proposal for a G-20 framework.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.l20.org/publications/9_VV_wmd_waslekar.pdf|title=l20.org}}</ref>

==Global future==
In 2007, Waslekar published an article in ''[[The Economic Times]]'' discussing the potential for global financial instability. In 2008, the Strategic Foresight Group published a report titled ''Emerging Issues: 2011–2020'' outlining 20 global trends.

He spoke at various conferences hosted by the [[Aspen Institute]] and [[Bertelsmann Foundation]] in 2009 on the global economic crisis. In 2011, he co-authored the book ''Big Questions of Our Time''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.strategicforesight.com/BQOT.pdf|title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future}}</ref> with Ilmas Futehally, addressing future challenges in philosophy, politics, and science.

==Selected bibliography==
*''The New World Order'', 1991, Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd {{ISBN|81-220-0241-2}}
*''South Asian Drama: Travails of Misgovernance'', 1996, Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd {{ISBN|81-220-0416-4}}
*''Dharma Rajya: Path-breaking Reforms for India's Governance'', 1998, Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd {{ISBN|81-220-0528-4}}
*''The Final Settlement'': Restructuring India-Pakistan Relations, 2005, International Centre for Peace Initiatives {{ISBN|81-88262-06-4}}
*''An Inclusive World: In which the West, Islam and the Rest have a stake'', 2007, Strategic Foresight Group {{ISBN|81-88262-09-9}}
*''Cost of Conflict in the Middle East'', 2009, Strategic Foresight Group {{ISBN|978-81-88262-12-0}}, co-authored with Ilmas Futehally
*''Eka dishecha Shodh''<ref name="Eka dishecha Shodh">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiapossible.in/ | title=Eka dishecha Shodh | accessdate=2010-12-03 | author=Sundeep Waslekar | publisher=Rajhans Prakashan}}</ref>
*''Big Questions of Our Time'', 2011, Strategic Foresight Group {{ISBN|978-81-88262-16-8}}, co-authored with Ilmas Futehally

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waslekar, Sundeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]

Hitha Chandrashekar

2026-04-05T03:50:48Z

Kiloforce123: Created Details

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Indian name|Hitha|Chandrashekar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hitha Chandrashekar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 15 December 1991<ref>{{cite web |title=Sihi Kahi couple pays a surprise visit to daughter Hitha on her birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sihi-kahi-couple-pays-a-surprise-visit-to-daughter-hitha-on-her-birthday/articleshow/79760892.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=18 November 2021 |language=en |date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2017–present
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kiran Srinivas]]|2019}}
| children =
| parents = [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] [[Sihi Kahi Geetha]]
}}
'''Hitha Chandrashekhar''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. She made her debut in 2016 with [[Kannada cinema|Kannada Film]] ''Kempammana Court Case''.

==Career==
Hitha completed an acting course from Roshan Taneja School of Acting in [[Mumbai]] before making her film debut in 2016 with ''Kempammana Court Case'' in a small role.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kempammana-court-case/movie-review/53993266.cms</ref> Her next film in 2017 with ''1/4 Kg Preethi'' opposite Vihan Gowda was successful. In 2016, she participated in the reality television show ''Dancing Star'' where she won the title which was aired on [[Viacom 18|Colors Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/051116/realitys-pretty-little-hithabug.html |title=Reality's pretty little 'Hitha'bug |date=5 November 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> She was then seen in [[Yogi Duniya]] opposite [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and ''Onthara Bannagalu'' starring [[Kiran Srinivas]], [[Sonu (actress)|Sonu Gowda]], Prathap Narayan, Praveen Pugalia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hitha-chandrashekar/articleshow/61782081.cms? |title=Hitha Chandrashekar |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> Her next film was Premier Padmini directed by debutant Ramesh Indira which received positive reviews and went on to become a huge success at the box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2019-04-24 |title=Premier Padmini focuses on middle-aged strong women |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Apr/24/premier-padmini-focuses-on-middle-aged-strong-women-11212.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-27 |title=Premier Padmini movie completes two years, Shruti Naidu shares a post remembering the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/premier-padmini-movie-completes-two-years-shruti-naidu-shares-a-post-remembering-the-film/articleshow/82272612.cms |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her next release was a short film "''Kaaji''" directed by Actress [[Aishani Shetty]] backed by [[Sathish Ninasam|Satish Ninasam]] which went to win multiple awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Sathish: It is our duty to the society |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/it-is-our-duty-to-the-society/articleshow/69314310.cms |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref>

She then went on to make her [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] debut with the film [[Silence... Can You Hear It?|Silence... Can you hear it?]] starring Manoj Bajpayee which opened to positive to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Ambar |date=2021-05-08 |title=Silence: An intriguing thriller with solid performances and investing screenplay |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/entertainment/2021/05/08/silence-an-intriguing-thriller-with-solid-performances-and-investing-screenplay/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> She was once again seen in [[Thurthu Nirgamana]] directed by debutant Hemant Kumar which opened to positive reviews and went on to become a success on OTT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=2022-12-30 |title=Five original Kannada films that deserved better in 2022 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/five-original-kannada-films-deserved-better-2022-171433 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, She played the role of Protagonist's sister in [[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]] produced by [[Hombale Films]] which opened to positive to mixed reviews but her role was appreciated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva movie review: Yuva Rajkumar’s debut film is all mass and no material |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/yuva-movie-review-yuva-rajkumars-debut-film-is-all-mass-and-no-material/3e6605c266430 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hitha was born to actors [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] and [[Sihi Kahi Geetha]] in [[Bangalore]]. She has a younger sister. Hitha met actor [[Kiran Srinivas]] during the shoot of a film. The two got engaged in August 2019 before marrying on 2 December that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beyhadh actor Kiran Srinivas gets married to longtime girlfriend Hitha Chandrashekar in south Indian ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/beyhadh-actor-kiran-srinivas-gets-married-to-longtime-girlfriend-hitha-chandrashekar-in-south-indian-ceremony-see-pictures/articleshow/72347093.cms |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

* ''All films are in Kannada language, unless otherwise noted''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref
|-
|2016
|''Kempammana Court Case''
|
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''1/4 Kg Preethi''
|Sri
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kal Kg Preethi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kal-kg-preethi/movie-review/57452531.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Onthara Bannagalu''
| Hitha
|
|
|-
|2018
| ''[[Yogi Duniya]]''
|Sheela
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]]''
| Ranjani
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Silence... Can You Hear It?]]''
| Kavita Khanna
| [[Hindi]] film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]''
|Mili Sebastian
|
|
|-
|''[[Shubhamangala (2022 film)|Shubhamangala]]''
|Vidhya
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]]''
|Shwetha
|SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Kannada)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-26 |title=Yuva is my first full-fledged commercial entertainer: Hitha Chandrashekar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/26/yuva-is-my-first-full-fledged-commercial-entertainer-hitha-chandrashekar |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Short films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| 2019
| ''Kaaji''
| Lakshmi
| Kannada
|style="text-align: center;"| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress - SIIMA Short Film Awards]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishani Shetty's short film wows audience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aishani-shettys-short-film-wows-audience/articleshow/69322285.cms |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television / Series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
!Channel
!Ref
|-
| 2016
| ''Dancing Star''
|NA
| Season 3; Winner
| [[Colors Kannada]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Nammane Yuvarani]]''
|Herself
|Cameo
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-04 |title=Here's what happened when celebrity couple Hitha Chandrashekar and Kiran Srinivas featured in 'Nammane Yuvarani' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/heres-what-happened-when-celebrity-couple-hitha-chandrashekar-and-kiran-srinivas-featured-in-nammane-yuvarani/articleshow/89988436.cms |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Scam 2003]]''
|Radha (Karnataka SIT)
|
|[[SonyLIV|SonyLiv]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Hitha Chandrashekar: Scam 2003 is the perfect OTT launchpad for me |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-hitha-chandrashekar-scam-2003-is-the-perfect-ott-launchpad-for-me/dc299c524b731 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Ayyana Mane]]''
|Pushpavthi
|
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyana Mane director Ramesh Indira: I cut the length of the show to ensure audiences are engaged throughout |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ayyana-mane-director-ramesh-indira-i-cut-the-length-of-the-show-to-ensure-audiences-are-engaged-throughout/1a5a01f5b860 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8803974|Hitha Chandrashekar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrashekar, Hitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Left and Secular Democratic Front (Manipur)

2026-04-01T13:12:05Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Left and Secular Democratic Front
| colorcode = Red
| foundation = 2017
| dissolution = 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=Manipur: Congress forms pre-poll alliance with Left-wing political parties|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-congress-forms-pre-poll-alliance-with-left-wing-political-parties-7744817/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=In run-up to Manipur polls, Congress announces pre-poll alliance with 5 parties|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-run-up-to-manipur-polls-congress-announces-pre-poll-alliance-with-5-parties-101643300217727.html|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

| ideology = [[Big tent]] '''Factions:''' [[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Socialism]] [[Liberalism]] [[Secularism]] [[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]] [[Gandhism]] [[Left-wing nationalism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
| country = India
| leader =
| position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]] to [[Centrism|centre]]
}}

'''Left and Secular Democratic Front'''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/front-alternative-to-manipur-rivals/cid/1426786|title=Front alternative to Manipur rivals|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> was a pre-poll alliance of political parties<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/left-parties-fighting-manipur-election-to-regain-lost-ground/articleshow/57244419.cms|title=Left parties fighting Manipur election to regain lost ground - The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|date=20 February 2017 }}</ref> in the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]], which was formed ahead of the [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Left parties fighting Manipur election to regain lost ground - The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/left-parties-fighting-manipur-election-to-regain-lost-ground/articleshow/57244419.cms|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Economic Times|date=20 February 2017 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://newsmobile.in/articles/2017/02/20/battle-for-states-left-parties-fighting-manipur-election-to-regain-lost-ground/|title=Battle For States: Left parties fighting Manipur election to regain lost ground | Newsmobile|website=newsmobile.in|date=20 February 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
The political parties in the Front had a 35-point common minimum programme. Their manifesto was constituted on the Left Front models of Tripura and Kerala. [[Moirangthem Nara]], who was the general secretary of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] Manipur, was the Convenor of the alliance.<ref name="auto"/>

LDF projected itself as an alternative to both the Congress and the BJP.<ref name="auto"/> CPI and MNDF are the dominant parties in the alliance as both have MLAs and ministers in previous Governments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/left-parties-fighting-manipur-election-to-regain-lost-ground-117022000148_1.html|title=Left parties fighting Manipur election to regain lost ground|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=20 February 2017 |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]] was invited as their star campaigner in the election.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-ties-up-with-5-non-bjp-congress-parties-to-give-a-new-taste-in-manipur-polls/story-vA6BF9fmcb55uscKYvPWPJ.html|title=AAP ties up with 5 non-BJP, Congress parties 'to give a new taste' in Manipur polls|date=12 January 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Constituent parties==
The constituent parties in the alliance are:<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>
*[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM)
*[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
*[[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U))
*[[Aam Admi Party]] (AAP)
*People's Democratic Alliance (PDA)
*Manipur National Democratic Front (MNDF)

LDF contested for 52 seats including 2 independents in the 60-member [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] elections of 2017.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/manipur-election-2017-ldf-lends-its-support-to-irom-sharmila-who-is-pitted-against-ibobi-in-upcoming-polls-3311902.html/amp|title=Manipur Election 2017: LDF lends its support to Irom Sharmila who is pitted against Ibobi in upcoming polls |date=2 March 2017|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> LDF also had supported Irom Sharmila, who contested from PRJA, on the chief minister's seat.<ref name="auto3"/> The alliance was dismissed after the election.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

==See also==
*[[Left and Secular Alliance]]
*[[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:2022 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Manipur]]
[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2022]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2017]]

Khana (poet)

2026-03-27T01:31:50Z

Kiloforce123: further updated article and improved wording

{{Short description|Bengali philosopher and polymath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Khôna
| image = খনা - প্রচার পুস্তিকা (১৯৩৮).pdf
| caption = Khôna - Propaganda Booklet (1938).pdf
| birth_date = {{circa}} 8th–12th century CE
| birth_place = [[Bengal]]
| period = [[Pala Empire]]
| occupation = [[Philosopher]], [[Mathematician]], [[Poet]], [[Astrologer]]
| notable_works = ''Khanar Bachan''
}}
'''Khana''', also known as '''Dak or Lilavati''', was an Indian [[poet]], [[philosopher]] and legendary [[astrologer]], who composed in the [[medieval]] [[Bengali language]] between the ninth and 12th centuries AD. She is associated with the village Deulia ([[Chandraketugarh]], near [[Berachampa]]), in present-day [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]] district, [[West Bengal]].

Her philosophical poetry, known as ''Khanar Bachan'' (or ''vachan'') ({{langx|bn|খনার বচন}}; meaning 'khana's words'), among the earliest compositions in [[Bengali literature]], is known for its agricultural philosophy.<ref>http://www.infobridge.org/asp/documents/4341.doc {{dead link|date=June 2018}}</ref> The short [[couplet]]s or [[quatrain]]s reflect a robust common sense, as in this paean to industry:
:''thakte balad na kare chas''
:''tar dukhkha baro mas''
::"He who owns oxen, but does not plough, his sorry state lasts twelve months of the year."

==Legend==
[[File:Khana-Mihir Mound - Berachampa 2012-02-24 2346.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The mound of Khana-Mihir or Baraha-Mihir on Prithiba road, [[Chandraketugarh]], [[Berachampa]], [[West Bengal]].]]
[[File:Excavated Brick Structure - Khana-Mihir Mound - Berachampa - North 24 Parganas 2015-04-11 7158.JPG|thumb|Excavated Brick Structure of Khana-Mihir Mound at [[Chandraketugarh]].]]

The legend of Khana (also named Lilavati elsewhere) centers around her association with [[Chandraketugarh]] in southern Bengal where a mound has been discovered amongst ruins with the names of Khana and Mihir associated with it, which likely gave rise to the legend that she was either the wife or the daughter-in-law of the famous astronomer and mathematician, [[Varahamihira]]. There is no historical basis to the legend of her being the wife of Varahamihira who was born several centuries earlier (<abbr>c.</abbr> 505 – <abbr>c.</abbr> 587) and lived in [[Ujjain]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |date=1991 |work= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ |access-date= |language=en|last=Shastri|first=A.M.|pages=248|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan}}</ref> However, Khana was an astrologer herself.

In all likelihood, Khana lived her life in Bengal, but a number of legends have grown up around her life. According to one legend, she was born in [[Sri Lanka]] and was either married to the mathematician-astronomer [[Varahamihira]] or was her daughter-in-law. However, she exceeded him in the accuracy of her predictions, and at some point her tongue was cut off to silence her prodigious talent. This is a theme that resonates in modern Bengali [[feminism]], as in this poem by [[Mallika Sengupta]], ''khanaa's song'':
: Listen o listen :
: Hark this tale of Khanaa
:
: In Bengal in the Middle ages
: Lived a woman Khanaa, I sing her life
: The first Bengali woman poet
: Her tongue they severed with a knife
:   - Mallika Sengupta, ''Amra lasya amra larai'', tr. Amitabha Mukerjee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/books/sengupta-2001-amra-lasya-amra.html|title=আমরা লাস্য আমরা লড়াই|author=Mallika Sengupta|publisher=iitk.ac.in}}</ref>
Shrii P.R. Sarkar writes about her:"Based on the all-pervasive influence of the celestial bodies, a branch of knowledge arose in day-to-day life. And this branch of knowledge was beautifully nurtured, with all its flowers, leaves and twigs, by Kshana, a beloved daughter of Ráŕh, the offspring of the Ráŕhii Vaidyas caste of Bankura /Senbhum."

Through the centuries, Khana's advice has acquired the character of an [[oracle]] in rural Bengal (modern [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]] and parts of [[Bihar]]). Ancient versions in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Oriya language|Oriya]] also exist. Advice such as "A little bit of salt, a little bit of bitter, and always stop before you are too full" is considered timeless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khana|title=Khana|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|author=Azhar Islam|accessdate =28 July 2015}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://www.saptarishisastrology.com/filedownload.php?v=7&a=y&b=y&f=48-KhannarVachan-1BW.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716004845/http://www.saptarishisastrology.com/filedownload.php?v=7&a=y&b=y&f=48-KhannarVachan-1BW.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siddhagirimuseum.org/index.php/2009031096/Varahmihir.html |title=siddhagirimuseum.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728021927/http://www.siddhagirimuseum.org/index.php/2009031096/Varahmihir.html |archivedate=2011-07-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/saptarishisastrologyvol7/docs/48-khannarvachan-1|title=ISSUU - 48-KhannarVachan-1 by Saptarishis Astrology|author=Saptarishis Astrology|work=Issuu|date=26 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://hindunationalismmuslimunity.blogspot.com/2009/08/maharaja-pratapaditya-roy-last-hindu.html |title = Hinduism in Indian Nationalism & role of Islam: Maharaja Pratapaditya Roy - Last Hindu King, Icon & Saviour of Bangabhumi|date = 14 August 2009}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
On 15 June 2009, Indian-Bengali television channel [[Zee Bangla]] started to telecast a TV serial called ''Khona'' based on the life of Khana. The show follows the legend that states she was born and thereby lived in 'Sinhal' ([[Sri Lanka]]).

In 2019, [[Colors Bangla]] channel started a new serial named ''Khanar Bachan'' based on Khana's words and her conflicts with her father-in-law Varaha.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Khana (poet)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khana (Poet)}}
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Bengali women poets]]
[[Category:Women religious writers]]
[[Category:Indian women philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Barasat]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian astrologers]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:12th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]
[[Category:12th-century women writers]]

Chitte

2026-03-24T00:19:04Z

Kiloforce123: Added New Post

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chitte
| image = Chitte.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| writer = Dinesh Baboo
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = C Pandu
| starring = [[Aniruddha Jatkar|Anirudh]] [[Chaya Singh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = P K H Das
| editing = B S Kemparaj
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| studio = Chennam Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2001|10|16|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chitte''''' ({{Translation|Butterfly}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Dinesh Baboo]] and starring [[Aniruddha Jatkar|Anirudh]] and [[Chaya Singh]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ananth Nag]] as Shanthi's father
*[[Aniruddha Jatkar|Anirudh]] as Anil
*[[Chaya Singh]] as Shanthi
*[[Dwarakish]] as a lorry driver
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[Damini (Kannada actress)|Damini]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*Ramesh Pandit
*[[M. S. Umesh]] as a doctor
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Putnarsa
*[[Master Anand]]
*[[Vinayak Joshi]]
*[[Vanitha Vasu]]
*[[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the debut of [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] and the lead debut of [[Chaya Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html|title=2001 Year Round Up|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|date=28 December 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121064310/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html|archive-date=21 November 2013}}</ref> The film has eight songs by [[V. Manohar]] including one poem by [[D. R. Bendre]]. Re-recording for the film was set to begin on 25 August 2001.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jaggeshs-new-venture-in-rustum/articleshow/1026899483.cms|title=Chitte progressing|date=24 August 2001|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 November 2025|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027184739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jaggeshs-new-venture-in-rustum/articleshow/1026899483.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at Mayura Valley view guest house at Srirangapatna.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/chittee.html|date=6 July 2001|website=Chitraloka|access-date=22 November 2025|last=CNB|title='CHITTE' FINISHING FAST|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011006192735/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/chittee.html|archive-date=6 October 2001}}</ref>

==Music==
The music was composed by [[V. Manohar]], who also wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitte Songs by V.Manohar |url=https://gaana.com/album/chitte-kannada |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=6 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
| length1 = 4:32
| extra1 = [[Gurukiran]]
| title2 = Chitte Chitte Haaditho
| length2 = 4:48
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title3 = Olavalli Nanna
| length3 = 5:33
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Olagade Yaar Illa
| length4 = 3:54
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan
| title5 = Namma Maneya
| length5 = 5:15
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan
| title6 = Chora Chori
| length6 = 4:39
| extra6 = Gurukiran
| title7 = Yaarigu Helonubeda
| length7 = 3:18
| extra7 = [[C. Ashwath]]
| title8 = Belakku Iruvatanakane
| length8 = 4:12
| extra8 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra
| total_length = 36:11
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release in the first week of October.<ref name="T"/> [[Chaya Singh]] was conscious about how ''Chitte'' would fare at the box office and did not commit to any films for almost half a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/look-whos-calling-the-shots/articleshow/3790293.cms|title=Look who's calling the shots|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 March 2002|access-date=20 November 2025|first1=Priya|last1=Bala|first2=Ranga|last2=Rajah}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Dinesh Babu tries to recreate the magic of his earlier film ''Chitra'' and ''Laali'', still ''Chitte'' falls flat. He is trying to serve sour wine in the same old bottle! Babu it is time to avoid this theory of making hay while the sun shines. The audience on the first day itself was hooting".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=8861700&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Chitte|website=Sify|access-date=22 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225085953/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=8861700&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=25 December 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Kāśī (kingdom)

2026-03-22T12:48:20Z

Kiloforce123: Created Details!

{{short description|Ancient people in the central South Asia}}
{{About|the ancient Kashi kingdom|the modern Kingdom of Kashi-Benares|Benares State|the city in Xinjiang|Kashgar#Name}}
{{one source|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Kāśī
| common_name = Kāśī
| today = [[India]]
| era = Iron Age India
| status =
| status_text =
| empire =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| event_start =
| date_start =
| year_start = {{c.|1375 BCE}}
| event_end = Conquered by Kaṃsa of Kosala
| date_end =
| year_end = {{c.|600 BCE}}
| s1 = Kosala
| image_map = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = The Kāśī kingdom and the other [[Mahajanapadas]] in the Post Vedic Era
| capital = [[Varanasi|Kāśī]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] [[Prakrit]] [[Pali]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Parshvanatha|Proto-Jainism]]
| currency =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| title_leader =
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
'''Kāśī''' ({{langx|pi|Kāsī}}) was an ancient [[Realm|kingdom]] of India whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The inhabitants of the Kāśī were named the '''Kāsikas''' in Pāli and the '''Kāśeyas''' and '''Kāśikas''' in Sanskrit.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

==Location==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| caption1 = Location of Kāsī during the late Vedic period
| image2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| caption2 = Location of Kāsī during the post-Vedic period
| footer=
}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The Kāśī kingdom covered an area of 300 leagues.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}} The northern border of Kasi which separated it from [[Kosala]] was the [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sarpikā or Syandikā]] river,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=77-79}} and the river [[Son River|Son]] formed its southern and eastern boundaries, separating it from Magadha in the east.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=110-118}}{{efn|Map facing page 95.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953}}}}

The capital of Kāśī was the city of [[Varanasi|Vārāṇasī]], which was also named Ketumatī, Surundhana, Sudassana, Brahmavaddhana, Pupphavatī, Ramma, and Molinī.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

==History==
The Kāśikas were first mentioned in the {{Transliteration|sa|Paippalāda}} recension of the [[Atharvaveda]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

The ruling clan of Kāśī appears to have been member of the [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bhārata]] clan, and at one point Kāśī was ruled by one Dhṛtarāṣṭra (in Sanskrit) or Dhataraṭṭha (in Pāli) whom the {{Transliteration|pi|Mahāgovinda Suttanta}} calls a "Bharata prince." This Dhṛtarāṣṭra was defeated in battle by another Bharata king, named Śatānīka Sātrājita, after which the Kāśikas stopped kindling the sacred fire until the time of the [[Shatapatha Brahmana|{{Transliteration|sa|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa}}]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=96-98}}

However, the monarchs of Kāśī do not appear to have all belonged to the same dynasty, and the [[Jataka tales|{{Transliteration|pi|Jātaka}}]]s frequently mention the extinction of dynasties of the Kāśika kings or the deposition of Kāśika princes and their replacement with members from other families regarded as being more competent, with some kings of Kāśī having [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]] or [[Videha|Vaideha]] origins and bearing the epithet of {{Transliteration|sa|Brahmadatta}}: although {{Transliteration|sa|Brahmadatta}} was a dynastic name, the Brahmadattas were not from the same dynasty, with the elected Brahmadatta of the {{Transliteration|pi|Darīmuka Jātaka}} having been a Māgadhī prince, the king of Kāśī in the {{Transliteration|pi|Dummedha Jātaka}} and his son being both named Brahmadatta, the Kāśika king Udaya being called "Brahmadatta" in the {{Transliteration|pi|Gaṅgamāla Jātaka}}, while the Brahmadattas of the {{Transliteration|pi|Matiposaka}} and {{Transliteration|pi|Sambula}} {{Transliteration|pi|Jataka}}s were Vaidehas.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

The Kāśikas were closely connected to the Kausalyas and the [[Videha|Vaideha]]s, and Jala Jātūkarṇya was the purohita of these three kingdoms during the reign of the Kāśika king Ajātaśatru, who was himself a contemporary of the famous Vaideha king [[Janaka]] and of [[Uddālaka Āruṇi]]'s son [[Śvetaketu]]. Ajātaśatru appears in the [[Upanishads|{{Transliteration|sa|Upaniṣad}}]]s as engaging in philosophical discussions with [[Gārgya Bālāki]], and the [[Kaushitaki Upanishad|{{Transliteration|sa|Kauśītaki Upaniṣad}}]] depicts Ajātaśatru as being jealous of Janaka's fame as a patron of learning. The {{Transliteration|pi|Uddālaka Jātaka}} calls this Ajātaśatru of Kāsī "Brahmadatta," implying that he was himself was a Brahmadatta.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

The [[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa]] mentions a king of Kāsī named Bhadrasena Ajātaśatrava, who was likely the son and successor of Ajātaśatru, and had been bewitched by Uddālaka Āruṇi.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

Another king, named Janaka, who is not identical with the Vaideha king Janaka, is mentioned as ruling over Kāśī in the {{Transliteration|pi|Sattubhasta Jātaka}}.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

According to the {{Transliteration|pi|Daśaratha Jātaka}}, the legendary heroes [[Dasharatha|Daśaratha]] and [[Rama|Rāma]] were kings of Kāśī, and not of Kosala as the [[Puranas|Puranic]] tradition makes them out to be.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=77-79}}

Vedic texts mention two other kings of Kāśī, one named Divodāsa, and his son or descendant, named Daivadāsi Pratardana.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=74-77}}

During the 9th century BCE, the king of Kāsī was Aśvasena, the father of the 23rd [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]], [[Parshvanatha|Pārśvanātha]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=96-98}}

By the later Iron Age, the kingdom of Kāśī had become one of the most powerful states of Iron Age South Asia, with several {{Transliteration|pi|Jātaka}}s describing the Kāsika capital of Vārāṇasī as being superior to the other cities and the kingdom's rulers as having imperial ambitions. According to these {{Transliteration|pi|Jātaka}}s, the kings of Kāśī sought the status of King of All Kings ({{Transliteration|pi|sabbarājunam aggarājā}}) and of Lord of all India ({{Transliteration|pi|sakala-Jambudīpa}}). Vārāṇasī itself was twelve leagues in size, being much larger than the cities of Mithila and Indaprastha, which were both seven leagues in size, and the {{Transliteration|pi|Guttila Jātaka}} called Vārāṇasī the "chief city" of all South Asia.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=96-98}}

According to the {{Transliteration|pi|Brahācatta Jātaka}}, a Kāśika king and his large army fought against it northern neighbour of Kosala and seized its capital of [[Shravasti|Srāvastī]]; the {{Transliteration|pi|Kosāmbī Jātaka}} and the {{Transliteration|pi|Mahāvagga}} claim that the Kāśika king Brahmadatta had annexed Kosala after executing the Kauśalya king Dīghati; the {{Transliteration|pi|Kunāla Jātaka}} mentions that Brahmadatta of Kāśī captured Kosala, killed its king, and carried of the chief Kauśalya queen to Vārāṇasī where he married her; according to the {{Transliteration|pi|Sona-Nanda Jātaka}}, the Kāśika king Manoja had sunjugated the kings of [[Kosala]], [[Anga|Aṅga]], and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]; the [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]] claims Kāśī had destroyed the power of the Vitahavyas or of the Haihayas; and according to the {{Transliteration|pi|Assaka Jātaka}}, the kingdom of Aśmaka, in the Deccan, was under Kāśika suzerainty.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=96-98}}

Kāśī itself, in turn, was coveted by the other kingdoms around it, and at one point, seven kings besieged Vārāṇasī in an attempt to conquer the territory of Kāśī,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=96-98}} and the {{Transliteration|pi|Mahāsīlava Jātaka}} claims that the Kauśalya king had seized the kingdom of the king Mahāsīlava of Kāśī, while the kings Vanka and Dabbasena of Kosala were able to win suzerainty over Kāsī according to the {{Transliteration|pi|Ghata}} and {{Transliteration|pi|Ekarāja}} {{Transliteration|pi|Jātaka}}s.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=153-155}}

[[File:Kashi Vimshatika.jpg|thumb|A silver vimshatika coin of Kāśī under the Kosala occupation, circa 525–465 BCE.]]

Kāśī was finally conquered for good by Kosala under the latter's king Kaṃsa, shortly before the time of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], due to which Kaṃsa was nicknamed {{Transliteration|pi|Barānasiggaho}} ("seizer of Vārāṇasī"), and Kāśī was a full part of the kingdom of Kosala by the time of the Kauśalya king Mahākosala.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=153-155}}

When Mahākosala's daughter Kosalādevi married the king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], she was given as present a village in Kāśī which produced a revenue of a hundred thousand for bath and perfume money, while the rest of the former Kāśī kingdom remained part of the Kosala kingdom ruled by Mahākosala's son [[Pasenadi]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=153-155}}

Following Bimbisāra's murder and the usurpation of the throne of Magadha by his son [[Ajatashatru|Ajātaśatru]], Pasenadi revoked his rights over the village in Kāśī, after which a war between Kosala and Magadha ensued which ended when Pasenadi captured Ajātasatru, gave him in marriage his daughter Vajirā, to whom he gifted the village in Kāśī, and restored him to his throne.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=210-211}}

Kāśī later became a part of the empire of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] when Ajātasattu defeated Pasenadi's own usurper son, [[Viḍūḍabha]], and annexed Kosala.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=210-211}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282598 |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
{{refend}}

{{Mahajanapada |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Kāsī Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:History of Varanasi]]

Kuthannoor Gram Panchayat

2026-03-20T14:25:30Z

Kiloforce123: Created New Data!

{{Short description|Gram Panchayat in Kerala, India}}
{{Other uses|Kuthannur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

'''Kuthannoor''' (or '''Kuthanur''', '''Kuthannur''', '''Kuthanoor''') is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of Kerala, India. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Kuthannur-I]] and [[Kuthannur-II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224701&rlbtype=V |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101140828/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224701&rlbtype=V |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a part of the Tharoor assembly constituency.<ref name="Hindu-2001-03-15">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/15/stories/2011031557370700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320040657/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/15/stories/2011031557370700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2011|title= LDF hopes to consolidate its victory in Palakkad |last=G.|first=Prabhakaran|date=15 March 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref>

One of the six "[[sangams]]" or associations of [[Tholpavakoothu]], a form of puppetry, originated in Kuthanur.<ref name="Hindu-20081003">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/03/stories/2008100351230500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007002740/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/03/stories/2008100351230500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2008|title=Shadow of the original |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=3 October 2008|access-date=16 June 2012|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai}}</ref> [[Krishnan Kutty Pulavar Memorial Tolpavakoothu & Puppet Centre]] perform puppetry performances at Nadumannath Bhagawathi and Kuthannur Kavu temples in Kuthanur.<ref name="Performances">{{cite web|url=http://www.mykerala.net/puppetry/|title=Tolpava Koothu – The Shadow Puppet Theatre of Kerala|last=Pulavar |first=K. K. Ramachandra |publisher=Rishnan Kutty Pulavar Memorial Tolpava Koothu & Puppet Centre |access-date=16 June 2012|location=Shoranur, Kerala}}</ref>

[[Megalithic]] relics have been discovered in ten acres of reserved forest at [[Muppuzha]], Kuthanoor. These comprise 100 port-hole cists that show strong similarities with [[dolmen]]s from different parts of Europe, such as the [[Iberian Peninsula]], France, Caucasus mountains, Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Israel.<ref name="Hindu-20100605">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/05/stories/2010060564980700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601162359/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/05/stories/2010060564980700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 June 2011|title=Megalithic relics in neglected state|last=G.|first=Prabhakaran|date=5 June 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> The ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology'' describes a port-hole cist thus: "a box-like burial chamber, largely underground and built of gneissic orthostats floorstone and capstone but arranged inside a rectangular pit scooped out of the native laterite. The e. orthostat has a port-hole which is blocked by a small slab on the outside. The entire structure is surrounded by a stone circle. The cist sometimes has a bench inside ..."<ref name="Ghosh1990">{{cite book|author=Amalananda Ghosh|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA130|access-date=30 June 2012|year=1990|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09264-8|page=130}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|10.7333|N|76.5361|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Taramani (film)

2026-03-07T05:50:40Z

Kiloforce123: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian tamil film}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taramani
| image = Taramani film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ram (director)|Ram]]
| producer = Dr. L. Gopinath Ram [[JSK Film Corporation|J. Satish Kumar]]
| writer = Ram
| starring = {{ubl|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]|[[Vasanth Ravi]]}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Theni Eswar (cinematographer)|Theni Eswar]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Catamaran Productions [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|08|11}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}
'''''Taramani''''' is a 2017 [[India]]n [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Ram (director)|Ram]]. He co-produced the film with [[JSK Film Corporation|J. Satish Kumar]] under his production company Catamaran Productions. The film stars [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Vasanth Ravi]] and Adrian Knight Jesly, with [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] appearing in a cameo. The venture began production in August 2013 and was released after several delays on 11 August 2017. The film was received with positive reviews and it was a sleeper hit at the box office. ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'', '' [[Y tu mamá también]] '' and ''[[Knife in the Water]]'' were the inspirations for this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/aug/09/i-think-all-men-are-chauvinists-1546.html|title='I think all men are chauvinists'|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807001001/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/aug/09/i-think-all-men-are-chauvinists-1546.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For his performance as a lead actor in this debut film, Vasanth Ravi received ''The Best Debut Actor'' award at the [[10th Vijay Awards]] and at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Jio 65th South Filmfare Awards]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040817/a-dream-debut-for-vasanth-ravi.html|title=A dream debut for Vasanth Ravi|date=4 August 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617072742/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040817/a-dream-debut-for-vasanth-ravi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Althea Johnson is a young, Anglo Indian single mother working for the corporate sector in Chennai. One rainy evening, she takes shelter under an abandoned bus stop alongside a rugged young man, Prabhunath. Although they appear to be suspicious of each other, they both eventually start talking and become friends.

Prabhu reveals to Althea how he worked at a call centre and hated his job. The only good thing about his workplace is that it is located opposite to his girlfriend, Sowmya's IT office. Sowmya was a highly educated but conservative, emotional young woman. When Sowmya needed money to get her visa to work in the States, Prabhu stole money from a sleeping stranger on the train and gave it to her. However, she married another man there, leaving Prabhu heartbroken. When he learnt that the man he stole from, died of a heart attack, Prabhu started to blame himself and became depressed. He almost committed suicide at the Taramani railway station, but was saved by a railway policeman, who later became his good friend.

Later on, Althea introduces Prabhu to her son, Adrian and her mother. Her mother disapproves of Althea's friendship with Prabhu and this forces Althea to leave the house. Being homeless, she is forced to spend the night at the railway station. Althea explains that she caught her husband, Jacob having an affair with a man. Understanding that he can never love her as a woman due to his sexuality, she separates from her husband unaware that she was pregnant. Althea and her son Adrian spend lot of time together. One day, Adrian asks Althea if he can call Prabhu his father. They eventually confess their feelings for each other and move in together.

Prabhu becomes possessive and overprotective, eventually suspecting Althea of having an affair with her boss. Things take a turn for the worse when Prabhu reads a crude text message from her boss. The argument leads to a breakup. Later, Prabhu visits Sowmya, who is back for a holiday. She gives him a box of chocolates as a gift but he rejects it. While her husband is out, he forces her to capture intimate photos with her, to blackmail for money. However, the chocolate box already had more money than he stole for her. Ashamed at how much he had changed, Prabhu leaves Sowmya's hotel room.

Meanwhile, Althea meets her boss who makes sexist remarks about her. She politely ignores them and takes selfies of them together supposedly as a truce and uploads the photos to social media. Fearing that his wife and daughter will see them, he begs her to delete the photos. Using this, Althea successfully blackmails him into applying for his transfer. Unaware of this, Prabhu berates her for having an affair with her boss after seeing the photos online.

With a broken heart for the second time, Prabhu decides to embrace the dark side. He flirts anonymously with lonely married women via phone and records them. Later, he blackmails them for money. One of the women turns out to be a friend of the city's assistant police commissioner. While tapping Prabhu's phone, the policeman learns that one of the women with whom he is in contact is his own wife. The policeman rushes home and beats up both Prabhu and his own wife. Seeing the policeman abuse his wife Prabhu is reminded of himself and how he treated Althea.

With the money that he received from Sowmya, Prabhu visits the family of the man from whom he stole and repays the money. The widow tells him that the postmortem revealed that her husband died hours before Prabhu stole the money and forgives him. Prabhu learns his lesson and decides to start life afresh.

Prabhu returns to Althea and asks her for forgiveness. She forgives him but asks him to leave the city since she does not want to complicate her son Adrian's life. After multiple apologies spanning over a few days, she eventually accepts his love, and they live happily ever after.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Althea Johnson
* [[Vasanth Ravi]] as Prabhunath
* Adrian Knight Jesly as Adrian
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Barnabas
* [[Nivas Adithan]] as Jacob
* Abhishek D. Shah as Ankit
* [[J. Satish Kumar]] as Assistant Commissioner of Police
* [[Lizzie Antony]] as ACP's wife
* Sarah George as Meera
* [[Rochelle Potkar]] as Mamta
* [[Florent Pereira]] as Church father
* Shailaja
* [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] as Sowmya (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Prior to the release of ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' (2013), [[Ram (director)|Ram]] announced his next film named ''Taramani'' would feature actress Andrea and consequently, the first look of the movie was released in August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/three-looks-for-andrea-in-her-next-kattradhu-thamizh-ram-thanga-meengal-18-05-13.html|title=Three looks for Andrea in her next!, Kattradhu Thamizh Ram, Thanga Meengal|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=3 January 2014|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030341/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/three-looks-for-andrea-in-her-next-kattradhu-thamizh-ram-thanga-meengal-18-05-13.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ram picked [[Andrea Jeremiah]] to play the lead role, labelling her as a "underutilized actress" and revealing that the film would be a "lifetime role" for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/director-ram-talks-about-how-taramani-would-be-andreas-lifetime-role.html|title=Director Ram talks about how Taramani would be Andrea's lifetime role|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=3 January 2014|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929012428/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/director-ram-talks-about-how-taramani-would-be-andreas-lifetime-role.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2013, the director held a test shoot and also filmed a song for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/taramani-directed-by-ram-will-be-filmed-from-november-end.html|title=Taramani, directed by Ram, will be filmed from November end|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=3 January 2014|archive-date=25 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125234550/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/taramani-directed-by-ram-will-be-filmed-from-november-end.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The filming for the project began in late November 2013 and a video book was released shortly after featuring the lead actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/rams-taramani-starring-andrea-begins-its-shoots-today.html|title=Ram's Taramani starring Andrea begins its shoots today|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=3 January 2014|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227170809/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/rams-taramani-starring-andrea-begins-its-shoots-today.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Talking about the delay of the film, Ram revealed that he had to make changes to the script as time had passed. For example, he remarked that the concept of using [[WhatsApp]] amongst Chennai folk was uncommon in 2013 but had to work it into the second half as it became more popular by the time of the film's release in 2017. He also revealed that he considered shelving the film after he noticed similarities with [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015) and [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Iraivi]]'' (2016), which had contained similar taboo themes for audiences in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-for-the-first-time-i-hear-that-my-film-is-doing-well-at-bo-news-tamil-riqkPJajbffdg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819153553/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-for-the-first-time-i-hear-that-my-film-is-doing-well-at-bo-news-tamil-riqkPJajbffdg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2017|title=Ram: For the first time, I hear that my film is doing well at BO}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Taramani
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 December 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 23:45
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[JSK Film Corporation|JSK Audio]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] [[Sunny M.R.]] (for [[Andrea Jeremiah]])
| prev_title = [[Yaakkai]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

On 9 February 2014, a single song written, composed and sung by Andrea Jeremiah titled "The Soul of Taramani" that will not be part of the film or soundtrack album was released by actor [[Kamal Haasan]] and director [[Bharathiraja]]. The background score and soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, with the album released on 30 December 2016.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140212090720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-10/music/47199766_1_vasanth-ravi-andrea-jeremiah-taramani Andrea's single – The Soul of Taramani – The Times of India]</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:45
| title1 = Yaaro Ucchikillai Meley
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length1 = 2:58
| title2 = Un Badhil Vendi
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra2 = [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], Sruthi S
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Unnai Unnai Unnai
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Sruthi S
| length3 = 2:57
| title4 = Kaadhal Oru Kattukkadhai
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar, [[SuVi]]
| extra4 = [[SuVi]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length4 = 3:02
| title5 = Oru Koappai
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| length5 = 3:52
| title6 = Paavangalai
| lyrics6 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra6 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Senthildass Velayutham]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length6 = 4:26
| title7 = From The Bottom Of Our Hearts
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Ram (director)|Ram]]
| length7 = 2:07
}}

== Release ==
After four years of production works, ''Taramani'' had a theatrical release on 11 August 2017. After a slow start at the box office, the number of screens increased during the second week and the film progressed to become a big success in multiplex cinemas across Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/andrea-ram-taramani-chennai-box-office-collection-exceeds-one-crore-in-second-weekend-tamil-news-193675|title=Andrea Ram Taramani Chennai box office collection exceeds one crore in second weekend – Tamil Movie News – IndiaGlitz|date=21 August 2017|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025050733/https://www.indiaglitz.com/andrea-ram-taramani-chennai-box-office-collection-exceeds-one-crore-in-second-weekend-tamil-news-193675|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Taramani'' also won primarily positive reviews, with the Deccan Chronicle noting "on the whole, the film is a worthy watch that will leave you intrigued", while giving [[Andrea Jeremiah]] particular praise for her portrayal of the lead character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120817/taramani-movie-review-package-that-goes-beyond-just-love-stories.html|title=Taramani movie review: Package that goes beyond just love stories|date=12 August 2017|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831165325/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120817/taramani-movie-review-package-that-goes-beyond-just-love-stories.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian Express wrote "Despite its shortcomings, ''Taramani'' has a lot working in its favour. Andrea Jeremiah and Vasanth Ravi's remarkable performances and of course, Ram's witty, satirical interspersions in the narrative", while The New Indian Express also praised the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/aug/12/taramani-review-a-film-that-holds-a-mirror-up-to-men-1641865--2.html|title=Taramani review: A film that holds a mirror up to men|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831175900/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/aug/12/taramani-review-a-film-that-holds-a-mirror-up-to-men-1641865--2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/taramani-movie-review-andrea-jeremiah-vasanth-ravi-anjali-star-rating-4792629/|title=Taramani review: This Andrea Jeramiah film deserves to be watched|date=12 August 2017|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831180139/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/taramani-movie-review-andrea-jeremiah-vasanth-ravi-anjali-star-rating-4792629/|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, a critic from The Hindu wrote "the film tries to do too much" and labelled Ram's voiceovers as "preachy".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/taramani-review-a-film-that-tries-to-do-too-much/article19474972.ece|title='Taramani' review: a film that tries to do too much|first=Udhav|last=Naig|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 August 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811150520/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/taramani-review-a-film-that-tries-to-do-too-much/article19474972.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion called it "is A flawed, yet fascinating look at men, women and their circumstances" in his review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/taramani-movie-review|title=Taramani Movie Review|date=17 August 2017|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007120044/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/taramani-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received two nominations at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Tamil Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]] for Andreah Jeremiah.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018|date=4 June 2018|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=8 June 2018|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
while Vasanth Ravi wins [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Ram (director)}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram (director)]]

Sindhooram (1976 film)

2026-03-03T21:10:51Z

Kiloforce123: started details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sindhooram
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Jeassy]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Dr. Balakrishnan]]
| screenplay = Dr. Balakrishnan
| starring = [[Jayabharathi]] [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] [[M. G. Soman]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = [[P. S. Nivas]]
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Rekha Cine Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|06|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Sindhooram''''' is a 1976 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Jeassy]]. The film stars [[Jayabharathi]], [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] and [[M. G. Soman]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=700|title=Sindooram|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|archive-date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010180822/http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=700|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4769|title=Sindooram|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009233622/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4769|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/sindhooram-malayalam-movie/|title=Sindooram|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009193117/http://spicyonion.com/title/sindhooram-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jayabharathi]]
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[KPAC Lalitha]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[Rani Chandra]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Appan Thacheth]], [[Sathyan Anthikkad]], Bharanikkavu Sivakumar, Konniyoor Bhas and Sasikala Menon.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kaanchanathaarakal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Appan Thacheth]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Oru Nimisham Tharoo" || K. J. Yesudas || [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Sindorapushpavana Chakoram" || [[S. Janaki]] || Bharanikkavu Sivakumar ||
|-
| 4 || "Vaishaakha Yamini" || K. J. Yesudas || Konniyoor Bhas ||
|-
| 5 || "Yadukula Maadhava" || [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] || Sasikala Menon ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0313609|Sindhooram}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

The Passing of Shah Jahan

2026-03-03T17:01:24Z

Kiloforce123:

{{short description|1902 painting by Abanindranath Tagore}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file=Abanindranath Tagore - The Passing of Shah Jahan, 1902.jpg
| image_size=
| title=''The Passing of Shah Jahan''
| alt=
| other_language_1=
| other_title_1=
| artist=[[Abanindranath Tagore]]
| year={{start date|1902}}
| type=[[Miniature art|Miniature]]
| height_metric=
| width_metric=
| metric_unit= cm
| imperial_unit= in
| city= [[Kolkata]]
| museum= [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]]
}}
'''''The Passing of Shah Jahan''''' is a miniature painting by the Indian artist [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. The painting depicts the fifth Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] staring at the [[Taj Mahal]] on his deathbed, with his daughter [[Jahanara Begum]] at his feet. Initially involved with the dominant style of European [[Realism (arts)|Naturalism]], Tagore's mentor [[Ernest Binfield Havell]] had introduced him to various types of [[Indian art]]. Of these varieties, Tagore was most impressed with old Mughal miniatures, which often featured emotionless, but detailed illustrations of scenes and characters. Incorporating this style with the traditional Indian artistic concept of ''Bhava''', or emotion, Tagore had painted a scene based upon the growing re-interest in Indian history during the British Raj.

The painting had helped to establish Tagore as one of the most well known Indian artists of his time. In addition to creating a whole new movement of Indian style painting, Tagore later on went to paint more artwork depicting nationalist and [[swadeshi]] themes during the time of the [[Indian independence movement]].
==Background==
Abanindranath Tagore was born on August 7, 1871<ref>{{cite book|title=Freat Soviet Encyclopedia|date=1980|page=319}}</ref> to Gunendranath Tagore. A nephew of the Indian poet and artist [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Abanindranath was exposed at an early age to the artistic inclinations of the Tagore family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna|title=A history of Indian painting: the modern period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC|access-date=12 December 2011|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-310-6|page=145|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730020837/https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tagore had been exposed to learning art when he first studied at the [[Sanskrit College]] in [[Kolkata]] in the 1880s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna|title=A history of Indian painting: the modern period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC|access-date=12 December 2011|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-310-6|page=145|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730020837/https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC|url-status=live}}</ref> In his early years, Tagore had painted in the European naturalistic style, evident from his early paintings such as ''The Armoury''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chattopadhayay|first1=Suhrid|title=Evolution of a master|url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/art/evolution-of-a-master/article7048770.ece|access-date=11 February 2018|publisher=Frontline|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163114/https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/art/evolution-of-a-master/article7048770.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In about 1886 or 1887, Tagore's relative Gyanadanandini Devi had set up a meeting between Tagore and E.B. Havell, who was the curator of the Government school of Art in Calcutta. The meeting resulted in a series of exchanges between Havell and Tagore, with Havell gaining a native art collaborator with ideas in the same direction of his own, and Tagore gaining a teacher who would teach him about the 'science' of Indian art history.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerji|first1=Debashish|title=The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane|url-access=limited|publisher=Sage publications|isbn=978-81-321-0239-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane/page/n92 28]}}</ref>

Havell attempted to induct Tagore as the Vice Principal of the art school, which was faced with heavy opposition in the school. Havell had to bend much of the school rules to do this, and tolerated many of Tagore's habits including the smoking of hookah in the classrooms and refusing to stick to time schedules.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerji|first1=Debashish|title=The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane|url-access=limited|publisher=Sage publications|isbn=978-81-321-0239-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane/page/n92 28]}}</ref> Havell introduced innovations to his teaching program in an attempt to more accurately reproduce Indian art pedagogy, and replaced European copies of art with Indian originals. The English art curator had also reportedly spent many hours behind closed doors explaining the details of "Hindu art and sculpture" to Tagore. One of these paintings, of a stork by a Mughal-era artist, had been shown to Tagore by Havell, causing the former to remark that he was unaware until then of the "embarrassment of riches" that "our art" had contained.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerji|first1=Debashish|title=The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane|url-access=limited|publisher=Sage publications|isbn=978-81-321-0239-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane/page/n93 29]}}</ref>

==Subject==
''The Passing of Shah Jahan'' depicts a scene with the fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who had commissioned in his lifetime the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his favorite wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. The architectural facade which frames the painting clearly represents a painstaking replication of marble inlay work decoration and complex railing patterns. The painting's attention is concentrated upon two main figures: the dying Shah Jahan and his daughter [[Jahanara Begum]] at the end of his bed, while the Mughal emperor's gaze is drawn to a small depiction of the Taj Mahal in the upper corner.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karline|first1=McLain|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|page=150}}</ref>

==Themes and composition==
[[File:Abanindranath Tagore photo.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Abanindranath Tagore. After the success of ''The Passing of Shah Jahan'', Tagore had received widespread acclaim and worked on more paintings incorporating Indian themes.]]
Earlier renderings of the subject in literature had focused on Mughal wars of succession, and depicted Shah Jahan as an aging king whose illness and weakness had been the cause of instability and war. Locked in his room in the [[Red Fort]] by his son [[Aurangzeb]], Shah Jahan was seen as a 'poor palace builder' whose only achievement was his monument to love: the Taj Mahal. Many British colonial authorities had gone further and sought to differentiate between the current regime and that of the Mughals, in order to demonstrate the lasting vitality of the British colonial Empire. Tagore's painting fits this description due to the widely available Colonial literature and attitude of the day.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karline|first1=McLain|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|page=148}}</ref>

E.B. Havell's interest in monuments and sculpture never found a place with Tagore. What had attracted him the most was the intimacy of relationship found in Indian art which was further exemplified by the selective realism in Mughal miniatures. Realism not in terms of surfaces, but rather of expressions. The three major types of painting that were to have inspired Tagore were British watercolor painting, Mughal miniatures, and Japanese painting. The incorporation of these styles is evident in ''The Passing of Shah Jahan''. Tagore moved from a normative realism used as a tool for objective expression, into a freer naturalism that would draw attention to specific areas through realism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerji|first1=Debashish|title=The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane|url-access=limited|publisher=Sage publications|isbn=978-81-321-0239-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane/page/n94 30]}}</ref>

Tagore's works typically have no anonymity in form, and themes of individualism are almost always present; this has met with some criticism amongst art critiques. In addition, Tagore sought to incorporate ''Bhava'', or feeling, into his artwork. This idea of 'feeling' was especially important to the 'Passing of Shah Jahan'; the painting had attempted to explain the romantic ideas of loss, focusing on Shah Jahan's imprisonment at the Red Fort and the loss of his wife. Prior to Tagore, this idea was never visualized, though many Mughal and Western artists had drawn many portraits and figures of Shah Jahan and other Mughal characters. However, neither group had attempted to illustrate the emotions of these characters nor did they contain narrative elements. Tagore's attempt to depict the pathos of Shah Jahan imprisoned in the Red Fort and his last look at the Taj Mahal was a revolutionary element in Indian painting, especially at a time when the study of Indian history gained attention by British colonialists and native Indian people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerji|first1=Debashish|title=The Alternate Nation of Abanindranath Tagore|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane|url-access=limited|publisher=Sage publications|isbn=978-81-321-0239-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alternatenationa00bane/page/n95 31]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Karline|first1=McLain|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|page=151}}</ref>

==After completion==
The ''Passing of Shah Jahan'' won several awards. It was first exhibited at the [[Delhi Durbar]] Exhibition of Arts and Crafts (1902-1903), where it had won a silver medal. The painting was next exhibited at the Congress Industrial Exhibition (1903) where it had won a gold medal. After Tagore had received public recognition for his works, many other artists had begun to incorporate the same themes and techniques.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karline|first1=McLain|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|page=152}}</ref>

Abanindranath. Tagore was eventually known to be one of the most well known Indian artists of his time, both in and outside of Bengal, due to the nationalist works during the [[swadeshi]] years. Tagore went on to become a founder of the new school of Indian-style painting, though this became a role he had increasingly distanced himself from during his later years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chattergee|first1=Rimi|last2=Tagore|first2=Abanindranath|title=Apon Katha:My Story|date=2004|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=81-86211-50-0|page=4}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Passing of Shah Jahan, The (Tagore)}}
[[Category:Miniature painting]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:1902 paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings in India]]

Hungarian People's Republic

2026-02-27T10:48:41Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Short description|Country in Central Europe (1949–1989)}}
{{about|the Cold War-era communist state|the republic of 1918–1919|First Hungarian Republic|the republic of 1946–1949|Second Hungarian Republic|the short-lived communist state in 1919|Hungarian Soviet Republic}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}

{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Hungarian People's Republic
| common_name = Hungary
| native_name = {{native name|hu|Magyar Népköztársaság}}
| life_span = 1949–1989
| event_pre = [[Ferenc Nagy#Coup d'état of 1947|Communist coup]]
| date_pre = 31 May 1947
| event_start = [[Hungarian Constitution of 1949|People's Republic]]
| date_start = 20 August
| year_start = 1949
| event1 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 109|Admitted]] to the [[United Nations|UN]]
| date_event1 = 14 December 1955
| event2 = [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]]
| date_event2 = 23 Oct.–4 Nov. 1956
| event3 = {{nowrap|[[New Economic Mechanism]]}}
| date_event3 = 1 January 1968
| event_end = [[End of Communism in Hungary (1989)|Third Republic]]
| year_end = 23 October 1989
| p1 = Second Hungarian Republic
| flag_p1 = Flag of Hungary.svg
| s1 = Hungary{{!}}Third Hungarian Republic
| flag_s1 = Flag of Hungary (1989-2003).svg
| flag_type =
| flag = Flag of Hungary
| image_flag = Flag of Hungary (1949-1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg
| flag_caption = Top: Flag (1949–1956) Bottom: Flag (1957–1990)
| image_flag2 = Flag of Hungary.svg
| image_coat = [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary (1949-1956).svg|70px]]{{parabr}}[[File:Coat of arms of Hungary (1957-1990).svg |70px]]
| symbol = Coat of arms of Hungary
| symbol_type = Top: Emblem (1949–1956) Bottom: Emblem (1957–1990)
| image_map = Hungary 1956-1990.svg
| national_motto = {{lang|hun|[[Workers of the world, unite!|Világ proletárjai, egyesüljetek!]]}} ("Proletarians of all countries, unite!")
| status = [[Satellite state]] of the [[Soviet Union]], member of the [[Warsaw Pact]] and [[Comecon]]<ref name="Rao, B. V. 2006" />
| capital = [[Budapest]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|47|26|N|19|15|E|type:city}}
| national_anthem = "[[Himnusz]]"{{anchor|info1}}[[#inforefa|[a]]] ({{Langx|en|"Hymn"}}) {{center|[[File:Hungarian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band (1997 arrangement).mp3]]}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| religion = [[Secular state]] (''[[de jure]]'')
[[State atheism]] (''[[de facto]]'')
[[Catholic Church in Hungary|Catholic]] (dominant)
| demonym = [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]
| government_type = Unitary [[communist state]]
| title_leader = [[List of heads of state of Hungary#General Secretaries of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1945–1989)|General Secretary]]
| leader1 = [[Mátyás Rákosi]]
| year_leader1 = 1949–1956
| leader2 = [[Ernő Gerő]]
| year_leader2 = 1956
| leader3 = [[János Kádár]]
| year_leader3 = 1956–1988
| leader4 = [[Károly Grósz]]
| year_leader4 = 1988–1989
| leader5 = [[Rezső Nyers]]
| year_leader5 = 1989
| title_representative = [[Presidential Council of the Hungarian People's Republic|Presidential Council]]
| representative1 = [[Árpád Szakasits]]
| year_representative1 = 1949–1950 (first)
| representative2 = {{nowrap|[[Brunó Ferenc Straub]]}}
| year_representative2 = 1988–1989 (last)
| title_deputy = [[Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic|Council of Ministers]]
| deputy1 = [[István Dobi]]
| year_deputy1 = 1949–1952 (first)
| deputy2 = [[Miklós Németh]]
| year_deputy2 = 1988–1989 (last)
| legislature = ''[[National Assembly (Hungary)|Országgyűlés]]''
| stat_year1 = 1949
| stat_pop1 = 9,204,799
| area_km2 = 93,011<ref name=revai>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Révai új lexikona |title=Magyarország határai |trans-title=Borders of Hungary |editor-last=Élesztős |editor-first=László |publisher=Babits Kiadó |location=Szekszárd |year=2004 |volume=13 |page=895 |language=hu |isbn=963-9556-13-0}}</ref>
| ref_pop1 = <ref name=statsz>{{cite journal |title=Az 1990. évi népszámlálás előzetes adatai |journal=Statisztikai Szemle |volume=68 |issue=10 |page=750 |url=http://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archive/viewer.html?ev=1990&szam=10&old=8 |date=October 1990}}</ref>
| stat_year2 = 1955
| stat_pop2 =
| ref_pop2 =
| stat_year3 = 1970
| stat_pop3 = 10,322,099
| ref_pop3 = <ref name=statsz />
| stat_year4 = 1990
| stat_pop4 = 10,375,323
| ref_pop4 = <ref name=statsz />
| currency = [[Hungarian forint|Forint]]
| currency_code = HUF
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| date_format = yyyy.mm.dd.
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Hungary|+36]]
| patron_saint = [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen]]
| today = [[Hungary]]
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI = 0.915
| HDI_year = 1990 formula
| HDI_ref = <ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf Human Development Report 1990, p. 111]</ref>
| map_caption = The Hungarian People's Republic in 1989
| footnotes = {{anchor|inforefa}}a. '''[[#info1|^]]''' "[[Himnusz]]" was used before and after the Communist era as Hungary's national anthem. As its lyrics include the word "God", the Communists tried but failed to create an alternative anthem before deciding to use "Himnusz" without its words.
}}
{{History of Hungary}}
The '''Hungarian People's Republic'''{{efn|{{langx|hu|Magyar Népköztársaság}} {{IPA|hu|ˈmɒɟɒr ˈneːpkøstaːrʃɒʃaːɡ|}}}} ('''HPR''')<ref>{{cite journal |title=1989. évi XXXI. törvény az Alkotmány módosításáról |trans-title=Act XXXI of 1989 on the Amendment of the Constitution |journal=Magyar Közlöny |publisher=Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat |location=Budapest |volume=44 |issue=74 |page=1219 |language=hu |date=23 October 1989}}</ref> was the Hungarian [[State (polity)|state]] from 20 August 1949 until the establishment of the current [[Hungary|Republic of Hungary]] on 23 October 1989. It was a professed [[Communist state#People's democratic state|communist state]], governed first by the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] and after the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], the [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]]. Both governments were closely tied to the [[Soviet Union]] as part of the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref name="Rao, B. V. 2006">Rao, B. V. (2006), ''History of Modern Europe A.D. 1789–2002'', Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

The state considered itself the heir to the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], which was formed in 1919 as one of the first [[communist state]]s created after the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (Russian SFSR). It was designated a "[[people's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)|people's democratic republic]]" by the Soviet Union in the 1940s. Geographically, it bordered [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] and the [[Soviet Union]] (via the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]) to the east; [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (via [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|SRs Croatia]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Serbia]], and [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]]) to the southwest; [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] to the north and [[Austria]] to the west.

The Communists spent the next year and a half after the Moscow Conference consolidating their hold on power and [[Salami slicing tactics (politics)|weakening the other parties]]. This culminated in October 1947, when the Communists told their non-Communist coalition partners that they had to cooperate with a reconfigured coalition government if they wanted to stay in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary - Rakosi's Rule |url=https://countrystudies.us/hungary/37.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> The process was more or less completed in 1949, when a newly elected legislature chosen from a single Communist-dominated list adopted a Soviet-style constitution, and the country was officially recast as a "people's republic."

The same political dynamics continued through the years, with the Soviet Union pressing and maneuvering Hungarian politics through the Hungarian Communist Party, intervening whenever it needed to, through military coercion and covert operations.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=241}} Political repression and economic decline led to a nationwide popular uprising in October–November 1956 known as the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], which was the largest single act of dissent in the history of the Eastern Bloc. After initially allowing the Revolution to run its course, the Soviet Union sent thousands of troops and tanks to crush the opposition and install a new Soviet-controlled government under [[János Kádár|Kádár]], killing thousands of Hungarians and driving hundreds of thousands into exile. By the early 1960s, however, the Kádár government had considerably relaxed its line, implementing a unique form of semi-liberal Communism known as "[[Goulash Communism]]". The state allowed imports of certain Western consumer and cultural products, gave Hungarians greater freedom to travel abroad, and significantly rolled back the secret police state. These measures earned Hungary the moniker of the "merriest [[barracks socialism|barrack]] in the socialist camp" during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nyyssönen |first=Heino |date=2006-06-01 |title=Salami reconstructed |journal=Cahiers du monde russe |volume=47 |issue=1–2 |pages=153–172 |doi=10.4000/monderusse.3793 |issn=1252-6576 }}</ref>

One of the longest-serving leaders of the 20th century, Kádár would finally retire in 1988 after being forced from office by even more pro-reform forces amidst an economic downturn. Those influences remained supreme until the late 1980s, when turmoil broke out across the Eastern Bloc, culminating with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union's dissolution. The Communist Party abandoned power a little over a year after Kádár's retirement, paving the way for free elections in 1990. Despite the end of communist control in Hungary, the [[Hungarian Constitution of 1949|1949 constitution]] remained in effect after being almost completely rewritten reflect the country's transition to liberal democracy. On 1 January 2012, the 1949 constitution was replaced with the [[Constitution of Hungary|current constitution]].

==History==

===Formation===
Following the occupation of Hungary by the [[Red Army]], [[Soviet occupation of Hungary|Soviet military occupation]] ensued. After seizing most material assets from German hands, the Soviets tried to control Hungarian political affairs, with some success.{{sfn|Wettig|2008|p=51}} Using force, the Red Army set up police organs to persecute the opposition, assuming this would enable the Soviet Union to seize the upcoming elections, together with intense [[communist propaganda]] to attempt to legitimize their rule.{{sfn|Wettig|2008|p=85}} Despite all efforts, in [[1945 Hungarian parliamentary election|the elections of November 1945]] the Hungarian Communist Party was trounced by a [[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|Smallholder]]-led coalition, receiving only 17% of votes. The coalition, under Prime Minister [[Zoltán Tildy]], thus frustrated the Kremlin's expectations of ruling through a democratically elected government.<ref>Norton, Donald H. (2002). ''Essentials of European History: 1935 to the Present'', p. 47. REA: Piscataway, New Jersey. {{ISBN|0-87891-711-X}}.</ref>

The Soviet Union, however, intervened through force once again, resulting in a puppet government that disregarded Tildy, placed communists in important ministerial positions, and imposed several restrictive measures, like banning the victorious coalition government and forcing it to yield the Interior Ministry to a nominee of the [[Hungarian Communist Party]].

Communist Interior Minister [[László Rajk]] established the [[ÁVH]] secret police, in an effort to suppress political opposition through intimidation, false accusations, imprisonment and torture.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web|url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title=Chapter II.N, para 89(xi) (p. 31) }} {{small|(1.47 [[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}</ref> In early 1947, the Soviet Union pressed the leader of the Hungarian Communists, [[Mátyás Rákosi]], a surviving member of the Soviet Republic's government, to take a "line of more pronounced class struggle". American observers likened communist machinations to a coup and concluded that "the coup in Hungary is Russia's answer to our actions in Greece and Turkey",<ref>"The Untold History of the United States", Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, Gallery Books 2012, p. 208, citing Gardner, Lloyd C., "Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941–1949", p. 221, and Ann O'Hare McCormick, "Open Moves in the Political War for Europe", New York Times, 2 June 1947</ref> referring to US military intervention in the [[Greek Civil War]] and the building of US military bases in Turkey pursuant to the [[Truman Doctrine]].

Rákosi complied by pressuring the other parties to push out those members not willing to do the Communists' bidding, ostensibly because they were "fascists". Later on, after the Communists won full power, he referred to this practice as "[[salami tactics]]".{{sfn|Wettig|2008|p=110}} Prime Minister [[Ferenc Nagy]] was forced to resign as prime minister in favour of a more pliant Smallholder, [[Lajos Dinnyés]]. In [[1947 Hungarian parliamentary election|the 1947 elections]], the Communists became the largest party, but were well short of a majority. The coalition was retained with Dinnyés as prime minister.<ref>Kontler, László. ''A History of Hungary''. Palgrave Macmillan (2002), {{ISBN|1-4039-0316-6}}</ref>

In October 1947, Rákosi dropped all pretense of liberal democracy. He gave the non-Communist parties an ultimatum: cooperate with a new, Communist-dominated coalition government or go into exile.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html Hungary: a country study]. [[Library of Congress]] Federal Research Division, December 1989.</ref> In short order, most of the other parties' more courageous members were pushed out, leaving them in the hands of [[fellow traveller]]s willing to do the MKP's bidding.

In June 1948 the Communists forced the [[Social Democratic Party (Hungary)|Social Democrats]] to merge with them to form the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] (MDP). However, the few independent-minded Social Democrats were quickly shunted aside, leaving the MDP as a renamed and enlarged Communist Party. Rákosi then forced Tildy to turn over the presidency to Social Democrat-turned-Communist [[Árpád Szakasits]]. In December, Dinnyés was replaced by the leader of the Smallholders' left wing, the openly pro-Communist [[István Dobi]].

At [[1949 Hungarian parliamentary election|the elections of May 1949]], voters were presented with a single Communist-dominated list, comprising candidates from all parties and running on a common programme. By this time, there was virtually no opposition left in the country. On 18 August, the newly elected National Assembly passed [[Hungarian Constitution of 1949|a new constitution]]{{snd}}a near-carbon copy of the [[1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union|Soviet constitution]]. When it was officially promulgated on 20 August, the country was renamed the "Hungarian People's Republic."

===Stalinist era (1949–1956)===
{{Eastern Bloc sidebar}}
Rákosi, now the ''de facto'' leader of Hungary, demanded complete obedience from fellow members of the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]]. Rákosi's main rival for power was [[László Rajk]], who was then Hungary's Foreign Secretary. Rajk was arrested and Stalin's [[NKVD]] emissary coordinated with Hungarian General Secretary Rákosi and his [[State Protection Authority]] to lead the way for the [[show trial]] of Rajk.<ref name="crampton263">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=263}}</ref> At the September 1949 trial, Rajk made a forced confession, claiming that he had been an agent of [[Miklós Horthy]], [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Josip Broz Tito]] and [[Western imperialism]]. He also admitted that he had taken part in a murder plot against Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő. Rajk was found guilty and executed.<ref name="crampton263" /> Despite their helping Rákosi to liquidate Rajk, future Hungarian leader [[János Kádár]] and other dissidents were also purged from the party during this period. During Kádár's interrogation, the ÁVH beat him, smeared him with mercury to prevent his skin pores from breathing, and had his questioner urinate into his pried-open mouth.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=264}} Another notable show trial at the beginning of Rákosi's rule was the [[Trial of the Generals (Hungary)|Trial of the Generals]] (1950).

Rákosi thereafter imposed totalitarian rule on Hungary. At the height of his rule, Rákosi developed a strong [[cult of personality]].<ref name="sugar375" /> Dubbed the "bald murderer", Rákosi imitated [[Stalinist]] political and economic programs, resulting in Hungary experiencing one of the harshest dictatorships in Europe.<ref name="granville">Granville, Johanna, ''The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956'', Texas A&M University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-58544-298-4}}</ref><ref>Gati, Charles, ''Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt'', Stanford University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-8047-5606-6}}, pp. 9–12</ref> He described himself as "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple"<ref name="sugar375">Sugar, Peter F., Peter Hanak and [[Tibor Frank]], ''A History of Hungary'', Indiana University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-253-20867-X}}, pp. 375–377</ref> and "Stalin's best pupil".<ref name="matthews93">Matthews, John P. C., ''Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956'', Hippocrene Books, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7818-1174-0}}, pp. 93–94</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 100
| header = Hungary in the Stalinist era (1949–1956)
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Flag of Hungary 1949-1956.svg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Flag of Hungary|National Flag]]
| image2 = Coat of arms of Hungary (1949-1956).svg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Coat of arms of Hungary|National Emblem]]
| image3 = Flag of the Hungarian Working People's Party.svg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Flag of the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]]
| image4 = Emblem of the State Protection Authority.svg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Emblem of the [[State Protection Authority]]
}}
The government collectivized agriculture and it extracted profits from the country's farms to finance rapid expansion of heavy industry, which attracted more than 90% of total industrial investment. At first Hungary concentrated on producing primarily the same assortment of goods it had produced before the war, including locomotives and railroad cars. Despite its poor resource base and its favorable opportunities to specialize in other forms of production, Hungary developed new heavy industry in order to bolster further domestic growth and produce exports to pay for raw-material import.

Rákosi rapidly expanded the education system in Hungary. This was mostly in attempt to replace the educated class of the past by what Rákosi called a new "working intelligentsia". In addition to some beneficial effects such as better education for the poor, more opportunities for working-class children and increased literacy in general, this measure also included the dissemination of communist ideology in schools and universities. Also, as part of an effort to [[separation of church and state|separate the Church from the State]], religious instruction was denounced as propaganda and was gradually eliminated from schools.

Cardinal [[József Mindszenty]], who had opposed the German Nazis and the Hungarian Fascists during the Second World War, however, did support the [[Miklós Horthy]] dictatorship,<ref>Fontana, Josep, '' Por el bien del imperio. Una historia del mundo desde 1945'', Pasado & Presente, 2011 {{ISBN|978-8494100871}}, p. 206</ref> and was arrested in December 1948 and accused of treason. After five weeks under arrest, he confessed to the charges made against him and he was condemned to life imprisonment. The [[Protestantism|Protestant churches]] were also purged and their leaders were replaced by those willing to remain loyal to Rákosi's government.

The new Hungarian military hastily staged public, prearranged trials to purge "Nazi remnants and imperialist saboteurs". Several officers were sentenced to death and executed in 1951, including [[Lajos Tóth (fighter pilot)|Lajos Tóth]], a 28 victory-scoring [[flying ace]] of the World War II [[Royal Hungarian Air Force]], who had voluntarily returned from US captivity to help revive Hungarian aviation. The victims were cleared posthumously following the fall of communism.

Rákosi's government became increasingly unpopular, and when Joseph Stalin died in 1953, Mátyás Rákosi was replaced as prime minister by [[Imre Nagy]]. However, he retained his position as general secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party and over the next three years the two men became involved in a bitter struggle for power.

As Hungary's new leader, Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on changes to the political system and liberalizing the economy. This included a promise to increase the production and distribution of consumer goods. Nagy also released political prisoners from Rákosi's numerous purges of the Party and society.

On 9 March 1955, the Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party condemned Nagy for rightist deviation. Hungarian newspapers joined the attacks and Nagy was accused of being responsible for the country's economic problems and on 18 April he was dismissed from his post by a unanimous vote of the National Assembly. Rákosi once again became the leader of Hungary.

Rákosi's power was undermined by a [[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|speech]] made by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in February 1956. He denounced the policies of Joseph Stalin and his followers in Eastern Europe. He also claimed that the trial of László Rajk had been a "miscarriage of justice". On 18 July 1956, Rákosi was forced from power as a result of orders from the Soviet Union. However, he did manage to secure the appointment of his close friend, [[Ernő Gerő]], as his successor.

On 3 October 1956, the Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party announced that it had decided that [[László Rajk]], [[György Pálffy]], [[Tibor Szőnyi]] and [[András Szalai (politician)|András Szalai]] had wrongly been convicted of treason in 1949. At the same time it was announced that Imre Nagy had been reinstated as a member of the party.

===Revolution of 1956===
{{Main|Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}

[[File:Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956).svg|thumb|250px|The Hungarian flag with the 1949–1956 coat of arms cut out of it. This became the symbol of the uprising in 1956.]]
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 began on 23 October as a peaceful demonstration of students in [[Budapest]]. The students protested for the implementation of [[Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956|several demands]] including an end to Soviet occupation. The [[State Protection Authority|police]] made some arrests and tried to disperse the crowd with tear gas. When the protesters attempted to free those who had been arrested, the police opened fire on the crowd, provoking rioting throughout the capital.

Early the following morning, Soviet military units entered Budapest and seized key positions. Citizens and soldiers joined the protesters chanting "Russians go home" and defacing communist party symbols. The Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party responded to the pressure by appointing the reformer [[Imre Nagy]] as the new prime minister.

On 25 October, a mass of protesters gathered in front of the Parliament Building. [[ÁVH]] units began shooting into the crowd from the rooftops of neighboring buildings.<ref name="Chapter X.I, para 482 p. 153">UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web|url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title=Chapter X.I, para 482 (p. 153) }} {{small|(1.47 [[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}</ref>

Some Soviet soldiers returned fire on the ÁVH, mistakenly believing that they were the targets of the shooting.<ref name="Heller">UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web|url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title=Chapter II.F, para 64 (p. 22) }} {{small|(1.47 [[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}</ref> Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising, some in the crowd started shooting back.<ref name="Chapter X.I, para 482 p. 153" /><ref name="Heller" />

Imre Nagy then went on Radio Kossuth and announced he had taken over the leadership of the Government as Chairman of the [[Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic]]. He also promised "the far-reaching democratization of Hungarian public life, the realisation of a Hungarian road to socialism in accord with our own national characteristics, and the realisation of our lofty national aim: the radical improvement of the workers' living conditions".

On 28 October, Nagy and a group of his supporters, including János Kádár, Géza Losonczy, Antal Apró, Károly Kiss, Ferenc Münnich and Zoltán Szabó, managed to take control of the Hungarian Working People's Party. At the same time revolutionary workers' councils and local national committees were formed all over Hungary.

The change of leadership in the party was reflected in the articles of the government newspaper, ''Szabad Nép'' (i.e. Free People). On 29 October the newspaper welcomed the new government and openly criticised Soviet attempts to influence the political situation in Hungary. This view was supported by Radio Miskolc, which called for the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country.

On 30 October, Imre Nagy announced that he was freeing Cardinal [[József Mindszenty]] and other political prisoners. He also informed the people that his government intended to abolish the one-party state. This was followed by statements of Zoltán Tildy, [[Anna Kéthly]] and [[Ferenc Farkas de Kisbarnak|Ferenc Farkas]] concerning the restitution of the Smallholders Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Petőfi (former Peasants) Party.

Nagy's most controversial decision took place on 1 November when he announced that Hungary intended to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and proclaim Hungarian neutrality. He asked the [[United Nations]] to become involved in the country's dispute with the Soviet Union.

On 3 November, Nagy announced the details of his coalition government. It included communists (János Kádár, [[György Lukács]], Géza Losonczy), three members of the Smallholders Party (Zoltán Tildy, Béla Kovács and István Szabó), three Social Democrats (Anna Kéthly, Gyula Keleman, Joseph Fischer), and two Petőfi Peasants ([[István Bibó]] and Ferenc Farkas). [[Pál Maléter]] was appointed minister of defence.

[[Nikita Khrushchev]], the leader of the Soviet Union, became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4 November 1956 he sent the [[Red Army]] into Hungary. Soviet tanks immediately captured Hungary's airfields, highway junctions and bridges. Fighting took place all over the country but the Hungarian forces were quickly defeated.

During the Hungarian Uprising, an estimated 20,000 people were killed, nearly all during the Soviet intervention.{{Citation needed|reason=Outstanding number without citation; doesn't match cited numbers from the 'Hungarian Revolution of 1956' page|date=January 2020}} Imre Nagy was arrested and replaced by Soviet loyalist [[János Kádár]] as head of the newly formed [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]] (''Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt'', MSZMP). Nagy was imprisoned until being executed in 1958. Other government ministers and supporters who were either executed or died in captivity included Pál Maléter, Géza Losonczy, Attila Szigethy and Miklós Gimes.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===Changes under Kádár===
{{See also|Kádárism}}
[[File:Hung.rev.leaders.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Monument in [[Budapest]], dedicated to the leaders of the short-lived [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] of 1919, [[Tibor Szamuely]], [[Béla Kun]], [[Jenő Landler]]]]

Hungary changed its flag on 12 October 1957. The coat of arms depicting the emblem of the Hammer and Wheat was removed from its pure tricoloured flag.

First Kádár followed retributions against the revolutionaries. 21,600 dissidents were imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 400 executed. But in the early 1960s, he announced a new policy under the motto "He who is not against us is with us", a variation of Rákosi's quote: "He who is not with us is against us". He declared a general amnesty, gradually curbed some of the excesses of the secret police, and introduced a relatively liberal cultural and economic course aimed at overcoming the post-1956 hostility towards him and his regime. Homosexuality was decriminalized in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.fabula.org/actualites/homosexualite-communiste-1945-1989_74348.php |title = Homosexualité communiste 1945–1989 (Créteil)}}</ref>

In 1966, the Central Committee approved the "[[New Economic Mechanism]]", which moved away from a strictly planned economy towards a system more reminiscent of the [[Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|decentralized Yugoslav model]]. Over the next two decades of relative domestic quiet, Kádár's government responded alternately to pressures for minor political and economic reforms as well as to counter-pressures from reform opponents. Dissidents (the so-called "Democratic Opposition", ''{{ill|Demokratikus ellenzék|hu}}'') still remained closely watched by the secret police however, particularly during the anniversaries of the 1956 uprising in 1966, 1976, and 1986.

By the early 1980s, it had achieved some lasting economic reforms and limited political liberalization and pursued a foreign policy which encouraged more trade with the West. Nevertheless, the New Economic Mechanism led to mounting foreign debt, incurred to subsidize unprofitable industries. Many of Hungary's manufacturing facilities were outmoded and unable to produce goods that were salable on world markets. Despite this, they succeeded in obtaining sizable financial loans from Western countries without much difficulty. During a 1983 visit to Hungary, Soviet leader [[Yuri Andropov]] expressed interest in adopting some of the country's economic reforms in the Soviet Union.

Hungary remained committed to a pro-Soviet foreign policy and openly criticized US president [[Ronald Reagan]]'s deployment of intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe. In a speech to the CPH's youth organization in 1981, Kádár said "The forces of capitalism are trying to distract attention from their mounting social problems by stepping up the arms race, but there can be no prospect for mankind other than that of peace and social progress." In 1983, Vice President [[George H. W. Bush]] and the foreign ministers of France and West Germany visited Budapest, where they received a friendly welcome, but the Hungarian leadership nonetheless reiterated their opposition to US missile deployment. They also cautioned the Western representatives not to mistake Hungary's economic reforms for a sign that the country would embrace capitalism.

Other events during Kadar's tenure were Hungarian aid and support of [[North Vietnam]] during the [[Vietnam War]], severing relations with [[Israel]] following the [[Six-Day War]], and the boycott of the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet conflict in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/17/world/hungary-joins-soviet-in-quitting-olympics.html | title=Hungary Joins Soviet In Quitting Olympics | newspaper=The New York Times | date=17 May 1984 | page=A15 | access-date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>

===Transition to democracy===
{{Main|End of communism in Hungary (1989)|Hungarian parliamentary election, 1990}} {{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}} In 1985 [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] rose to power in the Soviet Union, and changed the course of its foreign policy. Hungary's transition to a Western-style democracy was one of the smoothest among the former Soviet bloc. By late 1988, activists within the party and bureaucracy and Budapest-based intellectuals were increasing pressure for change. Some of these became reformist social democrats, while others began movements which were to develop into parties. Young liberals formed the Federation of Young Democrats (Fidesz). A core from the so-called Democratic Opposition formed the Association of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) and the national opposition established the [[Hungarian Democratic Forum]] (''Magyar Demokrata Fórum'', MDF). Nationalist movements, such as the [[Jobbik]], only reappeared after a rapid decline in nationalist sentiment following the establishment of the new Republic. Civic activism intensified to a level not seen since the 1956 revolution.

In 1988, Kádár was replaced as General Secretary of the MSZMP by Prime Minister [[Károly Grósz]], and reformist communist leader [[Imre Pozsgay]] was admitted to the Politburo. In 1989, the Parliament adopted a "democracy package", which included [[trade union]] pluralism; freedom of association, assembly, and the press; and a new electoral law. A Central Committee plenum in February 1989 agreed in principle to give up the MSZMP's monopoly of power, and also characterized the October 1956 revolution as a "popular uprising", in the words of Pozsgay, whose reform movement had been gathering strength as Communist Party membership declined dramatically. Kádár's major political rivals then cooperated to move the country gradually to Western-style democracy. The Soviet Union reduced its involvement by signing an agreement in April 1989 to withdraw Soviet forces by June 1991.

While Grósz favoured reforming and refining the system, the "democracy package" went well beyond the "model change" he advocated to change the system within the framework of Communism. However, by this time, Grósz had been rapidly eclipsed by a faction of radical reformers including Pozsgay, [[Miklós Németh]] (who succeeded Grósz as prime minister later in 1988), Foreign Minister [[Gyula Horn]], and [[Rezső Nyers]], the original architect of the New Economic Mechanism. This faction now favoured a "system change"–jettisoning Communism altogether in favour of a market economy. By the summer of 1989, it was clear that the MSZMP was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party. In June, a four-man executive presidency replaced the Politburo. Three of its four members–Nemeth, Pozsgay and Nyers–came from the radical reform faction, with Nyers becoming party president. Grósz retained his title of general secretary, but Nyers now outranked him–effectively making Nyers the leader of Hungary.

National unity culminated in June 1989 as the country reburied Imre Nagy, his associates, and, symbolically, all other victims of the 1956 revolution. A national round table, comprising representatives of the new parties, some recreated old parties (such as the Smallholders and Social Democrats), and different social groups, met in the late summer of 1989 to discuss major changes to the Hungarian constitution in preparation for free elections and the transition to a fully free and democratic political system.

In October 1989, the MSZMP convened what would be its last congress. The party voted to disband and re-establish itself as the [[Hungarian Socialist Party]] (''Magyar Szocialista Párt'', MSZP), a Western European-style social democratic party with Nyers as its first president. Unable to slow down, let alone stop, the momentum toward a full "system change," Grósz eventually led a faction of Communists out of the MSZP to form a revived Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, now the [[Hungarian Workers' Party]].
[[File:Magyarország Köztársaság! 1989. október 23-án (1).jpg|thumb|Proclamation of the Republic]]
The biggest changes by far came on 16–20 October 1989. In a historic session, Parliament adopted a package of nearly 100 constitutional amendments that almost completely rewrote the 1949 constitution. The package – the first comprehensive constitutional reform in the Soviet bloc – changed Hungary's official name to the Republic of Hungary and transformed the country from a one-party Marxist-Leninist state into a multiparty democracy. The revised constitution guaranteed human and civil rights, and created an institutional structure that ensured separation of powers among the judicial, executive, and legislative branches of government. The revised constitution also championed the "values of bourgeois democracy and democratic socialism" and gave equal status to public and private property. Although the now-dissolved MSZMP had already given up its monopoly of power in February, these changes marked the final legal step toward ending Communist rule in Hungary.

On the 33rd anniversary of the 1956 Revolution, 23 October, the Presidential Council was dissolved. In accordance with the constitution, parliament Speaker [[Mátyás Szűrös]] was named provisional president pending elections the following year. One of Szűrös' first acts was to officially proclaim the Republic of Hungary.

Hungary decentralized its economy and strengthened its ties with western Europe; in May 2004 Hungary became a member of the [[European Union]].

==Economy==
{{Further|Eastern Bloc economies}}
As a member of the [[Eastern Bloc]], initially, Hungary was shaped by various directives of [[Joseph Stalin]] that served to undermine Western institutional characteristics of [[Market economy|market economies]], [[liberal democracy]] (considered as [[Liberal democracy#Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie democracy]] in Marxist thought), and [[rule of law]].{{sfn|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=12}} The Soviets modeled economies in the rest of the [[Eastern Bloc]], such as Hungary, along Soviet [[command economy]] lines.{{sfn|Turnock|1997|p=23}} Economic activity was governed by Five Year Plans, divided into monthly segments, which were drafted in order to meet plan targets for the period, and made use of methods such as [[material balance planning]] similar to other Soviet-type command economies.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=250}}

In this era great social progress was made, for example the population between 20 and 24 years old with less than 8 years of education decreased from 71.2% in 1949 to 4.9% in 1984, the annual consumption of meat and fish increased from 35 kilograms in 1950 to 78 in 1984, the percentage of homes with electricity increased from 46.6% in 1949 to 99% in 1984, in the same period the percentage of homes with running water increased from 17.1% to 76.6%, the number of cars per 1,000 people increased from 3 in 1960 to 122 in 1984, in the case of televisions from 10 to 276, in the case of washing machines from 45 to 317, in the case of refrigerators from 4 to 328, infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) fell from 91 in 1949 to 20.4 in 1984.<ref name="Andorka 1990 1–199">{{Cite journal |last=Andorka |first=Rudolf |last2=Harcsa |first2=István |date=1990 |title=Modernization in Hungary in the Long and Short Run Measured by Social Indicators |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27520838 |journal=Social Indicators Research |volume=23 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–199 |issn=0303-8300}}</ref>

Per capita national income grew by 343% from 1950 to 1983 (4.6% per year), real wages by 136% and real incomes by 251% over the same period, meanwhile real value of per capita social benefits rose by 432% from 1960 to 1980. From 1949 to 1984, Hungary's GDP grew as fast as that of countries like Spain.<ref name="Andorka 1990 1–199"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bródy |first=A. |date=1995 |title=The Hungarian Gdp, as Measured by Proxies (appraisal of the Short-Cut Method of F. Jánossy) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40729605 |journal=Acta Oeconomica |volume=47 |issue=1/2 |pages=69–94 |issn=0001-6373}}</ref><ref>Escosura, L.P. (2003) : https://www.fbbva.es/wp-content/uploads/2003/09/DE_2003_LPrados_El_progreso_economico.pdf</ref>

Also poverty was greatly reduced, although from 1962 to 1982 the price index rose by 96%, people with less than 800 forints were 55% in 1962 and after 20 years only 6.4% of those with less than 1800 forints. In 1987, inequality was minimal, with a Gini coefficient of 0.21, and poverty was the same, with a 1% poverty rate (poverty line: $120 PPP per person per month).<ref name="Andorka 1990 1–199"/><ref>Milanović, Branko (1998). ''Income, Inequality and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy.'' Washington, D. C.: Banco Mundial http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/229251468767984676/pdf/multi-page.pdf</ref>

The plans prioritized investment for producer goods over consumer goods.{{sfn|Dale|2005|p=85}}{{Dubious|Talk section name|date=July 2021}} Consumer goods soon began to lack in quantity, resulting in a [[shortage economy]], and lack of user feedback without other incentives for innovation led to a lack of quality as well.{{sfn|Dale|2005|p=85}} Overall, the inefficiency of later economic systems without mechanisms for feedback present in other economies, such as competition, market-clearing prices or subsidies for innovation became costly and unsustainable.{{sfn|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=1}} Housing shortages emerged.{{sfn|Sillince|1990|pp=11–12}} The near-total emphasis on large low quality [[prefabricated]] apartment blocks, such as Hungarian [[Panelház]], was a common feature of Eastern Bloc cities in the 1970s and 1980s.{{sfn|Turnock|1997|p=54}} Even by the late 1980s, [[sanitary conditions]] were generally far from adequate.{{sfn|Sillince|1990|p=18}} Only 60% of Hungarian housing had adequate sanitation by 1984, with only 36% of housing having piped water.{{sfn|Sillince|1990|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=16}}{{sfn|Maddison|2006|p=185}}

The GDP per capita of Hungary, and the Eastern Bloc as a whole, lagged behind that of [[Western Europe]]. A contributing factor is that, in contrast to Hungary, some of the Western European economies, despite being also ravaged from [[WWII]], benefited from the [[Marshall Plan]]<ref name="DeLong and Eichengreen 1993">{{cite book|title=Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today|last1=DeLong|first1=J. Bradford|last2=Eichengreen|first2=Barry | author2-link =Barry Eichengreen |publisher=MIT Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|editor-last=Dornbusch|editor-first=Rudiger | editor1-link =Rudi Dornbusch|pages=189–230|chapter=The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program|editor2-last=Nolling|editor2-first=Wilhelm|editor3-last=Layard|editor3-first=Richard|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGCfmmlGtPEC&pg=PA189|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Nicholas Crafts 6">{{cite magazine |date=2011 |title=The Marshall Plan: A Reality Check |first=Nicholas |last=Crafts |page=6 |citeseerx=10.1.1.570.8467 |journal=CAGE Working Paper Series |number=49 |publisher=Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy, University of Warwick}}</ref> from the [[United States]], whose economy had expanded rapidly during the war and immediate post-war period. Hungary did not receive financial assistance from the [[Molotov Plan]] of the [[Soviet Union]], which also forbade Hungary from joining the Marshall Plan.

== Legacy ==
According to a 2020 poll conducted by Policy Solutions in Hungary, 54% percent of Hungarians say that most people had a better life under communism, while 31% say most people are better off now.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2020 |title=30 Years On – Public Opinion on the Regime Change in Hungary |url=https://www.policysolutions.hu/userfiles/elemzes/309/regime_change_30_years_on_en_summary.pdf |website=Policy Solutions}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{Citation| title = A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
| last1 = Bideleux | first1 = Robert
| last2 = Jeffries | first2 = Ian
| year = 2007
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 978-0-415-36626-7
}}
*{{Citation| title = Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after
| last = Crampton | first = R. J.
| year = 1997
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-16422-2
}}
*{{Citation| title = Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street
| last = Dale | first = Gareth
| year = 2005
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0714654086
}}
*{{Citation| title = East-Central European Economies in Transition
| last1 = Hardt | first1 = John Pearce
| last2 = Kaufman | first2 = Richard F.
| year = 1995
| publisher = M.E. Sharpe
| isbn = 1-56324-612-0
}}
*{{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus |title=The world economy|publisher=OECD Publishing|year=2006|isbn=92-64-02261-9}}
*{{Citation| title = Housing policies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
| last = Sillince | first = John
| year = 1990
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-02134-0
}}
*{{Citation| title = The East European economy in context: communism and transition
| last = Turnock | first = David
| year = 1997
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-08626-4
}}
*{{Citation| title = Stalin and the Cold War in Europe
| last = Wettig | first = Gerhard
| year = 2008
| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
| isbn = 978-0-7425-5542-6
}}

==External links==
*[http://hungarianreview.com/print/Everyday%20Communism%20-%20On%20Life,%20Books%20and%20Women%20in%20Communist%20Hungary Everyday communism – on life, books and women in communist Hungary], Hungary Review
* ''[https://archive.org/details/HistoryRevWorkersMovementHungary4462 History of the Revolutionary Workers Movement in Hungary: 1944–1962]'', an English-language Hungarian work published in 1972.
* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=Hungary%20in%20the%20Cold%20War The CWIHP at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars Collection on Hungary in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605133210/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=Hungary%20in%20the%20Cold%20War |date=5 June 2011 }}

{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Hungarian People's Republic
|list =
{{Hungary topics}}
{{Years in Hungary}}
{{Communist Eastern and Central Europe}}
{{Eastern Bloc}}
{{Socialist states}}
}}

[[Category:Hungarian People's Republic| ]]
[[Category:Communism in Hungary]]
[[Category:Eastern Bloc]]
[[Category:Soviet satellite states|Hungary]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Territorial evolution of Hungary]]
[[Category:1950s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:1960s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:1970s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:1980s in Hungary|.]]
[[Category:Former socialist republics|Hungary]]
[[Category:Communist states]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1989]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:1989 disestablishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:20th century in Hungary]]

Spice

2026-02-27T02:20:54Z

Kiloforce123: corrected details additionally

{{Short description|Food flavoring}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Spices1.jpg|thumb|Spices at a central market in [[Agadir]], [[Morocco]]]]
[[File:Indianspicesherbs.jpg|thumb|A group of [[Indian spices|Indian herbs and spices]] in bowls]]
[[File:Spices of Saúde flea market, São Paulo, Brazil.jpg|thumb|Spices of Saúde flea market, [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]]]

In the [[culinary art]]s, a '''spice''' is a [[seed]], [[fruit]], [[root]], [[Bark (botany)|bark]], or other [[plant]] substance primarily used for [[flavoring]] or [[color]]ing food. Spices are distinguished from [[herb]]s, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for [[flavoring]] or as a [[garnish (food)|garnish]]. Spices and herbs are both [[seasoning|seasonings]].
Spices are sometimes used in [[medicine]], [[Sacred rite|religious rituals]], [[cosmetics]], or [[perfume]] production. They are usually classified into spices, spice seeds, and herbal categories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Spice and herb {{!}} Types, Uses, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/spice-food |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> For example, [[vanilla]] is commonly used as an ingredient in [[Aroma compound|fragrance]] manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-102659-5.00048-3 |chapter=Vanilla |title=Medicinal Plants of South Asia |year=2020 |last1=Ahmad |first1=Hafsa |last2=Khera |first2=Rasheed Ahmad |last3=Hanif |first3=Muhammad Asif |last4=Ayub |first4=Muhammad Adnan |last5=Jilani |first5=Muhammad Idrees |pages=657–669 |isbn=978-0-08-102659-5 |s2cid=241855294 }}</ref> Plant-based [[sweetener]]s such as [[sugar]] are not considered spices.

Spices can be used in various forms, including fresh, whole, dried, grated, chopped, crushed, ground, or extracted into a tincture. These processes may occur before the spice is sold, during meal preparation in the kitchen, or even at the table when serving a dish, such as grinding peppercorns as a condiment. Certain spices are rarely available fresh, or whole, and are typically purchased in ground form. Small seeds, such as fennel and mustard, can be used either in their whole form or as a powder.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

A whole dried spice has the longest shelf life, so it can be purchased and stored in larger amounts, making it cheaper on a per-serving basis. A fresh spice, such as [[ginger]], is usually more flavorful than its dried form, but fresh spices are more expensive and have a much shorter shelf life.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

A 2019 review paper found that most claimed health benefits were not supported by [[Evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]], although noted that [[Polyphenol|polyphenols]] found in spices may be beneficial.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal| display-authors=3|last1=Vázquez-Fresno|first1=Rosa|last2=Rosana | first2=Albert Remus R. | last3=Sajed | first3=Tanvir | last4=Onookome-Okome | first4=Tuviere | last5=Wishart | first5=Noah A. | last6=Wishart | first6=David S.|title=Herbs and Spices - Biomarkers of Intake Based on Human Intervention Studies – A Systematic Review|journal=Genes and Nutrition|volume=14|issue=18|doi=10.1186/s12263-019-0636-8|pmid=31143299|pmc=6532192|date=22 May 2019 |page=18 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[India]] contributes to 75% of global spice production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spices Board |url=https://www.indianspices.com/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=www.indianspices.com}}</ref> This is reflected culturally through its [[Indian cuisine|cuisine]]. Historically, the [[spice trade]] developed throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]] as well as in [[East Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. Europe's demand for spices was among the economic and cultural factors that encouraged exploration in the [[early modern period]].

== Definition ==
Although defining spice is difficult, varying definitions cover several common aspects. One such aspect is the biological source of spices: the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (''OED'') identifies the source as vegetables, while Redgrove (1933) is more specific as to the part of the plant, specifically the [[root]], [[rhizome]], [[flower]], [[fruit]], [[seed]] and [[bark (botany)|bark]] when they are dried, in contrast with herbaceous parts which constitute [[herb]]s. ''[[The Oxford Companion to Food]]'' challenges spices as sourced from plants being a hard rule, pointing to [[ambergris]] being often identified as a spice despite its animal origin.{{Sfnp|Davidson|Jaine|2014|loc=spices}}

Another aspect is the geographical source: The ''OED'' specifies spices are sourced from the tropics, while ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' gives the example of [[Caraway|caraway seeds]] as demonstrating that spices can come from temperate climes. The notion that spices have a tropical origin is historic: originally "spice" was understood as a type of merchandise from the Orient. As Europeans encountered the Americas, beginning the [[Columbian exchange]], the meaning expanded to capture new aromatics, and the meaning later shifted again to refer to culinary use. This historic development has led to some ingredients indigenous to European cooking such as garlic and horseradish not being considered spices despite sharing many attributes.{{Sfnp|Davidson|Jaine|2014|loc=spices}}

==History==
{{Seealso|Spice use in antiquity}}

===Early history===
[[Archaeology|Archeological]] study of early spice use is difficult, as spices were used in small quantities, leaving few preserved remains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Katherine M |title=Routledge International Handbook of Food Studies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-78264-7 |editor-last=Albala |editor-first=Ken |editor-link=Ken Albala |location=Oxford & New York |chapter=The archaeology of food}}</ref>

The [[spice trade]] developed throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="Sidebotham2019">{{cite book|author=Steven E. Sidebotham|title=Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw6LDwAAQBAJ|date=May 7, 2019|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-30338-6|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-date=June 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630115408/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw6LDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Middle East]] by 2000 BCE with [[cinnamon]] and [[black pepper]], and in [[East Asia]] with herbs and pepper. The Egyptians used herbs for [[ancient Egyptian cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Ancient Egyptian funerary practices|mummification]]. Their demand for exotic spices and herbs helped stimulate world trade.

[[Clove]]s were used in [[Mesopotamia]] by 1700 BCE.{{refn |group=note |A team of archaeologists led by [[Giorgio Buccellati]] excavating the ruins of a burned-down house at the site of [[Terqa]], in modern-day [[Syria]], found a ceramic pot containing a handful of cloves. The house had burned down around 1720 BC and this was the first evidence of cloves being used in the west before Roman times.<ref>Daniel T. Potts (1997), [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_aFGKPsWwcC&pg=PA269 Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164819/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_aFGKPsWwcC&pg=PA269 |date=March 26, 2023 }} A&C Black publishers, p. 269</ref><ref>Buccellati, G., M. Kelly-Buccellati, Terqa: The First Eight Seasons, Les Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes 33(2), 1983, 47–67</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=O'Connell |first=John |title=The Book of Spice: From Anise to Zedoary |publisher=Pegasus Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-68177-152-6|url= }}</ref>}} The earliest written records of spices come from ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian cultures. The [[Ebers Papyrus]] from early Egypt dating from 1550 BCE describes some eight hundred different [[Herbal medicine|herbal medicinal]] remedies and numerous medicinal procedures.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|last=Woodward|first=Penny|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=2003|editor-last=Katz|volume=2|pages=187–195|chapter=Herbs and Spices}}</ref>

By 1000 BCE, medical systems based on herbs could be found in [[China]], [[Korea]], and [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sonal Dubey |title=Indian Spices and their medicinal value |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320247387 |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research |date=2017 |volume=51 |issue=3s2 |pages=s330–s332 |access-date=27 July 2025 |doi=10.5530/ijper.51.3s.41 |quote=By 1000 BCE, medical systems based upon herbs could be found in China, Korea, and India.|doi-access=free }}</ref> Early uses were associated with magic, medicine, religion, tradition, and preservation.<ref name=ABCp14>{{cite book |last=Murdock |first=Linda | title=A Busy Cook's Guide to Spices: How to Introduce New Flavors to Everyday Meals | publisher=Bellwether Books | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-9704285-0-9 | page=14}}</ref>

Indonesian merchants traveled around China, India, the Middle East, and the east coast of Africa. [[Arab]] merchants facilitated the routes through the Middle East and India. This resulted in the Egyptian [[Port of Alexandria|port city of Alexandria]] being the main trading center for spices. The most important discovery prior to the European spice trade was the [[monsoon]] winds (40 CE). Sailing from Eastern spice cultivators to Western European consumers gradually replaced the land-locked spice routes once facilitated by the Middle East Arab caravans.<ref name=ABCp14/>

Spices were prominent enough in the ancient world that they are mentioned in the [[Old Testament]]. In [[Genesis (Old Testament)|Genesis]], [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]] was sold into slavery by his brothers to spice merchants. In [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], [[manna]] is described as being similar to coriander in appearance. In the [[Song of Solomon]], the male narrator compares his beloved to many saffron, cinnamon, and other spices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Song of Songs 4:14 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+4:14&version=NIV |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref>

Historians believe that [[nutmeg]], which originates from the [[Banda Islands]] in [[Southeast Asia]], was introduced to Europe in the 6th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burkill |first=I.H. |title=A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture and Co-Operatives |location=Kuala Lumpur |year=1966}}</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] had cloves in the 1st century CE, as [[Pliny the Elder]] wrote about them.<ref name="Duke 2002 p. 7">{{cite book |last=Duke |first=J.A. |title=CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4200-4048-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPTLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=May 9, 2017 |page=7 |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630115408/https://books.google.com/books?id=vPTLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Le livre des merveilles de Marco Polo-pepper.jpg|thumb|"The Mullus" harvesting pepper. Illustration from a French edition of ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]''.]]
Spices were among the most demanded and expensive products available in Europe in the [[Middle Ages]],[[Spice#cite note-5|[5]]] the most common being [[black pepper]], [[cinnamon]] (and the cheaper alternative [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cassia]]), [[cumin]], [[nutmeg]], ginger, and [[cloves]]. Given medieval medicine's main theory of [[humorism]], spices and herbs were indispensable to balance "humors" in food,[[Spice#cite note-6|[6]]] on a daily basis for good health at a time of recurrent [[pandemic]]s. In addition to being desired by those using [[Medieval medicine of Western Europe|medieval medicine]], the European elite also craved spices in the Middle Ages, believing spices to be from and a connection to "paradise".<ref>{{Cite book |author=Schivelbusch, Wolfgang |title=Tastes of paradise : a social history of spices, stimulants, and intoxicants |date=1992 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=0-394-57984-4 |oclc=24702170 }}</ref> An example of the European aristocracy's demand for spice comes from the [[King of Aragon]], who invested substantial resources into importing spices to [[Spain]] in the 12th century. He was specifically looking for spices to put in [[wine]] and was not alone among [[European Monarchs|European monarchs]] at the time to have such a desire for spice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Freedman|first=Paul|date=June 5, 2015|title=Health, wellness and the allure of spices in the Middle Ages|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|series=Potent Substances: On the Boundaries of Food and Medicine|volume=167|pages=47–53|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.065|pmid=25450779}}</ref>

Spices were all imported from plantations in Asia and Africa, which made them expensive. From the 8th until the 15th century, the [[Republic of Venice]] held a monopoly on spice trade with the Middle East, using this position to dominate the neighboring Italian [[maritime republics]] and city-states. The trade made the region rich. It has been estimated that around 1,000 tons of pepper and 1,000 tons of other common spices were imported into Western Europe each year during the [[Late Middle Ages]]. The value of these goods was the equivalent of a yearly supply of grain for 1.5 million people.<ref>{{cite book |author=Adamson, Melitta Weiss|title=Food in Medieval Times|url=https://archive.org/details/foodmedievaltime00adam_218|url-access=limited|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn|year=2004|isbn=978-0-313-32147-4|page= [https://archive.org/details/foodmedievaltime00adam_218/page/n89 65]}}</ref> The most exclusive was [[saffron]], used as much for its vivid yellow-red color as for its flavor. Spices that have now fallen into obscurity in European cuisine include [[Aframomum melegueta|grains of paradise]], a relative of [[cardamom]] which mostly replaced pepper in late medieval north French cooking, along with [[long pepper]], [[nutmeg|mace]], [[spikenard]], [[galangal]], and [[cubeb]].<ref name="freedman" />

===Early modern period===
Voyagers from [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] were interested in seeking new routes to trade in spices and other valuable products from Asia. The control of trade routes and the spice-producing regions were the main reasons that [[Portugal|Portuguese]] navigator [[Vasco da Gama]] sailed to [[India]] in 1499.[[Spice#cite note-8|[8]]] When da Gama discovered the pepper market in India, he was able to secure peppers for a much lower cost than demanded by [[Venice]].<ref name=":0" /> At around the same time, [[Christopher Columbus]] returned from the [[New World]]. He described to [[investor]]s the new spices available there.<ref>Turner, 2004, p. 11</ref>{{Efn|The word "ají" is still used in South American Spanish for chili peppers.}}

Another source of competition in the spice trade during the 15th and 16th centuries was the [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusans]] from the maritime republic of [[Dubrovnik]] in southern Croatia.<ref>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, p. 453, Gil Marks, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-470-39130-3}}</ref> The military prowess of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] (1453–1515) allowed the Portuguese to take control of the sea routes to India. In 1506, he took the island of [[Socotra]] in the mouth of the [[Red Sea]] and, in 1507, [[Ormuz]] in the [[Persian Gulf]]. Since becoming the [[viceroy]] of the [[Indies]], he took [[Goa]] in India in 1510, and [[Malacca]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]] in 1511. The Portuguese could now trade directly with [[Thailand|Siam]], [[China]], and the [[Maluku Islands]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

With the discovery of the New World came new spices, including [[allspice]], [[chili pepper]]s, [[vanilla]], and [[chocolate]]. This development kept the spice trade, with the Americas as a latecomer with their new seasonings, profitable well into the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariners Weather Log Vol. 52, No. 3, December 2008 |url=https://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/dec_08/great_exchange.shtml |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=www.vos.noaa.gov}}</ref>

==Function==
[[File:Common Indian spices.jpg|thumb|Turmeric powder, mustard seeds, chilli powder, cumin seeds|alt=Chili powder, mustard seeds, turmeric powder, cumin seeds]]
Spices are primarily used as food [[flavoring]] or to create variety.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Dennett |first=Carrie |date=January 26, 2017 |title=How a full spice cabinet can keep you healthy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/spices-and-herbs-do-more-than-add-flavor-to-food--they-are-nutritional-powerhouses/2017/01/25/79dbedb4-e24c-11e6-a453-19ec4b3d09ba_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208195529/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/spices-and-herbs-do-more-than-add-flavor-to-food--they-are-nutritional-powerhouses/2017/01/25/79dbedb4-e24c-11e6-a453-19ec4b3d09ba_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They are also used to perfume [[cosmetics]] and [[incense]]. At various periods, many spices were used in [[herbal medicine]]. Finally, since they can be expensive, rare and exotic commodities, their [[conspicuous consumption]] has often been a symbol of wealth and social class.<ref name="freedman">Paul Freedman, ''Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination'', 2008, {{isbn|9780300151350}}, p. 2-3</ref>

===Preservative claim===
{{quote box|align=right|width=35%|The most popular explanation for the love of spices in the Middle Ages is that they were used to preserve meat from spoiling, or to cover up the taste of meat that had already gone off. This compelling but false idea constitutes something of an urban legend, a story so instinctively attractive that mere fact seems unable to wipe it out... Anyone who could afford spices could easily find meat fresher than what city dwellers today buy in their local supermarket.<ref name="freedman"/>}}
It is often claimed that spices were used either as [[food preservation|food preservatives]] or to mask the taste of [[Meat spoilage|spoiled meat]], especially in the European [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="freedman"/><ref name="ThomasDaoust2012">{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Frédéric |last2=Daoust |first2=Simon P. |last3=Raymond |first3=Michel |title=Can we understand modern humans without considering pathogens?: Human evolution and parasites |journal=Evolutionary Applications |date=June 2012 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=368–379 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00231.x |pmid=25568057 |pmc=3353360 }}</ref> This is false.<ref>Paul Freedman, "Food Histories of the Middle Ages", in Kyri W. Claflin, Peter Scholliers, ''Writing Food History: A Global Perspective'', {{isbn|1847888097}}, p. 24</ref><ref>[[Andrew Dalby]], ''Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices'', 2000, {{isbn|0520236742}}, p. 156</ref><ref>Andrew Jotischky, ''A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages'', 2011, {{isbn|1441159916}}, p. 170</ref><ref name="freedman" /> In fact, spices are rather ineffective as preservatives as compared to [[salting (food)|salting]], [[smoking (cooking)|smoking]], [[pickling]], or [[food drying|drying]], and are ineffective in covering the taste of spoiled meat.<ref name="freedman"/> Moreover, spices have always been comparatively expensive: in 15th century Oxford, a whole pig cost about the same as a pound of the cheapest spice, pepper.<ref name="freedman"/> There is also no evidence of such use from contemporary cookbooks: "Old cookbooks make it clear that spices weren't used as a preservative. They typically suggest adding spices toward the end of the cooking process, where they could have no preservative effect whatsoever."<ref name="krondl">Michael Krondl, ''The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice'', 2007, {{isbn|9780345480835}}, p. 6</ref> Indeed, [[Cristoforo di Messisbugo]] suggested in the 16th century that pepper may speed up spoilage.<ref name="krondl"/>

Though some spices have [[antimicrobial]] properties in vitro,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shelef |first1=L.A. |title=Antimicrobial Effects of Spices |journal=Journal of Food Safety |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=29–44 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00477.x}}</ref> pepper—by far the most common spice—is relatively ineffective, and in any case, salt, which is far cheaper, is also far more effective.<ref name="krondl"/>
{{clear}}

==Classification and types==
{{see also|Outline of herbs and spices}}
[[File:Indian spices with labels (garam masala components) (49684333301).jpg|thumb|A plate of [[Indian spices|Indian herbs and spices]]]]

===Culinary herbs and spices===
{{main|List of culinary herbs and spices}}

===Botanical basis===
{{Div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Seed]]s, such as [[fennel]], [[Mustard seeds|mustard]], [[nutmeg]], and [[black pepper]]
* [[Fruit]]s, such as [[cayenne pepper]] and [[Chimayo pepper]]
* [[Aril]]s, such as [[Mace (spice)|mace]] (part of nutmeg plant fruit)
* [[Bark (botany)|Barks]], such as [[Cinnamomum zeylanicum|true cinnamon]] and [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cassia]]
* [[Flower bud]]s, such as [[cloves]]
* [[Stigma (botany)|Stigmas]], such as [[saffron]]
* [[Root]]s and [[rhizome]]s, such as [[turmeric]], [[ginger]] and [[galangal]]
* [[Resin]]s, such as [[asafoetida]]
{{Div col end}}

===Common spice mixtures===
{{main|Spice mix}}

{{Div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Advieh]] ([[Iran]])
* [[Baharat]] ([[Arab world]], and the [[Middle East]] in general)
* [[Berbere]] ([[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]])
* [[Yaji (spice blend)]] ([[Nigeria]])
* [[Bumbu (seasoning)|Bumbu]] ([[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]])
* [[Cajun cuisine#Blended|Cajun]] ([[United States]])
* [[Chaat masala]] ([[Indian subcontinent]])
* [[Chili pepper|Chili]] [[Chili powder|powder]] and [[crushed red pepper]] ([[Cayenne pepper|Cayenne]], [[Chipotle]], [[Jalapeño]], [[New Mexico chile|New Mexico]], [[Tabasco pepper|Tabasco]], and [[List of Capsicum cultivars|other cultivars]])
* [[Curry powder]]
* [[Five-spice powder]] ([[China]])
* [[Garam masala]] (Indian subcontinent)
* [[Harissa]] ([[North Africa]])
* [[Hawaij]] ([[Yemen]])
* [[Jamaican jerk spice|Jerk spice]] ([[Jamaica]])
* [[Khmeli suneli]] ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
* [[Masala (spice)|Masala]] (a generic name for any mix used in the Indian subcontinent)
* [[Mixed spice]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Panch phoron]] (Indian subcontinent)
* [[Pumpkin pie spice]] ([[United States]])
* [[Quatre épices]] ([[France]])
* [[Ras el hanout]] ([[North Africa]])
* [[Sharena sol]] (literally "colorful salt", [[Bulgaria]])
* [[Shichimi|Shichimi tōgarashi]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Speculaas]] ([[Belgium]] and [[Netherlands]])
* Thuna Paha ([[Sri Lanka]])
* [[Podravka#Consumer brands|Vegeta]] ([[Croatia]]) and a generic name for the staple brand in [[Central and Eastern Europe]]
* [[Za'atar]] (Middle East)
{{Div col end}}

==Handling==
[[File:Spice-shelf.jpg|thumb|upright=1.00|A shelf of common spices for a home kitchen in Canada or the United States]]


{{Anchor|Ground spices}}

[[File:Peugeot pepper mill.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.50|Pepper mill]]
A [[mortar and pestle]] is the classic set of tools for grinding a whole spice. Less labor-intensive tools are more common now: a [[microplane]] or fine [[grater]] can be used to grind small amounts; a [[blade grinder|coffee grinder]]<ref group=note>Other types of coffee grinders, such as a [[burr mill]], can grind spices just as well as coffee beans.</ref> is useful for larger amounts. A frequently used spice such as black pepper may merit storage in its own hand grinder or [[Burr mill#Manual burr grinders|mill]].

The flavor of a spice is derived in part from compounds (volatile oils) that [[oxidize]] or evaporate when exposed to air. Grinding a spice greatly increases its surface area and so increases the rates of oxidation and evaporation. Thus, the flavor is maximized by storing a spice whole and grinding when needed. The shelf life of a whole dry spice is roughly two years; of a ground spice roughly six months.<ref name=GE714>{{Cite episode |title=Spice Capades |episode-link=List of Good Eats episodes#Season 7 |series=Good Eats |series-link=Good Eats |credits=Host: [[Alton Brown]] |network=Food Network |airdate=January 14, 2004 |season=7 |number=14 |ref=GE714}}</ref> The "flavor life" of a ground spice can be much shorter.<ref group=note>[[Nutmeg]], in particular, suffers from grinding and the flavor will degrade noticeably in a matter of days.</ref> Ground spices are better stored away from light.<ref group=note>Light contributes to oxidation processes.</ref>

Some flavor elements in spices are soluble in water; many are soluble in oil or fat. As a general rule, the flavors from a spice take time to infuse into the food so spices are added early in preparation. This contrasts to [[herb]]s which are usually added late in preparation.<ref name=GE714/>

===Salmonella contamination===
A study by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] of shipments of spices to the United States during fiscal years 2007–2009 showed about 7% of the shipments were contaminated by ''[[Salmonella]]'' bacteria, some of it antibiotic-resistant.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Van Dorena|first=Jane M.|author2=Daria Kleinmeiera|author3=Thomas S. Hammack|author4=Ann Westerman|title=Prevalence, serotype diversity, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in imported shipments of spice offered for entry to the United States, FY2007–FY2009|journal=Food Microbiology|date=June 2013|volume=34|issue=2|pages=239–251|doi=10.1016/j.fm.2012.10.002|pmid=23541190|quote=Shipments of imported spices offered for entry to the United States were sampled during the fiscal years 2007–2009. The mean shipment prevalence for Salmonella was 0.066 (95% CI 0.057–0.076)|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258953|access-date=June 16, 2019|archive-date=June 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616194240/https://zenodo.org/record/1258953|url-status=live}}</ref> As most spices are cooked before being served salmonella contamination often has no effect, but some spices, particularly pepper, are often eaten raw and are present at the table for convenient use. Shipments from Mexico and India, a major producer, were the most frequently contaminated.<ref name=NYT82713>{{cite news |title=Salmonella in Spices Prompts Changes in Farming |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/28/world/asia/farmers-change-over-spices-link-to-food-ills.html |access-date=August 28, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 27, 2013 |author=Gardiner Harris |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829170450/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/28/world/asia/farmers-change-over-spices-link-to-food-ills.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Food irradiation]] is said to minimize this risk.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effects of gamma-irradiation on the free radical and antioxidant contents in nine aromatic herbs and spices.|year = 2003|pmid = 12568551|last1 = Calucci|first1 = L.|last2 = Pinzino|first2 = C.|last3 = Zandomeneghi|first3 = M.|last4 = Capocchi|first4 = A.|last5 = Ghiringhelli|first5 = S.|last6 = Saviozzi|first6 = F.|last7 = Tozzi|first7 = S.|last8 = Galleschi|first8 = L.|journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume = 51|issue = 4|pages = 927–34|doi = 10.1021/jf020739n | bibcode=2003JAFC...51..927C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Myths about Food Irradiation |url=https://ccr.ucdavis.edu/food-irradiation/myths-about-food-irradiation |access-date=July 30, 2022 |website=Center for Consumer Research |language=en |archive-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730162900/https://ccr.ucdavis.edu/food-irradiation/myths-about-food-irradiation |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Production==
[[File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg|thumb|right|Spices and herbs at a shop in [[Goa]], India]]
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="float:left"
|+ Top Spice Producing Countries (in metric tonnes)
!Rank
!Country
!2010
!2011
|-
| 1 || India || 1,474,900 || 1,525,000
|-
| 2 || Bangladesh || 128,517 || 139,775
|-
| 3 || Turkey || 107,000 || 113,783
|-
| 4 || China || 90,000 || 95,890
|-
| 5 || Pakistan || 53,647 || 53,620
|-
| 6 || Iran || 18,028 || 21,307
|-
| 7 || Nepal || 20,360 || 20,905
|-
| 8 || Colombia || 16,998 || 19,378
|-
| 9 || Ethiopia || 27,122 || 17,905
|-
| 10 || Sri Lanka || 8,293 || 8,438
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
| — || ''[[World]]'' || 1,995,523 || 2,063,472
|-
|colspan=4 | Source: [[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |publisher=[[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]] |title=Production of Spice by countries |year=2011 |access-date=December 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=July 13, 2011 }}</ref>
|}
{{Clear}}

==Standardization==
The [[International Organization for Standardization]] addresses spices and [[condiment]]s, along with related food additives, as part of the [[International Classification for Standards]] 67.220 series.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[International Organization for Standardization]] |title=67.220: Spices and condiments. Food additives |year=2009 |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=67&ICS2=220&development=on |access-date=April 23, 2009 |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606151414/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=67&ICS2=220&development=on |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Gato negro.jpg|The ''Gato Negro'' café and spice shop ([[Buenos Aires]], Argentina)
File:Spice shop, Mashad, Iran.jpg|A spice shop selling a variety of spices in Iran
File:Night Spice market in Casablanca.JPG|Night spice shop in Casablanca, Morocco
File:Taliparamba Market.jpg|A spice shop in [[Taliparamba]], India
File:Taliparamba grocery.jpg|Spices sold in [[Taliparamba]], India
File:Spice seller, Kashgar market.jpg|Spice seller at a market in [[Kashgar]], China
File:Spice Market, Marakech (2242330035).jpg|Spice market, [[Marrakesh]], Morocco
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food|Medicine}}


* [[Tempering (spices)]]
* [[Spice rub]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{Cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Davidson (food writer) |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] |last2=Jaine |first2=Tom |author-link2=Tom Jaine |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780191756276 |edition=3rd}}

==Further reading==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book |last=Czarra |first=Fred |year=2009 |title=Spices: A Global History|url=https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar |url-access=registration |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar/page/128 128] |isbn=978-1-86189-426-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Dalby |year=2000 |title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23674-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Freedman |year=2008 |title=Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21131-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2006 |title=The Spice Route: A History |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-0-7195-6199-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Krondl |first=Michael |year=2008 |title=The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-345-50982-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=James Innes |year=1969 |title=The spice trade of the Roman Empire, 29 B.C. to A.D. 641 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon P. |isbn=978-0-19-814264-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Morton |first=Timothy |title=The Poetics of Spice: Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02666-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Seidemann |first=Johannes |year=2005 |title=World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-22279-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Turner (writer) |year=2004 |title=Spice: The History of a Temptation |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-40721-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/spicehistoryofte00turn_0 }}

== External links ==
* {{Commons inline}}
* {{Wikibooks inline|Cookbook:Spices and herbs}}
* {{Wiktionary inline|spice}}

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Cuisine}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spices| ]]
[[Category:Plant products]]

Shanmughanathar Temple, Kunnakudi

2026-02-26T12:45:52Z

Kiloforce123: started location

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kunnakudi Shanmuganathar Temple
| image = N-TN-C188 Rock cut Temple Kunnakudi Sivagangai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Image of the temple atop the hill
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|06|54|N|78|41|57|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| location = [[Kundrakudi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kunnakudi Shanmuganathar swamy ([[Murugan]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kunnakudi Shanmughanathar temple''' (also called '''Kunnakudi Temple''' or '''Kunnakudi Murugan Temple''') in [[Kundrakudi]], a village in the outskirts of [[Karaikudi]] in [[Sivaganga district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Murugan]]. Constructed in the [[Hindu architecture|Hindu style of architecture]], the temple is located in the [[Tirupathur, Sivaganga|Tirupattur]] - [[Karaikudi]] Road, around {{convert|14|km|m|abbr=on}} from Karaikudi. There are three caves located on the western side of the lower rock, that has rock-cut shrines from the [[Pandyan]] Empire from the 8th century. The caves have the earliest sculptural representation of [[Dvarapalas]], the guardian deities, for any South Indian temple.

The temple has a five-tiered gateway tower, the [[gopuram]] in the hill, leading to a pillared hall and the sanctum. The temple is open from 6:00 am – 12:00 am and 4 - 8:00 pm. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Panguni'' (March - April) and Thaipoosam during ''Thai'' (January - February) being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Kunnakudi Thiruvannamalai Mutt Adikam]], while the rock-cut caves are maintained as a protected monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

==Legend==
The place was originally called Kundrakudi as it was located in a hill (''Kundram'' means hill in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), which with the period of time became Kunnakudi. It is also called by other names like Mayuragiri, Mayilmalai, Arasavaram and Krishanagaram as the hill resembles the shape of a peacock.<ref>{{cite book|title=Music and temples, a ritualistic approach|page=71|last=L.|first=Annapoorna|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=9788175740907}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar"/> As per Hindu legend, sage [[Agasthya]] is believed to have worshipped Murugan at this place.

==Architecture==
[[File:குன்றக்குடி சண்முகநாதப் பெருமான்.JPG|250px|left|thumb|Festival image of the deity depicted with six heads]]
The temple is located in [[Kundrakudi]], in the outskirts of [[Karaikudi]] in [[Sivaganga district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] on the road from [[Tirupathur, Sivaganga|Tirupattur]] to [[Karaikudi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1965}}</ref> The hill has a height of {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} and occupies an area of {{convert|6.5|acre|sqm|abbr=on}}. The temple has a five tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower raising to a height of {{convert|16.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, which pierces the granite wall surrounding the temple. The sanctum faces East and the image of the presiding deity Murugan is sported with the images of his consort Valli and Deivasana, each of whom are seen sitting on a peacock. There are shrines of other deities around the sanctum in the precinct.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

There are three caves in the western side of the lower hill, with rock-cut images dedicated to Shiva in each of them. The first two caves have intricate rock-cut sculptures and [[Dvarapalas]] on either side of the sanctum, while the third one is plain. There are various sculpted images of [[Vishnu]], [[Durga]], [[Lingodbhava]], [[Harihara]].<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012|pages=149–152|ref=Rao}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rock-cut temple styles: early Pandyan art and the Ellora shrines|page=79|last=K.V.|first=Soundara Rajan|publisher=Somaiya Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788170392187}}</ref> The image of Dvarapalas in the caves, on either sides of the sanctum, with each leaning in the direction facing the sanctum, are found to be the earliest representation of the images. These are not found in [[Pallava]] architecture, which precedes the Pandyas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dvarapalas in Indonesia: Temple Guardians and Acculturation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNlt08SXW48C&dq=kunnakudi+temple&pg=PA56|page=56|last=Van Bemmel|first=Helena A.|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9789054101550}}</ref> The caves are considered one of the major specimens of rock-cut architecture of the [[Pandyas]], counted along with [[Vettuvan Koil]], [[Thirumalaipuram]] and [[Thiruparankundram]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Essays on Indian Art and Architecture|last=Kumar|first=Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT77yuqxGj4C&dq=kunnakudi+temple&pg=PA252|page=252|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2003|isbn=9788171417155}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Kundrakudi Temple.JPG|250px|thumb|View of the temple from downstairs]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasandhi'' at 6:00 a.m., ''Uchikala poojai'' at 11:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Arthajama Pooja'' at 7:45 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for the presiding deities. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 6:30 am – 12:00 pm and 5 - 8:30 pm on all days except during festive occasions when it has extended timings. The major festivals of the temple include the Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Panguni'' (March - April) and Thaipoosam during ''Thai'' (January - February). The other festivals include Kantha Sashti, Vaikasi Visagam, Aavani Moolam and Paal Perukku Vizha. Like other Murugan temples during the festivals, hundreds of devotees carry pots of milk and [[Kavadi]] around the streets of the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kunnakudi Shanmughanathar temple|publisher=Dinamalar |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=761|year=2011|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> Devotees offer pepper and salt to Saravana Poigai, the temple tank, as a mark of worship. The temple is revered in the verses of ''[[Thirupugazh]]'' the 15th century anthology on Murugan by [[Arunagirinathar]].<ref name="dinamalar"/> The temple finds mentions in ''Mayuragiri Puranam'', a medieval [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scripture. Devotees get married in the temple and worship for cure from diseases.<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|pages=156–7|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref>

In modern times, the Sivaganga district administration has identified the temple as one of the prominent tourist attractions in the district.<ref>{{cite report|title=District Statistical handbook|url=http://sivaganga.tn.nic.in/Documents/Pdf/dst_prfl.pdf|year=2011|accessdate=26 November 2015|page=15|publisher=Sivaganga district administration, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223202311/http://sivaganga.tn.nic.in/Documents/Pdf/dst_prfl.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple is administered by [[Kunnakudi Thiruvannamalai Mutt Adikam]], which was established during the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bulletin|page=170|journal=Institute of Traditional Cultures|year=1957}}</ref> In modern times, the caves are maintained and administered by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=2011|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Kathgodam Express

2026-02-25T16:59:00Z

Kiloforce123: quick update

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kathgodam Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express train|Express]]
| locale = [[Uttarakhand]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2001|01|09}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Kathgodam}} (KGM)
| stops = 9
| end = {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} (DDN)
| distance = {{convert|335|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large windows
| sharing = Rake sharing with 14113/14114 Subedarganj-Dehradun Express.
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 14119 / 14120
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|40|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 14119 / 14120 '''Kathgodam Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Kathgodam]] and {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} in India. It operates as train number 14119 from Kathgodam and Dehradun and as train number 14120 in the reverse direction.

==Timetable==

* 14119 Kathgodam Express leaves Kathgodam every day at 19:45 hrs IST and reaches Dehradun at 04:20 hrs IST the next day.
* 14120 Kathgodam Express leaves Dehradun every day at 23:30 hrs IST and reaches Kathgodam at 07:10 hrs IST the next day.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station code
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station name
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''14119 – [[Kathgodam]] to {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/Kathgodam_Dehradun-14119-train.html|title=Kathgodam Express-14119|accessdate=3 Sep 2012}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''14120 – {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} to [[Kathgodam]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timeline/edits-Kathgodam-Express-14120-kgm-to-ddn/459/297/65|title=Kathgodam Express 14120|accessdate=18 Oct 2012}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
|-
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
|-
| valign="center" | KGM
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Kathgodam}}
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''19:45'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | '''07:10'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 335
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | HDW
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Haldwani}}
| valign="center" | 20:01
| valign="center" | 20:03
| valign="center" | 7
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 06:48
| valign="center" | 06:50
| valign="center" | 329
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | LKU
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Lalkuan Junction}}
| valign="center" | 20:35
| valign="center" | 20:40
| valign="center" | 23
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 06:00
| valign="center" | 06:10
| valign="center" | 313
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | HLDD
| valign="center" | Haldi Road
| valign="center" | 20:46
| valign="center" | 20:48
| valign="center" | 30
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 05:41
| valign="center" | 05:43
| valign="center" | 305
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | RUPC
| valign="center" | [[Rudrapur railway station|Rudrapur City]]
| valign="center" | 21:02
| valign="center" | 21:04
| valign="center" | 45
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 05:03
| valign="center" | 05:05
| valign="center" | 291
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | BLQR
| valign="center" | [[Bilaspur railway station|Bilaspur Road]]
| valign="center" | 21:25
| valign="center" | 21:27
| valign="center" | 63
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 04:36
| valign="center" | 04:38
| valign="center" | 273
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | RMU
| valign="center" | [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
| valign="center" | 22:33
| valign="center" | 22:38
| valign="center" | 90
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 04:10
| valign="center" | 04:15
| valign="center" | 246
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | MB
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}
| valign="center" | 23:20
| valign="center" | 23:30
| valign="center" | 117
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 03:25
| valign="center" | 03:35
| valign="center" | 219
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | NBD
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Najibabad Junction}}
| valign="center" | 01:10
| valign="center" | 01:15
| valign="center" | 215
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 01:35
| valign="center" | 01:40
| valign="center" | 121
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | LRJ
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}}
| valign="center" | 01:55
| valign="center" | 02:00
| valign="center" | 257
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 00:53
| valign="center" | 00:58
| valign="center" | 79
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | HW
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Haridwar Junction}}
| valign="center" | 02:28
| valign="center" | 02:38
| valign="center" | 284
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 00:15
| valign="center" | 00:25
| valign="center" | 52
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | DDN
| valign="center" | {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}
| valign="center" | '''04:20'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 335
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''23:30'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathgodam-Dehradun Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Transport in Haldwani-Kathgodam]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2001]]

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-25T03:26:57Z

Kiloforce123: quick update

{{Short description|Bird sanctuary in kerala, India}}
{{Redirect|Thattekkad|Thattekkad dam|Bhoothathankettu}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary തട്ടേക്കാട് പക്ഷി സങ്കേതം
| alt_name = Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Ocyceros griseus -India-8a.jpg
| image_caption = A [[Malabar grey hornbill]] at Thattekkad
| map = India Kerala#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| location = Kothamangalam taluka, [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala|Kerala state]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Kochi]] (Cochin)
| coordinates = {{coord|10.13|N|76.68|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|25.16|km2|acre|abbr=on}}
| established = 1983
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body =
| elevation_avg = {{convert|279|m|feet|abbr=on}}
| elevation_min = {{convert|35|m|feet|abbr=on}}
| elevation_max = {{convert|523|m|feet|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary''', covering an area of barely 25 km2, and located about 12 km from [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]] ([[Kerala]] state, [[India]]), was the first bird sanctuary in Kerala. [[Salim Ali]], one of the best known [[Ornithology|ornithologists]], described this sanctuary as ''the richest bird habitat on peninsular India.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bird sanctuaries: Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary|publisher=ENVIS Centre: Kerala, State of Environment and Related Issues, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment|url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Birdsanctuaries_1092.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101182034/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Birdsanctuaries_1092.aspx|archive-date=1 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary and the Dr. Salim Ali, Ernakulam|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thattekkad-bird-sanctuary/127|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref> Thattekkad literally means flat forest, and the region is a deciduous but generally moist low-land forest surrounding the [[Periyar River]], the longest river in [[Kerala]].

==Species==
The Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary has a rich and varied birdlife.<ref name=":0" /> Several species of birds, both forest birds as well as water birds, visit the sanctuaries; notable ones include the following:

The [[Indian pitta]], which visits the sanctuary during winter and spends almost six months here.
*[[Orange-headed thrush]]
*[[Large-billed leaf-warbler]]
*[[Jerdon's nightjar]]
*[[Indian cuckoo]]
*[[Oriental darter]]
*[[Cormorants]]
*[[Whiskered tern]]s
*[[Collared scops owl]]
*[[Ceylon frogmouth]]
*[[Grey-fronted green pigeon]]
*[[Yellow-browed bulbul]]s

The sanctuary is a habitat for different varieties of cuckoos and a region of the sanctuary popularly called "Cuckoo Paradise" is home to them, among which are the:
*[[Drongo cuckoo]], which may be easily mistaken for drongo,
*[[Common hawk-cuckoo|Indian hawk cuckoo]], which is highly vocal, and the
*[[Large hawk cuckoo]], which looks relatively massive compared to other types of cuckoos, and is characterized by a dark grey and heavily streaked throat.

The Idamalayar forest is located about 15 km from Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary. There is a large evergreen forest to the east and south-east of the [[Idamalayar Dam]], extending from [[Malakkappara]] to as far as [[Rajamala]]. The [[Mountain hawk-eagle|mountain hawk eagles]] are found in this forest. Other birds in this forest include [[Rhopocichla atriceps|dark-fronted babbler]], [[brown-cheeked fulvetta]], [[Brown-backed needletail|brown-backed]] and [[white-rumped needletail]]s, and [[common emerald dove|Asian emerald doves]].

==See also==
* [[Sailana Kharmour Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Ceylon Frogmouth Thattekad.jpg|Ceylon Frogmouth (Sri Lankan Frogmouth), surroundings of Thattekad Bird Sanctuary
File:View of Periyar from Pappitta Bird Trial.jpg|View of Periyar from Pappitta Bird Trail
File:A landscape at Thattekkad Bird Sanctury.jpg|A landscape at Thattekad Bird Sanctuary
File:A landscape at Thattekkadu Bird Sanctury.jpg|A landscape at Thattekad Bird Sanctuary
File:Thattekkad Reservoir.jpg|Thattekad Reservoir
File:Thattekkad Bird Trial.jpg|Thattekad Bird Sanctuary Trail
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite news|title=Inside a magical rainforest|author1=Swarna V. |author2=Ramakrishnana, S. |newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date=28 May 2006|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/05/28/stories/2006052800100200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101194811/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/05/28/stories/2006052800100200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2013}}
*{{Cite web|title=Bird sanctuaries: Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary|publisher=ENVIS Centre: Kerala, State of Environment and Related Issues, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment|url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Birdsanctuaries_1092.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101182034/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Birdsanctuaries_1092.aspx|archive-date=1 January 2013|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|author=Staff|title=Rich pickings await bird lovers here|date=5 May 2009|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article115095.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101194140/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article115095.ece|archive-date=1 January 2013|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite news|author=Staff|date=12 August 2010|title=Feel the wild at Thattekkad|newspaper=Malayala Manorama|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?tabId=0&programId=1073773722&contentId=7705375}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zamorinholidays.com/kerala/things-to-do/thattekad-bird-sanctuary-kerala/. Things to Know before Travelling Thattekad]
* [https://www.thattekadtrails.com/bird-sanctuary/ Thattekad Sanctuary Entry fees and Timings]
* [https://www.thattekadtrails.com/butterfly/ Thattekad Butterfly park]
* [https://www.thattekadtrails.com/thattekad-bird-list/ Thattekad Bird List]
{{commons category|Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary}}
{{Clear}}
{{Protected areas of Kerala}}
{{Bird Sanctuaries}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Geography of Ernakulam district]]

Venkataraja Puninchathaya

2026-02-24T15:27:15Z

Kiloforce123: started new page

{{Short description|Indian writer and scholar (1936–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scholar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala State]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|09|13|1936|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| era =
| region =
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
| school_tradition =
| main_interests = [[Tulu language|Tulu Language]], [[Yakshagana]]
| notable_ideas =
| major_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| death_cause =
| name = Venkataraja Puninchathaya
| education = Vidwan in Sanskrit (equivalent to a bachelor's degree), Postgraduate
| discipline = Scholar, linguist, artist
| sub_discipline = Manuscriptologist, researcher, poet, playwright, actor
| occupation = Teacher
| workplaces = Swamiji's High School Edneer, Kasaragod Taluk; later Kerala Tulu Academy
| website = {{URL|http://puninchathaya.com/index.html}}
}}

'''Pundur Venkataraja Puninchathaya''' (10 October 1936 – 13 September 2012), commonly known as '''P. V. Puninchathaya''', was an Indian scholar, teacher, author and researcher of the [[Tulu language]] and [[literature]].

== Early life and education ==
Puninchathaya was born on 10 October 1936 in [[Avalpoondurai|Pundur]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] district (in present-day [[Kerala]]). He grew up in a Tulu-speaking community where he studied local language, oral traditions, and [[folklore]].

He completed his schooling locally and later pursued higher education in [[literature]] and education.
== Career ==
Puninchathaya began his career as a teacher at Swamiji's High School in [[Edneer]], [[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod Taluk]]. His research included the [[Tulu language]], [[Tigalari script|Tulu script]],<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2011 |title=Book on Tulu script released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/book-on-tulu-script-released/articleshow/9251496.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sanskrit]] manuscripts, and folklore. His work in calligraphy included the identification and publication of [[Poems|Tulu poems]], such as [[Bhagavata Purana|''Shree Bhagavathi'']], ''Kaveri'', ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Tulu Devi Mahatme]]'', ''[[Mahabharata|Tulu Mahabharatha]]'', and ''Tulu [[Karna Parva]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=P. Venkatraja Puninchathaya |url=https://yakshagana.com/p-venkatraja-puninchathaya/ |website=Yakshagana Cultural Magazine}}</ref> Puninchathaya was the founding president of the [[Kerala Tulu Academy]] from 2008 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kayyar |first=Stephan |date=2020-09-19 |title=Kasargod: Long-awaited Kerala Tulu Bhavana dedicated to world |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=752673 |work=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> He was a [[Yakshagana]] artist, primarily in Arthadhari (character portrayal), and portrayed female roles in [[Talamaddale]], a form of Yakshagana.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Pundoor Venkataraja Puninchathaya {{!}} puninchathaya.com |url=http://puninchathaya.com/works.html |website=puninchathaya.com}}</ref>

Alongside teaching, he worked in cultural and linguistic organizations. His research focused on the preservation of traditional knowledge, documenting [[oral literature]], and analyzing the linguistic structures of Tulu, among other related [[Dravidian languages]].

== Death ==
Puninchathaya died on 13 September 2012.

==Awards and recognition==
* National Award for Teachers, 1990 <ref name=":1" />
*Sandesh Media Award in 1997, Kayyar Award in 1998
*[[Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy]] Award in 1999
*[[Mangalore University]] honorary doctorate in 2007<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=P Venkatraja Puninchathaya - Shivalli Brahmins |url=https://shivallibrahmins.com/profiles/p-venkatraja-puninchathaya/ |date=8 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Tulu Academy chief to get Kille award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kerala-tulu-academy-chief-to-get-kille-award/articleshow/5392565.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2009}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* infographics[http://puninchathaya.com/index.html Official website]

[[Category:Scholars from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Tulu academics]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]

Nayantara (TV series)

2026-02-18T23:32:35Z

Kiloforce123: Made A Page

{{Short description|2021 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nayantara_Serial_Poster.jpg
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|03|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|04|30|df=yes}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Sun Bangla]]
| language = Bengali
| country = India
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 739 
| runtime = 22 minutes
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Drama]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Comedy]]
* [[Family]]
}}
| creator = Crystal Dreams Entertainment
| related = [[Pournami (TV series)|Pournami]]
| writer = Bodhisatya Mazumdar
}}

'''Nayantara''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] daily soap which aired on [[Sun Bangla]] from 22 March 2021. The daily soap is a remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] daily soap ''[[Pournami (TV series)|Pournami]]'' which was aired on [[Gemini TV]].

== Plot ==
Adidev and Averi are happy couples. They both love each other immensely. Only thing that don't have is a child. In their married life of 10 years, but Averi is unable to conceive. One day Averi gets pregnant, but she soon learns from her Gynecologist that she is having some complications. Adidev is totally unaware of this, but he is soon informed by the doctor. Adidev tells Averi that it could put her life into risk, and tells her to give consent for an abortion. But Averi is reluctant, and she dies while giving birth to her daughter. Adidev cannot surmise his wife's death, and he blames his daughter for her mother's death, and starts to hate her. But Adidev's mother names the child Tara and grows her up.

In a dramatic way, the scene shifts twenty years forward. Tara has grown up, and now is a beautiful girl, but she still has not got her father's love and affection. While in the recent years, his father marries another woman and has a daughter. Tara lives with there grandmother, her step-mother and her step-sister. They used to think the same of Tara like his father Adidev, but as years passed by, they understood, that she had no hands for her mother's death, and now they try to make up the long lost relationship between the father and the daughter.

Tara falls in love with Sam but hides her feelings to her family due to her father's hatred. However, despite her father's hatred, a course of events that take place, which had been planned by Tara's step-mother, grandmother and step-sister, and they end up marrying each other.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Hiya Mukherjee as Tara Maitra, wife of Samudra, Averi and Adidev's daughter and Preeti's stepsister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=জীবিত হয়েও মৃত সে, কোনও দিন বাবার 'নয়নতারা' হবে মেয়ে?|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/new-mega-nayantara-is-comming-soon-dgtl/cid/1271497|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Anandabazar|language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Subhajit Saha]] as<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Subhrojit Saha joins the cast of 'Nayantara' – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-subhrojit-saha-joins-the-cast-of-nayantara/articleshow/81701119.cms|access-date=2021-12-17|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Samudra Maitra aka Sam: Tara's husband, Preeti's ex-love interest and Adidev's son – in law.
* Gaurav Mondal as Adidev Maitra: Tara's father and Preeti's step father<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Gourab Mandal bags a new project – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-gourab-mandal-bags-a-new-project/articleshow/81390940.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Swarnakamal Dutta as Madhuja Maitra:
* Arpita Roy as Preeti Maitra:
* Sayanta Modak as Rahul Maitra
* [[Payel De]] as Averi Maitra:
* [[Debika Mitra]] as Adidev's mother
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as Samudra's father
* Ishita Chatterjee as Samudra's mother

=== Guest appearances===
* [[P. C. Sorcar Jr.]] as Magician: appeared in one episode.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=সংবাদদাতা|first=নিজস্ব|title=ছোট পর্দায় প্রথম বার স্ক্রিন শেয়ার পি সি সরকার, মুমতাজের! আসছেন জাদুকর বাবা-মেয়ে হয়েই|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/junior-pc-sorcar-and-mumtaj-sorcar-are-in-cameo-in-nayantara-mega-dgtl/cid/1272861|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Anandabazar|language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Mumtaz Sorcar]] as supporting magician: appeared in one episode.<ref name=":2"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sun Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]

Karoline Kamakshi

2026-02-18T06:30:16Z

Kiloforce123: Created Article!

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| list_episodes = Karoline Kamakshi#Episodes
| network =
| company = Trend Loud
| runtime =
| camera =
| cinematography = Balaji
| editor = Madan
| producer = Rudrapati Ramana Rao
| music =
| num_episodes = 10
| image = Karoline Kamakshi.jpg
| num_seasons = 1
| director = Vivek Kumar Kannan
| story =
| genre = [[Action comedy]]
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| starring = [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Giorgia Andriani]]
| writer = [[Crazy Mohan]]
| creator =
| caption = Release poster
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Karoline Kamakshi''''' is a 2019 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] [[streaming television]] series starring [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Meena makes web series debut with Zee5's action-comedy, Karoline Kamakshi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/06/meena-makes-web-series-debut-with-zee5s-action-comedy-karoline-kamakshi-13471.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and [[Giorgia Andriani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karki |first=Tripti |date=27 November 2019 |title=Karoline Kamakshi: Arbaaz Khan's girlfriend Giorgia Andriani plays undercover agent in Tamil web series |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/karoline-kamakshi-arbaaz-khan-s-girlfriend-giorgia-andriani-plays-undercover-agent-in-tamil-web-series-567034 |access-date=20 April 2020 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128184144/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/karoline-kamakshi-arbaaz-khan-s-girlfriend-giorgia-andriani-plays-undercover-agent-in-tamil-web-series-567034 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2019 |title=Karoline Kamakshi: Giorgia Andriani couldn't control herself from crying at the launch |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/karoline-kamakshi-giorgia-andriani-couldnt-control-herself-from-crying-at-the-launch/22226186 |access-date=20 April 2020 |website=mid-day |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228195718/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/karoline-kamakshi-giorgia-andriani-couldnt-control-herself-from-crying-at-the-launch/22226186 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series is the first South Indian venture of the Bollywood actor Andriani. ''Karoline Kamashki'' was released on [[ZEE5]] on 5 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverscreen India Staff |date=4 December 2019 |title='Karoline Kamakshi Is A Complete Binge Watch': Meena On Her Zee5 Original Show |url=https://silverscreen.in/movies/news/karoline-kamakshi-is-a-complete-binge-watch-meena-on-her-zee5-original-show/ |access-date=20 April 2020 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Karoline, a French detective and Kamakshi, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer are required to work together to catch the international bootlegger, Furkin.

== Cast ==
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actress-meena-acting-in-karoline-kamakshi-web-series-in-zee5-she-shouting-bad-words/|title=நம்ம மீனாவா இப்படி கெட்டவார்த்தை பேசுகிறார்?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120142512/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actress-meena-acting-in-karoline-kamakshi-web-series-in-zee5-she-shouting-bad-words/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-a-tamil-web-series-gets-made/article29308457.ece |title=On the set of actor Meena's debut web series, 'Karoline Kamakshi' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 August 2019 |language=en |last1=Kumar |first1=Pradeep |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120142512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-a-tamil-web-series-gets-made/article29308457.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> as Agent Kamakshi, a clumsy, timid and lazy [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer who is sent on the quest to retrieve the stolen Virgin Mary artefact from Furkhin.
* [[Giorgia Andriani]] as Agent Karoline, an alcoholic French Secret Agent who is also sent on the quest to retrieve he stolen Virgin Mary artefact from Furkhin as Kamakshi's partner.
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Chidhambharam, Director of the Indian CBI and Kamakshi's mentor
* Veena Angelina Sweety as Victoria, Furkhin's Gun Moll and Old Monk's girlfriend
* Anto Thomas as Furkhin, an international smuggler who smuggles and deals in artefacts, who steals the Virgin Mary from the National Museum of France
* [[Balaji Murugadoss (actor)|Balaji Murugadoss]] as Vikram, Furkhin's new partner, who fools Karoline and Kamakshi pretending to be a police informer, who is the actual mastermind in the theft of the Virgin Mary and the Crown
* "Poraali" Dileepan as Inspector Kunju Mohan, a Pondichery Police Inspector tailing Karoline and Kamakshi on their mission
* Spike John as Old Monk, Furkhin's assistant and Karoline and Kamakshi's lead on the Virgin Mary
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Dr. Venkadam, a Veterinary Doctor who treats Old Monk
* K.P.Sathish as Sameer, an assassin hired by Fukhrin to assassinate Karoline and Kamakshi
* Prabhakar
* Raaghav as Kamakshi's husband
* Uma Sreenivasan as Kamakshi's mother-in-law
* Pranita N. as Mallika, Kamakshi's daughter

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#FF6347 |EpisodeNumber=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Finding Virgin Mary
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = [[Crazy Mohan]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kamakshi is given the responsibility of catching the international bootlegger, Furkin. It is said that Furkin had smuggled the Virgin Mary artefact from a museum in Paris. On the other side, Karoline, a French agent lands in Pondicherry for a vacation.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = French Toast(ed)
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kamakshi discovers that Karoline has been arrested by the police. The police agree to release Karoline on one condition. Karoline and Kamakshi are to pair up and find the drug lord, Furkin and locate the Virgin Mary.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Liar, Liar!
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Karoline traps Old Monk, Furkin's partner. However, Kamakshi fails at catching hold of Old Monk and he manages to escape. Karoline and Kamakshi quarrel and start hating each other.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Pants on Fire!
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Later, Kamakshi finds Old Monk but shoots him by mistake. Meanwhile, Furkin's new partner, Vikram, locates Karoline and Kamakshi and chases them.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Drunken Brawl
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Furkin's men chase Karoline and Kamakshi but they escape. The two head to the club and Kamakshi gets drunk. In the meantime, Furkin and his men reach the club and Kamakshi shoots Furkin.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Secret Service
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Furkin's men try to hunt down Karoline and Kamakshi. Karoline is informed about Furkin's men trying to chase them. Karoline and Kamakshi reach a safe place.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Live and Let Die
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Furkin's men find the hideout and reach the spot where Karoline and Kamakshi have been hiding. On the other hand, Furkin learns about the informer, Devaraj and kills him.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = A Botched Mission
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The sniper captures Karoline and Kamakshi and shoots Vikram. Karoline and Kamakshi escape from the sniper but are caught in Kunjumohan's search activity. On the other hand, Furkin kills Victoria when he discovers she was a traitor.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Deal with the Devil
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Karoline and Kamakshi continue with their mission after escaping from the police. They also track Furkin's location and ask Chidambaram for his help for additional force.
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = End Game
|DirectedBy = Vivek Kumar Kannan
|WrittenBy = Crazy Mohan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The final episode shows the battle between Karoline, Kamakshi and Furkin's men. Will the two win?
|LineColor = FF6347
}}
}}

== Reception ==
The series opened to a negative response from audience and critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2019|title=Karoline Kamakshi review: Meena — and Tamil audiences — deserve better than this hotchpotch of ineptitude|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karoline-kamakshi-review-meena-and-tamil-audiences-deserve-better-than-this-hotchpotch-of-ineptitude-7759831.html|access-date=11 December 2019|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210110020/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karoline-kamakshi-review-meena-and-tamil-audiences-deserve-better-than-this-hotchpotch-of-ineptitude-7759831.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=16 November 2019|title=Actress Meena shocks fans by mouthing swear words in Karoline Kamakshi web series|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/actress-meena-shocks-fans-by-mouthing-swear-words-karoline-kamakshi-web-series-808798|access-date=11 December 2019|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Purushothaman|first=Kirubhakar|date=7 December 2019|title='Karoline Kamakshi' series review: Good cop, bad cop in a bad, bad show|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/dec/07/karoline-kamakshi-series-review-good-cop-bad-cop-in-a-bad-bad-show-2072512.html|access-date=13 December 2019|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en-US|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211132953/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/dec/07/karoline-kamakshi-series-review-good-cop-bad-cop-in-a-bad-bad-show-2072512.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11519502}}
*''[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/karoline-kamakshi/0-6-2167 Karoline Kamakshi]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]

Raj Singh Dungarpur

2026-02-12T06:53:54Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1935–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
|name = Raj Singh Dungarpur
|module = {{Infobox officeholder
|embed = yes
|office = 24th [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]
|term_start = 1996
|term_end = 1999
|predecessor = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra]]
|successor = [[A. C. Muthiah]]
}}
|honorific-suffix=
|image =
|caption =
|image_size =
| country = India
| fullname = Raj Singh Dungarpur
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|12|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dungarpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|9|12|1935|12|19|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| height = {{convert|5|ft|9|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| role =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]]
| club1 = [[Madhya Bharat cricket team|Madhya Bharat]]
| year1 = 1955–56
| club2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| year2 = 1956–57 to 1970–71
| club3 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| year3 = 1960–61 to 1967–68
| club4 =
| year4 =
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 86
| runs1 = 1292
| bat avg1 = 15.20
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 44 not out
| deliveries1 = 10489
| wickets1 = 206
| bowl avg1 = 28.84
| fivefor1 = 5
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 7/88
| catches/stumpings1 = 59/0
| date = 26 July
| year = 2014
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33488.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Raj Singh Dungarpur''' (19 December 1935 – 12 September 2009) was a president of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]. He played [[first class cricket]] for 16 years and was in and out of the Board of Control for more than 20 years. He was a selector of the national team for two terms. He also managed the Indian cricket team four times on overseas tours.

As the chairman of the selection committee, Dungarpur introduced [[Sachin Tendulkar]] to international cricket by selecting him for [[Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1989–90|India's 1989 tour of Pakistan]] when he was just 16 years old.<ref name = "SIFY1">{{cite news|title=Raj Singh Dungarpur: A bachelor wedded to cricket |url=http://www.sify.com/sports/raj-singh-dungarpur-a-bachelor-wedded-to-cricket-news-cricket-jjpuSlbbace.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811105320/http://www.sify.com/sports/raj-singh-dungarpur-a-bachelor-wedded-to-cricket-news-cricket-jjpuSlbbace.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-08-11 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 2009-09-15|accessdate=2011-02-10}}</ref> He is also credited for establishing the [[National Cricket Academy]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="rsd">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_his-last-words-donald-george-bradman_1289714 | title=His last words: Donald George Bradman | accessdate=11 March 2011 | date=13 September 2009 | work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

==Biography==
Maharaj Raj Singh was born in the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]] in [[Rajasthan]] (then called [[Rajputana]]) on 19 December 1935.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Singh Dungarpur Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/raj-singh-dungarpur-33488 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref> He was the youngest son of [[Laxman Singh|Maharawal Lakshman Singhji]], the ruler of Dungarpur.<ref name="death"/> He has two brothers, namely, Jaisinghji and Mahipalsinghji, and three sisters, one of whom is the Maharani of Bikaner.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} He studied at [[Daly College]], [[Indore]]. He was the long-term romantic partner of [[Lata Mangeshkar]], the legendary singer.<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2010, p. 1678.</ref><ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/in-the-name-of-love-unsung-saga-of-melody-queen-lata/1669649 In the name of love: Unsung saga of melody queen Lata, Outlook, 24 NOVEMBER 2019]</ref>

He played for the [[Rajasthan cricket team]] and [[Central Zone cricket team]], appearing in 86 first class cricket matches from 1955 to 1971, and taking 206 wickets as a medium-pace bowler. In Rajasthan's victory over [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] in 1967-68 he took his best figures of 7 for 88 and 5 for 55.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/29/29152.html Rajasthan v Vidarbha 1967-68]</ref> He was appointed as the Manager of the Indian cricket team on a number of tours.<ref name="death"/>

He was also the president of [[Cricket Club of India]], Mumbai for 13 years. He served as the president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India for two terms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/sports-news/cricket/former-bcci-president-dungarpur-dies-22233.html|title=Former BCCI president Dungarpur dies|date=12 September 2009|publisher=HeadlinesIndia|accessdate=2009-09-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130125143344/http://www.headlinesindia.com/sports-news/cricket/former-bcci-president-dungarpur-dies-22233.html|archivedate=25 January 2013}}</ref> His last cricketing stint was as the manager of the Indian team to Pakistan.

He died on 12 September 2009, after a prolonged battle with [[Alzheimer's disease]], in Mumbai, aged 73. His funeral was held at Dungarpur.<ref name="death">{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/424650.html?CMP=OTC-RSS|title=Raj Singh Dungarpur dies aged 73|date=12 September 2009|work=Cricinfo|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_former-bcci-chief-raj-singh-dungarpur-dead_1289582|title=Former BCCI chief Raj Singh Dungarpur dead|date=12 September 2009|publisher=DNA|accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cricinfo|id=33488}}
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/40/40480/40480.html Raj Singh at CricketArchive]
* [http://www.rajsinghdungarpur.com Raj Singh Dungarpur website]

{{Presidents of BCCI}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dungarpur, Raj Singh}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in India]]
[[Category:India national cricket team selectors]]
[[Category:People from Dungarpur]]
[[Category:Madhya Bharat cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricket captains]]
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]

Thrissur Pooram

2026-02-04T21:33:10Z

Kiloforce123: improved article

{{short description| Indian festival}}
{{about|the annual festival held in Thrissur|the 2019 Indian film|Thrissur Pooram (film)|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
| image = Kudamatom at thrissur pooram 2013 7618.JPG
| image_size =
| holiday_name = Thrissur Pooram
| caption = Thrissur Pooram celebrations
| official_name = Thrissur Pooram
| observedby = [[Malayalees]]
| date = [[Leo (constellation)|Pooram]] [[Nakshatra]] in the Malayalam Calendar month of [[Malayalam calendar|Medam]]
| observances = {{hlist|''Vilambaram''|''Kudamatam'' (കുടമാറ്റം)|''[[Ilanjithara Melam]]'' (ഇലഞ്ഞിത്തറമേളം)|Madathil Varavu (മഠത്തില്‍ വരവ്)|fireworks (വെടിക്കെട്ട്)|''Ezhunilappu''}}
| type = Hindu
| longtype = [[Hindu]] [[Temple Festivals of Kerala|temple festival]]/[[public holiday]]s in the city of [[Thrissur]]
| significance = Largest pooram in Kerala
| date2015 = 28 April
| date2016 = 17 April
| date2017 = 5 May<ref>{{cite web |url=http://calendar-panchang.com/2017-marathi-calendar-panchang/1/ |title=2017 Marathi Calendar Panchang |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026181539/http://calendar-panchang.com/2017-marathi-calendar-panchang/1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| date2018 = 25 April
| scheduling =
| relatedto =
| startedby =
| firsttime =
| frequency =
| duration =
| alt =
| month =
| weekday =
| ends =
| begins =
| celebrations =
| litcolor =
| nickname =
| date2021 = 23 April
}}
The '''Thrissur ''Pooram''''' is an annual Hindu [[Temple festivals of Kerala|temple festival]] held in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is held at the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] in [[Thrissur]] every year on the ''[[Pooram]]'' day—the day when the moon rises with the ''Pooram'' star in the [[Malayalam Calendar]] month of ''Medam''. It is the largest and most famous of all poorams in India.<ref name = MeltonEncyclopedia>Melton, J. Gordon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA700 ''Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations Vol. I'']. ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 700.</ref> Thrissur pooram is also one of the largest festivals in Asia with more than 1 million visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-15 |title=Thrissur Pooram celebration in Kerala: History and rituals of Kerala's most prominent pooram |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/thrissur-pooram-celebration-in-kerala-history-and-rituals-of-keralas-most-prominent-pooram-3234845/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Thrissur Pooram Exhibition|Thrissur ''Pooram'' Exhibition]] is conducted over a period of 40 to 50 days during the Thrissur Pooram.
==History==
[[File:Kanimangalam Valiyalukkal Bhagavathi Temple.jpg|thumbnail|Kanimangalam Valiyalukkal Bhagavathi Temple]]

[[File:Pooram Pandal.jpg|thumb|right|Illumination of Poora Pandal]]

Thrissur Pooram (തൃശ്ശൂര്‍ പൂരം) was the brainchild of [[Sakthan Thampuran]], the [[Maharaja of Cochin]] (1790–1805).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |author-link1=J. Gordon Melton |last2=Beverley |first2=James A |last3=Buck |first3=Christopher |last4=Jones |first4=Constance A |editor-last=Melton |editor-first=J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopaedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |orig-date=2011-09-13 |chapter=Pooram |date=13 September 2011 |language=English |publisher=[[ABC-Clio|ABC-CLIO]] |page=700 |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0}}</ref> Before the start of Thrissur Pooram, the largest temple festival in [[Kerala]] was the one-day festival held at Aarattupuzha known as [[Arattupuzha Pooram]]. Temples in and around the city of Thrissur were regular participants. In the year 1796 because of incessant rains, the temples from Thrissur Groups (Paramekkavu, Thiruvambadi, Chempukkavu, Karamukku, Lalur, Ayyanthol, Chakkulathukavu, Neythalakavu and Kanimangalam Temples) were late for the Arattupuzha Pooram and were denied access to the Pooram procession. Feeling embarrassed and angered by the denial, the banned temple groups complained to Sakthan Thampuran.<ref name=":0">“Thrissur Pooram's Origin: The Amazing Story behind the Iconic Festival.”[https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala/thrissur-pooram-history-origin-story-behind-iconic-festival]</ref> he decided to challenge the ban by starting Thrissur Pooram on the Pooram day in the month of May in the same year as a mass festival. He invited temples with their deities to the city of Thrissur to pay obeisance to Vadakkunnathan ([[Shiva]]), the presiding deity of the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Vadakkunnathan]] Temple.<ref name=":0" /> Something unique about this festival is that everything used in the festival is made fresh every year from scratch. There are people who are given the duty to craft the umbrellas and the nettipattam.<ref>Thing. “Thrissur Pooram: The Story behind the Spectacle.” The Times of India, Business, 4 May 2017, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/thrissur-pooram-the-story-behind-the-spectacle/photostory/58515283.cms?picid=58515323.</ref>

==Participants==
[[Sakthan Thampuran]] ordained the temples into two groups, namely "Paramekkavu side" and "Thiruvambady side". These are headed by the principal participants, [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]] at Thrissur Swaraj Round and [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]] at Shoranur road.

===Western Group (Thiruvambady side)===
* [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]]
* [[Laloor Bhagavathy Temple]]
* [[Ayyanthole Karthyayani Temple]]
* Neythalakkavu Bhagavathy Temple

===Eastern Group (Paramekkavu side)===
* [[Paramekkavu Bhagavathy Temple]]
* [[Chembukkavu Bhagavathy Temple]]
* [[Panamukkumpally Sastha Temple]]
* [[Choorakkottukavu Bhagavathy Temple]]
* Pookattikkara - Karamukku Bhagavathy Temple
* Kanimangalam Sastha temple

The Pooram is centered on the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], with all these temples sending their processions to pay obeisance to the [[Shiva]], the presiding deity. The Thampuran is believed to have chalked out the program and the main events of the Thrissur Pooram festival.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari
|url-access=registration
|page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/1027 1027]
|quote=Thrissur Pooram.
|title=India
|year=2007
|publisher=Lonely Planet
|isbn=9781741043082
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&q=Thrissur+Pooram&pg=PA700
|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations
|date=13 September 2011
|publisher=J. Gordon Melton
|isbn=9781598842067
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&q=Thrissur+Pooram&pg=PA7070
|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Pan Sudari-Presidents. vol. 18, Volume 1
|year=2002
|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd
|isbn=9788177552577
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hxMQ3FjDI0C&q=Thrissur+Pooram&pg=PA63
|title=Tourism In India Planning & Development
|year=2006
|publisher=Asif Iqbal Fazili, S Husain Ashraf
|isbn=9788176256650
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>

===Flag Hoisting===
The pooram officially begins from the event of flag hoisting (കൊടിയേറ്റം).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050762050900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510150203/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050762050900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thrissur Pooram festivities begin|date=2011-05-07|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref> The flag hosting ceremony (Kodiyettam) begins seven days before [[Thrissur]] Pooram. All the participating temples of Thrissur Pooram are present for the ceremony, and there is a light fireworks display to announce the commencement of the festival.

===Poora Vilambharam===
Poora Vilambaram is a custom where the elephant pushes open the south entrance gate at 12 PM
of the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], which hosts the [[Thrissur]] Pooram, with the idol of 'Neithilakkavilamma' atop it.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/unprecedented-crowd-witness-vilambaram-ritual/article27109067.ece
|title=Thrissur 'Pooram' festivities begin with Thechikkottukavu Ramachandran's entry
|work=The Hindu
|date=12 May 2019
|access-date=2019-05-13|last1=Muringatheri
|first1=Mini
}}</ref>
Ernakulam Sivakumar has ceremoniously opened the thekke gopura nada (South Gate) of the [[Vadakkunnathan temple]] in the years 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Another prominent elephant who has had the honour of opening the gate in the past is [[Thechikottukavu Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2025/05/02/elephant-ernakulam-sivakumar-thrissur-pooram-story-history.html
|title=Jumbo Ernakulam Sivakumar chosen again to open Thrissur Pooram: His remarkable journey to stardom
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/celebrity-elephant-ramachandran-likely-be-paraded-vilambaram-ritual-pooram-101621
|title=Celebrity elephant Ramachandran likely to be paraded for Vilambaram ritual in Pooram
|date=11 May 2019
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref>

===Display of fireworks (first round)===
The first round of pyrotechnics, known as ''Sample Vedikettu'', happens on the fourth day after the flag hoisting of the Pooram. It is a one-hour show presented by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devaswoms. [[Swaraj Round]] is the venue for this fireworks and starts at 7:15 pm. The display usually has innovative patterns and varieties of fireworks.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sample-vedikettu-lights-up-skies-over-thrissur/article3369163.ece
|title='Sample vedikettu' lights up skies over Thrissur
|work=The Hindu
|date=30 April 2012
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref> Even though there were several controversies, permission was granted to conduct Thrissur Pooram in 2017<ref>[http://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2017/05/05/thrissur-all-set-for-pooram.html Thrissur Pooram 2017]</ref>

===Display of caparisons===
The golden elephant [[caparison]] (''Nettipattam''), elephant accoutrements (''Chamayam''), ornamental fan made of peacock feathers (''Aalavattom''), royal fan (''Venchamarom''), sacred bells and decorative umbrellas are prepared new by [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple|Thiruvambady]] and [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple|Paramekkavu]] Devawsoms separately. Paramekkavu Devaswom exhibits this at the Agrasala in [[Thrissur]] City, and the Thiruvambady Devaswom displays the caparisons at the [[Church Mission Society High School]] in [[Thrissur]] City on the fourth and fifth day before the Pooram. In 2014 and 2015, it was displayed in Kousthubham Hall at Shornur Road<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/22/stories/2004042207270300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602164439/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/22/stories/2004042207270300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2004-06-02
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Caparisons getting ready for Thrissur Pooram
|date=2004-04-22
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>

==Main pooram==
On pooram day, the participants from their temples parades with music and elephants decorated with thidambu and caparisons to Srimoolasthanam of Vadakkumnathan Temple twice – in the morning and at night. Pooram day officially starts with the arrival of Kanimangalam Sastha in the early morning.
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Temple'''
!'''Morning Time'''
!'''Evening Time'''
!'''Elephants'''
!'''Music'''
|-
|Kanimangalam
|7.30 am - 8.30 am
|7.30 pm - 8.30 pm
|9
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Panekkammpilly
|8.30 am - 9.00 am
|8.30 pm - 9.30 pm
|3
|Panchavadyam, Panjari melam
|-
|Chempukkavu
|7.45 am - 8.45 am
|8.15 pm - 9.15 pm
|3
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Karumukku - Pukkatikara
|8.30 am - 9.30 am
|9.00 pm - 10.00 pm
|9
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Lalur
|9.00 am - 10.30 am
|9.30 pm - 10.30 pm
|9
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Choorakkottukkavu
|9.30 am - 11.00 am
|10.00 pm - 12.00 am
|14
|Nadaswaram, Pandi melam
|-
|Ayyanthole
|10.00 am - 12.00 pm
|11.00 pm - 12.30 am
|13
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Neythalakkavu
|11.00 am - 1.00 pm
|12.00 am - 1.00 am
|11
|Nadaswaram, Pandi melam
|}
The processions of the principal participants––Thiruvambady and Parammekavu––are the most awaited and major events of the pooram.

Thiruvambady arrives to Vadakkumnathan from Brahmaswam Madham (vedic institution), with a panchavadhyam concert called "Madathil varavu", with artists numbering uppto 40 members with instruments such as thimila, madhalam, trumpet, cymbal and edakka. Paramekkavu begins its procession with a [[Pandi Melam|pandi melam]] in front of its temple at around 11:30 a.m and gradually enters the Vadakkamnuthan temple by 1:30 p.m.

At 2:00 p.m, inside the [[Vadakkumnathan Temple]] starts the "Ilanjithara melam", one of the central attractions of the pooram, consisting of drum, trumpets, pipe and cymbal.

===Kudamattam===
Thrissur Pooram’s grandest moment unfolded with the iconic ''Kudamattam'' ritual. Thirty caparisoned elephants — 15 each from the [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]] and [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]] stood face-to-face in ceremonial formation.

Atop these majestic elephants, parasol bearers engaged in the rapid display of ''Kudamattam'', the rhythmic switching of vividly coloured ornamental silk umbrellas. The spectacle was further elevated by the gleam of ''nettipattams'' (golden forehead ornaments), the elegant flutter of ''venchamaram'' (fans made from peacock feathers), and the regal presence of ''muthukkuda'' (decorative umbrellas).
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/keralas-iconic-200-year-old-annual-thrissurpooramheld-in-full-grandeur-2986445
|title=Kerala's iconic 200-year-old annual Thrissur pooram held in full grandeur
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/thrissur_pooram.html
|title=THRISSUR POORAM - Prologue
|publisher=Thrissur Pooram Festival
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindustanherald.com/thrissur-pooram-2025-fireworks-elephants/
|title=Thrissur Pooram 2025: Grand Fireworks, Elephant Parade & Rituals Unveiled
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref>

===Display of fireworks (Main Round)===
Thrissur pooram main fireworks (vedikettu / വെടിക്കെട്ട് ) are well renowned all over the country. This amazing display of fireworks is held in the heart of Thrissur city, in [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]].

Thiruvambadi and Parmekavu are the main participants in this event. The main fireworks begin in the early morning of the seventh day. Most pooram enthusiasts stay up all night to get a better view of the fireworks. People come from faraway places to watch this amazing display of [[pyrotechnics]]. There are four major firework displays in Thrissur Pooram: the 'sample fireworks' on the day before the Pooram, the colorful sparklers that light up the sky (amittu) by both sides on the Pooram evening after the Southward Descent, the most impressive event that mark the peak of Pooram celebrations in the early morning hours, and the final fireworks the following noon after the goddesses bid farewell to each other that mark the end of the pooram.

===Farewell ceremony===
The seventh day of the pooram is the last day. It is also known as "Pakal Pooram" (പകല് പൂരം). For the people of Thrissur, the pooram is not only a festival but also a time for hospitality. Upacharam Cholli Piriyal (ഉപചാരം ചൊല്ലി പിരിയല്‍) (farewell ceremony) is the last event held at [[Swaraj Round]]. [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]] and [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]] idols were taken from the [[Swaraj Round]] to their respective temples to mark the end of the Pooram celebrations. The festival ends with display of fireworks known as Pakal Vedikkettu.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/kochi/31555679_1_thekkinkadu-maidan-thrissur-pooram-elephant
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/kochi/31555679_1_thekkinkadu-maidan-thrissur-pooram-elephant
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-06-29
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Thrissur Pooram ends on a note of panic
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/05/stories/2009050551900300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517230643/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/05/stories/2009050551900300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2011-05-17
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Thrissur Pooram concludes
|date=2009-05-05
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>

==Security==
[[File:Kerala Police anti-drone system at Thrissur Pooram.jpg|thumb|[[Kerala Police]]'s anti-drone system in action during 2025 [[Thrissur]] Pooram.]]

For the 2025 [[Thrissur]] Pooram festival, a 4,000-member [[Thrissur City Police]] team was deployed. The deployment included not just local police but also specialised units such as the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), [[Thunderbolt]], and Urban Commandos. The number of [[closed-circuit television]] cameras installed throughout the city was increased from 250 to 350 to aid in monitoring and crime prevention.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/4000-member-police-team-to-provide-security-for-thrissur-pooram/article69494952.ece
|title=4,000-member police team to provide security for Thrissur Pooram
|work=The Hindu
|date=26 April 2025
|access-date=May 2, 2025}}</ref>

[[Thrissur City Police]] deployed a dedicated cyber team to monitor and cleanse digital platforms of potentially inflammatory content in the run-up to the [[Thrissur]] Pooram festival. A 20-member unit comprising officers with digital expertise was tasked with identifying and removing communal or politically charged messages that could incite unrest. This marked the first time that [[Kerala Police]] initiated such a step specifically for Pooram-related online surveillance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/May/06/thrissur-pooram-police-depute-special-team-to-monitor-social-media
|title=Thrissur Pooram: Police depute special team to monitor social media
|date=6 May 2025
|access-date=May 7, 2025}}</ref>

==Attendance==
[[Thrissur District]] Collector Arjun Pandian has stated that an estimated 18 to 20 lakh people are expected to participate in the 2025 edition of [[Thrissur]] Pooram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amit-shah-greets-people-of-kerala-on-thrissur-pooram-festival-visual-extravaganza-says-union-minister-suresh-gopi20250506111818/#:~:text=Thrissur%20Collector%20Arjun%20Pandian%20told,all%20the%20arrangements%20for%20this.
|title=Amit Shah greets people of Kerala on Thrissur Pooram festival; "Visual extravaganza," says Union Minister Suresh Gopi
|access-date=May 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/3371513-thrissur-pooram-the-confluence-of-culture-and-color
|title=Thrissur Pooram: The Confluence of Culture and Color
|access-date=May 7, 2025}}</ref>

The pooram has a good collection of elephants (more than 50) decorated with nettipattam (decorative golden headdress), strikingly crafted Kolam, decorative bells, and ornaments.

==Cultural influences==
[[File:Kudamatom at thrissur pooram 2013 7618.JPG|thumb|550x550px|Kudamatom at Thrissur Pooram 2013]]
Despite being a Hindu festival, the Thrissur Pooram is attended by different sections of Kerala society.<ref>{{Cite news |title = The Mother of All Melas |newspaper = The Hindu |date = May 2012 |url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/the-mother-of-all-melas/article3371994.ece |access-date=12 October 2012|last1 = Muringatheri |first1 = Mini }}</ref> Several replicas of the festival are held in places in Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Pakal Pooram' held at Mahadevar Temple|date = 22 March 2008|url = https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/22/pakal-pooram-held-at-mahadevar-temple-1206196360.html|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130218060251/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/03/22/pakal-pooram-held-at-mahadevar-temple-1206196360.html|url-status = live|archive-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref> as well as outside the state.<ref>{{Cite web| title = People celebrate first-ever 'Delhi Pooram'| date = 7 May 2006| url = http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/06/people-celebrate-first-ever-delhi-pooram-1146980040.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130218022604/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/06/people-celebrate-first-ever-delhi-pooram-1146980040.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Thrissur Pooram in Chennai with 'tech-elephants'| date = 23 September 2007| url = https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/23/thrissur-pooram-in-chennai-with-tech-elephants-1190525524.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130218080400/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/09/23/thrissur-pooram-in-chennai-with-tech-elephants-1190525524.html| url-status = live| archive-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Mumbai Pooram hopes to recreate Kerala temple fest| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-pooram-hopes-to-recreate-kerala-temple-fest/872940 | date=9 November 2011 | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

Thrissur Pooram is considered one of the greatest gatherings in Asia. It has an important place in the tourism map of India, as tourists enjoy the beauty and traditions of this pooram. Rail and bus connectivity is excellent in Thrissur, which attracts many foreign tourists to the gala. It is considered as meeting of Devas (ദേവ സംഗമം).

The Oscar-winning sound editor [[Resul Pookutty]] and his team recorded the sounds of the 36-hour festivities and made a movie ''[[The Sound Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pooram copyright row is nonsense: Resul Pookutty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/may/17/pooram-copyright-row-is-nonsense-resul-pookutty-1977889.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2019 }}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thrissur Pooram}}
*[http://www.thrissurkerala.com/ All Information About Thrissur District]
*[http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/ Thrissur Pooram Festival]
*[http://thrissurpooram.org/ Thrissur Pooram - Community Media Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705154436/http://www.thrissurpooram.org/ |date=5 July 2022 }}
*[http://thrissur.nic.in/history.asp Thrissur - History]
*[https://www.instagram.com/thrissur_insta Instagram]

{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur |state=collapsed}}
{{Culture of Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Thrissur Pooram| ]]
[[Category:Festivals in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Elephant festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:May observances]]

Kurkihar hoard

2026-02-04T17:23:39Z

Kiloforce123: Created A Article!

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Seated Buddha Akshobya, northeast India, probably Kurkihar, 11th century AD, Pala Period, gilt copper alloy with silver and gold inlay - Fitchburg Art Museum - DSC08841.JPG|thumb|Seated Buddha Akshobya, Kurkihar, 11th century AD, Pala Period, gilt copper alloy with silver and gold inlay - Fitchburg Art Museum - DSC08841]]
The '''Kurkihar hoard''' is a set of 226 bronzes, mostly Buddhist, dating to between the 9th and 12th centuries CE, which were found in Kurkihar near [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jais/hd_jais.htm Guy, The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture, Volume 10 of Studies in South Asian Culture, The "Pala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture, Susan L. Huntington Brill Archive, 1984, p. 141]</ref> The village of Kurkihar is situated about 5 km. north-east of Wazirganj, and 27 km east from [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. The inscriptions found suggest that Kurkihar was once a well known international pilgrimage center.<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-buddhist-archaeological-site-kurkihar-5620721-PHO.html जिद धरोहर बचाने की : गया के कुर्किहार के घर-घर में है धरोहर, विदेशों से था संबंध, Bhaskar News, 13 June 2017]</ref>

These include a gilded [[Avalokiteshvara]] image from 12th century, referred to as being resplendent.<ref>[http://www.talkativeman.com/gilt-bronze-statue-bodhisattva-avalokiteshvara/ Resplendent Sculpture of Avalokiteshvara from Kurkihar (Bihar, India) from 12th Century, 10 January 2017, Ellen Kaufman]</ref>

The monastery where the bronzes were found was named Apanakain in an [[Prajnaparamita#The earliest texts|Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita]] manuscript now in [[LACM]].<ref>A Forgotten Monastery of Ancient Bihar, Pal, Pratapaditya, South Asian studies, Vol:4 No:1 Date: 1988 Pages:83-88</ref>

==Discovery==
[[File:Bihar, akshobhya, il buddha del'est, da kurkihar, 890 dc ca.jpg|thumb|Bihar, Akshobhya, Kurkihar, 890 CE, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] ]]
Major Markham Kittoe visited Kurkihar twice in 1847 and on the second visit to the village, spent four days collecting "ten cart-loads of images; all Buddhist and the Tamrika period". A great portion of this collection is preserved in the [[Indian Museum]], Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bhpromo.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=71 |title=KURKIHAR, -The remnants of an artistic age, 10 December 2009 20:10 |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013131606/http://bhpromo.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=71 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of Kittoe's collection can also be found in the [[British Museum]], London.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG11477 British Museum collection]</ref> Cunningham visited Kurkihar in 1861-62 and again in 1879-80. He mentions that the site was about 600 feet square and about 25 feet high. He mentioned having seen here not only numerous Buddhist images, large and small, but a large number of votive stupas. He says there were in his time "row after row of Chaityas extending north to south for several hundred feet".

In 1930 a hoard of 226 bronzes and five other objects was found at Kurkihar, which were unearthed from the main mound. These included Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, [[Stupa|Stupas]], Bells and ritual objects. Today, these objects are displayed in special room in the Patna Museum.

Of the 87 images, 81 were Buddhist and 6 Hindu. They were all found in one spot, with the smaller images enclosed in earthen jars.<ref>S.K. Sarasvati and K.C. Sarkar, Kurkihar, Gaya and Bodh-Gaya, Rajshahi, 1936, p. 5</ref> They were found about 25 feet below the surface of the main mound, when someone was digging for bricks.

A number of stone images have also been found from the Pala period, some of which are still in active worship at the local Devi temple.

==Major images ==

In 2005, for an exhibition in Australia, two of the three statues representing India were from Kurkihar, they were valued at US $30 million.<ref>[http://www.livehindustan.com/news/Gaya/article1-Kurkihar-neglected-Buddhist-site-lies-in-increased-prized-sculptures-653651.html उपेक्षित है कुर्किहार बौद्ध स्थल, बढ़ में छिपी है बेशकीमती मूर्तियां, Live Hindustan, 4 जनवरी, 2017]</ref>

==Inscriptions==
Cunningham has written: "I procured several short but interesting inscriptions at Kurkihar. The name of Sakala is mentioned in several of them, and also Kerala in Dakshinades. The age of these inscriptions, judging from the shapes of the letters, must be about A.D. 800 to 1000"<ref>[https://silentpagesindia.blogspot.in/2013/09/visit-to-kurkihar-in-august-2013.html An ancient legendary site yet to be fully explored and understood, 28 September 2013, Vikas Vaibhav]</ref>

Ninety three inscriptions have been found on the bronzes.<ref>Banerji-Sastri, "Ninety-three Inscriptions on the Kurkihar Bronzes", ''Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society'', XXVI, 3 (1940), 236-251.</ref> The Kurkihar inscriptions refer to Devapala (810–c. 850), Rajyapala (908–940), Mahipala (988–c. 1036) and [[Vigrahapala III]] (1054–1072), ranging from 9th century to 1074 AD. The name of the monastery was apparently named Apanaka, which is mentioned in several inscriptions. The monastery was apparently very popular among the visitors from [[Kanchi]] in [[South India]].

The names, places of origin and ranks of the donors for 9-12th century have been analyzed.<ref>[http://www.jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/download/100/120 The socieo-economic dimensions of dedicatory inscriptions, B.N. Prasad, JOBS.2074(7):116-152]</ref> The distribution is 9th century:14, 10th: 21, 11th: 25, and 12th: 10.

[[File:Avalokiteshvara and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (a), Maitreya and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (b), Two Folios from a Prajnaparamita (The Perfection of Wisdom) LACMA M.72.1.19a-b (1 of 4).jpg|right|thumb|500px|Maitreya and Scenes from the Buddha's Life, LACMA]]

==Manuscript==
A circa 1100–1125 manuscript of [[Prajnaparamita#The earliest texts|Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita]] now in [[LACM]].<ref>A Forgotten Monastery of Ancient Bihar, Pal, Pratapaditya, South Asian studies, Vol:4 No:1 Date: 1988 Pages:83-88</ref> was copied in this monastery during the rule of [[Ramapala]].

==Significance==

Kurkihar was apparently a major pilgrimage center located midway between [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Rajgriha]] and as well an artistic center of brass and stone sculpting. The inscriptions found refer to donors not only from distant place in India like Sakala in Punjab, and Kerala, Conjeevaram or Kanchi in the south, but also from Bali Islands, Malaya as well as other countries. The inscriptions refer to a number of kings, mostly of the Pala dynasty.

==Comparison with Nalanda bronzes==
[[File:043 Buddha Teaching, Nalanda (9218609395).jpg|thumb|Buddha Teaching, [[Nalanda]] ]]

Kurkihar bronzes have been compared with the bronzes from nearby Nalanda.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qCQVAAAAIAAJ&q=kurkihar&pg=PA71 The Bronzes of Nalanda and Hindu-javanese Art, A.J. Bernet Kampers, Brill Archive, 1933, p. 19-64]</ref> It has been suggested that Nalanda sculptors may have settled in Kurkihar<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&dq=nalanda+kurkihar+bronzes&pg=PA52 The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture, Volume 10 of The "Pala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture, Susan L. Huntington, Brill Archive, 1984 p. 5-153]</ref> Kurkihar bronzes data from 10th to 12th cent while Nalanda bronzes cover the period from 7th to 9th cent. nalanda bronzes are reddish whereas Kurkihar bronzes are more yellow.

==Museums==

Most of the Kurkihar bronzes are in the [[Patna Museum]]. The Hindu temple situated in the north-eastern portion of the village was visited by Cunningham in 1861 where a number of images, both Buddhist and Hindu images, dated to the 10th–11th Century AD, have been preserved here.

==Patna Museum theft==

On Sept 26, 2006, 18 bronze images from Kurkihar were stolen from the Patna Museum. The thieves entered through a window by cutting the cutting bars.<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/18-statues-figurines-of-pala-period-stolen-from-patna-museum/418634 18 statues, figurines of Pala period stolen from Patna museum, Outlook, Sept 26, 2006]</ref> The images were later recovered from a gang including a Vinod Yadav in Nalanda district, and Shahid Warsi of Kolkata. A [[Manjushri]] image was not recovered.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6038510.stm Priceless Indian statue recovered, BBC, 10 October 2006]</ref>

==Recovery of Bodhisatva Padmapani image in Italy==

In 2022, an image of Bodhisatva Padmapani, stolen from the Kundalpur Devisthan Temple at Kurkiar was surrendered by the owner and is in the process of being returned to India.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/11/arts/design/stolen-buddha-statue-india.html Stolen Buddha Statue That Resurfaced in Italy Will Return to India, New York Times, Zachary Small, Feb. 11, 2022]</ref>

==Buddhist images in worship at the Modern Hindu Temple==
In the modern Devistahan Kundalpur Hindu temple at<ref>[https://kknews.cc/culture/3vqnnzo.html 庫基哈爾-被遺忘的帕拉造像寶庫, Zheng Moumou, KK News, 2019-05-17]</ref> there are a number of Buddhist images still in active worship.<ref>[http://ignca.nic.in/Asi_data/29177.pdf Kurkihar, Gaya and Bodh-Gaya, Saraswati and Sarkar, 1946]</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Buddha Descending from Heaven, 10c, Kurkihar (9217969945).jpg|[[Indian Museum]] Sculpture - Buddha Descending from Heaven

File:Buddha - Circa 10th Century CE - Kurkihar - Bihar - ACCN Kr5-A25149 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2013-04-10 7766.JPG|Buddha - Circa 10th Century CE

File:Manjusri - Circa 10th-11th Century AD - Kurkihar - Bihar - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 2000.JPG|Manjusri - Circa 10th-11th Century AD

File:Monkey_gives_honey_to_Buddha_Shakyamuni,_India,_Bihar,_probably_Kurkihar,_Pala_dynasty,_c._1000_AD,_black_stone_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09270.JPG|Monkey gives honey to Buddha Shakyamuni

File:Buddhas_Descent_from_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Inscribed_-_Basalt_-_ca_10th_Century_CE_-_Pala_Period_-_Kurkihar_-_ACCN_Kr_13-A24119_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1534.JPG|Buddhas Descent from Trayastrimsa Heaven Inscribed - Basalt - ca 10th Cent CE

File:Indian_Buddhist_Art_Exhibition_-_Ground_Floor_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1540.JPG|Indian Buddhist Art Exhibition Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016

File:Tara - Basalt - ca 10th Century CE - Pala Period - Kurkihar - ACCN A25132 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1494.JPG|Tara - Basalt - ca 10th Century CE

File:Manjusri_Inscribed_-_Basalt_-_ca_10th-11th_Century_CE_-_Pala_Period_-_Kurkihar_-_ACCN_Kr_7_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1498.JPG|Manjusri_Inscribed_-_Basalt_-_ca_10th-11th_Cent

File:Jambhala - Circa - 10th Century AD - Kurkihar - Bihar - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 2075.JPG|Jambhala - Circa - 10th Century AD - Kurkihar - Bihar - Indian Museum - Kolkata

File:Bihar, kurkihar, vasudhara, 950 ca.jpg|[[Vasudhara]] at [[Toledo Museum of Art]], inscribed
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Akota Bronzes]]
* [[Buddhist art]]
* [[Jain Sculpture]]
* [[Indian art]]
* [[Chausa hoard]]
* [[Brahma from Mirpur-Khas]]
* [[Kanchipuram#Buddhism|Buddhism in Kanchipuram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sdhammika.blogspot.com/2014/03/normal-0-false-false-false.html Digging Up Telahara, Shravasti Dhammika]
* [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/502573639638346558/ Kurkihar Bronzes, photographs]
* [http://photodivision.gov.in/writereaddata/webimages/thumbnails/37640.jpg TARA: Bronze from Kurkishar, Bihar, dating from 9th century A.D.]
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/search-results#!/search?q=kurkihar Met Collection]
* [http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1970.10 Cleveland Art Museum]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147930?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=kurkihar&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dkurkihar%26amp%3Bfilter%3D&refreqid=search%3Aa62d0e156776ed60863609f3dbb51410&seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents MARKET CENTRES AND TRADE ROUTES IN LATE ANCIENT BIHAR Anil Kumar Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 67 (2006-2007), pp. 131-144]
{{coord|24.813915|N| 85.203245|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Treasure troves in India]]
[[Category:Sculptures from Bihar]]

Manusmriti

2026-01-29T05:49:15Z

Kiloforce123: formatting fix

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu text}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}

The '''''Manusmṛti''''' ({{langx|sa|मनुस्मृति}}), also known as the '''''Mānava-Dharmaśāstra''''' or the '''Laws of Manu''', is one of the many legal texts and constitutions among the many ''{{IAST|[[Dharmaśāstra]]s}}'' of [[Hinduism]].<ref>[http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.013.0539 Manusmriti], The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (2009), [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0195134056}}, See entry for Manusmriti</ref><ref name="olivelle18" />

Over fifty manuscripts of the ''Manusmriti'' are now known, but the earliest discovered, most translated, and presumed authentic version since the 18th century is the "[[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta) manuscript with Kulluka Bhatta commentary".<ref name=olivellecriticaledition/> Modern scholarship states this presumed authenticity is false, and that the various manuscripts of ''Manusmriti'' discovered in India are inconsistent with each other.<ref name=olivellecriticaledition/><ref name=srikantan/>

The metrical text is in Sanskrit, is dated to the 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE,<ref name=":0" /> and presents itself as a discourse given by [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] (Svayambhuva) and [[Bhrigu]] on [[dharma]] topics such as duties, rights, laws, conduct, and virtues. The text's influence had historically spread outside India, influencing Hindu kingdoms in modern [[Cambodia]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref>Robert Lingat (1973), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC&pg=PA77 The Classical Law of India]'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, p. 77</ref><ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA3 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 3–4</ref><ref>Steven Collins (1993), ''The discourse of what is primary, Journal of Indian philosophy'', Volume 21, pp. 301–393</ref>

In 1776, ''Manusmriti'' became one of the first Sanskrit texts to be translated into English (the original Sanskrit book was never found), by British philologist [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]].<ref name="Flood 1996, page 562">{{Cite web |title=Flood (1996)|page=56 |url=https://archive.org/details/AnIntroductionToHinduismSeeTantraWesternPhilosophyAscetismFoldersGavinFloodOUP/page/n70}}</ref> ''Manusmriti'' was used to construct the [[Hindu law]] code for the [[East India Company]]-administered enclaves.<ref>P Bilimoria (2011), "The Idea of Hindu Law", ''Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia'', Volume 43, pp. 103–130</ref><ref name="donalddavis">Donald Davis (2010), ''The Spirit of Hindu Law'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521877046}}, pp. 13–16, 166–179</ref>

==Nomenclature==
The title ''Manusmriti'' is a relatively modern term and a late innovation, probably coined because the text is in a verse form.<ref name=olivelle18/> The over-fifty manuscripts discovered of the text never use this title, but state the title as ''Manava Dharmashastra'' (Sanskrit: मानव धर्मशास्त्र) in their [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]]s at the end of each chapter. In modern scholarship, these two titles refer to the same text.<ref name=olivelle18>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA18 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 18–19, 41</ref>

== Chronology ==
Philologists Jones and [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel]], in the 18th century, dated ''Manusmriti'' to around 1250 BCE and 1000 BCE respectively, which, from later linguistic developments, is untenable due to the language of the text which must be later than the late Vedic texts such as the [[Upanishads]], themselves dated a few centuries later, around 500 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products|author=[[William Wilson Hunter]]|page=114|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Later scholars shifted the chronology of the text to between the 1st or 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manu-smriti | Hindu law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manu-smriti|access-date=2023-01-01|website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Olivelle adds that [[numismatic]] evidence and the mention of gold coins as a fine suggest the text may date to the 2nd or 3rd century CE.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA24 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 24–25</ref> However, the majority of scholars agree that it was composed sometime between 200 BCE and 200 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119144892 |title=Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |date=2022-05-07 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-14486-1 |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |page=76 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119144892 |quote=If the Manusmrti is indeed the oldest versified dharmasastra and if we accept, with the majority of scholars, that it was composed between 200 bce and 200 ce (the time when the Mahabharata was about to reach its final form).}}</ref>

Most scholars consider the text a composite produced by many authors put together over a long period. Olivelle states that the various ancient and medieval Indian texts claim revisions and editions were derived from the original text with 100,000 verses and 1,080 chapters. However, the text version in modern use, according to Olivelle, is likely the work of a single author or a chairman with research assistants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manu's Code of Law|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=19|author=Patrick Olivelle|isbn=0195171462|date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA19 }}</ref>

Manusmriti, Olivelle states, was not a new document - it drew on other texts, and reflects "a crystallization of an accumulated knowledge" in ancient India.<ref name=olivelle41/> The root of theoretical models within Manusmriti rely on at least two [[shastra]]s that pre-date it: ''[[artha]]'' (statecraft and legal process) and ''dharma'' (an ancient Indian concept that includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and others discussed in various [[Dharmasutras]], older than Manusmriti).<ref name=olivelle41>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA41 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 41–49</ref> Its contents can be traced to ''Kalpasutras'' of the Vedic era, which led to the development of ''Smartasutras'' consisting of ''Grihyasutras'' and ''Dharmasutras''.<ref name=bowker>John Bowker (2012), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c-QIduNZdscC&pg=PA179 The Message and the Book: Sacred Texts of the World's Religions]'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0300179293}}, pp. 179–180</ref> The foundational texts of Manusmriti include many of these sutras, all from an era preceding the common era. Most of these ancient texts are now lost, and only four have survived: the law codes of ''Apastamba'', ''Gautama'', ''Baudhayana'' and ''Vasishtha''.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (1999), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C&pg=PR24 Dharmasutras – the law codes of ancient India]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0192838822}}, pp. xxiv–xxv, 280–314</ref>

==Structure==
The ancient version of the text has been subdivided into twelve ''Adhyayas'' (chapters), but the original text had no such division.<ref name=olivellepage7>{{Cite book|last1=Manu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC|title=Manu's Code of Law|last2=Olivelle|first2=Alma Cowden Madden Centennial Professor in Liberal Arts Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions Patrick|last3=Olivelle|first3=Patrick|last4=umetnostite|first4=Makedonska akademija na naukite i|last5=Olivelle|first5=Suman|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, US|isbn=978-0-19-517146-4|language=sa}}</ref> The text covers different topics, and is unique among ancient Indian texts in using "transitional verses" to mark the end of one subject and the start of the next.<ref name=olivellepage7/> The text can be broadly divided into four, each of different length. and each further divided into subsections:<ref name=olivellepage7/>
#Creation of the world
#Source of dharma
#The dharma of the four social classes
#Law of karma, rebirth and final liberation

The text is composed in metric ''Shlokas'' (verses), in the form of a dialogue between an exalted teacher and disciples who are eager to learn about the various aspects of [[dharma]].<ref name=olivellepage25>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA25 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 25–27</ref> The first 58 verses are attributed by the text to [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], while the remaining more than two thousand verses are attributed to his student [[Bhrigu]].<ref name=olivellepage25/> Olivelle lists the subsections as follows:<ref name=olivellepage9>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA9 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 9–10</ref>

===Sources of the law===
The ''Dharmasya Yonih'' (Sources of the Law) has twenty-four verses and one transition verse.<ref name=olivellepage9/> These verses state what the text considers as the proper and just sources of law:

{{Blockquote|वेदोऽखिलो धर्ममूलं स्मृतिशीले च तद्विदाम् <nowiki>। आचारश्चैव साधूनामात्मनस्तुष्टिरेव च ॥</nowiki>

Translation 1: The whole Veda is the (first) source of the sacred law, next the tradition and the virtuous conduct of those who know the (Veda further), also the customs of holy men, and (finally) self-satisfaction (''Atmana santushti'').<ref name="manusmriti2">{{Cite book|last1=Manu (Lawgiver)|url=http://archive.org/details/lawsofman00manu|title=The laws of Manu|last2=BÃ¼hler|first2=Georg|date=1886|publisher=Oxford : The Clarendon Press|others=PIMS - University of Toronto}}</ref> 
Translation 2: The root of the dharma is the entire Veda, and (then) the tradition and customs of those who know (the Veda), and the conduct of virtuous people, and what is satisfactory to oneself.<ref name=manusmriti3>Brian Smith and Wendy Doniger (1992), The Laws of Manu, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140445404}}, pp. 17–18</ref>
|Manusmriti 2.6}}

{{Blockquote|वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मनः <nowiki>। एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद् धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥</nowiki>

Translation 1: The Veda, the sacred tradition, the customs of virtuous men, and one's own pleasure, they declare to be the fourfold means of defining the sacred law.<ref name=manusmriti2/> 
Translation 2: The Veda, tradition, the conduct of good people, and what is pleasing to oneself – they say that is four-fold mark of dharma.<ref name="manusmriti3"/>
|Manusmriti 2.12}}

This section of Manusmriti, like other Hindu law texts, includes fourfold sources of ''Dharma'', states Levinson, which include ''Atmana santushti'' (satisfaction of one's conscience), ''Sadachara'' (local norms of virtuous individuals), ''Smriti'' and ''Sruti''.<ref name=davidlevinson>David Levinson (2002), Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-0761922582}}, p. 829</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Davis | first1 = Donald R. Jr. | year = 2007 | title = On Ātmastuṣṭi as a Source of ''Dharma'' | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 127 | issue = 3| pages = 279–296 }}</ref><ref>Werner Menski, ''Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity'' (Delhi: Oxford UP, 2003), p. 126 and Domenico Francavilla, ''The Roots of Hindu Jurisprudence: Sources of Dharma and Interpretation in Mīmāṃsā and Dharmaśāstra''. Corpus Iuris Sanscriticum. Vol. 7 (Torino: CESMEO, 2006), pp. 165–176.</ref>

===Dharma of the four Varnas===
{{further|Varna (Hinduism)}}
*3.1 Rules Relating to Law (2.25 – 10.131)
**3.1.1 Rules of Action in Normal Times (2.26 – 9.336)
***3.1.1.1 Fourfold Dharma of a [[Brahmin]] (2.26 – 6.96) (contains the longest section of Manusmriti, 3.1, called ''dharmavidhi'')<ref name=olivellepage7/>
***3.1.1.2 Rules of Action for a [[Kshatriya|King]] (7.1 – 9.324) (contains 960 verses, includes description of institutions and officials of state, how officials are to be appointed, tax laws, rules of war, the role and limits on the power of the king, and long sections on eighteen grounds for litigation, including those related to non-delivery under contract, breach of contract, non-payment of wages, property disputes, inheritance disputes, humiliation and defamation, physical assault, theft, violence of any form, injury, sexual crimes against women, public safety, and others; the section also includes rules of evidence, rules on interrogation of witnesses, and the organisation of court system)<ref name=olivellepage10>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA10 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 10–15, 154–205</ref>
***3.1.1.3 Rules of Action for [[Vaiśya]]s and [[Śūdra]]s (9.326 – 9.335) (shortest section, eight rules for Vaishyas, two for Shudras, but some applicable laws to these two classes are discussed generically in verses 2.26 – 9.324)<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA16 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 16, 8–14, 206–207</ref>
**3.1.2 Rules of Action in Times of Adversity (10.1 – 11.129) (contains revised rules on the state machinery and four varnas in the times of war, famine or other emergencies)<ref name=olivellepage16>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA16 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 16–17, 208–229</ref>
*3.2 Rules Relating to Penance (11.1 – 11.265) (includes rules of proportionate punishment; instead of fines, incarceration or death, discusses penance or social isolation as a form of punishment for certain crimes)<ref name=olivellepage16/>

The verses 6.97, 9.325, 9.336 and 10.131 are transitional verses.<ref name=olivellepage9/> Olivelle notes instances of likely interpolation and insertions in the notes to this section, in both the presumed vulgate version and the critical edition.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA237 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 237–350, 914–982</ref>

===Determination of Karmayoga===
The verses 12.1, 12.2 and 12.82 are transitional verses.<ref name=olivellepage9/> This section is in a different style than the rest of the text, raising questions of whether this entire chapter was added later. While there is evidence that this chapter was extensively redacted over time, it is unclear whether the entire chapter is of a later era.<ref name=olivellepage18/>
*4.1 Fruits of Action (12.3–81) (section on actions and consequences, personal responsibility, action as a means of [[moksha]] – the highest personal bliss)<ref name=olivellepage18>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA10 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 10, 17–19, 230–236, 290–292</ref>
*4.2 Rules of Action for Supreme Good (12.83–115) (section on karma, duties and responsibilities as a means of supreme good)<ref name=olivellepage18/>

The closing verses of Manusmriti declare,
{{Blockquote|
<poem>
एवं यः सर्वभूतेषु पश्यत्यात्मानमात्मना <nowiki>। स सर्वसमतामेत्य ब्रह्माभ्येति परं पदम् ॥</nowiki>
He who thus recognizes in his individual soul (Self, [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]), the universal soul that exists in all beings,
becomes equal-minded towards all, and enters the highest state, [[Brahman]].
</poem>
|Manusmriti 12.125, Calcutta manuscript with Kulluka Bhatta commentary<ref>Robert Lingat (1973), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC&pg=PA86 The Classical Law of India]'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, p. 86</ref><ref name="manusmriti2"/>}}

==Contents==
The structure and contents of the Manusmriti suggest it to be a document predominantly targeted at the Brahmins (priestly class) and the Kshatriyas (king, administration and warrior class).<ref name=olivellemspurpose/> The text dedicates 1,034 verses, the largest portion, on laws for and expected virtues of Brahmins, and 971 verses for Kshatriyas.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA41 Manu's Code of Law]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, p. 41</ref> The statement of rules for the [[Vaishya#:~:text=Vaishya (Sanskrit: वैश्य, vaiśya,trade and other business pursuits.|Vaishyas]] (merchant class) and the Shudras (artisans and working class) in the text is extraordinarily brief. Olivelle suggests that this may be because the text was composed to address the balance "between the political power and the priestly interests", and because of the rise in foreign invasions of India in the period it was composed.<ref name=olivellemspurpose>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 16, 62–65</ref>

===On virtues and outcast===
Manusmriti lists and recommends virtues in many verses. For example, verse 6.75 recommends [[Ahimsa|non-violence]] towards everyone and [[temperance (virtue)|temperance]] as key virtues,<ref name="manusmriti2"/><ref>[[J Duncan M Derrett]] (1975), Bharuci's commentary on the Manusmrti, Schriftenreihe des Sudasien-Instituts der Universitat Heidelberg, {{ISBN|978-3515018586}}, p. 23</ref> while verse 10.63 preaches that all four varnas must abstain from injuring any creature, abstain from falsehood and abstain from appropriating the property of others.<ref name="manusmriti2"/><ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 208–214, 337</ref>

Similarly, in verse 4.204, states Olivelle, some manuscripts of Manusmriti list the recommended virtues to be, "compassion, forbearance, truthfulness, non-injury, self-control, not desiring, meditation, serenity, sweetness and honesty" as primary, and "purification, sacrifices, ascetic toil, gift giving, Vedic recitation, restraining the sexual organs, observances, fasts, silence and bathing" as secondary.<ref name=olivellepage275>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, p. 275</ref> A few manuscripts of the text contain a different verse 4.204, according to Olivelle, and list the recommended virtues to be, "not injuring anyone, speaking the truth, chastity, honesty and not stealing" as central and primary, while "not being angry, obedience to the teacher, purification, eating moderately and vigilance" to desirable and secondary.<ref name=olivellepage275/>

In other discovered manuscripts of ''Manusmriti'', including the most translated Calcutta manuscript, the text declares in verse 4.204 that the ethical precepts under [[Yamas]] such as [[Ahimsa]] (non-violence) are paramount while [[Niyama]]s such as [[Ishvarapranidhana]] (contemplation of personal god) are minor, and those who do not practice the ''Yamas'' but obey the ''Niyamas'' alone become outcasts.<ref name="manusmriti2"/><ref>[[J Duncan M Derrett]] (1975), Bharuci's commentary on the Manusmrti, Schriftenreihe des Sudasien-Instituts der Universitat Heidelberg, {{ISBN|978-3515018586}}, pp. 30, 439–440</ref>

==Significance of Manusmriti==
===On personal choices, behaviours and morals===
Manusmriti has various verses on duties a person has towards himself and to others, thus including moral codes as well as legal codes.<ref name=olivellepage31>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 31–32</ref> Olivelle states that this is similar to the modern contrast between informal moral concerns to birth out of wedlock in the developed nations, along with simultaneous legal protection for children who are born out of wedlock.<ref name=olivellepage31/>

Personal behaviours covered by the text are extensive. For example, verses 2.51–2.56 recommend that a monk must go on his begging round, collect alms food and present it to his teacher first, then eat. One should revere whatever food one gets and eat it without disdain, states Manusmriti, but never overeat, as eating too much harms health.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, p. 97</ref> In verse 5.47, the text states that work becomes without effort when a man contemplates, undertakes and does what he loves to do and when he does so without harming any creature.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, p. 140</ref>

Numerous verses relate to the practice of meat eating, how it causes injury to living beings, why it is evil, and the morality of vegetarianism.<ref name=olivellepage31/> Yet, the text balances its moral tone as an appeal to one's conscience, states Olivelle. For example, verse 5.56 as translated by Olivelle states, "there is no fault in eating meat, in drinking liquor, or in having sex; that is the natural activity of creatures. Abstaining from such activity, however, brings greatest rewards."<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 31–32, 138–147, 558–593</ref>

===On rights of women===
Manusmriti offers an inconsistent and internally conflicting perspective on women's rights.<ref name=flavia/> The text, for example, declares that a marriage cannot be dissolved by a woman or a man, in verse 8.101–8.102.<ref>Robert Lingat (1973), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC&pg=PA84 The Classical Law of India]'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, p. 84</ref> Yet, the text, in other sections, allows either to dissolve the marriage. For example, verses 9.72–9.81 allow the man or the woman to get out of a fraudulent or abusive marriage and remarry. The text also provides legal means for a woman to remarry when her husband has been missing or has abandoned her.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 190–207, 746–809</ref>

While preaching [[chastity]] to [[widow]]s such as in verses 5.158–5.160, and opposing a woman marrying someone outside her own social class in verses 3.13–3.14,<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 31–32, 108–123, 138–147</ref> in other verses, such as 2.67–2.69 and 5.148–5.155, Manusmriti preaches that as a girl, she should obey and seek protection of her father, as a young woman her husband, and as a widow her son; and that a woman should always worship her husband as a god and a man should consider his wife an embodiment of goddess.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 98, 146–147</ref> In verses 3.55–3.56, Manusmriti also declares that women must be honored, and "[w]here women are revered, there the gods rejoice; but where they are not, no rite bears any fruit".<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, p. 111</ref><ref name="manusmriti2"/> Elsewhere, in verse 5.148, states Olivelle, the text declares, "[a woman] must never seek to live independently".<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, p. 146</ref>

Simultaneously, states Olivelle, the text enumerates numerous practices such as marriages outside one's varna (see [[anuloma]] and [[pratiloma]]), such as between a Brahmin man and a Shudra woman in verses 9.149–9.157, a widow becoming pregnant by a man she is not married to in verses 9.57–9.62, marriage where a woman elopes with her lover, and then grants legal rights in these cases such as property inheritance rights in verses 9.143–9.157, and the legal rights of the children so born.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 31–32, 194–207, 755–809</ref> The text also provides for a situation when a married woman may become pregnant by a man other than her husband, and dedicates verses 8.31–8.56 to conclude that the child's custody belongs to the woman and her legal husband, and not to the biological father.<ref>Robert Lingat (1973), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC&pg=PA83 The Classical Law of India]'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, pp. 83–84</ref><ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 182-193, 659–706</ref>

Manusmriti provides a woman with property rights to six types of property in verses 9.192–9.200. These include those she received at her marriage, or as gift when she eloped or when she was taken away, or as token of love before marriage, or as gifts from her biological family, or as received from her husband subsequent to marriage, and also from inheritance from deceased relatives.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 200–201, 746–809</ref>

[[Flavia Agnes]] states that Manusmriti is a complex commentary from women's rights perspective, and the British colonial era codification of women's rights based on it for Hindus, and from Islamic texts for Muslims, picked and emphasised certain aspects while it ignored other sections.<ref name=flavia>Flavia Agnes (2001), ''Law and Gender Inequality: The Politics of Women's Rights in India'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195655247}}, pp. 41–45</ref> This construction of personal law during the colonial era created a legal fiction around Manusmriti's historic role as a scripture in matters relating to women in South Asia.<ref name=flavia/><ref>[[Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im]] (2010), ''Islam and the Secular State'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674034563}}, pp. 149, 289</ref>

===On statecraft and rules of war===
Chapter 7 of the Manusmriti discusses the duties of a king, what virtues he must have, what vices he must avoid.<ref name=lingatpage81/> In verses 7.54–7.76, the text identifies precepts to be followed in selecting ministers, ambassadors and officials, as well as the characteristics of well fortified capital. Manusmriti then lays out the laws of just war, stating that first and foremost, war should be avoided by negotiations and reconciliations.<ref name=lingatpage81/><ref name=olivellepage154/> If war becomes necessary, states Manusmriti, a soldier must never harm civilians, non-combatants or someone who has surrendered, that use of force should be proportionate, and other rules.<ref name=lingatpage81/> Fair taxation guidelines are described in verses 7.127–7.137.<ref name=lingatpage81>Robert Lingat (1973), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC&pg=PA81 The Classical Law of India]'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, pp. 81–82</ref><ref name=olivellepage154>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 154–166, 613–658</ref>

==Authenticity and inconsistencies in various manuscripts==
[[Patrick Olivelle]], credited with a 2005 translation of ''Manusmriti'' published by the Oxford University Press, states the concerns in [[postmodern]] scholarship about the presumed authenticity and reliability of Manusmriti manuscripts.<ref name=olivellecriticaledition/> He writes (abridged),

{{Blockquote|The ''MDh'' [Manusmriti] was the first Indian legal text introduced to the western world through the translation of Sir [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] in 1794. ... All the editions of the ''MDh'', except for Jolly's, reproduce the text as found in the [Calcutta] manuscript containing the commentary of Kulluka. I have called this as the "[[vulgate]] version". It was Kulluka's version that has been translated repeatedly: Jones (1794), Burnell (1884), Buhler (1886) and [[Wendy Doniger|Doniger]] (1991). ...

The belief in the authenticity of Kulluka's text was openly articulated by Burnell (1884, xxix): "There is then no doubt that the textus receptus, viz., that of Kulluka Bhatta, as adopted in India and by European scholars, is very near on the whole to the original text." This is far from the truth. Indeed, one of the great surprises of my editorial work has been to discover how few of the over fifty manuscripts that I collated actually follow the vulgate in key readings.
|[[Patrick Olivelle]]|Manu's Code of Law (2005)<ref name=olivellecriticaledition>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 353–354, 356–382</ref>}}

Other scholars point to the inconsistencies and have questioned the authenticity of verses, and the extent to which verses were changed, inserted or interpolated into the original, at a later date. Sinha, for example, states that less than half, or only 1,214 of the 2,685 verses in ''Manusmriti'', may be authentic.<ref name="sinha" /> Further, the verses are internally inconsistent.<ref>Arun Kumbhare (2009), ''Women of India: Their Status Since the Vedic Times'', {{ISBN|978-1440156007}}, p. 56</ref> Verses such as 3.55–3.62 of ''Manusmriti'', for example, glorify the position of women, while verse such as 9.3 and 9.17 do the opposite.<ref name="sinha">J Sinha (2014), ''Psycho-Social Analysis of the Indian Mindset'', Springer Academic, {{ISBN|978-8132218036}}, p. 5</ref> Other passages found in ''Manusmriti'', such as those relating to [[Ganesha]], are modern era insertions and forgeries.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Narain|editor=Robert Brown |title=Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oF-Hqih3pBAC |year=1991|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0791406564 |page=22 }}</ref> [[Robert E. Van Voorst]] states that the verses from 3.55–60 may be about respect given to a woman in her home, but within a strong patriarchal system.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert E. Van Voorst |title=Anthology of World Scriptures |date=January 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8YaCgAAQBAJ&q=Women+must+be+honoured+and+adorned+by+their+fathers%2C+brothers%2C+husbands%2C+and+brothers-in-law%2C+who+desire+%28their+own%29+welfare&pg=PA43 |page=43 |isbn=978-1305888005 |publisher=Cengage}}</ref>

Nelson in 1887, in a legal brief before the [[Madras High Court]] of British India, had stated, "there are various contradictions and inconsistencies in the ''Manu Smriti'' itself, and that these contradictions would lead one to conclude that such a commentary did not lay down legal principles to be followed but were merely recommendatory in nature."<ref name="srikantan">G. Srikantan (2014), Thomas Duve (ed.), ''Entanglements in Legal History'', Max Planck Institute: Germany, {{ISBN|978-3944773001}}, p. 123</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] remarked on the observed inconsistencies within ''Manusmriti'' as follows:

{{Blockquote|I hold Manusmriti as part of Shastras. But that does not mean that I swear by every verse that is printed in the book described as Manusmriti. There are so many contradictions in the printed volume that, if you accept one part, you are bound to reject those parts that are wholly inconsistent with it. ... Nobody is in possession of the original text.
|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]|An Adi-Dravida's Difficulties<ref>Mahatma Gandhi, ''Hinduism According to Gandhi'', Orient Paperbacks (2013 Reprint Edition), {{ISBN|978-8122205589}}, p. 129</ref>}}

==Commentaries==
There are numerous classical commentaries on the ''{{IAST|Manusmṛti}}'' written in the medieval period.

[[Bhāruci]] is the oldest known commentator on the ''{{IAST|Manu Smṛti}}''. Kane places him in the late 10th or early 11th century,<ref>Kane, P. V. (1975), ''History of Dharmaśāstra'', Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1975, Volume I, Part I, 566.</ref> Olivelle places him in the 8th century,<ref name="ReferenceA">Olivelle, Patrick, "Dharmaśāstra: A Literary History", page 29.</ref> and Derrett places him between 600 and 800 CE.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>[[J. Duncan M. Derrett]] (1975), ''Bharuci's commentary on the Manusmrti'', Schriftenreihe des Sudasien-Instituts der Universitat Heidelberg, {{ISBN|978-3515018586}}</ref> From these three opinions we can place Bhāruci anywhere from the early 7th century CE to the early 11th century CE. Bhāruci's commentary, titled ''Manu-sastra-vivarana'', has far fewer number of verses than the Kullūka-Calcutta vulgate version in circulation since the British colonial era, and it refers to more ancient texts that are believed to be lost. It is also called ''Raja-Vimala'', and [[J. Duncan M. Derrett]] states Bharuci was "occasionally more faithful to his source's historical intention" than other commentators.<ref>J. Duncan M. Derrett (1977), ''Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004048089}}, pp. 10–17, 36–37 with footnote 75a</ref>

[[Medhātithi]]'s commentary on ''{{IAST|Manu Smṛti}}'' has been widely studied. Scholars such as Buhler, Kane, and Lingat believe he was from north India, likely the Kashmir region. His commentary on Manusmriti is estimated to be from 9th to 11th century.<ref>Kane, P. V. (1975), ''History of Dharmaśāstra'', Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Volume I, Part II, 583.</ref>

Govindarāja's commentary, titled ''Manutika'', is an 11th-century commentary on Manusmriti, referred to by ''Jimutavahana'' and ''Laksmidhara'', and was plagiarised by Kullūka, states Olivelle.<ref name=olivelle368/>

Kullūka's commentary, titled ''Manvarthamuktavali'', along with his version of the ''Manusmrti'' manuscript has been "vulgate" or default standard, most studied version, since it was discovered in 18th-century [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] by the British colonial officials.<ref name=olivelle368/> It is the most reproduced and famous, not because, according to Olivelle, it is the oldest or because of its excellence, but because it was the lucky version found first.<ref name=olivelle368/> The Kullūka commentary dated to be sometime between the 13th to 15th century, adds Olivelle, is mostly a plagiary of Govindaraja commentary from about the 11th century, but with Kullūka's criticism of Govindaraja.<ref name=olivelle368>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pp. 367–369</ref>

Nārāyana's commentary, titled ''Manvarthavivrtti'', is probably from the 14th century and little is known about the author.<ref name=olivelle368/> This commentary includes many variant readings, and Olivelle found it useful in preparing a critical edition of the Manusmriti text in 2005.<ref name=olivelle368/>

Nandana was from south India, and his commentary, titled ''Nandini'', provides a useful benchmark on Manusmriti version and its interpretation in the south.<ref name=olivelle368/>

Other known medieval era commentaries on Manusmriti include those by Sarvajnanarayana, Raghavananda and Ramacandra.<ref name=olivelle368/><ref>Visvanath Narayan Mandlik (1886), ''Manavadharmaśastram'', {{oclc|83427487}}</ref>

==Significance and role in history==
===In ancient and medieval India===
Scholars doubt Manusmriti was ever administered as law text in ancient or medieval Hindu society. David Buxbaum states, "in the opinion of the best contemporary orientalists, it [Manusmriti] does not, as a whole, represent a set of rules ever actually administered in India . It is in great part an ideal picture of that which, in the view of a Brahmin, ought to be law".<ref>David Buxbaum (1998), ''Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: A Contemporary Legal Perspective'', Springer Academic, {{ISBN|978-9401757942}}, p. 204</ref>

Donald Davis writes, "there is no historical evidence for either an active propagation or implementation of Dharmasastra [Manusmriti] by a ruler or any state – as distinct from other forms of recognizing, respecting and using the text. Thinking of Dharmasastra as a legal code and of its authors as lawgivers is thus a serious misunderstanding of its history".<ref>Donald Davis (2010), ''The Spirit of Hindu Law'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521877046}}, p. 14</ref> Other scholars have expressed the same view, based on epigraphical, archaeological and textual evidence from medieval Hindu kingdoms in [[Gujarat]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], while acknowledging that Manusmriti was influential to the South Asian history of law and was a theoretical resource.<ref>Werner Menski (2009), ''Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195699210}}, Chapters 2 & 4</ref><ref>Donald R. Davis Jr (2005), "Intermediate Realms of Law: Corporate Groups and Rulers in Medieval India", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'', Volume 48, Issue 1, pp. 92–117</ref>

===Outside India===
The ''Dharma-sastras'', particularly Manusmriti, states Anthony Reid,<ref name=reidseasia/> were "greatly honored in Burma's (Myanmar) [[Wareru Dhammathat]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BHATTACHARYYA|first=PARNASABARI|title=Manusmriti and Manavadhammasattham: Indian Influence on Burmese Legal Texts |date=1993|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142924|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=54|pages=68–72|jstor=44142924 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Siam (Thailand), Cambodia and Java-Bali (Indonesia) as the defining documents of the natural order, which kings were obliged to uphold. They were copied, translated and incorporated into local law code, with strict adherence to the original text in Burma and Siam, and a stronger tendency to adapt to local needs in Java (Indonesia)".<ref name=reidseasia>Anthony Reid (1988), ''Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The lands below the winds'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0300047509}}, p. 137–138</ref><ref>Victor Lieberman (2014), ''Burmese Administrative Cycles'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691612812}}, pp. 66–68; Also see discussion of 13th-century Wagaru Dhamma-sattha / 11th century Manu Dhammathat manuscripts discussion.</ref><ref>On Laws of Manu in 14th-century Thailand's [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayuthia kingdom]] named after [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], see David Wyatt (2003), ''Thailand: A Short History'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0300084757}}, p. 61; Robert Lingat (1973), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC&pg=PA269 The Classical Law of India]'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, pp. 269–272</ref> The medieval era derived texts and Manusmriti manuscripts in Southeast Asia are, however, quite different than the "vulgate" version that has been in use since its first use in British India. The role of then extant Manusmriti as a historic foundation of law texts for the people of Southeast Asia has been very important, states Hooker.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hooker |first=M. B. |date=February 1978 |title=The Indian-Derived Law Texts of Southeast Asia |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=201–219 |jstor=2054162|doi=10.2307/2054162|s2cid=159671154 }}</ref>

===In British India===
{{main|Hindu law}}
Prior to the British colonial rule, [[Sharia]] (Islamic law) for Muslims in South Asia had been codified as ''[[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]'', but laws for non-Muslims – such as Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, Parsis – were not codified - both in regions of the subcontinent that witnessed anything up to 600 years of Islamic rule - as well as others.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lariviere |first=Richard W. |date=November 1989 |title=Justices and Paṇḍitas: Some Ironies in Contemporary Readings of the Hindu Legal Past |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=757–769 |doi=10.2307/2058113 |jstor=2058113|s2cid=159457790 }}</ref> With the arrival of the British colonial officials, Manusmriti played a historic role in constructing a legal system for non-Muslims in South Asia and early Western perceptions about the ancient and medieval Indian society.<ref name=donalddavis/>

In the 18th century, the earliest British of the East India Company acted as agents of the Mughal emperor. As the British colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in India, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions.<ref name=timlubin>Tomothy Lubin et al (2010), Lubin and Davis (eds.), ''Hinduism and Law: An Introduction'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521716260}}, Chapter 1</ref> The East India Company, and later the British Crown, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement.<ref name=dawashbrook/> The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in various princely states.<ref name=dawashbrook/> The British exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to law practices as explained by the local intermediaries.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kugle |first=Scott Alan |date=May 2001 |title=Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=257–313 |jstor=313119 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x01002013|s2cid=146583562 }}</ref> The existing legal texts for Muslims, and resurrected Manusmriti manuscript thus helped the colonial state sustain the pre-colonial religious and political law and conflicts, well into the late nineteenth century.<ref name=timlubin/><ref name=dawashbrook>{{cite journal |last=Washbrook |first=D. A. |date=1981 |title=Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=649–721 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00008714 |jstor=312295|s2cid=145176900 }}</ref><ref name=ludorocherhcl/> The colonial policy on the system of personal laws for India, for example, was expressed by Governor-General Hastings in 1772 as follows,

{{Blockquote|That in all suits regarding inheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages or institutions, the law of the Koran with respect to Mahometans [Muslims], and those of the Shaster with respect to Gentoos [Hindus] shall be invariably be adhered to.
|[[Warren Hastings]]|August 15, 1772<ref name=rocherresponse>{{cite journal | last1 = Rocher | first1 = Ludo | year = 1972 | title = Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 92 | issue = 3| pages = 419–424 | doi = 10.2307/600567 | jstor=600567}}</ref>}}

For Muslims of India, the British accepted sharia as the legal code for Muslims, based on texts such the ''al-Sirjjiyah'' and ''Fatawa-i Alamgiri'' written under sponsorship of Aurangzeb.<ref name=michaelanderson>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Anderson |title=Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader |chapter=10 |year=1995 |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Arnold |editor2-first=Peter |editor2-last=Robb |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700702848 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=K. |last=Ewing |year=1988 |title=Sharia and ambiguity in South Asian Islam |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520055759}}</ref><ref name=annaim>Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im (2010), ''Islam and the Secular State'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674034563}}, pp. 149–150</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Baillie|first=Neil B. E. (Neil Benjamin Edmonstone)|url=http://archive.org/details/digestmoohummud00bailgoog|title=A digest of Moohummudan law on the subjects to which it is usually applied by British courts of justice in India|date=1875|publisher=London, Smith, Elder & co.|others=New York Public Library}}</ref> For Hindus and other non-Muslims such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, and Parsis, this information was unavailable.<ref name=timlubin/> The substance of Hindu law, was derived by the British colonial officials from Manusmriti, and it became the first Dharmasastra that was translated in 1794.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flood (1996)|page =56 |url=https://archive.org/details/AnIntroductionToHinduismSeeTantraWesternPhilosophyAscetismFoldersGavinFloodOUP/page/n70}}</ref><ref name=donalddavis/> The British colonial officials, for practice, attempted to extract from the Dharmaśāstra, the English categories of law and religion for the purposes of colonial administration.<ref>Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" In S. A. J. Zaidi, ed. ''Malik Ram Felicitation Volume''. (New Delhi, 1972), pp. 190–191.</ref><ref>J. D. M. Derrett, ''Religion, Law, and the State in India'', London: Faber, 1968, 96. For a related distinction between religious and secular law in Dharmaśāstra, see {{cite journal |last=Lubin |first=Timothy |date=2007 |title=Punishment and Expiation: Overlapping Domains in Brahmanical Law |ssrn=1084716 |journal=Indologica Taurinensia |volume=33 |pages=93–122}}</ref>

The British colonial officials, however, mistook the Manusmriti as codes of law, failing to recognise that it was a commentary on morals and law and not a statement of positive law.<ref name=ludorocherhcl/><ref name=michaelanderson/> The colonial officials of the early 19th century also failed to recognise that Manusmriti was one of many competing Dharmasastra texts, it was not in use for centuries during the Islamic rule period of India.<ref name=ludorocherhcl/><ref name=michaelanderson/> The officials resurrected Manusmriti, constructed statements of positive law from the text for non-Muslims, in order to remain faithful to its policy of using sharia for the South Asian Muslim population.<ref name="donalddavis"/><ref name=ludorocherhcl>Ludo Rocher (1978), "Hindu Conceptions of Law", ''Hastings Law Journal'', Volume 29, pp. 1283–1297</ref><ref name=michaelanderson/> Manusmriti thus played a role in constructing the Anglo-Hindu law, as well as Western perceptions about ancient and medieval era [[Hindu culture]] from the colonial times.<ref>For reviews of the British misappropriations of Dharmaśāstra, see: {{cite journal |last=Lariviere |first=Richard W. |date=November 1989 |title=Justices and Paṇḍitas: Some Ironies in Contemporary Readings of the Hindu Legal Past |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=757–769 |doi=10.2307/2058113 |jstor=2058113|s2cid=159457790 }} and {{cite journal |last=Rocher |first=Ludo |date=June 1993 |title=Law Books in an Oral Culture: The Indian Dharmaśāstras |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=254–267 |jstor=986732}}</ref> Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im states the significance and role of Manusmriti in governing India during the colonial era as follows (abridged),<ref name=annaim/>

{{Blockquote|
The [British] colonial administration began the codification of Hindu and Muslim laws in 1772 and continued through the next century, with emphasis on certain texts as the authentic "sources" of the law and custom of Hindus and Muslims, which in fact devalued and retarded those dynamic social systems. The codification of complex and interdependent traditional systems froze certain aspects of the status of women, for instance, outside the context of constantly evolving social and economic relations, which in effect limited or restricted women's rights. The selectivity of the process, whereby colonial authorities sought the assistance of Hindu and Muslim religious elites in understanding the law, resulted in the Brahminization and Islamization of customary laws [in British India]. For example, the British orientalist scholar William Jones translated the key texts ''Al Sirjjiyah'' in 1792 as the Mohammedan Law of Inheritance, and '''Manusmriti''' in 1794 as the ''Institutes of Hindu Law or the Ordinances of Manu''. In short, British colonial administrators reduced centuries of vigorous development of total ethical, religious and social systems to fit their own preconceived European notions of what Muslim and Hindu "law" should be.
|[[Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im]]|Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Sharia<ref name=annaim/>}}Another scholar, Supriya Gandhi, writing in the [[Journal of Hindu Studies]], states
{{Blockquote|text=...whatever its historical status, however, most scholars today agree that it (Manu Smriti) took on unprecedented status as an "applied" legal document only under early British rule' (Dirks, 2001: 34). when [[Sir William Jones]], who was a judge of the [[Calcutta High Court|Supreme Court of Bengal]] appointed by the Crown, threw his weight behind Manu Smriti as the Institutes of Hindu Law (Rocher, 2010), Manu smriti acquired a status disproportionate to its actual stature in India in terms of people's awareness and acceptance of it in contrast to customs.|author=Supriya Gandhi|title=Dharmaśāstra in Aurangzeb’s India: A Persian Translation of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti and Mitākṣarā|source=<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dharmaśāstra in Aurangzeb's India: A Persian Translation of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti and Mitākṣarā|publisher=The Journal of Hindu Studies 16(1)|date=September 2022|doi=10.1093/jhs/hiac007}}</ref>}}

==Comparison with other dharmasastras==
{{further|Dharma|Dharmashastra}}
Along with Manusmriti (''Manava Dharmasastra''), ancient India had between eighteen and thirty six competing ''Dharma-sastras'', states John Bowker.<ref name=bowker/> Many of these texts have been lost completely or in parts, but they are referred to in other ancient Indian texts suggesting that they were influential in some regions or time. Of the numerous jurisprudence-related commentaries and Smriti texts, after Manu Smriti and other than the older Dharma Sutras, Yajnavalkya Smriti has attracted the attention of many scholars, followed by Narada Smriti and Parashara Smriti (the oldest Dharma-smriti).<ref>M. Rama Jois (2004), ''Legal and Constitutional History of India'', Universal Law Publishing, {{ISBN|978-8175342064}}, pp. 19–34</ref> According to Ghose and other scholars, evidence suggests that [[Yajnavalkya Smriti]] was the more referred to text than Manu Smriti in matters of governance and practice. This text, of unclear date of composition but likely to be a few centuries after Manusmriti, is more "concise, methodical, distilled and liberal".<ref name=jois31>M. Rama Jois (2004), ''Legal and Constitutional History of India'', Universal Law Publishing, {{ISBN|978-8175342064}}, p. 31</ref> According to Jois,

{{Blockquote|
Regarding the 18 titles of law, Yajnavalkya follows the same pattern as in Manu with slight modifications. On matters such as women's rights of inheritance and right to hold property, status of Sudras, and criminal penalty, Yajnavalkya is more liberal than Manu. ... He deals exhaustively on subjects like creation of valid documents, law of mortgages, hypothecation, partnership and joint ventures.
|M. Rama Jois|Legal and Constitutional History of India<ref>M. Rama Jois (2004), ''Legal and Constitutional History of India'', Universal Law Publishing, {{ISBN|978-8175342064}}, pp. 31–32</ref>}}

Jois suggests that the [[Yajnavalkya Smriti]] text liberal evolution may have been influenced by [[Buddhism]] in ancient India.<ref name=jois31/> The Yajnavalkya text is also different from Manu text in adding chapters to the organisation of monasteries, land grants, deeds execution and other matters. The Yajnavalkya text was more referred to by many Hindu kingdoms of the medieval era, as evidenced by the commentary of 12th-century [[Vijñāneśvara]], titled ''Mitakshara''.<ref>M. Rama Jois (2004), ''Legal and Constitutional History of India'', Universal Law Publishing, {{ISBN|978-8175342064}}, p. 32</ref>

== Controversies ==
The ''Manusmriti'' has been a subject of significant debate due to its prescriptions regarding social hierarchy, particularly its views on women and Shudras (often associated with lower castes or untouchables in later interpretations). These views have sparked criticism for promoting inequality, while some scholars argue they reflect the socio-cultural context of ancient India.

=== Views on Women ===
The ''Manusmriti'' outlines specific roles and restrictions for women, emphasizing their dependence on male relatives. In Chapter 5, Verse 148, it states, "In childhood, a female must be protected by her father, in youth by her husband, and when her lord is dead then by her sons; a woman should never be independent."{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Manava-Dharmasastra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0195171464}} This verse, among others, has been criticized for endorsing patriarchal control and limiting women's autonomy. Chapter 9, Verse 3 further prescribes that women should be guarded to ensure their chastity, which some modern scholars interpret as restricting women's agency.{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=The Laws of Manu |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=1991 |isbn=978-0140445404}} However, defenders of the text, such as traditionalist scholars, argue that these injunctions aimed to protect women within the social framework of the time, though such interpretations are contested.

Feminist scholars, such as Kumkum Roy, have highlighted that the ''Manusmriti''’s emphasis on women’s subordination contrasts with other ancient Indian texts, like the ''Rigveda'', which depict women in more varied roles.{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kumkum |title=Women in Early Indian Societies |publisher=Manohar Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-8173043826}} Critics argue that these prescriptions contributed to rigid gender norms in later Indian society, influencing practices such as early marriage. It restricted property inheritance rights for women (Chapter 9, Verses 118–120) but seems to be contradictory to the verses 130, 133 & 134 which supports daughters in property inheritance.

=== Views on Shudras ===
The ''Manusmriti'' assigns Shudras the role of serving the three higher varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas) and imposes significant restrictions on their social and religious participation. Chapter 8, Verse 410 states, "A Shudra, though emancipated by his master, is not released from servitude; since that is innate in him, who can set him free from it?"{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Manava-Dharmasastra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0195171464}} Additionally, Chapter 10, Verse 129 prohibits Shudras from studying the Vedas or performing certain rituals, reinforcing their subordinate status. These verses have been widely criticized for institutionalizing caste hierarchy and justifying the marginalization of Shudras, often equated with untouchables in later caste practices.

Modern scholars, such as B.R. Ambedkar, have condemned these prescriptions as foundational to caste oppression, with Ambedkar famously burning copies of the ''Manusmriti'' in 1927 to protest its influence on caste discrimination.{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0231136020}} Conversely, some traditionalist scholars argue that the text’s rules were context-specific and not intended to dehumanize Shudras, but rather to organize society functionally.{{Cite book |last=Kane |first=Pandurang Vaman |title=History of Dharmasastra |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1941}} Critics counter that such interpretations fail to address the systemic exclusion embedded in the text.

=== Modern Reception and Criticism ===
The ''Manusmriti''’s views on women and Shudras have fueled debates about its relevance in contemporary India. Reformers like Ambedkar and feminist movements have cited the text as a source of social inequality, advocating for its rejection or reinterpretation. In contrast, some Hindu revivalist groups view the ''Manusmriti'' as a sacred legal text, though they often emphasize its ethical teachings over its controversial social prescriptions. Scholars like Patrick Olivelle note that while the ''Manusmriti'' was influential in shaping ancient Indian law, its practical application varied across regions and eras, and its authority was not universal.

==Editions and translations==
*{{Cite book |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/manu.htm |title=Sacred Books of the East: The Laws of Manus |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1886 |volume=XXV |location=Oxford |translator-last=Bühler |translator-first=G.}}
*[[Ganganath Jha]], ''Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi'', 1920, {{ISBN|8120811550}}
*J. I. Shastri (ed.), ''Manusmriti with Kullukabhatta Commentary'' (1972–1974), reprinted by [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-8120807662}}.
*{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=The Law Code of Manu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0192802712 |location=New York}}
*{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0195171462 |location=Oxford}}
*Pranjivan Harihar Pandya (ed.), ''Manusmriti; With a commentary called Manvarth Muktavali by Kullooka Bhatt'', Bombay, 1913.
*Ramacandra Varma Shastri, ''Manusmr̥ti: Bhāratīya ācāra-saṃhitā kā viśvakośa'', Śāśvata Sāhitya Prakāśana, 1997. {{ISBN?}}
*''The Institutes of Hindu Law: Or, The Ordinances of Manu'', Calcutta: Sewell & Debrett, 1796.

==See also==
* [[Apastamba Dharmasutra]]
* [[Arthashastra]]
* [[Classical Hindu law]]
* [[Classical Hindu law in practice]]
* [[Dharmaśāstra]]
* [[Gentoo Code]]
* [[Hindu law]]
* [[Kalpa (Vedanga)]]
* [[Kalpa Sūtra]]
* [[Vajrasuchi Upanishad#Question on the four varnas|Vajrasuchi Upanishad]]
* [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn= 0521438780}}
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Laws of Manu}}
*{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J.|title=The Hindu Religious Tradition|year=1971 |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company|location=Belmont, California}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Jha |first=Ganganath |title=Manusmṛti with the Manubhāṣya of Medhātithi |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi |year=1920 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=8120811550}}
*{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John|title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=0802137970 }}
*{{cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |author2=Rothermund, Dietmar |title=A History of India|year=1986 |publisher=Barnes & Noble|location=New York|isbn= 0880295775}}
*{{cite book|last= Olivelle |first=Patrick| chapter = Dharmasastra: A Literary History| title =Law and Hinduism: An Introduction| editor=Lubin, Timothy |editor2=Krishnan, Jayanth |editor3=Davis, Jr. Donald R. | publisher = Cambridge University Press| year= 2010| isbn=978-0521716260}}
*{{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=0520242254 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap }}

{{wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2013}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manusmrti}}
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian law]]
[[Category:Dharmaśāstra]]

Tamhini Ghat

2026-01-19T08:38:44Z

Kiloforce123: started a page

{{Short description|Mountain pass in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox Mountain Pass
|name = Tamhini Ghat
|photo =
|photo_width = 250px
|photo_caption =
|latd =
|longd =
| traversed =
| location = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| range = [[Sahyadri]]
|coordinates = {{coord|18.4493386|N|73.4227198|E|display=it|region:IN_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki}}
|elevation =
}}

'''Tamhini Ghat''' is a mountain passage located between [[Mulshi]] and Tamhini in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/destination/tamhini-ghat Tamhini ghat]</ref>

Situated on the crest of the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges, Tamhini Ghat is noted for its surroundings comprising scenic waterfalls, lakes and dense woods. The best time to visit is October through December.

==History==
Tamhini Ghat did not exist earlier, as the whole area is under [Tata Power]. Considering the requirement of additional routes to take traffic in Konkan from Pune and Lonawala this route was proposed.

==Road==
The Tamhini road ghat cuts the [[Sahyadri]] range to join [[Mulshi]] to Tamhini and makes the route in Konkan from [[Pune]]. This ghat stretches almost 15 km. The road is now very good and newly laid. The entire stretch becomes a popular destination during the monsoons. During the rainy season, the place transforms into a green bed with many waterfalls and streams. There are state buses which ply through the ghat connecting Pune city with places on the Goa highway (NH17).

Tamhini Ghat can be accessed from Mumbai via the Mumbai-Goa Highway by reaching [[Kolad]] and after crossing the bridge over [[Kundalika River]], take the left turn that leads to Pune via the [[Mulshi Dam]] backwaters. Tamhini Ghat is the stretch between Kolad and these backwaters. It contains different kinds of green velvety carpets, gushing streams, dark grey clouds stooping low, and the occasional waterfalls. These impromptu waterfalls attract tourists from far and wide.

From the Tamhini Ghat, the road that leads to the Mulshi Dam backwaters which goes to the waterfall at Palse. This particular waterfall is nowadays getting crowded. Further ahead is Kolad which is now becoming immensely popular for river rafting that you can do on the river Kundalika.<ref>[https://www.loksatta.com/vishesha-news/trip-to-tamhini-ghat-to-an-ancient-konkan-village-1593764/ घाटवाटा : साठी पायऱ्यांची वाट – घोण्याचा दांड]</ref>

==Rail==
The [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] Zone & [[Indian Railways]] planned a connection between [[Pimpri Chinchwad]] to [[Kolad]] of [[Konkan Railway]] in Maharshatra through a Railway. The project was termed [[Kundalika River Valley Railway]]. But the plan was scrapped following survey of the region, which opined on the facts that neither a [[Broad Gauge]] nor a [[Metre Gauge]] railway can be constructed in Tamhini Ghat Region. Later a survey was done again for construction of a [[Narrow Gauge]] line, but it was also scrapped.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roychoudhury |first1=Samit |title=Indian Railway Map |url=http://samit.org/irmap/ |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Zht1T73W3k

{{commonscat}}

{{Mountain passes of India}}
{{Pune district topics}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Maharashtra]]

Symbiosis International University

2026-01-17T07:12:34Z

Kiloforce123: further improve content to improve readability

{{short description|Private higher-education institute in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Symbiosis International (Deemed University)
| image_name = Logo of Symbiosis International University.svg
| image_size = 120
| motto = ''[[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam]]''
| mottoeng = The world is one family
| established = {{Start date and age|1971}}
| founders = [[Dr. S B Mujumdar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. S B Mujumdar (MSc PhD), CHANCELLOR, Symbiosis International (Deemed University) |url=https://siu.edu.in/symbiosis-chancellor.php |website=siu.edu.in |access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>
| chancellor = [[S. B. Mujumdar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Lovely singh (MSc PhD), CHANCELLOR, Symbiosis International (Deemed University) |url=https://siu.edu.in/symbiosis-chancellor.php |website=siu.edu.in |access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = [[Ramakrishnan Raman]]<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE CHANCELLOR, Symbiosis International (Deemed University) |url=https://siu.edu.in/symbiosis-vicechancellor.php |website=siu.edu.in |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>
| city = [[Pune, Maharashtra|Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|18.537479|73.731267|display=inline,title|type:edu}}
| mascot = The common man<ref>{{cite news|title=President of India K. R. Narayan will unveil an eight-feet-tall bronze statue of R. K. Laxman's Common Man, the endearing character by India's ace cartoonist, in front of Symbiosis Viswabhavan in Pune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011218/nation.htm|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh|date=18 December 2001}}</ref>
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[deemed university]]
| parent = [[Symbiosis Society]]
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]], multiples<ref name="siu.edu.in">{{cite web |url=http://siu.edu.in/html/inner.asp?linkid=5 |title=Campuses – |access-date=2009-10-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030150523/http://siu.edu.in/html/inner.asp?linkid=5 |archive-date=30 October 2009 }}</ref>
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities|AALAU]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Members|url=http://aalau.org/members.html|website=aalau.org|publisher=[[Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities]]|access-date=18 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.siu.edu.in/}}
}}

'''Symbiosis International (Deemed University)''', is a multi-campus [[Private university|private]], [[deemed university]] located in the city of [[Pune]], [[India]]. The university is located in various campuses in [[Pune]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Nashik]], [[Noida]], [[Nagpur]]<ref name="Nagpur">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/symbiosis-opens-its-2nd-biggest-campus-in-ngp-to-start-classes-from-july/articleshow/68981839.cms|title=Symbiosis opens its 2nd biggest campus in Ngp, to start classes from July |last1=Ganjapure|first1=Vaibhav|date=22 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> etc.

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=University
| QS_A_2023 = 351–400
| THE_W_2023 = 801–1000
| THES_A_2022 = 251–300
| THES_E_2022 = 301–350
|NIRF_O_2024=52|NIRF_U_2024=31|NIRF_B_2024=13| IT_E_2020 = 38
| OUTLOOK_E_P_2022 = 13
| OUTLOOK_B_P_2020 = 6
}}
Internationally, Symbiosis International University was ranked between 1001–1200 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' for 2024.<ref name="Rankings_THE_W_2023" />

In India, the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Symbiosis 24th among universities in 2025 and 40th overall.

Symbiosis Institute of Technology, its engineering college, was ranked 48 among engineering colleges by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2020.<ref name="Rankings_IT_E_2020"/> It was ranked 13 among private engineering colleges in India by ''[[Outlook India]]'' in 2022.<ref name="Rankings_OUTLOOK_E_P_2022"/>

The [[Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune|Symbiosis Institute of Business Management]] It was ranked sixth among private business schools in India by ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "Outlook-ICARE MBA Rankings: Top 150 Private MBA Institutions" of 2020.<ref name="Rankings_OUTLOOK_B_P_2020"/> The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it 11th in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Report/IR2025_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune]]
* [[Symbiosis Law School]]
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.siu.edu.in/}}

{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Symbiosis Society]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1971]]

Love in Tawang

2026-01-09T04:49:30Z

Kiloforce123: small cleaned up section and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{infobox film
| name = Love in Tawang লভ্ ইন টাৱাং
| director = Dipak Nath
| writer = Dipak Nath
| starring = Dhruv Spainee
| cinematography = Hiten Thakuria
| music = Abhijit Barman Dipak Nath
| studio = Siddhartha Telefilms
| distributor = Siddhartha Telefilms
| released = {{Film date|2016|03|11|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
}}

'''''Love in Tawang''''' (অসমীয়া:লভ্ ইন টাৱাং) is a 2016 Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] film directed by Dipak Nath under the banner of Siddhartha Telefilms. Newcomers Dhruv and Spainee are in the lead roles. This film's songs are composed by Abhijit Barman.

==Cast==
The cast features Assamese, Monpa, and Bhutanese artistes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2016/03/assamese-film-love-in-tawang-releasing-on-march-11.html|title=Assamese Film "Love in Tawang" Releasing on March 11|work=Magical Assam|date=10 March 2016}}</ref>
* Dhruv
* Spainee
* Arun Nath
* Atul Pachoni
* Subhash Mudok
* Biswajeet Hazarika
* Juri Devi
* Simashree Bora

==Production ==
Dipak Nath, writer of ''[[Mahasamar]]'' (2013), directs this film.

==Soundtrack==
This film's soundtrack was composed by Abhijit Barman. Lyrics by Dipak Nath.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kothasobi.com/new-assamese-film-love-in-tawang/|title=New Assamese Film 'Love in Tawang'|work=KothaSobi|last=Borah|first=Pranjal|date=25 June 2015}}</ref> Three songs are in Assamese, one in Hindi, and one in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kothasobi.com/assamese-film-love-in-tawang-to-release-march-11/|title=Assamese Film 'Love in Tawang' to Release on March 11|work=KothaSobi|last=Borah|first=Pranjal|date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Nila Nila
| extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]],Priyanka Bharali
| length1 = 4:4
| title2 = Love in Tawang
| extra2 = Ritrisha Sharmah
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = Sajna
| extra3 = Priyanka Bharali
| length3 = 4:1
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 romance films]]

{{Assamese-film-stub}}

Divisional Railway Hospital, Golden Rock

2025-12-30T00:25:10Z

Kiloforce123: Added New Stub

{{short description|Railway hospital in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Divisional Railway Hospital
| org_group = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| country = [[India]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1927}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = DRH Front.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Main entrance of the hospital
| caption = Main entrance of the hospital
| coordinates = {{coord|10.7845|78.7253|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli]]
| region = [[Tiruchirappalli district]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| healthcare = 
| funding = Public
| type = Full-service medical center
| affiliation =
| patron = Dr. V. K. Ramteke ({{abbr|DG/RHS|Director General/Railway Health Service}})<ref name="dg">{{cite web|title=About Us – Health Directorate|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/index.jsp|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912004010/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/index.jsp|archive-date=12 September 2016}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn1|The administrators may change from time to time for administrative reasons.}}
| network = Indian Railway Hospitals
| standards =
| emergency = Yes
| helipad = No
| beds = 197
| speciality =
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/index.jsp|Railway Health Directorate}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}

The '''Divisional Railway Hospital''', also known as the '''''Ponmalai railway hospital''''', is a [[secondary hospital]] in [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]], in the [[Tiruchirappalli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. This hospital is managed by the [[Southern Railway zone]]'s [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]]. It serves active and retired Indian Railway employees and their families.

== History ==
The hospital is located amidst the Railway Quarters in [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]], near the [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]]<ref name="grws">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Facility-for-railway-staff-in-dire-straits/2013/04/18/article1549907.ece|title=Facility for railway staff in dire straits|date=18 April 2013|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=[[Tiruchy]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912004819/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Facility-for-railway-staff-in-dire-straits/2013/04/18/article1549907.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|last1=Shreenesh|first1=Raman|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> and [[Golden Rock Shandy]]. Established in 1927 by the erstwhile [[South Indian Railway Company]],<ref name="hic">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Hic-Here%E2%80%99s-the-secret-of-patients-in-high-spirits/2013/04/22/article1555607.ece|title=Hic! Here's the secret of patients in high spirits|date=22 April 2013|work=The New Indian Express|location=Tiruchy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820011105/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Hic-Here%E2%80%99s-the-secret-of-patients-in-high-spirits/2013/04/22/article1555607.ece|archive-date=20 August 2016|last1=Shreenesh|first1=Raman|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> it is the oldest hospital in the [[Southern Railway zone]] {{ndash}} older than the [[Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital, Chennai|Zonal hospital]] at [[Perambur]], which was constructed in 1928.<ref name="his">{{cite web|title=About Medical Branch – Trichchirappalli Division|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322196396381-about.pdf|website=[[Southern Railway zone]]|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033255/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322196396381-about.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|format=PDF}}</ref> It is part of [[Indian Railway Medical Services]], which maintains a large network of hospitals {{ndash}} 56 divisional and 9 zonal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/index.jsp |title=Health Directorate |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=19 September 2016 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912004010/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/index.jsp |archive-date=12 September 2016 }}</ref>

== Administration ==
The personnel health care in [[Indian Railways]] is managed by the Director General of Railway Health Services under the Railway Health Directorate, an apex body at the [[Railway Board]].<ref name="apex">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/health_1.jsp|title=Facilities – Health Directorate|website=Indian Railways|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912005634/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/health_1.jsp|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> The Chief Medical Director of the Southern Railway zone oversees the health affairs at the zonal level, under which five divisional hospitals function at [[Arakkonam]], [[Madurai]], [[Palakkad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]], headed by Chief Medical Superintendents.<ref name="ohq">{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1316687569610-organisation.pdf|title=Organisation – Headquarters|website=Southern Railway zone|pages=1–2|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530075230/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1316687569610-organisation.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> As of 2016, the officer in charge of the hospital is the [[Chief Medical Officer]],{{Efn|Also Officially known as Divisional Medical Officer.}} Dr R. Soundararajan,<ref name="cmo">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Trichy-railway-station-food-vendors-briefed-on-hygiene-quality/articleshow/53973751.cms |title=Trichy railway station food vendors briefed on hygiene, quality |date=2 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=[[Trichy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912010914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Trichy-railway-station-food-vendors-briefed-on-hygiene-quality/articleshow/53973751.cms |archive-date=12 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[orthopaedic|orthopod]], who reports to Dr P. Velusamy, the Chief Medical Superintendent for the [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]].<ref name="chief">{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322196449900-organisation.pdf|title=Organisation Structure|website=Southern Railway zone|page=1|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415014347/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322196449900-organisation.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2015|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref>{{Efn|name=fn1}}

== Background ==
[[File:DRH Emergency Building.jpg|thumb|[[Emergency ward]]]]
Being one of 56 divisional railway hospitals in India,<ref name="dg"/> the hospital functions exclusively for the benefit of serving and retired railway employees and their families,<ref name="excl">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/ponmalai-railway-hospital-to-create-database-of-diabetic-patients/article5981503.ece|title=Ponmalai railway hospital to create database of diabetic patients|date=6 May 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Tiruchi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912011433/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/ponmalai-railway-hospital-to-create-database-of-diabetic-patients/article5981503.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|last1=R. Rajaram|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> comprising about 100,000 people<ref name="his"/> belonging to the [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]] and spanning 10 districts of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="trddst">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/130-unmanned-gates-identified-for-closure-in-tiruchi-division/article3496528.ece|title=130 unmanned gates identified for closure in Tiruchi Division|last=Rajaram|first=R.|date=6 June 2012|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912011817/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/130-unmanned-gates-identified-for-closure-in-tiruchi-division/article3496528.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="trydmap">{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359448578677-TPJ-JURI%20updated%20for%20hindi%20section-Model.pdf|title=Jurisdiction map of the Division|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213446/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359448578677-TPJ-JURI%20updated%20for%20hindi%20section-Model.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|work=Southern Railway zone|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Besides this main facility, the hospital also maintains a 25-bed sub-divisional Hospital at [[Villupuram]] and eight Railway Health Units/[[Polyclinic]] at {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}, [[Tiruchirappalli Fort]], [[Srirangam]], [[Vriddhachalam]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], and [[Tiruvarur]].<ref name="his"/><ref name="srhu">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/pdf/facilities/sr.pdf|title=Southern Railway – Health Units|website=Indian Railways|publisher=Railway Board|page=1|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912012547/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/pdf/facilities/sr.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
[[File:DRH Surgical Ward.jpg|thumb|New Surgical Ward]]
The hospital has 21 full-time doctors in eight departments: [[General medicine]], [[General Surgery]], [[gynaecology]], [[Paediatrics]], [[ophthalmology]], [[anaesthesiology]], [[physiotheraphy]] and [[orthopediatrics]]. These are supplemented with a [[clinical laboratory]], digital X-ray unit, [[ultrasound scan]], [[operation theater]], [[casualty department]], [[ambulance]], [[treadmill]], [[intensive care unit]], and [[blood bank]] facilities.<ref name="scan">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/attendants-block-opened-at-railway-hospital/article437967.ece|title=Attendants' block opened at Railway Hospital|date=25 May 2010|work=The Hindu|location=Tiruchi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912012709/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/attendants-block-opened-at-railway-hospital/article437967.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Additionally, specialists in the field of [[urology]], [[pulmonology]], [[cardiology]], [[psychiatry]], [[dermatology]] and [[dental surgery]] are regularly engaged on an [[ad hoc]] basis for the patients with weekly once OPDs.

== Developments ==
The hospital, which is visited by about 600 [[Patient#Outpatients and inpatients|outpatients]] daily,<ref name="excl"/> also has 197 beds for [[Patient#Outpatients and inpatients|inpatients]],<ref name="his"/> including the 2016 addition of a 100-bed surgical ward.<ref name="bed">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kallakudi-palanganathamariyalur-railway-line-nearing-completion/article5027784.ece|title=Kallakudi Palanganatham-Ariyalur railway line nearing completion|date=16 August 2013|work=The Hindu|location=Tiruchi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912013033/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kallakudi-palanganathamariyalur-railway-line-nearing-completion/article5027784.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> The building that once housed the isolation ward was renovated at a cost of {{INRConvert|10|l}} with 12 beds for the sake of inpatients' attendants, with basic amenities for free of cost.<ref name="scan"/> About 5 LED television sets and playing equipment for the children at hospital were donated from the Railway Staff Benefit fund.<ref name="led">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/railway-staff-honoured/article6180280.ece|title=Railway staff honoured|date=5 July 2014|work=The Hindu|location=Tiruchi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912013453/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/railway-staff-honoured/article6180280.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> An orthopaedic block with 57 beds was constructed at the second floor of the surgical ward, covering an area about {{convert|1000|m2}} and costing {{INRConvert|1.65|c}}; also installed were a {{INRConvert|25|l}} bed lift and an [[automated analyser]] and [[mechanical ventilator]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|2.52|l}} and {{INRConvert|2.99|l}}, respectively.<ref name="opic">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-orthopaedic-block-opened-at-railway-hospital/article4490886.ece|title=New orthopaedic block opened at railway hospital|date=9 March 2013|work=The Hindu|location=Tiruchi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912013912/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-orthopaedic-block-opened-at-railway-hospital/article4490886.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital, Chennai]]
* [[List of hospitals in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|last1=J. S. N. Murthy|title=Spare the railway hospital system|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/open-page-spare-the-railway-hospital-system/article7392621.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917105048/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/open-page-spare-the-railway-hospital-system/article7392621.ece|archive-date=17 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 July 2015}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1927]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Trichy railway division|+]]
[[Category:Railway hospitals in India|TIRUCHIRAPPALLI]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1927]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Commission of Railway Safety

2025-11-21T06:13:58Z

Kiloforce123: Revised content for better accuracy

{{short description|Government of India's commission}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Commission of Railway Safety
| type =
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1961|11|01}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crs.gov.in/history.php |title=Commission of Railway Safety |website=www.crs.gov.in |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209045144/http://www.crs.gov.in/history.php |archive-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| preceding1 = Railway Inspectorate
| preceding2 = 
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = 3rd Floor, Traffic Accounts Building, State Entry Road, New Delhi Pin: 110055
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Janak Kumar Garg
| chief1_position = Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety (CCRS)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crs.gov.in/administrative.php |title=Commission of Railway Safety |website=www.crs.gov.in |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127134022/http://www.crs.gov.in/administrative.php |archive-date=27 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.crs.gov.in}}
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
| seal_width =
| logo_width =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
}}

The '''Commission of Railway Safety''' is a government commission of [[India]]. Subordinate to the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], the commission is the rail safety authority in India, as directed by [[The Railways Act, 1989]].

The agency investigates serious rail accidents. Its head office is in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Railway Safety |url=https://crs.gov.in/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2023, Shri Janak Kumar Garg (IRSEE:1987) is the Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety (CCRS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crs.gov.in/directory.php|title=Commission of Railway Safety - Directory|website=www.crs.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rail-safety-commissioner-begins-probe/628203/|title=Rail Safety Commissioner begins probe - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crs.gov.in/administrative.php|title=Commission of Railway Safety|website=www.crs.gov.in|access-date=2017-02-14|archive-date=27 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127134022/http://www.crs.gov.in/administrative.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Organisational structure and jurisdiction ==
The commission is headed by a Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety (CCRS), at Lucknow, who also acts as Principal Technical Advisor to the Central Government in all matters pertaining to railway safety. Working under the administrative control of CCRS are 9 Commissioners of Railway Safety (CRS), each one exercising jurisdiction over one or more of the 17 Zonal Railways. In addition, [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Railway]] (Kolkata), [[Delhi Metro|DMRC]] (Delhi), [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|MRTS]] (Chennai) and [[Konkan Railway]] also fall under their jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railnews.in/mud-must-appoint-its-own-commissioner-for-metro-rail-safety-e-sreedharan/|title=MUD must appoint its own Commissioner for Metro Rail Safety: E.Sreedharan|website=RailNews Media India Ltd|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref> There are 5 deputy commissioners of railway safety posted in the headquarters at Lucknow for assisting the CCRS as and when required. In addition, there are 2 field deputy commissioners, one each in Mumbai and Kolkata, to assist the commissioners of railway safety in matters concerning the signalling and telecommunication disciplines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crs.gov.in/organization.php|title=Commission of Railway Safety|website=www.crs.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-14}}</ref>

Formerly the head office was in the North-East Railway Compound in [[Lucknow]].<ref>"[http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html Commission of Railway Safety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219082419/http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html |date=2012-02-19 }}." Ministry of Civil Aviation. Retrieved on 19 February 2012. "Ashok Marg, NE Railway compound, Lucknow- 226001."</ref><ref>"[http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/annual_report_eng.pdf Annual Report 2009-2010]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." Commission of Railway Safety. 1. Retrieved on 19 February 2012.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] – Indian air accident investigation agency

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|India|Trains}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205025808/http://crs.gov.in/ Official website of The Commission of Railway Safety]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Rail accident orgs}}
{{Indian commissions}}

[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Ministry of Railways (India)]]
[[Category:Rail accident investigators]]
[[Category:Railway safety]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Lucknow]]

Radha Krishnan Chidambaram

2025-11-13T06:14:48Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| name =
| birthname = Radha Krishnan Chidambaram
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|05|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karaikudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, Film producer,Businessman
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1989-2017
| spouse =
| homepage =
| awards =
}}
'''Radha Krishnan Chidambaram''' (born 3 February 1959), known professionally as '''RK''', is an Indian actor, film producer and businessman who appears in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080117/rk-ropes-in-vadivelu-for-his-next.html|title = RK ropes in Vadivelu for his next|date = 8 January 2017}}</ref> He was predominantly involved in business before he broke into films, owning a real estate company called "Velcome City".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/for-passion-not-for-money-actor-rk/ |title='For Passion, not for money' - Actor RK |publisher=Kollywood Today |date=2008-11-23 |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref>

==Career==
After portraying small roles in films like ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' (1992), ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' (2006) and ''[[Thoondil]]'' (2008), he made his debut as lead actor with ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' (2008), remake of Malayalam movie titled [[Chinthamani Kolacase|''Chintamani Kola Case''.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/r-k|title=Kollywood Movie Actor R K Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics and emerged as average grosser.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/01review-ellam-avan-seyal.htm|title=Review: Ellam Avan Seyal|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/winning-point-ellam-avan-seyal/article3023613.ece|title=Winning point -- Ellam Avan Seyal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 December 2008|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He went on to do lead roles in films like ''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' (2009), ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2014 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' (2014) and ''[[Vaigai Express]]'' (2017) which did not do well at box-office and in-between he also portrayed negative roles in films like ''[[Avan Ivan]]'' (2011), ''[[Jilla]]'' (2014) a guest appearance and ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015).

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Vetri Vizha]]'' || Gang spy ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1993 || ''[[Manikuyil]]'' || Muthuvelu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Thangakkili]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Sevatha Ponnu]]'' || Sudalamani's friend ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Katta Panchayathu]]'' || Chidambaram ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Nattupura Nayagan]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2008 || ''[[Thoondil]]'' || Zoom ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhthukkal]]'' || Vetriselvan Selvanayagam ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Laxman Krishna ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Manjal Veiyil]]'' || Rajesh ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' || Pugazhendhi ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011 || ''[[Avan Ivan]]'' || Cattle smuggler ||
|-
| ''[[Puli Vesham]]'' || Muniyan || Also producer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Jilla]]'' || Mahalakshmi's father-in-law ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2014 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || Vetriselvan || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Minister Singarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || Rakesh Khethan ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vaigai Express (film)|Vaigai Express]]'' || Sharafudeen Rahman || Also producer
|-
|}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1091010}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:R. K.}}
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1950s-stub}}

Thanjavur Museum

2025-10-17T03:13:53Z

Kiloforce123: started new post

{{Short description|Heritage museum in Tamil Nadu, India}}
[[File:Thanjavur Museum ttkcvrvb122k23pxl (1).jpg|thumb|Thanjavur Museum]]
'''Thanjavur Museum''' is a museum where various heritage items are displayed to the public to illustrate the heritage of [[Thanjavur district]]. It is located in [[Thanjavur]], the capital of Thanjavur district in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Background==
The Thanjavur Museum is housed in a building that formerly served as the District Collector's office in the city of Thanjavur. The building was built about 120 years ago in 1900 by British architect Robert Chisol. The building is built in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Saracen style of architecture]]. Following the relocation of the collector's office which was functioning here, the district administration decided to build a museum based on the [[Smart city|Smart City]] mission at a cost of 9.90 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2021/07/05/britishera-thanjai-collectors-office-to-become-mega-museum|title=British-era Thanjai Collector’s office to become mega museum|website=DT next}}</ref> The work was completed and it was opened to the public on January 14, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/old-thanjavur-collectorate-converted-into-heritage-museum/articleshow/97000385.cms|title=Old Thanjavur collectorate converted into heritage museum | Trichy News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Exhibits==
Thanjavur museum exhibits 10 geo-tagged ([[Geographical indication|GI]]) objects of Thanjavur origin and various heritage objects illustrating the heritage of Thanjavur district. Information boards explaining the specialties of the district are also installed. Showrooms have also been set up on behalf of government departments. A park with around 600 species of birds brought from 20 countries has also been set up to attract visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=15 January 2023 |title=Thanjai old collectorate museum opens; birds park new attraction |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/01/15/thanjai-old-collectorate-museum-opens-birds-park-new-attraction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201002437/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/01/15/thanjai-old-collectorate-museum-opens-birds-park-new-attraction |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=DT Next |publisher=DTNEXT Bureau}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Museums in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|*]]

Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi

2025-10-10T05:51:55Z

Kiloforce123: Added A Post!

{{Short description|Government department of Tamil Nadu state, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi (Tamil Nadu)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1956
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[R. Gandhi]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi Department
| chief1_name = Dharmendra Pratap Yadav, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary, Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/10 Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi Department]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Objective ==
The objective of the department is to promote the growth of various components of the [[textile]] industry such as [[handloom]], [[powerloom]], [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]] and finished [[garment]]s.<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/10|title=Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi department|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Textile industry ==
The state is home to more than half of the operating fiber [[textile mill]]s in India.<ref>{{cite press release|title=State wise number of Textile Mills|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108277|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=7 August 2014|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Erode has potential to become a textile heaven says Narendra Modi|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317|newspaper=DNA India|date=17 April 2014|access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Coimbatore is often referred to as the ''[[Manchester]] of [[South India]]'' due to its cotton production and textile industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=SME sector: Opportunities, challenges in Coimbatore|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html|access-date=9 May 2011|newspaper=CNBC-TV18|date=24 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311111630/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html|archive-date=11 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/india_misscellaneous/nick-names-indian-places.html|title=Nicknames of places in India|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503144352/http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/india_misscellaneous/nick-names-indian-places.html|archive-date=3 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, Tiruppur exported garments worth $480 billion, contributing to nearly 54% of the all the textile exports from India and the city is known as the ''knitwear capital'' due to its cotton knitwear export.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/economy-policy/how-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html|title=How can India replicate the success of Tiruppur in 75 other places?|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruppur district|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tiruppur%202012.pdf|website=DCMSME|publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Industries, Government of India|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101505/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tiruppur%202012.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, the textile industry in the state accounted for 17% of the total invested capital in all the industries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece|title=New textile policy on the anvil|author=Sangeetha Kandavel|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live|date=24 July 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, 40% of leather goods exported from India worth {{INRconvert|9252|c}} are being manufactured in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/94015664.cms|title=TN to account for 60% of India's leather exports in two year|date=6 September 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Kanchipuram silk sari]] is a type of [[silk]] [[sari]] made in the [[Kanchipuram]] region the state which has been recognized as a [[Geographical indication]] by the Government of India in 2005{{ndash}}2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Weaving through the threads|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="GI">{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Year_wise_GI_Application_Register_-_31-08-2023.pdf|title=Geographical indications of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> [[Kovai Cora Cotton]] and [[Bhavani Jamakkalam]] are other noted Geographical indications.<ref name="GI"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708/292305|title= 31 ethnic Indian products given|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>

== Departments and functions ==
=== Handlooms and textiles ===
;Textiles
The state is one of the largest producer of textile [[yarn]]s and finished garments, accounting for more than 70% of the national output. The department is responsible for the management of entire textile supply chain including facilitating resources including materials, land and labour, textile machinery, education and research and promotion.<ref name="Gov1"/> The department also provides for various [[savings]] and [[pension]] schemes to support the industries. The government also procures free school [[uniforms]] and textiles for distribution to the poor from the textile co-operative industries.<ref name="Gov1"/>

;Handloom
The [[handloom]] industry employs more than 2.4 lakh workers with more than 52% women in 1.55 lakh units. The state has the third highest number of handlooms and the highest number of handloom [[Weaving|weavers]] in [[co-operative]] units. The department of handlooms is responsible for ensuring the sustainability of the weavers by facilitating [[raw materials]] for production, infrastructure support, marketing and sales of finished goods through [[Co-optex]].<ref name="Gov1">{{cite web|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hhtk_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Handlooms and Textiles department, policy note 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

;Powerloom
The [[powerloom]] sector in the state accounts for one fifth share of the country with 5.63 lakh units and employing more than ten lakh people. The department is responsible for modernization of the powerloom sector, up-skilling of workers and facilitating marketing and exports.<ref name="Gov1"/>

;Sericulture
The state is the third largest producer of [[silk]] and the [[sericulture]] department is responsible for increasing the silk output, modernization of the industry, education of [[farmer]]s, research and marketing.<ref name="Gov2">{{cite web|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/kvih_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Sericulture, handicrafts and Khadi department, policy note 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Handicrafts and Khadi ===
;Handicraft
The [[handicraft]] board is responsible for training of artisans, facilitate employment and benefits, improve productivity and quality and sales and marketing of products through "Poompuhar".<ref name="Gov2"/>

;Khadi
The Khadi board was created in 1960 and is responsible for improving the production of [[khadi]] products, facilitation of financing and social benefits to khadi producers in rural areas and marketing of the products.<ref name="Gov2"/>

;Palm products
The Palm products development board functions under the department and was established in 1994. It is responsible for safeguarding the interests of palm farmers, improve production, facilitation of sales and marketing of products.<ref name="Gov2"/>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/10 Official website of the Tamil Nadu Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi Department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Textiles]]
[[Category:Textile industry in India]]

Rahatgarh Waterfall

2025-08-14T12:24:53Z

Kiloforce123: new!

The '''Rahatgarh Falls''' or '''Bhalkund Falls''' is a natural [[waterfall]] on the [[Bina River (India)|Bina River]], located in [[Rahatgarh]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.naun.org/main/NAUN/geology/c022004-099.pdf | title=Geological Investigation of Rahatgarh Waterfall of Sagar (M. P.) through the Field Survey and Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques | author1=Kuldeep Pareta | author2=Upasana Pareta | journal=International Journal of Geology | year=2013 | issue=3 | volume=7}}</ref>

{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Rahatgarh Falls
| photo = Rahatgarh waterfall.jpg
| photo_caption = Rahatgarh Waterfall
| image_size = 250 px
| location = [[Rahatgarh]], [[Sagar District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coords = {{Coord|23.76|N|78.39|E}}
| elevation =
| type =
| height = {{convert|16|m}}
| height_longest =
| average_width =
| number_drops =
| average_flow =
| watercourse = [[Bina River (India)|Bina River]]
}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sagar.dailyhindinews.com/?page_id=20|title= राहतगढ़ किला और जल प्रपात|access-date= 3 February 2009|format= |publisher= डेली हिंदी न्यूज सागर|language=hi }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Overview==
Rahatgarh town, located about 40 km away on the Sagar-Bhopal road, is now a very popular picnic spot because of the waterfall. Local residents of Sagar visit here in large numbers to spend time on their holidays during the rainy season. It is a very popular picnic spot due to the lack of such places around the city.<ref>[https://sagar.nic.in/tourist-place/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%9d-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4/ Rahatgarh Waterfall/Tourism in Sagar] 18 may 2025</ref>

==Reach==
Rahatgarh waterfall is located in Sagar - [[Bhopal]] road, it's 40 km away from [[Saugor]].

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sagar district]]

Mahira

2025-08-01T15:28:13Z

Kiloforce123: Made New Page

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahira
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Moira
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.628956|N|87.212109|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.34
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,188
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713321 (Moira)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahira''' (also called Moira) is a [[census town]] in the [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Durgapur subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=550| height=400| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|33|20|N|87|19|20|E}}| float=centre|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern and eastern portions of Durgapur subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, R: rural centre, A: airport, B: barrage, H: historical sites Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|23|31|34|N|87|22|24|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Arra| numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Arra, Paschim Bardhaman|Arra]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|32|N|87|23|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gopalpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Gopalpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Gopalpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|30|4|N|87|21|48|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bamunara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bamunara, Paschim Bardhaman|Bamunara]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|27|58|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Amlajora| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Amlajora]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|27|40|N|87|27|45|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kanksa| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kanksa]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|27|22|N|87|27|14|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Debipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Debipur, India|Debipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|26|57|N|87|26|52|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Prayagpur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Prayagpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|18|N|87|12|28|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Siduli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Siduli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|38|30|N|87|13|31|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Khandra| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Khandra]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|14|34|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ukhra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Ukhra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|37|44|N|87|13|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Mahira| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=Mahira (CT)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|11|N|87|13|1|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Dakshin Khanda| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Dakshin Khanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|36|51|N|87|8|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Kajora| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kajora]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|16|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Harishpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Harishpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|50|N|87|9|47|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Palashban| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Palashban]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|35|24|N|87|11|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Dignala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dignala]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|6|N|87|11|7|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Andal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|34|30|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Baska| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Baska, Andal|Baska]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|33|54|N|87|17|38|E}} | label-pos19=right|label-color19=#800000| label19=Durgapur | numbered19=MC| mark-title19=[[Durgapur]] (MC)|shape-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|28|6|E}} | label-pos20=right| label20= Panagarh | numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Panagarh]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|28|41|N|87|23|34|E}} | label-pos21=left| label21= Rajbandh | numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Rajbandh]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|38|54|N|87|9|41|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=ECL Kajora|labela22= Area Office | numbered22=0| mark-title22=[[Kajora Area|ECL Kajora Area Office]] (A)| shape-color22=#AA6666| label-size22=13|
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.619389|87.244333}}| label23= Kazi Nazrul|labela23= Islam Airport| label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=12|numbered23= A| mark-title23 = [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]| shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.474444|87.4275}}| label24= Panagarh Airport| label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=12| numbered24=A|mark-title24 =[[Panagarh Airport]]| shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label25= Durgapur|labela25= Barrage| label-color25 = #C42222 | label-angle25=0| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=12| numbered25=B|mark-title25 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.5648|87.2367}}| label26= Durgapur|labela26= Steel |labelb26 =Plant| label-color26 = #C42222 | label-angle26=0| label-pos26=bottom| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.5386|87.2693}}| label27= Alloy|labela27= Steels |labelb27 =Plant| label-color27 = #C42222 | label-angle27=0| label-pos27=bottom| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.5186|87.2983}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Projects |labelb28 =Limited| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=bottom| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.6374|87.4243}}| label29=Ajay River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=47| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.4984|87.2623}}| label30=Damodar River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=40| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|36|29|N|87|27|13|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31=Gourangapur| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Gourangapur]] (H)| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|36|0|N|87|29|19|E}} | label-pos32=left| label32= Bankati | numbered32=R| mark-title32=[[Bankati, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color32=#C42222
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|33|51|N|87|24|6|E}} | label-pos33=left| label33= Malandighi | numbered33=R| mark-title33=[[Malandighi]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|37|43|N|87|24|28|E}} | label-pos34=left| label34= Sibpur | numbered34=R| mark-title34=[[Sibpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|36|22|N|87|25|46|E}} | label-pos35=left| label35= Garh Jungle | numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Garh Jungle]] (H)|shape-color35=#AA6666}}

===Location===
Mahira is located at {{coord|23.628956|N|87.212109|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}.

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 79.22% of the population of the Durgapur subdivision was urban and 20.78% was rural. The sole municipal corporation in Durgapur subdivision is located at [[Durgapur]] and the subdivision has 38 (+1 partly) [[census town]]s (partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 15 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Siduli]], [[Khandra]], [[Ukhra]], Mahira, [[Dakshin Khanda]], [[Harishpur]], [[Kajora]], a part of Andal (gram), (all in Andal CD block), [[Parashkol]] (partly in Pandabeswar CD block and partly in Andal CD block) and [[Chak Bankola]] (partly in Pandabeswar CD block and partly in Andal CD block), lying north of [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] (old numbering NH 2)/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] form a cluster of census towns. This cluster is linked with two more clusters of census towns – one located south of NH 19 in Andal CD block and another lying in Pandabeswar CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Series 20, Part XII A, Census of India 2011 | work= Map of Ondal CD Block, page 229| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 September 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mahira had a total population of 4,188 of which 2,238 (53%) were males and 1,950 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 462. The total number of literate persons in Mahira was 2,564 (68.81% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 20 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Andal (community development block)#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mahira had a population of 4,492. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Mahira has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 49%. In Mahira, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Mahira covered an area of 1.34 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tap water from treated sources. It had 369 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 12 maternity and child welfare clinics (?), 2 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 1 primary school, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at [[Khandra]] 4 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 stadium.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
Collieries in the [[Bankola Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] are: Moira, Khandra, Bankola, Shyamsundarpur, Kumardihi A, Kumardihi B, Tilaboni, Shankerpur and Shankerpur OCP.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | accessdate = 21 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Mahira has one primary school.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Medical facilities (periodic medical examination centres and dispensaries) in the Bankola Area of ECL are available at Bankola Area PME Centre (with 30 beds + 2 cabins) (PO Ukhra), Khandra (PO Khandra), Bankola Colliery (PO Khandra), Bankola Area (PO Khandra), Shyamsundarpur (PO Khandra), Mahira (PO Moira), Tilaboni (PO Pandabeswar), Nakrakonda (PO Pandabeswar), Shankarpur (PO Sheetalpur), Kumardihi A (PO Pandabeswar), Kumardihi B (PO Pandabeswar).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrxiDIKi8Be4hgAXS67HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByYmpmZjA4BGNvbG8Dc2czBHBvcwMzBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1589705610/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.coalindia.in%2fDesktopModules%2fDocumentList%2fdocuments%2fDetails_of_Medical_Facility_in_CIL_and_its_Subsidiaries_05032018.xlsx/RK=2/RS=G5Llg8vcadCbsl1BI.JMH0rETxA- | title = Details of medical facilities in CIL and its subsidiaries | work= ECL| publisher = CIL|accessdate = 15 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Sant

2025-07-31T10:05:38Z

Kiloforce123: started a info

{{wiktionary|sant|sant'}}
'''Sant''' may refer to:

{{tocright}}
== People ==
* [[Sant (surname)]]

== Places ==
* [[Sant State]], a former princely salute state in Rewa Kantha, Gujarat, India
* [[Sant, Övörkhangai]], a district in Mongolia
* [[Sant, Selenge]], a district in Mongolia
* [[Șanț]], a commune in Bistriţa-Năsăud County, Romania
* [[Șanț River]], a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania

== Religion ==
* [[Sant (religion)]], in Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, an enlightened human being, commonly translated as "[[Saint]]"
* [[Sant Joan (disambiguation)]]

== Other ==
* [[Sant (card game)]], an early name for the game of Piquet
* [[Sant tree]] (''Acacia nilotica''), a tree species found in Africa
* [[Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport]], Argentina (ICAO code: SANT)

== See also ==
* [[Sants (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dewi Sant (disambiguation)]]
* [[Van Sant (disambiguation)]]
* [[Santa (disambiguation)]]
* [[Shant (disambiguation)]]
* [[Shantha (disambiguation)]]
* [[Shanti (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo|surname}}

List of tehsils of Madhya Pradesh

2025-06-20T04:24:46Z

Kiloforce123:

{{short description|List of administrative divisions of Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}

The [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is divided into 55 districts, which are further divided into 428 [[tehsil]]s, or subdistricts.

As an entity of [[local government]], the tehsil office exercises certain [[finance|fiscal]] and [[public administration|administrative]] power over the [[village]]s and [[municipality|municipalities]] within its jurisdiction. It is the ultimate executive agency for [[Deed|land records]] and related administrative matters. The chief official is called the ''[[tehsildar]]''. In some instances, tehsils overlap with "blocks" (panchayat union blocks or panchayat development blocks) and come under the land and revenue department, headed by tehsildar; and blocks come under the rural development department, headed by the block development officer and serve different government administrative functions over the same or similar geographical area.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sharma, A. K.|year=2012|title=Population and Society|location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company| page=53| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA53|isbn=978-81-8069-818-7 | quote = The main purpose of the census is to provide data on size and composition of population of India and its geographic divisions, i.e., population of different states and union territories, districts, blocks and villages.}}</ref>

[[Mauganj]], [[Maihar]] and [[Pandhurna]] are the newest district of Madhya Pradesh which were separated from Rewa Satna and Chhindwara in 2023 by Madhya Pradesh , chief minister shivraj singh chauhan

[[File:Madhya Pradesh district map.svg|thumb|Districts of Madhya Pradesh|500x500px]]

==List of Tehsils==
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
! Name
! Headquarters
! District
! Division<ref name=divisions>{{cite web |url=http://www.mponline.gov.in/Portal/Content/mpprofile.aspx?langid=hi-in |title=Districts under 10 divisions of Madhya Pradesh |website=mponline.gov.in |accessdate= 7 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Huzur tehsil|Huzur || [[Bhopal]]
|rowspan=3| [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]<ref name=bhopal>{{cite web |url=https://bhopal.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला भोपाल - तहसील |website=bhopal.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Bhopal district - Tehsils |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=42|[[Bhopal division]]
|-
| Kolar tehsil|Kolar || [[Kolar, Bhopal district|Kolar]]
|-
|[[Berasia tehsil|Berasia]]|| [[Berasia]]
|-
|[[Raisen tehsil|Raisen]] || [[Raisen]] ||rowspan=9| [[Raisen district|Raisen]]<ref name=raisen>{{cite web |url=https://raisen.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला रायसेन - तहसील |website=raisen.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Raisen district - Tehsils |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Goharganj tehsil|[[Goharganj]] || Goharganj
|-
| [[Begamganj tehsil|Begamganj]] || [[Begamganj]]
|-
| Gairatganj tehsil|Gairatganj || [[Gairatganj]]
|-
| [[Silwani tehsil|Silwani]] || [[Silwani]]
|-
| [[Baraily tehsil|Barely]] || [[Bareli, Raisen|Bareli]]
|-
| [[Badi tehsil|Badi]] || [[Badi, Raisen|Badi]]
|-
| Udaipura tehsil|[[Udaipura]] || [[Udaipura]]
|-
| [[Sultanpur tahsil|Sultanpur]] || [[Sultanpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
|-
|[[Rajgarh tahsil|Rajgarh]] || [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]] ||rowspan=9| [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]<ref name=rajgarh>{{cite web |url=https://rajgarh.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला राजगढ़ - तहसील |website=rajgarh.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Rajgarh district - Tehsils |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Khilchipur tahsil|Khilchipur]] || [[Khilchipur]]
|-
| [[Zirapur tahsil|Zirapur]] || Zirapur
|-
| [[Biaora tehsil|Biaora]] || [[Biaora]]
|-
| [[Narsinghgarh tehsil|Narsinghgarh]] || [[Narsinghgarh, Rajgarh|Narsinghgarh]]
|-
| [[Sarangpur tehsil|Sarangpur]] || [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]]
|-
| [[Pachore tehsil|Pachore]] || [[Pachore]]
|-
| [[Khujner tehsil|Khujner]] || [[Khujner]]
|-
| [[Suthaliya tehsil|Suthaliya]] || [[Suthaliya]]
|-
| Sehore (Urban) || [[Sehore]] ||rowspan=9| [[Sehore district|Sehore]]<ref name=sehore>{{cite web |url=https://sehore.nic.in/राजस्व-प्रशासन/ |title=जिला राजगढ़ - राजस्व प्रशासन |website=sehore.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Sehore district - Revenue administration |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Sehore (Rural) || [[Sehore]]
|-
| Shyampur|| Shyampur
|-
| [[Ashta tehsil|Ashta]] || [[Ashta, Madhya Pradesh|Ashta]]
|-
| Jawar || Jawar
|-
| [[Ichhawar tehsil|Ichhawar]] || [[Ichhawar]]
|-
| [[Nasrullaganj tehsil|Nasrullaganj]] || [[Nasrullaganj]]
|-
| Budhni || [[Budhni]]
|-
| [[Rehti tehsil|Rehti]] || [[Rehti]]
|-
| Vidisha Urban || [[Vidisha]] || rowspan=12 | [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]<ref name=vidisha>{{cite web |url=https://vidisha.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला विदिशा की तहसील सूची |website=vidisha.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsil List of Vidisha District |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Vidisha Rural || [[Vidisha]]
|-
| Ganj Basoda|| [[Ganj Basoda]]
|-
| Gyaraspur|| [[Gyaraspur]]
|-
| [[Kurwai tehsil|Kurwai]]|| [[Kurwai]]
|-
| [[Lateri]] || [[Lateri]]
|-
| [[Nateran]] || [[Nateran]]
|-
| [[Sironj tehsil|Sironj]] || [[Sironj]]
|-
| [[Gulabganj tehsil|Gulabganj]] || [[Gulabganj]]
|-
| [[Pathari tehsil|Pathari]] || [[Pathari]]
|-
| Shamshabad || [[Shamshabad]]
|-
| Tyonda || Tyonda
|-
| Morena Urban || [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]
| rowspan=8 | [[Morena district|Morena]]<ref name=morena>{{cite web |url=https://morena.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला मुरैना - तहसील |website=morena.nic.in |accessdate= 5 February 2021 |language=hi |trans-title=Morean district - Tehsils}}</ref>
|rowspan=22|[[Chambal division]]
|-
| Morena Rural || [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]
|-
| Bamor || [[Bamor]]
|-
| Ambah || [[Ambah]]
|-
| Porsa || [[Porsa]]
|-
| Joura || [[Joura]]
|-
| Sabalgarh || [[Sabalgarh]]
|-
| Kailaras || [[Kailaras]]
|-
| Sheopur || [[Sheopur]] || rowspan=5 | [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]]<ref name=sheopur>{{cite web |url=https://sheopur.nic.in/राजस्व-प्रशासन/ |title=जिला श्योपुर - राजस्व प्रशासन |website=sheopur.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Sheopur District - Revenue administration |accessdate= 6 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Badoda || [[Badoda]]
|-
| Karahal || [[Karahal]]
|-
| Vijaypur || [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh|Vijaypur]]
|-
| Birpur || [[Birpur, Sheopur|Birpur]]
|-
| Bhind || [[Bhind]] || rowspan=9 | [[Bhind district|Bhind]]<ref name=bhind>{{cite web |url=https://bhind.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला भिण्‍ड - राजस्व प्रशासन |website=bhind.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Bhind District - Tehsils |accessdate= 7 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Ater || [[Ater]]
|-
| Lahar || [[Lahar]]
|-
| Mehgaon || [[Mehgaon]]
|-
| Mau || [[Mau, Bhind|Mau]]
|-
| Roun || Roun
|-
| Mihona || [[Mihona]]
|-
| Gohad || [[Gohad]]
|-
| Gormi || [[Gormi]]
|-
| Gwalior || [[Gwalior]]
| rowspan=8 | [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]<ref name=gwalior>{{cite web |url=https://gwalior.nic.in/उपखंड-और-ब्लॉक/ |title=ग्वालियर जिले की तहसीलें |website=gwalior.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Gwalior district|accessdate= 8 February 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=36|[[Gwalior division]]
|-
| Dabra || [[Dabra]]
|-
| Bhitarwar || [[Bhitarwar]]
|-
| Chinore || Chinore
|-
| Ghatigaon || [[Ghatigaon]]
|-
| Tansen || Tansen
|-
| Murar || [[Murar]]
|-
| City Centre || City Centre
|-
| [[Ashoknagar tehsil|Ashoknagar]] || [[Ashoknagar (Madhya Pradesh)|Ashoknagar]] || rowspan=7 | [[Ashoknagar district|Ashoknagar]]<ref name=ashoknagar>{{cite web |url=https://ashoknagar.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=अशोकनगर जिला - तहसील |website=ashoknagar.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Ashoknagar district |accessdate= 8 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chanderi tehsil|Chanderi]] || [[Chanderi]]
|-
| [[Isagarh tehsil|Isagarh]] || [[Isagarh]]
|-
| [[Mungaoli tehsil|Mungaoli]] || [[Mungaoli]]
|-
| Nai Sarai || Nai Sarai
|-
| Piparai || Piparai
|-
| Shadora || [[Shadora]]
|-
| Shivpuri || [[Shivpuri]] || rowspan=9 | [[Shivpuri district|Shivpuri]]<ref name=shivpuri>{{cite web |url=https://shivpuri.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=शिवपुरी जिला - तहसील |website=shivpuri.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Shivpuri district |accessdate= 13 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Pohari || Pohari
|-
| Bairad || Bairad
|-
| Kolaras || [[Kolaras]]
|-
| Badarwas || [[Badarwas]]
|-
| Pichhore || [[Pichhore, Shivpuri|Pichhore]]
|-
| Khaniadhana || [[Khaniadhana]]
|-
| Karera || [[Karera]]
|-
| Narwar || [[Narwar]]
|-
| Datia || [[Datia]] || rowspan=5 | [[Datia district|Datia]]<ref name=datia>{{cite web |url=https://datia.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=दतिया जिला - तहसील |website=datia.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Datia district |accessdate= 20 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Badoni || Badoni
|-
| Seondha || [[Seondha]]
|-
| Indergarh || [[Indergarh]]
|-
| Bhander || [[Bhander]]
|-
| Guna || [[Guna, India|Guna]] || rowspan=7 | [[Guna district|Guna]]<ref name=guna>{{cite web |url=https://guna.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=गुना जिला- तहसील |website=guna.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Guna district |accessdate= 21 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Aron || [[Aron, India|Aron]]
|-
| Raghogarh || Raghogarh
|-
| [[Chachaura tehsil|Chachaura]] || [[Chachoura]]
|-
| Bamori || Bamori
|-
| Maksudangarh || Maksudangarh
|-
| Kumbhraj || [[Kumbhraj]]
|-
| [[Alirajpur tehsil|Alirajpur]] || [[Alirajpur]]
| rowspan=5 | [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]]<ref name=alirajpur>{{cite web |url=https://alirajpur.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=अलीराजपुर जिला- तहसील |website=alirajpur.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Alirajpur district |accessdate= 22 February 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=58|[[Indore division]]
|-
| [[Jobat tehsil|Jobat]] || [[Jobat]]
|-
| Sondwa || Sondwa
|-
| [[Bhavra tehsil|Bhavra]] || [[Bhavra]]
|-
| Katthiwada || Katthiwada
|-
| [[Barwani tehsil|Barwani]] || [[Barwani]] || rowspan=9 | [[Barwani district|Barwani]]<ref name=barwani>{{cite web |url=https://barwani.nic.in/राजस्व-प्रशासन/ |title=बड़वानी जिला- राजस्व प्रशासन |website=barwani.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Barwani district - Revenue administration |accessdate= 23 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pati tehsil|Pati]] || [[Pati, Barwani|Pati]]
|-
| [[Sendhwa tehsil|Sendhwa]] || [[Sendhwa]]
|-
| [[Warla tehsil|Warla]] || [[Warla, Madhya Pradesh|Warla]]
|-
| [[Anjad tehsil|Anjad]] || [[Anjad]]
|-
| [[Rajpur tehsil|Rajpur]] || [[Rajpur, Madhya Pradesh|Rajpur]]
|-
| [[Thikri tehsil|Thikri]] || [[Thikri]]
|-
| [[Niwali tehsil|Niwali]] || Niwali
|-
| [[Pansemal tehsil|Pansemal]] || [[Pansemal]]
|-
| Burhanpur || [[Burhanpur]] || rowspan=3 | [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]<ref name=burhanpur>{{cite web |url=https://burhanpur.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=बुरहानपुर जिला- तहसील |website=burhanpur.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Burhanpur district |accessdate= 22 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Khaknar || [[Khaknar]]
|-
| Nepanagar || [[Nepanagar]]
|-
| Old Indore || [[Indore]] || rowspan=10 | [[Indore district|Indore]]<ref name=indore>{{cite web |url=https://indore.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=इंदौर जिला- तहसील |website=indore.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Indore district |accessdate= 24 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Kanadiya || Kanadiya
|-
| Bicholi Hapsi || [[Bicholi Hapsi]]
|-
| Malharganj || [[Mahatma Gandhi Marg (Indore)#Malharganj|Malharganj]]
|-
| Khudail || Khudail
|-
| Rau || [[Rau]]
|-
| Dr. Ambedkar Nagar || [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar]]
|-
| Sanwer || [[Sanwer]]
|-
| Depalpur || [[Depalpur, India|Depalpur]]
|-
| Hatod || [[Hatod]]
|-
| Dhar || [[Dhar]] || rowspan=9 | [[Dhar district|Dhar]]<ref name=dhar>{{cite web |url=https://dhar.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=धार जिला- तहसील |website=dhar.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Dhar district |accessdate= 26 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Badnawar || [[Badnawar]]
|-
| Kukshi || [[Kukshi]]
|-
| Manawar || [[Manawar]]
|-
| Gadwani || [[Gandhwani]]
|-
| Dahi || Dahi
|-
| Dharmapuri || [[Dharmapuri]]
|-
| Sardarpur || [[Sardarpur]]
|-
| Pithampur || [[Pithampur]]
|-
| Jhabua || [[Jhabua]] || rowspan=6 | [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]<ref name=jhabua>{{cite web |url=https://jhabua.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=झाबुआ जिला- तहसील |website=jhabua.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Jhabua district |accessdate= 27 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Ranapur || [[Ranapur]]
|-
| Thandla || [[Thandla]]
|-
| Petlavad || [[Petlawad]]
|-
| Meghnagar || [[Meghnagar]]
|-
| Rama || Ramanagar
|-
| Khandwa || [[Khandwa]] || rowspan=5 | [[Khandwa district|Khandwa]]<ref name=khandwa>{{cite web |url=https://khandwa.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=खण्‍डवा जिला- तहसील |website=khandwa.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Khandwa district |accessdate= 1 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Pandhana || [[Pandhana]]
|-
| Mundi || [[Mundi]]
|-
| Punasa || [[Punasa]]
|-
| Harsud || [[Harsud]]
|-
| Khalwa || [[Khalwa, Madhya Pradesh|Khalwa]]
|-
| Khargone || Lonara || rowspan="11" | [[Khargone district|Khargone]]<ref name=khargone>{{cite web |url=https://khargone.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=खरगौन जिला- तहसील |website=khargone.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Khargone district |accessdate= 2 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Khargone Nagar || [[Khargone]]
|-
| Kasrawad || [[Kasrawad]]
|-
| Maheshwar || [[Maheshwar]]
|-
| Badwah || [[Badwah]]
|-
| Sanawad || [[Sanawad]]
|-
| Gogawaan || Gogawaan
|-
| Bhikangaon || [[Bhikangaon]]
|-
| Jhirniya || [[Jhirniya]]
|-
| Bhagwanpura || [[Bhagwanpura, Madhya Pradesh|Bhagwanpura]]
|-
| Segaon || Segaon
|-
| [[Balaghat tehsil|Balaghat]] || [[Balaghat]]
| rowspan=10 | [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]<ref name=balaghat>{{cite web |url=https://balaghat.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=बालाघाट जिले की तहसील |website=balaghat.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Balaghat district |accessdate= 27 June 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=66|[[Jabalpur division]]
|-
| [[Baihar tehsil|Baihar]] || [[Baihar]]
|-
| Birsa || Birsa
|-
| [[Katangi tehsil|Katangi]] || [[Katangi]]
|-
| [[Khairlanji tehsil|Khairlanji]] || [[Khairlanji]]
|-
| [[Kirnapur tehsil|Kirnapur]] || [[Kirnapur]]
|-
| [[Lalbarra tehsil|Lalbarra]] || [[Lalbarra]]
|-
| [[Lanji tehsil|Lanji]] || [[Lanji]]
|-
| [[Paraswada tehsil|Paraswada]] || Paraswada
|-
| [[Waraseoni tehsil|Waraseoni]] || [[Waraseoni]]
|-
| Chhindwara || [[Chhindwara]] || rowspan=14 | [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]<ref name=chhindwara>{{cite web |url=https://chhindwara.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=छिंदवाड़ा जिले की तहसील |website=chhindwara.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Chhindwara district |accessdate= 28 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Chhindwara Nagar || Chhindwara Nagar
|-
| Parsia || Parsia
|-
| Chaurai || Chaurai
|-
| Junnardeo || [[Junnardeo]]
|-
| Sauser || [[Sauser]]
|-
| Pandurna || [[Pandurna]]
|-
| Amarwada || Amarwada
|-
| Harrai || [[Harrai]]
|-
| Tamiya || Tamiya
|-
| Mohkhed || Mohkhed
|-
| Bichua || Bichua
|-
| Umreth || [[Umreth]]
|-
| Chand || Chand
|-
| Jabalpur || [[Jabalpur]] || rowspan=10 | [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]<ref name=jabalpur>{{cite web |url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जबलपुर की तहसीले |website=jabalpur.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Jabalpur district |accessdate= 30 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Kundam || [[Kundam]]
|-
| Majoli || [[Majoli]]
|-
| Patan || [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patan]]
|-
| Panagar || [[Panagar]]
|-
| Sihora || [[Sihora]]
|-
| Shahpura || [[Shahpura, Jabalpur|Shahpura]]
|-
| Adhartal || [[Adhartal]]
|-
| Ranjhi || Ranjhi
|-
| Gorakhpur || [[Gorakhpur]]
|-
| Katni || [[Katni]] || rowspan=8 | [[Katni district|Katni]]<ref name=katni>{{cite web |url=https://katni.nic.in/तहसील-एवं-गाँव/ |title=तहसील एवं गाँव - जिला प्रशासन कटनी|website=katni.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils and villages - Katni district administration |accessdate=6 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Katni Rural || [[Katni]]
|-
| Reethi || [[Reethi]]
|-
| Badwara || [[Badwara]]
|-
| Bahoriband || [[Bahoriband]]
|-
| Vijayraghavgarh || [[Vijayraghavgarh]]
|-
| Dhimarkheda || [[Dhimarkheda]]
|-
| Barhi || [[Barhi, Katni|Barhi]]
|-
| Mandla || [[Mandla]] || rowspan=6 | [[Mandla district|Mandla]]<ref name=mandla>{{cite web |url=https://mandla.nic.in/राजस्व/ |title=उपखंड - जिला प्रशासन मंडला |website=mandla.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Subdivisions of Mandla district |accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Nainpur || [[Nainpur]]
|-
| Bichiya || [[Bichhiya, Madhya Pradesh|Bichhiya]]
|-
| Ghughri || Ghughri
|-
| Nivas|| [[Niwas, Madhya Pradesh| Niwas]]
|-
| Narayanganj || [[Narayanganj]]
|-
| Narsinghpur || [[Narsinghpur]] || rowspan=6 | [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]<ref name=narsinghpur>{{cite web |url=https://narsinghpur.nic.in/राजस्व_प्रशासन/ |title=राजस्व प्रशासन - जिला नरसिंहपुर |website=narsinghpur.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Revenue Administration - Narsinghpur District |accessdate=3 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Gadarwara || [[Gadarwara]]
|-
| Gotegaon || [[Gotegaon]]
|-
| Tendukheda || [[Tendukheda]]
|-
| Kareli || [[Kareli, Madhya Pradesh|Kareli]]
|-
| Sainkheda || [[Sainkheda]]
|-
| Seoni || [[Seoni]] || rowspan=9 | [[Seoni district|Seoni]]<ref name=seoni>{{cite web |url=https://seoni.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=तहसील - जिला सिवनी |website=seoni.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Seoni District |accessdate=4 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Barghat || [[Barghat]]
|-
| Chhapra || [[Chhapra]]
|-
| Dhanora || [[Dhanora]]
|-
| Ghansor || [[Ghansor]]
|-
| Kevlari || [[Keolari]]
|-
| Kurai || Kurai
|-
| Lakhanadon || [[Lakhanadon]]
|-
| Seoni Gramin || [[Seoni]]
|-
| Dindori || [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]] || rowspan=3 | [[Dindori district|Dindori]]<ref name=dindori>{{cite web |url=https://dindori.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=तहसील - जिला डिंडौरी |website=dindori.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Tehsils of Dindori District |accessdate=7 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Shahpura || [[Shahpura, Dindori|Shahpura]]
|-
| [[Bajag]] || Bajag
|-
| [[Betul tehsil|Betul]] || [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]]
| rowspan=10 | [[Betul district|Betul]]<ref name=betul>{{cite web |url=https://betul.nic.in/उपखंड-व-तहसील/ |title=उपखंड व तहसील - जिला बैतूल |website=betul.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Subdivision and Tehsil of Betul district |accessdate=8 July 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=24|[[Narmadapuram division]]
|-
| [[Multai tehsil|Multai]] || [[Multai]]
|-
| [[Amla tehsil|Amla]] || [[Amla, Madhya Pradesh|Amla]]
|-
| [[Bhainsdehi tehsil|Bhainsdehi]] || [[Bhainsdehi]]
|-
| [[Athner tehsil|Athner]] || [[Athner, Madhya Pradesh|Athner]]
|-
| [[Shahpur tehsil, Madhya Pradesh|Shahpur]] || [[Shahpur, Betul|Shahpur]]
|-
| Ghodadongri || Ghodadongri
|-
| [[Chicholi tehsil|Chicholi]] || [[Chicholi]]
|-
| Bhimpur || Bhimpur
|-
| Prabhat Pattan || Prabhat Pattan
|-
| Harda || [[Harda]] || rowspan=6 | [[Harda district|Harda]]<ref name=harda>{{cite web |url=https://harda.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला हरदा , तहसील की जानकारी |website=harda.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Harda district - Tehsil Information |accessdate=8 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Handia || [[Handia, Madhya Pradesh|Handia]]
|-
| Timarni || [[Timarni]]
|-
| Rahatgaon || [[Rahatgaon]]
|-
| Khirkiya || [[Khirkiya]]
|-
| Sirali || [[Sirali]]
|-
| Narmadapuram || [[Narmadapuram]] || rowspan=8 | [[Narmadapuram district|Narmadapuram]]<ref name=narmadapuram>{{cite web |url=https://hoshangabad.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला नर्मदापुरम, तहसील की जानकारी |website=hoshangabad.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Narmadapuram district - Tehsil Information |accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Itarsi || [[Itarsi]]
|-
| Doleria || Doleria
|-
| Seoni Malwa || [[Seoni Malwa]]
|-
| Makhan Nagar || [[Makhan Nagar]]
|-
| Sohagpur || [[Sohagpur]]
|-
| Pipariya || [[Pipariya, Hoshangabad|Pipariya]]
|-
| Bankhedi || [[Bankhedi, Madhya pradesh|Bankhedi]]
|-
| Huzoor Rural || [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| rowspan=12 | [[Rewa district|Rewa]]<ref name=rewa>{{cite web |url=https://rewa.nic.in/तहसील-एवं-गाँव/ |title=जिला रीवा, तहसील की जानकारी |website=rewa.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Rewa district - Tehsils and villages |accessdate=12 July 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=37|[[Rewa division]]
|-
| Huzoor Urban || [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
|-
| Mauganj || [[Mauganj]]
|-
| Hanumana || [[Hanumana, Rewa|Hanumana]]
|-
| Nai Garhi || [[Nai Garhi]]
|-
| Jawa || Jawa
|-
| Teonthar || [[Teonthar]]
|-
| Raipur Kurchulian || Raipur Kurchulian
|-
| Gurh || [[Gurh]]
|-
| Sirmaur || [[Sirmaur, Rewa|Sirmaur]]
|-
| Semaria || [[Semaria]]
|-
| Mangawan || [[Mangawan]]
|-
| Raghurajnagar Rural || [[Satna]] || rowspan=12 |[[Satna district|Satna]]<ref name=satna>{{cite web |url=https://satna.nic.in/प्रशासनिक-सेटअप/तहसील/ |title=जिला सतना - तहसील |website=satna.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Satna district - Tehsils |accessdate=13 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Raghurajnagar Urban || [[Satna]]
|-
| Amapatan || Amapatan
|-
| Maihar || [[Maihar]]
|-
| Majhgawan || [[Majhgawan]]
|-
| Nagod || [[Nagod]]
|-
| Rampur Baghelan || [[Rampur Baghelan]]
|-
| Ramnagar || [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]]
|-
| Unchehra || [[Unchehra]]
|-
| Kotar || [[Kotar, Satna|Kotar]]
|-
| Birsinghpur || [[Birsinghpur]]
|-
| Kothi || [[Kothi, Satna|Kothi]]
|-
| Bahari || [[Bahari, Sidhi|Bahari]] || rowspan=7 | [[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]<ref name=sidhi>{{cite web |url=https://sidhi.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/ |title=Villages and panchayats |website=sidhi.nic.in |language=en |accessdate=11 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Kusmi || [[Kusmi]]
|-
| Churhat || [[Churhat]]
|-
| Majhauli || [[Majhauli]]
|-
| Rampur Naikin || [[Rampur Naikin]]
|-
| Gopad Banas || [[Sidhi]]
|-
| Sihawal || Sihawal
|-
| Singrauli Urban || [[Waidhan]] || rowspan=6 | [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]<ref name=singrauli>{{cite web |url=https://singrauli.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला सिंगरौली - तहसील |website=singrauli.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Singrauli district - Tehsils|accessdate=12 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Singrauli || [[Waidhan]]
|-
| [[Chitrangi tehsil|Chitrangi]] || [[Chitrangi]]
|-
| Devsar || [[Deosar|Devsar]]
|-
| Mada || [[Mada]]
|-
| [[Sarai, Singrauli|Sarai]] || Sarai
|-
| [[Chhatarpur tehsil|Chhatarpur]] || [[Chhatarpur]]
| rowspan=11 | [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]<ref name=chhatarpur>{{cite web |url=https://chhatarpur.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला छतरपुर - तहसील |website=chhatarpur.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Chhatarpur district - Tehsils|accessdate=15 July 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=49|[[Sagar division]]
|-
| [[Bada Malhera tehsil|Bada Malhera]] || [[Bada Malhera]]
|-
| Bijawar || [[Bijawar]]
|-
| Buxwaha || [[Buxwaha]]
|-
| Chandla || [[Chandla]]
|-
| Gaurihar || [[Gaurihar]]
|-
| Ghuwara || [[Ghuwara]]
|-
| Laundi || [[Laundi]]
|-
| Maharajpur || [[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh|Maharajpur]]
|-
| Nowgong || [[Nowgong, Chhatarpur|Nowgong]]
|-
| Rajnagar || [[Rajnagar, Chhatarpur|Rajnagar]]
|-
| Damoh || [[Damoh]] || rowspan=7 | [[Damoh district|Damoh]]<ref name=damoh>{{cite web |url=https://damoh.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/ |title=Damoh district - Revenue Administration |website=damoh.nic.in |accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Patharia || [[Patharia]]
|-
| Batiagarh || [[Batiyagarh]]
|-
| Hatta || [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta]]
|-
| Patera || [[Patera,Damoh]]
|-
| Tendukheda || [[Tendu Kheda]]
|-
| Jabera || [[Jabera]]
|-
| Panna || [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]] || rowspan=9 | [[Panna district|Panna]]<ref name=panna>{{cite web |url=https://panna.nic.in/en/tehsil/ |title=Panna district - Tehsils |website=panna.nic.in |accessdate=22 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Ajaygarh || [[Ajaygarh]]
|-
| Amanganj || [[Amanganj]]
|-
| Devendranagar || [[Devendranagar]]
|-
| Gunnor || [[Gunnor]]
|-
| Pawai || [[Pawai]]
|-
| Raipura || [[Raipura, Panna|Raipura]]
|-
| Shahnagar || [[Shahnagar]]
|-
| Simariya || [[Simariya]]
|-
| Sagar || [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] || rowspan=12 | [[Sagar district|Sagar]]<ref name=sagar>{{cite web |url=https://sagar.nic.in/en/tehsil/ |title=Sagar district - Tehsils |website=sagar.nic.in |accessdate=24 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Bina || [[Bina Etawa|Bina]]
|-
| Khurai || [[Khurai]]
|-
| Malthone || [[Malthon]]
|-
| Banda || [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh|Banda]]
|-
| Shahgarh || [[Shahgarh]]
|-
| Rahatgarh || [[Rahatgarh]]
|-
| Jaisinagar || [[Jaisinagar]]
|-
| Garhakota || [[Garhakota]]
|-
| Rehli || [[Rehli]]
|-
| Deori || [[Deori, Sagar|Deori]]
|-
| Kesli || [[Kesli]]
|-
| Tikamgarh || [[Tikamgarh]] || rowspan=7 | [[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]<ref name=tikamgarh>{{cite web |url=https://tikamgarh.nic.in/en/tehsil-villages/ |title=Tikamgarh district - Tehsil and Villages |website=tikamgarh.nic.in |accessdate=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Jatara || [[Jatara]]
|-
| Mohangarh || Mohangarh
|-
| Lidhora || Lidhora
|-
| Baldeogarh || [[Baldeogarh]]
|-
| Khargapur || [[Khargapur]]
|-
| Palera || [[Palera]]
|-
| Niwari || [[Niwari, Madhya Pradesh|Niwari]] || rowspan=3 | [[Niwari district|Niwari]]<ref name=niwari>{{cite web |url=https://niwari.nic.in/en/tehsil-villages/ |title=Niwari district - Tehsil and Villages |website=niwari.nic.in |accessdate=13 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Prithvipur || [[Prithvipur]]
|-
| Orchha || [[Orchha]]
|-
| [[Anuppur tehsil|Anuppur]] || [[Anuppur]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]]<ref name=anuppur>{{cite web |url=https://anuppur.nic.in/en/ |title=Anuppur district - Tehsil and Villages |website=anuppur.nic.in |accessdate=14 August 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=18|[[Shahdol division]]
|-
| [[Jaithari tehsil|Jaithari]] || [[Jaithari]]
|-
| [[Kotma tehsil|Kotma]] || [[Kotma]]
|-
| [[Pushprajgarh tehsil|Pushprajgarh]] || Pushprajgarh
|-
| Shahdol || [[Shahdol]] || rowspan=7 | [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]]<ref name=shahdol>{{cite web |url=https://shahdol.nic.in/en/tehsil/index.html |title=Shahdol district - Tehsils |website=shahdol.nic.in |accessdate=15 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Jaisinghnagar || [[Jaisinghnagar]]
|-
| Sohagpur || [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)]]
|-
| Beohari || [[Beohari]]
|-
| Gohapur || Gohapur
|-
| Burhar || [[Burhar]]
|-
| Jaitpur || [[Jaitpur]]
|-
| Umaria || [[Umaria]] || rowspan=7 | [[Umaria district|Umaria]]<ref name=umaria>{{cite web |url=https://umaria.nic.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |title=Shahdol district - Subdivision & Blocks |website=umaria.nic.in |accessdate=16 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Bandhavgarh || [[Bandhavgarh]]
|-
| Manpur || [[Manpur, Umaria|Manpur]]
|-
| Pali || [[Pali, Umaria|Pali]]
|-
| Chandia || [[Chandia, Madhya Pradesh|Chandia]]
|-
| Nowrozabad || [[Nowrozabad]]
|-
| Karkeli || Karkeli
|-
| Agar || [[Agar]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Agar Malwa district|Agar Malwa]]<ref name=agarmalwa>{{cite web |url=https://agarmalwa.nic.in/en/tehsil/|title=Agar Malwa district - Tehsils |website=umaria.nic.in |accessdate=16 August 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=54|[[Ujjain division]]
|-
| Barode || Barode
|-
| Susner || [[Susner]]
|-
| Nalkheda || [[Nalkheda]]
|-
| Bagli || [[Bagli, Dewas|Bagli]] || rowspan=8 | [[Dewas district|Dewas]]<ref name=censusatlas>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/23part3.pdf |title=Census 2011 - Administrative atlas - Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>
|-
| [[Dewas tehsil|Dewas]] || [[Dewas]]
|-
| [[Hatpipliya tehsil|Hatpipliya]] || [[Hatpipliya]]
|-
| [[Kannod tehsil|Kannod]] || [[Kannod]]
|-
| [[Khategaon tehsil|Khategaon]] || [[Khategaon]]
|-
| [[Satwas tehsil|Satwas]] || [[Satwas]]
|-
| Sonkatch || [[Sonkatch]]
|-
| [[Tonk Khurd tehsil|Tonk Khurd]] || [[Tonk Khurd]]
|-
| Mandsaur || [[Mandsaur]] || rowspan=8 | [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]]<ref name="mandsaur">{{cite web |url=https://mandsaur.nic.in/तहसील/ |title=जिला मंदसौर - तहसील और गाँव |website=mandsaur.nic.in |language=hi |trans-title=Mandsaur district - Tehsils and villages |accessdate= 1 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malhargarh tehsil|Malhargarh]] || [[Malhargarh]]
|-
| Sitamau || [[Sitamau]]
|-
| Suvasara || Suvasara
|-
| [[Bhanpura tehsil|Bhanpura]] || [[Bhanpura]]
|-
| Garoth || Garoth
|-
| [[Shamgarh tehsil|Shamgarh]] || [[Shamgarh]]
|-
| Daloda || [[Daloda]]
|-
| Neemuch Nagar || [[Neemuch]] || rowspan=7 | [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]]<ref name="neemuch">{{cite web |url=https://neemuch.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/ |website=neemuch.nic.in |title=Neemuch district - Revenue Administration |accessdate= 18 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Neemuch || [[Neemuch]]
|-
| Jiran || [[Jiran]]
|-
| Manasa || [[Manasa]]
|-
| Rampura || [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]]
|-
| Jawad || [[Jawad]]
|-
| Singoli || [[Singoli]]
|-
| Ratlam || [[Ratlam]] || rowspan=9 | [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]<ref name="ratlam">{{cite web |url=https://ratlam.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/ |website=ratlam.nic.in |title=Ratlam district - Revenue Administration |accessdate= 18 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Ratlam Rural || [[Ratlam]]
|-
| Sailana || [[Sailana]]
|-
| Bajna || Bajna
|-
| Raoti || [[Raoti]]
|-
| Jaora || [[Jaora]]
|-
| Piploda || [[Piploda]]
|-
| Alot || [[Alot, Madhya Pradesh|Alot]]
|-
| Tal || [[Tal, Madhya Pradesh|Tal]]
|-
| Shajapur || [[Shajapur]] || rowspan=7 | [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]]<ref name="shajapur">{{cite web |url=https://shajapur.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/ |website=ratlam.nic.in |title=Shajapur district - Revenue Administration |accessdate= 21 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Mohan Badodiya || Mohan Badodiya
|-
| Gulana || [[Gulana, Madhya Pradesh|Gulana]]
|-
| Shujalpur || [[Shujalpur]]
|-
| Kalapipal || [[Kalapipal]]
|-
| Avantipur Badodiya || Avantipur Badodiya
|-
| Polay Kalan || [[Polay Kalan]]
|-
| Ujjain || [[Ujjain]] || rowspan=11 | [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]<ref name="ujjain">{{cite web |url=https://ujjain.nic.in/en/tehsil/ |website=ujjain.nic.in |title=Ujjain district - Tehsils |accessdate= 21 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Ujjain Rural || [[Ujjain]]
|-
| Ujjain Kothi Mahal || Ujjain Kothi Mahal
|-
| Ghatiya || Ghatiya
|-
| Tarana || [[Tarana]]
|-
| Makdone || Makdone
|-
| Mehidpur || [[Mehidpur]]
|-
| Jharda || Jharda
|-
| Badnagar || [[Badnagar]]
|-
| Khachrod || [[Khachrod]]
|-
| Nagda || [[Nagda]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh-related lists|Tehsils]]

Atholi, Kerala

2025-05-14T15:30:14Z

Kiloforce123:

{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Atholi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = korapuzha river.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Korapuzha]] river
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.425280|N|75.773780|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673315
| registration_plate = KL-
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Balussery]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Atholi''' is a Grama Panchayat in the [[Kozhikode district]] of [[Kerala]] state, [[South India]]<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Atholi Town Population Census 2011 - 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627400-atholi-kerala.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref> It is a small town on the banks of the Korapuzha River. The state highway to [[Kuttiyadi]] passes through Atholi and is connected to [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] via Kuniyil Kadavu Bridge, which is the longest bridge in Kozhikode District. The [[Kappad]] [[Thusharagiri]] State Highway 68 passes through Atholi.

== Economy ==

Traditionally Agriculture and Fishing were the economic activities of people. The [[coir]] making industry also played a vital role. Atholi was an ideal place for coir industry because of its coconut plantations and the boating route through the [[Korapuzha]] river to other parts of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]. Coir products like rope and carpets from Atholi were famous throughout Malabar region. During the late-1970s men from Atholi started moving to [[Middle East]] (especially [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Bahrain]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Kuwait]]) in search of better job opportunities which even continues today. Now the remittance from abroad by these employees is the back bone of the economy.

Important landmarks at Atholi include:

* Kuniyilkadavu bridge
* Govt VHSS Atholi
* Atholi Co-operaive hospital
* Luxmore Convention Centre

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commonscat|Atholi}}
{{Kozhikode district}}
[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Villages in Kozhikode district]]

List of Brahmin dynasties and states

2025-05-13T09:20:58Z

Kiloforce123: improve section additionally

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=April 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{princely states topics}}
[[Brahmin|Brahmins]] make up one of the four [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] (social classes) within traditional Hindu society. The traditional occupation of Brahmins is that of priesthood, and the performing of rite of passage rituals. There have also been Brahmins [[Monarch|rulers]], [[zamindar]]s and holders of other administrative posts.<ref name="Banu1992p22">{{cite book |author=U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu |year=1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA22 |publisher=E. J. Brill |page=22 |isbn=90-04-09497-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Idea of Nation and Its Future in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|page=219|author=Shibani Kinkar Chaube|date = 26 October 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn = 9781315414324|accessdate=26 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC|author=Patrick Olivelle|date = 13 July 2006|page=151|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn = 9780199775071|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref>

== Dynasties ==

* [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]] of the [[Jaffna kingdom]] in Sri Lanka, founded by a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family from Rameswaram.
* [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh]], founded by [[Chach of Aror|Chach of Alor]], later ruled by [[Chandar of Sindh]] and [[Dahir of Aror]].
* [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba Dynasty]] (345–525 CE), dynasty that ruled [[North Karnataka|northern Karnataka]] and the [[Konkan]] from [[Banavasi]] in present-day [[Uttara Kannada]] district.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rC1bJcd-MDUC&dq=Kadamba+Dynasty+brahmin&pg=PA228 |title=Indian Caste System |date=2004 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-847-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[BP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2025}}
* [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva Dynasty]], replaced the [[Shunga Empire]] in Magadha and ruled in the eastern regions of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&dq=kanva+dynasty&pg=PA132 |title=History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A.D. |date=May 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0027-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Oiniwar dynasty]], based in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] were [[Maithil Brahmins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Ugra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0xmAAAAMAAJ&q=Oiniwar+Dynasty+Brahmin |title=The Genealogies and Genealogists of Mithila: A Study of the Panji and the Panjikars |date=1980 |publisher=Kishor Vidya Niketan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPcZAAAAIAAJ&q=Oiniwar+Dynasty+Brahmin |title=The Eastern Anthropologist |date=1966 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[BP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2025}}
* [[Parivrajaka dynasty]], ruled parts of central India during the 5th and 6th centuries. The kings of this dynasty bore the title Maharaja, and probably ruled as feudatories of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Parivrajaka+Dynasty+brahmin |title=India's ancient past |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=9788181520012 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[BP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2025}}
* [[Patwardhan dynasty]], Indian dynasty established by a [[Chitpavan Brahmins|Chitpavan Brahmin]][[Patwardhan]] family.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Shunga Empire]], of [[Magadha]] was established by [[Pushyamitra Shunga]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Lloyd V. J. Ridgeon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TC9TlHTe0xUC |title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780415297967 |page=18}}</ref>

== Princely states and zamindari estates ==
* [[Arni jagir]] of [[Madras Presidency]], ruled by [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Brahmins]].{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Aundh State]], ruled by Deshasthas Brahmins.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Banaili|Banaili Estate]] of [[Bihar]], ruled by [[Maithil Brahmin]]s.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Bhawal Estate]] of [[Bengal]], ruled by Shrotriya Brahmins.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Bhor State]], a [[9-gun salute]] princely state ruled by Deshasthas Brahmins.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Chaube Jagirs]], a group of five feudatory princely states of central India during the period of the British Raj, which were ruled by different branches of Brahmin families.
* [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], Bihar, ruled by Maithil Brahmins.
* [[Dighapatia Raj]] of Bengal, ruled by a [[Varendra]] Brahmin family.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Gaurihar State]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], ruled by a Deshastha Brahmin family.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Jalaun State]] of [[Bundelkhand]], ruled by a Deshastha Brahmin family.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Jamkhandi State]], ruled by a Chitpavan Brahmin family.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Jhansi State]], ruled by the [[Newalkar|Newalkars]] ([[Karhade Brahmin|Karhades Brahmins]]).
* [[Kurundvad Senior]] and [[Kurundvad Junior]], princely states ruled by the [[Patwardhan]] clan of Chitpavan Brahmins.
* [[Miraj Junior]] and [[Miraj Senior]], princely states ruled by Chitpavan Brahmins.
* [[Nadia Raj]] of Bengal, ruled by the [[Roy]] or Ray lineage ([[Kulin Brahmin]]s).
* [[Natore Raj]] of Bengal, ruled by the Roy lineage ([[Maitra|Varendra Brahmins]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA21 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1992 |isbn=90-04-09497-0 |page=21}}</ref>
* [[Rajshahi Raj]] of [[Bengal]], ruled by the [[Maitra|Moitra]] family ([[Varendra]] Brahmins).
* [[Ramdurg State]], ruled by a Chitpavan Brahmin family.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Sangli State]], an [[11-gun salute]] princely state ruled by a Chitpavan Brahmin family.
* [[Vishalgad]] of the [[British Raj]], ruled by the Pant Prathinidhi family ([[Deshastha Brahmin]]s).{{Cn|date=April 2025}}
* [[Yelandur estate]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]], ruled by a [[Madhwa Brahmin]] family.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

==See also==
*[[1st Brahmans]], a military regiment
*[[3rd Brahmans]], a military regiment
*[[Peshwa]]s, rulers of the [[Maratha Confederacy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Brahmins]]

India at the 2018 World Athletics U20 Championships

2025-04-06T18:01:40Z

Kiloforce123:

{{Infobox country at games|IAAF=IND|fedname=|year=2018|games=World Athletics U20 Championships|location=[[Tampere]]|competitors=29|events=17|gold=1|silver=0|bronze=0|rank=18|appearances=auto|previous=[[India at the 2016 World Athletics U20 Championships|2016]]|next=[[India at the 2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021]]|website={{URL|https://indianathletics.in}}}}

'''[[India]]''' competed at the '''[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships|2018 World Athletics U20 Championships]]''' in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], from 10 to 15 July 2018.

== Medalists ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!Medal<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title="400 Metres Women – Final – Results"|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6082/AT-400-W-f----.RS6.pdf?v=311739164|website=IAAF}}</ref>
!Name
!Sport
!Event
|-
|{{gold medal}}
|[[Hima Das]]
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
|[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's 400 metres|Women's 400 metres]]
|}

== Results ==
(q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season-best)

=== Men ===

; Track and road events

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Preliminaries
! colspan="2" |Heat
! colspan="2" |Semifinal
! colspan="2" |Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[. Gaurav|Gaurav]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 400 metres|400 metres]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|48.61
|42
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Beant Singh (athlete)|Beant Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 800 metres|800 metres]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|1:49.66
|15
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ankit (athlete)|Ankit]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 1500 metres|1500 metres]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|4:05.15
|36
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kartik Kumar]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 metres]]
| colspan="6" |N/A
|30:30.28
|12
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Prajwal Mandanna]]
[[Akash Kumar (athlete)|Akash Kumar]]

[[Balakumar Nithin]]

[[P.S. Saneesh]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 x 100 m relay]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|41.11
|17
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Rajesh Ramesh (athlete)|Rajesh Ramesh]]
[[Devender Kumar]]

[[Stanley Cibbinkumar]]

[[Ayush Dabas]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 x 400 m relay]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|3:14.19
|16
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|}

; Field events<ref>{{Cite web|title="Long Jump Men – Qualification – Summary"|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6082/AT-LJ-M-q----.RS4.pdf?v=1472630598|website=IAAF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Long Jump Men − Final − Results"|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6082/AT-LJ-M-f----.RS6.pdf?v=50522571|website=IAAF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Javelin Throw Men − Qualification − Summary"|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6082/AT-JT-M-q----.RS4.pdf?v=-132969447|website=IAAF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Javelin Throw Men – Final – Results"|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6082/AT-JT-M-f----.RS6.pdf?v=-1621539698|website=IAAF}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Qualification
! colspan="2" |Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[M Sreeshankar]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's long jump|Long Jump]]
|7.68
|4 '''q'''
|7.75
|6
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sathyanathan Lokesh]]
|7.31
|17
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kangaraj Kamalraj]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's triple jump|Triple Jump]]
|15.98
|3 '''Q'''
|15.82
|5
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ashish Bholothia]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's shot put|Shot put]]
|18.62
|14
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ashish Jakhar]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's hammer throw|Hammer Throw]]
|70.52
|8 '''q'''
|74.59
|6
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Damneet Singh]]
|67.48
|15
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sahil Silwal]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]
|73.22
|5 '''Q'''
|72.83
|4
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Arshdeep Singh (athlete)|Arshdeep Singh]]
|63.05
|23
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|}

=== Women ===

; Track and road events<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Preliminaries
! colspan="2" |Heat
! colspan="2" |Semifinal
! colspan="2" |Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Hima Das]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 metres]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|52.25
|1 '''Q'''
|52.10
|1 '''Q'''
|51.46
|{{gold01}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Jisna Mathew]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|54.32
|16 '''Q'''
|53.86
|13
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Durga Pramod Deore]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's 1500 metres|1500 metres]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
| colspan="2" |DNF
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sapna Kumari]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's 100 metres hurdles|100 m Hurdles]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|14.15
|32
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[V Subha]]

[[Jisna Mathew]]

[[Ritika]]

[[Hima Das]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 x 400 m relay]]
| colspan="2" |Not Available
|3:39.10
|12
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|}

; Field events<ref>{{Cite web|title="Triple Jump Women – Qualification – Summary"|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6082/AT-TJ-W-q----.RS4.pdf?v=614619999|website=IAAF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Discus Throw Women – Qualification – Summary"|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6082/AT-DT-W-q----.RS4.pdf?v=-1395513345|website=IAAF}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Qualification
! colspan="2" |Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Suresh Priyadarshini]]
| style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's triple jump|Triple Jump]]
|12.50
|20
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Arpandeep Kaur]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" |[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's discus throw|Discus Throw]]
|48.17
|21
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Muthuramalingam Karuniya]]
|43.96
|26
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2018 IAAF World U20 Championships]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

The Histories (Polybius)

2025-01-07T16:12:33Z

Kiloforce123: basic corrected intro per sources and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Histories (Polybius)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023

2024-11-28T19:36:48Z

Kiloforce123: Added Post!

{{Short description|Proposed law in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = A Bill to overhaul the regulatory framework for broadcasting services and to replace the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act of 1995 and encompass a wider range of platforms and technologies.
| citation =
| territorial_extent = [[File:Flag of India.svg|Flag of India|30px]]
| enacted_by = Not yet enacted
| date_enacted =
| date_commenced =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by = [[Anurag Thakur]]
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| repeals = Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act of 1995
| keywords =
| status = pending
}}

The '''Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023'''<ref name="HT 26 Jul">
{{citation |last=Agrawal |first=Aditi |title=New draft of broadcasting bill: News influencers may be classified as broadcasters |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=26 July 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-draft-of-broadcasting-bill-news-influencers-may-be-classified-as-broadcasters-101721961764666.html}}
</ref><ref name="Apar Gupta">
{{cite news |first=Apar |last=Gupta |title=A licence raj for digital content creators |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 July 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-licence-raj-for-digital-content-creators/article68465662.ece}}
</ref> is a proposed law that aims to overhaul the regulatory framework for broadcasting services in India. A draft of the bill was introduced in 2023 and was published for public consultation.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Key features of the draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/draft-broadcasting-services-regulation-bill-9022857/}}
</ref> A second draft was created in 2024, and shared only with key stakeholders.<ref name="HT 27 Jul">
{{citation |last=Agrawal |first=Aditi |title=Broadcasting Bill still in drafting stage: MIB tells RS |date=27 July 2024 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/broadcasting-bill-still-in-drafting-stage-mib-tells-rs-101722058753083.html}}
</ref> It was subsequently revoked and the 2023 draft has been revived,<ref>{{cite news |first=Soumyarendra |last=Barik |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=13 August 2024 |title=Facing criticism, Govt withdraws new draft of broadcast Bill |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/broadcast-bill-controversy-freedom-of-speech-code-of-ethics-it-act-violation-9510443/}}</ref>

The bill would replace the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act of 1995 and encompass a wider range of platforms and technologies.<ref name="prsindia">
{{cite web |title=Draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 |website=prsindia.org |access-date=5 August 2024 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/parliamentry-announcement/2023-12-09/Draft_Broadcasting_Services_(Regulation)_Bill,_2023.pdf}}
</ref> The 2023 draft, published in November 2023, included a [[Ethical code|programme code]] for [[Over-the-top media services|OTT platforms]] (streaming platforms).<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Proposes Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1976200 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}
</ref>
The revoked 2024 draft would have brought online content creators under the ambit of the law by introducing a new category called "digital news broadcasters".<ref name="HT 26 Jul"/>

== Proposal ==
The bill proposes establishing a new regulatory body called the Broadcasting Authority of India (BAI) to oversee the implementation of the bill and regulations.<ref name="prsindia"/><ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1976200 |title=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Proposes Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}
</ref> Other proposed changes include:
* Data localization: Requirement for certain platforms to store data in India.
* Self-regulation: A two-tier system of self-regulation with an option for government intervention in case of non-compliance.
* Content evaluation Committee: A committee to evaluate content and certify its compliance with the code.
* Transparency and grievance redressal: Measures to ensure transparency in decision-making and provide viewers with effective grievance redressal mechanisms.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Chawla |first=Akshit |title=Three New Laws Give the Govt Extraordinary Powers over Journalism, Entertainment and Internet |newspaper=The Wire |date=22 December 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/government/telecom-broadcasting-data-protection-bill-digipub}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |title=Broadcasting regulation bill and its impact on content world |first=Javed |last=Farooqui |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=28 November 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/broadcasting-regulation-bill-and-its-impact-on-content-world/articleshow/105571742.cms}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |title=Self-regulation provisions in draft broadcasting Bill draw diverse views |first=Devesh K. |last=Pandey |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 November 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/self-regulation-provisions-in-draft-broadcasting-bill-draw-diverse-views/article67550941.ece}}
</ref>

The stated objectives of the bill are:{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
* Consolidation: To bring all forms of broadcasting under a single, streamlined regulatory framework.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/onus-of-content-power-of-inspection-penalties-centres-new-broadcasting-bill-2468292-2023-11-28 |title=Onus of content, power of inspection, penalties: Centre's new broadcasting bill |newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
* Content regulation: To address issues like hate speech, fake news, and violence through content codes and age verification mechanisms.
* Promoting local content: To increase the presence of Indian programming across all platforms.
* Viewer protection: To safeguard viewers' interests by ensuring program quality, transparency, and grievance redressal mechanisms.
* Balancing freedom and accountability: To uphold freedom of expression while holding platforms accountable for harmful content.

As of December 2023, the draft bill is open for public consultation.

== Reactions ==
The broad scope of the bill, encompassing even individual content creators, raises concerns about government overreach and potential censorship.{{According to whom|date=December 2023}} Critics{{Who|date=December 2023}} argue that vague content codes and subjective interpretations could stifle creative expression and limit the diversity of voices.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Chishti |first=Seema |title=Control + All or Delete: The Draft Broadcast Bill Is a Blueprint for Censorship |newspaper=The Wire |date=7 December 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/government/control-all-or-delete-the-draft-broadcast-bill-is-a-blueprint-for-censorship}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Aditi |title=New broadcast bill may also cover those who put up news content online |date=26 November 2023 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-broadcast-bill-may-also-cover-those-who-put-up-news-content-online-101701023054502.html}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Digital Dialogues: Different kinds of censorship, thanks to the broadcast regulation bill |date=24 December 2023 |newspaper=Newslaundry |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/12/24/digital-dialogues-different-kinds-of-censorship-thanks-to-the-broadcast-regulation-bill }}
</ref>

The two-tier self-regulation system, with government intervention as a backup, might not provide adequate safeguards against arbitrary decisions and suppression of dissent.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Draft broadcast bill sparks concerns around creative freedom |first=Lata |last=Jha |date=26 November 2023 |newspaper=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/draft-broadcast-bill-unleashes-concerns-around-creative-freedom-11701015943562.html}}
</ref>{{According to whom|date=December 2023}}

The emphasis on promoting "Indian content" and regulating harmful content could lead to unintended consequences for freedom of expression.{{According to whom|date=December 2023}} Critics{{Who|date=December 2023}} argue that defining "Indian" and "harmful" subjectively could be used to suppress critical voices and diverse perspectives.

The bill's provisions for data localization and government access to user data raise concerns about privacy violations and potential misuse of information.
<ref>{{cite news |title=Draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023, proposes self-classification of programmes by broadcasters |first=Devesh K. |last=Pandey |date=10 November 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/draft-broadcasting-services-regulation-bill-2023-proposes-self-classification-of-programmes-by-broadcasters/article67521739.ece}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Editorial. Broadcast Bill plugs regulatory gaps, but some provisions need watching |date=21 November 2023 |newspaper=BusinessLine |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/broadcast-bill-plugs-regulatory-gaps-but-some-provisions-need-watching/article67557714.ece}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=BSR Bill's Magic Trick: Now You See Clarity, Now You Don't! |first=Rajkumar |last=Varier |date=12 December 2023 |newspaper=ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/broadcast-services-regulation-bill-2023-bold-leap-of-faith-without-safety-net-bsr-bill-2023-abpp-1649345}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Information Technology Act, 2000]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Parliamentary procedure]]

Bishweshwar Nath Reu

2024-08-17T19:33:52Z

Kiloforce123: Added New Entry

{{Short description|Indian historian (1890–1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Bisheshwar Nath Reu''' (2 July 1890 – 1947) was an Indian historian. He started his career as an assistant to [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha]], and learned the ancient [[Dingal]] language from him.<ref name=hjain>''Rajasthan History and Culture:An Encyclopaedia'', Fourth Edition, Jain Prakashan Mandir, Jaipur, 2013, p. 422</ref> Later, he was appointed as the head of the Department of History (by Maharaja Sumer Singh of Jodhpur),<ref name=hjain /> Department of Archaeology (by Maharaja Ummed Singh of Jodhpur),<ref name=hjain /> the Sardar Museum, the ''Pustak Prakash'' (Manuscript Library) and Sumer Public Library of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Jodhpur]].<ref>Srivastava, V.S., Editor (1981), Cultural contours of India p38, Abhinav Publications [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|0-391-02358-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&dq=%27being+a+sanskritist+and+well+versed+in+epigraphy%27&pg=PA38]</ref> ''[[Mahamahopadhyaya]]'' He made his mark as a historian, [[epigraphist]], [[numismatist]] and [[Sanskrit]]ist, he is best known for his history of [[Marwar]].<ref>[[Dasharatha Sharma|Sharma, Dasharatha]] (1970), Lectures on Rajput History and Culture p1, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi</ref>

==Authorship==

Reu published ''Bharat ke Prachin Rajvansh'' with the three volumes being released in 1920, 1921 and 1935 respectively. Raja [[Bhoja]] was published in 1932, these books were written in [[Hindi]].<ref>Cultural contours of India p38</ref> In 1933, a revised and enlarged version of material from volume 3 of ''Bharat ke Prachin Rajvansh'' was published (in English) as History of the [[Rashtrakutas]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20121203045228/http://lccn.loc.gov/75321237 Library of Congress catalog]</ref> The two volumes of ''Marwar ka Itihas'' (in Hindi) reached the public in 1938 and 1940. Coins of Marwar was published in 1946 and a biography of ''[[Durgadas Rathore|Rathod Durgadas]]'' was released in 1948.

== Bibliography ==
*''Bharat ke Prachin Rajvansh'' (Kingdoms of Ancient India) Editor: Bhagwatilal Rajpurohit, Publisher: [[Jaipur]] Publication Scheme 2000.
*''Raja Bhoja'' Publisher: Hindustan Akademi 1932.
*History of the Rashtrakutas from the beginning to the migration of Rao Sihaji towards Marwar. Publisher: Archaeological Department, Jodhpur 1933.
*''Rashtrakuton ka itihasa: prarambha se lekar Rao Sihaji ke marwar mein ane tak'' (Hindi translation of above). Publisher: Archaeological Department, Jodhpur 1934.
*''Marwar ka Itihasa'' (History of Marwar) Publisher: Archaeological Department, Jodhpur 1938.
*Glories of Marwar and the glorious Rathors. Publisher: Archaeological Department, Jodhpur 1943.
*Coins of Marwar: from 400 B.C. to 1945 A.D. Published 1946.
*Rathod Durgadas: a well known hero of Marwar. Publisher: Archaeological Department, Jodhpur 1948.
*''Rigveda ka samajika sanskritaka aur aitihasika sara'' (Social, cultural and historical material in the [[Rigveda]]) in Hindi. Publisher: Rajasthan Sahitya Akademi, 1964.
*''Rigveda para eka aitihasika drishti'' (Historical perspective on the Rigveda) in Hindi. Publisher: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1967.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*Bisheshwar Nath Reu at google books [https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES&lr=&as_vt=&as_auth=Bisheshwar+Nath+Reu&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_isbn=&as_issn=]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reu, Bishweshwar Nath}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Scientists from Rajasthan]]

List of states and union territories of India by urban population

2024-05-14T03:08:04Z

Kiloforce123: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of states and union territories of India by population]]