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https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teerandaz_(TV_series)&diff=539896
Teerandaz (TV series)
2026-05-07T21:20:57Z
<p>Killerhazard: started new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Aar Ya Paa.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Action film|Action]]<br>[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br />
| director = {{ubl|[[Sidharth Sengupta]]|Ankush Mohla|Glen Barretto|Neel Guha}}<br />
| writer = {{ubl|[[Sidharth Sengupta]]|Avinash Singh|Vijay Narayan Verma}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Aditya Rawal<br />
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]<br />
* [[Sumeet Vyas]]<br />
* [[Patralekha]]<br />
* [[Shilpa Shukla]]<br />
}}<br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 8<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Kishor Athwal<br />
* Richie Taneja<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Haresh Bhanushali, Rahul Chauhan<br />
| editor = <br />
| runtime = 29-47 minutes<br />
| company = Edgestorm Productions<br />
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Teerandaz''''' (formerly ''Aar Ya Paar'') is a Hindi-language [[action thriller]] series written by [[Sidharth Sengupta]], Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma and directed by Siddharth Sengupta, Ankush Mohla, Glen Barretto, Neel Guha, starring Aditya Rawal, [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Patralekha]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and [[Shilpa Shukla]].<ref name ="ndtv">{{cite web |title=Aar Ya Paar Web Series (2022) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/aar-ya-paar-web-series-113030 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thriller web series 'Aar Ya Paar' set to release on OTT soon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/thriller-web-series-aar-ya-paar-set-to-release-on-ott-soon/articleshow/96545249.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 December 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The show is about Sarju, a tribal archer, living a simple life, is forced to stand up as a rebel against corrupt politicians and businesses to protect his community.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Ruben Bhatta; Business tycoon<br />
*[[Aditya Rawal]] as Sarju<br />
*[[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Pulappa; Langa Tyagi<br />
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] as Wasim Bhai <br />
*[[Patralekha]] as Dr. Sanghamitra Das<br />
*[[Shilpa Shukla]] as Kalawati Bhatta; Ruben Bhatta's wife<br />
*[[Sumeet Vyas]] as Aditya Dutt<br />
*[[Varun Badola]] as Ashit Bhatta<br />
*[[Suzanne Bernert]] as Jenny Bhatta<br />
*[[Nakul Roshan Sahdev]] as Kisna<br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name ="ndtv" /> |episodes= <br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = Sarju, The Beginning<br />
|DirectedBy = Glen Barretto, Neel Guha, Ankush Mohla<br />
|WrittenBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]], Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000056<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = The Dalal<br />
|DirectedBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Ankush Mohla, Glen Barretto<br />
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Jab We Met<br />
|DirectedBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Ankush Mohla, Glen Barretto<br />
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = Battle Cry<br />
|DirectedBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Ankush Mohla, Glen Barretto<br />
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = Gold Medallist<br />
|DirectedBy = Neel Guha<br />
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = Setu Lam<br />
|DirectedBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Ankush Mohla, Glen Barretto<br />
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|Title = Final Countdown<br />
|DirectedBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Ankush Mohla, Glen Barretto<br />
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000000<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 8<br />
|Title = The Devil Inside<br />
|DirectedBy = Neel Guha<br />
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, Avinash Singh, Mohinder Pratap Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 000000<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the 2 stras out of 5 and wrote "''Aar Ya Paar'' isn't interested in exploring the plight of the tribal community that Sarju is a part of. The forest dwellers and their poisoned river are not what the spotlight is on. The series follows Sarju's single-minded efforts to punish the men responsible for his father's death."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Aar Ya Paar Review: Aditya Rawal Does His Best To Carry The Weight Of The Story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aar-ya-paar-review-aditya-rawal-does-his-best-to-carry-the-weight-of-the-story-2-stars-3649938 |access-date=29 January 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=30 December 2022}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kartik Bhardwaj for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "Except for Ashish Vidyarthi and Dibyendu Bhattacharya, the cast also doesn’t leave a mark. Aditya Rawal as Sarju has few dialogues but his expressions speak even less. He is either poker-faced or enraged."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |title='Aar Ya Paar' series review: Doesn't aim high but still misses the mark |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/dec/31/aar-ya-paar-series-review-doesnt-aim-high-but-still-misses-the-mark-2533254.html |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=31 December 2022}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nandini Ramnath for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "The Disney+ Hotstar series gives the urgent issue of the exploitation of indigenous communities the fully filmy treatment. Designed as a battle between sinister suits and forest-dwellers dressed in brown sack-like costumes, the show even has Avatar-like moments – but without the visual effects."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Aar Ya Paar' review: The exploitation of Adivasis gets the fully filmy treatment |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1040618/aar-ya-paar-review-the-exploitation-of-adivasis-gets-the-fully-filmy-treatment |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=30 December 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Manik Sharma for ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "This series travels to Romania, Poland etc but where it falters first is in the fictional town of Jadalganj, where it is initially set. Dahan, another Hotstar show set on the margins of urban India, did well to firmly anchor itself in a native culture that has to both elude yet intrigue. Aar Ya Paar achieves none of it because the milieu feels insincere, not to mention, offensive at certain points."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manik |title=Aar Ya Paar review: Underwhelming series misses its mark while also searching for It |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aar-ya-paar-review-underwhelming-series-misses-its-mark-while-also-searching-for-it-11898991.html |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Archika Khurana for ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The supporting cast, such as Shilpa Shukla, Vaarun Bhagat and Sumeet Vyas, has very little to contribute to the series. Though Sumeet is an interesting narrator, it would have been a great deal better if all of these characters were curated with more attention. In fact, even Patralekha’s character, Sanghamitra Das, who’s a doctor and connects with the tribals, falls short in terms of an emotional curve."<ref>{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |title=Aar Ya Paar Season 1 Review: A gripping tale of vengeance and survival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aar-ya-paar/aar-ya-paar-season-1/seasonreview/96393583.cms |access-date=30 January 2023 |date=30 December 2022}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ajit Andhare of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "The major problem lies with the story by Anhata Menon, Umesh Padalkar, and Sidharth Sengupta. It’s too weak, oversimplistic, and largely conforms to the stereotypical portrayal of tribals. It paints a world that is black and white. Tribals are shown wearing sac-like clothes, speaking a perfectly and easily comprehensible dialect of Hindi, are expert archers, and are pros in their understanding of medicinal flora and fauna to the extent that they can treat cancer which even modern medicines cannot. It’s too superficial and no effort has been done to even scratch this surface."<ref>{{cite news |last=Andhare |first=Ajit |title=Web Series Review {{!}} 'Aar Ya Paar' spirals into a regular Bollywood revenge drama |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/311222/web-series-review-aar-ya-paar-spirals-into-a-regular-bollywood.html |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=31 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/teerandaaz/1260156413 ''Teerandaz''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priya_Konjengbam&diff=526862
Priya Konjengbam
2026-05-07T01:05:54Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2001)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox badminton player<br />
| name = Priya Konjengbam<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Priya Devi Konjengbam<br />
| country = India<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|03|11|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India<ref name="o510">{{cite web | title=Priya Konjengba becomes first State woman shuttler to reach an int'l competition final | website=The Sangai Express | date=29 October 2023 | url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/29/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-28-Manipur-s-Priya-Konjengbam-becomes-first-woman-shuttler-from-the-State.html | access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| handedness = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| coach = Pradeep Raju<ref name="x528"/><br />
| event = Women's & mixed doubles<br />
| career_record = <br />
| highest_ranking = 37 (WD with [[Shruti Mishra]], 13 May 2025)<br />82 (XD with [[Bokka Navaneeth]], 18 July 2023)<br />
| date_of_highest_ranking = <br />
| current_ranking = 47<br />
| date_of_current_ranking = WD with Shruti Mishra, 5 May 2026<br />
| medal_templates =<br />
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024 Selangor]]| Women's team}}<br />
| bwfbadminton_id = 50322<br />
| bwf_id = C9886899-D5FC-4EBA-BA1A-1B9EF57B4DBC<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Priya Devi Konjengbam'''<ref name="p101">{{cite web | title=National Badminton Championships 2023: Get winners list | website=Olympics.com | date=24 December 2023 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/national-badminton-championships-2023-india-final-results-winners-list | access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> (born 11 March 2001) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/50322/priya-konjengbam |title=Priya Konjengbam {{!}} Profile |website=Badminton World Federation |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref> She is affiliated with Suchitra Badminton Academy.<ref name="x528">{{cite web | last=Subrahmanyam | first=V. V. | title=Shruti Mishra, Priya Konjengbam are future India stars in doubles" Coach Pradeep Raju | website=Sportstar | date=1 January 2024 | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/coach-pradeep-raju-says-shruti-mishra-priya-konjengbam-are-future-india-stars-in-doubles/article67694874.ece | access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
She was part of the Indian women's team that won gold at the [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships]].<ref name="g002">{{cite web | last=Nag | first=Utathya | title=Badminton Asia Team Championships 2024: Anmol Kharb seals historic title for India women | website=Olympics.com | date=18 February 2024 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/badminton-asia-team-championships-2024-india-final-results | access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> She was also part of India's [[2024 Thomas & Uber Cup|2024 Uber Cup]] squad.<ref name="h853">{{cite web | title=Uber Cup 2024: Indian women's team beats Singapore in second group match, confirms quarterfinal spot | website=Sportstar | date=28 April 2024 | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/uber-cup-badminton-2024-india-womens-team-wins-vs-singapore-highlights-result-ashmita-priya-shruti-news/article68116921.ece | access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
=== BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title, 3 runners-up) ===<br />
''Women's doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2023 (I)<br />
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miku Shigeta]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Maya Taguchi]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–17, 18–21, 15–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2024 (I)<br />
| align="left" | India International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Shruti Mishra<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arathi Sara Sunil]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Varshini Viswanath Sri]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–13<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2025 (II)<br />
| align="left" | India International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Shruti Mishra<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Hathaithip Mijad]]<br />{{flagicon|THA}} [[Napapakorn Tungkasatan]]<br />
| align="left" | 16–21, 16–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Mixed doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2023 (II)<br />
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Kumar Karunakaran]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aadya Variyath]]<br />
| align="left" | 10–21, 18–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{BWF|C9886899-D5FC-4EBA-BA1A-1B9EF57B4DBC}}<br />
*{{BWF2|50322}}<br />
<br />
{{Footer Asian Champions Badminton Team Women}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Konjengbam, Priya}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2001 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapur_Assembly_constituency&diff=529714
Rapur Assembly constituency
2026-05-07T00:36:46Z
<p>Killerhazard: made a info w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Rapur<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| type= SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rapur Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] until 2008.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
It was part of [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency]] and had the following mandals.<br />
# [[Kaluvay mandal|Kaluvay]]<br />
# [[Manubolu mandal|Manubolu ]]<br />
# [[Podalkur mandal|Podalkur]]<br />
# [[Rapur mandal|Rapur]]<br />
# [[Sydapuram mandal|Sydapuram]]<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| 1952<br />
| Dandamudi Dasaratha Ramayya Naidu<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1972<br />
| Nuvvula Venkataratnam Naidu<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1978<br />
| Nuvvula Venkataratnam Naidu <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1983<br />
| Malireddy Adinarayana Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1985<br />
| Anam Ramnarayana Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1989<br />
| Nuvvula Venkataratnam Naidu <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1994<br />
| Y. Sreenivasulu Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| Anam Ramnarayana Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| Anam Ramnarayana Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Rapur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Dasaratharamiah Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,805 |percentage=27.53% |change=27.53% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Ramanaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,368 |percentage=21.32% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bollu Chenchu Narasimham |party=Independent politician |votes=7,361 |percentage=18.76% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malireddy Pattabhirami Reddi |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,751 |percentage=12.11% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nunna Venkatarumiah |party=Independent politician |votes=3,159 |percentage=8.05% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. B. D. Krishna Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,500 |percentage=6.37% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basirani Sundararama Naidy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,452 |percentage=3.70% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kollapanenl Lakshminaryanana |party=Independent politician |votes=851 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,437 |percentage=6.21% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,247 |percentage=58.28% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,347 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1994===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1994]]: Rapur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Y. Sreenivasulu Reddy<br />
|votes = 52,180<br />
|percentage = 47.18<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Anam Ramnarayana Reddy <br />
|votes = 43,781<br />
|percentage = 38.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Ravula Ankaiah Goud<br />
|votes = 12458<br />
|percentage = 11.00<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Midathala Ramesh<br />
|votes = 2,509<br />
|percentage = 2.22<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 8,389<br />
|percentage = 7.41<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,13,204<br />
|percentage = 74.70<br />
|change = +0.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1999===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Atmakur<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Anam Rama Narayana Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 76,907<br />
|percentage = 51.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Y. Sreenivasulu Reddy<br />
|votes = 58,263<br />
|percentage = 39.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Khajavali Shaik]]<br />
|votes = 8,772<br />
|percentage = 5.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 18,644<br />
|percentage = 12.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 148,137<br />
|percentage = 78.04<br />
|change = -2.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Independent (politician)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Atmakur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = [[Kommi Lakshmaiah Naidu]]<br />
|votes = 43,347<br />
|percentage = 36.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Bollineni Krishnaiah]]<br />
|votes = 38,950<br />
|percentage = 32.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Bommireddy Sundararami Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 32,686<br />
|percentage = 27.34<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,397<br />
|percentage = 3.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 119,562<br />
|percentage = 80.90<br />
|change = +10.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Independent (politician)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|14.20|79.54|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Nellore district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdul_Rashid&diff=534794
Sheikh Abdul Rashid
2026-05-06T22:31:25Z
<p>Killerhazard: started a pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1967)}}<br />
{{distinguish|Sheikh Abdur Rashid}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Er Rashid.jpg<br />
| caption = Rashid speaking in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| name = Sheikh Abdul Rashid<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency = [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]<br />
| term_start = {{Start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Akbar Lone]]<br />
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2008|12|25|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end1 = {{End date|2018|11|12|df=yes}}<br />
| constituency1 = [[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Sharifuddin Shariq]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh]]<br />
| birth_name = Sheikh Abdul Rashid<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|08|19|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Mawar, [[Langate]], [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br />
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Government Degree College, Sopore]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sheikh Abdul Rashid''' (born 19 August 1967), better known as '''Engineer Rashid''', is an Indian politician, and currently [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member]] of [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla constituency]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. In September 2024, he was released on interim bail to campaign during the assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=Engineer Rashid Gets Interim Bail In Terror Funding Case To Campaign For J&K Polls, Omar Abdullah 'Knew This' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/engineer-rashid-gets-bail-in-terror-funding-case-to-campaign-for-jk-polls-article-113227595 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier he was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], from the [[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate constituency]] in [[Handwara]]. He is the founder and patron of the Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party.<ref><br />
[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mla-rashid-launches-new-party/story-wJQF9M9kmHpGv02p7OE3VK.html MLA Rashid launches new party], Hindustan Times, 12 June 2013.<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite web |title=Engineer Rashid aka Abdul Rashid - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=296 |website=www.myneta.info |accessdate=2015-10-27}}<br />
</ref> He is famous for his speeches and is known as the Pain of Al-Baen (Plough) which is the symbol of National Conference.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Rashid was born {{circa|1967}} in his hometown [[Langate]].<ref name="ET May 2024"><br />
PTI, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/baramulla-in-jail-since-2019-engineer-rashid-declares-assets-increased-liabilities-reduced-in-five-years/articleshow/110232269.cms Baramulla: In jail since 2019, Engineer Rashid declares assets increased, liabilities reduced in five years], The Economic Times, 19 May 2024.<br />
</ref> He got involved with [[Kashmiri separatism]] as a teenager, and joined the [[Abdul Ghani Lone]]-led [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|People's Conference]] in 1978.<ref name="Swami"><br />
Praveen Swami, [https://theprint.in/opinion/security-code/engineer-rashids-election-victory-shows-kashmiri-secessionism-is-far-from-spent/2117896/ Engineer Rashid’s election victory shows Kashmiri secessionism is far from spent], The Print, 5 June 2024.<br />
</ref> In 1987, the People's Conference was a leading member of the [[Muslim United Front]] which fought the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]] on an Islamist agenda.<ref name="Swami"/> The election saw widespread rigging, and is mentioned as a prime factor in the rise of [[Kashmir insurgency]] two years later.<br />
<br />
Rashid obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1988, and a diploma in [[civil engineering]] two years later.<ref name="Swami"/><ref name="ET May 2024"/> <br />
He worked for over a decade as an engineer in the state government-run Jammu and Kashmir Projects Construction Corporation.<ref name="Swami"/><ref name="Hindu Oct 2015"><br />
{{Cite news |title=I'm the most misunderstood MLA in India: Engineer Rashid |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2015-10-22 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/im-the-most-misunderstood-mla-in-india-engineer-rashid/article7791100.ece}}<br />
</ref><ref name="Frontline profile"><br />
Ashutosh Sharma, [https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/engineer-rashid-victory-jammu-kashmir-article-370-autonomy/article68251003.ece Kashmir: The jailed victor, Engineer Rashid], Frontline, 4 June 2024.<br />
</ref><ref><br />
Muzamil Jaleel, [https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/army-used-citizens-in-j-k-operations-says-s/ Army used citizens in J&K operations, says state police], The Indian Express, 21 May 2010. {{ProQuest|238393071}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
He won the [[Langate (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Langate seat]] as an independent candidate in the [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] and retained it in the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = How Langate's Engineer Rashid battled counter-insurgency to reduce police intervention in peoples' lives|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-29/news/56561163_1_ganderbal-counter-insurgency-aam-aadmi-party|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150423124455/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-29/news/56561163_1_ganderbal-counter-insurgency-aam-aadmi-party|url-status = dead|archive-date = 23 April 2015|website = timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate = 2015-10-27}}</ref> Rashid subsequently defeated former Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir [[Omar Abdullah]] in [[2024 lok sabha election|2024 Lok Sabha election]] from [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 Election Results for Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/2024-election-results-for-jammu-and-kashmir |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Election Results 2024 Highlights: National Conference, BJP win two seats each |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/jammu-and-kashmir-election-results-2024-live/article68214279.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Arrests ==<br />
In the year 2005, Rashid was arrested by the [[Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir)|SOG]] in [[Srinagar]] for supporting militants and subsequently jailed for three months and 17 days. He was charged with committing anti-national activities, and was kept in Cargo, Humhama and Raj bagh prisons. Later the Chief Judicial Magistrate of Srinagar dropped all charges against him on humanitarian grounds. According to Rashid he was arrested by a motley group of counter-insurgents that worked closely with the state police, who took him to an interrogation centre, where he was "interrogated." After five months of custody, he negotiated his release, paying {{currency|1.14|INR}} [[lakh]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kashmirlife.net/acid-test-issue37-vol06-69061/ |title=Acid Test |date=30 November 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2019, he was arrested under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA) on terror funding charges.<ref><br />
PTI, [https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/100819/nia-arrests-former-jk-mla-rashid-engineer-in-terror-funding-case.html NIA arrests former J&K MLA Rashid Engineer in terror-funding case], Asian Age, 10 August 2019.<br />
</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I'm the most misunderstood MLA in India: Engineer Rashid|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/im-the-most-misunderstood-mla-in-india-engineer-rashid/article7791100.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-10-22|access-date = 2015-10-27|issn = 0971-751X|language = en}}</ref> He contested the 2024 parliamentary election from jail and won. However, he remained in jail, and had no opportunity to attend the parliament.<br />
<br />
On 11 September 2024, he was granted interim bail until 2 October, allowing him to campaign for the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="b586">{{cite web | title=Must not speak to media: Delhi Court grants interim bail to Rashid Engineer ahead of Jammu and Kashmir elections | website=ANI News | date=2024-09-11 | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/must-not-speak-to-media-delhi-court-grants-interim-bail-to-rashid-engineer-ahead-of-jammu-and-kashmir-elections20240911140302/ | access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref><ref name="k617">{{cite web | title=Engineer Rashid released on interim bail, vows to fight 'PM Modi's narrative of Naya Kashmir' | website=mint | date=2024-09-11 | url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/jammu-kashmir-engineer-rashid-released-on-interim-bail-vows-to-fight-pm-modis-narrative-of-naya-kashmir-omar-abdullah-11726053095433.html | access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 October 2024, his interim bail, which was earlier until 2 October was further extended by [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Patiala house court]], Delhi until 12 October 2024, allowing him to witness the results of the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Com |first=Kashmir Dot |date=2024-10-01 |title=Court Extends Bail of MP Er Rashid Till October 12 - Kashmir Dot Com |url=https://kashmirdotcom.in/2024/10/01/court-extends-bail-of-mp-er-rashid-till-october-12/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> His bail was again extended till 28 October 2024 and after the interim bail expired he was sent back to jail.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 28, 2024 |title=Er Rashid flies to New Delhi as interim bail ends |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/gk-top-news/er-rashid-flies-to-new-delhi-as-interim-bail-ends/ |work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Attacks==<br />
On 8 October 2015 Engineer Rashid was assaulted by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLAs inside the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for hosting a party where he served beef on the lawns of the government circuit with a view to oppose the controversial central Government order banning the consumption of beef in India.<ref name="Attack">{{cite news|last1=Shankar|first1=Aranya|title=Ink attack on Jammu and Kashmir MLA Rashid Engineer over beef party|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/j-k-mla-engineer-rashid-attacked-with-black-ink-for-hosting-beef-party/|accessdate=20 December 2017|publisher=Indian Express|date=20 October 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was also attacked with black ink in Press Club New Delhi by BJP cadets a day after his critical comments regarding the lynching of a Truck driver in Udhampur.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Ink attack on Jammu & Kashmir MLA Engineer Rashid who had hosted a 'beef party' - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ink-attack-on-Jammu-Kashmir-MLA-Engineer-Rashid-who-had-hosted-a-beef-party/articleshow/49453133.cms|website = The Times of India| date=19 October 2015 |accessdate = 2015-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Ink Attack on J&K Lawmaker Engineer Rashid, Who Hosted 'Beef Party'|url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/j-k-lawmaker-engineer-rashid-attacked-with-black-ink-in-delhi-1233954|website = NDTV.com|accessdate = 2015-10-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{18th LS members from Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rashid, Engineer}}<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kupwara district]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padmavati_Temple&diff=523651
Padmavati Temple
2026-05-04T15:12:32Z
<p>Killerhazard: made the place added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Padmavati Temple, Thiruchanoor<br />
| image = Padmavathi Ammavari Temple.JPG<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Pradhana (Main) [[Gopuram]] of Shri Padmavati Ammavari Temple, Thiruchanoor <br />
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| map_caption = Padmavati Temple, [[Thiruchanoor]], [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| map_size =<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|36|28.1|N|79|27|00.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Padmavathi_Temple&params=13_36_28.1_N_79_27_00.4_E_type:landmark_region:IN]<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br />
| locale = [[Alamelu Mangapuram| Thiruchanoor, Tirupati]]<br />
| elevation_m = 157.23<br />
| deity = [[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavati Ammavari]]<br />
| festivals = [[Brahmotsavam]], Panchami Tirtham, [[Varalakshmi Vratam]]<br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity = 4<br />
| monument_quantity =<br />
| inscriptions = [[Tamil language|Tamil ]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit |Sanskrit]]<br />
| date_established =<br />
| date_built =<br />
| temple_board = [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]<br />
| website = [http://www.tirumala.org/ tirumala.org]<br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduism small}}<br />
<br />
'''Padmavati Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavati]] (Alamelu Mangamma or Alarmel Mangai), the consort of [[Venkateswara|Venkanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (Official Website) |url=http://www.tirumala.org/PatAtThiruchanoorSevas.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129064540/https://www.tirumala.org/PatAtThiruchanoorSevas.aspx |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.tirumala.org |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> The temple is situated in [[Tiruchanur]] (also known as Alamelu Mangapuram or Alarmel Mangaipuram area) of [[Tirupati]] city in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<br />
<br />
The temple is under the administration of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] and follows the [[pancharatra]] agama and [[vadakalai]] traditions.<br />
<br />
== Legend ==<br />
{{Main|Legend of Tirumala}}<br />
It is believed that Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] incarnated as Alamelu, the daughter of Akasha Raja, the ruler of this region, and later married [[Venkateswara]] of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]]. Lakshmi is said to have appeared to Venkateswara on a [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus flower]] (Padma in [[Sanskrit]]) at Alamelu Mangapuram, after he performed austere [[Tapas (Indian religions)|penance]] for twelve years. According to the tradition, the goddess manifested herself in the holy Pushkarini called Padmasarovaram in a golden lotus. The ''Venkatachala Mahatyam'' states that the Sun-god [[Surya]]narayana was instrumental in blossoming of the lotus in full splendour. A temple dedicated to Suryanarayana is situated on the eastern side of the Pushkarini. The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' gives a vivid description of the advent of the goddess and subsequent wedding with Venkateswara. The manifestation of Padmavathi occurred in the month of Karthika on Sukla Paksha Panchami when the star Uttarashada in the ascendent. The Brahmotsavam of the goddess is celebrated with all pomp and glory to commemorate the occasion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tirupatitirumalainfo.com/temples-theerthams/tiruchanoor/|title=Sri Padmavathi Ammavari Temple – Tirupati Tirumala Info|newspaper=Tirupati Tirumala Info|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Deity ==<br />
[[Padmavathi]] (''Alamelumangamma'' or ''Alarmelmangai'') is the main deity of the temple. Padmavathi is the incarnation of goddess Lakshmi and is consort of Venkateswara. The deity faces east within the temple.<br />
<br />
==Temple timings==<br />
<br />
The temple typically opens at 4:50 am on most days and closes at 9:30 pm. However, on Fridays, it opens at 3:30 am.<ref>{{Cite web<br />
|title=Padmavathi Temple Timings<br />
|url=https://tirupatibalajionline.com/padmavati-temple-tirupati-timings-pooja/<br />
|website=Tirupati Balaji Online<br />
|access-date=2023-10-08<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Padmasarovaram ==<br />
[[File:Padmavati ammavari koneru at tirucanuru, tirupati.JPG|thumb|[[Temple tank|Padmasarovaram]] and Sri Padmavathi Temple (background), [[Alamelu Mangapuram]], Tirupati|none]]Padmasarovaram is the [[Temple tank]] of the Padmavathi Temple. It is believed that Padmavathi manifested in this tank in a golden lotus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruchanur spruced up for annual fete Premises|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tiruchanur-spruced-up-for-annual-fete/article5399309.ece}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Festivals ==<br />
In Padmasarovaram, Chakra Snanam will be held on last day of Annual Padmavathi Brahmotsavams (''Panchami Teertham'') which will witness lakhs of devotees taking a dip in the holy waters.<ref>{{cite web|title=2 Lakh Take Holy Dip on 'Panchami Theertham’ |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/2014/11/28/2-Lakh-Take-Holy-Dip-on-Panchami-Theertham/article2544876.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610184644/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/2014/11/28/2-Lakh-Take-Holy-Dip-on-Panchami-Theertham/article2544876.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2015|access-date=2015-06-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other temples in complex ==<br />
[[File:Tiruchanur 03.JPG|thumb|Sri [[Surya]]narayana Temple, Alamelu Mangapuram|none]]<br />
[[Krishna]] Swamy Temple and Sundararaja Swamy Temple are sub-temples within the Padmavathi Temple. Krishna Swamy Temple, dated 1221 CE, is the earliest of the temples inside the temple complex. Sundararaja Swamy Temple was built in the 16th century and is dedicated to Varadaraja Swamy (Vishnu) and his consorts [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]]. There is also a temple dedicated to Suryanarayana opposite to the temple tank. The icon of Suryanarayana is believed to installed by Venkateswara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-temples at Tiruchanoor Premises|url=http://www.tirumala.org/TemplesAtTiruchanoor.aspx|access-date=2015-07-21|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115024/http://www.tirumala.org/TemplesAtTiruchanoor.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]<br />
* [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur]]<br />
* Goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]]<br />
* [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]<br />
* [[Tirupati]]<br />
* [[Ammavaru]]<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Padmavati Temple, Tiruchanur}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Padmavathi_Temple&params=13_36_28.1_N_79_27_00.4_E_type:landmark_region:IN GeoHack - Padmavathi Temple]<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.tirumala.org}}<br />
* [https://www.bestbus.in/tourist-attractions/details/tirupati/sri-padmavathi-ammavari-temple Sri Padmavathi Ammavari Temple]<br />
* [https://www.tirumala.org/ Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams]<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Tiruchanur}}<br />
<br />
{{Tirupati topics}}<br />
{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tirupati]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tirupati]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirupati district]]<br />
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]<br />
[[Category:Devi temples in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansa_railway_station&diff=516291
Mansa railway station
2026-05-03T07:36:51Z
<p>Killerhazard: made some info first draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Mansa railway station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]<br />
| image = Mansa, Punjab Railway Station.jpg<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = Gaushala Road, [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]], [[Mansa district, India|Mansa district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.9883|N| 75.4041|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|223|m|ft}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| line = [[Delhi–Fazilka line]]<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br />
| structure = Standard on ground<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| accessible = <br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = MSZ<br />
| division = {{rwd|Delhi}}<br />
}}<br />
| opened = <br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| map_dot_label = Mansa railway station<br />
| map_type = India Punjab<br />
| map_size = 280<br />
| map_caption = Location in Punjab<br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Mansa railway station''' is located in the [[Mansa district, India|Mansa district]] of the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves the city of [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]], the administrative headquarter of the district. Its station code is '''MSZ'''. Mansa station falls under the [[Delhi railway division]] of the [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mansa railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mansa-msz/2181|access-date=7 September 2020|publisher=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== The railway station ==<br />
Mansa railway station is located at an elevation of {{convert|223|m|ft}}. The station is located on the double track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], Jakhal–Bathinda section of the [[Delhi–Fazilka line]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=How to reach Mansa|url=https://mansa.nic.in/how-to-reach/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 September 2020|website=|publisher=Mansa district official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mansa Train Station|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/MSZ/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 September 2020|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mansa Trains Schedule and station information|url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/mansa-railway-station-msz/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 September 2020|website=[[Ibibo|goibibo]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electrification ==<br />
Mansa railway station is situated on a double track electrified line. There are three electrified tracks at the station.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Amenities ==<br />
Mansa railway station lacks an enquiry office, but has a booking window and all basic amenities like drinking water, public toilets and a sheltered area with adequate seating. There are two platforms at the station and one foot overbridge (FOB). Another foot overbridge across the railway tracks of the station provides pedestrian connectivity between residential areas.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Mansa railway station|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=MSZ|access-date=7 September 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Mansa, Punjab Railway Station building view from platform.jpg|Main Building<br />
Entrace of Mansa, Punjab Railway Station.jpg |Entrance<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/raildrishtiv3/initiativeGallery.jsp?initid=48&locid=MSZ&locname=MANSA Pictures of Mansa railway station]<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Mansa district, India]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Mansa district, India]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalaivaasal&diff=540207
Thalaivaasal
2026-04-29T21:57:23Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{for|the town|Thalaivasal}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Thalaivaasal title card.jpg<br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| director = [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]<br />
| writer = Selvaa<br />Murthy Ramesh <small>(dialogues)</small><br />
| producer = Chozha Ponnurangam<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|[[Anand (actor)|Anand]]|[[Sivaranjani (actress)|Sivaranjani]]|Bhanu Prakash|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Thalaivasal Vijay|Vijay]] | [[Vichithra]]}}<br />
| cinematography = R. Roy<br />
| editing = Raju KN<br />
| music = Bala Bharathi<br />
| studio = Chozha Creations<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|09|03}}<br />
| runtime = 140 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Thalaivaasal''''' ({{Translation|The main door}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]. The film has an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anand (actor)|Anand]], [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Sivaranjani]], Bhanu Prakash, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and newcomer [[Thalaivasal Vijay|Vijay]]. It was released on 3 September 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=thalai vasal ( 1992 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thalai%20vasal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815073739/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thalai%20vasal |archive-date=15 August 2007 |access-date=9 April 2014 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=March 2026}}<br />
Nachiappan College is considered to be one of the worst colleges of [[Chennai]]; everyday violence erupts between two final-year groups. The students are influenced by the local bigwig Beeda Settu ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]), who sells [[cannabis (drug)|ganja]] to the students and basically rules the college from outside. The first group is led by Sudhakar ([[Anand (actor)|Anand]]) whereas the other one is led by Kalaiarasan (Bhanu Prakash). The college management and the police get tired of that situation. They decide that they need to change the principal. The vice-principal, Chandran, dies to sit in that post but the college management asks the successful Shanmugasundaram ([[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]) to take the post. His daughter Shobana will study in the same college. The rest of the story is how Shanmugasundaram succeeds in his mission.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Shanmugasundaram<br />
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Sudhakar<br />
*[[Sivaranjani (actress)|Sivaranjani]] as Shobana<br />
*Bhanu Prakash as Kalaiarasan (credited as Bharathan)<br />
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Beeda Settu<br />
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Chandran<br />
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay|Vijay]] as Babu<br />
*[[S. N. Vasanth]] as Gupta<br />
*Chitti as ACP Devaraj<br />
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Saradha<br />
*Vaishnavi as Anandhi<br />
*[[Vichithra]] as 'Madippu' Hamsa<br />
*C.N.A. Parimal<br />
*Sampath Kumar<br />
*Vincent Roy as Vedachalam<br />
*Jayaprakash<br />
*Radhabhai<br />
*[[Swaminathan]]<br />
*[[Anand Krishnamoorthi|Master Anand]] as Siddharth<br />
*Baby Shobana as Meena<br />
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The success of the television serial ''Neela Maala'' facilitated Chozha Creations' re-entry into the film industry, and they gave the television director [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]] the opportunity to direct ''Thalaivasal''. Except [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], most of the cast was new like Bhanu Prakash and [[Thalaivasal Vijay|Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="When I watched K B's Naan Avanillai, I was totally floored by its 'avant garde' theme" |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/selva.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522014041/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/selva.html |archive-date=22 May 2015 |access-date=9 April 2014 |website=Behindwoods |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by Bala Bharathi, with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalai Vaasal (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000355 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145700/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000355 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=9 April 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Athi Kaalai Kaatre Nillu"|| [[S. Janaki]] || 4:35<br />
|-<br />
| "Mayajala Ulagam" || Bala Bharathi || 3:42<br />
|-<br />
| "Naalaikum Naam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:04<br />
|-<br />
| "Unnai Thottu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:29<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaan Nilave" || Ashok || 1:52<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaasal Idhu Vaasal" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 3:46<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaazhkai Embadhu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:41<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Debutant writer-director Chelva has taken up a subject with which he does not seem to be familiar".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=4 September 1992 |title=Campus rag |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920904&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film completed a 100-day run at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 January 1993 |title=Run-of-the-mill fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage |access-date=9 April 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
After the film's success, Vijay added ''Thalaivaasal'' as his prefix.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=8 November 2014 |title=What's in a name? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/whats-in-a-name/article6578238.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181605/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/whats-in-a-name/article6578238.ece |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
{{Selva (director)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Selva (director)]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaya_Nageswara_Reddy&diff=505914
Jaya Nageswara Reddy
2026-04-25T03:10:28Z
<p>Killerhazard: creating new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy<br />
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly<br>Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start = 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[K. Chennakesava Reddy]]<br />
| constituency = [[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]<br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
}}<br />
'''Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemmiganur Assembly Election Results 2024: Yemmiganur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/yemmiganur-constituency-result-1144 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Yemmiganur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/yemmiganur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917187.html |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Reddy is from [[Yemmiganur]], Kurnool district. His late father was B. V. Mohan Reddy. He is a doctor and married a doctor. He completed his M.B.B.S. in 2004 at [[NTR University of Health Sciences]], [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B Jaya Nageswara Reddy(TDP):Constituency- YEMMIGANUR(KURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7118 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Reddy won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency]]. He polled 1,03,089 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Butta Renuka]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 15,837 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemmiganur Constituency Election Results 2024: Yemmiganur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/yemmiganur |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemmiganur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Yemmiganur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/yemmiganur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఎమ్మిగనూరులో ఎమ్మెల్యే రాజ్ {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/mla-jaya-nageswar-rao-corruption-special-story-1147264 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> He polled 84,483 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. Jagan Mohan Reddy, of YSR Congress Party by a margin of 14,361 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-16 |title=YSRC sweep in Kurnool |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrc-sweep-in-kurnool/article6017037.ece |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaya Nageswara Reddy, B. V.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keladi_Kannmanii&diff=509185
Keladi Kannmanii
2026-04-24T04:08:30Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1991 film by Vasanth}}<br />
{{redirect|Keladi Kanmani|the TV series|Keladi Kanmani (TV series)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Keladi Kannmanii.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Vasanth]]<br />
| screenplay = Vasanth<br />
| story = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]<br />
| producer = A. Sundaram<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
*[[Radikaa Sarathkumar|Radikaa]]<br />
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]<br />
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy<br />
| editing = Ganesh–Kumar<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| studio = Vivek Chithra Productions<br />
| distributor = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| released = {{film date|1990|7|27|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 140 minutes{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=132}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Keladi Kannmanii''''' ({{Translation|Listen, sweetheart}}; also spelt '''''Keladi Kanmani''''') is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] that marked the directorial debut of [[Vasanth]]. The film stars [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Radikaa Sarathkumar|Radikaa]], [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Anju (actress)|Anju]]. It revolves around a terminally ill woman who seeks to make amends for a past mistake before she dies.<br />
<br />
Producer A. Sundaram approached Vasanth to make a film for his production company, Vivek Chithra Productions, but Vasanth did not have a story. [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] created the story of ''Keladi Kannmanii'', which Vasanth developed into a screenplay. Cinematography was handled by R. Raghunatha Reddy, editing was by the duo Ganesh–Kumar, and Maghi made his debut as art director.<br />
<br />
''Keladi Kannmanii'' was released on 27 July 1990 and became a commercial success, running for over 285 days at theatres. It won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] (including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]]) and Radikaa won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Anu is a college student; her fellow student Sasi desperately tries to win her affection. Sasi and Anu play various pranks on each other. Anu eventually admits her affection for Sasi and they begin a courtship. All seems to be well, but Anu is strangely sad from time to time; she repeats to Sasi that she senses an imminent danger to their relationship, but she is unable to pinpoint what the threat is or describe why it may materialise soon.<br />
<br />
Anu begins to get frequent sharp headaches. Her father, A. R. Rangaraj (ARR), a widower, tries to help her, but is not able to get to the bottom of the matter. ARR is a gentle old man who has devoted most of his life to his daughter. On her 18th birthday, Anu visits her doctor who determines that she has bilateral [[renal artery stenosis]] and is almost certain to succumb within a year. She may require an operation within that time, but the likelihood of her coming through it alive is minimal.<br />
<br />
Anu asks the doctor to keep her illness a secret between them. Unknown to Anu, her father accidentally discovers it when the local pharmacist sends some prescription drugs through him. When Anu discusses the matter with Sasi, he expresses his support despite his grave sadness out of his love for her. Anu reveals a thread from her past that may explain her melancholic mood.<br />
<br />
The film flashes back to several years before, when ARR had a happy family. Anu, then five or six, attended school; ARR worked and his wife managed the home. When ARR lost his wife to an illness, Anu took this particularly hard. ARR tried to help her cope with it and move on. Later, ARR met Sarada at a wedding. When ARR sought a tutor for Anu, Sarada took the position. The friendship evolved into a courtship, and ARR was about to propose marriage.<br />
<br />
As time went on, Sarada realised her own responsibilities. Both her parents were [[deaf-mute]], and she was the only way they could communicate with others; this left her torn between her filial duty and her personal aspirations. Things worsened when Anu missed her mother and was unable to accept Sarada (or anyone else) as a replacement. Sarada was bewildered and ultimately frustrated by all this. Despite ARR's assurances that they could work it out, she refused his proposal and decided to move to another city; her parents committed suicide as they felt they were a hindrance to their daughter. Since then, Anu has been plagued by guilt for her part in the breakup.<br />
<br />
The doctors schedule the surgery. Anu takes this with stoic grief, and asks Sasi for one last thing: to find Sarada and attempt to reunite her with ARR. They find an old picture of Sarada, and Sasi recognises her as a woman he had met in [[Bangalore]] a few weeks before. He sets off on a frantic hunt for Sarada. On the day of the operation, Sarada happens to be in Chennai ''en route'' to a training event in the United States. After a series of near-misses, Sasi locates her in the nick of time and brings her to Anu and ARR moments before Anu gets anaesthetised. Anu later goes for one last ride with Sasi on his motorbike and, right before they leave, she says that she has gained faith in surviving the surgery.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as A. R. Rangaraj (ARR)<ref name="TNM">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=30 September 2020 |title='Keladi Kanmani': When SPB and Radikaa brought to life an unforgettable romance |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keladi-kanmani-when-spb-and-radikaa-brought-life-unforgettable-romance-134225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002051925/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keladi-kanmani-when-spb-and-radikaa-brought-life-unforgettable-romance-134225 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Radikaa Sarathkumar|Radikaa]] as Sarada<ref name="TNM" /><br />
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Sasi<ref name="TNM" /><br />
* [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Anu<ref name="TNM" /><br />
* [[Janagaraj]] as Adaikkalam<ref name="TNM" /><br />
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Sarada's father<ref name="TNM" /><br />
* [[Srividya]] as Sarada's mother<ref name="TNM" /><br />
* [[Neena (Tamil actress)|Baby Neena]] as young Anu<ref name="TNM" /><br />
* [[Charle]] as Sasi's friend<ref name="thefederal" /><br />
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Adaikkalam's friend<ref name="thefederal" /><br />
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Adaikkalam's friend<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Vivekh recalls fond memories of working in Keladi Kanmani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vivekh-recalls-fond-memories-of-working-in-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/77219637.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731172419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vivekh-recalls-fond-memories-of-working-in-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/77219637.cms |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Kavithalayaa Krishnan|Krishnan]] as Mahadevan<ref name="thefederal" /><br />
<!-- * [[Typist Gopu]] as professor --><br />
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Charulatha (ARR's wife)<ref name="TNM" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
When film producer A. Sundaram approached [[Vasanth]], an assistant to [[K. Balachander]], to make a film for his production company, Vivek Chithra Productions, Vasanth was sceptical; he recalled, "Maybe he thought that just like how he was making [''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]''] with [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj's]] assistant [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] at that time, he should make one with KB sir's assistant. I said I'd get back to him." Vasanth's family scolded him that he "should be thankful that I’m getting a producer without me getting a story ready and approaching many producers to produce it".<ref name="to">{{Cite web |last1=Suganth |first1=M |last2=CR |first2=Sharanya |date=27 July 2020 |title=30 Years of Keladi Kanmani: Raaja sir's music gave life to the climax: Vasanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/30-Years-of-Keladi-Kanmani-Raaja-sirs-music-gave-life-to-the-climax-Vasanth/articleshow/77187894.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817162013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/30-Years-of-Keladi-Kanmani-Raaja-sirs-music-gave-life-to-the-climax-Vasanth/articleshow/77187894.cms |archive-date=17 August 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Sundaram told him to return once he had a story ready.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=M. |date=28 January 2017 |title=Young guns |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Young-guns/article17107898.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412170446/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Young-guns/article17107898.ece |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vasanth wanted to make films like his mentor Balachander, [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and [[Balu Mahendra]], so he decided to make one "that was mature for my age. So, a romance between two mature people was the starting point".<ref name="to" /> The story was created by [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]], another assistant to Balachander, and Vasanth developed it into a screenplay.<ref name="thefederal">{{Cite web |last=Vinoth Kumar |first=N |date=22 August 2020 |title=30 years of Keladi Kanmani, a film that established SPB as an actor |url=https://thefederal.com/features/30-years-of-keladi-kanmani-a-film-that-established-spb-as-an-actor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004120511/https://thefederal.com/features/30-years-of-keladi-kanmani-a-film-that-established-spb-as-an-actor/ |archive-date=4 October 2020 |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=[[The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Keladi Kannmanii'' was Vasanth's directorial debut,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gerald |first=Olympia Shilpa |date=21 September 2010 |title=A fine balance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/A-fine-balance/article16010380.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124052133/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/A-fine-balance/article16010380.ece |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and was named after the song of the same name from Balachander's ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' (1989).<ref name="dinamalarnellai">{{Cite web |last=கணேஷ் |first=எஸ். |date=19 March 2016 |title=பாடகர் எஸ்.பி.பி. கதையின் நாயகனாக நடித்த முதல் படம்! |trans-title=The first film where singer S.P.B. played the protagonist! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/5029 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003193518/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/5029 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |place=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by R. Raghunatha Reddy, editing by the duo Ganesh–Kumar, and Maghi made his debut as art director.<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=26 July 2019 |title=''சுந்தரம் சார் தந்த இன்ப அதிர்ச்சி, எஸ்.பி.பி. சாரின் ரெண்டுமணி நேரம், ராதிகா ராட்சஷி, ஜனகராஜ் கலகல.. எல்லாத்துக்கும் மேல இளையராஜா சார்''&nbsp;– 'கேளடி கண்மணி' அனுபவங்கள்... இயக்குநர் வஸந்த் எஸ்.சாய் பேட்டி |trans-title="The pleasant surprise delivered by Sundaram sir; the two hours spent with S.P.B. Sir; Radhika demoness; Janagaraj the bundle of fun... and above all else, Ilaiyaraaja sir." – Experiences from ''Keladi Kannmanii''... An interview with Director Vasanth S. Sai. |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/508802-keladi-kanmani-29-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702063530/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/508802-keladi-kanmani-29-years.html |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
Vasanth approached [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] to portray A. R. Rangaraj (ARR).<ref name="thefederal" /> The pair had earlier worked on ''[[Manathil Urudhi Vendum]]'' (1987), for which Vasanth was an assistant director. Vasanth was impressed with his realistic acting style and felt a "strong impression of him as a good actor, so we roped him in as an acting coup". Balasubrahmanyam was initially hesitant to accept the offer as he did not want Vasanth to take a risk by making a film with him as the lead actor. Vasanth remained firm with his selection because he wanted ARR "to be a character, which would not be possible with a popular face".<ref name="to" /><br />
<br />
[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] was Vasanth's first choice for the role of Sarada, but she could not accept the offer due to her busy schedule; [[Radikaa Sarathkumar|Radikaa]] was chosen instead. [[Ramesh Aravind]] was cast as Sasi because Vasanth worked with him in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]'' (1986).<ref name="to" /> According to Aravind, Vasanth approached him because the actor who was his original choice for the role could not accept.<ref name="Ramesh">{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=27 July 2020 |title=Ramesh Arvind: I signed 12 Tamil films because of Keladi Kanmani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramesh-arvind-i-signed-12-tamil-films-because-of-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/77199047.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728082849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramesh-arvind-i-signed-12-tamil-films-because-of-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/77199047.cms |archive-date=28 July 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and [[Ramya Krishnan]] were initial choices for the role of Anu, but could not accept due to other commitments; [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] was finally chosen by Vasanth, despite the scepticism of the crew since she was a relative newcomer. [[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] played the character as a child after Vasanth saw her in ''Idhayathai Thirudathe'', the Tamil-dubbed version of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (1989).<ref name="to" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
While scouting for filming locations, Vasanth came across an old house which was available for filming only for two days; he decided this would be the original house of Sarada.<ref name="house">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2020 |title='கேளடி கண்மணி' முதல் நாள் படப்பிடிப்பில் நடந்த சுவாரசியம்: இயக்குநர் வஸந்த் பகிர்வு |trans-title=An anecdote from the first day of filming for ''Keladi Kannmanii'': Director Vasanth shares |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/554526-vasanth-interview-about-keladi-kanmani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610042715/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/554526-vasanth-interview-about-keladi-kanmani.html |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The first shot Vasanth directed was the scene where Sarada cries over the death of her parents.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasanth |author-link=Vasanth |date=13 July 2011 |title='I'm 100% religious' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article418353.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809054144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article418353.ece |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="KK25">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=22 August 2015 |title=Keladi Kanmani turns 25 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keladi-kanmani-turns-25/article7569458.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322101117/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keladi-kanmani-turns-25/article7569458.ece |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=24 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Before filming the scene, Radikaa asked for some time to prepare; she came much later and finished filming the scene in one take.<ref name="house" /> Aravind's first scenes to be filmed were those with Radikaa; he had only three days to film those scenes as Radikaa was due to leave for London soon after. His other scenes, including those with Anju, were filmed after he reworked his [[Daily call sheet|call-sheet dates]].<ref name="Ramesh" /><br />
<br />
Due to Balasubrahmanyam's playback singing commitments, he could only shoot for two hours each day.<ref name="hindutamil" /> The scooter that Balasubrahmanyam drove as ARR was a [[Bajaj Chetak]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Balasubrahmanyam |first1=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |last2=Shrikumar |first2=A |date=5 February 2019 |title=Love bloomed on the Lambretta, recalls S.P. Balasubrahmanyam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/motoring/love-bloomed-on-the-lambretta/article26184458.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103004804/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/motoring/love-bloomed-on-the-lambretta/article26184458.ece |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=18 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Mannil Indha Kaadhal" was filmed at a beach off [[East Coast Road]], [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=25 September 2020 |title=SPB was an enthusiastic actor, full of warmth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/an-enthusiastic-actor-full-of-warmth-spb-the-actor/article32695749.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202191242/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/an-enthusiastic-actor-full-of-warmth-spb-the-actor/article32695749.ece |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=25 September 2020 |title=Radikaa Sarathkumar: I told SPB his songs kept me sane in the lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/radikaa-sarathkumar-i-told-spb-his-songs-kept-me-sane-in-the-lockdown/articleshow/78319639.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528001852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/radikaa-sarathkumar-i-told-spb-his-songs-kept-me-sane-in-the-lockdown/articleshow/78319639.cms |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and the soundtrack album was released by Echo Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keladi Kanmani Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/keladi-kanmani-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816062751/https://mossymart.com/product/keladi-kanmani-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=Mossymart |language=ta}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja was Vasanth's only choice for composing the music; despite his busy schedule, he accepted the offer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2021 |title=Vasanth and Ilaiyaraaja reunite 30 years after Keladi Kanmani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vasanth-and-ilaiyaraaja-reunite-30-years-after-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/80066384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305084606/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vasanth-and-ilaiyaraaja-reunite-30-years-after-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/80066384.cms |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Nee Pathi Naan Pathi" is set in [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]], a [[Carnatic raga]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=147}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=26 May 2012 |title=Charming Chakravaham |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-charming-chakravaham/article3455687.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519160810/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-charming-chakravaham/article3455687.ece |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and "Mannil Indha Kaadhal" is set in [[Keeravani]].{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=143}} The song "Varanam Aayiram" is a [[ragamalika]], a song set in multiple ragas; one stanza is set in Nayaki.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=27 September 2013 |title=The royal Durbar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-royal-durbar/article5175111.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807162020/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-royal-durbar/article5175111.ece |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=166}}<br />
<br />
"Mannil Indha Kaadhal" was not originally planned to appear in the film. Vasanth wanted to showcase Balasubrahmanyam's singing prowess in a scene, but did not know how to do it. The idea of "breathless singing" eventually struck Vasanth; and Balasubrahmanyam agreed.<ref name="to" /> The song has Balasubrahmanyam singing two stanzas seemingly without taking a single breath in between the lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=9 June 2014 |title=The Top 10 songs of S P Balasubrahmanyam |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-10-songs-of-s-p-balasubrahmanyam/20140707.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612134305/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-10-songs-of-s-p-balasubrahmanyam/20140707.htm |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=14 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Vasanth initially proposed that the entire song be sung in one breath, but Ilaiyaraaja said to limit that to specific stanzas. Balasubrahmanyam took 40 seconds to sing the second breathless stanza; he sang breathlessly for the first 25 seconds, and the last 15 seconds after briefly inhaling. It was then edited to look like he sang the entire stanza without taking breath.<ref name="thefederal" /> While the lyrics are credited to Ilaiyaraaja's elder brother [[Pavalar Varadharajan]], the song was actually written by their younger brother [[Gangai Amaran]] who sought to honour Varadharajan who had died long before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=5 Timeless Songs Penned By Tamil Musician Gangai Amaran |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/5-timeless-songs-penned-by-tamil-musician-gangai-amaran-9089427.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106181711/https://www.news18.com/movies/5-timeless-songs-penned-by-tamil-musician-gangai-amaran-9089427.html |archive-date=6 January 2025 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Ilaiyaraaja asked if the song "Karpoora Bommai Ondru" could be played in bits throughout the film, rather than all at once, Vasanth agreed because "it would be like something that haunts the characters, and make audiences expect for the moment when we would play it in its entirety".<ref name="to" /> The entire soundtrack (except for "Mannil Indha Kaadhal") was completed in 45 minutes.<ref name="to" /><ref name="KK25" /> Ilaiyaraaja took three days to compose the background music for the two reels forming the climax.<ref name="to" /> For the Telugu-dubbed version ''O Papa Lali'', all lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=O Papa Lali (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)&nbsp;– EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/o-papa-lali-original-motion/928769247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dyd9C |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Tamil<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 30:28<br />
| title1 = Enna Paduvathu<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Arunmozhi]], Saibaba<br />
| length1 = 4:43<br />
| title2 = Karpoora Bommai<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Mu. Metha]]<br />
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length2 = 4:45<br />
| title3 = Mannil Indha Kaadhal<br />
| lyrics3 = Gangai Amaran{{efn|Credited exclusively to [[Pavalar Varadharajan]], who provided no creative input.}}<br />
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length3 = 4:13<br />
| title4 = Nee Pathi Naan Pathi<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br />
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
| length4 = 4:40<br />
| title5 = Thanniyile Nenanja<br />
| lyrics5 = Vaali<br />
| extra5 = Uma Ramanan<br />
| length5 = 4:41<br />
| title6 = Thenral Thaan<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Piraisoodan]]<br />
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length6 = 4:41<br />
| title7 = Varanam Aayiram<br />
| lyrics7 = Aandal<br />
| extra7 = [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| length7 = 2:45<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Telugu<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 26:44<br />
| title1 = Yemi Paadedi<br />
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
| length1 = 4:52<br />
| title2 = Karpoora Bomma<br />
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length2 = 4:55<br />
| title3 = Maate Raani<br />
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length3 = 4:20<br />
| title4 = Neevega Na Pranam<br />
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length4 = 4:54<br />
| title5 = Segali Sandela<br />
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length5 = 4:41<br />
| title6 = Jeevana Mangala<br />
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra<br />
| length6 = 2:50<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Keladi Kannmanii'' was released on 27 July 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 1990 |title=Keladi Kannmanii |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900727&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=16 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, running for over 285 days in theatres,<ref name="KK25" /> becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=செல்வராஜ் |first=என். |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009042903/http://puthu.thinnai.com/2017/03/20/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/ |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=14 July 2018 |work=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref> The success of the film enabled Ramesh Aravind to obtain roles in other Tamil films.<ref name="Ramesh" /><br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Class photography by Raghunatha Reddy, brilliant decors created by debutant art director Maghi along with choice of new-look locales, rich music by [Ilaiyaraaja] and excellent staging of action by director Vasanth&nbsp;– even in his first film, this protégé of K. Balachander shows a great deal of competence&nbsp;– put Vivek Chitra's [''Keladi Kannmanii''] in the top bracket."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=10 August 1990 |title=Keladi Kanmani |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900810&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' said that Vasanth had taken a weighty script in his first attempt and told it very clearly without any confusion for the audience, that he demonstrated self-confidence by choosing Balasubrahmanyam for the male lead and Anju for the role of his daughter, and that he made his [[guru]] (Balachander) proud with the film, rating it 55 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 1990 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம் : ''கேளடி கண்மணி'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Keladi Kannmanii'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42488--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205102903/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42488--2 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Accolades ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Event<br />
!Category<br />
!Awardee<br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Actress&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Radikaa Sarathkumar|Radikaa]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="dinamalarnellai" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]]<br />
|''Keladi Kannmanii''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=133}}<br /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{Vasanth}}<br />
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Vasanth]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=October 2024}}</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauri_(caste)&diff=490205
Bauri (caste)
2026-04-18T08:00:21Z
<p>Killerhazard: put up the entry needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Caste in eastern India}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = Bauri bearer and grass cutter.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Bauri bearer and grass cutter, from a 1799 collection of etchings <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| total = {{circa|1.9&nbsp;million}}<br />
| total_year = 2011<br />
| total_source = census<br />
| total_ref = <br />
| regions = India<br />
| region1 = West Bengal<br />
| pop1 = 1,228,635<br />
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), West Bengal - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42898/download/46566/SC-19-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx}}</ref><br />
|region2 = Odisha<br />
|pop2 = 523,127<br />
|ref2= <ref>{{cite web|title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Odisha - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42900/download/46568/SC-21-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx}}</ref><br />
|region3 =Jharkhand<br />
|pop3= 186,356<br />
|ref3 =<ref>{{cite web|title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Jharkhand - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42899/download/46567/SC-20-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx}}</ref><br />
|region4=Bihar<br />
|pop4=2,233<br />
|ref4=<ref>{{cite web|title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Bihar - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42891/download/46559/SC-10-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx}}</ref><br />
| languages = Regional languages (Bengali, Odia)<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Bauri''' is a caste primarily residing in the state of [[West Bengal]], India where it is considered as one of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kundu|first=Santosh Kumar|title=Bengali Hindu Jati Parichay|publisher=Presidency Library|year=2008|isbn=978-81-89466-13-8|location=Kolkata|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |last2= |date=25 March 2021 |title=বাউরী সম্প্রদায়ের উৎপত্তির ইতিহাস ও ঐতিহাসিক পর্যালোচনা |url=https://nobojagaran.com/history-and-historical-review-of-the-origin-of-the-bauri-community/ |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=নবজাগরণ |language=en}}</ref> There are significant Bauri populations in the states of [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]]. They are usually involved in activities like [[farming]], mainly as agricultural labourers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ |title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal |last2=Heierstad |first2=Geir |last3=Nielsen |first3=Kenneth Bo |date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 |pages=125–144 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bauris numbered 1,091,022 in the 2001 census in the state of West Bengal. 37.5 per cent of the Bauris were literate - 51.8 per cent males and 22.7 per cent females were literate. Only 4.7 per cent of the Bauris were matriculates or completed schooling.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Bengal, Census of India 2001|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_westbengal.pdf|accessdate=28 June 2009|publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
They are primarily residing in Bengal found in large numbers in [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Birbhum district|Birbhum, Purulia]] and other districts in Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura|Tripura and Orissa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bauri|url=http://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/sc-communities/108-sc-communities/338-bauri|publisher=[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute]]|access-date=22 November 2020|website=www.scstrti.in}}</ref> The village of Purbo Tila in Chatlapur Tea Garden, [[Kulaura]] and Dakchara Tea Garden, [[Srimangal]], [[Moulvibazar District]] are also home to Bauri communities in [[Bangladesh]].{{cn|date=March 2024}} They are also found in many villages like [[Chhatna]] and [[Beliatore]].<br />
<br />
==Practices==<br />
Traces of [[totem]]ism still survive in their reverence for the red-backed heron. The heron is looked upon as the emblem of the community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16-LDwAAQBAJ&q=bauri&pg=PA4|title=Bauri|date=6 March 2019|publisher=Dr Suresh Kumar Sahu|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
The Bauri caste is categorised as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] in [[West Bengal]],<ref name=":1" /> [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Bihar]], while in [[Assam]], they are recognised as an [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Ex Tea garden community]] and the Bauri of Assam and [[Tripura]] placed within the [[Other Backward Class]]es.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Tea Tribe Community |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=87106 |access-date=22 August 2023 |date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central OBC list for Assam |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/assam.pdf |website=ncbc nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF OBCs IN TRIPURA AS APPROVED BY THE GOVT. OF INDIA |url=https://www.tripurascobcrm.nic.in/listobc.pdf |website=www.tripurascobcrm.nic.in }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Sandhya Bauri]], MP from [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
* [[Susmita Bauri]], MP from [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
* [[Amar Kumar Bauri]], MLA in [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Scheduled Castes |date=1993 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563254-5 |pages=175–181 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Mohapatra|first=Manmohan |title=Bauri of Bhubaneswar |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73980/1/SCST_1978_book_0123.pdf |year=1978 |publisher=Tribal and Harijan Research-cum-Training Institute |location=Bhubaneswar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813065138/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73980/1/SCST_1978_book_0123.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2022}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Debajyoti <br />
|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/461280<br />
|archive-url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461280 |archive-date=24 January 2017|title=The Bauris Of West Bengal |date=1962 |publisher=Academic publisher |location=Kolkata}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Shasmal |first=Kartick Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIQcAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bauris of West Bengal: A Socio-economic Study |date=1972 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nirmal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQXAoHucmMkC|title=Destitutes and Development: A Study of the Bauri Community in the Bokaro Region |date=1979 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Bengali Hindu people}}<br />
{{Scheduled Castes in West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palavalasa_Rajasekharam&diff=523884
Palavalasa Rajasekharam
2026-04-17T22:16:35Z
<p>Killerhazard: made a data basic info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1945–2025)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{One source|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image =<br />
| name = Palavalasa Rajasekharam<br />
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Vunukuru Assembly constituency|Vunukuru]]<br />
| term_start = 1994<br />
| term_end = 1999<br />
| predecessor = [[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]<br />
| successor = Kimidi Ganapathi Rao<br />
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| prime_minister1 = <br />
| term_start1 = 3 April 1976<br />
| term_end1 = 2 April 1982<br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| prime_minister2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1945|1|1}}<br />
| birth_place = Neelanagaram, Veeraghattam mandal, [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|1|13|1945|1|1}}<br />
| death_place = [[Srikakulam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (2011–2025)<ref name="ZP chairman joins YSR Congress">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=ZP chairman joins YSR Congress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/Jun/27/zp-chairman-joins-ysr-congress-266776.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2011)<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = <br />
| spouse = Indumati<br />
| children = Palavalasa Vikranth,<ref name="₹5.07 crore cash seized from APSRTC bus">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=₹5.07 crore cash seized from APSRTC bus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/507-crore-cash-seized-from-apsrtc-bus/article26751079.ece |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115210318/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/507-crore-cash-seized-from-apsrtc-bus/article26751079.ece |archive-date=15 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Reddy Shanthi]]<ref name="Triangular fight on the cards in Srikakulam">{{cite news |title=Triangular fight on the cards in Srikakulam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/triangular-fight-on-the-cards-in-srikakulam/article5953491.ece |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115210413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/triangular-fight-on-the-cards-in-srikakulam/article5953491.ece |archive-date=15 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Palavalasa Rajasekharam''' (1 January 1945 – 13 January 2025) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vunukuru Assembly constituency|Vunukuru]].<br />
<br />
==Positions held==<br />
* 1970, Neela Nagaram Sarpanch <br />
* 1974 to 1976, Zilla Parishad (ZP) chairman for undivided Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts<br />
* 1976 to 1982, Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br />
* 1992 to 1994, Srikakulam District Cooperative Central Bank (DCCB) chairman <br />
* 1994 to 1999, Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] - [[Vunukuru Assembly constituency|Vunukuru]]<ref name="TD Sweeps North Andhra, Regains Bastion">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=TD Sweeps North Andhra, Regains Bastion |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/td-sweeps-north-andhra-regains-bastion-897403 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work= |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115210649/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/td-sweeps-north-andhra-regains-bastion-897403 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Rajasekharam suffered from a serious illness and underwent treatment at a private hospital in Srikakulam, where he died on 13 January 2025, at the age of 80.<ref name="Veteran politician Palavalasa Rajasekharam passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Veteran politician Palavalasa Rajasekharam passes away |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/veteran-politician-palavalasa-rajasekharam-passes-away-937059 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114093922/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/veteran-politician-palavalasa-rajasekharam-passes-away-937059 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasekharam, Palavalasa}}<br />
[[Category:1945 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]<br />
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._J._Dora&diff=501688
H. J. Dora
2026-04-17T00:34:30Z
<p>Killerhazard: creating stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian police chief (1943–2026)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = H. J. Dora<br />
| image = H. J. Dora.jpg<br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = {{birth year|1943}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Srikakulam district]], Madras Province, British India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2026|03|13|83}}<br />
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India<br />
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --><br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| employer = [[Government of India]]<br />
| organization = [[Indian Police Service]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''H. J. Dora''' (1943 – 13 March 2026) was an Indian police chief who was the 1965 batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] of Andhra Pradesh cadre, the [[Director General of Police]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Central Vigilance Commission|Vigilance Commissioner]] for the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dora set to be next CISF DG |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dora-set-to-be-next-cisf-dg/articleshow/1009370655.cms |website=The Times of India |date=31 January 2002 |language=en}}</ref> Dora joined the Indian Police Service in 1965 and was allotted to Andhra Pradesh Cadre. After serving as an additional D.G. of Police (C.I.D.), in Andhra Pradesh, he was promoted to the Director General of Police for the State in 1996. In 2002 he went on deputation as Director General of Police to the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="CISF">{{cite news |title=Speculation rife over top police jobs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/speculation-rife-over-top-police-jobs/articleshow/1414277357.cms |website=The Times of India |date=31 January 2002 |language=en}}</ref> He also served as the president of Indian Olympic Weight Lifting Association and was also the Chef-de-mission of the Indian contingent to the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IWF fails to give explanation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iwf-fails-to-give-explanation/story-4n7GUTFNo5uMYQej4PUvtJ_amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=5 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Sport |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031120/sports.htm#1 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> In 1993, Dora was one of the 40-odd policemen marked for death by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War|People's War Group]] (PWG).<ref>{{cite web |title=Naxalite violence pushes security in Andhra Pradesh to new levels |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19931115-naxalite-violence-pushes-security-in-andhra-pradesh-to-new-levels-811812-1993-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dora was the recipient of [[President's Police Medal|President's police medal for Distinguished Services]], Police Medal for Meritorious services, and Police Medal of Gallantry.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Report of the Central Bureau of Investigation |date=1982 |publisher=Government of India, Cabinet Secretariat, Department of Personnel and Administrative Forms |page=91 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dora |first1=H.J. |title=Impact of Training on the performance of IPS Officers |url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/images/npa/pdfs/CompletedResearchProject/11_impactoftrainonperformance.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Dora was born in 1943 in a Telugu speaking Kalinga family of [[Srikakulam district]], [[Madras Province]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020224/nation.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> After completing his Master's degree in Economics from [[Andhra University]] in [[Vishakhapatnam]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Reporter |title=Autobiography of former DGP H.J. Dora released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/autobiography-of-former-dgp-hj-dora-released/article30724163.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=3 February 2020}}</ref> he joined the Indian Police Service in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |title=A vacancy in the CBI |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30250528.ece |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en |date=11 May 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
From 1989 to late 1992, he served as the Vice-Chairman and Managing Director of the [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr. H.J. Dora, Managing Director of the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=651995 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He later served as [[Commissioner of Police]], [[Hyderabad]] and as [[Director General]] and [[Inspector-general of police]], Andhra Pradesh. He served as a police officer in various districts including Anantapur, Karimnagar, and Krishna through 1984. After that, he served with the police intelligence for five years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naxalite terror and official attempts to counter it make news in Andhra Pradesh again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime-stories/story/19850930-naxalite-terror-and-official-attempts-to-counter-it-make-news-in-andhra-pradesh-again-802015-2014-01-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He also worked as Director General, Central Industrial Security Force, Delhi and as Vigilance Commissioner, Central Vigilance Commission.<ref name="CISF" /><br />
<br />
Dora joined the GMR group in 2006 as security adviser of the Delhi International Airport during the privatization transition after retiring from the police service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Former DGP H J Dora, HHA chief and APOA president, passes away at 83 - Khel khiladis.com |url=https://khelkhiladis.com/dora-hha-chief-and-apoa-president-passes-away/ |access-date=13 March 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was also closely involved as an administrator with the hockey federation. He was a former president of the Hyderabad Hockey Association and the Andhra Pradesh Olympic Association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Former DGP H J Dora, HHA chief and APOA president, passes away at 83 - Khel khiladis.com |url=https://khelkhiladis.com/dora-hha-chief-and-apoa-president-passes-away/ |access-date=13 March 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Dora died in Hyderabad on 13 March 2026, at the age of 83.<ref>[https://newsmeter.in/hyderabad/former-united-ap-dgp-hj-dora-passes-away-in-hyderabad-764532 Former united AP DGP HJ Dora passes away in Hyderabad]</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Dora |first1=Hec Je |title=Impact of Training on the Performance of IPS Officers |date=2012 |publisher=SVP National Police Academy |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Dora |first1=Hec. Je |title=Enṭīārtō nēnu |date=2011 |publisher=Emeskōbuks |location=Haidarābād |isbn=9789380409948}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Dora |first1=Hec. Je |title=Journey through turbulent times : an autobiography |date=2019 |location=Bengaluru |isbn=9789388478410}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dora, H. J.}}<br />
[[Category:1943 births]]<br />
[[Category:2026 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Police commissioners of Hyderabad]]<br />
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajnagar,_West_Bengal_Assembly_constituency&diff=528751
Rajnagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency
2026-04-15T23:02:02Z
<p>Killerhazard: made the pg nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{For|disambiguation|Rajnagar (disambiguation){{!}}Rajnagar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Rajnagar<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]<br />
| constituency_no = 287<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| abolished = 2011<br />
| latest_election_year = <br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
'''Rajnagar''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per order of the Delimitation Commission issued in 2006 Rajnagar Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-10-01 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 2011-08-13 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rajnagar, Birbhum|Rajnagar]] is a [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===1977–2006===<br />
Bijoy Bagdi of the [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the 287 Rajnagar assembly (SC) seat from 1987 to 2006, defeating Sheuli Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006, Ashima Dhibar of Trinamool Congress in 2001, Asesh Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, Panchanan Badyakar of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 1991, and Anil Bouri of Congress in 1986. Siddheswar Mondal of Forward Bloc defeated Subhendu Modal of Congress in 1982 and Jiten Kumar Mondal in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp287.htm | title = 287 – Rajnagar (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-10-01 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===1957–1972===<br />
Dwija Pada Saha of Congress won in 1972. Nanda Bauri of CPI(M) won in 1971. Siddheswar Mondal of Forward Bloc won in 1969, 1967 and 1962. In 1957 Rajnagar was a joint seat. It was won by Nishapati Majhi and Khagendranath Bandopadhyay, both of Congress. The Rajnagar seat did not exist in 1951.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Birbhum topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|23.95|N|87.32|E|display=title|format=dms}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farzand-i-Dilband_Rasikh-al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia&diff=498933
Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia
2026-04-05T09:04:28Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian princely title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
'''Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia''' ({{lit|Beloved and firmly faithful son of the English Government}}) was a [[title]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8476 |title=A Collection of Treaties Engagements and Sanads relating to india and Neighbouring Countries (Vol-I) |date=1931 |publisher=Government of India central publication branch,Calcutta |pages=261–263}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |url=http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft |title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire |date=1893 |publisher=London Macmillan |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=xx}}</ref> It was used by the [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] and [[Jind State|Jind]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
For the services [[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala|Randhir Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], rendered to the [[East India Company]] and to the British cause during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]], he was granted by the British Government the title of Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-al-Iqtidad in 1858, to which they added Daulat-i-Inglishia on 6 March 1863.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=429 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35597 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1934 |date=1934 |pages=164}}</ref> Similarly, [[Swarup Singh of Jind|Swarup Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Jind State|Jind]], remained loyal to the British cause during the rebellion, on account of which the title of Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-al-Iqtidad was conferred by the British Government on him on 2 June 1858, and to this title the Government made the addition of Daulat-i-Inglishia on 14 January 1860.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296 |title=ACL-ARCH 00269 Indian Princes And The Crown |pages=350–351}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]]<br />
* [[Farzand-i-Saadat-i-Nishan-i-Hazrat-i-Kaiser-i-Hind]]<br />
* [[Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Maharajas]]<br />
[[Category:Monarchy]]<br />
[[Category:Royal titles]]<br />
[[Category:Noble titles]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in India]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syed_Abdullah_Muhammad_Taher&diff=453186
Syed Abdullah Muhammad Taher
2026-03-22T21:56:36Z
<p>Killerhazard: adjust references additionally to improve readability</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Syed Abdullah Mohammed Taher]]<br />
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{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarmad_Kashani&diff=533256
Sarmad Kashani
2026-03-15T12:46:11Z
<p>Killerhazard: started a details...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Persian-speaking Armenian mystic and poet (c. 1590–1661)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| image = File:Indian - Single Leaf of Shah Sarmad and Prince Dara Shikoh - Walters W912.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Shah Sarmad (centre) seated with [[Dara Shikoh]] (right) – a single leaf from a manuscript<br />
| name = <br />
| birth_date = c. 1590<br />
| birth_place = [[Armenia]], [[Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)|Safavid Armenia]]<br />
| death_date = 1661<br />
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| religion = Sufi Islam<ref name=SarmadLifeAndDeath/><ref name=CourtOfTheMoghulEmperors/><ref name=Sufism:HermeneuticsAndDoctrines/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poetry Chaikhana {{!}} Sarmad – Muslim/Sufi – Poetry, Biography, Books |url=http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/Poets/S/Sarmad/index.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.poetry-chaikhana.com}}</ref><br />
| school_tradition = [[sufi Islam]]<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé/><br />
| main_interests = {{hlist|[[Mysticism]]|[[Atheism]]|[[syncretism]]|[[poetry]]|[[Sufi metaphysics]]}}<br />
| influences = [[Mulla Sadra]], [[Mir Findiriski]]<br />
| influenced = [[Dara Shikoh]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sarmad Kashani''' (c. 1590–1661) was a [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking [[Armenians|Armenian]] mystic and poet who travelled to and made the [[Indian subcontinent]] his permanent home during the 17th century. Originally [[Jewish]], he may have renounced his religion to adopt [[Islam]].<ref name=SarmadLifeAndDeath>{{cite web|last1=Prigarina|first1=Natalia|title=SARMAD: LIFE AND DEATH OF A SUFI|url=http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/smirnov/ishraq/3/24_prig.pdf|website=Institute of Oriental Studies, Russia|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021618/http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/smirnov/ishraq/3/24_prig.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However his conversion was probably only nominal and superficial, since he himself used to warn the Jews not to convert themselves.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prigarina|first1=Natalia|title=SARMAD: LIFE AND DEATH OF A SUFI|url=http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/smirnov/ishraq/3/24_prig.pdf|website=Institute of Oriental Studies, Russia|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021618/http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/smirnov/ishraq/3/24_prig.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CourtOfTheMoghulEmperors> Fischel, Walter J. “Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, vol. 18, 1948, pp. 137–77, {{doi|10.2307/3622197}}. Accessed 1 May 2022.</ref> Sarmad, in his poetry, stated that he is neither Jewish, nor Muslim, nor Hindu.<ref name=poetry/><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sarmad was born in [[Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)|Armenia]] or Kashan around 1590, to a family of Jewish Persian-speaking Armenian merchants.<ref name="Biography" />{{NoteTag|[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] suggests that Kashani was born in [[Kashan, Iran]] to a [[Rabbi|rabbinical family]].<ref name="je">{{cite web |last1=Singer |first1=Isidore |last2=Gray |first2=Louis H. |title=SARMAD, MOHAMMED SA'ID |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13206-sarmad-mohammed-sa-id |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com |publisher=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>|name=jenote}} Sarmad had an excellent command of [[Persian language|Persian]], essential for his work as a merchant, and composed most of his works in this language.<ref name="poetry" /> He produced a translation of the [[Torah]] in Persian.<ref>Fishel, Walter. "Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Mugal Emperors in Medieval India," Islamic Culture, 25:105–31.</ref> He studied under [[Mulla Sadra]] and [[Mir Fendereski|Mir Findiriski]] before migrating to the [[Mughal Empire]] as a merchant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puri|first1=Rakshat|last2=Akhtar|first2=Kuldip|date=1993|title=Sarmad, The Naked Faqir|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=20|pages=65–78|jstor=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Travels in the Mughal Empire==<br />
Hearing that precious items and works of art were being purchased in India at high prices, Sarmad gathered together his wares and traveled to the [[Mughal Empire]] where he intended to sell them. In [[Thatta]], in present day [[Sindh, Pakistan]], one of his close disciples was a Hindu called Abhay Chand.<ref name="je" /> Although there is debate on the nature of their relationship<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBkwnoDPKgUC|title=Sacred Spaces: Exploring Traditions of Shared Faith in India|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143029311|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman|author=V. N. Datta|date= 2012|isbn=9788129126627|quote=Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship.}}</ref> very little is known about the life of Abhay Chand and no historical records to confirm the details of their encounter, except Sarmad's own poetry. Some scholars have argued that, while Sarmad employed Abhay Chand to translate the Torah<ref name="je" /> as well as Old Testament and New Testament,<!-- What exactly? The Torah is part of the "Old Testament" (Christian) / the "Tanakh" (Jewish). Is there proof that he knew and translated the Christian New Testament, too? --> it is possible that Abhay Chand converted to Islam or Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GR4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|title=The Jewish Encounter with Hinduism: History, Spirituality, Identity|last=Goshen-Gottstein|first=Alon|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137455291|language=en}}</ref><ref name="je" /> It is important to note that, in later years, Sarmad grew critical of all religions and took a more "[[spiritual but not religious]]" position.<ref name=Sufism:HermeneuticsAndDoctrines>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpIQAQAAIAAJ|title=Sufism: Hermeneutics and doctrines|last=Ridgeon|first=Lloyd V. J.|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415426244|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
At some stage, he abandoned his wealth, let his hair grow, stopped clipping his nails and began to wander the city streets.<ref name="faqir" /> Although it is widely speculated that Sarmad and Abhay Chand moved to [[Lahore]], then to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], settling finally in [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], however there are no credible sources to confirm the events.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}<br />
<br />
==Life in Delhi==<br />
The reputation as a poet and mystic he had acquired during the time the two travelled together, caused the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] crown prince [[Dara Shikoh]] to invite Sarmad at [[Shah Jahan|his father]]'s court. On this occasion, Sarmad so deeply impressed the imperial heir that he vowed to become his disciple.<br />
<br />
Sarmad has been witnessed by the French physician and traveler, [[François Bernier]], who reported Sarmad as a ''naked [[Fakir|faqir]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oGHt7Z8o4sC|title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668|last=Bernier|first=Francois|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120611696|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
After the [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|War of Succession]] with his brother Dara Shikoh, [[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) emerged victorious, killed his former adversary and ascended the imperial throne. He had Sarmad arrested and tried.<ref name="p800">{{cite book | last=Truschke | first=Audrey | title=Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | date=2018-02-01 | isbn=978-0-14-343967-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwlDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1661&dq=%2522Aurangzeb+took+a+more+cutting%2522&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj064DxkOqPAxVzmq8BHW4zG2cQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=%2522Aurangzeb%2520took%2520a%2520more%2520cutting%2522&f=false | access-date=2025-09-21 | page=1661}}</ref><ref name="je" /> Sarmad was put to death by beheading in 1661.<ref name="Katz trial"/><ref name=Cook/> His grave is located near the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in [[Delhi]], India.<br />
[[File:Sarmad Kashani, or Sufi Sarmad's grave in Old Delhi 05.jpg|thumb|The grave of Sarmad Kashani in Old Delhi]]<br />
Sarmad was accused and convicted of atheism and unorthodox religious practice.<ref>{{cite news|title=Votary of freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071007/spectrum/book1.htm|work=Tribune India|date=7 October 2007}}</ref><br />
[[File:Tomb Shrine.jpg|thumb|A devotee inside the tomb of Sarmad]]<br />
Aurangzeb ordered his [[Ulama|Ulema]] to ask Sarmad why he repeated only "There is no God", and ordered him to recite the second part, "but Allah".<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé>{{cite book|last=Najmuddin|first=Shahzad Z.|title=Armenia: a Resumé: with Notes on Seth's Armenians in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BI8kFya06UC&pg=PT100|year=2005|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4120-4039-6}}</ref> To that he replied that "I am still absorbed with the negative part. Why should I tell a lie?" Thus he sealed his death sentence.<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé/> Ali Khan-Razi, Aurangzeb's court chronicler, was present at the execution. He relates some of the mystic's verses uttered at the execution stand: "The [[Mullah|Mullahs]] say [[Muhammad|Ahmed]] went to [[Jannah|heaven]], Sarmad says that heaven came down to Ahmed."... "There was an uproar and we opened our eyes from the eternal sleep. Saw that the night of wickedness endured, so we slept again."<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé/><br />
<br />
==Abul Kalam Azad on Sarmad==<br />
[[Abul Kalam Azad]], one of the leading political personalities involved in the [[Indian independence movement]], compared himself to Sarmad, for his freedom of thought and expression.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071007/spectrum/book1.htm Votary of freedom - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad by V. N. Datta], [[Tribune India]], 7 October 2007</ref> the book of the romances of an outlaw, including the rereading of the life, poetry and thoughts of Saeed Sarmad Kashani, edited by [[Abdolhamid Ziaei]], was published in 2009<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
In 2022, the [[International Short Film Festival Oberhausen]] premiered a cinematic piece by Iranian artist [[Lior Shamriz]], which is partly based on the life of Sarmad, and is titled "Port Saïd, Santa Cruz, Sarmad Kashani".<ref>[https://desistfilm.com/oberhausen-2022-it-grew-fur-again-lost-it-developed-scales-lost-them-by-gitte-villesen/ DesistFilm Magazine Oberhausen 2022 Report]</ref><ref>[https://www.kurzfilmtage.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Hauptordner/2022/PDFs/Kurzfilmtage_Katalog_Final_2022.pdf Oberhausen Film Festival 2022 – Catalogue]</ref> The [[National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art]] in Korea and the [[National Gallery of Victoria]] in Australia presented the work later in the year.<ref>[https://www.mmca.go.kr/exhibitions/exhibitionsDetail.do?exhId=202303310001637 MMCA Korea]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]]''<br />
*[[Abdolhamid Ziaei]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=Cook>Cook 2007.</ref><br />
<ref name=Biography>See mainly: Katz (2000) 148–151. But also: [http://www.apnaorg.com/columns/majid/col2.html Sarmad the Armenian and Dara Shikoh]; [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2007/August/opinion_August54.xml&section=opinion&col= Khaleej Times Online – The Armenian Diaspora: History as horror and survival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916124329/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2007/August/opinion_August54.xml&section=opinion&col= |date=16 September 2012 }}.</ref><br />
<ref name=faqir>See the account [http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/S/Sarmad/index.htm here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418163505/http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/S/Sarmad/index.htm |date=2009-04-18 }}.</ref><br />
<!-- <ref name="Katz2">For discussion on his religious identity, see: Katz (2000).</ref> --><br />
<ref name="Katz trial">For the motivations behind his trial as well as a detailed explanation of proceedings, see: Katz (2000) 151–153.</ref><br />
<ref name=poetry>For some examples of his poetry, see: Poetry Chaikhana [http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/Poets/S/Sarmad/index.html ''Sarmad: Poems and Biography''].</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
*''Rubā‘iyyāt-i Sarmad'', ed. Fazl Mahmud Asiri, with a preface by S. Qazvini, Prabhat Kumar Mukherjee Shantiniketan (Visva Bharati Series 11), Shantiniketan 1950. <br />
*Abul Kalam Azad, ''Sarmad Shahid'' IN: S. S. Hameed, ''The Rubayat of Sarmad'', New Delhi 1991, pp. 18–41.<br />
*Cook, D. (2007) ''Martyrdom in Islam'' (Cambridge) {{ISBN|9780521850407}}.<br />
* {{cite web |title=The Rubaiyat of Sarmad|author=Tr. by [[Syeda Saiyidain Hameed|Syeda Sayidain Hameed]]| url = http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/rubayat-sarmad/rubayat-sarmad.pdf |publisher= Indian Council for Cultural Relations|year=1991|ref=Ha}}<br />
*Ezekial, I.A. (1966) ''Sarmad: Jewish Saint of India'' (Beas) {{ASIN|B0006EXYM6}}.<br />
*Gupta, M.G. (2000) ''Sarmad the Saint: Life and Works'' (Agra) {{ISBN|81-85532-32-X}}.<br />
*Katz, N. (2000) ''The Identity of a Mystic: The Case of Sa'id Sarmad, a Jewish-Yogi-Sufi Courtier of the Mughals'' in: ''Numen'' 47: 142–160.<br />
*Rai, L. (1978) ''Sarmad. His Life and Rubais'', Hanumanprasad Poddar Smarak Samita, Gorakhpur.<br />
*Schimmel, A. ''And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration Of the Prophet In Islamic Piety'' (Chapel Hill & London).<br />
*Sarmad di Kashan. ''Dio ama la bellezza del mio peccato. Le quartine di un poeta mistico della tradizione indo-persiana'', ed. Carlo Saccone, Centro Essad Bey-Amazon IP, Seattle 2022<br />
* Sarmad er Rubai, Edited, Compiled and Translated in Bengali by Abdul Kafi with an Afterword (posthumously) by Rejaul Karim, Ekalavya Publishing, 2022.<br />
<br />
==External resources==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=257&letter=S&search=sarmad Sarmad, Mohammed Sa'id]<br />
*[http://www.apnaorg.com/columns/majid/col2.html Majid Sheikh, Sarmad the Armenian and Dara Shikoh]<br />
*[http://www.globalarmenianheritage-adic.fr/fr/6histoire/par_pays/inde_sarmad1.htm Sarmad, a mystic poet beheaded in 1661 ]<br />
<br />
{{Jewish Encyclopedia|title=SARMAD, MOHAMMED SA'ID}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashani, Sarmad}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Jews|Sarmad]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Armenian descent|Sarmad]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian people of Armenian descent|Sarmad]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language poets|Sarmad]]<br />
[[Category:1661 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]<br />
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]<br />
[[Category:Sufis from the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century executions by the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindi_imposition&diff=451003
Hindi imposition
2026-03-15T12:42:48Z
<p>Killerhazard: Minor edits and structural improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Forced usage of Hindi in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Politics of India}}<br />
{{Dravidian politics-col}}<br />
'''Hindi imposition''' is a linguistic propogation in which the use of [[Modern Standard Hindi]] is preferred in [[Indian states]] that do not use or desire to use Hindi as a [[Languages of India|regional language]]. The term is rooted in the [[anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]], where it was proposed for Hindi to be taught in schools in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=A. R. |date=1995 |title=Dravidian Movement and Saivites: 1927-1944 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4402599 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=761–768 |jstor=4402599 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=2023-08-20 |archive-date=2023-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211083247/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4402599 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The idea of modern Hindi imposition developed from Hindi and English being designated as an [[Languages with official status in India|official language of the Indian Republic]], with a motion to replace English with Hindi within 15 years of its designation{{Snd}}which has not happened.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-10-17 |title=Explained {{!}} Hindi imposition and its discontents |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-hindi-imposition-and-its-discontents/article66023522.ece |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702162810/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-hindi-imposition-and-its-discontents/article66023522.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Multiple images<br />
| align = center<br />
| total_width = 480<br />
| image1 = Language region maps of India.svg<br />
| caption1 = Hindi speaking states<br />
| image2 = Hindi languages 2011 Indian Census by district.svg<br />
| caption2 = Hindi (including its [[Hindi Belt#Hindi as a dialect continuum|verity]], as per census grouping) speaking district<br />
| image3 = Hindi 2011 Indian Census by district.svg<br />
| caption3 = Self-reported Hindi speaking district<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| footer_align = center<br />
| header = Hindi and Non-Hindi speaking region of India, [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In India in 1951, there were around 1,652 languages used as a [[First language|mother tongue]], with 87% of the country's population of approximately 450 million speaking one of 14 different languages. The most popular was Hindi, spoken by around 30% of India's population. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]{{Snd}}the prime minister of India at the time{{Snd}}viewed a ''[[lingua franca]]'' as necessary due to the diversity of languages. He suggested that the [[Hindustani language]] (Hindi–Urdu) was the best option, as it was easy-to-learn, was already spoken by a plurality of the population, and was thought to forge unity between Hindu and Muslim communities{{Snd}}whereas English would not be a viable due to the difficulties in educating a foreign language to millions of people. The [[Constitution of India]], therefore, designated Hindi and English as co-official languages, with the latter being phased out within 15 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Agrawala |first=S.K. |date=1977 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the Language Problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950462 |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=44–67 |jstor=43950462 |issn=0019-5731 |access-date=2023-08-21 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709232029/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950462 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Constitution of India also states that efforts should be undertaken to promote the use of Hindi{{Snd}}where the [[three-language formula]] was suggested. In this format, a student's first language would be their own mother tongue, the second language would be Hindi, and the third language would be English. This was described as an educational burden where Hindi speakers would only have to learn two languages, whereas others would have to learn three, or possibly four languages if one's mother tongue was not the state's official language. Nehru also suggested that efforts should be made to simplify the amount of languages spoken by absorbing variants of Hindi into a single language, and creating one [[Writing system|script]] for [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forrester |first=Duncan B. |date=1966 |title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755179 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=19–36 |doi=10.2307/2755179 |jstor=2755179 |issn=0030-851X |access-date=2023-08-21 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307053155/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755179 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
In recent developments, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced a decision to make Hindi compulsory in all eight northeastern states up to Class 10. This decision was communicated during the 37th meeting of the Parliamentary Official Language Committee held in New Delhi. Shah emphasized the importance of Hindi as "the language of India" and advocated for its wider acceptance as an alternative to English, particularly for inter-state communication. According to Shah, the move aims to integrate Hindi more closely into the fabric of national unity. To support this initiative, Shah noted the recruitment of 22,000 Hindi teachers across the northeastern states and highlighted the efforts of nine tribal communities in adopting Devanagari script for their dialects' scripts. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1021393/hindi-should-be-accepted-as-an-alternative-to-english-says-amit-shah |title=Hindi should be accepted as an alternative to English, says Amit Shah |website=Scroll.in |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, the proposal has faced staunch opposition in the Northeastern region. Critics argue that the imposition of Hindi undermines the linguistic diversity and cultural identities of the region. They emphasize the importance of preserving and promoting local languages, which hold significant cultural and historical relevance for indigenous communities. This opposition reflects a historical context of linguistic tensions in India, exemplified by events such as the Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation in 1965. Such protests have influenced language policies in the country, highlighting the complexities of language politics and the need for inclusive language policies that respect linguistic diversity.<br />
<br />
As per Duncan B. Forrester's study on the Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation in 1965, political protests have had significant effects on language policy in India. The agitation brought attention to the importance of considering linguistic diversity and community sentiments in formulating language policies.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/explained-the-staunch-opposition-in-the-northeast-against-centres-proposal-to-make-hindi-compulsory-in-schools-10568401.html |title=Explained: The staunch opposition in the Northeast against Centre’s proposal to make Hindi compulsory in schools |website=Firstpost |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Arguments ==<br />
[[File:Agitation-Bengaluru.jpg|200px|thumb|Marchers protest celebrations of [[Hindi Day]], on 14 September 2019 in Bengaluru, Karnataka.]]<br />
Modern Hindi imposition has been used as a political tool, with many supporting the use of Hindi as a sole language of India with various arguments, while others oppose this action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi, the New Hindutva Weapon of Polarisation |url=https://thewire.in/politics/amit-shah-hindi-polarisation |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Wire |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821112111/https://thewire.in/politics/amit-shah-hindi-polarisation |url-status=live }}</ref> The term ''One Nation, One Language'' has repeatedly been used to justify the imposition of Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Ayush |date=2022-06-04 |title=SubscriberWrites: The answer to 'one language' in India is not imposition of Hindi, but acceptance of diversity |url=https://theprint.in/yourturn/subscriberwrites-the-answer-to-one-language-in-india-is-not-imposition-of-hindi-but-acceptance-of-diversity/983246/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821140305/https://theprint.in/yourturn/subscriberwrites-the-answer-to-one-language-in-india-is-not-imposition-of-hindi-but-acceptance-of-diversity/983246/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalists]] have used the phrase "Hindi-Hindu-Hindustan",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2022-12-25 |title='A threat to unity': anger over push to make Hindi national language of India |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/25/threat-unity-anger-over-push-make-hindi-national-language-of-india |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-03 |title=A new kind of discordance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/A-new-kind-of-discordance/article16812293.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2015-02-12 |title=A yen for Sanskritised Hindi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/A-yen-for-Sanskritised-Hindi/article60435857.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and are in favour of imposing a [[Sanskritisation (language)|Sanskritised]] Hindi.<ref>McCartney, Patrick. [https://www.academia.edu/6274287/The_Sanitising_Power_of_Spoken_Sanskrit "The Sanitising Power of Spoken Sanskrit"]. ''Himāl South Asian'' (2014).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Why does India's Hindu right-wing hate the Urdu language so much? |url=https://qz.com/india/2079526/explaining-indian-hindu-right-wings-hate-for-the-urdu-language |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Uniformity ===<br />
It has been suggested that the use of Hindi as a national language can unite its population, and can be used as an official medium of communication within India. People from the southern states have stated that it is redundant to use two different languages as official languages, when only one can be used instead.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=Should Hindi be imposed in the country? Language experts debate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/should-hindi-be-imposed-in-the-country-language-experts-debate-6594674/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821112109/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/should-hindi-be-imposed-in-the-country-language-experts-debate-6594674/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Counterarguments against Uniformity ===<br />
<br />
The issue of language imposition in India has been a subject of significant debate and contention, particularly in relation to the promotion of Hindi as a unifying language. Various studies and analyses have shed light on the complexities surrounding this issue.<br />
<br />
In a study by John J. Vater and Ronojoy Sen, published in 2019, titled "The Three Language Formula Revisited: 'Hindi Imposition' Stokes Protests," the authors discuss the release of the 2019 Draft National Education Policy, which recommended compulsory learning of Hindi in non-Hindi speaking states. This move was met with objections, particularly in South India, where it was perceived as an act of 'Hindi imposition.' The study highlights the controversy surrounding this issue and the broader implications for linguistic diversity and cultural identity in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ISAS-Briefs-703_John-Vater-and-Ronojoy-Sen.pdf |title=ISAS Briefs 703: The Three Language Formula Revisited: ‘Hindi Imposition’ Stokes Protests |date=2019 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
Furthermore, a paper by Luke Rimmo Lego, titled "Language Enforcement in India: Prejudice or Nationalism," explores the historical context and consequences of India's pursuit of Hindi as a singular language for official purposes and in schools. Lego argues that these efforts have often marginalized minority languages and cultures, leading to resistance and protests against what is perceived as linguistic hegemony. The paper calls for a more inclusive approach that respects India's linguistic diversity and ensures equal support for all languages in the education system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ygsjournal.com/_files/ugd/389a2b_3d75e05e29ec46dc9179ee48b954e657.pdf |title=Language Enforcement in India|author=Luke Lego |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, the article "Why does India's Hindu right-wing hate the Urdu language so much?" published by Quartz in 2021, discusses the animosity towards Urdu by certain factions within India, particularly the Hindu right-wing. This antipathy towards Urdu is linked to broader political and cultural dynamics, including historical tensions between religious and linguistic communities in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Why does India's Hindu right-wing hate the Urdu language so much? |url=https://qz.com/india/2079526/explaining-indian-hindu-right-wings-hate-for-the-urdu-language |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Migration and Linguistic Homogenization ==<br />
<br />
Critics argue that the promotion of Hindi as a pan-North Indian lingua franca has facilitated large-scale migration into more developed or demographically smaller states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, and Punjab. By leveraging a common language, migrants from other states often bypass the need to integrate linguistically or culturally, which some locals perceive as contributing to demographic shifts, urban crowding, and the decline of regional languages. <br />
<br />
Unlike many European countries where local language proficiency is mandatory for access to jobs and public services, India's loosely enforced language policies make it easier for Hindi speakers and vice-versa non-Hindi speakers to access opportunities across India without adopting local languages. This has led to growing concerns about linguistic homogenization, cultural dilution, and the erosion of regional identities.<br />
<ref>Author Name, ''Book/Article Title'', Publisher, Year</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
{{See also|Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal}}<br />
Efforts by politicians to implement the imposition of Hindi has been criticised in the media, suggesting that politicians are calling non-Hindi speakers second-class citizens within their own nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Uphold India's unity, don't force another language war through Hindi imposition: Stalin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/indias-unity-force-language-war-hindi-imposition-stalin-8201722/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821154058/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/indias-unity-force-language-war-hindi-imposition-stalin-8201722/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
To protest attempts at Hindi imposition, an 85-year-old farmer in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]] committed suicide, stating that forcing Hindi in education would heavily disadvantage students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protesting 'Hindi imposition', 85-year-old farmer sets himself on fire outside DMK office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-news-protesting-hindi-imposition-farmer-sets-himself-fire-outside-dmk-office-2301995-2022-11-26 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821154058/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-news-protesting-hindi-imposition-farmer-sets-himself-fire-outside-dmk-office-2301995-2022-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Suggested remedies ===<br />
[[M. K. Stalin]], Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], Chief Minister of Kerala, have both demanded that all languages listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of the Constitution]] receive equal treatment. Vijayan has specifically stated that exam papers for standardised examinations should be prepared in all languages, while Stalin has urged the government of India to promote all languages and maintain equal educational and employment opportunities for speakers of all languages.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Linguistic imperialism]]<br />
*[[Hindi–Urdu controversy]]<br />
*[[Bengali Language Movement]]<br />
*[[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)]]<br />
*[[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]<br />
*[[International Mother Language Day]]<br />
*[[Promotion of Standard Chinese]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Languages}}{{Hindi topics|state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi]]<br />
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]<br />
[[Category:Protests in India]]<br />
[[Category:Medium of instruction]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Hindi_agitation_of_1937%E2%80%931940&diff=486937
Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–1940
2026-03-13T20:34:19Z
<p>Killerhazard: put up first post added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Protests in Madras, British India}}<br />
{{About|the anti-Hindi imposition agitation that happened in [[Madras Province]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]) during 1937-40|all anti-Hindi agitations that occurred in Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox civil conflict<br />
| title = 1937–40 Anti-Hindi agitations of Madras<br />
| partof = '''[[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]]'''<br />
| image = Periyarkutiarasu.jpg<br />
| caption = Front page of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy's periodical Kudiyarasu (3 September 1939). The headline reads "Veezhga Indhi" (Down with Hindi)<br />
| date = 11 August 1937 - 21 February 1940<br /><small>({{Age in years, months, and days|day1=11|month1=8|year1=1937|day2=21|month2=2|year2=1940|duration=yes}})</small><br />
| place = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking areas of<br/>[[Madras Province]], [[British Raj]]<br/>(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])<br />
| causes = A policy statement and a government order (G.O) issued by the Madras Provincial Government to make the teaching of [[Hindi language]] compulsory in [[secondary school]]s<br />
| goals = To make the government withdraw the order<br />
| methods = * '''Non-violent''' - [[Conferences]], [[Fasting|fasts]], [[marching]], [[picketing]], [[Political demonstration|rallying]]<br />
* '''Violent''' - [[Riot]]s, [[Stone throwing]]<br />
| result = * Resignation of the Government (1939)<br />
* Withdrawal of the order by Madras Governor [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine|Lord Erskine]] (1940)<br />
| side1 = '''Electoral parties'''<br/>[[Image:Flag placeholder.svg|18px]] [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]<br/><br />
<br />
[[Image:Flag of Muslim League.svg|18px]] [[All-India Muslim League]]<br/>[[Image:CPI-banner.svg|18px]] [[Communist Party of India]] (partially)<br />
----<br />
'''Non-electoral organizations'''<br/>[[Image:Flag placeholder.svg|18px]] [[Self-Respect Movement]]<br/>[[Image:Flag placeholder.svg|18px]] Tamilar Padai (rallying)<br/>[[Image:Flag placeholder.svg|18px]] [[Karanthai Tamil Sangam]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
Tamil scholars, [[Shaivism|Saivite]] scholars, industrialists and general public<br />
| side2 = [[Image:Tamil Nadu Emblem.png|18px]] '''[[Government of Tamil Nadu|Government of Madras]]''' (1937-39)<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu Police|Madras Police]]<br />
----<br />
'''Electoral parties'''<br/>[[Image:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|18px]] [[Indian National Congress]] (partially)<br/>[[Image:CPI-banner.svg|18px]] [[Communist Party of India]] (partially)<br />
----<br />
'''Non-electoral organizations'''<br/>* [[Seva Dal|Hindustani Seva Dal]]<br/>* Hindustani Hitashi Sabha<br />
| leadfigures1 = [[Image:Flag placeholder.svg|18px]] [[A. T. Panneerselvam]]<br/>[[Image:Flag placeholder.svg|18px]] [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]]<br/>[[Image:Flag placeholder.svg|18px]] [[N. V. Natarajan]]<br/><br />
<br />
[[Image:Flag of Muslim League.svg|18px]] [[P. Khalifulla Sahib]]<br/><br />
<br />
[[Image:CPI-banner.svg|18px]] [[Malayapuram Singaravelu|M. Singaravelu]]<br />
----<br />
* [[Periyar|"Periyar" E. V. Ramasamy]]<br />
* [[C. N. Annadurai]]<br />
* [[Moovalur Ramamirtham]]<br />
* [[S. Dharmambal]]<br />
* [[Pattukkottai Alagiri]]<br />
* [[Annai Meenambal Shivaraj|Meenambal Shivaraj]]<br />
* [[Rama Subbaiah]]<br />
----<br />
* [[M. S. Purnalingam Pillai|M. S. Purnalingam]]<br />
* [[Maraimalai Adigal]]<br />
* [[Somasundara Bharathiar]]<br />
* T. V. Umamaheswaran <br />
* [[K. A. P. Viswanatham]]<br />
* K. Appadurai<br />
* Sivananda Adigal<br />
* K. Vellaivaarananaar<br />
* [[Kanchi Manimozhiar]]<br />
* [[K. M. Annal Thango]]<br />
* [[K. M. Balasubramaniam]]<br />
* [[S. Ilakkuvanar]]<br />
* Mudiyarasan<br />
----<br />
* [[W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar|W. P. A. Soundarapandian]]<br />
* [[G. D. Naidu]]<br />
* [[Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar|Karumuttu Thiagarajar]]<br />
----<br />
* L. Natarajan † <br />
* Thalamuthu †<br />
* Palladam Ponnusamy<br />
* Stalin Jagadeesan<br />
* [[Pulavar K. Govindan]]<br />
* [[N. Sankaraiah]]<br />
* [[M. Karunanidhi]]<br />
* [[Nagore E. M. Hanifa]]<br />
| leadfigures2 = [[Image:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|18px]] [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|18px]] [[P. Subbarayan]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|18px]] [[T. S. S. Rajan]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|18px]] [[S. Satyamurti]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:CPI-banner.svg|18px]] [[P. Jeevanandham]]<br />
| fatalities = 2 (Natarajan and Thalamuthu)<br />
| arrests = 1,198<br />
| detentions = Periyar (1 year; released in 6 months)<br/>Annadurai (4 months)<br/>Palladam Ponnusamy (6 weeks)<br />
| fined = Periyar fined ₹.1,000<br />
| notes = † = died in detainment<br />
}}<br />
The '''anti-Hindi imposition agitation of 1937–1940''' refers to a series of protests that happened in [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] during 1937–1940. It was launched in 1937 in opposition to the introduction of compulsory teaching of [[Hindi]] in the schools of the province by the [[Indian National Congress]] government led by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji). This move was immediately opposed by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|E. V. Ramasamy]] (Periyar) and the opposition [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (later [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]). The agitation, which lasted for about 30 months, was multifaceted and involved [[Fasting|fasts]], conferences, marches, picketing and protests. The government responded with a crackdown resulting in the death of two protesters and the arrest of 1,198 persons including women and children. The mandatory Hindi education was later withdrawn by the British governor of Madras [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine|Lord Erskine]] in February 1940 after the resignation of the Congress government in 1939.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
{{main|Languages of India}}<br />
<br />
The Republic of India has hundreds of languages. According to the Census of 2001, there are 1,635 rationalized mother tongues and 122 languages with more than 10,000 speakers.<ref name="census">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.education.nic.in/language_new/lang_overview.asp<br />
|title = Census of India 2001 - General Note<br />
|publisher = Department of Education, Government of India<br />
|access-date = 2009-11-24<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091216134226/http://education.nic.in/language_new/lang_overview.asp<br />
|archive-date = 2009-12-16<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref> During the [[British Raj]], English was the [[Official Language|official language]]. When the Indian Independence Movement gained momentum in the early part of the 20th century, efforts were undertaken to make [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] as a common language to unite various linguistic groups against the British Government. As early as 1918, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established the ''Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha'' (Institution for the Propagation of Hindi in South India). In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings.<ref name="ramaswamy421">{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997| loc=ch. 4.21 (Battling the Demoness Hindi)}}</ref> Both Gandhi and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] were supporters of Hindustani and Congress wanted to propagate the learning of Hindustani in non-Hindi speaking Provinces of India.<ref name="nehru1">{{cite book | first1=Jawaharlal| last1=Nehru| first2=Mohandas| last2=Gandhi| author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru | year=1937| title= The question of language: Issue 6 of Congress political and economic studies| publisher=K. M. Ashraf| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=R5upQgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="guha1">{{Harvnb|Guha|2008|pp=128–131}}</ref><ref name="ghose">{{cite book | first=Sankar| last=Ghose| year= 1993| title= Jawaharlal Nehru, a biography | publisher=Allied Publishers| id= {{ISBN|978-81-7023-369-5}}| pages=216| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA216 | isbn=81-7023-369-0}}</ref> The idea of making Hindustani or Hindi the common language was not acceptable to Periyar, who viewed it as an attempt to make Tamils subordinate to [[North India]]ns.<ref name="saraswathi">{{cite book | first=Srinivasan| last=Saraswathi| year= 1994| title= Towards self-respect: Periyar EVR on a new world | publisher=Institute of South Indian Studies| pages=88–89| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KRgLNgAACAAJ}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian National Congress won the [[1937 Madras legislative assembly election|1937 elections]] in Madras Province. Rajaji became the Chief Minister on 14 July 1937. He was a supporter of propagating Hindi in South India. Even before the elections, he had expressed support for Hindi in a newspaper article (''Sudesamithran'', 6 May 1937): "Government employment is limited. All cannot get it. Therefore one has to search for other jobs. For that and for business, knowledge of Hindi is necessary. Only if we learn Hindi, the south Indian can gain respect among the others."<ref name="more"/> On 11 August 1937,<ref name="venu2">{{cite book | first= E.Es. | last=Venu| year=1979| title= Why South opposes Hindi| publisher=Justice Publications| pages=54| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> within a month of coming to power, he announced his intention to introduce Hindi language teaching in secondary schools by issuing a policy statement.<ref name="more"/> This move followed lobbying by pro-Hindi organisations like ''Hindustani Seva Dal'' and ''Hindustani Hitashi Sabha''. These organisations had earlier convinced many [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] led local governments to introduce compulsory Hindi in schools in the early 1930s.<ref name="ramaswamy421"/> Periyar and the opposition Justice Party led by [[A. T. Panneerselvam]] immediately opposed the move. An Anti-Hindi conference was organised on 4 October 1937 to protest the announcement. On 21 April 1938, Rajaji went ahead and passed a government order (G.O) making the teaching of Hindi compulsory in 125 Secondary schools in the Province. Rajaji's persistence was viewed by Hindi's opponents as an attempt to destroy Tamil and promote Hindi. They started statewide protests against Rajaji and Hindi. The agitation was marked by protest marches, anti-Hindi conferences, observing an anti-Hindi day (1 July<ref name="ravichandran174">{{Harvnb|Ravichandran|Perumal|1982|p=174}}</ref> and 3 December 1938<ref name="baliga1">{{cite book | first= B. S. | last=Baliga| year=2000| title=Madras district gazetteers, Volume 10, Part 1| publisher=Superintendent, Govt. Press| pages=244| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBxuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>), fasts against government policies, black flag demonstrations and picketing of government offices and institutions. It was active in Tamil speaking districts of the Province - [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramnad]], [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]], [[Salem District|Salem]], [[Thanjavur District|Tanjore]] and [[North Arcot]].<ref name="more"/> The agitation lasted till the order was withdrawn in February 1940. Two persons -Natarajan and Thalamuthu- lost their lives. Around 1,200 people including Periyar were imprisoned.<br />
<br />
{{Dravidian politics-col}}<br />
<br />
==Support for the agitation==<br />
[[File:Periyar with Jinnah and Ambedkar.JPG|thumb|250px|right|alt=Five men sitting in chairs around a small table. Four of them are wearing suits and one is wearing a shawl and a dhoti. The one wearing the shawl has a flowing white beard.| (From right to left) : [[B. R. Ambedkar]], [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] at Jinnah's residence in Bombay (8 January 1940)<ref name="more2">{{Harvnb|More|1997| p=172}}</ref>]]<br />
[[File:Kudiyarasu.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Frontpage of ''Kudiyarasu'' dated 20 November 1938. The story is about the Tamil Nadu Women's Conference]]<br />
The anti-Hindi agitation was backed by Periyar's [[Self-Respect Movement]] and Justice Party. The Justice party was led by older, established leaders like [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] and Pannirselvam, who did not have reputations as agitators and derived their power from patronage. Their representatives in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras Legislature]] demanded that the Hindi teaching be made optional.<ref name="Irschick1">{{Harvnb|Irschick|1986| pp=212–20}}</ref> The more militant agitators led by Periyar did not have any patronage, but derived their influence from activism and politics of agitation. Periyar eventually became the president of the Justice Party during the course of the agitation. The agitation was also supported by Tamil scholars like [[Maraimalai Adigal]], Somasundara Bharathi, K. Appadurai, Mudiyarasan, [[K. A. P. Viswanatham]] and [[S. Ilakkuvanar|Ilakkuvanar]]. In December 1937, Tamil Saivite scholars were among the first to announce their opposition to the Hindi teaching in the ''Saiva Sidhandha Maha Samaja'' conference at [[Velur, Tamil Nadu|Velur]].<ref name="saivite1">{{cite journal|last=Venkatachalapathy|first=A. R.|date=8 April 1995|title=Dravidian Movement and Saivites: 1927-1944|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=30|issue=14|pages=761–768|issn=0012-9976|oclc=46735231|jstor=4402599}}</ref> Women also participated in the agitation in large numbers. [[Moovalur Ramamirtham]], Narayani, Va. Ba. Thamaraikani, Munnagar Azhagiyar, Dr. [[S. Dharmambal]], Malar Mugathammaiyar, Pattammal and Seethammal were some of the women who were arrested for participating in the agitation.<ref name="sarkar"/> On 13 November 1938,<ref name="ravichandran175">{{Harvnb|Ravichandran|Perumal|1982|p=175}}</ref> the Tamil Nadu Women's Conference was convened to demonstrate women's support for the movement.<ref name="ramaswamy522">{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997| loc=ch. 5.22 (The Woman Devotee)}}</ref><ref name="srilata">{{cite book | first=K.| last=Srilata| year=2003| title=The other half of the coconut: women writing self-respect history: an anthology of self-respect literature (1928-1936) | publisher=Zubaan| id= {{ISBN|978-81-86706-50-3}}| pages=11–12| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AOnhw_0UREC&pg=PA11 | isbn=81-86706-50-X}}</ref> Despite the anti-Brahmin sentiments of the backers of the agitation, a few Brahmins like Kanchi Rajagopalachari also participated in the movement.<ref name="ramaswamy530" /><br />
The Tamil speaking Muslims in Madras Province supported the agitation (in contrast to the [[Urdu]] speaking Muslims, who supported the propagation of Hindi, since Hindi–Urdu was technically a single language called [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]). [[P. Khalifulla Sahib]], a [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] member representing [[Trichy]] in the Legislative Assembly, declared "I may at once say that I am a [[Rowther]] myself; my mother tongue is Tamil and not Urdu. I am not ashamed of it; I am proud of it.. We have not been told why Hindi after all has been chosen as the common language of India".<ref name="more"/> Financial support for the agitation was provided by industrialists and landlords like [[W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar]] and [[G. D. Naidu]].<ref name="Irschick2"/> Acknowledging the agitation's popular support, Lord Erskine, the then Governor of Madras wrote to Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Linlithgow]] in July 1938 that "Compulsory Hindi has been the cause of great trouble in this province and is certainly contrary to the wishes of the bulk of the population..."<ref name="more"/><br />
<br />
==Fasts==<br />
On 1 May 1938, a young man named Stalin Jagadeesan went on a fast demanding the withdrawal of compulsory Hindi teaching. He became a symbol for the anti-Hindi agitators. In an interview published in Periyar's magazine ''Viduthalai'' he declared that his fast was to prove that ''Tamil Thai'' (lit. Mother Tamil) still had loyal sons. On 1 June, another man named Ponnusamy began a fast in front of Rajaji's house. Periyar did not approve of fasting as a form of protest. But other leaders of the agitation like [[C. N. Annadurai]] used Jagadeesan as an example. Annadurai declared in an anti-Hindi meeting that "If Jagadeesan dies, I am ready to take his place, and die along with ten others. As soon as Jagadeesan dies, you should also be prepared to die". Jagadeesan's fast was called off after ten weeks.<ref name="ramaswamy530"/><ref name="kannan7">{{Harvnb|Kannan|2010| p=52}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Picketing and processions==<br />
A major feature of the agitation was the picketing of government offices and the schools where Hindi was being taught compulsorily. A boycott committee was formed on 1 June 1938 to coordinate the picketing. Rajaji's house in [[Mambalam]], the Board High School at [[Tiruvarur]] and the [[The Hindu Higher Secondary School|Hindu Theosophical School]] at [[Triplicane]], [[Madras]] became popular targets for the picketers. In that month Periyar started playing an active role in the agitation and the movement heated up. In November an anti-Hindi procession in Madras city turned violent and developed into a riot with protesters stoning the offices of ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', ''[[Dina Mani]]'' and ''Tamil Mani''. With Periyar's fiery speeches motivating them, the agitators gained response from the Police. The agitation which started relatively small, began to gain momentum.<ref name="Irschick2">{{Harvnb|Irschick|1986| pp=220–226}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Tamil brigade==<br />
In August–September 1938, a protest march was jointly organised by the Self-Respect movement and the Muslim league. It was flagged of by Periyar and Khaliffullah. The marchers who called themselves ''Tamilar Padai'' (lit. Tamil brigade), started from [[Trichy]] on 1 August 1938. They were led by <br />
[[Pattukkottai Alagiri]], Kumarasamy Pillai and Moovalur Ramamirtham.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |author2=|title=Nenjukku Needhi<br />
|volume=1 |publisher=Dinamani Kathir publication |year=1975|page=42| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eda1AAAAIAAJ }}</ref> In the next 42 days, the marchers covered 234 villages and 60 towns. They addressed 87 public meetings and received widespread coverage in the press. They reached Madras on 11 September 1938 and were arrested for picketing government offices. The march succeeded in raising anti-Hindi and pro-Tamil support in smaller towns and villages they covered.<ref name="ramaswamy421"/><ref name="more"/><ref name="baliga1"/><br />
<br />
== Natarajan and Thalamuthu ==<br />
Two persons died during the agitation and were claimed as martyrs by the agitators. Their deaths fueled the protests further. L. Natarajan was arrested On 5 December 1938. He was admitted to the hospital on 30 December and died on 15 January 1939. On 13 February 1939, Thalamuthu was arrested with others for picketing the Hindu Theological High School in Madras. While imprisoned, he fell ill on 6 March and died on 11 March. The government claimed that his death was due to [[Cellulitis]] and [[Amoebic dysentery]] and he was already in poor health when he died.<br />
<br />
When the issue was raised in the Assembly, Rajaji dismissed it casually. The agitators were incensed by the government attitude and turned the dead men into martyrs. Their funeral processions in Madras were attended by hundreds of mourners and witnessed fiery speeches denouncing the government. Annadurai proclaimed that Natarajan's name and deeds should be inscribed in gold in the history of the world. The agitators praised their sacrifices and claimed that the dead men had refused early release in exchange for ending their activities. In an interview given to the ''Sunday Observer'' on 27 January 1939, Natarajan's father K. Lakshmanan said when his son was hospitalized he refused to apologize to get an early release.<ref name="ramaswamy530">{{harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997|loc=Chapter 5.30}}</ref><ref name="geetha">{{cite book | first1=V| last1=Geetha|first2=S. V.| last2=Rajadurai| year=1998| title=Towards a non-Brahmin millennium: from Iyothee Thass to Periyar | publisher=Samya| id= {{ISBN|978-81-85604-37-4}}| pages=499| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bh6AAAAMAAJ | isbn=81-85604-37-1}}</ref><ref name="bhattacharya">{{cite book | first1=Sabyasachi | last1=Bhattacharya| first2=Brahma | last2=Nand| first3=Inukonda | last3=Thirumali| year=2004| title=Repressed discourses: essays in honour of Prof. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya | publisher=Bibliomatrix| id= {{ISBN|978-81-901964-1-3}}| pages=259| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mavvAAAAIAAJ | isbn=81-901964-1-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Anti Brahminism==<br />
The anti-Hindi movement viewed the Hindi legislation as an attempt by [[Brahmins]] to impose Hindi and [[Sanskrit]] over Tamil.<ref name="kannan9">{{Harvnb|Kannan|2010| pp=50–51}}</ref><ref name="phadnis">{{cite book | first1=Urmila | last1=Phadnis |author-link1=Urmila Phadnis |first2=Rajat| last2=Ganguly| year=2001| title=Ethnicity and nation-building in South Asia | publisher=SAGE| id= {{ISBN|978-0-7619-9439-8}}| pages=221| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbf2wzyuWkUC&pg=PA221 | isbn=0-7619-9439-4}}</ref> Rajaji's earlier attempt to translate an English Language Physics book into Tamil using Sanskrit words was viewed as proof of his preference of Sanskrit over Tamil. The anti-Hindi movement portrayed the Brahmin-dominated Tamil Nadu Congress party as a stooge of "Hindi Imperialists" from the North. The resistance of the Brahmin Tamil scholars for removing Sanskrit words from Tamil was viewed by some in the agitation as proof of Brahmin complicity in the attempt to destroy Tamil.<ref name="venkatachalapathy">{{cite book | title=andha kalathil kaapi illai| last=Vēṅkaṭācalapati|first=Ā. Irā | author-link=A R Venkatachalapathy| year=2000| publisher=Kalachuvadu|pages=144–161| language= ta | isbn=81-87477-05-9}}</ref> Rajaji was identified as an enemy of Tamil. Dravidian movement newspapers carried cartoons depicting Rajaji hurling a dagger at ''Tamil Thai'' and disrobing her. Similar banners were displayed in the processions taken out by anti-Hindi agitators. In an anti-Hindi meeting organised in August 1938, Pavalar Balasundaram accused the Brahmin community of "killing Tamil Thai". Rajaji's dismissal of Natarajan's death in the Assembly was denounced as "Aryans laughing while Tamils shed tears for their hero". Rajaji complained that the agitators were describing their opponents "by caste, by their sacred thread, by the tuft of the hair on their head".<ref name="ramaswamy421"/><ref name="Irschick2"/><ref name="ramaswamy524">{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997| loc=ch. 5.24 (The Brahman Devotee)}}</ref><ref name="kannan8">{{Harvnb|Kannan|2010| p=53}}</ref><br />
<br />
Periyar, who had been arrested in November 1938, sent an address from jail which was read out in a rally organised on 29 December 1938. In it he called the Brahmins 'mosquitos', 'bugs' and 'Jews', and said that the abolition of the reign of priests was more urgent than the abolition of [[zamindar]]i. [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar|Kumararajah Muthiah Chettiar]], the leader of the opposition, claimed at the rally that Periyar's arrest had "awakened the masses"; Panneerselvam called Brahmins interlopers in the Tamil land, separating them from Tamils. ''[[The Hindu]]'' referred to "a hymn of hate" in their report of the rally.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45pYCwAAQBAJ&dq=Calling+Brahmins+'mosquitos,'+'bugs'+and+'Jews,'+the+Periyar+said+that+abolition+of+the+reign+of+priests+was+more+urgent+than+abolition+of+zamindari.&pg=PT197 |title=Rajaji: A Life |date=2010-10-14 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-33-8 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Government response==<br />
{{Rajaji}}<br />
The ruling Congress Party was divided on the Hindi issue. While Rajaji and his supporters stuck to their position,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aran International e-Journal of Tamil Research {{!}} அரண் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்வு மின்னிதழ் |url=https://aranejournal.com/article/5844 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=aranejournal.com}}</ref> [[S. Satyamurti|Sathyamurti]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] were against it. They wanted Rajaji to make Hindi optional or to provide a conscience clause for allowing parents to withhold their children from Hindi Classes. Satyamurti also disagreed with the use of Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1932 against the anti-Hindi agitators.<ref name="ramanathan"/> In a letter written to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on 7 July 1938, he wrote:<br />
<blockquote>I personally believe that where a parent or guardian swears an affidavit before a magistrate stating his reasons that it is against his conscience that his boy or girl should learn Hindustani compulsorily, the child may be exempted. I personally believe very few parents or guardians will claim this exemption. This will expose the hollowness of the agitation and kill it. I wish you to write to Sri. C. Rajagopalachari suggesting this to him. Moreover, I am not very happy over the use by the Madras Government of the Criminal Law Amendment Act against these picketers.<ref name="ramanathan">{{cite book | first=K.V.| last=Ramanathan| year=2008| title=The Satyamurti Letters, Volume II | publisher=Pearson Education India| id= {{ISBN|978-81-317-1684-7}}| pages=3, 34| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glA6t2p7arwC | isbn=978-81-317-1684-7}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Rajaji defended his action in another G.O. issued on 14 June 1938:<br />
<blockquote> The attainment by our Province of its rightful place in the national life of India requires that our educated youth should possess a working knowledge of the most widely spoken language in India. Government have therefore decided upon the introduction of Hindustani in the secondary school curriculum of our province. Government desire to make it clear that Hindi is not to be introduced in any elementary school whatsoever, the mother tongue being the only language taught in such schools. Hindi is to be introduced only in secondary schools and there too only in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd forms, that is to say in the 6th, 7th and 8th years of school life. It will not therefore interfere in any way with the teaching of the mother tongue in the secondary schools....Hindi will be compulsory only in the sense that attendance in such classes will be compulsory and pupils cannot take Hindi as a substitute for Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam or Kannada, but must learn Hindi only in addition to one of these languages.<ref name="ramaswamy421"/></blockquote><br />
<br />
He refused to give in to the demands of the agitators. He claimed they were motivated by their "prejudices of anti-aryanism" and "hatred of the Congress".<ref name="ramaswamy421"/> The police response to the agitation grew progressively brutal in 1939. Rajaji used the Criminal Law Amendment Act against the agitators, so that they could be charged of "non-bailable" criminal offenses.<ref name="kannan8"/> Displeased by his high handedness, Governor Erskine complained: "..[Rajaji] was too much of a [[Tory]] for me, for though I may want to go back twenty years, he wishes to go back two thousand and to run India as it was run in the time of [[Ashoka the Great|King Ashoka]]". During the agitation, a total of 1,198 protesters were arrested and out of them 1,179 were convicted (73 of those jailed were women and some of them went to jail with their children; 32 children accompanied their mothers to prison).<ref name="sarkar">{{cite book | first=Tanika| last=Sarkar| year=2008| title=Women and social reform in modern India: a reader | publisher=Indiana University Press| id= {{ISBN|978-0-253-22049-3}}| pages=396| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLGBUEs74n4C | isbn=978-0-253-22049-3}}</ref> Periyar was fined 1,000 Rupees and sentenced to one year of rigorous imprisonment for inciting "women to disobey the law" (he was released within six months on 22 May 1939 citing medical grounds)<ref name="ravichandran176">{{Harvnb|Ravichandran|Perumal|1982|p=176}}</ref> and Annadurai was jailed for four months.<ref name="baliga2">{{cite book | first= B. S. | last=Baliga| year=2000| title=Tamil Nadu district gazetteers, Volume 2| publisher=Superintendent, Govt. Press| pages=85| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2VDAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name="kalachuvadu2">{{cite web|url=http://kalachuvadu.com/issue-105/page44.asp |title=The son who named his mother |last=Thirunavukkarasu |first=K |date=September 2008 |work=Kalachuvadu Magazine |language=ta |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627120533/http://kalachuvadu.com/issue-105/page44.asp |archive-date=27 June 2009 }}</ref> On 7 June 1939, all those arrested for participating in the agitations were released without explanation.<ref name="ravichandran176"/> Rajaji also organised pro-Hindustani meetings to counter the agitators.<ref name="more">{{Harvnb|More|1997| pp=156–159}}</ref><ref name="Irschick2"/><br />
<br />
==Cancellation==<br />
On 29 October 1939, Rajaji's Congress Government resigned protesting the involvement of India in the Second World War. Madras provincial government was placed under Governor's rule. On 31 October, Periyar suspended the agitation and asked the Governor to withdraw the compulsory Hindi order.<ref name="ravichandran176"/> On 21 February 1940, Governor Erskine, issued a press communique withdrawing compulsory Hindi teaching and making it optional.<ref name="sundararajan">{{cite book | first=Saroja| last=Sundarajan| year=1989| title= March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947 | publisher=Lalitha Publications| pages=546| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
{{See also|Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
The anti-Hindi agitations of 1937-40 led to a change of guard in the Madras Province. The main opposition party to the Indian National Congress in the state, the Justice Party, came under Periyar's leadership on 29 December 1938.<ref name="vasantha2">{{Harvnb|Kandasamy|Smarandache|2005| p=109}}</ref> In 1944, the Justice Party was renamed as Dravidar Kazhagam. The political careers of many later leaders of the [[Dravidian Movement]], such as C. N. Annadurai, started with their participation in these agitations. The agitations stopped the compulsory teaching of Hindi in the state.<ref name="ramaswamy421"/><ref name="ramaswamy530"/> The agitations also reshaped the Dravidian Movement and broadened its political base, when it shifted from its earlier pro-Tamil stance to a more inclusive one, which was both anti-Hindi and pro-English. <br />
In the words of Sumathi Ramaswamy (Professor of History at [[Duke University]]),<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url =http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/history/faculty/sr76<br />
| title =Prof. Sumathi Ramaswamy Faculty Webpage<br />
| publisher = Department of History, [[Duke University]]<br />
| access-date = 2009-11-24<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<blockquote>[The anti-Hindi agitations knit] together diverse, even incompatible, social and political interests... Their common cause against Hindi had thrown together religious revivalists like Maraimalai Atikal (1876-1950) with avowed atheists like Ramasami and [[Bharathidasan]] (1891-1964); men who supported the Indian cause like [[V. Kalyanasundaram|T.V. Kalyanasundaram]] (1883-1953) and M. P. Sivagnanam with dravidian movement supporters like Annadurai; university professors like Somasundara Bharati (1879-1959) and M.S. Purnalingam Pillai (1866 -1947) with uneducated street poets, populist pamphleteers and college students.<ref name="simpson">{{cite book | first=Andrew| last=Simpson | year=2007| title=Language and national identity in Asia | publisher=Oxford University Press| id={{ISBN|9780199267484}}| pages=71| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC | isbn=978-0-19-926748-4}}</ref><ref name="ramaswamy2">{{cite journal |last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathy |title=The demoness, the maid, the whore, and the good mother: contesting the national language in India|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language | publisher =[[Walter de Gruyter]]|issue=140 | pages =1–28 |year=1999 |url=http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/ijsl.1999.140.1 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1999.140.1|s2cid=144462193 |url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
*[[Dravidian parties]]<br />
*[[Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book | first=Ramachandra| last=Guha| author-link=Ramachandra Guha | year= 2008| title= India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy| publisher=[[Harper Perennial]]| id= {{ISBN|978-0-06-095858-9}}| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EcSoIAAACAAJ|oclc=76961156 | isbn=978-0-06-095858-9}}<br />
*{{cite book| title=Tamil revivalism in the 1930s| last=Irschick| first=Eugene F.| year=1986| oclc=15015416| publisher=Cre-A| url=http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Tamil.pdf| location=Madras| access-date=2010-04-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610180818/http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Tamil.pdf| archive-date=2010-06-10| url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{cite book | first1=W. B. Vasantha| last1=Kandasamy | first2=Florentin| last2=Smarandache| author-link2=Florentin Smarandache| year=2005| title=Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability | publisher=American Research Press| id={{ISBN|9781931233002}}| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgb-MKcsSR0C|oclc=125408444 | isbn=1-931233-00-4}}<br />
*{{cite book | title=Anna: The life and times of C. N. Annadurai |last=Kannan|first=R.| year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-08328-2| publisher=[[Penguin Books]]}}<br />
*{{cite book | first=J.B.P| last=More| year=1997| title=Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamil Nadu and Madras 1930–1947 | publisher=[[Orient Longman|Orient Blackswan]]| id= {{ISBN|978-81-250-1192-7}}| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDht7OyOjXMC|oclc=37770527 | isbn=81-250-1192-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Sumathy|last=Ramaswamy|year=1997|title= Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-20805-6|oclc=36084635|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft5199n9v7;brand=ucpress }}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Ravichandran|first1=R|first2=C. A. |last2=Perumal|title=Dravidar Kazhagam - A political study|location=Madras|chapter=5|url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf|access-date=17 February 2010|publisher=[[Madras University]]|year=1982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181844/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
* [https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/c3g0er7z05lo தமிழுக்காக குழந்தைகளுடன் சிறை புகுந்த 73 பெண்கள் - அறியப்படாத முதல் மொழிப்போர் வரலாறு]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Hindi Agitation Of 1937-40}}<br />
[[Category:1930s in India]]<br />
[[Category:1930s protests]]<br />
[[Category:Protests in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi]]<br />
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=FCA_India_Automobiles&diff=450442
FCA India Automobiles
2026-03-10T12:09:30Z
<p>Killerhazard: Expanded content with additional details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian automotive company}}<br />
{{update|date=October 2012}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = FCA India Automobiles Private Limited<br />
| logo = Fiat logo23.png<br />
| logo_size = 150<br />
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1997|1|2|df=y}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| key_people = Partha Datta ([[President (corporate title)|president]] & [[managing director]])<br />
| industry = [[Automotive industry in India|Automotive]]<br />
| services = <br />
| products = {{unbulleted list<br />
| [[Automobiles]]<br />
| [[Engines]]<br />
| [[Transmission (mechanics)|Transmissions]]<br />
}}<br />
| subsid = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| parent = [[Stellantis]]<br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.fiat-india.com/|fiat-india.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''FCA India Automobiles Private Limited''' ('''FCAIPL'''), formerly known as '''Fiat Group Automobiles India Private Limited''', is the Indian subsidiary of [[Stellantis]], formed in 1997. The company was established for the production of cars and engines under the [[Fiat]], [[Abarth]], and [[Jeep]] brands. The company has suffered a major downturn in recent years: while in 2010 was the ninth largest [[Automotive industry in India|Indian car manufacturer]] by sales,{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} it is currently the seventeenth in rank, having produced only 4,404 vehicles in the 2025 fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Volume of passenger cars sold across India in financial year 2025, by original equipment manufacturer |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1090709/india-car-sales-volume-by-oem/?srsltid=AfmBOopozKPhPhhedx8pmyIqrCd-7FFmVrEI3M0EUScHKj-WBiaWn3Eo |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=statista}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Fiat brand in India was earlier represented through a joint venture company called Fiat India Automobiles Pvt Ltd., FIAPL (Name changed to Fiat India Automobiles Ltd., FIAL later) founded in the year 1997 with [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat S.p.A.]] and [[Tata Motors]] as the two partners coming together to produce cars for both brands in a plant set up through joint investments at [[Ranjangaon]], in [[Pune]] district of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/fiat-auto-and-tata-motors-announce-forming-a-joint-venture-in-india/|title=Fiat Auto and Tata Motors announce forming a joint venture in India |publisher=[[Tata Motors]] |date=14 December 2006|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> The board of directors for this company comprises five nominees each from Fiat and Tata.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiat-india.com/about-us.aspx |title=Fiat India |publisher=Fiat India |access-date=2010-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821084908/http://fiat-india.com/about-us.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another key interest area for the Tata-Fiat JV is the production of the 1.3 Multijet engine and corresponding powertrains common to a number of both the Tata & Fiat brand cars in India like Fiat Palio, Fiat Grande Punto, Fiat Linea, Fiat Aventura, Fiat Urban Cross, Tata Vista and Tata Manza.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/passenger-vehicle/uv/maruti-to-source-1-6-litre-diesel-fiat-engine-for-s-cross-developing-own-1-5-litre-engine/articleshow/47611088.cms | title=Maruti to source 1.6 litre diesel Fiat engine for S-Cross; developing own 1.5 litre engine | date=10 June 2015 | newspaper=The Economic Times | access-date=30 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/vQNIluEPZECxpsLAj2Oz2J/Fiat-to-power-Premier8217s-Rio.html | title=Fiat to power Premier's Rio | date=17 May 2012 | publisher=Live Mint | first=Shally Seth | last=Mohile | access-date=30 December 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Even today the Tata Fiat JV plant operates under the FIAL name, as an independent entity and it produces Fiat & Tata brand cars for FCAIPL (Fiat India NSC) & Tata Motors respectively. The company presently employs about 2600 employees. It also undertakes contract manufacturing of engines for Maruti Suzuki India Ltd & Premier Automobiles. Premier Automobiles uses this engine for their compact SUV Premier Rio and the Suzuki cars that used Fiat 1.3 Multijet engines in Indian market include – Ritz, Swift, Swift DZire, SX4 & Ciaz, S-Cross, Vitara Brezza, Baleno.<br />
<br />
Prior to this, Fiat used to sell the [[Fiat 1100|1100]], [[Fiat 124|124]] and [[Fiat Uno|Uno]] in India, manufactured under licence by [[Premier Automobiles Limited]].<br />
<br />
In 2015 FCA officially launches the [[Maserati]] brand in India absent since 2013. The relaunch is managed directly by the FCA India division through the opening of three dealerships in the Indian territory and the launch of the [[Maserati Ghibli (M157)|Maserati Ghibli]] and [[Maserati Quattroporte|Quattroporte]] sedans imported directly in from [[Grugliasco]] ([[Turin]]). The initial plan envisages sales of 100 units per year with the progressive expansion of the sales network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maserati.com/maserati/hk/en/news/Italian-luxury-car-manufacturer-Maserati-re-enters-India|title=Italian luxury car manufacturer Maserati re-enters India |publisher=[[Maserati]] |date=15 July 2015|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> From 2016 the import of the [[Maserati Levante]] SUV and the [[Maserati GranTurismo]] coupè starts.<br />
<br />
In February 2016, the entry of the [[Jeep]] brand in the Indian market was announced. [[Michael Manley (CEO)|Mike Manley]], then director of the Jeep brand and the [[Asia-Pacific|APAC]] region of the FCA Group, announced that the first models to be imported from the [[United States]] are the [[Jeep Wrangler (JK)]], the [[Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)|Grand Cherokee]] and the sports version Grand Cherokee [[Street & Racing Technology|SRT]], opening the first show rooms in the main Indian cities and addressing models to a target of luxury customers. In addition, the expansion of the Jeep brand involved the investment of 280 million US dollars for the production of the new model [[Jeep Compass]] with right-hand drive in the Pune plant from mid-2017. The Indian plant will produce all the Compass with right hand drive to be exported globally to Australia, New Zealand, UK, Japan, Brunei and South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jeep-india.com/content/dam/cross-regional/apac/jeep/en_in/news/Legendary%20Jeep%20Brand%20Enters%20One%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Largest%20Automobile%20Markets%20-%20India.pdf|title=Legendary Jeep® Brand Enters One of the World's Largest Automobile Markets |publisher=[[Jeep]] |date=3 February 2016|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 1 June 2017 the first locally produced Jeep Compass officially rolled off the assembly line at the company's Ranjangaon plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18314&mid=&searchresult|title=First Jeep® Compass Rolls Off Assembly Line in Ranjangaon, India |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA Press]] |date=1 June 2017|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, Fiat signed a contract for the production and supply to Tata Motors starting from the end of 2018 of the 2.0 liter ''Multijet II'' turbo diesel engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carandbike.com/news/fiat-india-renews-agreement-to-supply-diesel-engines-to-tata-motors-and-maruti-suzuki-1689103|title=Fiat India To Also Supply Bigger Diesel Engines To Tata Motors And Maruti Suzuki|publisher=carandbike.com |date=3 May 2017|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> The 2.0-liter ''Multijet II'' engine in the same year went into production at the Indian Ranjangaon plant to be adopted by the Jeep Compass also produced locally. The supply to Tata Motors concerns about 70,000 per year to be fitted to the [[Tata Harrier]] SUV that went into production at the end of 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-harrier-to-be-powered-by-the-all-new-2-0l-kryotec-diesel-engine/|title=Tata Harrier to be powered by the all-new 2.0L Kryotec Diesel engine|publisher=[[Tata Motors]] |date=6 October 2018|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2018 the production of the Fiat Punto models (including the Abarth version), Avventura and Linea ended due to low sales; consequently the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles group withdraws the Fiat brand from the Indian market, focusing on the development of the [[Jeep]] brand that produces the right-hand-drive [[Jeep Compass]] exported globally and imports the Grand Cherokee and Wrangler models from the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rushlane.com/fiat-punto-linea-to-be-discontinued-12288421.html|title=Fiat Punto, Linea to be discontinued from India – Production stopped| publisher=rushlane.com |date=21 November 2018 |access-date= 14 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Manufacturing facilities==<br />
Fiat has a manufacturing plant at [[Ranjangaon]], [[Maharashtra]], which has an installed capacity to produce 355,000 cars and engines, besides aggregates and components. The company plans to double the production capacity for both car units and engines in the next few years.<br />
The car plant manufactures both Fiat and Tata cars, the latest additions in 2014 are the [[Fiat Linea]] facelift, [[Fiat Grande Punto|Fiat Punto Evo]], [[Tata Zest]] and [[Fiat Grande Punto|Fiat Avventura]]. Engine manufacturing at [[Ranjangaon]] plant was the 1.2 litre Fire petrol, the 1.4 litre Fire naturally aspired and T-Jet turbocharged version and the small 1.3 litre Multijet diesel.<br />
<br />
In April 2020 the Fiat India Ranjangaon plant has rolled out the 5,00,000th car.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/fiat-india-ranjangaon-plant-reaches-milestone-in-car-production/articleshow/33608773.cms|title=Fiat India Ranjangaon plant reaches milestone in car production| publisher=The Economic Times |date=11 April 2014 |access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017 FCA planned to start production of the right hand drive version of the new [[Jeep Compass]] launched on 31 July 2017 starting at 15 Lakhs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/passenger-vehicle/uv/jeep-compass-suv-launched-in-india-at-14-95-lakh/articleshow/59844787.cms | title=Jeep Compass SUV launched in India at 14.95 lakh | date=31 July 2017 | newspaper=The Economic Times | first=Ketan | last=Thakkar | access-date=30 December 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Models==<br />
<br />
===Current models===<br />
<br />
==== Jeep ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 40%"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Model<br />
! width="10%" |Introduction <br />
! width="10%" |[[Facelift (automotive)|Facelift]]<br />
|-<br />
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"<br />
| colspan="5" |'''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Jeep Compass (MP) Facelift IMG 5813.jpg|alt=|200px]]<br />
|'''[[Jeep Compass|Compass]]'''<br />
|2017<br />
|2021<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:2023 Jeep Commander Overland T270 (Colombia) front view.jpg|alt=|200x200px]]<br />
|'''[[Jeep Meridian|Meridian]]'''<br />
|2022<br />
|2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:2018 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport 4-door front 6.10.18.jpg|alt=|200px]]<br />
|'''[[Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Wrangler (JL)]]'''<br />
|2020<br />
|2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:2022 Jeep Grand Cherokee Summit Reserve 4x4 in Bright White, Front Left, 01-16-2022.jpg|alt=|200px]]<br />
|'''[[Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Grand Cherokee (WL)]]'''<br />
|2022<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Maserati ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 40%"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Model<br />
! width="10%" |Introduction <br />
! width="10%" |Facelift <br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"<br />
| colspan="5" |'''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Maserati Grecale GT 1X7A6371.jpg|alt=|200px]]<br />
|'''[[Maserati Grecale|Grecale]]'''<br />
|2024<br />
|<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"<br />
| colspan="5" |'''[[Sports car]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Maserati MC20 Milano 1.jpg|alt=|200px]]<br />
|'''[[Maserati MC20|MC20]]'''<br />
|2022<br />
|<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"<br />
| colspan="5" |'''[[Coupe]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Maserati GranTurismo Trofeo IMG 7283.jpg|alt=|200px]]<br />
|'''[[Maserati GranTurismo|GranTurismo (M189)]]'''<br />
|2024<br />
|<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Discontinued models===<br />
==== Fiat ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Model<br />
! Released<br />
! Discontinued<br />
! Image<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Uno|Uno]]'''<br />
|1997<br />
|2002<br />
|[[File:1992 Fiat Uno IE 1.0 Front.jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Siena|Siena]]'''<br />
|1999<br />
|2004<br />
|[[File:Fiat Siena EX 1.3 Fire 2003 (16939109622).jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Palio|Palio]]'''<br />
|2001<br />
|2010<br />
|[[File:Fiat Palio Stile Multijet Diesel.jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Palio Adventure|Palio Adventure]]'''<br />
|2002<br />
|2007 <br />
|[[File:Fiatpalioadventure2010.jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Palio Weekend|Palio Weekend]]'''<br />
|2002<br />
|2005<br />
|[[File:Fiat Palio Weekend HLX Speedgear front.jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Petra|Petra]]'''<br />
|2004<br />
|2008<br />
|[[File:Fiat Siena EX 1.2 Fire 2004 (18349763393).jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat 500 (2007)|500]]'''<br />
|2008<br />
|2010<br />
|[[File:Fiat 500 (2007) 02.JPG|200px]]<br />
|Imported from Poland<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Grande Punto|Grande Punto]]'''<br />
|2008<br />
|2014<br />
|[[File:" 09 - ITALIAN CAR - FIAT PUNTO.jpeg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Linea|Linea]]'''<br />
|2009<br />
|2018<br />
|[[File:Fiat Linea3.jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Bravo (2007)|Bravo]]'''<br />
|2010<br />
|2011<br />
|[[File:Fiat Bravo 1.4 TJet Emotion 2008 (9942084185).jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Punto Evo|Punto Evo]]'''<br />
|2014<br />
|2018<br />
|[[File:Fiat Punto Evo India.jpg|200px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat Grande Punto|Avventura]]'''<br />
|2014<br />
|2018<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Abarth ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Model<br />
! Released<br />
! Discontinued<br />
! Image<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Fiat 500 (2007)|595 Competizione]]'''<br />
|2014<br />
|2017<br />
|[[File:Abarth 595 Competizione 2016.jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from Poland<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fiat Punto|'''Punto 310''']]<br />
|2015<br />
|2018<br />
|[[File:Abarth Grande Punto.JPG|frameless|200x200px]]<br />
|Imported from Poland<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Jeep ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Model<br />
! Released<br />
! Discontinued<br />
! Image<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Jeep Wrangler (JK)|Wrangler (JK)]]'''<br />
|2016<br />
|2020<br />
|[[File:Jeep JK Wrangler Sahara 2-Door Convertible.jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from US<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)|Grand Cherokee (WK2)]]'''<br />
|2016<br />
|2020<br />
|[[File:2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2 MY14) Laredo CRD 4WD wagon (2015-07-24) 01.jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from US<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Maserati ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Model<br />
! Released<br />
! Discontinued<br />
! Image<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Maserati Ghibli (M157)|Ghibli]]'''<br />
|2015<br />
|2023<br />
|[[File:Maserati Ghibli M157 Gold.jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Maserati Quattroporte#Quattroporte VI (M156, 2013–2023)|Quattroporte]]'''<br />
|2015<br />
|2023<br />
|[[File:Maserati Quattroporte (10906099934).jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Maserati Levante|Levante]]'''<br />
|2016<br />
|2024<br />
|[[File:Maserati Levante S (01).jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Maserati GranTurismo|GranTurismo (M145)]]'''<br />
|2016<br />
|2019<br />
|[[File:Maserati Granturismo - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (9) (cropped).jpg|200px]]<br />
|Imported from Italy<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sales performance==<br />
''FIAT'' sold 24000 vehicles in 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=NULL |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/fiat-india-automobiles-sales-growth78feb-2010_445194.html |title=Fiat India automobiles sales growth of 78% in Feb 2010 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |access-date=2010-08-02}}</ref> and registered an increase of 241% compared to the previous year sales which stood at 6,897 vehicles. It planned to sell 130,000 cars annually in India by 2014.<ref>{{cite web |author=bsmotoring.com |url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/fiat-eyes-to-double-sales-this-year/1822/1 |title=Fiat eyes to double sales this year |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |date=2010-03-16 |access-date=2010-08-02 |archive-date=24 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724231028/http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/fiat-eyes-to-double-sales-this-year/1822/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/04/23/stories/2010042353890200.htm |title=Fiat targets sales of 130,000 cars |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=2010-04-23 |access-date=2010-08-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]<br />
*[[Automobile industry in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website}} (Fiat)<br />
* {{official website|http://www.jeep-india.com}} (Jeep)<br />
<br />
{{Stellantis}}<br />
{{Tata Motors}}<br />
{{Fiat Chrysler Automobiles}}<br />
{{Automotive industry in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1997]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]<br />
[[Category:Fiat]]<br />
[[Category:Stellantis]]<br />
[[Category:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]<br />
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]<br />
[[Category:1997 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Protocol_(Maharashtra)&diff=517716
Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)
2026-03-07T16:46:23Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Protocol}}{{Infobox government agency<br />
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय राजशिष्टाचार विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''<br />
| type = ministry<br />
| name = Ministry of Protocol [[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg<br />
| seal_width = 200<br />
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg<br />
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai<br />
| picture_width = <br />
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| minister1_name = '''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]'''<br />
| minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister<br />
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''<br />
since 29 June 2022<br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />[[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]<br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <br />
| website = <br />
| formed = <br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<br />
| chief1_position = <br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <br />
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ministry of Protocol''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-21 |title=Maharashtra portfolios: Fadnavis keeps Home, Shinde Urban Development; Ajit gets Finance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-portfolios-fadnavis-keeps-home-shinde-urban-development-ajit-gets-finance/article69013705.ece |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Issues Protocol Guidelines for CJI Visit After Displeasure Over Lapses |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/maharashtra-govt-issues-protocol-guidelines-for-cji-visit-amid-row-over-lapses-3549628 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]''' is Current Minister of Protocol [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=07.01.2025: Minister of Marketing and Protocol Jaykumar Rawal {{!}} Lok Bhavan Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/gallery/07-01-2025-minister-of-marketing-and-protocol-jaykumar-rawal/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer Rajesh Gawande was appointed as the state's new Secretary for Protocol, FDI, Diaspora Affairs and International Outreach.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-28 |title=Maharashtra cabinet okays creation of 3 new departments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/124876952.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Head office==<br />
{{Infobox political post<br />
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg<br />
| insigniasize = 150px<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]<br />
| department = '''Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)'''<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| post = {{big|Minister of Protocol}}<br>'''मंत्री राजशिष्टाचार विभाग'''<br />
| image = The Tourism Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Jaykumar Rawal calling on the Minister of State for Tourism (IC), Shri Alphons Kannanthanam, in New Delhi on May 31, 2018 (cropped).JPG<br />
| incumbent = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]<br />
| member_of = State Cabinet<br />
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''',<br><br />
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''<br />
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]<br />
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the <br>'''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''<br />
| termlength = 5 years<br />
| inaugural = *'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]'''<br />
<small>(1960-1962)</small><br />
| precursor = * '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''<br />
<small>(2024- 2024)</small><br />
| deputy = * '''Vacant, TBD'''<br />
since 29 June 2022<br />
| formation = 1 May 1960<br />
| body = <br />
| flag = Flag of India.svg<br />
| flagsize = 110px<br />
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br />
| flagborder = yes<br />
| website = <br />
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister<br />
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Cabinet Ministers==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister<br>{{small|(Constituency)}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:6em"| From<br />
!style="width:6em"| To<br />
!Period<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="10"| Minister of Protocol<br />
|-<br />
|01<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- <br />[[Chandrapur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|01 May}}<br>1960<br />
|{{small|07 March}}<br>1962<br />
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|02<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- <br />[[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|08 March}}<br>1962<br />
|{{small|19 November}}<br>1962<br />
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|03<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- <br />[[Satara District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|20 November}}<br>1962<br />
|{{small|24 November}}<br>1963<br />
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]<br />
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]<br />
|-<br />
|04<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- <br />[[Ratnagiri District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} <br />(Interim Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|25 November}}<br>1962<br />
|{{small|04 December}}<br>1963<br />
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]<br />
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]<br />
|-<br />
|05<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />(Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|05 December}}<br>1963<br />
|{{small|01 March}}<br>1967<br />
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]<br />
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />[[Vasantrao Naik]]<br />
|-<br />
|06<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- <br />[[Akola District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|01 March}}<br>1967<br />
|{{small|27 October}}<br>1969<br />
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|07<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - <br /> [[Bhandara District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|27 October}}<br>1969<br />
|{{small|13 March}}<br>1972<br />
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|08<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- <br />[[Raigad District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|13 March}}<br>1972<br />
|{{small|04 April}}<br>1973<br />
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]<br />
|-<br />
|09<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - <br /> [[Sangli District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|04 April}}<br>1973<br />
|{{small|17 Match}}<br>1974<br />
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- <br /> [[Nanded District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|17 Match}}<br>1974<br />
|{{small|21 February}}<br>1975<br />
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Rafiq Zakaria]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - <br /> [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|21 February}}<br>1975<br />
|{{small|16 April}}<br>1977<br />
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]<br />
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]<br />[[Shankarrao Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Husain Dalwai]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ratnagiri Khed Constituency No. 266]]- <br />[[Ratnagiri District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|17 April }}<br>1977<br />
|{{small|07 March}}<br>1978<br />
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]<br />[[Vasantdada Patil]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- <br />[[Bhandara District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
<br /> (Deputy Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|07 March}}<br>1978<br />
|{{small|18 July}}<br>1978<br />
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]<br />
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- <br />[[Solapur District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|18 July}}<br>1978<br />
|{{small|18 February}}<br>1980<br />
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|18}}<br />
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />[[Sharad Pawar]]<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''Nanabhau Yembadwar''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Bhandara - Gondia Local Authorities Constituency No. 14 - <br /> [[Gondia District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|09 June}}<br>1980<br />
|{{small|21 January}}<br>1982<br />
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- <br />[[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|21 January}}<br>1982<br />
|{{small|02 February}}<br>1983<br />
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] <br>[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| <br />
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - <br /> [[Mumbai City District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|07 February}}<br>1983<br />
|{{small|05 March}}<br>1985<br />
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]<br />[[Vasantdada Patil]]<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- <br />[[Sangli District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|12 March}}<br>1985<br />
|{{small|03 June}}<br>1985<br />
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|03 June}}<br>1985<br />
|{{small|12 March}}<br>1986<br />
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]<br />
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - <br /> [[Nanded District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|12 March}}<br>1986<br />
|{{small|26 June}}<br>1988<br />
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Shankarrao Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- <br />[[Solapur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|26 June}}<br>1988<br />
|{{small|03 March}}<br>1990<br />
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Sharad Pawar]]<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- <br />[[Pune District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />(Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|03 March}}<br>1990<br />
|{{small|25 January}}<br>1991<br />
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - <br /> [[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|25 January}}<br>1991<br />
|{{small|25 June}}<br>1991<br />
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|25 June}}<br>1991<br />
|{{small|22 February}}<br>1993<br />
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]<br />
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- <br />[[Osmanabad District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|06 March}}<br>1993<br />
|{{small|18 November}}<br>1994<br />
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Sharad Pawar]]<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Dinkar Patil]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel Constituency No. 188]]- <br />[[Raigad District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|14 March}}<br>1995<br />
|{{small|01 February}}<br>1999<br />
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Manohar Joshi]]<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- <br />[[Sindhudurg District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|01 February}}<br>1999<br />
|{{small|11 May}}<br>1999<br />
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Narayan Rane]]<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Gopinath Munde.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236]]- <br />[[Latur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Deputy Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|11 May}}<br>1999<br />
|{{small|17 October}}<br>1999<br />
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| <br />
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]<br />
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- <br />[[Nanded District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|19 October}}<br>1999<br />
|{{small|16 January}}<br>2003<br />
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] <br/>[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]<br />
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- <br />[[Nanded District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|18 January}}<br>2003<br />
|{{small|01 November}}<br>2004<br />
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br/>[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]<br />
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- <br /> [[Latur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br>(Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|01 November}}<br>2004<br />
|{{small|09 November}}<br>2004<br />
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] <br/>[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- <br />[[Ahmednagar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|09 November}}<br>2004<br />
|{{small|01 December}}<br>2008<br />
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- <br />[[Ahmednagar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|08 December}}<br>2008<br />
|{{small|06 November}}<br>2009<br />
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]<br>[[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]<br />
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- <br /> [[Nanded District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|07 November}}<br>2009<br />
|{{small|10 November}}<br>2010<br />
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Suresh Shetty]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East Constituency No. 166]]- <br />[[Mumbai Suburban district]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|11 November}}<br>2010<br />
|{{small|26 September}}<br>2014<br />
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]<br />
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]]<br>[[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- <br /> [[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|31 October}}<br>2014<br />
|{{small|16 June}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|06|16}}<br />
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Tourism Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Jaykumar Rawal calling on the Minister of State for Tourism (IC), Shri Alphons Kannanthanam, in New Delhi on May 31, 2018 (cropped).JPG|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda Constituency No. 06]]- <br />[[Dhule District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|16 June}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|12 November}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}<br />
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- <br /> [[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />(Chief_Minister) <br />''In Charge''<br />
|{{small|23 November}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|28 November}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]<br />
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - <br /> [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|28 November}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Minister for Tourism and Environment, Maharashtra, Shri Aaditya Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Aditya Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
| '''[[Aaditya Thackeray]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli Constituency No. 182]]- <br />[[Mumbai City District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|29 June}}<br>2022<br />
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|<br />
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- <br /> [[Thane District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} <br />(Chief Minister)<br />''In Charge''<br />
|{{small|30 June}}<br>2022<br />
|{{small|14 August}}<br>2022<br />
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Eknath Shinde]]<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- <br /> [[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Deputy Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|14 August}}<br>2022<br />
|{{small|26 November}}<br>2024<br />
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- <br /> [[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />(Chief_Minister) <br />''In Charge''<br />
|{{small|05 December}}<br>2024<br />
|{{small|21 December}}<br>2024<br />
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:The Tourism Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Jaykumar Rawal calling on the Minister of State for Tourism (IC), Shri Alphons Kannanthanam, in New Delhi on May 31, 2018 (cropped).JPG|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda Constituency No. 06]]- <br />[[Dhule District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|21 December}}<br>2024<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Ministers of State ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister<br>{{small|(Constituency)}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:6em"| From<br />
!style="width:6em"| To<br />
!Period<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Protocol<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''<br />
|{{small|23 November}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|28 November}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}<br />
|NA<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]<br />
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|-<br />
|01<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- <br />[[Raigad District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|29 June}}<br>2022<br />
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]<br />
| [[Aaditya Thackeray]] <br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant''''' <br />
|{{small|30 June}}<br>2022<br />
|{{small|26 November}}<br>2024<br />
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}<br />
|NA<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]<br />
|<br />
*[[Eknath Shinde]]<br>(2022 - 2022)<br />
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br> (2022 –2024)<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Eknath Shinde]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''<br />
|{{small|21 December}}<br>2024<br />
|''incumbent''<br />
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}<br />
|NA<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]<br />
| rowspan="1"|[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] <br>(2024 – Present)<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of principal secretaries==<br />
Additional Chief Secretary (ACS) Manisha Mhaiskar was Chief Protocol Officer till October 2025. Later, an IFS officer who was working as Passport Officer, Rajesh Gawande, was for the first time made as CPO from October 2025. <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandiraj&diff=460249
Pandiraj
2026-03-04T06:01:49Z
<p>Killerhazard: slightly corrected details based on references and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film director and producer (born 1976)}}<br />
{{About||Tamil actor|Pandiarajan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pandiraaj<br />
| image = Director.Pandiraj.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| years_active = 2009-present<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|6|07}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Virachilai]], [[Pudukkottai District|Pudukkottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Film director<br>screenwriter<br>film producer<br>distributor<br />
}}<br />
'''Pandiraaj''' (formally credited and addressed as ''Pandiraj'') is an Indian film director, producer and writer who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. His debut film, ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009) won two National Film Awards, and he succeedingly directed many commercially successful films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article164869.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024070545/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article164869.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2013|title=Arulnidhi was like any other city guy: Director}}</ref> He has won several awards, including two [[National Film Awards]] and five [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/a-proud-dedication-to-tamil-cinemas-national-award-winners-part-2/national-film-award-for-best-screenplay-6-times.html | title=National Film Award for Best Screenplay - (6 Times) &#124; A Proud Dedication to Tamil Cinema's National Award Winners - Part 2 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Pandiraaj was born 7 June 1976 and brought up in [[Virachilai|Virachilai Township]], [[Pudukkottai District|Pudukkottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. After his schooling, he moved to Chennai in 1996. He worked as an "office-boy" with director [[K. Bhagyaraj]]. During his early years, he wrote several short stories for the famous Tamil magazine ''Bhagya''. Gradually, his interest in film making increased and after multiple hurdles, he got the chance to be an assistant director to filmmaker [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]. He later worked as an assistant director to [[Thangar Bachan]] and [[Chimbu Deven]] in six films.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/pandiraj.html#filmography | title=All you want to know about @pandiraj3 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Style==<br />
Pandiraaj is famous for his village-based action family dramas. His lineup of films often represents the family dynamics in rural extended families, and focuses on farming. Known for making commercial comedy dramas, his films and his production house often focuses on promoting societal issues in films like [[Moodar Koodam|''Moodar'' ''Koodam'']] and [[Marina (2012 film)|''Marina'']]. Rather than just making surface-level commercial dramadies, Pandiraaj always manages to question societal inequalities, crime, poverty and other important socioeconomic issues that affect people in real life. <br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
[[File:Shri Pandi Raj, Director of the film ‘Pasanga’, at the presentation of the film, during the 40th International Film Festival (IFFI-2009), at Panaji, Goa on November 27, 2009.jpg|thumb|Pandiraj along with Cinematographer C.Prem Kumar (who later directed the movie [['96 (film)|96]]) at the presentation of the film ''[[Pasanga]]'', during the 40th International Film Festival (IFFI-2009), at Panaji, Goa on 27 November 2009. ]]<br />
In 2009, Pandiraj became an independent director with director [[M. Sasikumar]] agreeing to produce the film. Titled ''[[Pasanga]]'', it was a [[children's film]] featuring several new child actors and [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] in his first lead role. ''Pasanga'' was said to be a dedication to Pandiraj's childhood memories and was shot during the school vacations and on weekends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-pandiraj/20100920.htm#4|title=I never expected to win a National Award for Pasanga}}</ref> The film was a critical success, winning several national and international awards, including three [[National Film Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-pandiraj/20100920.htm|title=I never expected to win a National Award for Pasanga}}</ref> and being screened at various film festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/mar/07/pasanga-goes-to-chicago-233477.html|title = 'Pasanga' goes to Chicago| date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> Following the success of ''Pasanga'', Pandiraj directed his second film, ''[[Vamsam]]'' with newcomer [[Arulnithi]] and [[Sunaina]] starring. The film, which was produced by Arulnidhi's father and M. Karunanidhi's youngest son, M. K. Thamizharasu, gained positive reviews and went well in the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-vamsam/20100813.htm|title=Vamsam suffers from overkill}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, Pandiraaj set up his a film production studio named Pasanga Productions. His first production was his own directorial ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' which marked the feature film debut for television anchor and comedian [[Sivakarthikeyan]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/feb-12-01/marina-review.html|title = Marina Review - Marina Movie Review}}</ref> The director's next ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' was also produced by him. Pandiraj cast the lead actors of his previous films, Sivakarthikeyan and Vimal, in the film, who were paired [[Bindu Madhavi]] and [[Regina Cassandra]]. The romantic comedy film received positive responses from critics and became a commercial hit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-the-jokes-on-us/article4564375.ece|title = Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga: The joke's on us|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 30 March 2013|last1 = Rangan|first1 = Baradwaj}}</ref> Pandiraj distributed his former assistant Naveen's debut film ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' under his Pasanga Productions studio. He also wrote the dialogues for cinematographer [[Vijay Milton]]'s second directorial ''[[Goli Soda]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/more-to-come-from-pandiraj-the-dialogue-writer-tamil-news-102832|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518175223/http://www.indiaglitz.com/more-to-come-from-pandiraj-the-dialogue-writer-tamil-news-102832|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=- Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2015, Pandiraj has directed another children's film titled ''[[Pasanga 2]]'', produced by actor [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pasanga2-review-more-educative-than-entertaining/article8025829.ece|title=Pasanga-2: More educative than entertaining|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 December 2015|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Sudhir}}</ref> He later directed romantic comedy ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' (2016) and action thriller, ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' (2016).<br />
<br />
In 2018, ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' was promoted as a film that would inspire the younger generation to take up farming. But the movie propagates good familial values more and focuses less on farming.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kadaikutty-singam-movie-review-karthi-sayyeshaa-pandiraj-sathyaraj-1284961-2018-07-13 | title=Kadaikutty Singam Movie Review: Karthi-Pandiraj film is all melodrama }}</ref> Pandiraj won [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Director Tamil]] in [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ | title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big | date=17 August 2019 }}</ref> Later, Pandiraj produced ''[[Semma]]'' and launched his former assistant Vallikanthan as a director, starring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/pandiraj-to-produce-semma-1579194.html | title=Pandiraj to produce Semma | date=9 March 2017 }}</ref> With ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019), which had actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in the lead, Pandiraj, once again focused a film on [[family values]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/namma-veettu-pillai/namma-veettu-pillai-review.html | title=Namma Veettu Pillai (Aka) Nama Veetu Pillai review | date=27 September 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He later directed ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' (2022) starring [[Suriya]]. The film deals with an important topic with women's safety in the digital age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/etharkkum-thunindhavan-movie-review-suriya-plays-saviour-in-film-about-women-s-safety-1923587-2022-03-10|title = Etharkkum Thunindhavan Movie Review: Suriya plays saviour in film about women's safety}}</ref> In 2025, the film ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' brings [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Nithya Menen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/May/07/vjs-52-is-now-titled-thalaivan-thalaivii|title = VJS 52 is now titled Thalaivan Thalaivii}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
=== As a film director===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:35px;"| Year<br />
!style="width:250px;"| Film<br />
!class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Pasanga]]'' ||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]<br />[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]]<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]<br />[[Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year]]<br />[[Vijay Award for Best Crew]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Vamsam]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' ||Also producer<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || Also co-producer<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Second Film]] <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2016||''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]''|| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
|2018||''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' ||[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Director]]<br />
|- <br />
| 2019 || ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 ||''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
|2025||''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-05-03 |title=VJS 52 is now titled Thalaivan Thalaivii |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/03/vjs-52-is-now-titled-thalaivan-thalaivii |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As producer and writer===<br />
This is a list of films that Pandiraj did not direct but did produce and/or write.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| Film<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;"| Credited as<br />
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! width=65 | Producer<br />
! width=65 | Writer<br />
|-<br />
|2013|| ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' || {{partial|Distributor}} || {{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||<br />
|-<br />
|2018|| ''[[Semma]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Marina Puratchi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* Anandha Vikatan Award for Best Director - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/go.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=2882|title=Ayngaran International|website=www.ayngaran.com}}</ref><br />
* International Children's Film Festival Golden Elephant Award for Best Director - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article160162.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211230708/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article160162.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2015|title=I'm excited: Director Pandiraj}}</ref><br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (Dialogues) - ''[[Pasanga]]''<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] - ''[[Pasanga]]''<br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year]]- ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lsquoPasanga-steals-show-at-Vijay-awards/article12079593.ece|title='Pasanga' steals show at Vijay awards|first=K.|last=Lakshmi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 May 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Crew]] - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref name="thehindu1"/><br />
* World Malayalee Council Award - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-03/kamal-mohan-lal-20-04-10.html|title=Malayalee Council - Tamil Movie News - Awards for Kamal, Mohan Lal, Pookutty - Kamal - Mohan Lal - Ilayaraja - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] - ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] - ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''<br />
* [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]] for Best Director - ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926183447/http://www.directorpandiraj.com/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Pandiraj}}<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Best Dialogue National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albhutha_Dweep&diff=485461
Albhutha Dweep
2026-03-03T21:36:05Z
<p>Killerhazard: put up a info from scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Albhutha Dweep<br />
| image = Athbhutha Dweepu.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[Vinayan]]<br />
| producer = P. A. Philippose<br />T. K. Appukuttan<br />
| writer = Vinayan<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = Ashok-Shasi<br />
}}<br />
| narrator =<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Guinness Pakru]]|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]}}<br />
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]<br />
| editing = G. Murali<br />
| studio = Gulfline Productions<br />
| distributor = Aroma Release<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|03|25}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Albhutha Dweep''''' ({{Translation|Wonder island}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[survival film]] written and directed by [[Vinayan]]. The plot is set on an [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]] island where men are [[dwarf (mythology)|dwarfs]] and women are of normal height, where four [[Indian Navy]] men gets stranded. The film stars [[Guinness Pakru]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] <br />
in the lead roles along with [[Mallika Kapoor]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Jagadish]], [[Indrans]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Ponnamma Babu]] and [[Bindu Panicker]] in supporting roles.<br />
<br />
Ajayan who played prince Gajendran made an entry into the [[Guinness Book of Records]] for being the shortest actor (76&nbsp;cm height) to play a full-length character in a film. The film was commercially successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.msn.co.in/Entertainment/SouthCinema/SCGal_061207_1339.htm |title=Undapakru, shortest actor |publisher=MSN India |date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206025745/http://content.msn.co.in/Entertainment/SouthCinema/SCGal_061207_1339.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian comedy star Ajay Kumar is world's smallest actor|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5201242/Indian-comedy-star-Ajay-Kumar-is-worlds-smallest-actor.html|access-date=12 June 2011|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 April 2009}}</ref> The film was also given an entry into the Guinness Book of Records for casting the most dwarves in a single film.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
There exists an island inhabited by [[Dwarfism|dwarf]] men and typical women. The ruler of the island, King Valiyavamana [[King|Thirumanasu]] invites various princes to his capital city of [[Vamana]]<nowiki/>puri in order to compete for the hands of his five daughters. Four of his daughters are successfully engaged, but the youngest princess, Radha, has no wish to get married. Nonetheless, he decides to have her engaged to Prince Gajendran, his nephew and heir, who is deeply in love with Radha. In order to celebrate the engagements, Thirumanasu orders a week of celebration.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, [[Indian Navy]] officers, Gautham, Mohammed, Harindran "Hari", Madhavan, Joseph and Chandrappan wash up on the island. The first two are brutally killed by the island's inhabitants under the lead of Gajendran, who believes them to be demons, while the others take refuge in an old temple in the forest, fearing for their life.<br />
<br />
It is at this time, the princesses proceed to the temple, along with their handmaiden Mallika, to pray to their god, [[Gandharva]]n. Arriving to the temple, the group comes across Devamma, mystic. Devamma narrated to them the story of Gandharvan. A thousand years ago, Gandharvan fell in love with the king's daughter. In fear of losing the princess, her suitor planned to kill the Gandharvan using black magic but the plan was thwarted whent the princess stole the magic and handed it over to Gandharvan, who in his anger, cursed all the men of the island to be dwarves. He also decreed that any man who steps inside his temple, would have his head exploded. In the end, to showcase his gratitude towards the princess, he promised to protect the land for a millenia. Devamma ends her narration, by cautioning the group that the said time has elapsed, making the island vulnerable to evil forces.<br />
<br />
While exploring the temple, Radha comes across Hari and believes him to be Gandharvan on account of his height. Hari, fearing being exposed, begs Radha to not reveal their location. Radha agrees and provides them food later that day, when she is comes across Gajendran, who becomes suspicious on seeing her late at night at such a notorious place.In an attempt to protect her secret, Radha lies to Gajendran about the Gandharvan appearing to her in a dream and summoning her to the temple and promptly feigns illness. On consulting the Rajaguru, the Thirumanasu is instructed to host a puja in order to exorcise Gandharvan from Radha.<br />
<br />
Radha reveals the truth to Mallika, who agrees to help her. The cook up a plan, according to which, the men disguises as dwarves and arrives before the Thirumanasu under the pretext of healing Radha, when they discover Madhavan and Thirumanasu to be [[look-alike]]s. After a series of events, Thirumanasu appoints the group as his royal priests, only to discover that, they are in fact, imposters. This revelation forces the group to take the Thirumanasu hostage.<br />
<br />
With the Thirumanasu missing, Gajendran takes over the throne. He fears of a relationship between Hari and Radha, which drives him to order the saints for his coronation, so that he can marry Radha. During the [[coronation]], Thirumanasu arrives to the scene, after being rescued by a daughter of his. He assumes Gajendran teamed up with fake priests to eliminate him but Gajendran clears the misunderstanind by stating how he just wanted to marry Radha. Back in power, Thirumanasu blows the cover of the group and reveals Radha's involvement. He then sentences the group to death.<br />
<br />
Just as the death sentence is to be carried out, the island is attacked by [[giant]] [[Human cannibalism|cannibals]], who overpower and kill the dwarves. With no other option, Thirumansu releases the group, who defeats the giants and saves the island kingdom. For this act, they are forgiven and allowed to return to their homeland with Radha but Hari refuses to take her, instead opting to leave the princess in her kingdom. Gajendran, however, stops them and tells how his world only had dwarves until now but now he realises how insignificant they are to god. With this, he hands over Radha to her Gandharvan, to Hari. The group then sets sail to the modern world.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Guinness Pakru]] as Gajendran, Prince of Vamanapuri<br />
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Harindran "Hari", [[Indian Navy]] officer<br />
*[[Mallika Kapoor]] as Rajakumari Radha, Princess of Vamanapuri<br />
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in a dual role as:<br />
**Madhavan, Indian Navy officer<br />
**Maharajan Valiyavamana Thirumanassu (Madhulan), King of Vamanapuri<br />
*[[Jagadish]] as Joseph, Indian Navy officer <br />
*[[Indrans]] as Chandrappan, Indian Navy officer <br />
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Mallika, chief maid of the court<br />
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Maharani Arundhati, first wife of the king<br />
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Maharani Anasuya, second wife of the King<br />
*Sajan Sagara as Ittunnan<br />
*[[Valsala Menon]] as Devamma, an extraordinary old lady<br />
*Sonika as Rajkumari Indumathi <br />
*Renjusha Menon as Rajkumari Lakshmi<br />
*Vettoor Purushan as Rajaguru of Athbutha Dweepu<br />
*[[Mela Raghu]] as Village Chief of Vamanapuri<br />
*Manuraj as Gautham, Indian Navy officer<br />
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Mohammed, Indian Navy officer<br />
*Balakrishnan as Vakraraja Odiyan <br />
*[[Kamaraddin]] as a cannibalistic giant<br />
*Thumboor Shibu as cannibalistic giant<br />
}}<br />
;Tamil version<br />
*[[Karunas]] as Karuppiah<br />
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Vaiyapuri<br />
*[[Manivannan]] as Maharaja <br />
*[[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]] as Kanaka Devi<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by M. Jayachandran and the lyrics were written by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboodiri and Vinayan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/athbhutha-dweep |title=Athbhutha Dweep Songs Download: Athbhutha Dweep MP3 Malayalam Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref><br />
*Oridathorida - Vidhu Prathap, Jyotsna<br />
*Chakkaramavinte - Alex Kayyalaykkal, Jyotsna<br />
*Shyama Mohini - Madhu Balakrishnan, Chithra<br />
*Hey Raja - Alex, Sudeep Kumar, Sujatha<br />
<br />
;Tamil version<br />
Lyrics were written by Palani Bharathi and Pa. Vijay.<ref>{{cite web | title=Arputhath Theevu Songs | website=Raaga.com | url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/arputhath-theevu-songs-T0000848 | access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref><br />
*Oridathil - Tippu, Binni Krishnakumar<br />
*Saama Mohini - Madhu Balakrishnan, Sujatha<br />
*Hey Raja - Alex, Nishad<br />
*Sakkarakatti - Alex<br />
*Chinna Machan - Pushpavanam Kuppusamy, Rimi Tommy<br />
<br />
==Release and reception==<br />
The film was a 2005 commercial box-office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-director-vinayan-is-back/20110519.htm|title=Raghuvinte Swantham Rasiya will release this Friday|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "nevertheless go and have fun watching Albhuthadweep which will appeal to viewers of all ages".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/albhuthadweep-review-malayalam-pclvIsajacefe.html|title=Albhuthadweep|work=[[Sify]]|date=31 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411015750/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:pU7PYnpBMAkJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/albhuthadweep-review-malayalam-pclvIsajacefe.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=11 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Arputha Theevu'' and included additional scenes reshot with Manivannan and Karunas.<ref name="C">{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/04arputha-theevu.asp |title=Arputha Theevu |website=Chennai Online |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618044608/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/04arputha-theevu.asp |archive-date=18 June 2007 |url-status=dead|last=Mannath|first=Malini|date=27 April 2007}}</ref> The Tamil version was released in 2007.<ref name="C"/> Manivannan played Jagathi's part of dwarf king in Tamil.<ref name="C"/> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that "With its colourful characters and happenings, the film is an enjoyable entertainer, and is an ideal summer treat for children".<ref name="C"/><br />
<br />
Vinayan said that American director [[Ron Howard]] has showed interest in remaking the film in English, and they have contacted him for a discussion.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617182919/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEE20050516083513&Page=E&Title=Startrek&Topic=0 Malayalam flick set to go Hollywood]. Newindpress.com. 16 May 2005</ref> The further developments is unknown.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0460400}}<br />
<br />
{{Vinayan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about people with dwarfism]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Vinayan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]<br />
[[Category:2005 fantasy films]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aivar_(film)&diff=485053
Aivar (film)
2026-03-03T03:26:33Z
<p>Killerhazard: put up new article added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aivar<br />
| image =<br />
<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = N. Priyan<br />
| producer = A. G. Raja<br />
| writer = D. Sai Prasad <small>(dialogues)</small><br />
| screenplay = D. Sai Prasad<br />
| story = AGR Right Films<br />
| starring = {{ubl|Vijay Anand|Ila|Perarasan|Hussain|Athulya}}<br />
| music = Kavi Periyathambi<br />
| cinematography = P. Chandran<br />
| editing = K. Maha Vishnu<br />
| distributor =<br />
| studio = AGR Right Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|03|11}}<br />
| runtime = 120 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aivar''''' ({{translation|Five People}}), also known as '''''Ivar''''', is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy drama]] [[buddy film]] directed by N. Priyan. The film stars newcomers Vijay Anand, Ila, Perarasan, Hussain and Athulya, with [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], Harish, Nambi Seenivasan, Prabhakar, Jayashree, Indhulekha, Bava Lakshmanan, V. M. Subburaj, [[Kovai Senthil]] and Kottai Perumal playing supporting roles. The film had musical score by Kavi Periyathambi and was released on 11 March 2011.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
In [[Tiruvannamalai]], Viji (Vijay Anand), Ila (Jinga), Surya (Perarasan) and Sundaram (Hussain) are best friends and jobless youngsters. They love drinking alcohol so they often lie to their family and they give them money. Whereas in Arakandanalur, Ramana ([[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]) is a wealthy rice mill owner and lives with his sister Soundarya (Athulya). His best friend is Thiru (Harish) and he can do anything for him thus it makes his family jealous. Ramana then marries Dakshayani (Jayashree).<br />
<br />
One year later, Ramana cannot digest that Thiru betrayed him so he becomes a drunkard. Surya falls in love with Soundarya at first sight. One day, Ramana and the four friends have an altercation in a bar. Later, Jinga has stomach pain and he is rushed to the hospital. There, the doctor informs them that Jinga has a tumour in his stomach and it has to be removed immediately. Jinga's family has no money for the operation, so his friends ask money to their family but they don't believe them and refuse to give money. At the hospital, Ramana feels bad for Jinga and pays for his operation. Thereafter, the four friends decide to earn money and Ramana helps them financially to start a business. The four friends feel sorry for Ramana because of his drinking habits and Soundarya tells them the reason. Ramana's family and his wife felt jealous about Thiru and they tried to brainwash Ramana. When Thiru came to know about it, he decided to break their friendship.<br />
<br />
The four friends try their best to save Ramana and Thiru's friendship. Ramana eventually makes up with Thiru and Soundarya accepts Surya's love.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*Vijay Anand as Viji<br />
*Ila as Jinga<br />
*Perarasan as Surya<br />
*Hussain as Sundaram<br />
*Athulya as Soundarya<br />
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Ramana<br />
*Harish as Thiru<br />
*Nambi Seenivasan<br />
*Prabhakar as Prabhakar<br />
*Jayashree as Dakshayani<br />
*Indhulekha as Malliga<br />
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Malliga's husband<br />
*V. M. Subburaj<br />
*[[Kovai Senthil]]<br />
*Kottai Perumal as Tea master<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
N. Priyan, who assisted leading directors like [[Aabavanan]], [[Ezhil]] and [[Badri (director)|Badri]] made his directorial debut with ''Aivar'' under the banner of AGR Right Films. Newcomers Vijay Anand, Ila, Perarasan, Hussain and Athulya were cast to play the lead roles while Sriman, Harish, Jayashree and many others have performed in prominent roles. D. Sai Prasad took care of the dialogues and screenplay while [[Suryan FM 93.5|Suryan FM]] fame Kavi Periyathambi had scored music for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/aivar-is-about-friendship/|title='Aivar' is about friendship|date=18 November 2009|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2009/nov/10/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-102415.html|title=பிரபலங்களை நம்பாத "ஐவர்"|date=10 November 2009|access-date=18 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title="Aivar" doesn't believe in celebrities|publisher=[[Dinamani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2009/nov/15/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF-104800.html|title=இசைத் தம்பி|date=15 November 2009|access-date=18 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Music Brother|publisher=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=1104&id1=3&issue=20110321|title=நீ மட்டும் மாறிட்டியே மல்லிகா...|date=21 March 2011|access-date=18 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=You have only changed Malliga...|publisher=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625124119/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=1104&id1=3&issue=20110321|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album|<br />
| name = Aivar<br />
| type = [[soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = Kavi Periyathambi<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2010<br />
| recorded = 2010<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 32:44<br />
| label = [[Times Music#Junglee Music|Junglee Music]]<br />
| producer = Kavi Periyathambi<br />
| prev_title = [[Muthukku Muthaaga]]<br />
| prev_year = 2011<br />
| next_title = [[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]<br />
| next_year = 2012<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack was composed by Kavi Periyathambi. The soundtrack, released in 2010, features 7 tracks written by Palani Bharathi, [[Na. Muthukumar]] and Kavi Periyathambi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Iver+(2010)|title=Ivar (2010)&nbsp;- Kavi Periya Thambi|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ivar/r2FlgUBphgc_|title=Ivar Songs|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=jiosaavn.com|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625124020/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ivar/r2FlgUBphgc_|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing|<br />
|extra_column=Singer(s)<br />
|headline=Tracklist<br />
|total_length=32:44<br />
|title1=Ammani Amman Gopura|extra1=[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]|length1=5:16<br />
|title2=Malliga Malliga|extra2=[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]|length2=5:52<br />
|title3=Aaja Kujha|extra3=[[Mukesh Mohamed]]|length3=5:00<br />
|title4=Enga Veetu Nai|extra4=[[Benny Dayal]]|length4=5:16<br />
|title5=Kothavaranga|extra5=Baby Harini|length5=1:29<br />
|title6=Vaanam Vedithadu|extra6=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]|length6=4:52<br />
|title7=Aaja Kujha|extra7=[[Mukesh Mohamed]]|length7=4:59<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
Initially, the film had its release date fixed on 11 February 2011, but it was released the following week on 11 March 2011.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=279&id1=40&issue=20110321|title=ஐவர் விமர்சனம்|date=21 March 2011|access-date=18 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Aivar Review|publisher=Kungumam|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625124534/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=279&id1=40&issue=20110321|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a mixed review.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/327/|title=ஐவர்&nbsp;- விமர்சனம்|date=30 March 2011|access-date=18 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Aivar&nbsp;- Review|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s buddy comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanneera&diff=508288
Kanneera
2026-03-03T02:22:58Z
<p>Killerhazard: creating new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2025 Indian family drama film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Kanneera.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Kathir Raven S<br />
| writer = Kausalya Nawaratnam<br />
| producer = [[S. Hari Uthraa]]<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Kathir Raven S<br />
*Chandhine Kaur <br />
*Maya Glammy <br />
*Nanthakumar NKR <br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Yehganesh Nair<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = Hari Maaran<br />
| studio = Uthraa Productions <br /> More Four Production<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|2|14}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Kanneera''''' ({{Translation|Teardrops}}) is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language romantic, family [[drama film]] directed by Kathir Raven S.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=சினிமா பெரிய ஆபத்தில் இருக்கிறது -கண்நீரா இசை வெளியீட்டு விழாவில் பேரரசு!! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/kanneera-love-movie-audio-launch-function-this-film-was-shot-in-malaysia-551829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217194603/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/kanneera-love-movie-audio-launch-function-this-film-was-shot-in-malaysia-551829 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars Kathir Raven S and Chandhine Kaur in the lead roles, alongside Maya Glammy and Nanthakumar NKR. The film was produced by [[S. Hari Uthraa]] under the banner of Uthraa Productions and More Four Production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title='கண்நீரா' மலேசியப் படம்: முதல் பாகத்தை இயக்கிய கணவர், அடுத்த பாகத்தை இயக்கிய மனைவி, திரைச்செய்தி செய்திகள் - தமிழ் முரசு Cinema News in Tamil, Tamil Murasu |url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/cinema/kanneera-malaysian-film-husband-who-directed-first-part-and-wife-who-directed-next-part |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Tamil Murasu |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Kanneera'' was released in theatres on 14 February 2025.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*Kathir Raven S<br />
*Chandhine Kaur <br />
*Maya Glammy <br />
*Nanthakumar NKR<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is directed by Kathir Raven S and written by Kausalya Nawaratnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=மலேசிய தமிழர்களின் 'கண்நீரா'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1346106-malaysia-tamil-people-film-kanneera.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> Yehganesh Nair is the cinematographer, and Hari Maaran is the music composer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=5 January 2025 |title=சினிமா பெரிய ஆபத்தில் இருக்கிறது , "கண்நீரா" இசை வெளியீட்டு விழாவில் பேரரசு !! &#124; Cinema is in great danger, Perarasu at the music launch of "Kanneera"!! |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/cinema-is-in-great-danger-perarasu-at-the-music-launch-of-kanneera-754698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217194224/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/cinema-is-in-great-danger-perarasu-at-the-music-launch-of-kanneera-754698 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic stated that "Director Kathiraven captures attention by presenting the conflicting love problems of the two couples in an interesting way with twists and turns".<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-02-17 |title='கண்நீரா' பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/kanneera-movie-review-1144244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217191458/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/kanneera-movie-review-1144244 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated it two out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deccan-Chronicle hosted at ImgBB |url=https://ibb.co/dCkz9dr |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=ImgBB |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=tt26084128}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Delhi_(1803)&diff=467158
Battle of Delhi (1803)
2026-02-27T01:44:47Z
<p>Killerhazard: further rework references based on references and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Part of the Second Anglo-Maratha War}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| image = Battle of Delhi (1803) map.jpg<br />
| caption = Map of the Battle of Delhi (1803)<br />
| conflict = Battle of Delhi<br />
| partof = the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]<br />
| date = 11 September 1803<br />
| place = Delhi, [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|45|N|77|17|30|E|type:event_region:IN|display=it}}<br />
| map_type = India Delhi#India<br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_caption = Location within Delhi<br />
| map_label = Delhi<br />
| result = British victory<br />
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British Empire]]<br />
**{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]]{{Tree list end}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border=}} [[Maratha Empire]]<br />
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|border=}} [[Gwalior State]]{{Tree list end}}'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagicon|First French Republic}} [[First French Republic|France]]<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Gerard Lake]]<br />
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|border=}} [[Daulat Rao Scindia|Daulat Scindia]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|border=}} [[Louis Bourquin]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|border=}} [[Sardar Ravsaheb Wable|Sardar Wable]]<br />
| strength1 = 4,500<br>9 guns<br />
| strength2 = 19,000<br>100 guns<br />
| casualties1 = ~464–485 men killed or wounded<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=76–77}}</ref><br />
| casualties2 = ~3,000 killed or wounded<ref name=Naravane/><br />
}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Maratha War}}<br />
<br />
The '''Battle of Delhi''' or '''Battle of Patparganj''' took place on 11 September 1803 during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], between [[British East India Company]] troops of the [[Bombay Army]] under [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|General Lake]], and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s of [[Scindia]]'s army under General [[Louis Bourquin]] and [[Sardar Ravsaheb Wable|Sardar Wable]].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Expecting forthcoming conflict with the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], two Company armies began drilling for war. While Major General [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellesley]] prepared his forces in the newly conquered [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatnam]], General [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lake]] drilled his men in the north, close to the Maratha border.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5266-1850-4 |location=Great Britain |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
When war broke out on 1 August, Governor general Lord [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Wellesley]] ordered two main thrusts into maratha territory; one by Lake to take [[Delhi]], and one by Arthur Wellesley to secure the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, accompanied by minor offensives on the coasts of [[Gujarat]] and [[Odisha|Orissa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-8125032458 |publication-date=2007 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lake left [[Kanpur]] on 7 August with an army of 10,000 men, accompanied by a cavalry division with [[Galloper gun|Galloper guns]]. Lake's army proceeded to advance on the Maratha fortress of Aligarh on 29 August, with [[Pierre Cuillier-Perron|General Perron]] fleeing to Delhi to gather reinforcements, and eventually surrendering to Lake on 1 September.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Events==<br />
With Perron's surrender, Lt. Col. Louis Bourquin took control at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Compton |first=Herbert |title=A particular account of the European military adventures of Hindustan, from 1784 to 1803 |date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195772272 |pages=303-305 |language=en}}</ref> Upon receiving news that Lake planned on advancing on Delhi as soon as possible, Bourquin crossed the [[Yamuna]] with 19,000 troops, and prepared an ambush on the [[Hindon River|Hindon river]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Bourquin chose a low hill overlooking a road flanked by two swampy lakes in order to funnel any enemy force into a bottleneck. He hid 100 heavy guns behind the elephant grass at the base of the hill, and awaited the enemy. <br />
<br />
On 11 September, Lake ordered his men to camp for breakfast on the banks of the Hindon, after rapidly marching 18 miles to Delhi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Randolph G.S |title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India |publisher=Cambridge English |year=2007 |isbn=978-0521036467 |edition=1st |language=en}}</ref> Very soon after the army had camped, Bourquin ordered the heavy artillery at the base of the hill to open fire. While the British army retreated in confusion, the Marathas failed to take advantage of the opportunity, and held position, giving Lake time to organize his men.<ref name=":2" /> <br />
<br />
To lure Borquin away from his position, Lake ordered a feint, making the infantry fall back while executing a pincer movement with his cavalry, hidden in the grass.<ref name=":0" /> When the Marathas took the bait and abandoned their defensive positions, the Company infantry turned and charged with bayonets, supported by the galloper guns.<ref name=":2" /> [[Quartermaster]] John Pester, who was severely wounded by the initial maratha bombardment, wrote: <blockquote>"We drove them into the Yamuna, and hundreds of them were destroyed in endeavouring to cross it."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pester |first=John |title=War and sport in India, 1802-1806: an officer's diary |publisher=Alpha Edition |isbn=978-9353808143 |location=India |publication-date=2019 |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>On the night of the 11th, 5 French commanders surrendered to Lake, ending the battle.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
The battle of Delhi would be the last time British and French officers would clash in South Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Following Arthur Wellesley's victory at [[Battle of Assaye|Assaye]] on 23 September, Maratha power in India began to gradually decline, until they were finally defeated by the Company in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
After the battle, Lake went to capture [[Agra Fort]], leaving [[David Ochterlony]] in charge of the city. Octerlony quickly set up an administration consisting of Company civil servants and old Mughal court officers to manage the city, and reduced the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] to a mere figurehead.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A monument was later erected at the site in [[Patparganj]], marked out by a surrounding ditch, commemorating Cornet Sanguine and the Company army soldiers who fell during the battle.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |date=2014 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=76-77 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{MarathaEmpire}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi, Battle of 1803}}<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1803]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Maratha War]]<br />
[[Category:1803 in India]]<br />
[[Category:19th century in Delhi|Battle]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:September 1803]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flip-flops&diff=468589
Flip-flops
2026-02-26T16:18:35Z
<p>Killerhazard: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Type of sandal}}<br />
{{Other uses|Flip-flop (disambiguation){{!}}Flip-flop}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
[[File:Flip flops.jpg|thumb|Flip flops on feet being worn]]<br />
'''Flip-flops''' (or '''thongs''' in Australian English) are a type of light [[sandal|sandal-like]] shoe, typically worn as a form of casual footwear. They consist of a flat sole held loosely on the foot by a Y-shaped strap known as a toe thong that passes between the first and second toes and around both sides of the foot. This style of footwear has been worn by people of many cultures throughout the world, originating as early as the [[ancient Egypt]]ians in 1500 BC. In the [[United States]] the modern flip-flop may have had its design taken from the traditional Japanese ''[[zōri]]'' after [[World War II]], as soldiers brought them back from Japan.<br />
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Flip-flops became a prominent unisex summer footwear starting in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fr33earth.com/how-and-when-flip-flops-became-popular-unisex-footwear|access-date=19 February 2018|title=How and When Flip Flops Become A Popular Unisex Summer Footwear|date=15 March 2017|publisher=Free Earth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821202425/https://www.fr33earth.com/how-and-when-flip-flops-became-popular-unisex-footwear/|archive-date=21 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology and other names==<br />
[[File:Two-pluggers.jpg|thumb|Double-pluggers]]<br />
The term ''flip-flop'' has been used in [[American English|American]] and [[British English]] since the 1960s to describe inexpensive footwear consisting of a flat base, typically rubber, and a strap with three anchor points: between the big and second toes, then bifurcating to anchor on both sides of the foot. "Flip-flop" may be an [[onomatopoeia]] of the sound made by the sandals when walking in them.<ref name="etymology_dictionary">{{cite web|title=Flip-Flop|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=flip-flop|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Flip-flops are also called ''thongs'' (sometimes ''pluggers'',<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2016/01/australian-men-out-drinking-stop-thieves-after-robbery-interview-video|title=Australian Guys Out Drinking Accidentally Come Across Robbery, Stop Thieves|website=Complex}}</ref> ''single-'' or ''double-'' depending on construction) in Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/society-and-culture/its-time-to-put-our-foot-down-on-thongs-20111029-1mp20.html|title=IT Pro - Information Technology News & Reviews|date=29 October 2011 }}</ref> ''jandals'' (originally a trademarked name derived from "Japanese sandals") in New Zealand,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/timeline/04/10|access-date=22 February 2017|title=Morris Yock trademarks the jandal|date=4 October 1957|publisher=New Zealand History}}</ref> and ''slops'' or ''plakkies'' in South Africa and Zimbabwe.<ref name="Key_AJ">{{cite web|last=Key|first=A.J.|title=Jandals, Thongs, Flip Flops & G-strings|url=http://www.biggie.co.nz/article/jandals_thongs_flip|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621062559/http://www.biggie.co.nz/article/jandals_thongs_flip|archive-date=21 June 2012}}</ref><br />
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In the Philippines, they are called ''tsinelas''.<ref name=tsinelas/><br />
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In India, they are called ''chappals'', (which traditionally referred to leather slippers).<ref name=Mangalore/> This is hypothesized to have come from the [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] word ''ceppu'' ([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/చెప్పు#Telugu చెప్పు]), from Proto-Dravidian *keruppu,<ref>Burrow, T.; Emeneau, M. B. (1984). [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ceruppu ceruppu], in ''A Dravidian etymological dictionary'', 2nd edition, Oxford University Press (ISBN 0198643268), p. 178.</ref><ref>[[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju]] (2003). The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press (ISBN 9780521771115), p. 526.</ref> meaning "sandal".<br />
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In some parts of Latin America, flip-flops are called ''chanclas''.<ref name=ChanclaDiscipline/> Throughout the world, they are also known by a variety of other names, including ''slippers'' in the [[Bahamas]], [[Hawai‘i]], [[Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
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Flip-flops are closely associated with Japan in many [[Slavic languages]]. They are called ''japonke'' in Slovene<ref name="sskj">{{cite web|title=Japonka |url=https://fran.si/133/sskj2-slovar-slovenskega-knjiznega-jezika-2/4482901/japonka|publisher=Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (SSKJ²), Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU|access-date=26 October 2025|language=sl}}</ref> and ''japanke'' in Croatian,<ref name="mreznik">{{cite web|title=Japanka|url=https://rjecnik.hr/mreznik/japanka/|publisher=Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik, Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje|language=hr|access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref> with both terms also referring to a woman of Japanese nationality. The same applies to Polish, Serbian, and other similar instances.<ref name="japanobjects">{{cite web|title=12 Things You Need to Know About Japanese Sandals|url=https://shop.japanobjects.com/blogs/editorial/japanese-sandals?srsltid=AfmBOopPM_329MU4QSUou9awi_FW7YpmaZSLuIqmcCnsKEzN-Jnid7FZ|publisher=© 2025 Japan Objects Store|date=9 May 2021|access-date=26 October 2025|author=Zoria Petkoska}}</ref> In Greek, they are called ''σαγιονάρες''("sayonares"), with a singular flip-flop; called ''σαγιονάρα'' ("sayonara").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek |url=https://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.greek-language.gr}}</ref> However, this is not true for all such languages. In Russian, the word for flip-flop contains no reference to Japan; instead, it is [[:ru:Вьетнамки|''vietnamki'']], which literally means "Vietnamese".<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Egyptian - Pair of Leather Sandals - Walters 73110.jpg|right|thumb|Pair of leather thong ancient sandals from the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] ({{Circa|1550}}–1307 BC)]]<br />
[[File:Granada Relocation Center, Amache, Colorado. Zori (straw sandals) and Geta (wooden clogs) made at G . . . - NARA - 539914.jpg|thumb|Zori (straw sandals) and Geta (wooden clogs) belonging to [[Internment of Japanese Americans|interned Japanese]] in the United States (1946), direct antecedents of modern-day flip-flops.]]<br />
Thong sandals have been worn for thousands of years, as shown in images of them in [[ancient Egypt]]ian murals from 4,000 BC. A pair found in [[Europe]] was made of [[papyrus]] leaves and [[Carbon dating|dated]] to be approximately 1,500 years old. These early versions of flip-flops were made from a wide variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from papyrus and palm leaves. The [[Maasai people]] of [[Africa]] made them out of [[Rawhide (textile)|rawhide]]. In [[India]], they were made from [[wood]]. In [[China]] and [[Japan]], [[rice|rice straw]] was used. The leaves of the [[sisal]] plant were used to make [[twine]] for sandals in [[South America]], while the natives of [[Mexico]] used the [[yucca]] plant.<ref name="Curtin_Cameron">{{cite book |last=Kippen |first=Cameron |title=The History of Footwear |year=1999|publisher=Department of Podiatry, Curtin University of Technology|location=[[Perth]], [[Australia]]}}</ref><br />
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The [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] wore versions of flip-flops as well. In Greek sandals, the toe strap was worn between the first and second toes, while Roman sandals had the strap between the second and third toes. These differ from the sandals worn by the [[Mesopotamia]]ns, with the strap between the third and fourth toes. In [[India]], a related "toe knob" sandal was common, with no straps but instead a small knob located between the first and second toes. They are known as [[Paduka]]s.<ref name="DeMello_Margo">{{cite book|last=DeMello|first=Margo|title=Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|isbn=978-0-313-35714-5|pages=130–131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QdKSxajwP0C&pg=PA131}}</ref><br />
<br />
The modern flip-flop became popular in the [[United States]] as soldiers returning from [[World War II]] brought Japanese [[zōri]] with them. It caught on in the 1950s during the [[Post–World War II economic expansion|postwar boom]] and after the end of hostilities of the [[Korean War]]. As they became adopted into American popular culture, the sandals were redesigned and made in the bright colors that dominated 1950s design. They quickly became popular due to their convenience and comfort, and were popular in beach-themed stores and as summer shoes. During the 1960s, flip-flops became firmly associated with the beach lifestyle of [[California]]. As such, they were promoted as primarily a [[casual attire|casual]] accessory, typically worn with [[shorts]], [[bathing suit]]s, or summer dresses. When they became more popular, some people started wearing them for dressier or more formal occasions.<ref name="DeMello_Margo"/><br />
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[[File:Flip fop vending machine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Havaianas]] thong (flip-flop) vending machine in Sydney, Australia]]<br />
In 1962, [[Alpargatas S.A.]] marketed a version of flip-flops known as [[Havaianas]] in Brazil. By 2010, more than 150 million pairs of Havaianas were produced each year.<ref name="Cain_Kathryn">{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Kathryn|title=The Timeline: Flip-flops|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/the-timeline-flipflops-2039012.html|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=30 July 2010}}</ref> By 2019, production tops 200 million pairs per year. Prices range from under $5 for basics to more than $50 for high-end fashion models.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.iuiga.com/2019/02/28/flip-flop-markups/ |title=Am I paying too much for flip-flops? |last=Koh |first=Joel |date=28 February 2019 |website= |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><br />
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Flip-flops quickly became popular as casual footwear for young adults. Girls would often decorate their flip-flops with metallic finishes, charms, chains, beads, [[rhinestones]], or other jewelry.<ref name="Peterson_Kellogg">{{cite book|author1=Peterson, Amy T.|author2=Kellogg, Ann T.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=[[Westport, Connecticut]]|isbn=978-0-313-35855-5|page=372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQCEF-tG77AC&pg=RA1-PA372}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Modern flip-flops are available in leather, suede, cloth or synthetic materials such as plastic. Platform and high-heeled variants of the sandals began to appear in the 1990s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/heels-each-year-2018-8#1991-everyone-was-wearing-giant-platform-sandals-31|title=What high heels looked like the year you were born|author=Jessica Booth|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a27148660/steve-madden-90s-platform-flip-flops/|title=Steve Madden Is Trying to Make Its '90s Platform Flip Flops Happen Again|author=Lauren Alexis Fisher|date=15 April 2019|publisher=Harper's Bazaar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/thong-heels-spring-fashion-sandals?verso=true|title=Thong Heels—Spring's Sexiest Sandals—Are Back|author=Liana Satenstein|date=26 March 2018|publisher=Vogue}}</ref> and in the late 2010s, [[kitten heel]]ed "kit-flops".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/shows-trends/a28034657/kit-flops-trend/|title=Introducing the kit-flop: this summer's favourite sandal|author=Jessica Davis|date=2019-07-01 |df=dmy-all|publisher=[[Harper's Bazaar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/technology/article/kitten-heels-give-a-stylish-lift-to-the-flip-flop-fwm9xjcb2|title=Kitten heels give a stylish lift to the flip-flop|author=Hannah Rogers|date=2020-08-22 |df=dmy-all|work=The Times}}</ref><br />
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In the U.S., flip-flops with college colors and logos became common for fans to wear to intercollegiate games.<ref name="Ward_Julie">{{cite news|last=Ward|first=Julie|title=Next big step in team spirit: Flip-flops|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/2005-09-13-flip-flops_x.htm|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=13 September 2005}}</ref> In 2011, while vacationing in his native [[Hawaii]], [[Barack Obama]] became the first President of the United States to be photographed wearing a pair of flip-flops.<ref name="Obama_flipflop">{{cite news|title=Appropriate? Obama Becomes First Flip-Flop President|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/culture/2011/01/05/appropriate-obama-becomes-first-flip-flop-president|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[Fox News]]|date=5 January 2011|archive-date=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718090821/http://nation.foxnews.com/culture/2011/01/05/appropriate-obama-becomes-first-flip-flop-president|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]] is also a frequent wearer of flip-flops and has met with several U.S. presidents, including [[George W. Bush]] and [[Barack Obama]], while wearing the sandals.<ref name="Lister_Richard">{{cite news|last=Lister|first=Richard|title=Flip-flop diplomacy with the Dalai Lama|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8523248.stm|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=19 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama Meets With Obama |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315004575073133355132918 |access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=18 February 2010|author1=Weisman, Jonathan |author2=Canaves, Skye}}</ref><br />
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While exact sales figures for flip-flops are difficult to obtain due to the large number of stores and manufacturers involved, the Atlanta-based company Flip Flop Shops claimed that the shoes were responsible for a $20 billion industry in 2009. Furthermore, sales of flip-flops exceeded those of [[Sneakers (footwear)|sneakers]] for the first time in 2006. If these figures are accurate, it is remarkable considering the low cost of most flip-flops.<ref name="Bernhard_Blythe">{{cite news|last=Bernhard|first=Blythe|title=Flips-flops are bad for your sole |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/health/2009356815_flipflophealth19.html|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[Seattle Times]]|date=18 June 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130071212/http://seattletimes.com/html/health/2009356815_flipflophealth19.html|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Design and custom==<br />
[[File:Anatomy of Sandals.svg|right|thumb|Parts of a flip-flop sandal]]<br />
<br />
The modern flip-flop has a straightforward design, consisting of a thin sole with two straps running in a Y shape from the sides of the foot to the gap between the big toe and the one beside it. Flip-flops are made from a wide variety of materials, as were the ancient thong sandals. The modern sandals are made of more modern materials, such as [[rubber]], [[foam]], [[plastic]] (and such as [[PVC]], [[Ethylene-vinyl acetate|EVA]] and [[Thermoplastic elastomer|TPE]]), leather, [[suede]], and even fabric.<ref name="DeMello_Margo"/> Flip-flops made of [[polyurethane]] have caused some environmental concerns; because polyurethane is a [[Resin identification code|number 7 resin]], they can't be easily discarded, and they persist in [[landfill]]s for a very long time.<ref name="Bloch_Michael">{{cite web|last=Bloch|first=Michael|title=Recycling Flip-Flops|date=22 May 2008 |url=http://www.greenlivingtips.com/articles/227/1/Recycling-flip-flops.html|publisher=Green Living Tips|access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> In response to these concerns, some companies have begun selling flip-flops made from recycled rubber, such as that from used bicycle tires, or even [[hemp]],<ref name="Vasil_Adria">{{cite book|last=Vasil|first=Adria|title=Ecoholic: Your Guide to the Most Environmentally Friendly Information, Products and Services In Canada|year=2007|publisher=Random House Canada|location=[[Toronto]]|isbn=978-0-307-36613-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGdK6DSQPUEC&pg=PT83}}</ref> and some offer a recycling program for used flip flops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terracycle.com/en-US/brigades/oldnavy.html|website=terracycle.com|title=Flip-Flop Brigade|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100516/http://www.terracycle.com/en-US/brigades/oldnavy.html|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Gyoda Tabi 2020-11 ac (1).jpg|thumb|Japanese ''tabi'' socks, traditionally white or black, to be worn with ''zōri'' sandals]]<br />
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Because of the strap between the toes, flip-flops are typically not [[socks and sandals|worn with]] [[sock]]s. In colder weather, however, some people wear flip-flops with [[toe socks]] or merely pull standard socks forward and bunch them up between the toes. The Japanese commonly wear ''[[tabi]]'', a type of sock with a single slot for the thong, with their ''[[zōri]]''.<ref name="Sosnoski">{{cite book|last=Sosnoski|first=Daniel|title=Introduction to Japanese Culture|year=2014|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-4805313138|page=|url=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Health issues==<br />
Flip-flops provide the wearer with some mild protection from hazards on the ground, such as sharp rocks, splintery wooden surfaces, hot sand at the beach, broken glass, or even [[fungi]] and [[wart]]-causing viruses in locker rooms or community pool surfaces.<ref name="Marina">{{cite news|last=Csomor|first=Marina|title=Flip-flops present feet with a painful problem|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/18/health/flip-flops-hurting-feet/index.html|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[CNN]]|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> However, walking for long periods in flip-flops can result in pain in the feet, ankles and lower legs<ref name="Kam">{{cite web|last1=Kam|first1=Katherine|title=Flip-Flops Fun but Beware of Foot Pain|url=http://www.webmd.com/beauty/features/flip-flops-fun-but-not-great-for-feet#1|website=WebMD|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> or tendonitis.<ref name="click2houston">{{cite news|title=Doctors Warn About Flip-Flops|url=http://www.click2houston.com/lifestyle/health/Doctors-Warn-About-Flip-Flops/-/2597500/2832894/-/12b55xjz/-/index.html|publisher=Click2Houston.com|access-date=19 July 2012|date=10 October 2011|archive-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118050858/http://www.click2houston.com/lifestyle/health/Doctors-Warn-About-Flip-Flops/-/2597500/2832894/-/12b55xjz/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The flip-flop straps may cause frictional issues, such as rubbing during walking, resulting in blisters,<ref name="Watson">{{cite news|last=Watson|first=Nicole|title=Study: Comfortable flip-flops causing painful health risks|url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/health/study-comfortable-flip-flops-causing-painful-health-risks|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[WFTS-TV|ABC Action News]]|date=18 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814051315/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/health/study-comfortable-flip-flops-causing-painful-health-risks|archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> and the open-toed design may result in stubbed or even broken toes.<ref name="Watson"/><br />
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Individuals with [[flat feet]] or other foot issues are advised to wear a shoe or sandal with better support.<ref name="Willingham">{{cite news|last=Willingham|first=Val|title=Flip-flops aren't always easy on the feet |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/08/06/health.concern.flip.flops/index.html |access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[CNN]]|date=6 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
The American Podiatric Medical Association strongly recommends that people not play sports in flip-flops, or do any type of yard work with or without power tools, including cutting the grass, when they wear these shoes.<ref name="Willingham"/> There are reports of people who ran or jumped in flip-flops and suffered sprained ankles, fractures, and severe ligament injuries that required surgery.<ref name="Kam"/><br />
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Because they provide almost no protection from the sun, on a part of the body more heavily exposed and where sunscreen can more easily be washed off, sunburn can be a risk for flip-flop wearers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/health/health-news/are-your-thongs-a-health-hazardr/news-story/1500cdebb4287acc46612feeead679fd|title=Are your thongs a health hazard?}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
For many [[Latin Americans]], ''la chancla'' (in Spanish) or ''o chinelo'' (in Portuguese) (= the flip-flop), held or thrown, is known to be used as a tool of [[corporal punishment]] by mothers, similar to the use of [[slippers]] for the same purpose in Europe. Poor conduct in public may elicit being struck on the head with a flip-flop. The flip-flop may also be thrown at a misbehaving child. For many children, even the threat of the mother reaching down to take off a flip-flop and hold it in her raised hand is considered enough to correct their behaviour.<ref name=ChanclaDiscipline/> The notoriety of the practice has become an [[Internet meme]] among Latin Americans and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latino immigrants to the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSicdnahJ7o |title=The Secret of La Chancla |last=Rios III |first=Antonio |date= 5 March 2013 |website=YouTube |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/11/04/361205792/la-chancla-flip-flops-as-a-tool-of-discipline |title='La Chancla': Flip Flops As A Tool of Discipline |last=Vidal |first=Juan |date= 4 November 2014 |website=NPR |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> In recent years, the practice has been increasingly condemned as [[physically abusive]]. One essay, "The Meaning of Chancla: Flip Flops and Discipline", seeks to end "chancla culture" in disciplining children.<ref name=ChanclaDiscipline>{{cite web |url=https://www.spanish.academy/blog/the-meaning-of-chancla-flip-flops-and-discipline/ |title=The Meaning of Chancla: Flip Flops and Discipline |last=Dominguez |first= Luis F. |date= 6 April 2021 |website=Spanish Academy |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> The term "avaiana de pau" ({{Langx|en|wooden flip-flop}}, named like [[wooden spoon]]),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aragão |first=Milena |date=2020-04-02 |title=OS MEMES DE HUMOR E A NATURALIZAÇÃO DA VIOLÊNCIA COMO CAMINHO EDUCATIVO |url=https://periodicosgrupotiradentes.emnuvens.com.br/educacao/article/view/4496 |journal=Interfaces Científicas - Educação |language=pt |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.17564/2316-3828.2020v8n3p129-144 |issn=2316-3828|doi-access=free }}</ref> has become a popular [[meme]] in [[Brazil]]ian internet [[Culture of Brazil|culture]], often used to depict exaggerated or humorous scenarios of the mother scolding her son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-08 |title=7 memes antiquíssimos que vão te fazer rir até hoje |url=https://www.techtudo.com.br/listas/2023/04/7-memes-antiquissimos-que-vao-te-fazer-rir-ate-hoje-edsoftwares.ghtml |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=TechTudo |language=pt-br}}</ref> This term gained notoriety through videos and memes created by the Piologo brothers in 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-24 |title=Humorística "Fábrica de Quadrinhos" não terá de indenizar por ... |url=https://www.migalhas.com.br/quentes/267835/humoristica--fabrica-de-quadrinhos--nao-tera-de-indenizar-por-conteudo-supostamente-ofensivo |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Migalhas |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-07-04 |title=Mundo Canibal eleito melhor site de quadrinhos no HQ MIX |url=http://www.jornaldamidia.com.br/noticias/2007/07/04/Caia_na_Rede/Mundo_Canibal_eleito_melhor_site_.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101112813/http://www.jornaldamidia.com.br/noticias/2007/07/04/Caia_na_Rede/Mundo_Canibal_eleito_melhor_site_.shtml |archive-date=1 January 2013 |work=Jornal da Mídia |access-date=19 December 2024 }}</ref> who used it for comedic effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kogawa |first=João Marcos Mateus |date=2012-06-08 |title=Ecos do horror no humor: reflexões a respeito da noção de intericonicidade |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5762297.pdf |journal=Estudos Semióticos |language=pt |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=53–65 |doi=10.11606/issn.1980-4016.esse.2012.49365 |issn=1980-4016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oliveira |first=Érico Fernando de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF49EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22avaiana+de+pau%22&pg=PT4 |title=ELES MATAM CELEBRIDADES: A (des)construção das celebridades na série de TV South Park |date=2021-08-13 |publisher=Estação das Letras e Cores Editora |isbn=978-65-86088-25-0 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tigre |first=Rodrigo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hD5NEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22avaianas+de+pau%22&pg=PT7 |title=Podcast S/A: Uma revolução em alto e bom som |date=2021-11-27 |publisher=Companhia Editora Nacional |isbn=978-65-5881-068-1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><br />
<br />
In India, a chappal is traditionally a leather slipper, but the term has also come to include flip-flops. A mother's corporal punishment was often with a chappal, striking the child on the buttocks, hands or about the head and shoulders.<ref name=Mangalore>{{cite web |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/today/-Chappal-meaning-in-India-on-Google-search-shows-device-used-by-Indian-parents-to-reshape-their-kids.html |title='Chappal meaning in India'on Google search shows device used by Indian parents to reshape their kids |last= |first= |date= 8 August 2020|website=Mangalore Today |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> Throwing a chappal became a video trope, "flying chappal," and "Flying chappal received" an expression by an adult acknowledging that they had been verbally chastised by their parents or other adults.<ref name=Mangalore/><br />
[[File:Jandals for sale NZ op shop.jpg|thumb|Jandals for sale at a New Zealand [[Charity shop|Op Shop]]]]<br />
Flip-flops are "tsinelas" in the Philippines, derived from the Spanish "chinela" (for slipper), and are used to discipline children, but with no mention of throwing. Children play [[Tumbang preso]], which involves trying to knock over a can with thrown flip-flops.<ref name=tsinelas>{{cite web |url=http://thingsasian.com/story/tsinelas |title=Tsinelas! |last=de Jong |first=Ronald |date= 3 September 2013|website=ThinsAsian |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the Los Angeles–based [[Angel City FC]] and [[San Diego Wave FC]] joined the [[National Women's Soccer League]] in [[2022 National Women's Soccer League season|2022]], a leader in an Angel City supporters' group called the new [[Southern California|regional]] rivalry ''La Chanclásico'' as a nod to the region's Hispanic heritage. The rivalry name combines ''chancla'' with ''clásico'' ("classic"), used in Spanish to describe many sports rivalries. The ''Chanclásico'' name quickly caught on with both fanbases, and before the first game between the teams, the aforementioned Angel City supporter created a rivalry trophy consisting of a flip-flop mounted on a trophy base and covered with gold spray paint. The rivalry name was effectively codified via a tweet from Wave and [[United States women's national soccer team|US national team]] star [[Alex Morgan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestriker.com/2022/07/13/chanclasico-rivalry-trophy-angel-city-san-diego-wave |title=The story behind the latest rivalry in Southern California and its trophy |first=Joey |last=Balleweg |work=The Striker |date=July 14, 2022 |access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
As part of [[Q150]] celebrations in 2009 celebrating the first 150 years of Queensland, Australia, the [[Queensland Government]] published a list of 150 cultural icons of Queensland, representing the people, places, events, and things that were significant to [[Queensland]]'s first 150 years. Thongs (as they are known in Australia) were among as the [[List of Queensland's Q150 Icons|Q150 Icons]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bligh |first=Anna |author-link=Anna Bligh |date=10 June 2009 |title=PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS |url=http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524033717/http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |access-date=24 May 2017 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Flip-flops (known in New Zealand as jandals) are considered [[Kiwiana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pickles |first=Katie |date=2020-12-31 |title=Kiwiana is past its use-by date. Is it time to re-imagine our symbols of national identity? |url=https://theconversation.com/kiwiana-is-past-its-use-by-date-is-it-time-to-re-imagine-our-symbols-of-national-identity-149967 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of shoe styles]]<br />
* [[Hnyat-phanat]] (Burmese)<br />
* [[Sandal]]<br />
* [[Slide (footwear)]]<br />
* [[Slipper]]<br />
* [[Slippering]] (corporal punishment)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links |Flip-flops |commons=Category: Flip-flops (footwear) |display=Flip-flops}}<br />
<br />
{{Footwear}}<br />
{{Clothing}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2nd-millennium BC introductions]]<br />
[[Category:Sandals]]<br />
[[Category:1960s fashion]]<br />
[[Category:1970s fashion]]<br />
[[Category:1980s fashion]]<br />
[[Category:1990s fashion]]<br />
[[Category:2000s fashion]]<br />
[[Category:2010s fashion]]<br />
[[Category:2020s fashion]]<br />
[[Category:Australian fashion]]<br />
[[Category:Australian clothing]]<br />
[[Category:Shoes]]<br />
[[Category:Egyptian inventions]]<br />
[[Category:Japanese fashion]]<br />
[[Category:Japanese clothing]]<br />
[[Category:Kiwiana]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand_Sampark_Kranti_Express&diff=445629
Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express
2026-02-10T06:23:32Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express<br />
| logo = <br />
| image = Rajdhani express at NDLS.JPG<br />
| caption = Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express At [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]]<br />
| type = [[Sampark Kranti Express]]<br />
| status = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|03|22}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]<br />
| start = [[Ranchi Junction]] (RNC)<br />
| stops = 7<br />
| end = [[Anand Vihar Terminal]] (ANVT)<br />
| distance = {{convert|1296|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 19 hrs 40 mins<br />
| frequency = Bi-weekly<br />
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| catering = Available<br />
| observation = Large windows<br />
| baggage = Available<br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats<br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} <br/> [[Broad Gauge]]<br />
| trainnumber = 12825 / 12826<br />
| speed = {{convert|66|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
| map = [[File:Jharkhand Samparkkranti Express (NDLS - RNC) Route map.jpg|250px]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 12825 / 12826 '''Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express''' is an Indian Express train.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniket |title=12826/Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express - Anand Vihar Terminal to Ranchi SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-jharkhand-sampark-kranti-express-12826/862/7322/384 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Jyoti |title=12825/Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express (PT) - Ranchi to Anand Vihar Terminal SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-jharkhand-sampark-kranti-express-12825/861/384/7322 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It was introduced along with other [[Sampark Kranti Express]]es during 2003–04.<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
Twice weekly from [[Ranchi]] to [[New Delhi]], the capital of India, via the [[Grand Chord]] route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2023 |title=JHARKHAND SAMPARK KRANTI EXPRESS 12825/12826 |url=https://www.travelkhana.com/rail-infojharkhand-sampark-kranti-express/ |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=www.travelkhana.com/}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Timetable==<br />
* No. 12825 departs from [[Ranchi Junction]] at 23:55 and arrives [[Anand Vihar Terminal]] at 19:35.<br />
* No. 12826 departs from Anand Vihar Terminal at 08:00 and arrives Ranchi Junction at 05:15.<br />
<br />
==Route & halts==<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}'''<br />
* {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Gomoh Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Hazaribagh Road}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}'''<br />
<br />
==Coach composition==<br />
* 1AC+2AC -1 (HA), 2AC-2, 3AC-3, SL-7, PC-1, GEN-4<br />
<br />
== Traction ==<br />
The train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad loco shed]] based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Sampark Kranti Express}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Sampark Kranti Express trains]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Ayyakannu&diff=523307
P. Ayyakannu
2026-02-07T06:54:26Z
<p>Killerhazard: made the entry first draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian farmer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = P Ayyakannu<br />
| birth_name = Ponnusamy Ayyakannu<br />
| birth_date = 1949<br />
| birth_place = [[Musiri]], [[Tiruchirapalli District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Farmer]]<br />
| organization = Desiya Thenidhiya Nathigal Inaippu Vivasayigal Sangam<br />
| children = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ponnusamy Ayyakannu'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Rajinikanth offers Rs1 cr to interlink rivers|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/india/rajinikanth-offers-rs1-cr-to-interlink-rivers.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> is an activist, lawyer and farmer and the chief of the Desiya Thenidhiya Nathigal Inaippu Vivasayigal Sangam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Farmers Start 'Indefinite Protest'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-farmers-start-indefinite-protest-1710093|access-date=2021-01-13|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Protesting Tamil Nadu farmers eat human excreta to draw Centre's attention|url=https://scroll.in/latest/850208/protesting-tamil-nadu-farmers-eat-human-excreta-to-draw-centres-attention|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Ayyakannu">{{cite news|title=Who is P.Ayyakannu ?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/vCtZ0EvTd7FOrBFjbUKzHK/Who-is-P-Ayyakannu.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|publisher=www.livemint.com}}</ref> He led the [[2017 Tamil Nadu farmers' protest]] against the central government at [[New Delhi]], demanding the agricultural loan in cooperative banks to be waived.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cauvery dispute: Madras HC allows farmer leader to stage protest|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/apr/28/cauvery-dispute-madras-hc-allows-farmer-leader-to-stage-protest-1807604.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430131942/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/apr/28/cauvery-dispute-madras-hc-allows-farmer-leader-to-stage-protest-1807604.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2018|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Ayyakannu was born on 1949 in [[Musiri]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] in a family of nine children. He completed his primary education at Musiri Primary School, his higher education at the National High School in Trichy, his [[Pre-university course]] at Jamal Mohammad College, his degree at [[Bishop Heber College]], and completed his law studies at the [[Madras Law College]] during the 1970s. He then began work in agriculture and his profession as a lawyer after receiving his family's inheritance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=யார் இந்த அய்யாக்கண்ணு?|language=ta|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-40236159|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref> His wife and two sons are also advocates.<ref name="Ayyakannu" /><br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
Ayyakkannu contested for the [[Janata Party]] in the Musiri constituency in the 1977 election. He got 15,000 votes despite not winning the election.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In March 2019, he announced that 111 farmers would contest against [[Narendra Modi]] in his [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in protest against the failure of the BJP to deliver on its promises made to farmers during the 2014 election.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Lok Sabha elections: 111 Tamil Nadu farmers to contest against PM Modi in Varanasi|url=https://scroll.in/latest/917646/lok-sabha-elections-111-tamil-nadu-farmers-to-contest-against-pm-modi-in-varanasi|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> On April 8, 2019, he announced that he is not going to contest after a meeting with [[Amit Shah]] and [[Piyush Goyal]] the previous day.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Federal|first=The|date=2019-04-08|title=Ayyakannu to not contest against Modi in Varanasi|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/ayyakannu-to-not-contest-against-modi-in-varanasi/|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activism ==<br />
Initially, Ayyakannu was part of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) affiliated [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]] and acted as its deputy general secretary of Tamil Nadu. He resumed his demonstrations against the central government when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in 2014. He later left the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh and formed his own farmers organization called the Desiya Thenidhiya Nathigal Inaippu Vivasayigal Sangam (National South Indian River Interlinking Agriculturalists Association).<ref name="Ayyakannu" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2018-11-30|title=TN farmers threaten to walk naked to Parliament if demands go unanswered|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/tn-farmers-threaten-to-walk-naked-to-parliament-if-demands-go-unanswered-118113000207_1.html|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2017 Tamil Nadu farmers protest in Delhi===<br />
Tamil Nadu in 2016 suffered severe drought than in 100 years. Many farmers were unable to pay the loans back. Ayyakannu led Protesters in New Delhi and asked the government to abandon the loan they got from the cooperative banks.<ref name="Farmers protest">{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu: Farmers' leader P Ayyakannu alleges BJP is threatening their lives - Bangalore Mirror -|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-farmers-leader-p-ayyakannu-alleges-bjp-is-threatening-their-lives/articleshow/59739169.cms|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=Bangalore Mirror|publisher=bangaloremirror.indiantimes.com}}</ref> These protesters also demanded the establishment and proper functioning of Cauvery River water management, as the Karnataka Government wasn't releasing water for Tamil Nadu, as per the Supreme court order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/ryots-wronged-take-protest-delhi|title = Ryots wronged, take protest to Delhi &#124; India Water Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=விவசாயிகள் போராட்டத்தில் தமிழக விவசாயிகள் எங்கே? அய்யாக்கண்ணு என்ன செய்கிறார்?|language=ta|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-55158120|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Conflict with the Bhartiya Janata Party==<br />
[[H. Raja]] of the Bhartiya Janata Party spoke to the media that Ayyakannu is a fraud. He further tweeted that Ayyakannu was in connection with [[Afzal Guru]] for years. Raja's tweet was criticized by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress, BJP spar over P Ayyakannu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/congress-bjp-spar-over-ayyakannu/articleshow/58453611.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 May 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> Ayyakannu responded by speaking to the media that Raja might even call them Pakistani terrorists if they continue to protest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-11|title=Tamil Nadu farmers warn of 'bigger demo'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110517/tamil-nadu-farmers-warn-of-bigger-demo.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> In July 2017, Ayyakannu told journalists that he and the protesters had received hundreds of calls from BJP workers from different districts, including [[Karur]] and [[Thanjavur]], threatening them that if they refused to give up their protest, they would be run over by a car or a lorry. He also accused H Raja as the one behind the threat calls. He said that a threat call was received from a person close to Raja and has filed a complaint with the Delhi police and Trichy police.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emmanuel|first=Gladwin|date=Jul 24, 2017|title=Tamil Nadu: Farmers' leader P Ayyakannu alleges BJP is threatening their lives|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-farmers-leader-p-ayyakannu-alleges-bjp-is-threatening-their-lives/articleshow/59739169.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-25|title=Ayyakannu accuses BJP of threatening farmers|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2017/07/25010131/1039617/Ayyakannu-accuses-BJP-of-threatening-farmers.vpf|access-date=2021-01-13|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2018, the BJP Women's Wing district secretary allegedly slapped Ayyakannu after an argument while he was distributing pamphlets during his 100-day rally where the farmers distributed pamphlets which demanded loan waivers and pension for elderly farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-09|title=Scuffle breaks out between farmer leader P Ayyakannu, female BJP worker in TN temple|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090318/scuffle-breaks-out-between-farmer-leader-p-ayyakannu-female-bjp-worke.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Farmer Leader Slapped By BJP Worker For Allegedly Using Abusive Language|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/farmer-leader-slapped-by-bjp-worker-for-allegedly-using-abusive-language-1821771|access-date=2021-01-13|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Tamil Nadu farmers' protest]]<br />
[[Category:1949 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitali_Mukherjee_(journalist)&diff=517937
Mitali Mukherjee (journalist)
2026-02-06T05:36:28Z
<p>Killerhazard: made first bio w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian journalist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Mitali Mukherjee<br />
| image = Mitali Mukherjee (Business Journalist).jpg<br />
| caption = Mitali Mukherjee (Business Journalist)<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|12|06|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Ambala, Haryana, India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication|IIMC]]<br />
| occupation = Journalist<br />
| years_active = 2000–present<br />
| website = mitalimukherjee.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mitali Mukherjee''' (born 6 December 1979) is an Indian news anchor and financial journalist.<ref name="ifcci">[https://www.ifcci.org.in/events/our-speakers/s/speaker/mitali-mukherjee.html Mitali Mukherjee, Consulting Business Editor at Editorji Technologies]</ref> She is currently the Director of the [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]] and its Director of Journalist Programmes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/mitali-mukherjee|title=Mitali Mukherjee|website=reutersinstitute.ox.ac.uk|accessdate=11 May 2024}}</ref><br />
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She was news editor and key anchor of [[CNBC TV18]].<ref name="sbs">[https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/more-than-70-percent-of-the-workforce-in-indian-journalism-would-be-women SBS Bangla: More than 70 percent of the workforce in Indian journalism would be women]</ref><ref name="cnbctv">[https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/watch-this-day-12-years-ago-sensex-welcomed-upa-2-by-hitting-double-upper-circuits-9339431.htm CNBCTV18: Watch: This day 12 years ago, Sensex welcomed UPA 2 by hitting double upper circuits]</ref> She was previously with The [[TV Today]] group, [[BBC World]] and [[Doordarshan]]. She has also consulted with ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', the [[World Bank]] and ''[[The Indian Express]]''.<ref name="ted1">[https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/27483 TEDxSIULavale: x = independently organized TED event]</ref><ref name="lm1">[https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/budget-2021-getting-india-back-on-the-growth-track-11610323026710.html Mint: Budget 2021 – Getting India back on the growth track]</ref> as well as ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]''.<ref name="tw1">[https://thewire.in/author/mitali-mukherjee The WIRE: Mitali Mukherjee]</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencespo.fr/en/news/to-kill-the-coronavirus-we-have-to-kill-the-economy SciencesPo], Prof. Philippe Martin</ref><ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/mitali-mukherjee-shares-her-experience-on-covid-20-news18debrief-cnn-news18/vp-BB1fWlTk Mitali Mukherjee Shares Her Experience On Covid 2.0] MSN.</ref><br />
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==Early life==<br />
Mitali was born in [[Ambala]], Haryana. She attended The Army Public School in New Delhi.<ref name="sbs" /> She then graduated in Political Science Honours from Delhi University and was awarded a gold medal. Post-graduation, Mitali went to [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication|Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC)]] under the Ministry of I&B where she specialised in TV and Broadcast Journalism.<ref>[https://www.ted.com/talks/mitali_mukherjee_the_evolving_assets_mitali_mukherjee_tedxsiulavale The Evolving Assets], TED.</ref><br />
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==Career==<br />
From 2004, Mitali was Markets and News Editor at CNBC TV18, where she anchored the flagship show, Bazaar, Business Lunch and Closing Bell. She resigned in 2014.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/udayan-s-bull-run-reaches-exhaustion-point-113071200026_1.html Udayan's bull run reaches exhaustion point], Business Standard.</ref><br />
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In 2016, she co-founded MoneyMile<ref>[https://sheroes.com/articles/takecharge-of-your-finances-with-the-moneymile/NTExMg== TakeCharge Of Your Finances With The MoneyMile], Sheroes.</ref><ref>[https://www.mediainfoline.com/special/firstpost-ropes-vivek-law-mitali-mukherjee-budget-2018-show Firstpost Ropes In Vivek Law And Mitali Mukherjee For Its Budget 2018 Show], Media Infoline.</ref> a digital video platform where her core focus was sharing financial investing advise to help women become financially independent and empowered. <br />
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Mitali has been Consulting Business Editor at ''The Wire'', a left-leaning anti-establishment portal in India.<ref>[https://www.moneyfront.in/blogs/on-this-womens-day-we-celebrate-35-power-women-of-finance-industry/ On this Women's day We Celebrate 35 Power Women of Finance Industry], MoneyFront.</ref><ref name="tw1" /><br />
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In 2022 Mukherjee joined the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism as head of Journalist Programmes. She was named the institute's Acting Director in 2024, following the departure of previous director [[Rasmus Kleis Nielsen]]. In 2025, she was appointed Director of the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian journalist Mitali Mukherjee named Director of the Reuters Institute|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/indian-journalist-mitali-mukherjee-named-director-reuters-institute|website=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism|date=2025-04-08|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Reception==<br />
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=== Awards and Achievements ===<br />
Mitali has been a vocal supporter of financial freedom for women.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/womens-power-summit-on-march-7/article31004798.ece Women's Power summit on March 7], The Hindu.</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/a-push-for-change/article31013983.ece A push for change], The Hindu.</ref> She has spoken at many gatherings on gender equity.<ref>[https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/videos-podcasts/ Centre for Economic Data and Analysis], Covid Impact: Why Are Women Being Left Behind in the Vaccination Campaign?.</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/genderand-economic-policy-the-gender-bend-women-employment/ Economic Policy – the Gender Bend], The Indian Express.</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/women-are-paid-less-yes-this-is-old-news/ Women are paid less. Yes, this is old news], The Indian Express.</ref> Mitali is a Chevening fellow for the South Asia Journalism Fellowship 202. She is also a TEDx speaker,<ref>[https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/27483 Speakers], TED.</ref> Raisina AFGG (Asian Forum for Global Governance) Young Fellow<ref>[https://www.orfonline.org/orf-afgg-2020/ The Raisina Young Fellows Programme], ORF|AFGG.</ref><ref>[https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/projects/gp-e-books/alpha-century-viral-world-raisina-young-fellows-speak From Alpha Century to Viral World: The Raisina Young Fellow], Global Policy.</ref> and Steering Committee member of AIYD (Australia India Youth Dialogue).<ref name="aiyd">[https://www.aiyd.org/aiyd-2018/panelist-2018/mitali-mukherjee/ Australia India Youth Dialogue]</ref> Also Get International Award [[:bn:ড_এম_এ_ওয়াজেদ_মিয়া_স্বর্ণপদক|Dr M A Wazed Miah International Gold Medal]]<br />
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=== Book ===<br />
Mukherjee wrote a book titled ''Crypto Crimes'' in 2024 which was published by [[Harper Collins]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Book Review {{!}} Lost in the Blockchain: ‘Crypto Crimes’ Fails to Decipher the Code |url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/book-review-lost-in-the-blockchain-crypto-crimes-fails-to-decipher-the-code-8926578.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> While reviewing her book for ''[[News18]],'' columnist Harshil Mehta observed that the book "gives a feel of a reporter’s diary or some journalistic assignment. Many stories could have been kept short, and others presented in a more engaging manner. The author’s lack of deep expertise is evident in the frequent reliance on quotes and news reports, even for basic information, which disrupts the flow of the narrative."<ref name=":0" /><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Mitali}}<br />
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:1979 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisnuwardhana&diff=545806
Wisnuwardhana
2026-02-03T14:42:44Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Javanese king}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Wisnuwardhana<br />
| title = Sri Jayawisnuwarddhana Sang Mapanji Seminingrat Sri Sakala Kalana Kulama Dhumardana Kamaleksana<br/>(ꦯꦿꦶꦗꦪꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦤꦸꦮꦂꦢ꧀ꦝꦤꦱꦁꦩꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦶꦱꦺꦩꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀ꦱꦿꦶꦱꦏꦭꦏꦭꦤꦏꦸꦭꦩꦝꦸꦩꦂꦢꦤꦏꦩꦭꦺꦏ꧀ꦱꦤ)<br />
| image = File:013 King Wisnuwardhana (38617993410).jpg<br />
| caption = Statue of [[Amoghapāśa]], representing King Wisnuwardhana as [[Bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]] from [[Jago Temple]], [[Tumpang, Malang]].<br />
| reign = 1248 – 1268<br />
| predecessor = [[Anusapati]]<br />
| successor = [[Kertanagara]]<br />
| birth_place = Tumapel Palace<br />
| death_date = 1270/1272<br />
| death_place = [[Singhasari Palace]]<br />
| burial_place = {{unbulleted list<br />
| [[Mleri Temple]], [[Srenget, Blitar]], [[East Java]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = Prastiwi<br />
| first = Devira C<br />
| title = Candi Mleri dan Segenap Misterinya, Penampakan Macan Putih hingga Silang Sengkarut Keturunan Ken Arok<br />
| url = https://news.okezone.com/read/2022/01/11/337/2530159/candi-mleri-dan-segenap-misterinya-penampakan-macan-putih-hingga-silang-sengkarut-keturunan-ken-arok<br />
| website = Okezone.com<br />
| date = January 11, 2022<br />
| access-date = November 11, 2025<br />
}}</ref> <br />
| [[Jago Temple]], [[Tumpang, Malang]], [[East Java]]<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Kuswanto<br />
| first = <br />
| author-link = <br />
| title = Relief Cerita Bersifat Hindu di Candi Jago Kabupaten Malang<br />
| url = https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/30739/1/Relief%20Cerita%20bersifat%20Hindu%20di%20Candi%20Jago.pdf<br />
| publisher = Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jawa Timur (BPCB Jatim)<br />
| year = 2017<br />
| location = Mojokerto<br />
| format = PDF<br />
| access-date = November 11, 2025<br />
| page = <br />
}}</ref> }}<br />
| spouse = Jayawardhani<br />
| issue = {{unbulleted list<br />
| [[Kertanagara]]<br />
| Turukbali (wife of [[Jayakatwang]])<br />
| Putri Tapasi }}<br />
| full name = Nararya Sminingrat<br />
| regnal name = Sri Jayawisnuwarddhana Sang Mapanji Seminingrat Sri Sakala Kalana Kulama Dhumardana Kamalekasana<br />
| posthumous name = Bhattara Parameswara<br />
| dynasty = Rajasa dynasty<br />
| father = [[Anusapati]]<br />
| religion = Hindu–Buddhist<br />
}}<br />
'''Wisnuwardhana''', also known as Jayawisnuwardhana (died in Singhasari, 1270/1272<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Hardjowardojo<br />
| first = R. Pitono<br />
| title = Serat Pararaton<br />
| url = https://www.academia.edu/5501332/Serat_Pararaton_Drs_R_Pitono_Hardjowardojo<br />
| publisher = Bharatara<br />
| year = 1965<br />
| page = 36<br />
| access-date = November 11, 2025<br />
}}</ref>), alias '''Nararya Seminingrat''', was king of Tumapel from 1248 until his death in 1268 under the regnal title: Śrī Jayawisnuwarddhana Sang Mapāñji Seminingrat Śrī Sakala Kalana Kulama Dhumardana Kamalekṣana. (According to the Maribong inscription, dated 1248.)<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last = <br />
| first = <br />
| author = Tim Redaksi Kompas.com<br />
| title = Isi Prasasti Maribong, Peninggalan Kerajaan Singasari<br />
| url = https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/11/05/110000379/isi-prasasti-maribong-peninggalan-kerajaan-singasari?lgn_method=google&google_btn=onetap<br />
| website = Kompas.com<br />
| date = November 5, 2023<br />
| access-date = November 11, 2025<br />
}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-reg}}<br />
{{s-bef | before = [[Anusapati]] }}<br />
{{s-ttl | title = King of Tumapel / Singhasari | years = 1248 – 1268 }}<br />
{{s-aft | after = [[Kertanagara]] }}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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<br />
<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:1270s deaths]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yijing_(monk)&diff=470221
Yijing (monk)
2026-01-29T20:47:43Z
<p>Killerhazard: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Chinese Buddhist monk (635–713 CE)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Yijing<br />
| image = Yi Jing.JPG<br />
| caption = Artist impression of Yijing<br />
| birth_date = 635{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| birth_place = Fanyang ([[Yanjing]]), [[Tang Empire]]<br />
| death_date = 713{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| death_place = [[Chang'an]] (now [[Xi'an]])<br />
| occupation = [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]], traveler<br />
| module = {{Infobox religious biography<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| education = [[Nalanda]]<br />
| religion = [[Buddhism]]<br />
| teacher = Shi Huen{{clarify|date=February 2019}}<br />
| spouse = <br />
| parents = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese <br />
|pic = Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia.jpg<br />
|caption=Excerpt of a scroll from Yijing's ''[[Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia]]''. [[Tenri, Nara]], [[Japan]]<br />
|t={{linktext|義|淨}} |s={{linktext|义|净}} <br />
|p=Yìjìng |w=I-ching<br />I Ching |l=<br />
|altname=Buddhist title<br />
|t2={{linktext|三藏|法|師|義|淨}} |s2={{linktext|三藏|法|师|义|净}}<br />
|p2=Sānzàng Fǎshī Yìjìng |w2=San-tsang Fa-shih I-ching |l2=[[Tripitaka]] [[Dharma]]-Master Yijing<br />
|altname3=Zhang Wenming<br />
|t3={{linktext|張|文|明}} |s3={{linktext|张|文|明}}<br />
|p3=Zhāng Wénmíng |w3=Chang Wên-ming<br />
}}<br />
[[File:YiJingMap2.jpg|thumb|right|Yijing's travel map of the 7th century.]]<br />
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]]|lang=Chinese}}<br />
'''Yijing'''<!--Chinese in infoboxes; see [[WP:MOS-ZH]]--> (635–713{{nbsp}}CE), formerly [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as {{nowrap|'''I-ching'''}} or {{nowrap|'''I-tsing'''}},<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Schoff |editor-first=Wilfred Harvey |title=[[:s:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] |date=1912 |page=[[:s:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea/Notes#213|213]] |publisher=Commercial Museum |location=Philadelphia }}.</ref> born '''Zhang Wenming''', was a [[Tang dynasty|Tang-era]] [[Chinese people|Chinese]] [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] and renowned travel writer. His account of his travels are an important source for the history of the medieval kingdoms along the [[maritime Silk Road|sea route]] between China and India, especially [[Srivijaya]] in [[Indonesia]]. He also gave accounts of the [[Gupta Period]] in ancient India. A student of the Buddhist university at [[Nālandā]] (now in [[Bihar]], India), he was also responsible for the translation of many [[Buddhist texts]] from [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] into [[Chinese language|Chinese]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Yijing was born {{nowrap|Zhang Wenming}} in 635 CE and was ordained as a monk at the age of 20. Growing up, he was an admirer of both [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]] who both achieved fame travelling in India. In 671 he began his journey to India travelling along the "[[Maritime Silk Road]]" which took him through much of [[South East Asia]]. When he finally reached India he visited the main [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India|sites associated with the life of the Buddha]] and then came to the famed monastery of [[Nalanda]] where he remained for the next ten years.<ref name=Princeton>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lopez |first=Donald |date= |title=Yijing |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-5122?rskey=cR5gdT&result=2 |encyclopedia=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
Yijing also wrote in his travelogue that an emperor by the name of "Che-li-ki-to" had built a Buddhist monastery in [[Bengal]] 500 years ago. Che-li-ki-to is identified as [[Gupta (king)|Sri Gupta]], however Yijing's account is largely wrong, as it goes against the dates proposed for Sri Gupta. However, he should not be taken literally as he was just "stating the tradition told to him by older men".<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.S. Tripathi |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000rstr |title=History of Ancient India |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, India |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-208-0018-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Filliozat |first=Jean |url=http://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000unse_e4k8 |title=Political history of India from the earliest times to the 7th centuary [sic] A.D |date=1957 |publisher=Calcutta, S. Gupta (India) Ltd |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Many modern scholars reject his account of the Buddhist monastery as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.S. Tripathi |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000rstr |title=History of Ancient India |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, India |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-208-0018-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Filliozat |first=Jean |url=http://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000unse_e4k8 |title=Political history of India from the earliest times to the 7th centuary [sic] A.D |date=1957 |publisher=Calcutta, S. Gupta (India) Ltd |others=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />
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After completing his studies in Nalanda, he began his journey back to [[China]] by travelling through South East Asia, arriving in the [[Srivijaya]] realm (modern [[Sumatra]]). He remained here for some time to continue his studies and described the monks of this region as being [[Theravada]]s.<ref name= Princeton /> It was during his time here that he began to compose his travelogue which was the A [[Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea|Nanhai Jigui Neifa Zhuan]] (''Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea''). He also engaged in translation work while in Srivijaya. In 689, after running out of supplies, he briefly returned to China to retrieve paper and ink before returning to Srivijaya.<ref name= Princeton /><br />
<br />
In 695, he completed all translation works and finally returned to China at [[Luoyang]] and received a grand welcome back by Empress [[Wu Zetian]]. His total journey took 25 years. He brought back some 400 Buddhist texts translated into Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T540204c.htm |title=南海寄歸內法傳 ''Account of Buddhism sent from the South Seas'' |access-date=8 July 2006 |archive-date=23 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223162818/http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T540204c.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510006c.htm |title=大唐西域求法高僧傳 ''Buddhist Monk's Pilgrimage of the Tang Dynasty'' |access-date=8 July 2006 |archive-date=23 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223162559/http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510006c.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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The ''[[A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea]]'' and ''Buddhist Monk's Pilgrimage of the Tang Dynasty'' are two of Yijing's best travel diaries, describing his adventurous journey to Srivijaya and India, reporting on the society of India, the lifestyles of various local peoples, and more.<ref name= Princeton /><br />
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==Distribution of Buddhist traditions==<br />
In the great majority of areas in India, Yijing writes that there were followers of both "vehicles" (Skt. ''[[Yana (Buddhism)|Yana]]''), with some Buddhists practicing according to the [[Hinayana]] and others practicing according to the [[Mahayana]].<ref>Yijing. Takakusu, J. (tr.) ''A Record of the Buddhist Religion As Practiced in India and the Malay Archipelago.'' 1896. p. xxv</ref> He describes northern India and most of the islands of the South Seas (i.e. [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], etc.) as principally "Hīnayāna." In contrast, the Buddhists in China and Malayu are described as principally following the Mahāyāna.<ref>Yijing. Takakusu, J. (tr.) ''A Record of the Buddhist Religion As Practiced in India and the Malay Archipelago.'' 1896. p. xxv</ref><br />
<br />
Yijing wrote about relationship between the various "vehicles" and the [[early Buddhist schools]] in India. He wrote, "There exist in the West numerous subdivisions of the schools which have different origins, but there are only four principal schools of continuous tradition." These schools are namely the [[Mahāsāṃghika]], [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthavira]], [[Mulasarvastivada]], and [[Saṃmitīya]] nikāyas.<ref>Walser, Joseph (2005) ''Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture'': pp. 41</ref> Explaining their doctrinal affiliations, he then writes, "Which of the four schools should be grouped with the Mahāyāna or with the Hīnayāna is not determined." That is to say, there was no simple correspondence between a [[Monasticism|monastic]] sect and whether its members learned "Hīnayāna" or "Mahāyāna" teachings.<ref>Walser, Joseph (2005) ''Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture'': pp. 41-42</ref><br />
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==Buddhism in Srivijaya==<br />
{{Main|Srivijaya}}<br />
[[File:Yi Jing Srivijaya 1.jpg|right|thumb|A depiction of Yijing displayed at the ''Kedatuan Sriwijaya'' temporary exhibition, [[National Museum of Indonesia]] <small>(November 2017)</small>]]<br />
Yijing praised the high level of Buddhist scholarship in Srivijaya (modern-day [[Sumatra]]) and advised Chinese monks to study there prior to making the journey to Nalanda in India.<br />
{{blockquote|In the fortified city of Bhoga, Buddhist priests number more than 1,000, whose minds are bent on learning and good practice. They investigate and study all the subjects that exist just as in India; the rules and ceremonies are not at all different. If a Chinese priest wishes to go to the West in order to hear and read the original scriptures, he had better stay here one or two years and practice the proper rules....}}<br />
Yijing's visits to Srivijaya gave him the opportunity to meet with others who had come from other neighboring islands. According to him, the [[Java]]nese kingdom of Ho-ling ([[Kalingga Kingdom]]) was due east of the city of Bhoga at a distance that could be spanned by a four or five days' journey by sea. He also wrote that Buddhism was flourishing throughout the islands of Southeast Asia. "Many of the kings and chieftains in the islands of the Southern Sea admire and believe in Buddhism, and their hearts are set on accumulating good actions."<br />
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==Translations into Chinese==<br />
Yijing translated more than 60 texts into Chinese, including:<br />
* ''Mūlasarvāstivāda [[Vinaya]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|一切有部毗奈耶}})<br />
* ''[[Golden Light Sutra]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|金光明最勝王經}}) in 703<br />
* ''[[Diamond Sutra]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|能斷金剛般若波羅蜜多經}}, T. 239) in 703<br />
* ''Sūtra of the Original Vows of the Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Radiance and the Seven Past Buddhas'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|藥師琉璃光七佛本願功德經}}, T. 451), in 707<br />
* ''[[Avadana]]s'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|譬喻經}}) in 710<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|China|Religion}}<br />
* [[Faxian]]<br />
* [[Chinese Buddhism]]<br />
* [[A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea]]<br />
* [[Song Yun]]<br />
* [[Xuanzang]]<br />
* [[Vikramashila]]<br />
* [[Hyecho]]<br />
* [[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]<br />
* [[Wang ocheonchukguk jeon]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* Dutt S, ''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India'', with the translation of passages (given by Latika Lahiri to S. Dutt, see note 2 p.&nbsp;311) from Yijing's book: ''Buddhist Pilgrim Monks of Tang Dynasty'' as an appendix. London, 1952<br />
* I-Tsing, ''A Record of the Buddhist Religion : As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695)'', Translated by J. Takakusu, Clarendon press 1896. Reprint. New Delhi, AES, 2005, {{ISBN|81-206-1622-7}}. [https://archive.org/details/arecordbuddhist00takagoog Internet Archive]<br />
* I-Tsing, ''Chinese Monks in India, Biography of Eminent Monks Who Went to the Western World in Search of the Law During the Great tang Dynasty'', Translated by Latika Lahiri, Delhi, etc.: Motilal Banarsidass, 1986<br />
* Sen, T. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140713172856/http://www.fom.sg/tours/ChinesePilgrims.pdf The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing], Education About Asia 11 (3), 24-33<br />
* Weerawardane, Prasani (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140713174328/http://microsite.nl.sg/PDFs/BiblioAsia/BIBA_0502Jul09.pdf#page=14 Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas and Transcendence], biblioasia 5 (2), 14-18<br />
* Yijing, Rongxi, Li, transl. (2000). [https://bdkamerica.org/product/buddhist-monastic-traditions-of-southern-asia/ A Record of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas](pdf available on the page), Berkeley CA: Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai. {{ISBN|1-886439-09-5}}.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://www.buddhanet.net/bodh_gaya/bodh_gaya01.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201023125/http://www.buddhanet.net/bodh_gaya/bodh_gaya01.htm |date=1 December 2018 }}<br />
* http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/iranian_cultural_impact_southeastasia.php<br />
<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
{{Chinese travellers}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yijing (monk)}}<br />
[[Category:635 births]]<br />
[[Category:713 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese scholars of Buddhism]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century Buddhist monks]]<br />
[[Category:8th-century Buddhist monks]]<br />
[[Category:Tang dynasty translators]]<br />
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit–Chinese translators]]<br />
[[Category:Tang dynasty Buddhist monks]]<br />
[[Category:Pilgrimage accounts]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Jinan]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese religious writers]]<br />
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century Chinese writers]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century translators]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese translators]]<br />
[[Category:Srivijaya]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivamandhatruvarma&diff=535133
Shivamandhatruvarma
2026-01-28T11:42:18Z
<p>Killerhazard: started new info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| title = '''Dharmamahārājadhirāja'''<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| succession = King of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba Kingdom]]<br />
| reign = c. 460 - 475 CE<br />
| predecessor = [[Santivarma]]<br />
| successor = [[Mrigeshavarma]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = <br />
| house = [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]<br />
| father = <br />
}}<br />
{{Banavasi Kadamba Kings Infobox}}<br />
<br />
'''Shivamandhatruvarma''' ({{reign|460|475}}) was a [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba king]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=T |first1=Dr.Manjanna |title=Kadambas of Banavasi – The First Empire of Karnataka |journal=International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews |date=2015 |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=https://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D2840.pdf |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=369}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{citation |last=Karashima |first=Noboru |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Moraes |first=George M. |authorlink=George M. Moraes |year=1931 |title=The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22295 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0595-0 }}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kadamba kings]]<br />
[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_BRICS_summit&diff=469197
8th BRICS summit
2026-01-13T09:16:15Z
<p>Killerhazard: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2016 international summit in Goa, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox summit meeting<br />
| name = 8th BRICS summit<br />
| other_titles = <br />
| logo = <br />
| image = BRICS 2016 (34595562635).jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| date = 15–16 October 2016<br />
| motto =<br />
| venues = Taj Exotica<ref>{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|title=BRICS summit: Red carpet rolled out at Taj Exotica|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/brics-summit-red-carpet-rolled-out-at-taj-exotica-116101300637_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=14 October 2016|date=13 October 2016}}</ref><br />
| cities = [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]]<br />
| participants = {{BRA}}<br>{{RUS}}<br>{{IND}}<br>{{CHN}}<br>{{ZAF}}<br /> '''Guest invitees''': <br /> [[BIMSTEC]] members <br />
| chairperson = [[Narendra Modi]], [[prime minister of India]]<br />
| follows = [[7th BRICS summit|8th]]<br />
| precedes = [[9th BRICS summit|9th]]<br />
| compactnav = yes<br />
| website = <br />
| keypoints =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2016 BRICS summit''' was the [[BRICS#Summits|eighth]] annual [[BRICS]] summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of country or heads of government of the five member countries [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[China]] and [[South Africa]]. The summit was held from 15 to 16 October 2016 at the Taj Exotica hotel in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], India.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26558/Unveiling_of_Indias_BRICS_Logo_and_Launch_of_BRICS_Website_by_External_Affairs_Minister|title=Unveiling of India’s BRICS Logo and Launch of BRICS Website by External Affairs Minister}}</ref> India holds the chair of the BRICS from February 2016 to December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-india-to-chair-brics-summit-in-2016-2103283|title=India to chair BRICS Summit in 2016 - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/New-Delhi-to-Host-2016-BRICS-Summit/2015/07/10/article2912208.ece1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714164648/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/New-Delhi-to-Host-2016-BRICS-Summit/2015/07/10/article2912208.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2015|title=New Delhi to Host 2016 BRICS Summit}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-chair-2016-brics-summit-trade-fair-film-festival-football-tournament-on-cards-2335600.html|title=India to chair 2016 BRICS summit; Trade fair, film festival, football tournament on cards - Firstpost|date=9 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
In July 2015, during the [[7th BRICS summit]], it was announced that [[India]] will host the 8th BRICS summit in 2016.<ref name="firstpost.com"/> In March 2016, [[Goa]] was announced as the venue of the summit.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/><br />
<br />
==Participants==<br />
{{See also|List of BRICS summit attendees}}<br />
[[File:Joint photo session before the start of the 2016 BRICS summit in Goa.jpg|thumb|Group photo of BRICS leaders before the start of the summit.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |'''[[BRICS|BRICS members]]'''<br><small>Host state and leader are shown in bold text.</small><br />
|- style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan=2 | Member<br />
<br />
! Represented by<br />
! Title<br />
|-<br />
! {{flagicon|BRA}}<br />
| [[Brazil]]<br />
| [[Michel Temer]]<br />
| [[President of Brazil|President]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{flagicon|RUS}}<br />
| [[Russia]]<br />
| [[Vladimir Putin]]<br />
| [[President of Russia|President]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| '''[[India]]'''<br />
| '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''<br />
| '''[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]'''<br />
|-<br />
! {{flagicon|CHN}}<br />
| [[China]]<br />
| [[Xi Jinping]]<br />
| [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{flagicon|RSA}}<br />
| [[South Africa]]<br />
| [[Jacob Zuma]]<br />
| [[President of South Africa|President]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sideline events==<br />
The first BRICS film festival was held at [[New Delhi]] from 2 to 6 September 2016. The five-day film festival screened four films each from the participating States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/brics-film-festival-delhi-bahubali-cinemawaala-veeram-338667-2016-09-01|title=Why you should not miss first BRICS Film Festival in Delhi}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com"/><br />
<br />
The environment ministers of BRICS states held a meeting on 16 September in Goa and they agreed on a [[memorandum of understanding]] and announced the setting up of a joint working group institutionalising their mutual cooperation on environment related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/brics-to-set-up-joint-working-group-for-environment-issues/article9115446.ece|title=BRICS to set up joint working group for environment issues|date=16 September 2016|via=The Hindu}}</ref> The agriculture ministers of BRICS nations held a meeting on 23 September in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/brics-favours-removal-of-farm-subsidies-692181-2016-09-23|title=BRICS favours removal of farm subsidies}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first trade fair of the BRICS countries, was held at [[Pragati Maidan|Pragati Maidan exhibition ground]], [[New Delhi]] from 12 to 14 October.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/first-brics-trade-fair-gets-underway-in-delhi-1473334|title=First BRICS Trade Fair Gets Underway in Delhi}}</ref> Controversially, China skipped the event over trade barriers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151016/india-to-build-brics-against-pakistan-terror.html|title=India to build BRICS against Pakistan, terrorism|date=15 October 2016}}</ref> but was read in the [[media in India]] as a snub amidst a diplomatic row following the latter's veto over India's request to name [[JeM]] leader [[Masood Azhar]] to the UN as a "designated terrorist."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/h074H8BmzsTgo2Jh1eE3xK/At-UN-China-twice-blocked-Indias-bid-to-ban-JeM-chief-Maso.html|title=Why is Masood Azhar so important to China?|first=Elizabeth|last=Roche|date=16 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup|first BRICS U-17 Football Cup]] was held at Goa from 5 to 15 October.<br />
<br />
==Summit==<br />
A statement was issued that read the member states "strongly condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and stressed that there can be no justification whatsoever."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/statement-on-terror-in-brics-declaration-goa-2016-vs-ufa-2015/story-T7bSPtVhn8qnuBbCsT1xSN.html|title=Statement on terror in BRICS declaration: Goa 2016 vs Ufa 2015|date=17 October 2016}}</ref> The group had also decided to set up a credit rating agency at some point in the future. They also called on the BRICS' [[New Development Bank]] to focus on funding specific development priorities and to create a network of angel investors. Other agreements included to set up research centres in the fields of agriculture, railways and a BRICS sports council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/brics-to-set-up-credit-rating-agency-says-pm-modi-1474973|title=BRICS To Set Up Credit Rating Agency, Says PM Modi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[final communique]] focused on promoting "international norms that promote stability and inclusion in common spaces." It suggested that with "mega-regional trading agreements have significantly altered the discourse on cross-border trade, the summit stressed the need for co-operation in crucial matters relating to [[intellectual property]] rights and the digital economy." They also highlighted the "centrality" to the [[WTO]] trading system, but their endorsement this year is significant. It further reflected a moment in the group's history, which has seen "alternative" powers weighing on the side of liberal, multilateral trading institutions that were conceived by the West. Digital spaces were referred to beyond Internet governance alone, but also to keep cyberspace open for commerce and prevent its "stratification" by exclusive trading regimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/brics-remains-on-course-for-bigger-more-effective-projects-in-the-years-to-come/story-fdXP6Pqkr10oEKmdHRKbGK.html|title=BRICS remains on course for bigger, more effective projects in the years to come|date=17 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amongst other independent statements, Jinping issued a statement that read: "The global economy is still going through a treacherous recovery. Because of the impact of both internal and external factors, BRICS countries have somewhat slowed down in economic growth and have faced a number of new challenges in development."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/international/brics-summit-xi-warns-global-economy-in-precarious-state_1940620.html|title=BRICS summit: Xi warns global economy in precarious state|date=16 October 2016}}</ref> He further warned against a backlash to [[globalisation]]: "At present the deep-seated impact of the international financial crisis is still unfolding...deep-seated imbalances that triggered the financial crisis. Some countries are getting more inward-looking in their policies. Protectionism is rising and forces against globalisation are posing an emerging risk."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/chinese-president-xi-jinping-warns-of-globalisation-backlash-at-brics-summit_1940585.html|title=Chinese President Xi Jinping warns of globalisation backlash at BRICS summit|date=16 October 2016}}</ref> Modi also stated that BRICS were a beacon of peace and promise.<ref><br />
{{Cite web |url=http://inewstoday.net/2016/10/pm-modi-lauds-brics-as-a-beacon-of-peace-and-promise/ |title=PM Modi lauds BRICS as a beacon of peace and promise |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018183302/http://inewstoday.net/2016/10/pm-modi-lauds-brics-as-a-beacon-of-peace-and-promise/ |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==BRICS-BIMSTEC Summit==<br />
[[File:Before the meeting of BRICS leaders with heads of delegations of BIMSTEC member states, 2016.jpg|thumb|Group photo of BRICS leaders with heads of delegations of BIMSTEC member states before their meeting.]]<br />
Leaders of [[BIMSTEC]] member countries were invited by India, to hold a joint summit with the BRICS for the latter's regional outreach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/boost-to-bimstec-meeting-with-top-regional-leaders-attending/article9050771.ece|title=Boost to BIMSTEC meeting with top regional leaders attending|first=Kallol|last=Bhattacherjee|date=30 August 2016|via=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Representatives of the BIMSTEC states in attendance<br />
*{{flagu|Bangladesh}} - [[Sheikh Hasina]], [[Prime minister of Bangladesh|Prime minister]]<br />
*{{flagu|Bhutan}} – [[Tshering Tobgay]], [[Prime Minister of Bhutan|Prime minister]]<br />
*{{flagu|Myanmar}} – [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], [[State Counsellor of Myanmar|State Counsellor]]<br />
*{{flagu|Nepal}} – [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]], [[Prime Minister of Nepal|Prime minister]]<br />
*{{flagu|Sri Lanka}} – [[Maithripala Sirisena]], [[President of Sri Lanka|President]]<br />
*{{flagu|Thailand}} – Virasakdi Futrakul, Vice-Minister{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Bilateral meetings==<br />
Modi was due to meet Putin and Jinping the day before the summit started.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/pm-modi-meet-xi-jinping-and-vladimir-putin-goa-today-402|title=PM Modi to meet Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin in Goa today - The Asian Age}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the way to the summit, Jinping stopped in Bangladesh and oversaw deals worth US$13.6 billion being signed, as well as US$20 billion in loan agreements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/54865402.cms|title=Bangladesh, China firms ink multi-billion dollar deals as Xi Jinping ends tour - The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the summit, India and Myanmar's representatives met in New Delhi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-myanmar-to-enhance-security-trade-ties/article9240270.ece|title=India, Myanmar agree to enhance ties in a range of areas, including security and trade|date=19 October 2016|via=The Hindu}}</ref> and signed three MOUs: on cooperation in the power sector; on banking supervision between the Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of Myanmar; and on designing an academic and professional building programme for the insurance industry of Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-Myanmar-sign-three-agreements/articleshow/54936201.cms|title=India, Myanmar sign three agreements|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
On the issue of militancy there was controversy, particularly in light of the aftermath of the [[2016 Uri attack]] and the [[2016 Kashmir unrest]]. While Modi said that BRICS members "agreed that those who nurture, shelter, support and sponsor such forces of violence and terror are as much a threat to us as the terrorists themselves." The final communique did not mention such a consensus or the words "nurture," "shelter" or "sponsor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/brics-summit-why-china-and-russia-did-not-name-pakistan-on-terrorism-3087651/|title=BRICS Summit: Why China and Russia did not name Pakistan on terrorism|date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/South-Asian-tension-will-dominate-BRICS-summit/articleshow/54846635.cms|title=South-Asian tension will dominate BRICS summit|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018062951/http://www.businessinsider.in/South-Asian-tension-will-dominate-BRICS-summit/articleshow/54846635.cms|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> China also did not budge on its stance over both rejecting India's bid for membership in the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] and over the UNSC veto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ahead-of-Xi-Jinpings-visit-China-refuses-to-budge-on-Indias-NSG-bid-Masood-Azhars-banning/articleshow/54856302.cms|title=Ahead of Xi Jinping's visit, China refuses to budge on India's NSG bid, Masood Azhar's banning|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Pakistan said that Indian leaders were misleading BRICS members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magseriesusa.net/2016/10/17/defiant-pakistan-says-modi-is-misleading-brics-bimstec/|title=Defiant Pakistan says Modi is misleading BRICS, BIMSTEC colleagues|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020180914/http://magseriesusa.net/2016/10/17/defiant-pakistan-says-modi-is-misleading-brics-bimstec/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> China's Foreign Ministry spokeswoman [[Hua Chunying]] said that China would support its "all-weather ally" amid a campaign by India to isolate Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/china-defends-all-weather-friend-pakistan-after-modi-s-mother-ship-of-terror-remark/story-Wf2JFcZ0k9pnboXs8DNxPJ.html|title=China defends 'all-weather' ally Pak after Modi calls it 'mothership of terror'|date=17 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Social media]] in India also called for a boycott of China amid the controversies over the UNSC veto, but Modi sought to further trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/819189/indians-want-to-boycottchina-but-prime-minister-modi-wants-just-the-opposite-more-trade|title=Indians want to #BoycottChina but Prime Minister Modi wants just the opposite – more trade|first=Mayank|last=Jain}}</ref> The [[Tibetan Youth Congress]] also protested outside China's embassy in New Delhi. Its President [[Tenzin Jigme]] issued a statement that read: "As long as the occupation continues, as long as the communist government continues with their hardline stance and policies, ignoring the cries of the Tibetan people, the struggle and resistance of Tibetans will continue. [China must stop its] illegal occupation [of Tibet]." He also expressed concern over the "current critical situation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tibetan-activists-protest-outside-chinese-embassy-delhi-before-xi-jinping-visit-699585|title=Tibetan activists protest outside Chinese embassy in Delhi before Xi Jinping visit and after that indian people started boycotting chinese products|first=Asmita|last=Sarkar}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Leaders==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Presidente Michel Temer em Pronunciamento à Nação 1 (cortada).jpg|{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Brazil]]'''<br>[[Michel Temer]], [[President of Brazil|President]]<br />
File:Vladimir Putin - 2012.jpg|{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Russia]]'''<br />[[Vladimir Putin]], [[President of Russia|President]]<br />
File:PM Modi Portrait(cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]'''<br />'''[[Narendra Modi]], <br />[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] (Host)'''<br />
File:Xi jinping Brazil 2013.png|{{flagicon|China}} '''[[China]]'''<br />[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]]<br />
File:Malcolm Turnbull and Jacob Zuma in Jakarta 2017 11 cropped.jpg|{{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[South Africa]]'''<br />[[Jacob Zuma]], [[President of South Africa|President]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{BRICS|state=autocollapse}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:BRICS summit, 08}}<br />
[[Category:BRICS summits|08]]<br />
[[Category:2016 conferences]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in international relations]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]<br />
[[Category:October 2016 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Benaulim]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amarendra_Nayak&diff=485837
Amarendra Nayak
2026-01-05T22:14:06Z
<p>Killerhazard: put up the post initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2003)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Amarendra Nayak''' (born 21 March 2003)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Amarendra Nayak (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/252198-amarendra-nayak#career-stats |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian basketball player from [[Odisha]]. He plays for the [[India men's national basketball team]] and for the [[Chandigarh]] and [[Indian Railways]] team in the domestic tournaments as a forward. He also plays 3x3 basketball and represented Panjim Thunderbots in the 2024 Goa Basketball League 3x3.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=FIBA3x3 Confirmed profile - Amarendra Nayak |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/embed/players/fe7af9c8-4909-4adf-9dc4-af0123aa2a70/activity |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Play.FIBA3x3.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Nayak is from [[Cuttack]], Odisha but resides in Chandigarh. He is the son of Swarnalatha and Satyabrata Naya, a former Odisha basketball player. Due to his father's Railway job, he spent his childhood in Kolkata but later moved to Chandigarh. He is educated at Sri Guru Gobind College, Chandigarh. In 2022, he joined Indian Railways. He never played for his home state, Odisha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Orisports Personalities - Amarendra Nayak |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTY1Ng== |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=OriSports.com}}</ref> He is a Grade A player and received monthly remuneration from [[Basketball Federation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Federation of India to offer monthly remuneration to top 40 players |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/bfi-to-offer-monthly-remuneration-to-top-40-players-3250530 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Nayak captained the Chandigarh team which won a silver medal at the 71st Junior National Basketball Championship in Indore in January 2022.<ref name=":2" /> He also represented Indian Railways in the 4th 3x3 Senior National Basketball Championship 2024 held in January 2025.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
He played for the junior India team in the [[FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship|FIBA U16 Asian Championship]] SABA Qualifier in 2019. He made his senior India debut against Jordan at the 2021 [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]] 2023 Asian Qualifiers in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkat |first=Rahul |date=26 August 2022 |title=FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 Asian Qualifiers: India go down 80-64 to Jordan |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/fiba-basketball-world-cup-2023-asian-qualifiers-2nd-round-india-vs-jordan |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> He represented the Indian senior team in the 2022 FIBA Asia Cup<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Asia Cup 2022: Odisha Basketballer Amarendra Nayak Makes India cut |url=https://odishabytes.com/asia-cup-2022-odisha-basketballer-amarendra-nayak-makes-india-cut/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Odisha Bytes |language=en-GB}}</ref> and the [[FIBA Asia Cup]] 2025 qualifiers held at Kazakhstan and New Delhi in February 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-20 |title=Amritpal to lead India for Asia Cup basketball qualifiers in Kazakhstan, New Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/amritpal-to-lead-india-for-asia-cup-basketball-qualifiers-in-kazakhstan-new-delhi/articleshow/107839968.cms |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Gopalakrishnan |title=FIBA Asia Cup 2025 Qualifiers: India Men's Preliminary Roster Announced |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/fiba-asia-cup-2025-qualifiers-india-142 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Sports links}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Amarendra}}<br />
[[Category:2003 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]<br />
[[Category:Basketball players from Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_Women_Commission&diff=486475
Andhra Pradesh Women Commission
2025-12-28T06:30:18Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| agency_name = Andhra Pradesh State Commission for Women<br />
| nativename = <br />
| nativename_r = <br />
| type = Commission<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| seal = <br />
| seal_width = <br />
| seal_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| formed = February 2016 in residuary Andhra Pradesh<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| preceding2 = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| headquarters = 4th Floor, MGM Capital, Chinakakani, NH, Mangalagiri, Guntur District. Pin : 522503.<ref name="apcw ref1">{{cite web |title=List of State Women Commissions |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Andhra_Pradesh |website=List of State Women Commissions |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = <br />
| minister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister1_name = <br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister2_name = <br />
| deputyminister2_pfo = <br />
| chief1_name = Vacant<br />
| chief1_position = <br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <br />
| chief3_name = <br />
| chief3_position = <br />
| chief4_name = <br />
| chief4_position = <br />
| chief5_name = <br />
| chief5_position = <br />
| chief6_name = <br />
| chief6_position = <br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <br />
| website = {{Official website| http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Andhra_Pradesh}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| chief7_name = <br />
| chief7_position = <br />
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| parent_department = <br />
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| keydocument1 = <br />
| keydocument2 = <br />
| keydocument3 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Andhra Pradesh State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted as per the A.P. Women's Commission Act-1998 as amended by Act No.9 of 2023 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.<br />
<br />
== History and objectives ==<br />
<br />
Andhra Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community. <br />
<br />
The commission was created with the following objectives:<br />
<br />
* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.<br />
<br />
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.<ref name="apcw ref4">{{cite news |title=Working to reduce bias towards women in society: Andhra Women's Commission chairperson |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/jan/01/working-to-reduce-bias-towards-women-in-society-andhra-womens-commission-chairperson-2401845.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=New Indian Express |date=1 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.<br />
<br />
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.<br />
<br />
== Composition ==<br />
<br />
The Women Commission shall consist of the chairperson and not more than 6 members residing in the state. The statute lays down qualifications for the appointment of the Chairperson and Members of the Commission. <br />
* A Chairperson, shall be eminent women committed to cause of welfare of women<br />
* Six Members to be nominated by the State, provided that at least one Member each shall be from amongst persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward classes and Minorities Communities respectively<br />
<br />
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.<br />
== Public response ==<br />
In February 2018, women’s organisations in [[Visakhapatnam]] staged protests seeking action against [[Ram Gopal Varma]] over alleged derogatory remarks, with media reports noting that protesters expressed dissatisfaction with delays by local police and criticised the response of the Andhra Pradesh State Commission for Women, after which a case was registered and an investigation initiated.<ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Police file case against film director Ram Gopal Varma after Vizag woman activist’s complaint<br />
|work=The New Indian Express<br />
|date=22 February 2018<br />
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Feb/22/police-file-case-against-film-director-ram-gopal-varma-after-vizag-woman-activists-complaint-1777124.html<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
<br />
Andhra Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:<br />
<br />
* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under Constitution of India and women related legislations.<ref name="apcw ref3">{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh: State to take care of children of woman who committed suicide |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/230921/andhra-pradesh-state-to-take-care-of-children-of-woman-who-committed.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.<br />
<br />
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.<br />
<br />
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<br />
<br />
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.<br />
<br />
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.<br />
<br />
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.<br />
<br />
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.<br />
<br />
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.<br />
<br />
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.<br />
<br />
== List of Chairpersons ==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan="3"|Term of office<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| Tripurana Venkataratnam<br />
| 5 June 2013<br />
| 1 June 2014<br />
||{{Ayd|5 June 2013|1 June 2014}}<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| Nannapaneni Rajakumari<br />
| 10 February 2016<br />
| 7 August 2019 <br />
||{{Ayd|10 February 2016|7 August 2019}}<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| Vasireddy Padma<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajjala Venkata Lakshmi vs The State Of Ap on 3 October, 2024 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/104225273/}}</ref> <br />
| 26 August 2019 <br />
| 4 March 2024<br />
||{{Ayd|26 August 2019|4 March 2024}}<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| Gajjala Venkata Lakshmi<ref name="Gajjala Venkata Lakshmi appointed AP Mahila Commission Chairperson">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Gajjala Venkata Lakshmi appointed AP Mahila Commission Chairperson |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gajjala-venkata-lakshmi-appointed-ap-mahila-commission-chairperson/article67957717.ece |access-date=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527150657/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gajjala-venkata-lakshmi-appointed-ap-mahila-commission-chairperson/article67957717.ece |archive-date=27 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
| 16 March 2024<br />
| 25 August 2024 <br />
||{{Ayd|16 March 2024|25 August 2024}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| Dr. Rayapati Sailaja<ref name="Rayapati Sailaja assumes charge as Chairperson of Andhra Pradesh State Women’s Commission">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Rayapati Sailaja assumes charge as Chairperson of Andhra Pradesh State Women’s Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rayapati-shailaja-assumes-charge-as-chairperson-of-andhra-pradesh-state-womens-commission/article69593529.ece |access-date=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527150701/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rayapati-shailaja-assumes-charge-as-chairperson-of-andhra-pradesh-state-womens-commission/article69593529.ece |archive-date=27 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Rayapati Sailaja takes charge as Andhra Pradesh state women’s commission chairperson">{{cite news |title=Rayapati Sailaja takes charge as Andhra Pradesh state women’s commission chairperson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rayapati-sailaja-takes-charge-as-andhra-pradesh-state-womens-commission-chairperson/articleshow/121274608.cms |access-date=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=20 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527150720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rayapati-sailaja-takes-charge-as-andhra-pradesh-state-womens-commission-chairperson/articleshow/121274608.cms |archive-date=27 May 2025}}</ref><br />
| 19 May 2025 <br />
| <br />
||{{ayd|19 May 2025}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Related Articles ==<br />
<br />
[[National Commission for Women]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Andhra_Pradesh Official Website]<br />
<br />
<!-- Categories --><br />
<br />
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
[[Category:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Commissions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_(para_rower)&diff=486663
Anita (para rower)
2025-12-19T08:04:48Z
<p>Killerhazard: put up initial stub needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Anita''' (born 5 March 1995)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita |url=https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/-anita_2497715 |access-date=2024-09-06 |work=[[Paris 2024 Paralympics]]}} ([https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/-anita_2497715 alternate link], [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024-paralimpicos/atleta/-anita_2497715 alternate link 2])</ref> is an Indian para rower from [[Rajasthan]]. She qualified for the [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Summer Paralympics]] along with Narayana Konganapalle at the World Rowing Asian and Oceanian Olympic and Paralympic Qualification 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2024-04-22 |title=Paris 2024: Landmine blast survivor Narayana Konganapalle combines with Anita to secure Paralympic quota in rowing |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/paris-2024-narayana-anita-secure-paralympics-quota-para-rowing-mixed-double-sculls-indian-army-landmine-blast-news/article68094720.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She won a silver medal in the PR3 mixed doubles sculls earlier, along with Narayana, at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=Accident amputee Anita and landmine blast survivor Narayana combine to secure India's first Paralympic rowing qualification |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paralympics-rowing-india-army-anita-narayana-paris-2024-9282365/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Para Asian Games: Indian rowers Anita, Narayana Konganapalle bag silver in PR3 Mixed Doubles Sculls |url=https://telanganatoday.com/para-asian-games-indian-rowers-anita-narayana-konganapalle-bag-silver-in-pr3-mixed-doubles-sculls |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-28 |title=Indian para athletes create history with a record-breaking 111 medals at Hangzhou Asian Para Games |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/indian-para-athletes-create-history-with-a-record-breaking-111-medals-at-hangzhou-asian-para-games/articleshow/104774270.cms |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Anita is a road accident amputee.<ref name=":0" /> She is coached by Subedar Mohammed Azad at the Army Rowing Node in Pune.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anita}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1995 births]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic rowers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
[[Category:Rowers at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female rowers]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Karnataka_local_elections&diff=466707
2021 Karnataka local elections
2025-12-14T02:19:59Z
<p>Killerhazard: improve formatting for clarity and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Elections in the Indian state}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
Elections to [[Local government in Karnataka|Local Bodies]] in [[Karnataka]] are conducted once in five years to elect the representatives to the Urban and Rural local bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Formation and Constitution of Rural local bodies|url=http://tnrd.gov.in/pract/chapter_III.htm|publisher=Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elections to Local Bodies in Tamil Nadu|url=http://tnsec.tn.nic.in/about_us/introduction.html|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref> These elections are conducted by [[Karnataka State Election Commission]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Conduct of Local Body Election in Tamil Nadu|url=http://tnsec.tn.nic.in/about_us/constitution.html|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 2011 Karnataka local elections<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election =[[2020 Karnataka local elections]]<br />
| previous_year = [[2020 Karnataka local elections|2020]]<br />
| next_election = [[2022 Karnataka local elections]]<br />
| next_year = [[2022 Karnataka local elections|2022]]<br />
| outgoing_members = <br />
| elected_members = <br />
| seats_for_election = All elected seats in the [[Local government in Karnataka|local bodies]]<br />
| majority_seats = <br />
| opinion_polls = <br />
| registered = <br />
| turnout = <br />
| election_date = 3 September<br />
}}<br />
Elections were held in [[Karnataka]] on 3 September 2021 for the chairs and council members of all [[Local government in Tamil Nadu|local bodies]] in the state. To the three levels of urban local bodies.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 October 2011|title=AIADMK sweeps local body elections|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2558264.ece|access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref><br />
== Urban Local bodies ==<br />
<br />
=== Schedule ===<br />
The schedule of the election was announced by the State Election Commission on 11 August 2021.<ref name="b">{{cite news|url=https://karsec.gov.in/LatestUpdatesHandler.ashx?id=693&cat=COMMON|date=7 September 2021|title=Urban Local body Elections, Karnataka|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> It announced that polling would be held in a single phase on 3 September and that results would be declared on 6 September.<ref name="c">{{cite news|url=https://karsec.gov.in/LatestUpdatesHandler.ashx?id=692&cat=COMMON|date=7 September 2021|title=Urban Local body Elections, Karnataka|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> It also declared that the provisions of the [[Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct|Model Code of Conduct]] "came into force with immediate effect" with the said announcement.<ref name="d">{{cite news|url=https://karsec.gov.in/LatestUpdatesHandler.ashx?id=691&cat=COMMON|date=7 September 2021|title=Urban Local body Elections, Karnataka|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Event<ref name="a">{{cite news|url=https://karsec.gov.in/LatestUpdatesHandler.ashx?id=694&cat=COMMON|date=7 September 2021|title=Urban Local body Elections, Karnataka|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><br />
!Date<br />
!Day<br />
|-<br />
|Date for Notification<br />
|16 August 2021<br />
|Monday<br />
|-<br />
|Last date for filing nominations<br />
|23 August 2021<br />
|Monday<br />
|-<br />
|Date for scrutiny of nominations<br />
|24 August 2021<br />
|Tuesday<br />
|-<br />
|Last date for withdrawal of candidatures<br />
|26 August 2021<br />
|Thursday<br />
|-<br />
|Date of poll<br />
|'''3 September 2021'''<br />
|Sunday<br />
|-<br />
|Date of repoll ''(If necessary)''<br />
|5 September 2021<br />
|Sunday<br />
|-<br />
|Date of counting<br />
|'''6 September 2021'''<br />
|Monday<br />
|-<br />
|Date before which the election shall be completed<br />
|6 September 2021<br />
|Monday<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== City Corporations (Mahanagara Palikes) ===<br />
<br />
==== Number of Contestants ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Candidates at City Corporations<ref name="e">{{cite news|url=https://karsec.gov.in/LatestUpdatesHandler.ashx?id=697&cat=COMMON|date=7 September 2021|title=Urban Local body Elections, Karnataka|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><br />
! rowspan="2" |Sl No<br />
! rowspan="2" |District<br />
! rowspan="2" |Local Body Name<br />
! rowspan="2" |Total Wards<br />
! colspan="15" |Candidates by Party<br />
! rowspan="2" |Total<br />
|-<br />
![[BJP]]<br />
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
![[JD (S)]]<br />
![[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]<br />
![[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
![[Uttama Prajakeeya Party|UPP]]<br />
![[AIMIM]]<br />
![[SDPI]]<br />
![https://krsparty.org/ KRSP]<br />
![[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|KSS]]<br />
![[Welfare Party of India|WPI]]<br />
![[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br />
!KJSP<br />
![[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br />
|[[Belagavi Mahanagara Palike|Belagavi City Corporation]]<br />
|58<br />
|55<br />
|45<br />
|11<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|27<br />
|1<br />
|7<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|238<br />
|385<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]<br />
|[[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation|Hubballi-Dharwad Mahanagara Palike]]<br />
|82<br />
|82<br />
|82<br />
|49<br />
|7<br />
|1<br />
|41<br />
|11<br />
|12<br />
|4<br />
|4<br />
|4<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|122<br />
|420<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]<br />
|[[Kalaburagi Mahanagara Palike|Kalaburagi City Corporation]]<br />
|55<br />
|47<br />
|55<br />
|45<br />
|6<br />
|2<br />
|26<br />
|0<br />
|20<br />
|10<br />
|4<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|83<br />
|300<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''''Total'''''<br />
|195<br />
|184<br />
|182<br />
|105<br />
|13<br />
|3<br />
|94<br />
|12<br />
|39<br />
|15<br />
|8<br />
|4<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|443<br />
|1105<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Results ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Results at City Corporations<ref name="f">{{cite news|url=https://karsec.gov.in/LatestUpdatesHandler.ashx?id=90&cat=PR|date=7 September 2021|title=Urban Local body Elections, Karnataka|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="g">{{cite news|url=https://karsec.gov.in/LatestUpdatesHandler.ashx?id=698&cat=COMMON|date=7 September 2021|title=Urban Local body Elections, Karnataka|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><br />
! rowspan="2" |Sl No<br />
! rowspan="2" |District<br />
! rowspan="2" |Local Body Name<br />
! rowspan="2" |Total Wards<br />
! rowspan="2" |Polling booths<br />
! colspan="4" |Number of Voters<br />
! rowspan="2" |Results by Party<br />
! colspan="5" |Total<br />
! rowspan="2" |Poll Percentage<br />
|-<br />
!Male<br />
!Female<br />
!Third gender<br />
!Total<br />
![[BJP]]<br />
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
![[JD (S)]]<br />
![[AIMIM]]<br />
![[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br />
|[[Belagavi Mahanagara Palike|Belagavi City Corporation]]<br />
|58<br />
|415<br />
|213,526<br />
|214,838<br />
|0<br />
|428,364<br />
|50.41<br />
|'''35'''<br />
|10<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|12<br />
|58<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]<br />
|[[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation|Hubballi-Dharwad City Corporation]]<br />
|82<br />
|837<br />
|403,497<br />
|407,954<br />
|86<br />
|811,537<br />
|53.81<br />
|39<br />
|33<br />
|1<br />
|3<br />
|6<br />
|82<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]<br />
|[[Kalaburagi Mahanagara Palike|Kalaburagi City Corporation]]<br />
|55<br />
|533<br />
|258,775<br />
|260,543<br />
|146<br />
|519,464<br />
|49.40<br />
|23<br />
|27<br />
|4<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|55<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''''Total'''''<br />
|195<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|97<br />
|70<br />
|5<br />
|4<br />
|19<br />
|195<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== City Municipal Councils (Nagarasabhes) ===<br />
<br />
==== Poll Percentage ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Poll Percentage in City Municipal Councils<br />
! rowspan="2" |Sl No<br />
! rowspan="2" |District<br />
! rowspan="2" |Local body Name<br />
! rowspan="2" |Total Wards<br />
! rowspan="2" |Polling booths<br />
! colspan="4" |Number of Voters<br />
! rowspan="2" |Poll Percentage<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ward Number<br />
|-<br />
!Male<br />
!Female<br />
!Third gender<br />
!Total<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru Rural]]<br />
|[[Doddaballapura City Municipal Council]]<br />
|31<br />
|63<br />
|33,016<br />
|33,191<br />
|0<br />
|66,207<br />
|75.80<br />
|1 to 31<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bidar district|Bidar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[http://www.bidarcity.mrc.gov.in/en Bidar City Municipal Council]<br />
| rowspan="2" |2<br />
| rowspan="2" |10<br />
| rowspan="2" |5,065<br />
| rowspan="2" |4,923<br />
| rowspan="2" |3<br />
| rowspan="2" |9,991<br />
| rowspan="2" |68.13<br />
|26<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]]<br />
|[http://www.bhadravathicity.mrc.gov.in/en Bhadravathi City Municipal Council]<br />
|1<br />
|4<br />
|1,878<br />
|1,857<br />
|0<br />
|3735<br />
|64.27<br />
|29<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Town Municipal Council (Purasabhe) ===<br />
<br />
==== Poll Percentage ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Poll Percentage in Town Municipal Council<br />
! rowspan="2" |Sl No<br />
! rowspan="2" |District<br />
! rowspan="2" |Local body Name<br />
! rowspan="2" |Total Wards<br />
! rowspan="2" |Polling booths<br />
! colspan="4" |Number of Voters<br />
! rowspan="2" |Poll Percentage<br />
|-<br />
!Male<br />
!Female<br />
!Third gender<br />
!Total<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]]<br />
|[http://www.tarikeretown.mrc.gov.in/en Tarikere Town Municipal Council]<br />
|23<br />
|28<br />
|14,313<br />
|14,977<br />
|0<br />
|29,290<br />
|74.22<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== By Polls ===<br />
====Poll Percentage====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Poll Percentage and Results in Urban Local bodies By Polls<br />
!rowspan="2" |Sl No<br />
!rowspan="2" |District<br />
!rowspan="2" |Local body Name<br />
!rowspan="2" |Local body type<br />
!rowspan="2" |Poll Percentage<br />
!rowspan="2" |Total Wards<br />
!rowspan="2" |Ward Number<br />
!colspan="4" |Results by Party<br />
|-<br />
![[BJP]]<br />
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
![[JD (S)]]<br />
![[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Mysore district|Mysuru]]<br />
|[[Mysore City Corporation|Mysuru City Corporation]]<br />
|[[Municipal corporation|City Corporation]]<br />
|64.49<br />
|1<br />
|36<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]]<br />
|[http://www.mudholcity.mrc.gov.in/en Mudhol City Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipal council (India)|City Municipal Council]]<br />
|60.72<br />
|1<br />
|18<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]]<br />
|[http://www.bilagitown.mrc.gov.in/en Bilagi Town Panchayat]<br />
|[[Town Panchayat]]<br />
|70.76<br />
|1<br />
|14<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]]<br />
|[http://www.mahalingapuratown.mrc.gov.in/en Mahalingapura Town Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Town Municipal Council]]<br />
|81.37<br />
|1<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]]<br />
|[http://www.terdaltown.mrc.gov.in/en Terdal Town Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipality|Town Municipal Council]]<br />
|73.92<br />
|1<br />
|3<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |6<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[http://www.somwarpettown.mrc.gov.in/en Somwarpet Town Panchayat]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Town Panchayat]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |73.05<br />
| rowspan="2" |2<br />
|1<br />
|rowspan="2" |2<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]<br />
|[[Virajpet Town Panchayat]]<br />
|[[Town Panchayat]]<br />
|76.47<br />
|1<br />
|13<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Uttara Kannada]]<br />
|[http://www.dandelicity.mrc.gov.in/en Dandeli City Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipal council (India)|City Municipal Council]]<br />
|56.62<br />
|1<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |9<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[http://www.waditown.mrc.gov.in/en Wadi Town Municipal Council]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Municipality|Town Municipal Council]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |53.26<br />
| rowspan="2" |2<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|rowspan="2" |2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |10<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bidar district|Bidar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[http://www.basavakalyancity.mrc.gov.in/en Basavakalyan City Municipal Council]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Municipal council (India)|City Municipal Council]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |67.49<br />
| rowspan="2" |2<br />
|11<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Kolar district|Kolar]]<br />
|[http://www.robertsonpetcity.mrc.gov.in/en Robertsonpet City Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipal council (India)|City Municipal Council]]<br />
|73.64<br />
|1<br />
|12<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]<br />
|[http://www.hariharcity.mrc.gov.in/en Harihar City Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipal council (India)|City Municipal Council]]<br />
|66.82<br />
|1<br />
|14<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br />
|[http://www.raibagtown.mrc.gov.in/en Raibag Town Panchayat]<br />
|[[Town Panchayat]]<br />
|73.68<br />
|1<br />
|9<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br />
|[http://www.saundattitown.mrc.gov.in/en Saundatti Town Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Town Panchayat|Town Municipal Council]]<br />
|80.88<br />
|1<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Koppal district|Koppal]]<br />
|[http://www.kustagitown.mrc.gov.in/en Kustagi Town Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipality|Town Municipal Council]]<br />
|75.42<br />
|1<br />
|16<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Gadag district|Gadag]]<br />
|[http://www.mulagundatown.mrc.gov.in/en Mulagunda Town Panchayat]<br />
|[[Town Panchayat]]<br />
|79.59<br />
|1<br />
|18<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]<br />
|[http://www.ramanagaracity.mrc.gov.in/en Ramanagara City Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipal council (India)|City Municipal Council]]<br />
|70.09<br />
|1<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Vijayapura district|Vijayapura]]<br />
|[http://www.basavanabagewaditown.mrc.gov.in/en Basavana Bagewadi Town Municipal Council]<br />
|[[Municipality|Town Municipal Council]]<br />
|73.67<br />
|1<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Elections in India]]<br />
* [[2018 elections in India]]<br />
* [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci/eci.html Election Commission of India]<br />
* [http://www.business-standard.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-elections-2018 Karnataka Assembly Elections 2018]<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka Karnataka Elections 2018]<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-2018/election-commission-defers-election-in-rr-nagar-to-may-28/article23854425.ece]<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka elections}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:September 2021 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Local elections in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:2021 elections in India]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mundakayam&diff=469612
Mundakayam
2025-12-13T03:41:46Z
<p>Killerhazard: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mundakayam<br />
| other_name = Doorway to highrange<br />
| settlement_type = town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Mundakayam Town<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|32|15|N|76|53|5|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
<!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = Mundakayam Grama Panchayat<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 54<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 38,445<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 686513<br />
| area_code = 04828<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = KL-34<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Pathanamthitta<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mundakayam''', is a town in [[Kanjirappally]] Taluk in the [[Kottayam District]] of [[Kerala]]. It is the doorway to the high ranges of southern Kerala, and is at the border of Kottayam and [[Idukki]] districts. The next nearest town, [[Kanjirappally]], is {{cvt|14|km|mi}} & [[Erumely]] is 12&nbsp;km from Mundakayam. Mundakayam has [[rubber]] plantations, and greenery. The [[Manimala River]] runs through Mundakayam. It is located 48&nbsp;km east of the district headquarters at Kottayam and 148&nbsp;km from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. The name Mundakayam is said to be derived from the Mundi [[Crane (bird)|crane]]s that used to be seen along the [[Manimala]] River banks.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
{{Unsourced section|date=August 2024}}<br />
Mundakayam is a land of [[coffee]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] and natural [[rubber]]. An All India [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] & Industrial Exhibition was held here in 1967 which was inaugurated by Hindi film maker Sunil Dutt.<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
Mundakayam is part of [[Poonjar]] Constituency for [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Elections and part of [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for Indian General Elections. Sebastian Kulathunkal (LDF, Kerala Congress) is the sitting MLA. [[Anto Antony]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] is the MP representing Mundakayam.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Local schools include St. Joseph's Central School and Junior College and [[John Joseph Murphy Memorial Higher Secondary School]], [[Yendayar]]. <!---♦♦♦ Only add a school to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<br />
==Government Institutions==<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*Mundakayam Post Office<br />
*Mundakayam Police Station <br />
*Government General Hospital Mundakayam<br />
*[[Public Works Department|PWD]] Guest House<br />
*[[BSNL]] Office<br />
*[[Kerala Water Authority]] Office<br />
*[[KSEB]] Office<br />
*Village Office<br />
*[[Krishi Bhavan]]<br />
*Central Excise Office, Mundakayam<br />
*Excise Range Office, Mundakayam<br />
*Thiruvithamcoor Devaswam Board Commissioner Office, Mundakayam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Notable temples ==<br />
* [[Parthasarathy Temple, Mundakkayam]]<br />
* [[Valliyamkavu Devi Temple]], Paloorkkavu<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Mundakayam<br />
| metric first = yes<br />
| single line = yes<br />
| Jan high C = 32<br />
| Feb high C = 32<br />
| Mar high C = 33<br />
| Apr high C = 33<br />
| May high C = 32<br />
| Jun high C = 30<br />
| Jul high C = 29<br />
| Aug high C = 29<br />
| Sep high C = 30<br />
| Oct high C = 30<br />
| Nov high C = 30<br />
| Dec high C = 31<br />
| Jan low C = 22<br />
| Feb low C = 23<br />
| Mar low C = 25<br />
| Apr low C = 25<br />
| May low C = 25<br />
| Jun low C = 24<br />
| Jul low C = 23<br />
| Aug low C = 24<br />
| Sep low C = 24<br />
| Oct low C = 24<br />
| Nov low C = 24<br />
| Dec low C = 23<br />
| Jan precipitation mm = 22<br />
| Feb precipitation mm = 39<br />
| Mar precipitation mm = 60<br />
| Apr precipitation mm = 155<br />
| May precipitation mm = 320<br />
| Jun precipitation mm = 636<br />
| Jul precipitation mm = 596<br />
| Aug precipitation mm = 397<br />
| Sep precipitation mm = 292<br />
| Oct precipitation mm = 326<br />
| Nov precipitation mm = 210<br />
| Dec precipitation mm = 52<br />
| Jan precipitation days = 1<br />
| Feb precipitation days = 2<br />
| Mar precipitation days = 3<br />
| Apr precipitation days = 7<br />
| May precipitation days = 10<br />
| Jun precipitation days = 21<br />
| Jul precipitation days = 20<br />
| Aug precipitation days = 17<br />
| Sep precipitation days = 13<br />
| Oct precipitation days = 12<br />
| Nov precipitation days = 8<br />
| Dec precipitation days = 3<br />
| unit precipitation days = 0.1&nbsp;mm<br />
| source = [http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/kerala/kottayam.php Weather2Travel]<br />
| date = May 2012<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
<!---♦♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Thilakan]] - Prominent [[Malayalam film]] actor - an Indian film and stage actor who has starred in over 200 Malayalam films<br />
* [[Joseph Abraham]] - Athlete - won the [[400m Hurdles]] Gold for [[India]] at 2010 [[Guangzhou Asian Games]]<br />
*[[Seema G. Nair]] - supporting actresses in Malayalam cinema and serials<br />
<br />
==Nearby places of interest==<br />
<br />
===Nearest towns===<br />
* [[Kanjirapally]] 14&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Erumeli]] 12&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Erattupetta]] 26&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] 35&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Pathanamthitta]] 46&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Kottayam]] 54&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Thodupuzha]] 56&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Thiruvalla]] 60&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Changanacherry]] 58&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Kumily]] 55&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Kattappana]] 58&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Manimala]] 29&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
===Nearby taluks===<br />
* [[Kanjirappally]] 14&nbsp;km<br />
* Azhutha 24&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Vazhoor]] 28&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] 30&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
===Nearest airports===<br />
* [[Cochin International Airport]] 105&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Trivandrum International Airport]] 155&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
===Nearest railway stations===<br />
* [[Kottayam Railway Station]] 51&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Changanacherry railway station]] 53&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Tiruvalla railway station]] 56&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[T. F. Bourdillon]], British planter, botanist and forest conservator who visited Mundakkayam in late 19th century<br />
* [[Kottayam]]<br />
* [[Kanjirappally]]<br />
* [[Ponkunnam]]<br />
* [[Kuttikkanam]]<br />
* [[Koottikkal]]<br />
* [[Yendayar]]<br />
* [[Sabarigiri International Airport]]<br />
* All India Consumer Price Index<br />
* [[Kattappana]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{commons category|Mundakayam}}<br />
{{Kottayam district}}<br />
{{Central Travancore}}<br />
<br />
[https://www.facebook.com/Mundakkayam-180097588740530/ '''Mundakayam Facebook page''']<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Kottayam-geo-stub}}</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMIS_Gondwana&diff=501747
HMIS Gondwana
2025-12-12T18:23:56Z
<p>Killerhazard: creating new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Modified Flower-class corvette in Indian Navy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
|image=HMS Burnet FL7282.jpg<br />
|image_caption=''Burnet'' underway<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/career<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|country=United Kingdom<br />
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}<br />
|name=''Burnet''<br />
|ordered=22 July 1942<br />
|awarded=<br />
|builder=[[Ferguson Shipbuilders]], [[Port Glasgow]]<br />
|laid_down=<br />
|launched=31 May 1943<br />
|christened=<br />
|acquired=<br />
|commissioned=15 May 1945<br />
|recommissioned=<br />
|decommissioned=<br />
|in_service=<br />
|out_of_service=1947<br />
|renamed=<br />
|reclassified=<br />
|refit=<br />
|captured=<br />
|struck=<br />
|reinstated=<br />
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: K348<br />
|fate=Sold to [[Royal Thai Navy]]<br />
|homeport=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/career<br />
|hide_header=title<br />
|country=British India<br />
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval}}<br />
|name=''Gondwana''<br />
|christened=<br />
|acquired=15 May 1945, on loan from [[Royal Navy]]<br />
|commissioned=15 May 1945<br />
|recommissioned=<br />
|decommissioned=<br />
|in_service=<br />
|out_of_service=17 May 1946<br />
|renamed=<br />
|reclassified=<br />
|refit=<br />
|captured=<br />
|struck=<br />
|reinstated=<br />
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: K348<br />
|fate=Returned to Royal Navy<br />
|homeport=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section4={{Infobox ship/career<br />
|hide_header=title<br />
|country=Thailand<br />
|flag={{shipboxflag|Thailand|naval}}<br />
|name=''Bangpakong''<br />
|namesake=[[Bang Pakong River]]<br />
|christened=<br />
|acquired=15 May 1947 from the [[Royal Navy]]<br />
|commissioned=<br />
|recommissioned=<br />
|decommissioned= 1985<br />
|in_service=<br />
|out_of_service=<br />
|renamed=<br />
|reclassified=<br />
|refit=<br />
|captured=<br />
|struck=<br />
|reinstated=<br />
|fate= <br />
|homeport=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section5={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|header_caption=<br />
|class={{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} (modified)<br />
|type=<br />
|tonnage=<br />
|displacement={{convert|1015|LT|t ST|lk=in}}<br />
|length={{convert|208|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}[[Length overall|o/a]]<br />
|beam={{convert|33|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<br />
|height=<br />
|draught={{convert|11|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<br />
|draft=<br />
|depth=<br />
|hold_depth=<br />
|decks=<br />
|deck_clearance=<br />
|ramps=<br />
|ice_class=<br />
|power=<br />
|propulsion=Single shaft, 2× oil fired water tube boilers, 1 triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine, {{convert|2750|ihp|abbr=on}}<br />
|sail_plan=<br />
|speed={{convert|16|kn|km/h|1}}<br />
|range={{convert|3500|nmi|km|0}} at {{convert|12|kn|km/h|1}}<br />
|endurance=<br />
|test_depth=<br />
|boats=<br />
|capacity=<br />
|troops=<br />
|complement=90<br />
|crew=<br />
|time_to_activate=<br />
|sensors=One Type 271 SW2C radar, one Type 144 sonar<br />
|EW=<br />
|armament=*1 × [[BL 4 inch Mk IX naval gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}]] BL Mk.IX single gun<br />
*1 × [[QF 2-pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark VIII|2-pounder Mk.VIII]] single "pom-pom"<br />
*2 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm]] Oerlikon single<br />
*1 × [[Hedgehog (weapon)|Hedgehog A/S mortar]]<br />
*4 × Mk.II [[depth charge]] throwers<br />
*2 Depth charge rails with 70 depth charges<br />
|armour=<br />
|armor=<br />
|aircraft=<br />
|aircraft_facilities=<br />
|notes=<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''HMIS ''Gondwana'' (K348)''' was a [[World War II]] {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN). She was originally ordered for and commissioned as '''HMS ''Burnet''''' of the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to RIN immediately upon commissioning.<ref name=u-gondwana>{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5602.html|title=HMIS ''Gondwana''|publisher=Uboat.net|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
She was transferred back to the Royal Navy in 1946 and subsequently sold to the [[Royal Thai Navy]] in 1947, and commissioned as '''HTMS ''Bangpakong''''' ({{langx|th|เรือหลวงบางปะกง}}).<ref>[https://thaiseafarer.com/naval-museum/bangpakong/ เรือหลวงบางปะกง(ลำที่ 1)]</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
''Burnet'' was ordered from [[Ferguson Shipbuilders]], Limited in [[Glasgow]] for the [[Royal Navy]] in 1942. She was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy immediately and commissioned as HMIS ''Gondwana'' on 15 May 1945, just months before the end of World War II. After the war, she was briefly used as an apprentice seaman training ship before being transferred back to the Royal Navy just on 17 May 1946.<br />
<br />
She was sold to the [[Royal Thai Navy]] in 1947 as HTMS ''Bangpakong'', and served in the [[Korean War]] in 1950–1951 before returning to Thailand. ''Bangpakong'' has since been decommissioned.<ref>{{cite web|title=ความเป็นมา (History)|url=http://www.navy.mi.th/frigate1/index/index.php/features-mainmenu-47/shape-5-extensions|work=Royal Thai Navy First Frigate Fleet website|access-date=30 November 2011|language=th}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Flower class corvette|modified}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gondwana (K348)}}<br />
[[Category:Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:1943 ships]]<br />
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Indian_circumnavigation&diff=499154
First Indian circumnavigation
2025-12-09T20:04:04Z
<p>Killerhazard: created a article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1985–1987 sailing voyage by the Indian Army Corps of Engineers}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
[[File:Trishna Training in Mumbai harbour-Sep 1985.jpg|thumb|''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' training in [[Bombay]] harbour-Sep 1985]]<br />
The '''first Indian [[circumnavigation]] in a sail boat''' was undertaken in 1985–1987<ref name="Moraes1987">{{cite book|author=Dom Moraes|title=Trishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svpWAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Perennial Press|location=Bombay, India }}</ref> by a team comprising officers of the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] on yacht ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'', a 1970-vintage [[Swan 37]] sloop.<br />
<br />
''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' was given the singular honour thereafter of being transported to [[New Delhi]] and displayed on a tableau during the [[Republic Day Parade]], 1987.<ref name="gupta1987">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/details/SundayMail18Jan87 |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |title=Saga of the doughty Trishna |date=18 January 1987 |work=Sunday Mail |location=Bombay, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 03.jpg|thumb|The sail-off crew members]]<br />
<br />
==Prelude==<br />
The country's first voyage in a sailboat to foreign shores was conducted on the 20-foot [[Seabird Half Rater|Seabird]] ''''Albatross'''' in 1977 by the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Indian Army Engineers]] as a trial for the ultimate goal of circumnavigating the globe. The 68-day 7,000&nbsp;km Seabird voyage to the Persian Gulf port of [[Bandar Abbas]], Iran, was one of the early major ventures by the Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/albatross-the-seabird-that-conquered-the-seas |title=Albatross – The Seabird which Conquered the Seas |date=16 March 2021 |work=Salute |location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 28 September 1985 ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' set sail from the Naval Sailing Club jetty at [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]] with General [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]], then-[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] accompanied by Lt. Gen. P.R. Puri, Engineer-in-Chief flagging off the First Indian Expedition Around the World.<ref name="atwcb" /><br />
<br />
==Team==<br />
The team consisted of ten members, with six on the boat at any one time, of which four were permanent crew:<ref name="atwcb">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/TOI29Sep1985/TOI_29%20Sep%201985#page/n0/mode/1up | title=Around-the-World Cruise Begins | work=Times of India | date=29 September 1985 | agency=[[The Times Group]] | access-date=30 September 2013 | last=Mohapatra | first=Satyen | location=Bombay, India}}</ref><br />
* Maj K. S. Rao, SC, SM, - '''Skipper'''<br />
* Maj A. K. Singh, KC, SM<br />
* Capt Sanjeev Shekhar, SC<br />
* Capt Chandrahas Bharti, SC<br />
* Maj Amreshwar Pratap Singh, SM(Bar), VSM - sailed from [[Mumbai]] to [[Panama]];<br />
* Capt Rakesh Bassi, SM - sailed from [[Mumbai]] to [[Trinidad]];<br />
* Lt Navin Ahuja, SM sailed from [[Trinidad]] to [[Auckland]]; <br />
* Col T. P. S. Chowdhury, AVSM, '''Team Manager''', sailed from [[Panama]] to [[Sydney]]; <br />
* Maj A. Bhattacharya, SM, sailed from [[Auckland]] to [[Mumbai]];<br />
* Maj S. N. Mathur, SM, sailed from [[Sydney]] back to [[Mumbai]].<br />
<br />
==Circumnavigation==<br />
<br />
===Bombay to Trinidad===<br />
<br />
The sailing expedition commenced from [[Bombay]], India on 28 Sept 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TOI29Sep851 |title=Yachting expedition flagged off |date=1985-09-29 |work=The Times of India |location = Bombay }}</ref> Right from the time ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' left harbour, she ran into the low pressure weather system of the receding monsoons which accompanied her till her first port of call at [[Male]] and thereafter to [[Mauritius]] on 25 October 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianExpress31Oct1985 |title='Trishna' set for last leg of expedition |date=31 October 1985 |work=Indian Express |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The boat was hit by severe storms on several occasions which damaged the VHF and HF radio aerials and electrical systems on board. The crew resorted to makeshift repairs at sea to restore communication and navigation systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/SainaikSamachar15Jan1985 |first=TPS |last=Chowdhury |title=Around the World in a Yacht |page=34 |date=15 January 1986 |work=Sainik Samachar |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><br />
After a brief halt, the boat set sail from [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]] on 30 October 1985. The sail to [[Saint Helena]], [[South Atlantic Ocean]] around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] was rough and the longest non-stop leg of the trip, taking 33 days. ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' on one occasion was swamped by a rogue wave and lost most of her life-saving equipment in the incident. The radio set was damaged and the antenna on the masthead broke. Communication with Mumbai and other ports was cut off. The sail across the South Atlantic Ocean was peaceful and ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' reached [[St Helena]] on 2 December 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/FreePressJournal04Dec1985/Free%20Press%20Journal_04%20Dec%201985#page/n0/mode/1up |title='Trishna' safe at St. Helena |publisher=Free Press Journal, Mumbai |date=1985-12-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 16.jpg|thumb|''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' navigates the stormy seas off the [[Cape of Good Hope]]]]<br />
The boat reached [[Ascension Island]] on 15 December 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/NationalHeraldNewDelhi23Dec1985 |title='Trishna' reaches Ascension Island |date=23 December 1985 |work=National Herald |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> Staying ashore or mooring on the island was not permitted and ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' had to tie up alongside the oil tanker ''Maersk Ascension'' which is permanently anchored off the island.<br />
<br />
The sail thereafter till the [[Caribbean Sea]] was largely calm. The winds remained predominantly South-Easterly. The first port of call on the continent of [[South America]] was at the coastal town of [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/FreePressJournali20Dec1985 |title=Trishna heading for Natal |publisher=Free Press Journal, Mumbai |date=1985-12-20}}</ref> The crew celebrated the New Year of 1986 there with their [[Brazilian Navy]] hosts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/OPotiBrazil29Dec85 |title=Navio da India visita Natal com tripulantes |publisher=O Poti, Natal |date=1985-12-29}}</ref> From there, the boat sailed along the coast and then up the [[Pará River|Para River]] to the port of [[Belém]]. ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' had to sail upstream on this tributary of the [[Amazon River]] for 70 nautical miles against strong currents and myriad dangers in the form of fishing nets, unlit fishing trawlers and huge log floating down. Most of this distance was completed at night.<br />
<br />
The next halt was at the port of [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]]. The country has a large East Indian origin population and programs in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] were broadcast by the local radio station. It was a short hop from there to [[Georgetown, Guyana]]. The crew received an enthusiastic reception from the large Indian-origin population here. The [[Guyana Defence Force]] arranged a visit to the [[Kaieteur Falls]] by air during the short stay there. ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' then proceeded to the Caribbean port of [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] for the first crew change of the voyage. The first crew change took place here and Capt R. Bassi was replaced by Lt. Navin Ahuja.<ref name="Moraes 6">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ImprintMar1987/Imprint_Mar%201987#page/n1/mode/2up |first=Dom |last=Moraes |title=Trishna: Soldiers from the Sea |page=6 |date=March 1987 |work=Imprint |location=Bombay, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Trinidad to Panama City===<br />
<br />
The boat then sailed to [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/SunBarbados09Feb86 |title='Round the world' Indians make Bajan port-of-call |page=2 |date=9 February 1986 |work=Sunday Sun |location=Barbados}}</ref> and then to [[Kingston, Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/details/HindustanTimes15Feb1986 |first=Samir |last=Pal |title=''Trishna'' yacht is close to midway |page=24 |date=15 February 1986 |work=The Hindustan Times |location = India }}</ref> From there the boat crossed the [[Panama Canal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/SpillwayDelCanalDePanama11Apr1986/Spillway%20del%20Canal%20de%20Panama_11%20Apr%201986#page/n0/mode/1up |title=Spillway Del Canal De Panama 11 Apr 1986 |date=1986-04-11 |access-date=2013-10-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
At [[Panama City]], the boat was taken out of the water and overhauled at the local US Naval Base.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/TribuneChandigarh02Mar1986/Tribune%20Chandigarh_02%20Mar%201986#page/n0/mode/1up |title='Trishna' enters Pacific |date=2 March 1986 |work=Tribune |location=Chandigarh, India}}</ref> Minor repairs were carried out, barnacles removed and the hull was given a fresh coat of [[anti-fouling paint]] by the crew.<br />
<br />
===Panama City to Auckland===<br />
<br />
The voyage in the northern [[Pacific Ocean]] was relatively calm. With good winds ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' sailed the 3,200 nautical miles – from [[Galapagos]] to [[Marquesas Islands]] non-stop in 23 days. This was her fastest passage so far.<br />
<br />
''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' halted at [[Tahiti]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/JansattaNewDelhi09Apr1986/Jansatta%20New%20Delhi_09%20Apr%201986#page/n0/mode/1up |title=Indian expedition departs for Tahiti |date=9 April 1986 |work=Jansatta |location=New Delhi, India }}</ref> and then sailed onward to [[Rarotonga]] and [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. The weather remained adverse on the leg from [[Fiji]] to [[Auckland]]. Winter had already set in the Southern Hemisphere by this time and the sail was extremely punishing for the crew in the wet and cold conditions.<br />
<br />
''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' again had a perilous encounter with some whales between [[Rarotonga]] and [[Fiji]]. On three occasions whales came within 10 to 15 meters of the yacht, dived underneath and swam nearby flipping their huge tails.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/NewstimeWeekendHbad28Dec863 |first=R Madhav |last=Rau |title=Near the End |date=28 December 1986 |work=Newstime Weekend |location=Hyderabad, India }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Auckland to Sydney===<br />
<br />
One of the most difficult legs of the voyage was the passage from [[Auckland]] to [[Sydney]] across the [[Tasman Sea]]. The leg was sailed from 3 to 17 Aug 1986. ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' was hit by gales continuously for five days. The sails were ripped off and for the first time in the expedition, the 'hove-to' drill was carried out to ensure that the boat did not suffer major damages. The same storm meanwhile struck [[Sydney]], causing the worst inundation of the city in the century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |title=BoM NSW - East Coast Lows |publisher=Bom.gov.au |access-date=2013-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.extremestorms.com.au/major-flooding-5th-august-1986-sydney/ |title=Major Flooding 5th August 1986 Sydney |publisher=extremestorms.com.au }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Sydney to Bombay===<br />
<br />
The leg [[Sydney]] - [[Brisbane]] - [[Cairns]] - [[Thursday Island]] continued in rough weather, as predicted during the winter months. The voyage was difficult, though spectacular, owing to the sail along the [[Great Barrier Reef]]. Navigation was critical while sailing through the numerous reefs and on one occasion the boat ran aground on a moving sandbar. Fortunately, there was no damage though the crew had to wait till the next high tide to sail the boat off. The sail through [[Torres Straits]] again caused anxious moments as the Strait is only about a mile wide and it was a challenge navigating through this narrow passage. From [[Thursday Island]] to [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] was a pleasant sail and the crew finally got some respite from adverse weather conditions. This gave the crew opportunity to work on the communication equipment to re-establish radio communications with India through the [[Amateur radio operator|HAM]] network. Since rounding the [[Cape of Good Hope]], there had been no direct communication between the boat and India. Maj SN Mathur was an expert [[Amateur radio operator|HAM]] operator and he soon established a regular link with India.<br />
<br />
''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' left [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], North Australia on 13 October 1986 for [[Kupang]], [[Timor]]. From there the boat sailed to [[Waingapu]] in [[Sumba]] and then to [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]. Good 'following' winds helped ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' reach [[Bali]] on 22 October 1986. [[Bali]] has many [[Hindu temples]] and the crew arrived during one of the main [[Hindu]] festivals, [[Diwali]], the festival of lights. This was the third [[Diwali]] celebrated by the crew away from home.<br />
<br />
The yacht set sail from [[Bali]] on 2 November 1986, reaching [[Jakarta]] on 9 November; then via [[Singapore]] and [[Penang]], ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' made its first landfall on Indian shores at [[Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar)|Campbell Bay]], [[Nicobar Islands|Nicobar]] on 10 December 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/DailyBombay11Dec1986/Daily%20Bombay_11%20Dec%201986#page/n0/mode/1up |work=Daily Bombay 11 December 1986 |publisher=Daily, Mumbai |title=Trishna returns to rousing welcome |date=1986-12-11}}</ref> It was a momentous occasion and was celebrated with gusto with the whole crew present on the occasion. Maj KS Rao, the Skipper, also received his long-delayed promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel here.<br />
<br />
The home run via [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] was uneventful.<br />
<br />
''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' received an enthusiastic welcome at the [[Gateway of India]], [[Mumbai]] on her arrival there on 10 January 1987 where she was received by General [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]], the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)]] accompanied by a large gathering of sailors, Service officers, friends and relatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianExpress11Jan1987_201306 |title=Trishna home to hero's welcome |date=11 January 1987 |work=Indian Express |location=Bombay, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = ''The sea is a great mistress; she is really a magnificent lady of great stature. But as I have found out, you must treat her with enormous respect; for, she is inclined, if you do not do so, to suddenly smack you with a back-hander – if ever you get too familiar with her – which can be quite disastrous.''<br />
<br />
''You must now be crossing the Pacific, and that would be your greatest hurdle, for that ocean can be imperious and very unrelenting. It is quite an uncharitable bit of water but I am quite sure, the whole world will be watching you and praying for you, and so you must come through.''<br />
<br />
| source = [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira|Admiral Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]], Former [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] in a letter to a crew member, from Bangalore; dated 18 March 1986.<br />
|width = 50%<br />
|align = right}}<br />
<br />
==Achievement==<br />
Ten officers of the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] in a sailboat girdled the globe – 30,000 nautical miles – in less than 16 months creating [[Indian maritime history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PressSainikSamachar25Jan87 |title=Trishna completes her circumnavigation |date=25 January 1987 |work=Sainik Samachar |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref name="Moraes 6"/> They are '''the first Indians to circumnavigate the globe'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PressSainikSamachar15Jan87 |title=India's First Circumnavigation 'Trishna' returns to Bombay |date=15 January 1987 |work=Sainik Samachar |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> on ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' - in [[Sanskrit]] the name means to fulfil their 'thirst' of sailing around the world.<br />
<br />
==Honours and awards==<br />
''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' was given the singular honour of thereafter being transported to [[New Delhi]] and took part on a tableau during the [[Republic Day Parade]], 1987.<ref name="gupta1987"/> This in itself was a herculean effort as the boat had reached Mumbai on 10 Jan 1987 itself and to participate in the [[Republic Day Parade]] on 26th, the boat had to be transported to New Delhi, the tableau to be fabricated to the exacting standards of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and cleared by their internal committee well before the rehearsals commenced. It seemed an impossible task, but with the concerted efforts of all those involved, the [[Indian Railways]] provided the carriage, [[Naval Dockyard]] Mumbai fabricated the boat cradle overnight on the railway carriage and then again the Railways moved it at express speed, literally, to New Delhi. The [[Bengal Engineer Group]], [[Roorkee]] sent their fabrication team and completed the fabrication work at [[Vijay Chowk]] itself since the boat with its 54&nbsp;ft high mast could not be transported anywhere else in the capital.<br />
<br />
A commemorative postage stamp was released by [[India Post]] on the arrival of the boat back in [[Bombay]] on 10 January 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/Y/YACHT%20TRISHNA%20AND%20ROUTE%20MAP |title=Yacht Trishna And Route Map |publisher=Indianpost.com |access-date=2013-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/first-indian-sailing-expedition/ |title=First Indian Circumnavigation |publisher=iStampGallery.com |date=2 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The crew of ''[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]'' was also honoured with the '''Order of Merit''' by the [[Ocean Cruising Club]] which recognised the voyage as the first circumnavigation by an Indian yacht.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oceancruisingclub.org/prizewinner/36/Colonel-Chowdhury--and--the-Crew-of-TRISHNA |title=Colonel Chowdhury & the Crew of TRISHNA |publisher=Oceancruisingclub.org |date=1987}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Government acknowledged this achievement by announcing awards for the whole crew on [[Republic Day]], 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PressTOI26Jan87 |last=UNI |title='Trishna' sailors honoured |page=3 |date=26 January 1987 |work=The Times of India |location = Bombay }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Trishna crew were awarded the '''"Admiral RH Tahiliani Trophy" for the Yachtsman of the Year''' '''1987'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yai.org.in/yai-annual-awards.html |title=YAI Annual Awards |publisher=Yachting Association of India |date=1987}}</ref><br />
<br />
Maj AK Singh became the first disabled sailor to circumnavigate the globe in a sailboat.<ref>{{cite web|author=Yana Banerjee-Bey |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/leisure/an-epic-voyage/cid/1013038 |title=An Epic Voyage |work=The Telegraph|date=29 October 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Major Ashok Kumar Singh |url=https://www.readersdigest.co.in/features/story-the-call-of-the-big-blue-round-the-world-with-one-good-leg-124744 |title=The Call of the Big Blue: Round the World with One Good Leg |publisher=Reader's Digest |date=29 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Book Publication==<br />
<br />
Celebrated author, [[Dom Moraes]] volunteered to write an account of the historic voyage. The book named ''''Trishna'''' was published by Perennial Press Mumbai and was released on 10 March 1988 at a glittering function held at the [[College of Military Engineering, Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheIndianPost10Mar88Bbay |title=Dom Moraes' Trishna is launched |date=10 March 1988 |work=The Indian Post |location=Bombay, India}}</ref> The book received rave reviews and in the reviewer's words ''"Trishna is, in essence Moraes' personal tribute to the heroes whose courage and ability inspired him to undertake what, for him, is a new literary voyage."''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19880315-book-review-dom-moraess-trishna-797044-1988-03-15 |last=UNI |title=Book Review: Dom Moraes's Trishna |page=3 |date=15 March 1988 |work=India Today |location = Bombay }}</ref><br />
<br />
He had earlier written an exhaustive account of the voyage in the Imprint magazine soon after the completion of the voyage.<ref name="Moraes 6"/><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 14.jpg|[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]] braving stormy seas<br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 08.jpg|At the [[Royal Air Force]] base on [[Ascension Islands]]<br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 12.jpg|Sailing up the [[Amazon River]] into [[Belém]], escorted by a [[Brazilian Navy]] patrol boat<br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 38.jpg|Indian Ambassador and locals bidding farewell at [[Georgetown, Guyana]]<br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 10.jpg|[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]] moored alongside at [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]<br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 40.jpg|[[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]] sailing out of [[Kingston, Jamaica]] <br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 17.jpg|Working the winches during a storm<br />
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 21.jpg|[[Dom Moraes]] interacts with the crew at the Corps Archives<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Circumnavigations]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Asian_Games&diff=461242
1982 Asian Games
2025-11-26T23:30:42Z
<p>Killerhazard: update citations after review and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Multi-sport event in Delhi, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox games<br />
| name = IX Asian Games<br />
| logo = 9th asiad.png<br />
| size = 170<br />
| caption = ''Friendship, Fraternity, Forever''<br />
| host_city = [[Delhi]], India<br />
| nations = 33<br />
| athletes = 4,595<br />
| events = 196 in 21 sports<br />
| opening = 19 November 1982<br />
| closing = 4 December 1982<br />
| opened_by = [[Zail Singh]]<br />{{small|[[President of India]]}}<br />
| closed_by = [[Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]<br/>{{small|President of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]]}}<br />
| athlete_oath = [[P.T. Usha]]<br />
| judge_oath = <br />
| torch_lighter = [[Deanna Syme Tewari]] & [[Balbir Singh Sr.]]<br />
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br />
| SpreviousS = [[1978 Asian Games|Bangkok 1978]]<br />
| SnextS = [[1986 Asian Games|Seoul 1986]] <br />
| Sprevious = <br />
| Snext = [[1986 Asian Winter Games|Sapporo 1986]] <br />
|website=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040923163146/http://www.ocasia.org/9AG.asp ocasia.org (archived)]}}<br />
The '''9th [[Asian Games]]''' ({{langx|hi|नौवें एशियाई खेल}}), also known as '''Delhi 1982''' ({{langx|hi|दिल्ली 1982}}), were held from 19 November to 4 December 1982, in [[Delhi]], India. 74 Asian and Asian Games records were broken at the event. This was also the first Asiad to be held under the aegis of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20070702-1982-ninth-asian-games-held-in-delhi-748344-2007-07-01 |title=1982 Asian Games established Rajiv Gandhi's managerial skills |date=2 July 2007 |access-date=2011-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531060558/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/1982-ninth-asian-games-held-in-delhi/1/155614.html |archive-date=2013-05-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Delhi]] joined [[Bangkok]] as the cities to host multiple editions of the Asian Games up to this point. Later, [[Jakarta]] and [[Doha]] would enter this group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ocasia.org/game/GameParticular.aspx?9QoyD9QEWPevanEkik24kQ==|title=Olympic Council of Asia : Games|website=ocasia.org|access-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006081357/http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?9QoyD9QEWPevanEkik24kQ==|archive-date=2015-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
A total of 3,411 athletes from 33 [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOCs) participated in these games, competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines. The number of participating countries was the highest in Asian Games history. [[Handball at the Asian Games|Handball]], [[Equestrian at the Asian Games|equestrian]], [[Rowing at the Asian Games|rowing]] and [[Golf at the Asian Games|golf]] were included for the first time; [[Fencing at the Asian Games|fencing]] and [[Bowling at the Asian Games|bowling]] were excluded.<ref name="sportspak">{{cite web | url=http://www.sports.gov.pk/Participation/9th_Asian_Games.htm | title=IX Asian Games | access-date=11 April 2011 | publisher=[[Pakistan Sports Board]]'s official website | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324002516/http://www.sports.gov.pk/Participation/9th_Asian_Games.htm | archive-date=2012-03-24 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Highlights==<br />
These Asian Games saw the beginning of Chinese dominance in the medals tally.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Japan had won the maximum number of medals in previous editions of the Games. China made its presence felt in the sporting world by dethroning Japan as the top medalists. In preparation for the IX Asian Games, [[color television]] was introduced in India in a big way, as the Games were to be broadcast in colour.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandran|first1=Kannan|title=Indian TV goes colour for Games|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19821008-1.2.221.3|access-date=26 April 2018|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=8 October 1982|page=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426221300/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19821008-1.2.221.3|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The logo of the games was the image of [[Mishra Yantra]], one of the four distinct astronomical instruments of the [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi]] observatory.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
<br />
The mascot for the Games was Appu – a young elephant, based on a real-life one named Kuttinarayanan, who died on 14 May 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/asiad-appu-dies-of-high-fever/|title=Asiad Appu dies of high fever|website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=13 May 2005|access-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312195429/https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/asiad-appu-dies-of-high-fever/|archive-date=2017-03-12|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Host of the next (10th) [[Asian Games]] in [[1986 Asian Games|1986]], and the 24th [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]] in [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]], [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] participated in the Delhi Asian Games with a 406-person delegation, including an observation team to study the facilities, management and events.<ref name=":0" /> [[Doordarshan]] started colour television broadcasts expressly for the Asian Games 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/680435/flashback-1982-the-asian-games-that-transformed-delhi|title=Flashback 1982: The Asian Games that transformed Delhi|date=25 September 2014 |access-date=2017-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820023955/http://scroll.in/article/680435/flashback-1982-the-asian-games-that-transformed-delhi|archive-date=2015-08-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1982-colour-television-is-introduced-out-of-the-dark-ages-741614-2009-12-23 |title=1982-Colour television is introduced: Out of the dark ages |date=24 December 2009 |access-date=2017-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425205217/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/1982-Colour+television+is+introduced:+Out+of+the+dark+ages/1/76371.html |archive-date=2017-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
It was officially opened by [[President of India|President]] [[Zail Singh]] and athlete's oath was taken by [[P.T. Usha]]. The main stadium for the games was the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A coin was also minted for the event.<br />
[[File:Obverse.jpg|thumb|Obverse of the coin commemorating the 1982 Asian games held in New Delhi]]<br />
[[File:Reverse of the 1982 Asian games coin.jpg|thumb|Reverse of the 1982 Asian games coin]]<br />
<br />
==Sports==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Archery|Events=4}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=40}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Badminton|Events=7}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Basketball|Events=2}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=12}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Cycling|Events=7}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Diving|Events=4}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Equestrian|Events=4}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Field hockey|Events=2}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Football|Events=1}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Golf|Events=2}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Events=14}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Handball|Events=1}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=4}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Sailing|Events=4}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Shooting|Events=22}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=29}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Table tennis|Events=7}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Tennis|Events=7}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Volleyball|Events=2}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=1}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=10}}<br />
* {{GamesSport|Wrestling|Events=10}}<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
;Exhibition sports<br />
* [[Kabaddi]]<br />
* [[Sepak takraw]]<br />
<br />
==Participating nations==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|AFG|1982 Asian Games|14}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|BRN|1982 Asian Games|22}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|BAN|1982 Asian Games|11}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|BIR|1982 Asian Games|9}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|CHN|1982 Asian Games|265}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|HKG|1982 Asian Games|172}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|IND|1982 Asian Games|828}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|INA|1982 Asian Games|170}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|IRN|1982 Asian Games|130}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|IRQ|1982 Asian Games|30}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|JPN|1982 Asian Games|344}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|KUW|1982 Asian Games|26}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|LAO|1982 Asian Games|5}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|LIB|1982 Asian Games|16}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|MAL|1982 Asian Games|88}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|MDV|1982 Asian Games|8}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|MGL|1982 Asian Games|11}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|NEP|1982 Asian Games|15}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|PRK|1982 Asian Games|71}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|KOR|1982 Asian Games|188}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|OMA|1982 Asian Games|19}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|PAK|1982 Asian Games|113}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|PHI|1982 Asian Games|184}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|QAT|1982 Asian Games|77}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|SAU|1982 Asian Games|21}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|SIN|1982 Asian Games|83}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|SRI|1982 Asian Games|15}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|SYR|1982 Asian Games|20}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|THA|1982 Asian Games|233}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|UAE|1982 Asian Games|86}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|VIE|1982 Asian Games|540}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|YAR|1982 Asian Games|17}}<br />
*{{flagIOC2|ADE|1982 Asian Games|20}}<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
;Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees (by highest to lowest)<br />
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="border:0;"<br />
|-<br />
! [[List of IOC country codes|IOC Letter Code]]<br />
! Country<br />
! Athletes<br />
|-<br />
| IND || {{flagIOC2|IND|1982 Asian Games}} || 828<br />
|-<br />
| VIE || {{flagIOC2|VIE|1982 Asian Games}} || 540<br />
|-<br />
| JPN || {{flagIOC2|JPN|1982 Asian Games}} || 344<br />
|-<br />
| CHN || {{flagIOC2|CHN|1982 Asian Games}} || 265<br />
|-<br />
| THA || {{flagIOC2|THA|1982 Asian Games}} || 233<br />
|-<br />
| KOR || {{flagIOC2|KOR|1982 Asian Games}} || 188<br />
|-<br />
| PHI || {{flagIOC2|PHI|1982 Asian Games}} || 184<br />
|-<br />
| HKG || {{flagIOC2|HKG|1982 Asian Games}} || 172<br />
|-<br />
| INA || {{flagIOC2|INA|1982 Asian Games}} || 170<br />
|-<br />
| IRN || {{flagIOC2|IRN|1982 Asian Games}} || 130<br />
|-<br />
| PAK || {{flagIOC2|PAK|1982 Asian Games}} || 113<br />
|-<br />
| MAL || {{flagIOC2|MAL|1982 Asian Games}} || 88<br />
|-<br />
| UAE || {{flagIOC2|UAE|1982 Asian Games}} || 86<br />
|-<br />
| SIN || {{flagIOC2|SIN|1982 Asian Games}} || 83<br />
|-<br />
| QAT || {{flagIOC2|QAT|1982 Asian Games}} || 77<br />
|-<br />
| PRK || {{flagIOC2|PRK|1982 Asian Games}} || 71<br />
|-<br />
| IRQ || {{flagIOC2|IRQ|1982 Asian Games}} || 30<br />
|-<br />
| KUW || {{flagIOC2|KUW|1982 Asian Games}} || 26<br />
|-<br />
| BRN || {{flagIOC2|BRN|1982 Asian Games}} || 22<br />
|-<br />
| KSA || {{flagIOC2|KSA|1982 Asian Games}} || 21<br />
|-<br />
| SYR || {{flagIOC2|SYR|1982 Asian Games}} || 20<br />
|-<br />
| ADE || {{flagIOC2|ADE|1982 Asian Games}} || 20<br />
|-<br />
| OMA || {{flagIOC2|OMA|1982 Asian Games}} || 19<br />
|-<br />
| YAR || {{flagIOC2|YAR|1982 Asian Games}} || 17<br />
|-<br />
| LIB || {{flagIOC2|LIB|1982 Asian Games}} || 16<br />
|-<br />
| NEP || {{flagIOC2|NEP|1982 Asian Games}} || 15<br />
|-<br />
| SRI || {{flagIOC2|SRI|1982 Asian Games}} || 15<br />
|-<br />
| AFG || {{flagIOC2|AFG|1982 Asian Games}} || 14<br />
|-<br />
| BAN || {{flagIOC2|BAN|1982 Asian Games}} || 11<br />
|-<br />
| MGL || {{flagIOC2|MGL|1982 Asian Games}} || 11<br />
|-<br />
| BIR || {{flagIOC2|BIR|1982 Asian Games}} || 9<br />
|-<br />
| MDV || {{flagIOC2|MDV|1982 Asian Games}} || 8<br />
|-<br />
| LAO || {{flagIOC2|LAO|1982 Asian Games}} || 5<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Medal table==<br />
[[File:9th asiad mascot.png|thumb|104x104px|1982 Asian Games Mascot "Appu"]]<br />
{{Main|1982 Asian Games medal table}}<br />
The top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below. The host nation, India, is highlighted.<br />
<br />
[[China at the 1982 Asian Games|China]] won Asian Games for the first time by defeating Japan in gold medal tally, and has become the defending winning team since.<br />
<!--<br />
No line breaks please<br />
-->{{:1982 Asian Games medal table}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Asian Games]]<br />
* [[1951 Asian Games]]<br />
* [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
* [[2030 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040923163146/http://www.ocasia.org/9AG.asp IX Asian Games at Olympic Council of Asia website]<br />
*[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may152005/national151462005514.asp Asian Games mascot Appu is no more]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060523211914/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/15/stories/2005051504711000.htm Celebrity elephant `Asiad Appu' died at the Aanakotta (elephant yard) of the Guruvayur Devaswom at Punnathurkotta]<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{Succession box|title=''[[Asian Games]]'' <br /> [[New Delhi]]|before=[[1978 Asian Games|Bangkok]]|after=[[1986 Asian Games|Seoul]]|years=''IX Asiad'' (1982)}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
{{Asian Games}}<br />
{{Nations at the 1982 Asian Games}}<br />
{{Events at the 1982 Asian Games}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1982 Asian Games| ]]<br />
[[Category:Sports competitions in Delhi|Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in Asian sport|Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:1980s in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Multi-sport events in India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games by year]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in multi-sport events|Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India]]<br />
[[Category:November 1982 sports events in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:December 1982 sports events in Asia]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmindia&diff=448890
Filmindia
2025-11-19T23:15:01Z
<p>Killerhazard: Article updated with latest changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cinema magazine}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox magazine<br />
| title = filmindia<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = &lt;!-- default is 180px --&gt;<br />
| image_file = MughaleAzam_ad_(1946).jpg<br />
| image_size = &lt;!-- default is 180px --&gt;<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Early ad of ''Mughal-E-Azam'' from ''Filmindia'' March 1946<br />
| editor = [[Baburao Patel]]<br />
| editor_title = &lt;!-- up to |editor_title5= --&gt;<br />
| previous_editor = <br />
| staff_writer = [[Sushila Rani Patel]] &lt;small&gt;(as Judas, Hyacinth)&lt;/small&gt;<br />
| photographer = <br />
| category = <br />
| frequency = Monthly<br />
| format = <br />
| circulation = <br />
| publisher = Baburao Patel<br />
| paid_circulation = <br />
| unpaid_circulation = <br />
| circulation_year = <br />
| total_circulation = <br />
| founder = Baburao Patel<br />
| founded = 1935<br />
| firstdate = &lt;!-- {{Start date|df=yes|1935}} --&gt;<br />
| finaldate =<br />
| finalnumber = <br />
| company = <br />
| country = India<br />
| based = Bombay<br />
| language = English<br />
| website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br />
| issn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
}}<br />
'''''filmindia''''' is an Indian monthly [[magazine]] covering [[Indian cinema]] and published in [[English language]].&lt;ref name="Jain2007"&gt;{{cite book|author=Kajri Jain|title=Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7LEXbIREjEC&amp;pg=PA153|year=2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-3926-9|page=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Started by [[Baburao Patel]] in 1935,{{cn|date=February 2022}} ''filmindia'' was the first English film periodical to be published from Bombay. The magazine was reportedly run "single-handedly" by Patel, who wielded power through this medium to "make or destroy a film".&lt;ref name="Cinema"&gt;{{cite book|title=Cinema Vision India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opQHAQAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=S. Kak.|page=66}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its most popular column was "The Editor's Mail" answered by Patel. The magazine featured film news, editorials, studio round-ups, gossip, and reviews of different language films, mainly from Hindi and regional cinema and affiliated reviews from Hollywood. His articles included siding with the lesser known cinema workers like the technicians, [[Extra (acting)|extra]]s and stuntmen.&lt;ref name="Karanjia1990"&gt;{{cite book|author=B. K. Karanjia|title=Blundering in Wonderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wONkAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-4961-2|page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Patel met the painter [[S. M. Pandit]] around 1938, and asked him to design the covers for ''filmindia''. One of Pandit's assistants, Raghubir Mulgaonkar, was also a designer in the same periodical. Both of them worked with Patel at ''filmindia'' through the 1930s and 1940s.&lt;ref name="KaurSinha2005"&gt;{{cite book|author1=Raminder Kaur|author2=Ajay J Sinha|title=Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema Through A Transnational Lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzcdRXXTHkEC&amp;pg=PP43|date=13 July 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3320-5|page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The magazine "created a sensation" on its launch with its "canny mix of rumour and review, observation and opinion" and Patel became a "celebrity" equal to the film stars he wrote about. The magazine reading target was the "elite readership", including college going youth.&lt;ref name=Mukherjee /&gt; Termed a status symbol with college students, actor [[Dev Anand]] said of his [[Lahore]] college days, "boys in the campus used to carry copies of ''filmindia'' along with their textbooks. It was their Bible".&lt;ref name=Sharma&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=N. D.|title=‘Over 1200 Intellectual EliteLed by Chief Justice Give Baburao Patel a Standing Ovation!"|journal=Mother India|date=December 1979|pages=27|ref=75 Platinum Jubilee Number}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramachandran and Rukmini state that "''filmindia'' was the only magazine that counted in those days".&lt;ref name="RamachandranRukmini1985"&gt;{{cite book|author1=T. M. Ramachandran|author2=S. Rukmini|title=70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913–1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC|year=1985|publisher=CINEMA India-International|isbn=978-0-86132-090-5|page=314}}&lt;/ref&gt; It remained in publication from 1935 to 1961.&lt;ref name="Kasbekar2006"&gt;{{cite book|author=Asha Kasbekar|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&amp;pg=PA118|date=January 2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-636-7|page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Baburao_Patel.jpg|thumb|left|Baburao Patel (1904–1982) from ''filmindia'' January 1938]]<br />
The first film periodical "exclusively devoted to cinema" was established in India in 1924, with the Gujarati magazine ''Mouj Majah'' by J. K. Dwivedi.&lt;ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT279|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its success began a trend with the [[Bengali language]] ''Bioscope'', published by Shailjananda Mukherjee in 1930, ''Filmland'' an English language weekly published from Bengal since 1930,&lt;ref name=Filmland&gt;{{cite web|title=Archive Samples-Filmland|url=http://www.medialabju.org/archive_slideshow.php?id=25|website=medialabju.org|publisher=The Media Lab, Department of Film Studies, Jadavpur University|access-date=1 September 2015|ref=Filmland archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Hindi]] ''Chitrapat'' in 1934, by Hrishamcharan Jain from Delhi.&lt;ref name="Jain2009"&gt;{{cite book|author=Manju Jain|title=Narratives of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORE9TDOoU1IC&amp;pg=PA30|year=2009|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-81-908918-4-4|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In 1935, on his thirty-first birthday, Baburao Patel (1904–1982), started ''filmindia'', with a small 'f' in the name, which was published initially by D. K. Parker and B. P. Samant and edited by Patel. "The very first issue of ''filmindia'' became a huge success and Patel gradually took over the monthly journal" making filmindia achieve "an unprecedented cult status".&lt;ref name=Mukherjee&gt;{{cite web|author=Debashree Mukherjee|title=Creating Cinema's Reading Publics: The Emergence of Film Journalism in Bombay|url=https://www.academia.edu/4312164/Creating_Cinemas_Reading_Publics_The_Emergence_of_Film_Journalism_in_Bombay|website=academia.edu|publisher=Academia|access-date=23 August 2015|ref=No Limits: Media Studies from India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Jain2009"&gt;{{cite book|author=Manju Jain|title=Narratives of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORE9TDOoU1IC&amp;pg=PA30|year=2009|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-81-908918-4-4|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The magazine remained in publication till 1960, when Patel's interest in nationalism and politics made him launch "a national magazine" called ''[[Mother India (magazine)|Mother India]]''. Patel found it difficult to run two periodicals simultaneously and he made the decision to shut down ''filmindia'' and focus on ''Mother India''.&lt;ref name="Somaaya"&gt;{{cite book|author=Bhawana Somaaya|title=Fragmented Frames: Reflections of a Critic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ3Yi9VPU8QC&amp;pg=PP20|access-date=23 August 2015|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1016-0|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The magazine focused not only on Indian cinema but also published critical commentary on politics.&lt;ref name="DonaldRenov2008"&gt;{{cite book|author1=James Donald|author2=Michael Renov|title=The SAGE Handbook of Film Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9NX-vJqFy8C&amp;pg=PA476|year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4462-0682-9|page=476}}&lt;/ref&gt; It reviewed about 49 films annually on an average, out of which 31 were claimed to be poor, 13 indifferent and about 5 watchable films. It had monthly sales of about 32,000 copies. ''filmindia'' was one of the few Indian fan magazines sold in Western countries.&lt;ref name="Shah1950"&gt;{{cite book|author=Panna Shah|title=The Indian film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn9ZAAAAMAAJ|year=1950|publisher=Greenwood Press|page=146}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Filmindia ended publication in 1961.&lt;ref name="Kasbekar2006"/&gt; It had its Indian publication office in Bombay and had offices both in Calcutta and London.<br />
<br />
==Contributors==<br />
*Sushila Rani Patel (Patel's second wife) and Baburao Patel also wrote under the pseudonyms "Judas" and "Hyacinth", both producing almost entire content for the magazine.&lt;ref name=Mukherjee /&gt; As Judas they wrote the column called "Bombay Calling". And as Hyacinth, Sushila Rani conducted interviews with film personalities. <br />
*[[K. A. Abbas]] was the chief film critic at one of the then popular newspapers, termed a "nationalist" daily, ''The Bombay Chronicle''. Abbas wrote columns frequently for ''filmindia''. <br />
*Affiliated reviews: "Review From New York" by [[P. S. Harrison]] (editor: [[Harrison's Reports]])<br />
*[[Habib Tanvir]] described his meeting with Patel and how he was asked to meet him at his office, which led to him becoming an assistant editor of ''filmindia'', "I was the first assistant editor of ''filmindia''- of which I was quite proud- and the last".&lt;ref name="Katyal2012"&gt;{{cite book|author=Anjum Katyal|title=Habib Tanvir: Towards an Inclusive Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZuHAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA15|year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1111-5|page=15|chapter=2-The Bombay Years}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Influence==<br />
*Patel and Abbas were renowned as "important cinema commentators and experts" and considered themselves as "political activists". Their concern about cinema's influence on "nation and nationalism" made them launch a combined nationwide campaign against "anti-Indian" films in 1938. These included "empire films" like ''[[The Drum (1938 film)|The Drum]]'' (1938) directed by [[Zoltan Korda]], and ''[[Gunga Din (film)|Gunga Din]]'' (1939) directed by George Stevens, which according to them "reinforced imperialist stereotypes of the colonized as racially inferior, weak subjects". According to Mukherjee, "the matter was discussed in the central assembly..., Patel wrote telegrams to Indian ministers".&lt;ref name=Mukherjee /&gt; He became the first critic who was invited as a "delegate to read a paper on Cinema and Culture, the first to voice a protest against anti-Indian productions in Europe, UK and USA".&lt;ref name="Somaaya" /&gt; On 1 September 1938, "hundreds came out on the streets of Bombay to protest the release of The Drum at the Excelsior and New Empire Theatres. The film was withdrawn by its Bombay distributors on 14 September 1938".&lt;ref name=Mukherjee /&gt;<br />
*Patel and Abbas set up the Film Journalists' Association (FJA) in 1939.<br />
*Studios such as [[Bombay Talkies]], [[New Theatres Ltd]], and [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]] were favourites with Abbas and Patel and featured on their "best films" lists, thereby generating academic attention even decades later. Whereas, several successful studios of that time like [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Film Company]], Saroj Movietone, Prakash Pictures, Saraswati Cinetone, and Huns Pictures "remain undocumented".&lt;ref name=Mukherjee /&gt;<br />
*The first to refer to [[Madhubala]] as the "Venus of the Indian Screen".&lt;ref name="Dawar2006"&gt;{{cite book|author=Ramesh Dawar|title=Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&amp;pg=RA1-PA75|access-date=22 August 2015|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-1-905863-01-3|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Columns==<br />
* Editorial<br />
* Bombay Calling<br />
* The Editor’s Mail<br />
* Reviews<br />
* News From Abroad<br />
* Round The Town, which later became "Our Review"<br />
* Studio Close-Ups<br />
* Foreign Pictures of the Month<br />
* Horoscope (discontinued later)<br />
* Howlers of the Month (discontinued later)<br />
<br />
==Popularity==<br />
According to author, journalist Bhawna Somaya, "It was the most popular film magazine of its time, widely appreciated for its bold stand on current issues and a scintillating style of writing. It was said that Baburao's column made and broke careers". His "acid reviews" were dreaded by producers and directors".&lt;ref name=Somaaya /&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Dev Anand]] stated, "When I first came to Bombay looking for a break in the movies, somewhere within me lurked a desire to meet the man and have a look at this magician who meant the Indian movie industry to me. Baburao Patel made and unmade stars. He established or destroyed a film with just a stroke of his pen. That much power he wielded then".&lt;ref name=Sharma /&gt;<br />
<br />
==Quote==<br />
Baburao Patel was famous for his sharp wit, and according to Habib Tanveer he was discerning and wrote "absolutely frankly", "totally ruthlessly and funnily".&lt;ref name=Katyal2012 /&gt; He was often criticised and in a self- authored chapter stated:&lt;ref name="BurraSciences1981"&gt;{{cite book|author1=Rani Burra|author2=Indian Academy of Motion Picture Arts &amp; Sciences|title=Fifty years of Indian talkies, 1931–1981: a commemorative volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYMLAQAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Indian Academy of Motion Picture Arts &amp; Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|text="I took criticism as my main selling point. That was the best feature of ''filmindia''. And the "Editor's Mail". ''Filmindia'' was the only paper that counted in those days. Distributors would not take delivery of the prints after reading my reviews. But it never affected the seeing public. The box-office was never affected".|&lt;ref name="BurraSciences1981"&gt;{{cite book|author1=Rani Burra|author2=Indian Academy of Motion Picture Arts &amp; Sciences|title=Fifty years of Indian talkies, 1931–1981: a commemorative volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYMLAQAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Indian Academy of Motion Picture Arts &amp; Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Cinema of India]]<br />
* ''[[Mother India (magazine)|Mother India]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141713/http://www.film-india.org/archive.html Official Website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1961 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Celebrity magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Film magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines established in 1935]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1961]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guru_Gorakhnath_Dham_railway_station&diff=501566
Guru Gorakhnath Dham railway station
2025-11-16T20:48:27Z
<p>Killerhazard: created a article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Guru Gorakhnath Dham railway station <br />{{small|Jais railway station}}<br />
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = Jais, Amethi district, Uttar Pradesh<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2621|81.5195|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| map_type = <br />
| line = Lucknow–Rae Bareli–Varanasi line<br />
| other = Taxi stand, auto stand<br />
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| elevation = {{convert|101|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <br />
| levels =<br />
| tracks = 4 (Construction – Doubling of electric BG)<br />
| parking = Available<br />
| bicycle = Available<br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = <br />
| closed =<br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = Work-in-progress<br />
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = GUGD (formerly JAIS)<br />
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Lucknow NR}}<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| status = Construction – Electric-line doubling<br />
| former =<br />
| passengers =<br />
| pass_year =<br />
| pass_percent =<br />
| pass_system =<br />
| mpassengers =<br />
| services = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Guru Gorakhnath Dham railway station''', formerly known as '''Jais railway station''' (station code: '''GUGD''', old code '''JAIS''') is a railway station in [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It serves [[Jais]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/jais-jais-station| title=JAIS (JAIS) Railway Station| website=ndtv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/station/jais| title=JAIS (JAIS) Railway Station Time Table| website=trainspnrstatus}}</ref> The station consists of two platforms and is being electrified the rail line. The platforms are sheltered and has facilities including chair seating, drinking water, parking, and toilet.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/northern-railway-opens-reservation-counters-at-more-than-137-major-stations-for-booking-tickets-2285694.html| title=Northern Railway opens reservation counters at more than 137 major stations for booking tickets| website=zeenews}}</ref> This station is near by [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]] ('''RGIPT'''), a [[institute of national importance]] in [[Amethi district]].<br />
<br />
In a letter to [[Smriti Irani]], Cabinet Minister and current Member of Parliament from [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Railway minister Shree [[Piyush Goyal]] ordered to stop [[Bhopal – Pratapgarh Express]] at Jais railway station<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/superfast-train-to-stop-at-amethi-after-smriti-iranis-plea/1435751/| title=In a letter to Irani, Railways Minister Piyush Goyal said the Pratapgarh–Bhopal Express would stop at Jais station -- 31 km from Amethi town| website=financialexpress}}</ref> The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] changed the name of the station from Jais to Guru Gorakhnath Dham on 27 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/up-8-railway-stations-in-lucknow-division-officially-renamed/articleshow/112845546.cms?from=mdr|title=UP: 8 railway stations in Lucknow division officially renamed|work=Economic Times|accessdate=27 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trains==<br />
Some of the trains that runs from JAIS are :<br />
* [[Kashi Vishwanath Express]]<br />
* [[Bhopal–Pratapgarh Express (via Lucknow)]]<br />
* [[Howrah–Amritsar Express]]<br />
* [[Neelachal Express]]<br />
* [[Padmavat Express]]<br />
* [[Varanasi–Dehradun Express]]<br />
* [[Prayag–Bareilly Express]]<br />
* [[Varanasi–Lucknow Intercity Express]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Gauriganj railway station]]<br />
* [[Amethi railway station]]<br />
* [[Rae Bareli Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Pratapgarh Junction railway station]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jais-jais/775 - JAIS/Jais]<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Amethi district]]<br />
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahagama_(community_development_block)&diff=456843
Mahagama (community development block)
2025-11-09T18:10:05Z
<p>Killerhazard: refined references based on references and fixed typos per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
<!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mahagama<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = Mahagama in Godda (Jharkhand).svg<br />
| settlement_type = Community development block<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25|1|44|N|87|19|15|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Godda district|Godda]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 163.30<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 38<br />
| population_total = 196,976<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)<br />
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates<br />
| demographics2_info2 = 87,627 (55.66%)<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 814154 (Mahagama)<br/>814165 (Lalmatia Colliery)<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code<br />
| area_code = 06437<br />
| registration_plate = JH 17<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mahagama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahagama]]<br />
| website = {{URL|godda.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mahagama''' is a [[Community development block in India|CD block]] that forms an administrative division in the Godda subdivision of the [[Godda district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Geography== <br />
[[Mahagama]], the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at {{coord|25|1|44|N|87|19|15|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/19212790/mahagama | title= Mahagama | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | accessdate = 24 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is located 43&nbsp;km from [[Godda]], the district headquarters.<br />
<br />
Godda district is a plateau region with undulating uplands, long ridges and depressions. The western portion of the [[Rajmahal hills]] passes through the district. The plain areas have lost its once rich forests but the hills still retain some. Kajhia, Sunder and Sakri rivers flow through the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://agri.jharkhand.gov.in/resources/Soil_Inventory/Godda_Soil_Analysis.pdf| title = Godda district| publisher = National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning| accessdate = 16 November 2020| archive-date = 27 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015707/https://agri.jharkhand.gov.in/resources/Soil_Inventory/Godda_Soil_Analysis.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Mahagama CD block is bounded by [[Meharama]] CD block on the north, [[Boarijore]] CD block on the east, [[Pathargama]] and [[Basantrai]] CD blocks on the south, and Sonhaula CD block in Bhagalpur district of Bihar on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/godda.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Godda | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/tehsil/bhagalpur.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Bhagalpur | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mahagama CD block has an area of 163.30&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2006_PART_B_DCHB_GODDA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, godda, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref>[[Mahagama]] and [[Hanwara]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/godda| title = District Police Profile - Godda| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 17 November 2020| archive-date = 20 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201120085643/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/godda| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://godda.nic.in/police/# | title = Police | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Mahagama]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Godda, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Godda on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
===Population===<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mahagama CD block had a population of 196,796, of which 186,007 were rural and 10,969 were urban. There were 101,987 (52%) males and 94,989 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 39,553. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 19,443 (9.87%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 14,010 (7.11%).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
According to the 2011 census, Mahagama, a [[census town]] in Mahagama CD block, had a population of 10,969. There were five large villages in Mahagama CD block (2011 population in brackets): Dighi (5,885), Parsa (6,101), Banjpur (4,328), Nayanagar (4,434) and Logain (4,199).<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 24 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Literacy===<br />
According to the 2011 census, the number of literate persons in the Mahagama CD block was 87,627 (55.66% of the population over 6 years) out of which 54,515 (62%) were males and 33,112 (38%) were females. The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 24%.<ref name=census2/><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Godda district|collapsible=y}}<br />
<br />
===Language and religion===<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Mahagama block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|51.72}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|45.85}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|1.92}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.51}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Mahagama block (2011)<ref name="language"/><br />
|label1 = 'Other' Hindi |value1 = 57.47 |color1 = deeppink<br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 23.55 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 6.08 |color3 = orange<br />
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 5.96 |color4 = darkturquoise<br />
|label5 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value5 = 3.25 |color5 = red<br />
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value6 = 1.73 |color6 = gold<br />
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 23.55% of the population spoke [[Urdu]], 6.08% [[Hindi]], 5.96% [[Santali language|Santali]], 3.25% [[Khortha language|Khortha]] and 1.73% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language. 57.47% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Hindi as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rural poverty==<br />
40-50% of the population of Godda district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Giridih, Koderma and Hazaribagh districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref> Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
===Livelihood===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Mahagama CD block'''<br />
|value1 = 21.01<br />
|label1 = Cultivators<br />
|value2 = 62.11<br />
|label2 = Agricultural labourers<br />
|value3 = 2.64<br />
|label3 = Household industries<br />
|value4 = 14.24<br />
|label4 = Other Workers}}<br />
<br />
In Mahagama CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,181 and formed 21.01%, agricultural labourers numbered 47,836 and formed 62.11%, household industry workers numbered 2,036 and formed 2.64% and other workers numbered 10,969 and formed 14.24%. Total workers numbered 80,146 and formed 40.69% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 116,830 and formed 59.31% of total population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Godda | work = Tables 34, 30 Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 17 November 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Godda, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 10: Census Concepts |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 26 October 2020}}</ref></small><br />
<br />
===Infrastructure===<br />
There are 245 inhabited villages in Mahagama CD block. In 2011, 100 villages had power supply. 64 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 166 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 170 villages had hand pumps, and 56 villages did not have drinking water facility. 28 villages had post offices, 17 villages had sub post offices, 15 villages had telephones (land lines), 17 villages had public call offices and 64 villages had mobile phone coverage. 173 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 27 villages had bus service (public/ private), 3 villages had autos/ modified autos, 5 villages had taxis/ vans, 65 villages had tractors, 34 villages had navigable waterways. 6 villages had bank branches, 1 village had [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]], 1 village had agricultural credit society, 66 villages had cinema/ video halls, 65 villages had public libraries, public reading room. 125 villages had [[public distribution system]], 81 villages had weekly haat (market) and 138 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Godda, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 984-988 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Coal mining===<br />
Godda district is rich in coal. A major coal mining project of [[Eastern Coalfields Limited]] (Rajmahal open cast project, a part of [[Rajmahal coalfield]]) is going on in [[Boarijore]], Mahagama and [[Sunderpahari]] CD blocks.<ref name=admin/><br />
<br />
The Rajmahal Opencast project came up in the early 1980s with an annual cpapcity of 5 million tonnes. The capacity was raised to 10.5 million tonnes with Canadian collaboration in 1994. The capacity is being expanded to 17 million tonnes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://godda.nic.in/economy/ | title = Godda - About District | work = Economy | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | accessdate = 19 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
EMIL the mining arm of the [[Aditya Birla Group]] has been involved in the functioning of Rajmahal Opencast Mines of [[Eastern Coalfields]]. Mining operations started in July 2013. It is expected to produce 200 million tonnes of coal over 12.5 years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esselmining.com/division/coal-mining/overview.html | title = Coal mining | publisher = Aditya Birla EMIL | accessdate = 19 November 2020}}</ref> With the involvement of the Essel Mining and Industries Limited (EMIL) in the Rajmahal Opencast project, supplies to the 2,340 MW [[Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] of [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] were expected to improve.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/essel-steps-into-rajmahal/cid/431301 | title = Essel steps into Rajmahal | publisher = The Telegraph, 26 April 2012 | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref> In Mahgama CD block, major mining activity in near [[Mahagama]] town. Please see the satellite view of the Google map.<br />
<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
Around 80% of the population depends on agriculture, the main economic activity of the district but lack of irrigation facilities is a major constraint in raising the existing low levels of productivity. A sizable population is also engaged in animal husbandry and cottage industries.<ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = http://godda.nic.in/profile.html| title = Godda District Official website| work = Profile| publisher = Godda district administration| accessdate = 24 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085923/http://godda.nic.in/profile.html| archive-date = 4 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
The livelihood scenario presented above indicates that a large population depends on agriculture. In Mahagama CD block 57.05% of the total area is cultivable area and 27.28% of the cultivable area is irrigated area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 14 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br />
Godda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | accessdate = 1 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Mahagama CD block had 41 villages with pre-primary schools, 126 villages with primary schools, 53 villages with middle schools, 12 villages with secondary schools, 5 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college, 4 villages with non-formal training centres, 117 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory/><br />
<br/><small>.*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand</small><br />
<br />
Millat College at [[Parsa, Godda|Parsa]] was established in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.millatcollegeparsa.com/ | title = Millat College Parsa| publisher = MCP | accessdate = 21 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Mahagama CD block had 3 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 13 villages with primary health subcentres, 3 village with maternity and child welfare centre, 3 villages with allopathic hospitals, 2 villages with dispensaries, 21 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/><br />
<br/><small>.*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included</small><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Godda district]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case&diff=446931
Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case
2025-11-06T05:47:00Z
<p>Killerhazard: redirected</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Howrah–Sibpur Conspiracy case]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Ibrahim_Muhammad_Yakut_Khan_III&diff=535706
Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III
2025-07-31T19:46:26Z
<p>Killerhazard: started new stub...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Nawab of Sachin (1887 - 1930)}}<br />
{{infobox royalty<br />
| name = Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan<br />
| title = Mubariz-ud-Daula<br>Muzaffar-ul-Mulk<br>Nusrat Jang<br />
| succession = [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]]<br />
| reign = 7 February 1887 – 19 November 1930<br />
| predecessor = <!--Do NOT add "Sidi"-->[[Sidi Abdul Kadir Khan|Abdul Kadir Khan]]<br />
| successor = <!--Do NOT add "Sidi"-->[[Sidi Muhammad Haider Khan|Muhammad Haider Khan]]<br />
| birth_name = Najaf Ali Khan<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|12|23|df=yes}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|11|19|1886|12|23|df=yes}}<br />
| full name = Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III<br />
| house = [[Sachin State|Sachin]]<br />
| father = <!--Do NOT add "Sidi"-->Abdul Kadir Khan<br />
| investiture = 4 May 1907<br />
| native_lang1 = <br />
| native_lang1_name1 = <br />
| dynasty = [[Siddi|Sidi]]<br />
| module = {{infobox person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| education = {{plain list|<br />
* [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]]<br />
* [[Mayo College]]<br />
* [[Imperial Cadet Corps]]<br />
}}<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| allegiance = <!--No flags per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG-->[[United Kingdom]]<br />
| branch = <!--No flags per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG-->[[British Army]]<br />
| serviceyears = 1909–1930<br />
| rank = [[#Military_ranks|See list]]<br />
| battles = {{tree list}}<br />
* [[World War I]]<br />
** [[East African campaign (World War I)|East African campaign]]<br />
*** [[Battle of Tanga]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
}}<br />
| commands = <br />
}}<br />
[[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Siddi|Sidi]] '''Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III''' ([[Urdu]]: {{nq|ابراہیم محمد یاقوت خان}}; or '''Najaf Ali Khan''') was the [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]] from 1887 until his death in 1930.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
He was born on 23 December 1886 to [[Sidi Abdul Kadir Khan|Abdul Kadir Khan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03014/11783.E33004_Imperial_Coronation_Durbar_1911%252C_Vol-I/ |title=Imperial coronation durbar 1911 |date=1911 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing, Lahore |pages=151–152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoranda_on_Native_States_in_India_Toge/Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=228, 230–231 |language=en}}</ref> In January 1887, his father abdicated as the [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]] in his favour, and he succeeded him on 7 February 1887.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/I_cvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=50–51 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gujarat_State_Gazetteer/-qHiAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer |date=1989 |publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=307 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/tI5Yn25zMRoC |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries: The treaties, etc. relating to the Bombay Presidency. Pt. I. The Pesha, the Mahi Kantha Agency and the Rewa Kantha Agency. Pt. II |date=1892 |publisher=G. A. Savielle and P. M. Cranenburgh, Bengal Print. Company |pages=79–80 |language=en}}</ref> Due to his minority, the affairs of [[Sachin State|Sachin]] were placed under the administration of the British Government.<ref name=":2" /> <br />
<br />
He was brought up in infancy by a European lady Miss Rix.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=364–366 |language=en}}</ref> At the age of eleven, he was sent to [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]] in [[Rajkot]], where he remained until 1902, after which he was sent to [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1904, he entered the [[Imperial Cadet Corps]] and, after completing his course with a good conduct certificate in 1906, left the institution.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Afterward, he became involved in the administration of Sachin to gain a clearer understanding of how the state's affairs were managed.<ref name=":0" /> He was invested with full administrative powers on 4 May 1907.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> On the same day, he was also presented with the key to the state [[treasury]].<ref name=":2" /> On 23 June 1909, at the Council Hall, [[Pune]], a sword of honour was presented to him.<ref name=":2" /> He was also granted a personal salute of eleven guns which entitled him to the style of [[Highness|His Highness]].<ref name=":2" /> He attended the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Delhi Durbar]] of 1911.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Historical_Record_of_the_Imperial_Vi/VxQiAQAAMAAJ |title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=government of India |pages=113,137,165,314,374 |language=en}}</ref> On the occasion, he wore the uniform of the [[Imperial Cadet Corps]] and paid homage to [[George V]] by laying his sword at his feet, bowing three times with folded hands, and repeated the same ceremony before the [[Mary of Teck|Mary]].<ref name=":3" /> He introduced free primary education in all villages of his state.<ref name=":2" /> He was selected by the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]] for active service during [[World War I]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Herbert Wrigley |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_War/5PZNXSmxuZMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=The Great War: The Standard History of the All-Europe Conflict |last2=Hammerton |first2=Sir John Alexander |date=1915 |publisher=Amalgamated Press |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref> He accompanied the Indian contingent to [[France]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=LLoyd |first=Gladys |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lloyd_s_Who_s_who_in_the_Great_War/WzEvlflVtyMC |title=Lloyd's Who's who in the Great War: A Book of Brief Life Stories of the Rulers and the Diplomats... |date=1914 |publisher=Lloyd's Weekly News |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref> He served with distinction in the [[East African campaign (World War I)|East African Campaign]] during the war.<ref name=":6" /> He was present at the [[battle of Tanga]] and was twice [[mentioned in dispatches]] for gallantry in action.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-bystander |title=The Bystander 1903-1940 |pages=426}}</ref> During the war, he offered two seven-seater touring-body motor vehicles for ambulance work or other purposes.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Jeffreys |first=Alan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Army_in_the_First_World_War/cWMWEQAAQBAJ |title=Indian Army in the First World War: New Perspectives |date=2018-04-19 |publisher=Helion and Company |isbn=978-1-80451-613-3 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> They were equipped with tools, spares, and lamps.<ref name=":5" /> He founded the Nishan-i-Sardari and Tamgha-i-Liaqat-i-Khidmat in August 1918.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Princely_Medals/YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=245–246 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He died on 19 November 1930 and was succeeded by his son [[Sidi Muhammad Haider Khan|Muhammad Haider Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bombay (India : State) |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bombay_a_Review_of_the_Administration_of/pmXiAAAAMAAJ |title=Bombay, a Review of the Administration of the Presidency |date=1929 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Titles, styles, and honours ==<br />
<br />
=== Titles and styles ===<br />
During his father’s lifetime, he was styled ''[[Nawabzada]] [[Wali-ahad Sahib|Wali Ahad Sahib]]''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/I_cvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref> He was styled ''[[His Highness]] the [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]]'' from the day he succeeded his father and held various titles and honorary military positions throughout his reign.<br />
<br />
His full styles and titles were: [[His Highness]] Mubariz-ud-Daula Muzaffar-ul-Mulk [[Nawab]] [[Siddi|Sidi]] Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III Bahadur, Nusrat Jang, [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]].<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
=== Military ranks ===<br />
<br />
* {{flagicon|British India|army}} 1904: [[Lieutenant]], [[Imperial Cadet Corps]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Who_s_who_in_India/Ld5AAQAAMAAJ |title=Who's who in India |date=1911 |publisher=Newul Kishore Press |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|army}} 1909: Honorary [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]], [[British Army]]<ref name=":8" /><br />
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|army}} 1921 – 1930: Honorary [[Major (rank)|Major]], [[British Army]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indian_and_Pakistan_Year_Book/5k0iAQAAMAAJ |title=The Indian and Pakistan Year Book |date=1930 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |pages=965 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Appointments ===<br />
<br />
* 1906 – 1910: Honorary [[Aide-de-camp#United Kingdom|Aide-de-Camp]] to the [[Governors of Bombay]] including [[Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington|Lord Lamington]] and [[George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe|Lord Sydenham]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296/ |title=ACL-ARCH 00269 Indian Princes And The Crown |pages=283}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:1886 births]]<br />
[[Category:1930 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:British Empire in World War I]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nat_Bhairav&diff=459975
Nat Bhairav
2025-07-31T01:09:38Z
<p>Killerhazard: further adjust citations after review and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|Natabhairavi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox raga<br />
| name = Nat Bhairav<br />
| image_name =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| thaat = [[Bhairav (thaat)|Bhairav]]<ref name=Tan>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanarang.com/english/nut-bhairav_eng.htm |title=Raag Nut Bhairav – Indian Classical Music |publisher=Tanarang.com |accessdate=2022-08-25}}</ref><br />
| type = Sampurna<ref name=Tan /><br />
| time = Morning, 6–9<br />
| season =<br />
| arohana = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa {{underline|Dha}} Ni Sa'<ref name=Tan /><br />
| avarohana = Sa' Ni {{underline|Dha}} Pa Ma Ga Re Sa<ref name=Tan /><br />
| vadi = Ma<ref name=Tan /><br />
| samavadi = Sa<ref name=Tan /><br />
| pakad = {{ubl|Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-{{underline|Dha}} Pa<br />
| Ga-Ma-Re-Sa<br />
| 'Ni-{{underline|'Dha}}-Sa}}<br />
| chalan =<br />
| synonym =<br />
| equivalent = {{ubl|[[Sarasangi]]|[[Harmonic major scale]]}}<br />
| similar =<br />
}}<br />
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}<br />
'''Nat Bhairav''' (or also written as '''Nut Bhairav''') ([[Hindi]]: नट भैरव) is a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[heptatonic]] ([[Sampurna raga|Sampurna]]) [[raga]] of [[Bhairav (thaat)|Bhairav]] [[Thaat]]. Traditionally it is a morning raga. It is one of the most important ragas of the Bhairav anga.<ref name=Tan /><br />
<br />
This raga is not be confused with the ''[[Natabhairavi]]'', the 20th ''Melakarta'' of Carnatic Music.{{cn|date=November 2024}} ''[[Sarasangi]]'', which is the 27th Melakarta in Carnatic music, has the same scale as the Nat Bhairav in Hindustani music. In Western theory it is called the [[harmonic major scale]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Theory==<br />
Writing about the musical theory of Hindustani music is fraught with complications. Firstly, there have been no set, formal methods of written notation. Secondly, Hindustani music is an [[aural]] tradition, and therefore writing is not an essential part of learning. However, Nat Bhairav is a morning raga. The raga reflects the mood of slight pathos with heroic exuberance.<br />
<br />
===Arohana and Avarohana===<br />
[[Arohana]]<br />
<br />
Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, {{underline|Dha}}, Ni, Sa'<br />
C, D, E, F, G, A♭, B, C'<br />
<br />
[[Avarohana]]<br />
<br />
Sa', Ni, {{underline|Dha}}, Pa, Ma, Ga, Re, Sa<br />
C', B, A♭, G, F, E, D, C<br />
<br />
===Pakad or Chalan===<br />
{{underline|Dha}}-Ni-Sa'<br />
<br />
Sa-Re-Sa<br />
<br />
Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-{{underline|Dha}}-Pa, Ga-Ma-Re-Sa, Re-'Ni-'{{underline|Dha}}-Sa<br />
<br />
While the above is true, modern (20th century) treatment of the Raga is slightly different. The basic Chalan of the Raga has de facto shifted the Vadi-Samvadi (Point-Counterpoint) duo to Re-{{underline|Dha}}; and the basic characteristic phrase has become Re-{{underline|Dha}}-Re, Re-Ga, Ga-Ma, Ma-Pa; Ma-Ni{{underline|Dha}}-Pa, Ga-(Ma)-Re-Sa; Sa-'NiSa-'{{underline|Dha}}.<br />
<br />
It is believed that this Chalan brings out clearly the Nat-ang in Nat Bhairav.<br />
<br />
===Organization and relationships===<br />
Related ragas:<br />
* [[Bhairav (raga)]]<br />
* [[Ahir Bhairav]]<br />
* [[Thaat]]: [[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]]<br />
<br />
==Behaviour==<br />
As the name suggests, this raga is a combination of [[Nat (raga)|Nat]] and [[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]] (Shah [Bhairav ke Prakar] 1991: 255). It is regarded as one of the varieties of Bhairav. The lower tetra chord has the notes of Nat whereas in the upper tetra chord Bhairav is evident. Therefore, except Komal Dha, all the other notes are natural. The raga comes across as a musical entity with heroic exuberance, along with a slight feeling of pathos.<br />
<br />
===Samay (Time)===<br />
Nat Bhairav is an early morning raga. This raga has a distinct character although at times imbued with impressions of Bhairav.<br />
<br />
===Seasonality===<br />
Nat Bhairav is one of few ragas that can be sung in any season.<br />
<br />
===Rasa===<br />
Nat Bhairav is typically performed with a musical entity with heroic exuberance, along with a slight feeling of pathos.<br />
<br />
==Film Songs==<br />
Nat Bhairav is a popular raga for film songs. Here are some film songs based on Nat Bhairav:<br />
* "Badli Se Nikla Hai Chaand" – [[Sanjog(1961 film)|Sanjog]], 1961<br />
* "Tere Naina Kyon Bhar Aaye" – [[Geet (1970 film)|Geet]], 1970<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.swarganga.org/raaga_details.php?raagid=28 Bhairav, Nat]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
* [https://autrimncpa.wordpress.com/nat-bhairav/ Nat bhairav]<br />
<br />
{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}<br />
{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Delhi_2nd_Division_qualifiers&diff=482798
2021 Delhi 2nd Division qualifiers
2025-07-18T22:13:33Z
<p>Killerhazard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{refimprove|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{infobox football league season<br />
| competition = 2021 Delhi 2nd Division qualifiers<br />
| dates = 17–31 July<br />
| winners = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]] (8th title)<br />
| matches = 23<br />
| total goals = 98<br />
| league topscorer = [[Ansumana Kromah]] (7)<br />
| best goalkeeper = Sayak Barai<br />
| biggest home win = <br />
| biggest away win = <br />
| highest scoring = [[Delhi United FC]] 2-7 Ahbab FC<br />
| longest wins = <br />
| longest unbeaten = [[Delhi FC]] (6 matches)<br />
| longest winless = <br />
| longest losses = <br />
| highest attendance = <br />
| lowest attendance = <br />
| attendance = <br />
| average attendance = <br />
| prevseason = [[2019 FD Senior Division|2019]]<br />
| nextseason = [[2021–22 FD Senior Division|2021–22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2021 [[Delhi Football League|Delhi 2nd Division qualifiers]]''' was a qualification tournament for the [[2021 I-League Qualifiers]] organized by [[Football Delhi]].<br />
<br />
The qualification tournament was originally set to begin from May, but it was postponed and kicked off on July 17.<ref name="thefangarage">{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18026-2nd-division-qualifiers-delhi--garwhal-heroes-sign-ansumana-kromah|title=2nd Division Qualifiers Delhi - Garwhal Heroes sign Ansumana Kromah|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="khelnow">{{cite web|url= https://khelnow.com/football/football-delhi-2nd-division-league-qualifiers-fixtures-results-standings|title=Football Delhi 2nd Division League Qualifiers 2021: Fixtures, results, standings & more|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> The 10 teams were divided into two groups. The top two teams from each group are advancing to the semi-finals. [[Delhi FC]] and [[Garhwal FC]] were nominated for 2021 I-League Qualifiers.<ref name="theawayend">{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|title=Delhi (DSA) Senior Division League|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Teams==<br />
A total of 10 teams participates in the league. Teams were divided into groups '''A''' and '''B''':<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!Club<br />
!Head coach<br />
!Jersey sponsor<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Ahbab FC<br />
|<br />
|Hajmola<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left;"|City FC<br />
|<br />
|Ultratech Cement<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Delhi FC]]<br />
|[[Yan Law]]<br />
|Spartan<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Delhi United FC]]<br />
|<br />
|Fenuday<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Friends United FC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Garhwal FC]]<br />
|Vikas Rawat<br />
|Vector<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Rangers SC<br />
|<br />
|IJLC Pvt. Ltd.<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Royal Rangers FC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|Shastri FC<br />
|<br />
|Browny Sports<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Standings==<br />
===Group A===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!width="175"|Team!!width="20"|Pld!!width="20"|W!!width="20"|D!!width="20"|L!!width="20"|GF!!width="20"|GA!!width="20"|GD!!width="20"|Pts<br />
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc<br />
|align=left|[[Delhi FC]]<br />
|4||3||1||0||18||4||+14||'''10'''<br />
|-bgcolor=#ccffcc<br />
|align=left|[[Garhwal FC]]<br />
|4||3||1||0||12||2||+10||'''10'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Friends United FC<br />
|4||2||0||2||8||7||-1||'''6'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |City FC<br />
|4||1||0||1||3||13||-10||'''3'''<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Rangers SC<br />
|4||0||0||4||2||17||-15<br />
|'''0'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Group B===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!width="175"|Team!!width="20"|Pld!!width="20"|W!!width="20"|D!!width="20"|L!!width="20"|GF!!width="20"|GA!!width="20"|GD!!width="20"|Pts<br />
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc<br />
|align=left|[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]<br />
|4||2||1||0||9||4||+5||'''10'''<br />
|-bgcolor=#ccffcc<br />
| align="left" |Royal Rangers FC<br />
|4||2||2||0||11||3||+8||'''8'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |Ahbab FC<br />
|4||2||1||1||11||5||+6||'''7'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[Delhi United FC]]<br />
|4||1||0||3||6||14||-8||'''3'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |Shastri FC<br />
|4||0||0||4||2||13||-11||'''0'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Knockout stage==<br />
===Bracket===<br />
<section begin=Bracket />{{4TeamBracket|legs=|aggregate=|nowrap=y<br />
| RD1=Semi-finals<br />
| RD2=Final<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed1 = <br />
| RD1-team1 = [[Delhi FC]]<br />
| RD1-score1-1= 5<br />
| RD1-score1-2= <br />
| RD1-score1-agg= <br />
| RD1-seed2 = <br />
| RD1-team2 = Royal Rangers FC<br />
| RD1-score2-1= 3<br />
| RD1-score2-2= <br />
| RD1-score2-agg= <br />
<br />
| RD1-seed3 = <br />
| RD1-team3 = [[Garhwal FC|Garhwal]]<br />
| RD1-score3-1= 2 (6)<br />
| RD1-score3-2= <br />
| RD1-score3-agg= <br />
| RD1-seed4 = <br />
| RD1-team4 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]<br />
| RD1-score4-1= 2 (7)<br />
| RD1-score4-2= <br />
| RD1-score4-agg= <br />
<br />
| RD2-seed1 = <br />
| RD2-team1 = [[Delhi FC]]<br />
| RD2-score1 = 2 (4)<br />
| RD2-seed2 = <br />
| RD2-team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]<br />
| RD2-score2 = 2 (5)<br />
}}<section end=Bracket /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
{{Sports leagues of India}}<br />
<br />
<!--[[Category:DSA Senior Division]]--><br />
[[Category:Football in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football leagues|3]]<br />
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naduvan&diff=519788
Naduvan
2025-07-07T05:36:21Z
<p>Killerhazard: made the details from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Naduvan<br />
| image = Naduvan poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Official release poster<br />
| director = [[Sharran Kumar]]<br />
| producer = Lucky Chhajer<br />
| writer = Sharran Kumar<br />
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]<br />[[Aparna Vinod]]<br />[[Gokul Anand]]<br />
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]<br />
| cinematography = S. Yuva<br />
| editing = Sunny Sawrav<br />
| studio = Cue Entertainment<br />
| distributor = [[SonyLIV]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2021|09|24|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Naduvan''''' ({{translation|Umpire/Neutral}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by [[Sharran Kumar]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2019 |title=Bharath starrer 'Naduvan' packed with action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharath-starrer-naduvan-packed-with-action/articleshow/67418606.cms |access-date=18 August 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] and [[Aparna Vinod]], with [[Gokul Anand]] and Aruvi Bala in supportive roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2019 |title=நடுவனை நம்பும் பரத் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/74851/cinema/Kollywood/Bharaths-next-film-Naduvan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107105825/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/74851/cinema/Kollywood/Bharaths-next-film-Naduvan.htm |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was directly released on Sony LIV on 24 September 2021.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film revolves around a happy couple, Karthik and Madhu, who lives with their young daughter. Shiva is a partner in Karthik’s tea factory. Guru, a worker in the factory, learns of a secret involving Shiva and Madhu. He is threatened. Meanwhile, a sequence of events leads to Karthik waiting for an opportunity to take revenge on his wife and partner.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Karthik<br />
* [[Aparna Vinod]] as Madhu<br />
* [[Gokul Anand]] as Shiva<br />
* Aruvi Bala as Guru<br />
* Dasarathi Narasimhan as Kathir<br />
* [[George Maryan]] as Pazhani<br />
* [[Yog Japee]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was announced by actor turned director Sharran Kumar who also revealed that he had nearly spent one and a half years to finish the script due to being busy with his acting assignments and schedules.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2019 |title=It's a wrap for Bharath's Naduvan |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/07/its-a-wrap-for-bharaths-naduvan-1921448.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129082637/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/07/its-a-wrap-for-bharaths-naduvan-1921448.html |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was to be made as a thriller with lead actor Bharath in the role of a young father of a young girl. Portions of the film were set in [[Kodaikanal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=13 December 2018 |title=Bharath's next titled 'Naduvan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharaths-next-titled-naduvan/articleshow/67076711.cms |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The shoot of the film wrapped up on early January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2019 |title=I still have a lot to prove as a hero: Bharath |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/28/i-still-have-a-lot-to-prove-as-a-hero-1930764.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129082635/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/28/i-still-have-a-lot-to-prove-as-a-hero-1930764.html |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by Dharan Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naduvan Songs Download: Naduvan MP3 Tamil Songs Online Free on |url=https://gaana.com/album/naduvan-tamil |access-date=2022-08-23 |publisher=Gaana}}</ref><br />
*Kaalai Adhikaalai - Sid Sriram<br />
*Yaarin Vaazhkai - Santhosh Jayakaran<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Director Sharran Kumar wants us to take this material seriously and tries to break the events into chapters and gives voice-overs about how there is a face behind every mask and a story behind each face, to make us believe there is more to the film that meets the eye. But unfortunately, such a gimmick only smacks of pretentiousness given how uninvolving the scenes are. The film actually has to become a completely different genre film to keep us engaged."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=24 September 2021 |title=Naduvan Review: Naduvan is uninvolving for the most part |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/naduvan/ottmoviereview/86477601.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=15116346}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]<br />
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]</div>
Killerhazard
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saloni_Daini&diff=532168
Saloni Daini
2025-06-23T19:21:58Z
<p>Killerhazard: started a pg...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress and comedian (born 2001)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=March 2010}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Saloni Daini<br />
| image = Saloni Daini snapped at the launch of song Marda Saara India (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Daini in 2020<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|19|2020|11|6}}<ref name="age"/><br />
| birth_place = [[Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|stand up comedian}}<br />
| years_active = 2007 – present<br />
}}<br />
'''Saloni Daini''' (Born 19 Jun 2001, [[Sangli|Sangil]]) is an Indian television actress and [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]], having started her career as a [[child actress]]. She is best known for playing the character Gangubai in various comedy TV shows.<ref name="age">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/bhains-lag-rahi-hai-comedy-circus-gangubai-saloni-daini-on-being-fat-shamed-dramatic-transformation-post-22kg-weight-loss-during-coronavirus-lockdown/story-QGwqmAasvEFGtj7Ht1EcGO_amp.html&ved=2ahUKEwjjoMz7_KbzAhVp8XMBHR12CJIQFnoECFQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1gnrChfUOethGPffP4PlTI&ampcf=1&cshid=1633015002755|title = 'Bhains lag rahi hai': Comedy Circus' Gangubai, Saloni Daini on being fat shamed, dramatic transformation post 22kg weight loss during coronavirus lockdown|date = 6 November 2020}}</ref> She is claimed{{Who|date=September 2021}} to be one of the youngest comic stars on TV.<ref name=rediff>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/12youngest-comic-star-on-tv.htm|title=Meet the youngest comic star on TV|date=12 March 2009|publisher=Rediff|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> She has faced the camera from the age of three, acting in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] serials and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Hindi films]], and has released a music album for Disney.<ref name="rediff"/> She also mimics film stars and politicians, and was seen in the promos of [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s ''Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain''.<ref name="rediff"/> In 2010, she appeared on ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Mahasangram]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Comedy-Circus-Mahasangram-begins/articleshow/5538835.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061314/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/tv/28131482_1_season-big-fight-funny-bone|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins|date=6 February 2010}}</ref> She also featured in video series called ''Main 13 Hoon'' in June 2015 where among others, Saloni mimes [[Arnab Goswami]] pretty well along with [[Kajol]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Daini appeared in various Indian stand-up comedy TV shows as child comedian. She played a fictional maid, Gangubai, in many of her stand-up comedy shows and people recognize her as Gangubai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/bhains-lag-rahi-hai-comedy-circus-gangubai-saloni-daini-on-being-fat-shamed-dramatic-transformation-post-22kg-weight-loss-during-coronavirus-lockdown/story-QGwqmAasvEFGtj7Ht1EcGO_amp.html&ved=2ahUKEwjrq-2lyajzAhUn4nMBHQIzDuMQFnoECGYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1gnrChfUOethGPffP4PlTI&ampcf=1|title='Bhains lag rahi hai': Comedy Circus' Gangubai, Saloni Daini on being fat shamed, dramatic transformation post 22kg weight loss during coronavirus lockdown|date=6 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"| Year<br />
! scope="col"| Title<br />
! scope="col"| Role<br />
! scope="col"| Notes<br />
! scope="col"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''[[Dum Kaata]]''<br />
| Gauri<br />
| Debut film<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''[[No Problem (2010 film)|No Problem]]''<br />
| Tuk Tuk<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} <br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Thank You for Coming]]''<br />
| Rabeya Das<br />
| {{N/A}} <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! scope="col"| Year<br />
! scope="col"| Title<br />
! scope="col"| Role<br />
! scope="col"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2009–2010<br />
| ''[[Comedy Circus]]''<br />
| Contestant<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''[[Raavi (TV series)|Raavi]]''<br />
| Cameo<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''[[Tedi Medi Family]]''<br />
| Suhani Khurana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''[[Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania]]''<br />
| Mona Pant<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Namune]]''<br />
| Kavya Agnihotri<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2020<br />
| ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]''<br />
| Farah Khan<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daini, Saloni}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian humorists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women humorists]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{India-tv-actor-stub}}</div>
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