Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Rakesh Kumar Goswami

2026-04-29T19:56:12Z

Khalidmendi: New A Bio First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Kumar Goswami
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|1|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mahoba]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Mahoba Assembly constituency|Mahoba]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = Raj Narain Alias Rajju
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Bundelkhand University]]
}}
'''Rakesh Kumar Goswami''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Mahoba Assembly constituency]] of the [[Mahoba district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18230/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rakesh-kumar-goswami/ |title=Rakesh Kumar Goswami, BJP MLA from Mahoba |website=ourneta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/rakesh-kumar-goswami-bjp-2022-mahoba-263-uttar-pradesh |title=राकेश कुमार गोस्वामी – महोबा विधानसभा चुनाव 2022 परिणाम |language=hi |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/mahoba-2026835216 |title=Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1806 |title=Rakesh Kumar Goswami(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAHOBA(MAHOBA) |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/rakesh-kumar-goswami |title=Rakesh Kumar Goswami |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>
He was elected as MLA 1st time in 2007 from Bahujan Samaj Party.

==Early life==
Rakesh Kumar Goswami was born on 26 January 1954 in [[Mahoba]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Kishori Kishore Goswami.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Gayatri Goswami on 27 February 1984, and they had one child.<ref name="UPLA"/>

==Education==
Rakesh Kumar Goswami completed his education with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] at [[Bundelkhand University]], [[Jhansi]].<ref name="UPLA"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || March 2007 || March 2017 || Member, [[15th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] || <ref name="UPLA"/>

| 02 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
| 03 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Mahoba Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Rakesh Kumar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Mahoba district]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand University alumni]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad

2026-04-26T09:08:20Z

Khalidmendi: new entry...

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar and jurist (1889-1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = Mawlānā
|title = {{small|Shaykh al-Hadith}}
|name = Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad
|office1 = 6th President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
|term_start1 = December 1959
|term_end1 = 5 April 1972
|predecessor1 = [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]]
|successor1 = [[Asad Madni]]
|office2 = 6th [[Sheikh al-Hadith|Sheikh-ul-Hadith]] of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<ref name="Khalili"/>
|term_start2 = 1957
|term_end2 = 5 April 1972
|predecessor2 = [[Husain Ahmad Madani]]
|successor2 = [[Sharif Hasan Deobandi]]
|office3 = 7th Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband<ref name="Khalili">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd|date= October 2020|page=748|location=India |language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref>
|term_start3 = 1967
|term_end3 = 5 April 1972
|predecessor3 = [[Ibrahim Balyawi]]
|successor3 = [[Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi]]
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=[[Islam]]
|birth_date = {{birth year|1889}}
|birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1972|04|05|1889}}
|death_place = [[Moradabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India
|region = [[British India]]/[[India]]
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|main_interests = [[Hadith]]
| notable_works = ''Al-Qaul al-Fasih'', ''Izaahul Bukhari''
| influenced = [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]]
|students = [[Muhibbullah Babunagari]], [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]], [[Abul Qasim Nomani]], [[Muhammad Jabir Qasmi]]
}}}}
'''Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad''' (1889-1972) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Sunni Muslim scholar and jurist who served as the Principal of [[Madrasa Shahi]], and the sixth President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]. He was a professor of [[hadith]] at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].

==Biography==
Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad studied Quran with his mother and [[Persian language|Persian]] with family elders. Aged eight, he began studying Arabic grammar and syntax. He enrolled in Madrassa Manba al-Ulum Gulaothi, where he studied with [[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]] and then went to Delhi with him and studied books of rational sciences in the [[madrassa]]s of Delhi.<ref name="DarulUloom">{{cite journal |title= |journal=Darul Uloom|date=July 1979 |page=11-12}}</ref> In 1908, he entered the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and studied Daura Hadith (the final class) in two years instead of one, as per the instructions of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]].<ref name="history">{{cite book |author1=[[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]] |title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume=2|publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location= Darul Uloom Deoband|page=158-159|edition=1981 |language=English}}</ref>

Ahmad began teaching at the Darul Uloom Deoband and later went to the [[Madrasa Shahi]] in [[Shawwal]] 1339 AH, where he served for 48 years. He was the principal of the Madrasa Shahi and taught ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood]]'' there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Muhammad Miyan Deobandi|author=Mufti Masood Azizi Nadwi|page=40-41}}</ref><ref name="dastan">{{cite book |title=Dastan Na'tamam|author=[[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]]|publisher=Kutub Khana Husainia, Deoband |page=72-73 |date=November 2009}}</ref> 1161 students studied ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' from him between 1377 and 1383 AH.<ref name="misalishaksiyat">{{cite book |author=[[Qari Muhammad Tayyib]] |editor=Hafiz Muhammad Akbar Shah Bukhari |title=Darul Uloom Deoaband Ki 50 Misaali Shaksiyyaat |publisher=Maktaba Faiz-ul-Quran, [[Deoband]] |page=167 |edition=July 1999 |language=Urdu}}</ref> He was appointed the senior hadith professor (Shaykh al-Hadith) at the Darul Uloom Deoband following the death of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] in 1957.<ref name="history"/> His students included [[Abdul Ghani Azhari]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Naikzada Mehmood |title=The Untold legacy of Professor Mufti Abdul Ghani Al Azhari |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research |page=996 |date=November 2022 |volume=9 |issue=11 |issn=2349-5162}}</ref>

During the presidency of Hussain Ahmad Madani, Ahmad twice served as the vice-president of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]].<ref name="history"/> He became its president following the death of [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]] in December 1959.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |page=198 |language=ur}}</ref>

Aged 82 or 83, Ahmad died on 5 April 1972 (20 [[Safar]] 1392 AH).<ref name=":Kaleem">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live |pages=145}}</ref> His funeral prayer was led by [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]] at [[Moradabad]].<ref name="history" /><ref name="misalishaksiyat" />

==Literary works==
Works of Ahmad include:
* ''Al-Qaul al-Faseeh''
* ''Aameen Bil Jehr Sahih Bukhari Ke Pesh Karda Dala’il Ki Roshni Main''
*''Izaahul Bukhari''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Principals of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Students of Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
[[Category:Sheikh al-Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Paul John (whisky)

2026-04-23T10:03:58Z

Khalidmendi: New First Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Brand of Indian Single Malt Whisky}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Paul John Indian Single Malt Whisky
| image = Paul John Brilliance.png
| caption = Indian Single Malt Whisky
| type = India [[single malt whisky]] and [[single barrel|single cask]] whisky
| abv = {{unbulleted list|46% (single malt)|57% (single cask)}}
| manufacturer = [[John Distilleries]]
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = 4 October 2012
| discontinued =
| colour = {{unbulleted list|[[Amber (color)|Amber]] [[Mahogany (color)|Mahogany]]}}
| flavour =
| ingredients = Indian [[malt|6 row malted barley]], imported [[Islay and Aberdeen peat]]
| variants = {{unbulleted list|Nirvana |Brilliance|Edited|Bold|Peated Select Cask |Classic Select Cask|Oloroso Select Cask| PX Select Cask|Christmas Edition Series |Kanya by Paul John|Mithuna By Paul John|Mars Orbiter|Paul John XO Brandy|Special Single Cask releases}}
| related = {{unbulleted list|Original Choice|Roulette Premium Whisky|Big Banyan Wines}}
| website = {{URL|pauljohnwhisky.com}}
| logo = Paul John Indian Single Malt Whisky.png
| logo_size = 100px
}}

'''Paul John Whisky '''is a brand of Indian [[Single malt whisky|single malt]] and [[Single barrel whiskey|single cask]] [[whisky]], manufactured by [[John Distilleries]]. The brand launched in [[London]], [[England]] on 4 October 2012.<ref name="drinksint1">{{cite web|url=https://www.drinksint.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/3342/Indian_whisky_in_scotch_92s_back_yard__.html |title=Indian whisky in scotch's back yard |publisher=Drinks International |date=2012-10-05 |accessdate=2013-06-29}}</ref> Paul John Whisky is made from Indian 6-row [[Malt|malted barley]] and, for some variants, imported [[Islay]] and [[Aberdeen]] [[peat]], [[Distillation|distilled]] in traditional [[copper]] [[pot still]]s and then matured in charred American Oak casks at the company's distillery in [[Goa, India]].

Paul John Single Malt Whisky was first launched in 2012 in the [[United Kingdom]], by Sanjay Paul, CEO of Alcobev Limited, then in [[Goa]], [[India]], in 2013, and [[Bangalore]] in 2015. It was named after the Founder and Chairman of John Distilleries, [[Paul P. John]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==History==
John Distilleries is based in [[Bangalore]], India, and its single malt distillery is located in Goa. The distillery is equipped with two sets of copper pot stills (one for wash and one for spirit), with a daily production capacity of 6,000 liters. There is also a visitor center located on the premises. The distillery is the first in India to allow tours of the facility. [[Whisky#Aging|Maturation]] takes place in a climate-controlled underground cellar that has around 10,000 barrels, as well as in on-ground [[Warehouse|warehouses]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Roger Beecroft |url=http://angelswhiskyclub.com/awc/pauljohn.asp |title=Michael John D'Souza chatting to Paul Angels whisky club |publisher=Angelswhiskyclub.com |accessdate=2013-06-29 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194122/http://angelswhiskyclub.com/awc/pauljohn.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company had been making [[Blended whiskey|blended whisky]] since 1996, and single [[malt whisky]] since 2008<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|author=Matt C |url=https://whiskyforeveryone.blogspot.in/2012/11/new-release-paul-john-single-cask-161.html |title=New release – Paul John Single Cask #161 |publisher=Whiskyforeveryone.blogspot.in |date=2012-11-04 |accessdate=2013-06-29}}</ref> in an attempt to enter the premium end of the market.

The first bottling of Paul John whisky, branded "Paul John Single Cask 161 Whisky", was officially launched in London, UK, on 4 October 2012 by Sanjay Paul, CEO of Alcobev Limited, at the Capital Hotel in Knightsbridge, London, England.[28] The brand's second release, "Paul John Single Cask 163 Whisky" was also released by Sanjay Paul, CEO of Alcobev Limited, having 57% abv and priced at £60.[29] Following the single cask release, Sanjay Paul, CEO of Alcobev Limited released Paul John's flagship single malt whiskies in May 2013.[30] They were branded Paul John Brilliance, Paul John Edited and Paul John Bold.[31] These expressions range from unpeated to peated and are available across 38 countries in the world today. With over 200 known international awards, the range of expressions also include Select Cask Classic and Select Cask Peated.

[[Master distiller|Master Distiller]] [[Michael D'Souza]] chose to use Indian ingredients in the making of the single [[Malt|malts]], to give the whisky characteristics of its country of origin. The [[Wash (distilling)|wash]] he created had an [[Alcohol by volume|ABV]] of 5%, lower than the standard 8% for most whisky. This creates a sweeter flavour in the final product. The whisky is put in the casks at 55% ABV, but the alcoholic strength increases as it ages due to the heat, giving the final product an ABV of 57%.<ref name="misswhisky1">{{cite web|url=http://misswhisky.com/2012/10/17/paul-john-whisky-indias-latest-single-malt/ |title=Paul John Whisky: India's latest single malt |publisher=Miss Whisky |date=2012-10-17 |accessdate=2013-06-29}}</ref>

Goa features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] and being in the tropical zone and near the [[Arabian Sea]], has a hot and [[humidity|humid]] climate for most of the year. The tropical [[climate of Goa]] matures the liquid faster than colder climatic regions. The fraction lost to evaporation during ageing, known as the angels' share, is also higher in India, at 8-10% per year, than in [[Scotland]], where the annual evaporation loss is about 2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=279968 |title=High Spirits |publisher=business.outlookindia.com |date=2012-02-18 |accessdate=2013-06-29}}</ref> This leaves a [[hogshead]] with only 150 bottles left in it, after three years, compared to around 350 in Scotland.<ref name="misswhisky1" /> Michael D'Souza describes it this way, "Whisky matured at these temperatures simply cannot be aged for the kind of time expected with [[Scotch whisky|Scotch]], even trying to mature our whisky for just 10 years would leave barely a bottle of liquid in the barrel. Fortunately, the heat actually speeds up the maturation process considerably. As a result, whisky that has been matured for just 4-5 years – as is the case with Paul John Edited and Brilliance – is equivalent to a Scotch that has been aged for around 15 years".<ref name="thecocktaillovers1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecocktaillovers.com/2013/06/heard-about-paul-john-indian-whisky/ |title=Paul John Indian Singe Malts |publisher=The Cocktail Lovers |date=2013-06-04 |accessdate=2013-06-29 |archive-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217082313/http://www.thecocktaillovers.com/2013/06/heard-about-paul-john-indian-whisky/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Variants==

* Port Cask 2022 exclusively for The Whisky Club (Australia)<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul John Port Cask * The Whisky Club |url=https://thewhiskyclub.com.au/our-whiskies/paul-john-port-cask |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> – 52.3% ABV

==See also==
{{portal|Liquor}}
*[[Amrut (whisky)|Amrut]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Alcoholic drinks}}

[[Category:Indian whisky]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:Whisky brands]]
[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverage brands]]

Nita Mehta

2026-04-22T10:09:57Z

Khalidmendi: New New Data W/ Sources...

{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur, cooking instructor
| years_active = 1980s - present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| website = [http://www.nitamehta.com nitamehta.com]
}}

'''Nita Mehta''' is an Indian entrepreneur. She is a cooking instructor, writer and publisher, [[restaurateur]], recipe developer, and chef.

==Career==
Mehta began giving cooking lessons from her home kitchen in the 1980s, starting with classes in making [[ice cream]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Danish Khan |first=Sophia |date=9 February 2018 |title=How a Housewife Built a Multi-crore Business Starting with Zero-Investment |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/2696/the-multifaceted-cook.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=[[The Weekend Leader]] |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Ananya |title=How a Delhi Homemaker Built a Culinary Empire That's Worth Crores Now! |url=https://thebetterindia.com/191100/nita-mehta-cookbook-delhi-woman-entrepreneur-food-company-crores-india/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=[[The Better India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Nirula's|Nirula's 21]], an ice cream parlor offering 21 flavours, had recently become popular, and Mehta believed women would want to learn to make ice cream at home.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She recreated Nirula's flavours and developed home recipes she could teach.<ref name=":1" /> She expanded class offerings in response to student requests, eventually developing teaching recipes for Chinese, [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] and European dishes.<ref name=":1" />

Mehta wrote her first cookbook, ''Vegetarian Wonders'', in 1992, but couldn't find a publisher, so she self-published it.<ref name=":0" /> It had limited success, and she switched to a single-topic booklet format, which was more successful; since then she has published on multiple subjects,<ref name="Morsels of pleasure">{{cite news |title=Morsels of pleasure |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/18/stories/2010091852500600.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125091305/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/18/stories/2010091852500600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |accessdate=7 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 September 2010}}</ref> including ''101 Recipes for Children''<ref name="101 recipes">{{cite news|title=Morsels of pleasure|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Food/article669309.ece|accessdate=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> and ''The Best of Chicken and Paneer''.<ref name="chickenpaneer">{{cite news|title=Chicken and paneer|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/10/stories/2002021000310800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020428043312/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/10/stories/2002021000310800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2002|accessdate=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 February 2002}}</ref> She formed a publishing house in 1994, SNAB publishers.<ref name=":0" /> By 2001 she opened a culinary academy with a professional kitchen.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="10years2">{{cite news|title=Baking love – with truffles and tiramisu!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Baking-love--with-truffles-and-tiramisu/articleshow/7467967.cms|accessdate=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=19 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="multicuisine2">{{cite news |date=12 August 2006 |title=Of skills and skillets |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060812/asp/weekend/story_6582159.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820052322/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060812/asp/weekend/story_6582159.asp |archive-date=20 August 2014 |accessdate=13 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

In 2010, Mehta and [[Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories|Hamdard Laboratories]] created [[mocktail]] and dessert recipes for [[Rooh Afza]] which were used in a new marketing campaign.<ref name="roohafza">{{cite news|title=Hamdard gives century-old Rooh Afza a facelift|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/hamdard-gives-century-old-rooh-afza-a-facelift/story-glWF6VDU3oe14qPHT9zb8J.html|accessdate=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 June 2010}}</ref> Also in 2010, a school in Panchsheel Colony, New Delhi consulted Mehta who provided a menu which was handed over to parents as a guide to food which should be packed for students going to the school.<ref name="schoollunch">{{cite news |last=Kaira |first=Vandana |date=17 February 2010 |title=Course Meal |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/course-meal/580714/0 |accessdate=13 August 2012 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> academy.<ref name="10years2" /><ref name="multicuisine2" />

In 2012 she opened restaurant ''Kelong'' at [[Sarabha Nagar]] in [[Ludhiana]].<ref name="kelong">{{cite web|title=Nita Mehta's multi-cuisine restaurant Kelong is going to open in Sarabha Nagar Ludhiana|url=http://www.ludhianadistrict.com/news/news-1323068470.html|publisher=Ludhianadistrict.com|accessdate=7 August 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091713/http://www.ludhianadistrict.com/news/news-1323068470.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Appearances===
[[Panasonic]] organised an event in [[Coimbatore]] in 2004 where Mehta was invited to share recipes for [[microwave cooking]].<ref name="microwave">{{cite news|title=Tikkas, truffle and tips|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/01/stories/2006060100360100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502115438/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/01/stories/2006060100360100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2012|accessdate=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 June 2006}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Kurkure]], a brand of ready-to-eat snacks owned by [[PepsiCo]], ran a recipe contest which Mehta judged.<ref name="kurkure">{{cite news |date=4 August 2007 |title=Become celebrities overnight! |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/04/stories/2007080452330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123190357/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/04/stories/2007080452330300.htm |archive-date=23 November 2007 |accessdate=13 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Later in 2011, she appeared on the television cooking contest [[MasterChef India]] as a judge.<ref name="masterchef">{{cite news |date=26 November 2011 |title=Chef Saby and Nita Mehta on MasterChef |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tv-guide/chef-saby-and-nita-mehta-masterchef-165 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126084454/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tv-guide/chef-saby-and-nita-mehta-masterchef-165 |archive-date=26 November 2011 |accessdate=13 August 2012 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In 2025 she judged ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''<nowiki/>'s Super Chef 2025 contest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=From Home to Fame: Dainik Bhaskar’s Super Chef 2025 Celebrates Culinary Talent |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/from-home-to-fame-dainik-bhaskars-super-chef-2025-celebrates-culinary-talent/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=[[Media News 4 U]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://nitamehta.com Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Nita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Women food writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Subhendu Guha

2026-04-22T02:24:34Z

Khalidmendi: new entry...

{{Short description|Indian scientist and solar cell inventor}}
{{Notability|1=Academics|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subhendu Guha
| image =
| alt =
| awards =
| citizenship = [[Americans|American]]
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1942}}
| birth_place = [[History of Dhaka|Dhaka, British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]: [[TIFR]], India; [[University of Sheffield]], United Solar, MI, USA
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Semiconductor]], [[photovoltaics]], [[solar architecture]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Invention of high quality [[amorphous silicon]]
| notable_works =
| website =
}}
'''Subhendu Guha''' (born 1942 in [[Dhaka]]) is an Indian scientist in the field of [[photovoltaics]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2005-12-06 |title=Scientist Wins World Technology Award |language=en-GB |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/nri-scientist-wins-world-technology-award/articleshow/1320525.cms |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= livingston Conference|url=https://livingstonsecurities.com/livingston_conference2009/speakers.php|access-date=2023-05-20 |website=livingstonsecurities.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Subhendu Guha was born in 1942 in [[Dhaka]]. Subhendu studied at Presidency College, [[Kolkata]], and obtained his M.Tech. and PhD from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Indian American wins tech award|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-indian-american-wins-tech-award-1000849|access-date=2015-09-25 |website=dnaindia.com/world|language=en-US}}</ref>

Subhendu developed a new process for making Amorphous silicon in 1979 after he joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Photovoltaic|url=https://www.eia.gov/kids/history-of-energy/timelines/photovoltaic.php|access-date=2023-10-19 |website=eia.go|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1991, he led a team of scientists at United Solar that made innovations to achieve efficiency solar cells and modules using [[Thin-film solar cell]] silicon and also the invention of flexible solar roofing shingles.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 2006, when Subhendu was President of United Solar, he discussed solar technology with President [[George W. Bush]] during the president's visit to United Solar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-02-20|title=Discusses Solar Technology and Energy Initiatives in Michigan|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060220-2.html|access-date=2022-02-24|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Robert |date=May 18, 1994 |title=A Brighter Future for Solar Electricity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/18/IHT-a-brighter-future-for-solar-electricity.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> He has also served as a panelist on the US Senate committee on energy and natural resources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-01 |title=Lunch Briefing – Solar Energy as a Sustainable Solution |url=https://www.energy.senate.gov/2006/9/press-64F9C62E-808E-4FC2-A68E-39FFE3C57334 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Subhendu is a recipient of the Bright Light Award from the US Department of Energy,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Solar Company Receives Award From Department Of Energy|url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/storage/solar-company-receives-award-from-department-of-energy-4865/#gref
|access-date=2023-10-19 |website=renewableenergyworld.com|date=26 January 2001
|language=en-US}}</ref> and the PVSEC 2009 award for outstanding contribution to science and technology of photovoltaic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-19|title=DEV-Energy Conversion Devices Dr Subhendu Guha Wins 2009 PVSEC Award|url=https://www.pvsec.org/awards.html|access-date=|language=en-GB}}</ref>

He also received the World Technology Award<ref name=":0" /> and the Best of the Best Award from [[ABP Ananda]] for his contribution to science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAGNIFICENT NINE IN 10TH YEAR OF ABP ANANDA SERA BANGALI AWARDS |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/magnificent-nine-in-10th-year-of-abp-ananda-sera-bangali-awards/cid/1290053 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* Backreflector morphology effects and thermodynamic light-trapping in thin-film silicon solar cells.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Subhendu Guha |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Subhendu-Guha |website=Research Gate}}</ref>
* High efficiency multi-junction thin film silicon cells incorporating nanocrystalline silicon.<ref name=":1" />
* On light‐induced effect in amorphous hydrogenated silicon<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhendu, Guha}}
[[Category:People associated with solar power]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Panipat Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:34Z

Khalidmendi: New New Article Nd Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Panipat Rural Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Panipat Rural Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|alliance = 
|region =
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 24
|established = 
| electors = 2,85,756
| abolished = 
| mla = {{Wdib|P488|fwd=ALL|qual=ALL|df=dmy|osd=no}}
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Panipat district]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Panipat Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] of [[Haryana]] a northern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myneta.info/haryana2014/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default |title=Assembly in Haryana State |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panipat Rural Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/panipat-rural.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Om Prakash Jain
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Mahipal Dhanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat Rural<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahipal Dhanda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,01,079 |percentage=50.25% |change={{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sachin Kundu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,867 |percentage=25.29% |change={{increase}}18.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=43,323 |percentage=21.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhvir Malik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,682 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,615 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}6.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,153 |percentage=0.57% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,212 |percentage=24.96% |change= {{increase}}11.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,139 |percentage=69.51% |change= {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,85,756 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat Rural<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahipal Dhanda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,086 |percentage=40.77 |change={{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Kadian |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=45,125 |percentage=27.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Bhardwaj |party=Independent politician |votes=20,393 |percentage=12.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkar Malik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,619 |percentage=7.06 |change={{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Jain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,679 |percentage=6.49 |change={{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhmi Chand |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=3,831 |percentage=2.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Rathee |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,052 |percentage=1.25 |change={{decrease}}14.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamshed Rana |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,287 |percentage=0.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above |votes=897 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,961 |percentage=13.35 |change= {{decrease}}9.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,64,545 |percentage=67.88 |change= {{decrease}}8.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,42,423 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat Rural<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahipal Dhanda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=62,074 |percentage=40.07 |change={{increase}}34.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=25,942 |percentage=16.75 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nishan Singh Malik |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,804 |percentage=15.37 |change={{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushi Ram Jaglan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,247 |percentage=9.84 |change={{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphal Begampur |party=Independent politician |votes=5,390 |percentage=3.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kadyan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,156 |percentage=2.68 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Niwas Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,043 |percentage=2.61 |change={{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,132 |percentage=23.32 |change= {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,915 |percentage=76.07 |change= {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,657 |ref = |change= {{increase}}61.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}15.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat Rural}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=23,770 |percentage=24.75 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimla Kadian |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=17,134 |percentage=17.84 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=12,221 |percentage=12.73 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsani Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,017 |percentage=12.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijender Singh Kadyan |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=9,830 |percentage=10.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvinder |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,969 |percentage=8.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,791 |percentage=6.03 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,869 |percentage=4.03 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,185 |percentage=1.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Balmiki |party=Independent politician |votes=566 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,636 |percentage=6.91 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,031 |percentage=76.01 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,347 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.40|76.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Karnal district]]
[[Category:Panipat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Puranpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:34Z

Khalidmendi: New New Data More To Come...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Puranpur
| constituency_no = 129
| map_image = 129-Puranpur.svg
| mla = [[Babu Ram Paswan]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Puranpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1962 after the "DPACO (1961)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1961.<ref name="DPACO (1961)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1961)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-61.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 129.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=December 31, 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/puranpur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Puranpur Assembly constituency is KCs North, South, East, Jograjpur, PCs Amraiya Kalan, Keshopur T.Anandpur, Khamaria Patti, Chandupur, Takia Deenarpur, Puranpur Khas, Fazilpur of West KC, Kalinagar NP & Puranpur MB of Puranpur Tehsil. Largest Village Sherpur Kalan.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | - || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || rowspan="2" | Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Mohan Lal Acharya || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Har Narayan || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Harish Chandra || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Baboo Ram Prabhati || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Vinod Kumar || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Har Narayan || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Parmod Kumar || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Virendra Mohan Singh || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Gopal Krishna Saxena]]|| [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dr. Vinod Tiwari || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Arshad Khan (Indian politician)|Rajat Saxena]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|Samajwadi Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Peetam Ram]] || rowspan="2"|[[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || May-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=December 31, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Babu Ram Paswan]]|| 2017 || 2022 || - || - ||
|-
| [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || - || - ||
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Puranpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baburam
|votes = {{formatnum:134404}}
|percentage = 50.12
|change = -1.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Arti
|votes = {{formatnum:107828}}
|percentage = 40.21
|change = +4.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Raja
|votes = {{formatnum:16060}}
|percentage = 5.99
|change = -2.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deepti Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:2518}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1543}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26576}}
|percentage = 9.91
|change = -5.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:268177}}
|percentage = 69.64
|change = +2.85
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Puranpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Babu Ram Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:128493}}
|percentage = 52.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Peetam Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:89251}}
|percentage = 36.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Er.K.K. Arvind
|votes = {{formatnum:20139}}
|percentage = 8.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2246}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39242}}
|percentage = 15.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246819}}
|percentage = 66.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1997===
{{Election box begin | title=1997 General Elections: Puranpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Krishna Saxena]]
|votes = 103,847
|percentage = 52.98
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Birendra Mohan
|votes = 43,009
|percentage = 19.21
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sukh Lal
|votes = 16,773
|percentage = 6.42
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 15 candidates
|votes = 40,279
|percentage = 21.39
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,838
|percentage = 13.77
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 253,908
|percentage = 65.97
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>

==See also==
*[[Pilibhit district]]
*[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pilibhit district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Alexander the Great in legend

2026-04-13T15:42:24Z

Khalidmendi: New

{{short description|Legendary accounts surrounding the life of Alexander the Great}}
[[File:The coronation of Alexander.jpg|thumb|The coronation of Alexander depicted in medieval European style in the 15th century romance ''[[Peniarth 481|The History of Alexander's Battles]].'']]
{{Alexander the Great series}}
The vast conquests of the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] king [[Alexander the Great]] quickly inspired the formation and diffusion of legendary material about his deity, journeys, and tales. These appeared shortly after his death, and some may have already begun forming during his lifetime. Common themes and symbols among legends about Alexander include the [[Gates of Alexander]], the [[Horns of Alexander]], and the [[Gordian Knot]].

In the third century AD, an anonymous author writing in the name of Alexander's court historian [[Callisthenes]] (commonly referred to as Pseudo-Callisthenes) authored the Greek ''[[Alexander Romance]]''. This work gave rise to a genre of literature chronicling the myths and adventures of Alexander, which evolved through over a hundred versions during premodern times and was translated into nearly every language across European and Islamic civilizations.

==Greek tradition==
[[File:Alexander Tetradrachm Amphipolis.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Posthumously issued silver [[tetradrachm]] of Alexander III with the inscription {{Lang|grc|ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} 'of Alexander'; [[Archaeological Museum of Amphipolis]]]]

===Prophesied conqueror===
[[Philip II of Macedon|King Philip II]] had a dream in which he took a [[Seal (emblem)|wax seal]] and sealed up the womb of his wife. The seal bore the image of a lion. The seer [[Aristander]] interpreted this to mean that [[Olympias]] was pregnant, since men do not seal up what is empty, and that she would bring forth a son who would be bold and lion-like.<ref>Plutarch Al. 2.2–3</ref>

After Philip took Potidaea in 356 BC, he received word that his horse had just won at the Olympic games, and that [[Parmenion]] had defeated the Illyrians. Then he got word of the birth of Alexander. The seers told him that a son whose birth coincided with three victories would always be victorious.<ref name="Worthington">{{cite book |last=Worthington |first=I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnQABAAAQBAJ |title=Alexander the Great: Man and God |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-86644-2 |pages=32–33 |access-date=2023-08-03}}</ref> When the young Alexander tamed the steed [[Bucephalus]], his father noted that Macedonia would not be large enough for him.<ref name=Worthington/>

===Deification===
When Alexander went to Egypt, he was given the title of [[Pharaoh]] and the epithet "Son of [[Ra]]" (the Egyptian sun deity). In 331 BC in Egypt, he would visit the oracle of the [[Siwa Oasis]] (also known as the Oasis of Amun-Ra). It was at that point, legend holds, that Alexander began to refer to [[Zeus Ammon]] as his true father. Returning to Memphis after the oracle visit, he was informed that the prophetess of the Apollonian oracle, the [[Erythraean Sibyl]], had also confirmed his divine paternity as the son of Zeus.<ref name="Lendering">{{Cite web |title=Lendering, Jona. "Alexander the God", Livius.org |url=https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201165831/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z3.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref>

=== Apocryphal letters ===
{{see also|Letters of Alexander the Great}}
*[[Leon of Pella]] wrote the work ''On the Gods in Egypt'' on the basis of an apocryphal letter sent from Alexander to his mother Olympias''.''
*The ''[[Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem]]'', described as being a letter sent from Alexander to his mentor [[Aristotle]], concerning his adventures in India.

=== Plutarch ===
Many Alexander legends are found in the writings of the Greek historian [[Plutarch]], such as that Alexander was born in the same day that the [[Temple of Artemis]] at Ephesus was burnt down, during which the god Artemis was too preoccupied with his birth to pay the requisite attention needed to save her burning temple. Later in life when Alexander offered to pay for the temples reconstruction, he was informed that it was not appropriate for gods to dedicate offerings to other gods. In another anecdote, it was said that the priestess of the Temple of Apollo in Delphi exclaimed to him "You are invincible o young!"

=== In Thessalonica ===
{{Main|Thessalonike of Macedon#Legend of Thessalonike}}

In medieval [[Thessalonica]], the largest city in the region of [[Diocese of Macedonia|Macedonia]], a popular legend arose among the inhabitants of the city connecting Alexander with the sculptures of a Roman-era portico of the city known as [[Las Incantadas]] ("the enchanted ones"), which had been erected long after his death. According to the legend, a Thracian king once visited Alexander, and his queen fell in love with him. They arranged to meet at night next to the portico, but the king learnt of this, and had his magician bewitch the portico so that everyone who passed near would be petrified. Alexander was notified not to go by his tutor [[Aristotle]], but the queen and her attendants were not as lucky, and they turned all into sculptures. The king and his magician arrived later to see their work, and they were petrified too.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stuart |first1=J. |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008297349/page/n229/mode/2up |title=The Antiquities of Athens, Measured and Delineated |last2=Revett |first2=N. |publisher=John Nichols |year=1762 |isbn= |volume=3 |location=London |pages=53–56}}</ref>

A popular Greek legend has it that Thessalonike became a [[mermaid]] who lived in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] after the [[death of Alexander the Great]].<ref>{{cite book |last=MacEwen |first=Gwendolyn |title=Mermaids and Ikons: A Greek Summer |publisher=Anansi |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-88784-062-3 |page=73 |authorlink=Gwendolyn MacEwen}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Manna |first1=Anthony L. |title=Folktales from Greece |last2=Mitakidou |first2=Soula |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=2002 |isbn=1-56308-908-4 |page=96}}</ref> The legend states that Alexander, in his quest for the Fountain of Immortality, retrieved with great exertion a flask of immortal water. In some versions of the story, he used the water to wash his sister's hair, making her immortal; in others, he forgot to tell her the contents of the flask and so used it to water a wild onion plant.<ref>Taietti, G. D. M. (2017). ''The greek reception of alexander the great'' (Order No. 10768496). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Liverpool] Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2116951715).</ref> When Alexander died his grief-stricken sister attempted to end her life by jumping into the sea.<ref>[[Amy Richlin]]. (2016). "The Kings of Comedy." In ''Roman Drama and Its Contexts''. Edited by Stavros Frangoulidis, Stephen J. Harrison, & Gesine Manuwald. (2016). De Gruyter.</ref> Instead of drowning, however, she became a mermaid who passes judgment on mariners throughout the centuries and across the seven seas. To the sailors who encounter her, she always poses the same question: "Is king Alexander alive?" (Greek: ''Ζει ο βασιλεύς Αλέξανδρος;''), to which the correct answer would be "He lives and reigns and conquers the world" (Greek: ''Ζει και βασιλεύει, και τον κόσμο κυριεύει!''). Given this answer, she would allow the ship and her crew to sail safely away in calm seas. Any other answer would transform her into the raging [[Gorgon]], bent on sending the ship and every sailor on board to the bottom of the sea.

===Claudius Aelianus===

[[Claudius Aelianus]] in the ''Characteristics of Animals'' wrote that [[Scythia]]ns say that there were horned donkeys, and their horns were holding water from the river [[Styx]]. Adding that Sopater brought one of these horns to Alexander, then Alexander set up the horn as a votive offering at [[Delphi]], with an inscription beneath it.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0590%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D40 Aelian, Characteristics of Animals, § 10.40]</ref>

==Jewish tradition==

=== Josephus ===
[[Josephus]], a first-century historian, describes the [[Gates of Alexander]] (and is the first to mention them after [[Pliny the Elder]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Meserve |first=Margaret |title=Empires of Islam in Renaissance historical thought |date=2008 |publisher=Harvard historical studies |isbn=978-0-674-02656-8 |location=USA |page=254}}</ref> Josephus describes these gates in the context of a barbarian group called the Scythians, for whom the boundary prevents their incursion. Elsewhere, Josephus also clarifies that the [[Scythians]] were known among the Jews as Magogites, descendants of the [[Magog (Bible)|Magog]] described in the Hebrew Bible. These references occur in two different works. ''[[The Jewish War]]'' states that the iron gates Alexander erected were controlled by the king of [[Hyrcania]] (on the south edge of the Caspian), and allowing passage of the gates to the [[Alans]] (whom Josephus considered a Scythic tribe) resulted in the sack of [[Media (region)|Media]]. Josephus's ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' contains two relevant passages, one giving the ancestry of Scythians as descendants of Magog son of [[Japheth]], and another that refers to the Caspian Gates being breached by Scythians allied to [[Tiberius]] during the [[Armenian War of 58–63|Armenian War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bietenholz |first=Peter G. |title=Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age |publisher=Brill |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFjXaCAWoOUC&q=%22from+a+Syrian+version+it+found+its+way+into+the+Koran%22 |isbn=978-9004100633 | page=122}}</ref>

=== Talmud ===
The [[Talmud]] also has many legends relating to Alexander, For example, it mentions that the [[Samaritans]] conspired for the destruction of the temple, but Alexander prostrated himself at the feet of the high priest [[Simon the Just]]. It also mentions many other legends on Alexander, such as the Ten Questions of Alexander to the Sages of the South, his Journey to the Regions of Darkness, the Amazons, the Gold Bread, Alexander at the Gate of Paradise, his Ascent into the Air, and Descent into the Sea.<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1120-alexander-the-great Jewish Encyclopedia, Alexander The Great]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://m.chabad.org/calendar/view/day_cdo/aid/240874/jewish/Alexander-in-Jerusalem.htm |title=Chabad, Alexander in Jerusalem |access-date=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2014-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108221855/http://m.chabad.org/calendar/view/day_cdo/aid/240874/jewish/Alexander-in-Jerusalem.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Talmud also records a story that describes Alexander seeking the [[Fountain of Life]], which also has versions appear in the ''[[Alexander Romance]]'' and in the Syriac ''[[Song of Alexander]]''. In the version as it appears in the Talmud, Alexander washes a fish in a spring which immediately jumps to life upon being washed. Realizing that he has discovered the Fountain, he washes his own face in it, though the significance of this is not explained in the story. The Talmudic version differs from the other versions, insofar as only in the Talmud does Alexander succeed in accessing the Fountain, and in this story, Alexander is the one to discover it as opposed to one of his servants.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDBRDAAAQBAJ&dq=song+of+alexander+jacob+serugh&pg=PA67 |title=Islam, the Ancient Near East and Varieties of Godlessness: Collected Studies in Three Volumes, Volume 3 |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |pages=67–68|isbn=978-90-04-31931-8 }}</ref>

== European tradition ==

=== Alexander sees the world ===
[[File:Aleksandar Makedonski in Otranto cathedral.jpg|thumb|Alexander the Great carried aloft by griffins, [[Otranto Cathedral]] floor mosaic]]{{Contradiction|section|did he ascend or descend?|about=whether Alexander ascended into the sky or descended into the ocean|date=November 2024}}
Wishing to see the world, Alexander was thought to have descended into the depths of the ocean in a sort of [[diving bell]], which would let him see the world from above. To do this he harnessed two large [[griffin]]s between which he was seated. He would hold meat skewers above their heads to entice them to keep flying further up.

Around 1260, [[Bertold von Regensburg]] preached, that like Alexander believed that "he could take down the highest stars from the sky by hand, so you too would like to go up in the air if you could." But the story showed where such a climb would lead, and proved that the great Alexander "was one of the greatest fools the world has ever seen."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernd und Hiltrud Hainmüller |date=n.d. |title=Weltbilder des Mittelalters,Station 4: Innenraum – Symbolik in visuellen Medien,1. Die romanischen Skulpturen |url=https://hainmueller.de/publikationen/weltbilder-des-mittelalters.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=hainmueller.de}}</ref>

[[David Talbot Rice|Rice]] and [[John Boardman (art historian)|Boardman]] have both argued that the figure on the Anglo-Saxon [[Alfred Jewel]] intended to represent this scene in order to represent the notion of one coming to knowledge through sight. Boardman has also argued that the Anglo-Saxon [[Fuller Brooch]] carries a similar theme.<ref>[[John Boardman (art historian)|Boardman, John]], "Alfred and Alexander", pp. 137-139, in: Gosden, Christopher, Crawford, Sally, Ulmschneider, Katharina, ''Celtic Art in Europe: Making Connections'', 2014, Oxbow Books, {{ISBN|1782976582}}, 9781782976585, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YOOZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 google books]</ref>

=== Slavic folk tales ===

In the [[Bulgarian_Folk_Songs|Bulgarian folk songs]] collection published by [[Miladinov_brothers|Dimitar and Konstantin Miladinov]] in 1861, under the chapter Legends, the first legend is about Tsar Aleksandar seeking the Immortal Water. The tale is recorded in what seems to be an Ohrid-Struga dialect. In the legend, Alexander finds the immortal water behind after walking three days in darkness, behind two mountains that open and close. He leaves the bottle with immortal water to his sister, who breaks it by accident. Alexander chases his sister to the sea, where she escapes and turns into a dolphin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miladinov |first1=Konstantin |last2=Miladinov |first2=Dimitar |title=Bulgarian Folk Songs |date=1861 |pages=526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4I_KAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&pg=PA526}}</ref>

== Arabic tradition ==
{{Main|Alexander the Great in Arabic tradition}}
With the Greek ''[[Alexander Romance]]'' and its translation into numerous languages including [[Armenian Alexander Romance|Armenian]], Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Ethiopic, and more, an entire genre of literature was dedicated to the exploits of Alexander in both Christian and Muslim realms. Alexander was also the one [[Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran|most frequently identified]] with [[Dhu al-Qarnayn]] ([[Arabic]]: ذو القرنين; lit. "The Two-Horned One"),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griffith |first=Sidney |date=2022-03-15 |title=Narratives of "the Companions of the Cave," Moses and His Servant, and Dhū 'l-Qarnayn in Sūrat al-Kahf |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jiqsa.6.2021.a005 |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=146–147 |doi=10.5913/jiqsa.6.2021.a005 |issn=2474-8420 |s2cid=251486595|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Chism |first=Christine |title=Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages |date=2016-02-04 |pages=51–75 |access-date=2024-01-17 |chapter=Facing The Land Of Darkness: Alexander, Islam, And The Quest For The Secrets Of God |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442661301-007/html |publisher=University of Toronto Press |language=en |doi=10.3138/9781442661301-007 |isbn=978-1-4426-6130-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Daneshgar |first=Majid |title=Studying the Qur'ān in the Muslim Academy |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-006754-0 |series=AAR reflection and theory in the study of religion |location=New York (N.Y.) |pages=77}}</ref> a figure that appears in Surah [[Al-Kahf]] in the [[Quran]], the holy text of Islam, which greatly expanded the attention paid to him in the traditions of the Muslim world.

[[Arabic]] was introduced as the court language of the caliphate during the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] around the year 700. One of the first texts translated into Arabic was the ''Rasāʾil Arisṭāṭālīsa ilāʾl-Iskandar'' (''The Letters of Aristotle to Alexander'' or the ''Epistolary Romance''), which consist of a letter of apocryphal letters meant to confirm Alexander's reputation as a wise ruler. It was composed during the reign of [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] (r. 724–743) from Greek sources like the ''[[Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem]]''. Part of this text became a constituent of the ''[[Secretum Secretorum|Kitāb Sirr al-Asrār]]'' (''Book of Secret of Secrets'') by [[Yahya ibn al-Batriq]] (d. 815), a Pseudo-Aristoteliean treatise which became immensely popular and was translated directly from the Arabic into many other (including European) languages. Both Alexander and Aristotle became important figures in Islamic wisdom literature, such as in the chapter dedicated to Alexander in the 9th-century ''Ādāb al-Falāsifa'' (''Sayings of the Philosophers'') written in the name of the famous Christian translator and physician [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]]. Other texts in this tradition from the tenth century onward included ''Ṣiwān al-Ḥikma'' (''Chest of Wisdom'') of [[Abu Sulayman Sijistani]], the ''al-Ḥikma al-Khālida'' (''Everlasting Wisdom'') of [[Miskawayh]], and the ''al-Kalim al-Rūḥānīya fīʾl-Ḥikam al-Yūnānīya'' (''Spiritual Sayings about Greek Maxims'') of [[Ibn Hindu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gaullier-Bougassas |first1=Catherine |title=Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4 |last2=Doufikar-Aerts |first2=Faustina |date=2022 |publisher=Wiley |pages=532–533 |chapter=Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature}}</ref>

The ''Alexander Romance'' literature would enter into the Arabic world through its [[Syriac language]] recension (version), known as the ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]''. It would become the main source for Arabic-language historians who wanted to discuss the role of Alexander in pre-Islamic history. For example, the ''Kitāb al-Akhbār al-Ṭiwal'' (''Book of Comprehensive History'') of [[Abu Hanifa Dinawari]] (d. 896), itself based on an older version in Pseudo-Aṣma‛ī's ''Nihāyat al-Arab'' (''Ultimate Aim''), includes a short history of the kingdom of Alexander in this tradition. Other examples include the ''Tārīkh'' (''Historiae'') of al-Yaʿqūbī (d. 897), the ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings|al-Rusul waʾl-Mulūk]]'' (''History of the Prophets and Kings'', or simply ''Annales'') of al-Tabbari (d. 923), the ''Murūj al-Dhahab'' (''Meadows of Gold'') of [[al-Masudi]] (d. 956), and the ''Naẓm al-Jawhar'' (''String of Pearls'') of [[Eutychius of Alexandria]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gaullier-Bougassas |first1=Catherine |title=Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4 |last2=Doufikar-Aerts |first2=Faustina |date=2022 |publisher=Wiley |pages=534 |chapter=Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature}}</ref>

The earliest full-length Arabic ''Alexander Romance'' was the ''[[Qissat al-Iskandar]]'' of ʿUmara ibn Zayd, composed in the late 8th or early 9th century. The other prominent Arabic versions would be the ''[[Qissat Dhulqarnayn]]'' (9th century), a second ''Qissat Dhulqarnayn'' in the ''Ara'is al-Majalis fi Qisas al-Anbiya''' (''Book of Prophets'') of [[Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi|al-Tha'labi]] (11th century), the ''[[Hadith Dhulqarnayn]]'' (15th century), the ''[[Sīrat al-Iskandar]]'' (15th century), the ''[[Sirat al-malek Eskandar Dhu’ l-Qarneyn|Sirat al-Malek Eskandar Dhu’ l-Qarneyn]],'' and the ''[[Tārīkh al-Iskandar al-Makdūni]]'' (''History of Alexander of Macedon'') (17th century).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gaullier-Bougassas |first1=Catherine |title=Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4 |last2=Doufikar-Aerts |first2=Faustina |date=2022 |publisher=Wiley |pages=534–535 |chapter=Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature}}</ref>

== Persian tradition ==
[[File:Eskandar fighting the enemy.jpg|thumb|''Eskandar fighting the enemy'', 15th century Persian miniature, [[Czartoryski Museum]]|268x268px]]
Pre-Islamic Persian tradition of Alexander is overwhelmingly negative, as in the ''[[Book of Arda Viraf]]'' and the ''[[Bundahishn]]''. In these texts, Alexander is the enemy of [[Iran]] and of true religion. For example, the former text at one point says: "Then the accursed, wicked Evil Spirit deluded the accursed (''gizistag'') Alexander the Roman, who lived in Egypt, in order to cause the people to have doubt about this religion." Early Islamic representations of Alexander retain some vestige of such views, as Alexander is occasionally called a ''gizistag'' in the Shahnameh.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Nawotka |first=Krzysztof |title=Syriac and Persian Versions of the Alexander Romance |date=2018-04-26 |work=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great |pages=525–542 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004359932/BP000023.xml |access-date=2024-03-25 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004359932_022 |isbn=978-90-04-35993-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Theodor Nöldeke]] has also inferred the existence of a now-lost [[Middle Persian]] recension of the ''[[Alexander Romance]]'', which he believed was translated into [[Syriac language|Syriac]] as the [[Syriac Alexander Romance]], but more recent scholarship has cast doubt on the existence of such an intermediary.<ref name=":0" />

Islamic-era Persian accounts of the Alexander legend, known as the ''[[Iskandarnameh]]'', combined the Pseudo-Callisthenes and Syriac material about Alexander, some of which is found in the Qur'an, with [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] Persian ideas about Alexander the Great. This is an ironic outcome considering Zoroastrian Persia's hostility to the national enemy who finished the [[Achaemenid Empire]], but was also directly responsible for centuries of Persian domination by [[Seleucid Empire|Hellenistic]] "foreign rulers".<ref>E.g. the Greek scholar G. G. Aperghis goes so far as to state: "Rather than considering the arrival of the Greeks as bringing something entirely new to the management of an empire, one should probably see them as apt pupils of excellent [Achaemenian] teachers. ([http://www.eie.gr/greece%2Diran%2Dconference/abstracts/abstr-aperghis.pdf link])"</ref> However, he is sometimes not depicted as a warrior and conqueror, but as a seeker of truth who eventually finds the ''[[Fountain of Youth|Ab-i Hayat]]'' (Water of Life).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Algar |first1=Hamid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuSK1054j54C&pg=PA292 |title=Mīrzā Malkum Khān: A Study in the History of Iranian Modernism |date=1973 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520022171 |page=292, ft. 26 |language=en}}</ref> Persian sources on the Alexander legend devised a mythical genealogy for him whereby his mother was a concubine of [[Darius II of Persia|Darius II]], making him the half-brother of the last Achaemenid king, [[Darius III of Persia|Darius III]]. By the 12th century such important writers as [[Nezami Ganjavi]] were making him the subject of their [[Epic poetry|epic poems]]. The ''Romance'' and the ''Syriac Legend'' are also the sources of incidents in [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manteghi |first=Haila |title=Alexander the Great in the Persian Tradition: History, Myth and Legend in Medieval Iran |date=2018-02-28 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78672-366-6 |quote=The ''Shahnama'' also contains parts from the Syriac sources discussed in the first chapter of this book: the Syriac ''Alexander Romance'' (such as the dragon slaying and the journey to Chin), episodes from the ''Syriac Legend'' and ''Poem'' (such as Gog and Magog, and the Water of Life) and the philosophers' laments over Alexander's tomb.}}</ref> In the ''Shahnameh'', the Persian epic, [[Kai Bahman]]'s elder son Dara(b) is killed in battle with [[Alexander the Great]], that is, Dara/Darab is identified as [[Darius III]] and which then makes Bahman a figure of the 4th century BC. In another tradition, Alexander is the son of Dara/Darab and his wife Nahid, who is described to be the daughter of "Filfus of [[Rûm]]" i.e. "Philip the Greek" (''cf.'' [[Philip II of Macedon]]).<ref>[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] - Page 12 {{ISBN|978-0-7100-9109-3}}</ref><ref>Alexander the Great was called "the Ruman" in Zoroastrian tradition because he came from Greek provinces which later were a part of the [[eastern Roman empire]] - The archeology of world religions By Jack Finegan Page 80 {{ISBN|0-415-22155-2}}</ref>

== Indian tradition ==
Alexander the Great was claimed as the ancestor of the [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] rulers.<ref name="Knight1893">{{cite book |author=Edward Frederick Knight |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kL0RAAAAYAAJ |title=Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the Adjoining Countries |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |year=1893 |page=330}}</ref>

==Alexander Romance==
{{Main|Alexander Romance}}
[[File:Alexander romance. Armenian illuminated manuscript of XIV century (Venice, San Lazzaro, 424) (1).jpg|thumb|248x248px|''Alexander Romance'',14th century Armenian illuminated manuscript.]]
In the third-century AD, a quantity of legendary and historical material about Alexander the Great coalesced into the production of a text known as the ''[[Alexander Romance]]''. The text is pseudonymously attributed to [[Callisthenes]], a court historian of Alexander the Great. For this reason, its author is usually referred to as Pseudo-Callisthenes.

In premodern times, the ''Alexander Romance'' underwent more than 100 translations, elaborations, and derivations in 25 languages, including almost all European vernaculars as well as in every language from the Islamicised regions of Asia and Africa, from [[Mali]] to [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doufikar-Aerts |first=Faustina |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0072 |title=A Companion to World Literature |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-99318-7 |editor-last=Seigneurie |editor-first=Ken |edition= |pages=1–11 |language=en |chapter=The Arabic ''Alexander Romance'': Mirror of a Bold, Clever, and Devout Prince |doi=10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0072}}</ref>

In Europe, the ''Alexander Romance'' was forgotten until [[Leo the Archpriest]] discovered a Greek copy in [[Constantinople]] while he was on a diplomatic missions. He produced a translation into Latin titled the ''[[Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Magni regis]]'', which became the basis of the far more successful and expanded version known as the ''[[Historia de preliis|Historia de Proeliis]]'', which went through three recensions between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries and made Alexander a household name throughout the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |title=A history of Alexander the Great in world culture |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16769-8 |editor-last=Stoneman |editor-first=Richard |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY |pages=7–8 |chapter=Introduction: Formation and Diffusion of the Alexander Legend}}</ref> Another very popular Latin version was the ''[[Alexandreis]]'' of [[Walter of Châtillon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walter |title=The Alexandreis of Walter of Châtillon: a twelfth-century epic: a verse translation |last2=Townsend |first2=David |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3347-6 |series=The Middle Ages series |location=Philadelphia, Pa}}</ref>

Translations would subsequently be made into all the major languages of [[Europe]] as versions of the Alexander romance became the most popular form of medieval European literature after the [[Bible]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Mínguez Cornelles |first1=Víctor |title=The visual legacy of Alexander the Great from the Renaissance to the age of revolution |last2=Rodríguez Moya |first2=Inmaculada |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-54990-3 |series=Routledge research in art history |location=New York London |pages=22}}</ref> such as [[Old French]] (12th century),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Damian-Grint |first=Peter |title=The new historians of the twelfth-century Renaissance: inventing vernacular authority |date=1999 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-760-3 |location=Rochester, N.Y |pages=2–3}}</ref> [[Middle Scots]] (''[[The Buik of Alexander]]'', 13th century),<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Mainer |first=Sergi |title=The Alexander and Charlemagne Romances |date=2010-01-01 |work=The Scottish Romance Tradition c. 1375–c. 1550 |pages=223–255 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789042029767/B9789042029767-s009.xml |access-date=2024-03-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789042029767_009 |isbn=978-90-420-2976-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Italian language|Italian]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Morosini |first=Roberta |title=The Alexander Romance In Italy |date=2011-01-01 |work=A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages |pages=329–364 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004211933/Bej.9789004183452.i-410_015.xml |access-date=2024-03-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004183452.i-410.109 |isbn=978-90-04-21193-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (the ''[[Libro de Alexandre]]''), [[Central German]] ([[Lamprecht]]'s ''Alexanderlied'', and a 15th-century version by [[Johannes Hartlieb]]), [[Slavic languages|Slavonic]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Minaéva |first1=Oxana |title=Scandinavia and the Balkans: cultural interactions with Byzantium and Eastern Europe in the first Millennium AD |last2=Holmquist Olausson |first2=Lena |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-7761-9 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne (GB) |pages=107–108}}</ref> [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Irish language|Irish]], and more.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pseudo-Callisthenes |title=The Greek Alexander romance |last2=Stoneman |first2=Richard |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044560-2 |series=Penguin classics |location=London, England ; New York, NY, USA |pages=7–8}}</ref>

The ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]'', composed either in ~630 shortly after [[Heraclius]] defeated the Persians<ref name="ciancaglini">{{Cite journal |last=Ciancaglini |first=Claudia A. |date=2001 |title=The Syriac Version of the Alexander Romance |journal=Le Muséon |volume=114 |issue=1–2 |pages=121–140 |doi=10.2143/MUS.114.1.302}}</ref> or in the mid-6th century during the reign of [[Justinian I]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tesei |first=Tommaso |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 |title=The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate |date=2023-10-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-764687-8}}</ref> contains additional motifs not found in the earliest Greek version of the ''Romance'', including the apocalypticization of the wall built against [[Gog and Magog]].<ref name="brillA">{{Cite book |last1=Donzel |first1=Emeri J. van |title=Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall |last2=Schmidt |first2=Andrea Barbara |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17416-0 |page=17 |quote=The episode of Alexander's building a wall against Gog and Magog, however, is not found in the oldest Greek, Latin, Armenian and Syriac versions of the ''Romance''. Though the Alexander Romance was decisive for the spreading of the new and supernatural image of Alexander the king in East and West, the barrier episode has not its origin in this text. The fusion of the motif of Alexander's barrier with the Biblical tradition of the apocalyptic peoples Gog and Magog appears in fact for the first time in the so called ''Syriac Alexander Legend''. This text is a short appendix attached to the Syriac manuscripts of the ''Alexander Romance''.}}</ref> Subsequent [[Middle East]]ern recensions of the Alexander legend were generated in the tradition of the Syriac recension, including versions in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Middle Persian|Persian]] (''[[Iskandarnameh]]''), [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]], Hebrew (in the first part of [[Sefer HaAggadah]]), [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmedi, Taceddin |url=http://universalium.academic.ru/256043/Ahmedi,_Taceddin |access-date=19 December 2011 |work=universalium.academic.ru}}</ref> (14th century), and [[Middle Mongol language|Middle Mongolian]] (13th-14th century).<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Cleaves |first=Francis Woodman |date=1959 |title=An Early Mongolian Version of The Alexander Romance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718540 |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=22 |pages=1–99 |doi=10.2307/2718540 |jstor=2718540 |issn=0073-0548|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Eastern reception ===

==== Quran ====
[[File:"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea".jpg|thumb|''Alexander is Lowered into the Sea'', from a ''Khamsa'' of [[Amir Khusrow|Amir Khusrau Dihlavi]], an illustrated manuscript from [[Mughal Empire]], attributed to Mukanda c. 1597-98, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web |title="Alexander is Lowered into the Sea", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, 1597–98 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145 |access-date=2018-12-14 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>|291x291px]]Alexander is often identified with [[Dhu al-Qarnayn]], literally ''"The Two-Horned One"'', mentioned in the [[Quran]], [[Al-Kahf]] 18:83–94. Similarities between the Quranic account and the ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]'' were also found in recent research<ref>Darvishi, Dariush, [https://www.academia.edu/95955711/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_The_Alexander_Romance The Alexander Romance], page 44-51, Tehran, Negah-e Moaser, 2022</ref> (see [[Alexander in the Qur'an]]).<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = University of Toronto Press| isbn = 978-1-4426-4466-3| last = Fastina Doufikar-Aerts| title = Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: Transcultural Perspectives| chapter = Coptic Miniature Painting in the Arabic Alexander Romance| date = 2016|page=173|quote=The essence of his theory is that parallels can be found in the Quranic verses on Dhu’l-qarnayn (18:82-9) and the Christian Syriac Alexander Legend. The hypothesis requires a revision, because Noldeke’s dating of Jacob of Sarug’s ''Homily'' and the ''Christian Syriac Alexander Legend'' is no longer valid; therefore, it does not need to be rejected, but it has to be viewed from another perspective. See my exposé in ''Alexander Magnus Arabicus'' (see note 7), chapter 3.3 and note 57.}}</ref> The Arabic tradition also elaborated the legend that Alexander the Great had been the companion of [[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]].

==== Persian tradition ====
Persian versions of the ''Alexander Romance'' began with depictions covering three sections of [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh]]'' (''Book of Kings''). The first full length Persian recension of the ''Romance'' appeared in an anonymous work entitled the ''[[Iskandarnameh]]'', likely dating to the eleventh century. [[Nizami Ganjavi]] would then compose his own ''[[Iskandarnameh (Nizami)|Iskandarnameh]]'' under significant influence from the representations of Ferdowsi's chronicle. The next major Persian version was the ''[[Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)|Ayina-i Iskandari]]'' (''Alexandrine Mirror'') of the poet [[Amir Khusrau]], who began first by surveying the earlier works of Ferdowsi and Nizami before proceeding into his own portrait. The final major Persian version was the ''[[Kherad-name|Kherad-name-ye Eskandari]]'' (''Alexandrian Book of Wisdom'') of [[Jami|Jâmi]] composed in the 15th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Casari |first=Mario |title=Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500: romantic and didactic genres |date=2023 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-664-2 |editor-last=Ashtiany |editor-first=Mohsen |series=A history of Persian literature / founding editor - Ehsan Yarshater |location=London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney |pages=491, 504–510 |chapter=The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature}}</ref> though numerous other versions would also continue to be written.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Casari |first=Mario |title=Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500: romantic and didactic genres |date=2023 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-664-2 |editor-last=Ashtiany |editor-first=Mohsen |series=A history of Persian literature / founding editor - Ehsan Yarshater |location=London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney |pages=513–534 |chapter=The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature}}</ref>

==== Malay tradition ====
The [[Malay language|Malay]] ''[[Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain]]'' was written about Alexander the Great as Dhul-Qarnayn and the ancestry of several Southeast Asian royal families is traced from Iskandar Zulkarnain, through Raja [[Rajendra Chola]] (Raja Suran, Raja Chola) in the [[Malay Annals]], such as the [[Sumatra]] [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] royalty.<ref name="Miksic2013">{{cite book |author=John N. Miksic |author1-link=John N. Miksic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&q=chola+zulkarnain&pg=PA147 |title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800 |date=30 September 2013 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-574-3 |pages=147–}}</ref><ref name="Vienne2015">{{cite book |author=Marie-Sybille de Vienne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpIBwAAQBAJ&q=chola+zulkarnain&pg=PA47 |title=Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century |date=9 March 2015 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-818-8 |pages=47–}}</ref>

===Western reception===
Western epics based on the ''Alexander Romance'' include:
*''[[Alexandreis]]'' (Latin)
*''[[Alexanderlied]]'' (German)
*[[The Buik of Alexander|''Buik of Alexander'']] (Middle Scots)
*''[[Li romans d'Alixandre]]'' (French)
*''[[Libro de Alexandre]]'' (Spanish)
*''[[Alexanders saga]]'' (Old Norse-Icelandic)

== See also ==
*[[Dhu al-Qarnayn]]
*[[Mythography]]
*[[Historiography of Alexander the Great]]
*[[History of Greece]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great]]

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Aerts |first=Faustina Clara Wilhelmina |author-link=Aerts |title=Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries : from Pseudo-Callisthenes to Ṣūrī |title-link= |date=2010 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-9042921832}}
* {{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina. ''Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries: From Pseudo-Callisthenes to Suri'', Peeters 2010.
* Manteghi, Haila. ''Alexander the Great in the Persian Tradition: History, Myth and Legend in Medieval Iran'', I.B. Tauris 2018.
* Moore, Kenneth. ''Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great'', Brill 2018.
* Ogden, Daniel. ''The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great'', Cambridge University Press 2024.
* Stock, Markhus (ed.). ''Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: Transcultural Perspectives'', University of Toronto Press 2016.
* Stoneman, Richard. ''Alexander the Great: a Life in Legend.'' New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780300112030 (hbk).
* Stoneman, Richard et al. (eds.). ''The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East'', Barkhuis 2012.
* Stoneman, Richard. ''A History of Alexander the Great in World Culture'', Cambridge University Press 2022.
* Zuwiyya, David (ed.). ''A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages'', Brill 2011.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander The Great In Legend}}
[[Category:Alexander the Great in legend| ]]
[[Category:Legendary dreams]]

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University

2026-04-11T22:14:32Z

Khalidmendi: creating new details!

{{Short description|Private university in Tiruchirappalli and Perambalur, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University
| established = {{start date|2021}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| location = [[Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Perambalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.dsuniversity.ac.in/index.php}}
}}
'''Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University''' is a [[Private university (India)|private University]] founded in 2021.<ref name="Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India">{{cite web | title=Private University | website= University Grants Commission (India)| url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=1111&Unitype=3 | ref={{sfnref | Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India }} | access-date=28 Apr 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626220154/https://www.ugc.gov.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=1111&Unitype=3|archive-date=26 June 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located in [[Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Perambalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was established under the Tamil Nadu Private Universities Act, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=The Tamil Nadu Private Universities Act, 2019 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2019/Act14of2019TN.pdf |website=Tamil Nadu Government Gazette Extraordinary |pages=56-71}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu 2021">{{cite web | title=Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University becomes third private varsity in State | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=12 August 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/dhanalakshmi-srinivasan-university-becomes-third-private-varsity-in-state/article35883176.ece | access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-gets-2-more-medical-colleges/articleshow/99504358.cms?from=mdr | title=Tamil Nadu gets 2 more medical colleges | publisher= | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=15 April 2023 | accessdate=11 April 2026|last=Narayan|first=Pushpa}}</ref><ref name="w446">{{cite web | author= | title=Marathon held on World Heart Day | website=The Hindu | date=30 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/marathon-held-on-world-heart-day/article68701684.ece | access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Arts and Science for Women ([[Perambalur]]), was ranked 44th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Rankings 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf|date=2024|website=NIRF: National Institutional Ranking Framework|publisher=Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India|page=40}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.dsuniversity.ac.in/index.php Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University]
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-university-stub}}

Uruttal

2026-04-11T17:33:11Z

Khalidmendi: new new page...

{{Short description|Torture technique in 20th century Keralam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Uruttal''' or '''Uruttu''' ({{IPA|ml|uɾuʈːɐl, uɾuʈːə̆|lang}}, meaning: rolling) is a type of torture which was used in 20th-century [[Kerala]]m. It was particularly common during the [[The Emergency (India)|Indian Emergency period]] for interrogation. In the [[Rajan case]] it was done in the [[Kakkayam torture camp]]. It was a common torture to captured [[Naxal]]s.

== Description ==
Uruttu is done by undressing the person and tying their hands and legs to a bench, then with a grain threshing/crushing club or a pestle called an "ulakka" placed on their thighs and 2 people on each side, the ulakka is forcefully pulled back and forth causing the thigh muscles and tendons to rip and tear, causing internal bleeding which may further cause death. The pain itself can cause a heart attack and death. Even if the person survives the thighs will be filled with pus rendering them unable to walk. The bleeding is internal and externally only swelling, bruise and inflammation is seen. Cloth may be stuffed in the victims mouth to avoid screaming. This torture technique was known for a long time but became famous in the news after the Rajan case where allegedly he was tortured to death in this way.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Jul/24/how-going-into-quarantine-44-years-ago-saved-former-naxalite-kunnel-krishnans-life-2174187.html|title=How going into quarantine, 44 years ago, saved former Naxalite Kunnel Krishnan's life|first=Amiya|last=Meethal|date=24 July 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/modern-force-medieval-methods/article28307466.ece|title=Brutal interrogation system in Kerala: Modern force, medieval methods|first=G.|last=Anand|date=6 July 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/07/01/remand-prisoner-kumar-died-after-torture-autopsy-report.html|title=Remand prisoner Kumar died after torture, confirms autopsy report|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/Jul/13/custodial-death-panel-orders-re-postmortem-2003487.html|title=Custodial death: Panel orders re-postmortem|date=13 July 2019|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
Shown in the 2018 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Kaattu Vithachavar]]''.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:20th century in Kerala]]
[[Category:Physical torture techniques]]
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes]]

Sethuraman Panchanathan

2026-04-10T15:53:49Z

Khalidmendi: new new details...

{{Short description|Indian–American computer engineer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sethuraman Panchanathan
| image = Sethuraman Panchanathan, portrait, National Science Foundation.jpg
| caption = Panchanathan in 2020
| office = 15th Director of the [[National Science Foundation]]
| president = {{ubl|[[Donald Trump]]|[[Joe Biden]]|Donald Trump}}
| term_start = June 23, 2020
| term_end = April 24, 2025
| predecessor = [[Kelvin Droegemeier]] (acting)
| successor = Brian Stone (acting)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|6|24}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = {{ubl|[[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])|[[Indian Institute of Science]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BEng]])|[[Indian Institute of Technology]] ([[Master of Technology|MTech]])|[[University of Ottawa]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| module = {{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| fields = {{ubl|[[Electrical engineering]]|[[Computer engineering]]|[[Informatics]]}}
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[University of Ottawa]]|[[Arizona State University]]}}
| thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5805
| thesis_title = Algorithms and Architectures for Image Coding Using Vector Quantization
| thesis_year = 1989
| doctoral_advisor = Morris Goldberg}}
}}
'''Sethuraman Panchanathan''' (born 24 June 1961<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Award Citation |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2025/2025118.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2026 }}</ref>) is an [[Indian Americans|Indian–American]] [[computer scientist]] and [[academic administration|academic administrator]] who served as the 15th Director of the [[U.S. National Science Foundation|U.S. National Science Foundation]] (NSF) from 2020 to 2025.

Panchanathan is a professor and foundation chair in the School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, part of the [[Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering]] at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU). Prior to serving on the [[National Science Board]] and as NSF director, Panchanathan led ASU's Knowledge Enterprise, its research apparatus, as executive vice president and chief research and innovation officer. During his tenure at the NSF, the agency formed its first new directorate in more than 30 years and established a network of artificial intelligence research institutes, among other initiatives. His departure from the foundation came amid significant cuts to NSF funding.

Panchanathan's research focuses on machine learning and assistive computing technologies for disabled people. In 2025, Panchanathan received the [[Padma Shri]], one of the [[Government of India]]'s highest civilian awards.

== Early life and education ==
Panchanathan was born in [[Chennai]], India.<ref name="nsf-2020-06-23">{{Cite web |last=Calvarese |first=Trisha |date=June 23, 2020 |title=Leader of AI breakthroughs, champion of innovation and inclusivity |url=https://beta.nsf.gov/science-matters/leader-ai-breakthroughs-champion-innovation-and-inclusivity |access-date=June 24, 2020 |website=[[National Science Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref> He attended [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]], affiliated with the [[University of Madras]], graduating in 1981 with a [[Bachelor of Science]] in physics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2014 |title=Barack Obama Appoints Indian Scientist to Key Science Position |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/barack-obama-appoints-indian-scientist-to-key-science-position-577946 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501003258/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/barack-obama-appoints-indian-scientist-to-key-science-position-577946 |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |access-date=September 25, 2025 |work=NDTV |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|CV}} In 1984, he earned a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in electronics and communication engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sethuraman Panchanathan visits his alma mater |url=https://eecs.iisc.ac.in/sethuraman-panchanathan-visits-his-alma-mater/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829092616/https://eecs.iisc.ac.in/sethuraman-panchanathan-visits-his-alma-mater/ |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |website=Division of EECS, IISc Bangalore |language=en}}</ref>

In 1986, he completed his [[Master of Technology]] in electrical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]. He later enrolled in the doctoral program at the [[University of Ottawa]] and received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in electrical and computer engineering in 1989<ref name="IASTED">{{cite web |title=The 13th IASTED International Conference on Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications IMSA 2009: Program Chair|url=http://www.iasted.org/conferences/chair-655.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922161151/https://www.iasted.org/conferences/chair-655.html |archive-date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=IASTED}}</ref> while working under the direction of Morris Goldberg.<ref name="thesis-panchanathan-1989">{{cite thesis |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5805 |title=Algorithms and architectures for image coding using vector quantization |date=1989 |institution=University of Ottawa (Canada) |degree=Ph.D. |last=Panchanathan |first=Sethuraman |hdl=10393/5805 |id={{ProQuest|89193507}} |oclc=872322075}}</ref>

==Career==
=== University of Ottawa ===
Panchanathan joined the [[University of Ottawa]] in 1989 as assistant professor and in 1994 was promoted to associate professor with tenure. While at the university, he was the founding director of the Visual Computing and Communications Laboratory.<ref name="CV">{{cite web |last=Panchanathan |first=Sethuraman |title=Curriculum Vitae |url=https://search.asu.edu/profile/88253/cv |access-date=October 20, 2025 |work=[[Arizona State University]]}}</ref> Research Panchanathan conducted while at the University of Ottawa included work on image and video compression using the [[JPEG]] and [[MPEG]] standards.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Panchanathan |first=Sethuraman |last2=Jain |first2=A. |date=1995-04-17 |editor-last=Rodriguez |editor-first=Arturo A. |editor2-last=Safranek |editor2-first=Robert J. |editor3-last=Delp |editor3-first=Edward J. |title=Wavelet-based scalable image compression |url=http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=991966 |pages=505–514 |doi=10.1117/12.206373 |conference=Digital Video Compression: Algorithms and Technologies 1995 |location=San Jose, California|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mandal |first=Mrinal K. |last2=Chan |first2=Eric |last3=Wang |first3=Xiping |last4=Panchanathan |first4=Sethuraman |date=1996-01-01 |title=Multiresolution motion estimation techniques for video compression |url=http://opticalengineering.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1117/1.600883 |journal=Optical Engineering |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=128 |doi=10.1117/1.600883 |issn=0091-3286|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Arizona State University ===
In 1997, Panchanathan joined [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) in [[Tempe, Arizona]], as a tenured associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url=https://asunews.asu.edu/20111114_sethuramanpanchanathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202164816/https://asunews.asu.edu/20111114_sethuramanpanchanathan |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |title=Sethuraman "Panch" Panchanathan |work=ASU News |date=November 14, 2011 |access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> In 2001, he was promoted to full professor and founded the Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing (CUbiC);<ref name="intconf">{{cite web |title=Fourth International Conference on Digital Information Management ICDIM 2009 |url=http://www.icdim.org/icdim2009/keynote.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000105/http://www.icdim.org/icdim2009/keynote.php |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=International Conference on Digital Information Management}}</ref> that same year, he became an [[IEEE]] fellow for his contributions to compressed domain processing and indexing in visual computing and communications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IEEE Fellows 2001 |url=https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407091842/https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/2001 |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |website=IEEE Communications Society}}</ref> He also founded and led the School of Computing and Informatics (2006-2009) and the Department of Biomedical Informatics (2005-2007).<ref name="intconf" /> Panchanathan served as one of ASU's representatives during the creation of the [[University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix]].{{r|ASU090204}}

Panchanathan was appointed ASU's chief research officer in 2009<ref name="ASU090204">{{cite web |date=February 4, 2009 |title=Panchanathan to facilitate ASU research opportunities |url=https://asunews.asu.edu/20090204_panch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207053317/https://asunews.asu.edu/20090204_panch |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=ASU News}}</ref> and in 2011 was promoted to senior vice president of ASU's Office of Knowledge Enterprise Development, its research apparatus.<ref name="promoted">{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Britt |date=October 9, 2011 |title=Panchanathan named senior vice president for Knowledge Enterprise Development |url=https://asunews.asu.edu/20111010_Panchanathan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013203416/https://asunews.asu.edu/20111010_Panchanathan |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=ASU News}}</ref> In 2016, Panchanathan became executive vice president of Knowledge Enterprise development and chief research and innovation officer, a position involving promoting research, entrepreneurship, and strategic partnerships.{{r|ASU200623}} During his term in the position, research expenditures increased to $635 million in 2018.{{r|ar-2019dec19}} He served in this role until his nomination as Director of the National Science Foundation in 2020.<ref name="ASU200623">{{Cite web |last=Clement |first=Monique |date=June 23, 2020 |title=ASU research and innovation leader Sethuraman Panchanathan confirmed as NSF director |url=https://news.asu.edu/20200623-asu-news-sethuraman-panchanathan-confirmed-national-science-foundation-director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218071110/https://news.asu.edu/20200623-asu-news-sethuraman-panchanathan-confirmed-national-science-foundation-director |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=ASU News |language=en}}</ref>

=== U.S. National Science Foundation ===
On June 13, 2014, President [[Barack Obama]] nominated Panchanathan to the [[National Science Board]] of the [[U.S. National Science Foundation]] (NSF).<ref>{{cite web |date=June 14, 2014 |title=Obama names IITian Sethuraman Panchanathan to Science Foundation board |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/obama-names-iitian-sethuraman-panchanathan-to-science-foundation-board/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616003728/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/obama-names-iitian-sethuraman-panchanathan-to-science-foundation-board/ |archive-date=June 16, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |work=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com}}</ref> President [[Donald Trump]] nominated Panchanathan as NSF director on December 19, 2019;<ref name="ar-2019dec19">{{cite news |last=Leingang |first=Rachel |date=December 19, 2019 |title=ASU head of research Sethuraman Panchanathan nominated to lead National Science Foundation |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2019/12/19/sethuraman-panchanathan-nominated-lead-national-science-foundation-asu/2701738001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228110404/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2019/12/19/sethuraman-panchanathan-nominated-lead-national-science-foundation-asu/2701738001/ |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> the U.S. Senate unaimously confirmed the appointment on June 18, 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Confirms Sethuraman Panchanathan as Next NSF Director |url=https://www.aera.net/Newsroom/AERA-Highlights-E-newsletter/AERA-Highlights-June-2020/Senate-Confirms-Sethuraman-Panchanathan-as-Next-NSF-Director |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=American Educational Research Association}}</ref> and he assumed office on June 23.<ref name="nsf-2020-06-23" />
[[File:Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Subcommittee He (NHQ202405230009).jpg|right|thumb|alt=Sethuraman Panchanathan seated, speaking to an unseen audience in a hearing room|Panchanathan testifying before the [[United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies]] in 2024]]
Panchanathan led the formation and 2022 launch of the Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), the first new directorate developed by the NSF in more than 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2022 |title=NSF establishes new Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships |url=https://beta.nsf.gov/news/nsf-establishes-new-directorate-technology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116005632/https://beta.nsf.gov/news/nsf-establishes-new-directorate-technology |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=National Science Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Among TIP's programs was Regional Innovation Engines, which was designed to expand the geography of place-based innovation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mervis |first=Jeffrey |date=January 29, 2024 |title=In a big bet on science, the U.S. just created 10 new 'innovation engines' |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/big-bet-science-u-s-just-created-10-new-innovation-engines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130012952/https://www.science.org/content/article/big-bet-science-u-s-just-created-10-new-innovation-engines |archive-date=January 30, 2024 |access-date=August 1, 2025 |work=Science |language=en}}</ref> Other notable achievements during his tenure include a new GRANTED program to broaden participation in research and education,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GRANTED - Office of Integrative Activities (OD/OIA) |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/granted |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523052843/https://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/granted |archive-date=May 23, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=National Science Foundation |language=en}}</ref> the establishment of a network of 27 [[artificial intelligence]] research institutes,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alder |first=Madison |date=April 24, 2025 |title=NSF director Panchanathan announces his departure |url=https://fedscoop.com/nsf-director-panchanathan-announces-his-departure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424232607/https://fedscoop.com/nsf-director-panchanathan-announces-his-departure/ |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=FedScoop |language=en-US}}</ref> and the creation of the Global Centers Program to support "large-scale use-inspired research in collaboration with international partners to address global challenges that cannot be solved by any single country".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2023 |title=Global Centers Program Competition |url=https://www.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/dcl-global-centers-program-competition/nsf24-023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319191709/https://www.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/dcl-global-centers-program-competition/nsf24-023 |archive-date=March 19, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=National Science Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

As part of [[2025 United States federal mass layoffs|mass layoffs in the U.S. federal workforce]], on February 4, 2025, 168 NSF workers, representing approximately 10% of the workforce, were fired. Panchanathan's absence from the firing meetings was criticized by some NSF employees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Katz |first1=Eric |last2=Kelley |first2=Alexandra |last3=DiMolfetta |first3=David |date=February 18, 2025 |title=168 employees fired at the National Science Foundation |url=https://www.govexec.com/workforce/2025/02/168-employees-fired-national-science-foundation/403071/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220070618/https://www.govexec.com/workforce/2025/02/168-employees-fired-national-science-foundation/403071/ |archive-date=February 20, 2025 |website=[[Government Executive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jonathan |date=February 18, 2025 |title=National Science Foundation fires roughly 10% of its workforce |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/18/nx-s1-5301049/national-science-foundation-fires-roughly-10-of-its-workforce |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219002040/https://www.npr.org/2025/02/18/nx-s1-5301049/national-science-foundation-fires-roughly-10-of-its-workforce |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=NPR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hiar |first=Corbin |date=February 20, 2025 |title='Cowardliness at the top': Science agency staff revolt over cuts |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/20/inside-national-science-foundation-firings-00204763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221194352/https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/20/inside-national-science-foundation-firings-00204763 |archive-date=February 21, 2025 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> All but two of the 86 probationary employees were rehired on February 28, though a separate group of part-time scientific experts was not, for a total of 84 dismissals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mervis |first=Jeffrey |date=March 3, 2025 |title=NSF brings back 84 fired workers after judge blocks White House–ordered dismissals |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nsf-brings-back-84-fired-workers-after-judge-blocks-white-house-ordered-dismissals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303185940/https://www.science.org/content/article/nsf-brings-back-84-fired-workers-after-judge-blocks-white-house-ordered-dismissals |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |work=Science |language=en}}</ref>

Panchanathan resigned as director on April 24, 2025, stating, "I believe I have done all I can to advance the critical mission of the agency and feel that it is time for me to pass the baton to new leadership."<ref>{{cite web |date=April 24, 2025 |title=Statement by Director Sethuraman Panchanathan on his departure |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/statement-director-sethuraman-panchanathan-his-departure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424190750/https://www.nsf.gov/news/statement-director-sethuraman-panchanathan-his-departure |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |access-date=April 24, 2025 |website=National Science Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=April 24, 2025 |title=Trump-appointed National Science Foundation director quits: 'I have done all I can' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/24/science/national-science-foundation-director-resign/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425000906/https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/24/science/national-science-foundation-director-resign/index.html |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A source with knowledge of the situation told ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' that Panchanathan had "[tried] so hard to present the agency in a positive light" but risked alienating himself from the scientific community had he stayed, given a recent White House proposal to cut the agency's budget by 55% for the next fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mervis |first=Jeffrey |date=April 24, 2025 |title=Exclusive: NSF director to resign amid grant terminations, job cuts, and controversy |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nsf-director-resign-amid-grant-terminations-job-cuts-and-controversy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424182145/https://www.science.org/content/article/nsf-director-resign-amid-grant-terminations-job-cuts-and-controversy |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |work=Science |language=en}}</ref>

== Research ==
[[File:Sethuraman Panchanathan TEDxASU.jpg|thumb|alt=Panchanathan presenting on a large stage with large "T E D X" letters|Panchanathan presenting at TEDxASU in Tempe in 2017]]
Panchanathan's research interests include human-centered multimedia computing (HCMC),<ref name="slate">{{cite web |last=Panchanathan |first=Sethuraman |date=March 19, 2013 |title=What comes after the computer chip? Better brain-computer interfaces |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/03/19/what_comes_after_the_computer_chip_better_brain_computer_interfaces.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319180939/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/03/19/what_comes_after_the_computer_chip_better_brain_computer_interfaces.html |archive-date=March 19, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=Slate.com}}</ref> assistive and rehabilitative technologies,<ref name="azcentral">{{cite web |last=Joseph |first=Teresa |date=November 29, 2013 |title=ASU team uses computer science to aid lives of the disabled |url=http://www.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/20131107asu-team-uses-computer-science-aid-lives-disabled.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316005603/http://www.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/20131107asu-team-uses-computer-science-aid-lives-disabled.html |archive-date=March 16, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> haptic user interfaces, face and gait analysis and recognition, medical image processing, media processor designs, ubiquitous computing environments for enhancing quality of life for individuals with disabilities,<ref name="asustory">{{cite web |title=Mayo Clinic/ASU Collaboration Announcement Bios |url=https://asunews.asu.edu/pressroom/mayo_asu/bios |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163300/https://asunews.asu.edu/pressroom/mayo_asu/bios |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=ASU News}}</ref> and [[machine learning]].<ref name="flores">{{Cite AV media |type=Podcast |first=JP |last=Flores |title=Directing the National Science Foundation (NSF): Dr. Sethuraman Panchanathan |url=https://jpflores.rbind.io/blog/episode44/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |date=2024-10-24 |website=From Where Does It STEM? |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Panchanathan is married and has two children<ref name="biz">{{cite news |last=O'Grady |first=Patrick |date=January 6, 2012 |title=Executive profile: Sethuraman Panchanathan of ASU |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/print-edition/2012/01/06/executive-profile-sethuraman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126165937/https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/print-edition/2012/01/06/executive-profile-sethuraman.html |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |work=Phoenix Business Journal}}</ref> and three grandchildren.{{r|CV}}

== Awards, appointments and fellowships ==
=== Awards and recognitions ===

* [[Padma Shri]], [[Government of India]], 2025<ref>{{cite web |last=Maitra |first=Jyotismita |date=January 26, 2025 |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126051454/https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 25, 2025 |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125155024/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |archive-date=January 25, 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2025 |title=Indian American Scientist and Grammy Winner Among Padma Shri Recipients |url=https://southasianherald.com/indian-american-scientist-and-grammy-winner-among-padma-shri-recipients/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530193054/https://southasianherald.com/indian-american-scientist-and-grammy-winner-among-padma-shri-recipients/ |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=South Asian Herald |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Distinguished Career Award in Computer Science and Policy, Washington Academy of Sciences, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards History |url=https://www.washacadsci.org/awards/awards_history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401101704/https://www.washacadsci.org/awards/awards_history/ |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=Washington Academy of Sciences |language=en-US}}</ref>
* IEEE-USA Award for Distinguished Public Service, [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE)-USA, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruth |first=Corey |date=January 13, 2022 |title=2021 IEEE-USA Awards Recipients |url=https://ieeeusa.org/2021-ieee-usa-awards-recipients/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118194923/https://ieeeusa.org/2021-ieee-usa-awards-recipients/ |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=IEEE-USA |language=en-US}}</ref>
* COO of the Year, ''Phoenix Business Journal'', 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2017 |title=C-Suite-COO winner-Sethuraman Panchanthan |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2017/10/20/c-suite-coo-winner-sethuraman-panchanthan.html |website=[[American City Business Journals|Phoenix Business Journal]]}}</ref>
* Governor's Innovator of the Year for Academia Award: Governor's Celebration of Innovation Awards for iCARE (Information Technology Centric Assistive and Rehabilitative Environments) for Individuals who are Blind and Visually Impaired, Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, 2004<ref name="azalz">{{cite web |date=August 13, 2013 |title=Sethuraman Panchanathan, Ph.D. |work= Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium |url=http://azalz.org/staff/sethuraman-panchanathan-ph-d/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231084841/http://azalz.org/staff/sethuraman-panchanathan-ph-d/ |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref>

=== Appointments ===
* Elected member, [[National Academy of Engineering]], 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Sethuraman Panchanathan |url=https://nae.edu/312253/Dr-Sethuraman-Panchanathan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524070409/https://nae.edu/312253/Dr-Sethuraman-Panchanathan |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=National Academy of Engineering |language=en}}</ref>
* Advisor for Science and Technology to [[Doug Ducey]], the [[Governor of Arizona]], 2018–2020<ref name="TrumpWH">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Pres. Trump Nominates New NSF Director |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-nominate-individual-key-administration-post-19/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=Trump White House}}</ref>{{r|CV}}
* Vice President of Strategic Initiatives and Membership, [[National Academy of Inventors]] Board of Directors, 2018–2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2018 |title=Panchanathan appointed VP of National Academy of Inventors |url=https://news.asu.edu/20180822-panchanathan-appointed-vp-national-academy-inventors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223175524/https://news.asu.edu/20180822-panchanathan-appointed-vp-national-academy-inventors |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref>{{r|CV}}
* [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]] Board of Directors, 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Sethuraman Panchanathan elected to Oak Ridge Associated Universities' Board of Directors |url=https://news.asu.edu/20180321-asu-news-sethuraman-panchanathan-elected-oak-ridge-associated-universities-board-directors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302072900/https://news.asu.edu/20180321-asu-news-sethuraman-panchanathan-elected-oak-ridge-associated-universities-board-directors |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref>{{r|CV}}
* [[National Academy of Inventors]] Board of Directors, 2015–present<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board Members |url=https://academyofinventors.org/board-members/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202013233/https://academyofinventors.org/board-members/ |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=National Academy of Inventors |language=en-US}}</ref>{{r|CV}}

=== Fellowships ===
Panchanathan is a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kullman |first=Joe |date=November 6, 2017 |title=Exemplary leadership, significant contributions earn ASU professors AAAS Fellow status |url=https://news.asu.edu/20171206-exemplary-leadership-significant-contributions-earn-asu-professors-aaas-fellow-status |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423091432/https://news.asu.edu/20171206-exemplary-leadership-significant-contributions-earn-asu-professors-aaas-fellow-status |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref> [[Association for Computing Machinery]],<ref>{{Cite press release |title=2020 ACM Fellows Recognized for Work that Underpins Contemporary Computing |date=January 13, 2021 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |url=https://awards.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2021/january/fellows-2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113202523/https://awards.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2021/january/fellows-2020.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> [[Canadian Academy of Engineering]],{{r|NSFbio}} [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]],{{r|NSFbio}} [[National Academy of Inventors]],<ref name="NSFbio">{{cite web |date=June 23, 2020 |title=New director takes helm at National Science Foundation |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=300793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223081227/https://www.nsf.gov/news/new-director-takes-helm-national-science-foundation |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=October 19, 2020 |website=National Science Foundation}}</ref> and [[SPIE]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete list of SPIE Fellows |url=https://spie.org/membership/member-recognition/spie-fellows/complete-list-of-spie-fellows |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813161544/https://spie.org/membership/member-recognition/spie-fellows/complete-list-of-spie-fellows |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |website=[[SPIE]]}}</ref>

== Published works ==
* {{cite book|editor-first1=H.|editor-last1=Venkateswara|editor-first2=S.|editor-last2=Panchanathan|title=Domain Adaptation in Computer Vision with Deep Learning|publisher=Springer International Publishing|date=2020|isbn=978-3-030-45529-3}}
* {{Cite book|editor-first1=T.|editor-last1=McDaniel|editor-first2=S.|editor-last2=Panchanathan|title=Haptic Interfaces for Accessibility, Health, and Enhanced Quality of Life|publisher=Springer International Publishing|date=2019|isbn=978-3-030-34230-2}}
* {{cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Panchanathan |first2=S. |last2=Chakraborty |first3=T. |last3=McDaniel |first4=R. |last4=Tadayon |first5=B. |last5=Fakhri |first6=N. |last6=O'Connor |first7=M. |last7=Marsden |first8=S. |last8=Little |first9=K. |last9=McGuinness |first10=D. |last10=Monaghan |title=Enriching the Fan Experience in a Smart Stadium Using Internet of Things Technologies |journal=International Journal of Semantic Computing |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=137–170 |year=2017 |doi=10.1142/S1793351X17400062 |s2cid=34151501 |url=http://doras.dcu.ie/21873/}}
* {{cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Panchanathan |first2=S. |last2=Chakraborty |first3=T. |last3=McDaniel |first4=R. |last4=Tadayon |title=Person-Centered Multimedia Computing: A New Paradigm Inspired by Assistive and Rehabilitative Applications |journal= IEEE MultiMedia|volume=23 |pages=12–19 |date=August 2016 |issue=3 |doi=10.1109/MMUL.2016.51 |bibcode=2016IEEEM..23c..12H }}
* {{cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Panchanathan |first2=S. |last2=Chakraborty |first3=T. |last3=McDaniel |title=Social Interaction Assistant: A Person-Centered Approach to Enrich Social Interactions for Individuals With Visual Impairments |journal= IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing|volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=942–951 |date=2016 |doi=10.1109/JSTSP.2016.2543681 |bibcode=2016ISTSP..10..942P }}
* {{cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Panchanathan |first2=T. |last2=McDaniel |title=Person-centered accessible technologies and computing solutions through interdisciplinary and integrated perspectives from disability research |journal= Universal Access in the Information Society|volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=415–426 |date=2014 |doi=10.1007/s10209-014-0369-9 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10209-014-0369-9|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |first1=S. |last1=Panchanathan |first2=T. |last2=McDaniel |first3=V. |last3=Balasubramanian |chapter=An interdisciplinary approach to the design, development and deployment of person-centered accessible technologies |title=2013 International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology (ICRTIT) |date=2013 |pages=750–757 |doi=10.1109/ICRTIT.2013.6844294 |isbn=978-1-4799-1024-3}}
* {{cite book |first1=S. |last1=Panchanathan |first2=T. |last2=McDaniel |first3=V. |last3=Balasubramanian |chapter=Person-centered accessible technologies: Improved usability and adaptation through inspirations from disability research |title=Proceedings of the 2012 ACM workshop on User experience in e-learning and augmented technologies in education |pages=1–6 |date=2012 |doi=10.1145/2390895.2390897 |isbn=978-1-4503-1593-7 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2390895.2390897}}
* {{cite book |first1=S. |last1=Panchanathan |first2=N. |last2=Krishnan |first3=S. |last3=Krishna |first4=T. |last4=McDaniel |first5=V. |last5=Balasubramanian |chapter=Enriched human-centered multimedia computing through inspirations from disabilities and deficit-centered computing solutions |title=Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international workshop on Human-centered computing |year=2008 |pages=35–42 |doi=10.1145/1462027.1462033 |isbn=978-1-60558-320-4 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1462027.1462033}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://research.asu.edu/ ASU Office of Knowledge Enterprise Development]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Kelvin Droegemeier]] Acting}}
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{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Panchanathan, Sethuraman}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:University of Ottawa alumni]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:United States National Science Foundation officials]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:First Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:Biden administration personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]

Road accidents in Tamil Nadu

2026-04-10T14:54:45Z

Khalidmendi: New A Stub W/ Sources...

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''Road collisions in Tamil Nadu''', a state in [[South India]], are among the highest in India. In 2013, the state recorded 15,563 fatalities in the 14,504 recorded collisions, the highest for any state in India. The state also topped the list of most collisions in a state for all previous 18 years from 2002 to 2020. According to the report of two experts published in the International Journal of Research in Management and Technology, [[driving under the influence]] of alcohol accounts for 82 per cent of collision fatalities in India. A few political leaders have vehemently opposed the state-run TASMAC shops that sell alcohol and have called for a total prohibition of alcohol in the state, but opposing governments have maintained that prohibition would lead to illegal liquor, which in the past has claimed hundred of lives. The increase in number of vehicles from 82 lakh (8.8 million) in 2007 to 1.6 [[crore]] (16 million) in 2012 without appreciable change in the road infrastructure is also believed to the reason for most collisions.

==Road collisions==
{| style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;" class="toccolours" width="220" font-size : "90%"
|-
|align="center" colspan="3" | '''Collision data'''
|-
|align="center" style="background:#A8BDEC"|'''Year'''||align="center" style="background:#A8BDEC"|'''Collisions'''||align="center" style="background:#A8BDEC"| '''Casualties'''
|-
|align="center"| 2000||8,269||9,300
|-
|align="center"| 2001|| 8,579 || 9,571
|-
|align="center"| 2002|| 9,012 || 9,939
|-
|align="center"| 2003|| 8,393 || 9,275
|-
|align="center"| 2004|| 8,733 || 9,507
|-
|align="center"| 2005|| 8,844 || 9,760
|-
|align="center"| 2006|| 10,055 || 11,009
|-
|align="center"| 2007|| 11,034 || 12,036
|-
|align="center"| 2008|| 11,813 || 12,784
|-
|align="center"| 2009|| 12,727 || 13,746
|-
| align="center"|2010|| 14,241 || 15,409
|-
|align="center"| 2011|| 14,359 || 15,422
|-
|align="center"| 2012|| 15,072 || 16,175
|-
|align="center"| 2013|| 14,504 || 15,563
|-
|align="center"| 2016|| 71,431 || 17,218
|-
|align="center"| 2017|| 65,562 || 17,926
|-
|align="center"| 2018|| 63,920 || 18,394
|-
|align="center"| 2019|| 57,228 || 18,129
|-
|2020
|45,489
|14,527
|-
| colspan="3" align="left" |Footnote: Sources:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/ra1.pdf | title=Collision details for Tamil Nadu in certain years | publisher=State transport authority, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2013 | accessdate=22 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivaraman |first=R. |date=2021-01-20 |title=State sees sharp drop in road accident fatalities |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-sees-sharp-drop-in-road-accident-fatalities/article33621610.ece |access-date=2022-08-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannath |first=G. |title=New data adds 22K more fatalities on TN roads since 2017 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/08/16/new-data-adds-22k-more-fatalities-on-tn-roads-since-2017 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Road Accident Analysis In Tamil Nadu |publisher=Transport Department, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2020 |pages=4, 5}}</ref>
|}

According to a report released by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] in 2013, there were a total of 15,563 fatalities in 14,504 recorded collisions. The corresponding number of people sustaining grievous injuries in 4,715 collisions was 6,513, and the number of people who sustained minor injuries was 69,168 in 44,158 collisions. A total of 2,861 people escaped injuries.<ref>{{cite report|title=Handbook on Police Department 2013|date=1 January 2014|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/HANDBOOK_14_1.pdf|page=22|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police Department|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> The state also topped the list of most collisions among all states for all previous ten years from 2002 to 2012. It was estimated that were around eight collisions every hour and a total of 15 percent of all collisions in the country occurred in the state. The data from National Crime Record Bureau indicated that the state capital, [[Chennai]], had 9,663 collisions, the most of any city in India in 2012.<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=For 10th year in a row, Tamil Nadu tops India in road accidents|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/For-10th-year-in-a-row-Tamil-Nadu-tops-India-in-road-accidents/articleshow/20735444.cms|last=Hemalatha|first=Karthikeyan|work=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> During 1990, the state stood second behind [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the country with 6,693 recorded collisions.<ref>[[#Agrawal|Agrawal 1993]], p. 9</ref>

As per the report published by the State transport authority in 2013, out of 66,238 collisions, two-wheelers were involved in 22,496 collisions, cars, jeeps, taxis and [[Auto rickshaw|tempos]] in 18,658, trucks in 9,192, government buses in 3,765, private buses in 3,564, three-wheelers in 2,983 and others in 5,580.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/ra3a.pdf | title=Accident details for Tamil Nadu by type of vehicles| publisher=State transport authority, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2013 | accessdate=22 March 2014 }}</ref> As per the same report, 20,686 collisions occurred in national highways, 20,984 in state highways, 17,401 in district roads and remaining 7,167 in village roads.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/ra3b.pdf | title=Accident details for Tamil Nadu according to type of roads | publisher=State transport authority, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2013 | accessdate=22 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Causes==
The National Police Commission report indicates that the number of collisions is directly proportional to the population density, road length and traffic volume. A report by [[West Bengal]] National University of Juridical Science indicated in 1999 that there were not enough traffic police in the state to control and handle collisions.<ref>[[#Menon|Menon, D. 2003]], p. 63</ref> During 1999, the number of collisions involving two-wheelers and three-wheelers doubled in the state compared to 1998, on account of the increased number of [[auto rickshaws]] and motorised fish carts.<ref>[[#Menon|Menon, D. 2003]], p. 25</ref>

In 2011–2012, a total of 19,436 cases were filed in the state, while the capital, [[Chennai]], accounted for 3,855 cases. The increase in the number of government-run [[TASMAC]] shops (which have a monopoly over wholesale and retail vending of alcoholic beverages) and a corresponding increase in the number of drunk drivers were cited as the major reasons for collisions caused by drunk drivers.<ref name=drink>{{cite news|title=Symbiotic link between alcohol and crime?|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1428745.ece#.UwKFivldUxU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307235406/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1428745.ece#.UwKFivldUxU|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2014|last1=R|first1=Guhambika |last2=U|first2=Tejonmayam |work=ENS - Chennai|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=21 January 2013|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> According to the report of two experts published in the ''International Journal of Research in Management and Technology'', driving under the influence of alcohol accounts for 70 percent of collision fatalities in India.<ref name=drink/> The state registered the largest increase in number of vehicles from 82 lakh in 2007 to 1.6 crore in 2012 among all states in the country. The increase in the number of vehicles without appreciable change in the road infrastructure is also believed to the reason for most collisions.<ref name="Ahluwalia">[[#Ahluwalia|Ahluwalia 2014]], chapter. 6</ref>

According to Tamil Nadu police, the other major reason for the collisions is the increase in the number of vehicles compared to the road length. Some experts believe that the surveillance by traffic police is biased and enforcement of rules alone is not sufficient. Some non-governmental organizations have claimed that urban planning has not kept pace with the increase in number of vehicles. The state-owned buses are also cited as a major cause for the collisions, with a total of 1,300 collisions during 2012.<ref name=times/>

As per the report published by the state transport authority in 2013, 63,658 were caused by the fault of drivers, 779 by passengers other than driver, 1,007 by pedestrians, 206 by mechanical defects, 140 by road condition, 97 by bad weather and 351 by other reasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Road accidents according to causes|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/ra3c.pdf|publisher=State Transport Authority, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2013|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==Legal implications==
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=right
| bgcolor =
|width = 30%
| title=Drunk driving
| halign=center
| quote="Drunken driving is the most serious menace where road accidents are concerned".
| salign=right
|source= ~ Karunasagar, Additional Commissioner (Traffic),''Symbiotic link between alcohol and crime?'', 21 January 2013<ref name=drink/>
}}
The driver involved in a collision is subject to a [[breathalyzer]] test to detect alcohol in his blood. If the driver is deemed to be drunk, the vehicle is impounded by the police and a fine is levied to reclaim the vehicle from the court under the jurisdiction of the collision spot. In case of casualties, a case is filed against the driver under Section 304(a) of [[Indian Penal Code]] IPC for "culpable homicide not amounting to murder". The driver's license is either suspended or cancelled based on the severity of the collision.<ref name=drink/>

The district police were empowered to levy spot fines against drunk drivers as of February 2012, a practise that had been followed only by city police up to that time.<ref name=drink/>

Some public interest groups allege that collisions causing fatalities were under-reported in Tamil Nadu to ease the processing of insurance claims. They also claim that cases are filed under Section 304(a) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) and most cases are settled out of court. In 2011 the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered cases of fatal collision caused by drunk drivers to be registered by the state police under IPC Section 304(2) of the IPC (culpable homicide, not amounting to murder), removing the possibility of bail from offenders.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN claims podium in booze-fuelled crashes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/TN-claims-podium-in-booze-fuelled-crashes/articleshow/15646746.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140223014748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-25/chennai/33384626_1_drunk-drivers-road-accidents-traffic-police|url-status=live|archive-date=23 February 2014|first=Karthikeyan|last=Hemalatha|date=25 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==Awareness==
The state is the first among the states in India to introduce a road safety policy in 2007. The state also introduced a road safety action plan in 2009 that involved tracking collision records through a Technology called Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The GIS system was accessible to the police in the 1,400 police stations in the state, who entered the collision data. The trends provided by the data was used to identify 3,000 potential collision spots, number of people involved, background of the people involved, timing of the collisions and also the type of collision. The state traffic planning cell and the [[additional director general of police]] head the action plan. Placing sign boards, building barriers and improving the street lighting are some of the actions taken based on the inputs from the software.<ref name="Ahluwalia"/><ref>[[#Loo|Loo, Yao 2012]], p. 461</ref>

[[S. Ramadoss]], the leader of [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], and [[Vaiko]], the leader of [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], are two prominent leaders in Tamil Nadu who have vehemently opposed the state-run TASMAC shops in various forums and have called for [[prohibition in Tamil Nadu|prohibition]] of alcohol in the state.<ref name=drink/><ref name=fight>{{cite news|title=Fight is on to make State free of alcohol|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fight-is-on-to-make-state-free-of-alcohol/article4662827.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Erode|date=28 April 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=vows>{{cite news|title=Vaiko vows to work for total prohibition|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vaiko-vows-to-work-for-total-prohibition/article4379657.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> Most consumer forums allege that the state government is not moving towards total prohibition as the revenue from the TASMAC shops forms a fifth of the total revenue to the government as of 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=The alcohol economy|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/the-alcohol-economy/article5436924.ece|newspaper=Business Line|date=8 December 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu earns revenue of over Rs 21,680 crore from liquor sale|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/tamil-nadu-earns-revenue-of-over-rs-21680-crore-from-liquor-sale/articleshow/20053398.cms|date=14 May 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref> Both the opposing state governments under [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) are against the closing of the shops, stating prohibition would come at a big risk of illicit liquor, which in the past has claimed several hundred lives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bottles of Booze Fund Tamil Nadu's Freebie Rain|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETBG/2011/04/22&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00101&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051145/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETBG/2011/04/22&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00101&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2014|location=Chennai|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Sangeetha|last2=Srinivasan|first2=Sriram|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 April 2011|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> According to the Tamil Nadu police, though consumption of alcohol results in major crimes and collisions, total prohibition may lead to other potential issues like [[black market]] trade. The police have recommended stricter traffic laws and introduction of [[smart card]]s to record the crime history of the drivers electronically.<ref name=drink/> The state police stated during 2012 that public awareness was created and the officers were educated to improve reaction time to emergencies.<ref name=times/>

==Notes==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 20em
| refs =
}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Development Digression Diary Of India : 38 Companion Volume To Information India 1990-91 (cicil-45)|last=Agrawal|first=S.P.|ref=Agrawal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dR97OEJ3aUC&q=road+accidents+in+tamil+nadu&pg=PA9|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1993|isbn=9788170224532}}
* {{cite book|title=Transforming our Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLLlAgAAQBAJ&q=road+accidents+in+tamil+nadu&pg=PT198|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers|location=India|isbn=978-93-5136-219-7|year=2014|last=Ahluwalia|first=Isher Judge|ref=Ahluwalia}}
* {{cite book|title=Injury Research: Theories, Methods, and Approaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLhiAFLYtEMC&q=road+accidents+in+tamil+nadu&pg=PA461|last1=Loo|first1=Becky P.Y.|last2=Yoo|first2=Shenjun|editor1=Guohua Li|editor2= Susan P. Baker|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781461415985|year=2012|ref=Loo}}
* {{cite book|title=Criminal Justice India Series, Volume 11, Tamil Nadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3f4sNPHuMgC&q=road+accidents+in+tamil+nadu&pg=PA347|publisher=Allied Publisher|last1=Menon|first1=N. R. Madhava |last2=D.|first2=Banerjea|last3=West Bengal National University of Juridical Science|isbn=9788177645194|year=2003|ref=Menon}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]
[[Category:Roads in Tamil Nadu]]

Sumer Singh Gardi

2026-04-10T13:00:57Z

Khalidmendi: new biography...

{{Short description|18th-century Maratha guard}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2020}}

'''Sumer Singh Gardi''' was a [[Kalbelia|Gardi]] guard of the [[Peshwa]]s. He is mainly known for his involvement in the assassination of [[Narayan Rao|Peshwa Narayanrao]] in 1773, where he led several Gardis and brutally killed Narayanrao. The assassination was performed on the orders of [[Raghunathrao]], whose message was intercepted by his wife [[Anandibai]].

== Assassination of Narayanrao ==
{{main|Narayan Rao#Assassination of Narayanrao and aftermath}}

According to popular legend, Raghunathrao had sent a message to Sumer Singh Gardi to fetch Narayanrao using the Marathi word dharaa (धरा) or 'hold' (actual phrase in Marathi - " नारायणरावांना धरा"/"Narayanrao-ana dhara"). This message was intercepted by his wife Anandibai who changed a single letter to make it read as maaraa (मारा) or 'kill' . The miscommunication led the Gardis to chase Narayanrao, who, upon hearing them coming, started running towards his uncles' residence screaming, "Kaka! Mala Vachva!!" ("Uncle! Save me!"). But nobody came to help him and he was killed in the presence of his uncle.

== Death ==
Sumer Singh Gardi died mysteriously at Patna in 1775.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Shripad Rama Sharma (1951). ''The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day''. Orient Longmans. p. 302
* S.Venugopala Rao (1977). ''power and criminality''. Allied Publishers Pvt Limited. pp. 111–121.
* Govind Sakharam Sardesai (1968). ''New History of the Marathas: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848)''. Phoenix Publications. p. 27. <q>Thus within the short space of about half an hour eleven persons came to be murdered in cold blood in that famous palace, seven being Brahmans, two Maratha servants, two maids.</q>

[[Category:1775 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Assassins of heads of government]]
[[Category:Indian assassins]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Tank Pakhadi Byculla West Kalachowki West Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:29:20Z

Khalidmendi: new a page...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tank Pakhadi Byculla West Kalachowki West
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952<ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 52,817
| mla = Silam, Sayaji Lakshman
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
'''Tank Pakhadi Byculla West Kalachowki West Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]], [[Mazgaon Assembly constituency|Mazgaon]] and [[Sewree Assembly constituency|Sewree]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Silam, Sayaji Lakshman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tank Pakhadi Byculla West Kalachowki West <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Silam, Sayaji Lakshman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,714 |percentage = 48.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajani, Damodar Ganesh |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,103 |percentage = 26.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap, Bapurao Dhondiba |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,968 |percentage = 22.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandray, Rajaram Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 567 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,611 |percentage = 21.78% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,352 |percentage = 57.47% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,352}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,817 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Shardul Thakur

2026-03-29T14:28:59Z

Khalidmendi:

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1991)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shardul Thakur
| fullname = Shardul Narendra Thakur
| nickname = Lord, Beefy<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=Karthik |title=Shardul 'Beefy' Thakur's day out at the Wanderers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sa-vs-ind-2021-22-wanderers-test-shardul-beefy-thakur-s-day-out-at-the-wanderers-1295416 |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=4 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='I am fine with any name. People call me Lord and Beefy because...': Shardul's hilarious response to his nicknames |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shardul-thakur-hilarious-response-to-his-nicknames-i-am-fine-with-any-name-people-call-me-lord-and-beefy-because-101656586369009.html |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|10|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Palghar]], Maharashtra, India
| country = India
| height = 175 cm<ref>{{Cite web|first=Jaideep|last=Vaidya|title=Three years ago he was overweight. Who is Shardul Thakur, the new boy in India's test squad?|url=https://scroll.in/field/808645/three-years-ago-he-was-overweight-who-is-shardul-thakur-the-new-boy-in-india-s-test-squad|date=23 May 2016|website=[[Scroll.in]]|quote=He weighed 83 kg, was only 5’9” tall and even Sachin Tendulkar had told him that he needed to lose some weight if he was serious about cricket.}}</ref>

| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true

| testdebutdate = 12 October
| testdebutyear = 2018
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 294
| lasttestdate = 23 July
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttestagainst = England

| odidebutdate = 31 August
| odidebutyear = 2017
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 218
| lastodidate = 19 October
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = Bangladesh
| odishirt = 54

| T20Idebutdate = 21 February
| T20Idebutyear = 2018
| T20Idebutagainst = South Africa
| T20Icap = 73
| lastT20Idate = 20 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2022
| lastT20Iagainst = West Indies
| T20Ishirt = 54

| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2012–present
| club2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year2 = 2015
| club3 = [[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
| year3 = 2017
| club4 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year4 = 2018–2021, 2024
| club5 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year5 = 2022
| club6 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year6 = 2023
| club7 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year7 = 2025
| club8 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year8 = 2026 - present
| columns = 4

| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]

| matches1 = 13
| matches2 = 47
| matches3 = 25
| matches4 = 97

| runs1 = 377
| runs2 = 329
| runs3 = 69
| runs4 = 2,688

| top score1 = 67
| top score2 = 50[[not out|*]]
| top score3 = 22[[not out|*]]
| top score4 = 119

| bat avg1 = 18.85
| bat avg2 = 17.31
| bat avg3 = 23.00
| bat avg4 = 20.83

| 100s/50s1 = 0/4
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| 100s/50s4 = 2/17

| deliveries1 = 1,611
| deliveries2 = 1,940
| deliveries3 = 506
| deliveries4 = 15,792

| wickets1 = 33
| wickets2 = 65
| wickets3 = 33
| wickets4 = 302

| best bowling1 = 7/61
| best bowling2 = 4/37
| best bowling3 = 4/27
| best bowling4 = 7/61

| bowl avg1 = 31.03
| bowl avg2 = 30.98
| bowl avg3 = 23.39
| bowl avg4 = 28.25

| fivefor1 = 1
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 15

| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 1

| catches/stumpings1 = 6/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 9/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 7/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 29/–

| date = 12 September
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/475281.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 India]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2018 Asia Cup|2018 UAE]]}}{{Medal|W|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan]]}}
|internationalspan=2017–2025}}
'''Shardul Narendra Thakur''' (born 16 October 1991) is an Indian [[cricketer]] who plays for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in domestic cricket and [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He bats right-handed and bowls right arm [[Fast bowling|medium pace]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Wriddhaayan |title=Shardul Thakur, from bowler-batsman to an all-rounder |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-england/shardul-thakur-allrounder-palghar-rohit-sharma-dinesh-lad-sports-news/article36334859.ece |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=Sportstar |date=7 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Thakur was part of the Indian squad which won the [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]] and [[2023 Asia Cup]].

==Domestic career==
Shorter than a typical fast bowler and criticized for his conditioning early in his career, Thakur ultimately became a part of the [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] domestic team.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rizvi|first=Taus|date=4 January 2015|title=Shardul Thakur: The next big product of Mumbai cricket|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/shardul-thakur-the-next-big-product-of-mumbai-cricket-232240|access-date=28 March 2021|website=Cricket Country}}</ref>

In November 2012, he made his first-class debut for Mumbai against [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] at [[Jaipur]] in the [[2012–13 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2012-13-574010/rajasthan-vs-mumbai-group-a-574034/full-scorecard|title=Group A, Jaipur, Nov 9 - Nov 12 2012, Ranji Trophy|accessdate=17 January 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He did not have a good start to his career as he took four wickets at a bowling average of 82.0 from his first four games. In [[2013–14 Ranji Trophy|2013–14 Ranji season]], he took 27 wickets at 26.25 from six games, with one five-wicket haul. In the [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy|2014-15 Ranji season]], he took 48 wickets at 20.81 from ten games with five five-wicket hauls.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2015-16/content/story/976735.html Mumbai seal 41st Ranji Trophy title with innings win]</ref>
He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 27 February 2014, for Mumbai in the [[2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/671085.html |title=West Zone, Rajkot, Feb 27 2014, Vijay Hazare Trophy |accessdate=14 November 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In [[2015-16 Ranji Trophy]] final, he took eight wickets against [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] and led Mumbai to win its 41st [[Ranji Trophy]] title.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/1010975.html Feeling of being left out hurts me - Shardul Thakur]</ref>

==International career==
He was named in [[Indian national cricket team|India's]] 16-man squad for [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016|India's Test tour of West Indies in 2016]], but he did not play.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1018589.html Shardul Thakur earns call-up for WI Tests]</ref> In August 2017, he was named in India's limited-overs squad for the series [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017|against Sri Lanka]].<ref name="IndLOI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1116496.html |title=Yuvraj dropped; Ashwin, Jadeja rested for Sri Lanka ODIs |accessdate=13 August 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 August 2017 }}</ref> He made his [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut on 31 August 2017 against Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17891/game/1109608/Sri-Lanka-vs-India-4th-ODI-India-in-Sri-Lanka-ODI-Series |title=4th ODI (D/N), India tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo, Aug 31 2017 |accessdate=31 August 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=31 August 2017 }}</ref>

He became the second Indian cricketer to wear the number 10 jersey after [[Sachin Tendulkar]], which raised various controversial comments in social media. Later, he changed his jersey number to 54 due to controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Jersey No. 10 was for Sachin and Sachin alone: BCCI retires the number |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-to-unofficially-retire-no-10-jersey-sachin-tendulkar-1096460-2017-11-29 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 29 November 2017, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) retired Tendulkar's No. 10 jersey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crictracker.com/jersey-number-10-unofficially-retired-bcci/ |title=Jersey number 10 unofficially retired by the BCCI|accessdate=29 November 2017 |work=CricTracker|date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

He made his [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) debut for India [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|against South Africa]] on 21 February 2018.<ref name="T20I">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122286.html |title=2nd T20I (N), India tour of South Africa at Centurion, Feb 21 2018 | work=ESPNcricinfo| date=21 February 2018| accessdate=18 February 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, he was selected to play in the [[2018 Nidahas Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2678/india-and-bangladesh-in-sri-lanka-t20i-tri-series-2018/squads|title=SQUADS FOR INDIA AND BANGLADESH IN SRI LANKA T20I TRI-SERIES, 2018|date=March 6, 2018|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> In a match against Sri Lanka he took a career best 4-27 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/20047/sl-vs-ind-4th-match-india-and-bangladesh-in-sri-lanka-t20i-tri-series-2018|title=Sri Lanka vs India, 4th Match - Live Cricket Score, Commentary|date=Mar 12, 2018|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> to bring the game back to India's favour, winning the Man Of the Match award. He finished with 6 wickets from 5 matches at an average of 29.33.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2678/india-and-bangladesh-in-sri-lanka-t20i-tri-series-2018/stats#/?statsType=mostWickets&seriesId=2678|title=India and Bangladesh in Sri Lanka T20I Tri-Series, 2018|date=March 18, 2018|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>

In May 2018, he was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for the one-off Test [[Afghan cricket team in India in 2018|against Afghanistan]] in June 2018, but did not play.<ref name="IndSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23440070/ajinkya-rahane-lead-india-afghanistan-kohli-absence |title=Rahane to lead India against Afghanistan in Kohli's absence |accessdate=8 May 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 May 2018 }}</ref>

In October 2018, he made his Test debut against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], making him the 294th player to represent [[India national cricket team|Team India]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157753.html |title=2nd Test, West Indies tour of India at Hyderabad, Oct 12-16 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=12 October 2018}}</ref> His debut ended after bowling just 10 deliveries due to suffering from a groin strain in his right leg.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/west-indies-in-india/india-vs-west-indies-shardul-thakurs-debut-ends-in-1-4-overs/articleshow/66190846.cms|title=India vs West Indies: Shardul Thakur's debut ends in 1.4 overs, Oct 13, 2018|work=TNN|accessdate= 13 October 2018}}</ref>
In the historic Gabba Test vs Australia, Shardul made 67 in the first innings and took a total of 7 wickets in that match.
Thakur was included in the India squad for the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|2021 England tour]].<ref>{{cite news |title=No Hardik, Kuldeep in India's squad of 20 for WTC final and England Tests |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-hardik-pandya-kuldeep-yadav-in-india-s-squad-of-20-for-wtc-final-and-england-tests-1262487 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was employed as an extra seam bowler in the First Test at [[Trent Bridge|Nottingham]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India vs England first Test ends in a draw in Nottingham |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-england-first-test-ends-in-a-draw-nottingham-rain-virat-kohli/article35802497.ece |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=Sportstar |date=8 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> An injury ruled him out of the next two Tests before he returned for the Fourth Test at [[the Oval]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Rishabh |title=ENG vs IND 4th Test {{!}} Shardul Thakur returns to XI; Umesh Yadav replaces Ishant Sharma as India put to bat |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/eng-vs-ind-4th-test-shardul-thakur-returns-xi-umesh-yadav-replaces-ishant-sharma-india-put-to-bat-731059 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=indiatvnews.com |date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He made 57 in 36 balls in India's first innings, reaching his half-century in 31 balls, the fastest in Tests played in England.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Osman |title=#LordShardul changes the mood of the day |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eng-vs-ind-2021-4th-test-the-oval-shardul-thakur-changes-the-mood-of-the-day-1275978 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In the second innings, he scored 60 in 72 balls to help India post 466. He took three crucial wickets with the ball, dismissing [[Ollie Pope]] for 81 in the first innings, and [[Rory Burns]] and [[Joe Root]] in the second, and was instrumental in securing his team's victory. Thakur finished the series with 117 runs at 39 with the bat, while claiming seven wickets at 22 with the ball. ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote, "The journeyman bowler who bats transformed himself into Kapil Dev, repeatedly delivering a considered counter-attack with bat and ball that permitted not a shred of self-doubt. Though his bowling might be specifically suited to English conditions, he made the absolute most of his talents."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Naylor |first1=Gary |title=England v India: player ratings for the unresolved Test series |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/99-94-cricket-blog/2021/sep/13/england-india-player-ratings-test-series |website=the Guardian |access-date=16 September 2021 |language=en |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

In September 2021, Thakur was named as one of three reserve players in India's squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]] to be held in October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-mentor-1276821 |title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni mentor |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> On 13 October, Thakur replaced [[Axar Patel]] in India's main squad for the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/155142/shardul-thakur-replaces-axar-patel-in-team-india-s-world-cup-squad |title=Shardul Thakur replaces Axar Patel in Team India's World Cup squad |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> He was included in the playing eleven for two games of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |title=India vs New Zealand T20: New Zealand elect to bowl; India opt for Ishan Kishan, Shardul Thakur in playing XI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/t20-world-cup-new-zealand-elect-to-bowl-india-opt-for-ishan-kishan-shardul-thakur-in-playing-xi/articleshow/87434218.cms |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cricket: India beat Afghanistan to keep T20 World Cup hopes alive |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/3/t20-world-cup-india-alive-at-t20-world-cup-after-afghanistan-win |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref>

In the second Test match [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|against South Africa]] at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] in January 2022, Shardul Thakur registered his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Test matches, and also registered the best bowling figures for an Indian bowler against South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ind vs SA, 2nd Test: How Shardul Thakur scripted history with record 7-wicket haul against Proteas on Day 2|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/ind-vs-sa-2nd-test-how-shardul-thakur-scripted-history-with-record-7-wicket-haul-against-proteas-on-day/846384|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=5 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> His figures were 7/61, which helped India bowl out South Africa for 229. He also provided a quickfire cameo of 28 runs to help increase India's lead in the second innings, however India lost the match. Thakur's match figures were 8/108.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs South Africa 2nd Test 2021/22 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-south-africa-2021-22-1277060/south-africa-vs-india-2nd-test-1277080/full-scorecard|access-date=2022-01-11|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, Thakur scored a total of 6 wickets in the ODI series vs NZ. Also he became Player of the match in the 3rd ODI by scoring 25 runs with bat and 3 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India vs New Zealand, 3rd ODI, New Zealand tour of India, 2023 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-commentary/59988/ind-vs-nz-3rd-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-india-2023 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref>

== IPL career ==
Thakur was signed by [[Kings XI Punjab]] at the [[List of 2014 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2014 IPL player auction]] ahead of the 2015 season of [[Indian Premier League]] and made his debut against [[Delhi Daredevils]], taking one wicket in his four overs. In March 2017, he was acquired by [[Rising Pune Supergiants]] for the [[2017 Indian Premier League|tenth season]] of the IPL<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1085524.html Shardul Thakur joins Rising Pune Supergiant]</ref> and in January 2018, was bought by [[Chennai Super Kings]] ahead of the next season.

In 2019 Chennai reached the [[2019 Indian Premier League final|IPL final]]; Thakur took two wickets but was out off the final ball of the match with two runs required for victory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Muthu |first1=Deivarayan |title=Malinga's final-ball ecstasy signals agony for Thakur |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/malinga-s-final-ball-ecstasy-signals-agony-for-thakur-1184294 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 June 2024 |date=12 May 2019}}</ref> In 2021, he was the leading wicket-taker for Chennai with 21 wickets during the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2021 - Records - Most Wickets |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2021-13840 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

At the 2022 IPL auction, Thakur was signed for ₹10.75 crore (US$1.43 million). After playing in 14 matches during the 2022 season, in November 2022 he was traded to the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in exchange for [[Aman Hakim Khan|Aman Khan]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Gollapudi | first=Nagraj | title=India allrounder Shardul Thakur traded from Delhi Capitals to Kolkata Knight Riders | website=ESPNcricinfo | date=2022-11-14 | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-news-india-allrounder-shardul-thakur-traded-from-delhi-capitals-to-kolkata-knight-riders-1344856 | access-date=2025-07-24}}</ref>

He went unclaimed in the 2025 IPL mega auction, and agreed to join [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] for the 2025 County Championship. However, on 23 March 2025, Thakur was announced as the replacement for the injured [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] by the [[Lucknow Super Giants]] for IPL 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-02-18 |title=Shardul Thakur to join Essex for County Championship Division One |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/shardul-thakur-joins-essex-county-championship-division-one-england-domestic-cricket-news/article69234194.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He signed a reserve contract of ₹2 crore.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Gaurav |title=IPL 2025: Shardul Thakur - From unsold to unstoppable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-shardul-thakur-from-unsold-to-unstoppable/articleshow/119687099.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 April 2025 |date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

Thakur was traded from Lucknow to the [[Mumbai Indians]] ahead of the 2026 season.<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-shardul-thakur-set-to-join-mumbai-indians-from-lucknow-super-giants-1510937</ref>

==Personal life==
In November 2021, Thakur got engaged to Mittali Parulkar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shardul Thakur Gets Engaged To Girlfriend Mittali Parulkar. See pictures |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/shardul-thakur-gets-engaged-to-girlfriend-mittali-parulkar-see-pics-2630345 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |work=NDTV Sports |date=November 30, 2021}}</ref> The pair married on February 27, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-02-28 |title=Shardul Thakur Gets Married To Mittali Parulkar |url=https://mamaraazzi.com/2023/02/28/shardul-thakur-gets-married-to-mittali-parulkar/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Mamaraazzi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shardul Thakur wedding: Star cricketer got married to Mitali Parulkar- See videos & photos from grand event |url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/shardul-thakur-wedding-star-cricketer-got-married-to-mitali-parulkar-see-videos-photos-from-grand-event-566242 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=WION |date=27 February 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
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Fatawa 'Alamgiri

2026-03-25T12:26:30Z

Khalidmendi: creating new info

{{short description|Islamic edict book}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = Fatawa 'Alamgiri
| image = Manuscript copy of al-Fatawa al-'Alamgiriyyah.jpg
| image_size =
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| caption = Manuscript of the Fatawa 'Alamgiri
| author = 500 prominent Islamic scholars
| audio_read_by =
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| language = [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]
| series =
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| genre = [[Islamic law]] ([[Hanafi]])
| set_in =
| publisher = Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1672
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[[File:Aurangzeb_moguln.jpg|thumb|Emperor Aurangzeb reading Quran]]
'''Fatawa 'Alamgiri''', also called '''Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyyah''' ({{langx|ar|الفتاوى الهندية}}; {{lit|Fatwa of India}}), '''Fatawa Hindiyyah,''' '''Fatawa-e-Alamgiri''' or '''Al-Fatawa al-'Alamkiriyyah''' ({{langx|ar|الفتاوى العالمكيرية}}; {{lit|Fatwa of the Alamgir}}),<ref>{{cite book|quote=Aurangzeb 'Alamgir got the legal document Fatāwā al-Hindiyyah, popularly called Fatāwā-e-'Alamgiri, composed during his rule.|author=Tariq Rahman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLL8DwAAQBAJ|title=Interpretations of Jihad in South Asia: An Intellectual History|date=7 September 2020 |page=|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-071700-6 }}</ref> is a 17th-century [[sharia]] based compilation on statecraft, general ethics, military strategy, economic policy, justice and punishment, that served as the law and principal regulating body of the [[Mughal Empire]], during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb|Muhammad Muhiuddin Aurangzeb Alamgir]].<ref name="jm">Jamal Malik (2008), Islam in South Asia: A Short History, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004168596}}, pp. 194-197</ref> It subsequently went on to become the reference legal text to enforce sharia in colonial South Asia in the 18th century through early 20th century,<ref name=da1>David Arnold and Peter Robb, Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader, Psychology Press, pp. 171-176</ref> and has been heralded as "the greatest digest of [[Muslim law]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]".<ref>The Cambridge History of India, Volume 5, Page 317</ref><ref>The End of Muslim Rule in India, Volume 1, page 192-198</ref>

==Outline==

Fatawa-e-Alamgiri was the work of many prominent scholars from different parts of the world, including [[Hejaz]], principally from the [[Hanafi]] school. In order to compile Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, emperor Aurangzeb gathered 500 experts in Islamic jurisprudence, 300 from [[South Asia]], 100 from [[Iraq]] and 100 from the [[Hejaz]]. Shaikh Nizam, a celebrated lawyer from [[Lahore]] was appointed the chairman of the commission which would compile the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Muhammad Basheer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yw9AQAAIAAJ&q=. |title=The Administration of Justice in Medieval India: A Study in Outline of the Judicial System Under the Sultans and the Badshahs of Delhi Based Mainly Upon Cases Decided by Medieval Courts in India Between 1206-1750 A.D. |date=1951 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> The years long work of these scholars resulted in an Islamic code of law for South Asia, in the late [[Mughal Era]]. It consists of legal code on personal, family, slaves, war, property, inter-religious relations, transaction, taxation, economic and other law for a range of possible situations and their juristic rulings by the [[faqīh]] of the time.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The collection comprises verses from the [[Qur'an]], supplemented by [[hadith]] narratives, including those of [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], [[Sahih Muslim]], [[Sunan Abu Dawood]] and [[Sahih at-Tirmidhi]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/administrationof029109mbp/administrationof029109mbp_djvu.txt The Administration of Justice in Medieval India], MB Ahmad, The Aligarh University (1941)</ref>

The Fatawa is notable for several reasons:
* It spanned 30 volumes originally in various languages, but is now printed in modern editions as 6 volumes <ref>Al-Bernhapuri, Nazarudeen. Fatawa Hindiyyah. 1st ed. Vol. 1. 6 vols. Damascus, Beirut, Kuwait: Dar an-Nawadir, 2013.</ref>
* It provided significant direct contribution to the economy of [[South Asia]], particularly [[Bengal Subah]], waving the [[proto-industrialization]].<ref name="Hussein2002">{{cite book |last1=Hussein |first1=S M |date=2002 |title=Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658-1707 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers Distributors |page=158 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/structure-of-politics-under-aurangzeb-1658-1707/oclc/50108914|isbn=978-8173914898}}</ref>
* It served as the basis of judicial law throughout the Mughal Empire
* It created a legal system that treated people differently based on their religion

In substance similar to other [[Hanafi]] texts,<ref>Alan Guenther (2006), Hanafi Fiqh in Mughal India: The Fatawa-i Alamgiri, in Richard Eaton (Editor), India's Islamic Traditions: 711-1750, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195683349}}, pp. 209-230</ref> the laws in Fatawa-i Alamgiri describe, among other things, the following:

===Criminal and personal law===

*Personal law for South Asian Muslims in the 18th century, their inheritance rights,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n401/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] p. 344 with footnote 1, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>
*Personal law on gifts,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n571/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 515-546 with footnote 1 etc, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>
*[[Apostasy in Islam|Apostates]] neither have nor leave inheritance rights after they are executed,<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 6, pp. 632-637 - Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
*The guardian of a Muslim girl may arrange her marriage with her consent,<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, pp. 402-403 - Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
*A Muslim boy of understanding, requires the consent of his guardian to marry.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n61/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] p. 5 with footnote 1, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>
*Laws establishing the paternity of a child arising from valid or invalid Muslim marriages,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n449/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 392-400 with footnote 2 etc, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>
*A Muslim man with four wives must treat all of them justly, equally and each must come to his bed when he so demands,<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, p. 381 - Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
*[[Hudud]] punishments for the religious crime of [[zina]] (pre-marital, extra-marital sex) by free Muslims and non-Muslim slaves. It declared the punishment of flogging or stoning to death ([[Rajm]]), depending on the status of the accused i.e. Stoning for a Married (Muhsin) person (free or unfree), and as for the non-Muhsin, a free person will get one hundred stripes and a slave will get fifty if they self confess.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n57/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 1-3 with footnotes, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>

===Pillage and Slavery===

*If two or more Muslims, or persons subject to Muslims, who enter a non-Muslim controlled territory (properties of non-combatants are excluded) for the purpose of pillage (seizing booties of the fighters) without the permission of the Imam, and thus seize some property of the inhabitants there, and bring it back into the Muslim territory, that property would be legally theirs.”<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n421/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 364 with footnote 3, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>
*Plundering and pillaging of residential areas is forbidden in Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in Islam – Chapter Four: Rights of Enemies at War |url=https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/hr/ch04.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001155539/https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/hr/ch04.html |archive-date=2025-10-01 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]] |publisher=IIUM Department of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2016/03/10/plundering-enemy-haram/ | title=Hadith on Plunder: Stealing from the enemy is unlawful | date=10 March 2016 }}</ref>
*The right of Muslims to purchase and own [[Slavery in Islam|slaves]].<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 5, p. 273 - Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
*A Muslim man's right to have sex with a captive slave girl he owns.<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, pp. 395-397; Fatawa-i Alamgiri, Vol 1, pp. 86-88, Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
*No inheritance rights for slaves.<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 6, p. 631 - Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980); [https://archive.org/stream/muhammadanlawbei00sircuoft#page/274/mode/2up The Muhammadan Law] p. 275 annotations</ref>
*The testimony of all slaves was inadmissible in a court of law.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n427/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 371 with footnote 1, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>
*Slaves require permission of the master before they can marry.<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, page 377 - Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980); [https://archive.org/stream/muhammadanlawbei00sircuoft#page/298/mode/2up The Muhammadan Law] p. 298 annotations</ref>
*An unmarried Muslim may marry a slave girl owned by another but a Muslim married to a Muslim woman may not marry a slave girl.<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, pp. 394-398 - Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
*Conditions under which the slaves may be emancipated partially or fully.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n443/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 386 with footnote 1, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>

===Office of Censor===

The Fatwa-e-Alamgiri also formalized the legal principle of ''Muhtasib'', or office of censor<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/mughaladministra00sarkrich#page/38/mode/2up/ Regulation of Morals] Mughal Administration, J Sircar</ref> that was already in use by previous rulers of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=jm/> Any publication or information could be declared as heresy, and its transmission made a crime.<ref name=jm/> Officials (''kotwal'') were created to implement the [[Sharia]] doctrine of [[hisbah]].<ref name=jm/> The offices and administrative structure created by Fatawa-e-Alamgiri aimed at Islamisation of South Asia.<ref name=jm/>

==Development==

The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri (also spelled Fatawa al-Alamgiriyya) was compiled in the late 1672, by 500 Muslim scholars from [[Medina]], [[Baghdad]] and in the Indian Subcontinent, in [[Delhi]] (India) and [[Lahore]] (Pakistan), led by Sheikh Nizam Burhanpuri.<ref name=mrp1>M. Reza Pirbhai (2009), Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004177581}}, pp. 131-154</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/433376/TOC |title=Feminism and Islam: legal and literary perspectives |date=1996 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9680-1 |editor-last=Yamani |editor-first=Mai |location=New York |editor-last2=Allen |editor-first2=Andrew}}</ref> It was a creative application of Islamic law within the [[Hanafi]] fiqh.<ref name=jm/> It restricted the powers of Muslim judiciary and the Islamic jurists ability to issue discretionary [[fatwa]]s.<ref name=mrp1/><ref>Jamal Malik (2008), Islam in South Asia: A Short History, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004168596}}, pp. 192-199</ref> It is compiled in eight years between 1664 and 1672. Ahmet Özel from [[Atatürk University]] has reported in his work on ''TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, el-alemgiriyye'', that Fatawa-e-Alamgiri has spread fast to [[Anatolia]] during Aurangzeb rule due to the promotions of travellers, scholars, and officials.<ref name="Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 Vols); Alamgiri">{{cite book |editor1-last=Sardella |editor1-first=Ferdinando |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-first=Knut A. |title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 Vols) |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004432284 |pages=1507 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1DwAAQBAJ |access-date=25 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

As the power shifted from Muslim rulers in India to the [[British Raj|British]], the colonial authorities decided to retain local institutions and laws, to operate under traditional pre-colonial laws instead of introducing secular European common law system.<ref name=da1/> Fatawa-i Alamgiri, as the documented Islamic law book, became the foundation of legal system of India during Aurangzeb and later Muslim rulers. Further, the English-speaking judges relied on Muslim law specialist elites to establish the law of the land, because the original Fatawa-i Alamgiri (Al-Hindiya) was written in Arabic. This created a social class of Islamic gentry that zealously guarded their expertise, legal authority and autonomy. It also led to inconsistent interpretation-driven, variegated judgments in similar legal cases, an issue that troubled British colonial officials.<ref name=da1/><ref>K Ewing (1988), Sharia and ambiguity in South Asian Islam, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520055759}}</ref>

The assumption of the colonial government was that the presumed local traditional sharia-based law, as interpreted from Fatawa-i Alamgiri, could be implemented through [[common law]]-style law institution with integrity.<ref name=da1/><ref name=jdd/> However, this assumption unravelled in the 2nd half of the 19th century, because of inconsistencies and internal contradictions within Fatawa-i Alamgiri, as well as because the Aurangzeb-sponsored document was based on Hanafi Sunni sharia. Shia Muslims were in conflict with Sunni Muslims of South Asia, as were other minority sects of Islam, and they questioned the applicability of Fatawa-i Alamgiri.<ref name=da1/> Further, Hindus did not accept the Hanafi sharia-based code of law in Fatawa-i Alamgiri. Thirdly, the belief of the colonial government in "legal precedent" came into conflict with the disregard for "legal precedent" in the Anglo-Muhammadan legal system which emerged during the [[Company rule in India|Company period]], leading colonial officials to distrust the [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Maulavis]] (Muslim religious scholars). The colonial administration responded by creating a bureaucracy that created separate laws for Muslim sects, and non-Muslims such as Hindus in South Asia.<ref name=da1/> This bureaucracy relied on Fatawa-i Alamgiri to formulate and enact a series of separate religious laws for Muslims and common laws for non-Muslims (Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs), most of which were adopted in independent India after 1947.<ref name=jdd>J. Duncan Derrett (1999), Religion, Law and State in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195647938}}</ref>

The British tried to sponsor translations of Fatawa-i Alamgiri. In the late 18th century, at the insistence of the British, the [[Al-Hidayah|al-Hidaya]] was translated from Arabic to Persian. Charles Hamilton<ref>Charles Hamilton, {{Google books|tc4DAAAAQAAJ|Guide: A Commentary on the Mussulman Laws}}, Allen & Co, London</ref> and William Jones translated parts of the document along with other sharia-related documents in English. These translations triggered a decline in the power and role of the [[Qadi]]s in colonial India.<ref>U Yaduvansh (1969), The decline of the role of the qadis in India: 1793-1876, Studies in Islam, Vol 6, pp. 155-171</ref> Neil Baillie published another translation, relying on Fatawa-i Alamgiri among other documents, in 1865, as ''A Digest of Mohummudan Law''.<ref name=da1/><ref>{{Google books|NB4YAAAAYAAJ|A Digest of Moohummudan Law}}, Smith Elder London, Harvard University Archives</ref> In 1873, Sircar published another English compilation of Muhammadan Law that included English translation of numerous sections of Fatawa-i Alamgiri.<ref>{{Google books|BUgOAAAAQAAJ|The Muhammadan Law}}, (Translator: SC Sircar, Tagore Professor of Law, Calcutta, 1873)</ref> These texts became the references that shaped law and jurisprudence in colonial India in late 19th and the first half of the 20th century, many of which continued in post-colonial [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=da1/><ref name=jdd/>

==Contemporary comments==
[[Burton Stein]] states that the Fatawa-i-Alamgiri represented a re-establishment of Muslim ''[[ulama]]'' prominence in the political and administrative structure that had been previously lost by Muslim elites and people during Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]'s time. It reformulated legal principles to expand Islam and Muslim society by creating a new, expanded code of Islamic law.<ref name=burton1>Burton Stein (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, {{ISBN|978-1405195096}}, pp. 177-178</ref>

Some modern historians<ref>Scott Kugle (2001), [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X01002013 Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia], Modern Asian Studies, Volume 35, Issue 02, pp 257-313</ref><ref>Mona Siddiqui (1996), Law and the Desire for Social Control: An Insight into the Hanafi Concept of Kafa'a with Reference to the Fatawa 'Alamgiri, In Mai Yamani, ed. Feminism in Islam: Legal and Literary
Perspectives, {{ISBN|978-0814796818}}, New York University Press</ref><ref>Daniel Collins (1987), Islamization of Pakistani Law: A Historical Perspective, Stanford Journal Int'l Law, Vol. 24, pp. 511-532</ref> have written that British efforts to translate and implement Sharia from documents such as the Fatawa-e Alamgiri had a lasting legal legacy during and in post-independence India (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka).

According to Jamal Malik, the document stiffened the social stratification among Muslims and broke from the consensus of Hanafi Law.<ref>Jamal Malik (2008), Islam in South Asia: A Short History, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004168596}}, p. 195, Quote - "At the same time the Fatawa stiffened the social hierarchy of a highly stratified system at the head of which stood the emperor."</ref><ref>Jamal Malik (2008), Islam in South Asia: A Short History, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004168596}}, p. 195, Quote - "In some instances the Fatawa even disagreed with the consensual Hanafi law when it stipulated that rebels could be sentenced to death. "</ref> He argues certain punishments reified the established categories: it introduced that Muslim nobles such as ''Sayyids'' were exempt from physical punishments,{{efn|name=hadd}} the governors and landholders could be humiliated but not arrested nor physically punished, the middle class could be humiliated and put into prison but not physically punished, while the lowest class commoners could be arrested, humiliated and physically punished.<ref>Jamal Malik (2008), Islam in South Asia: A Short History, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004168596}}, p. 195, Quote - "the noblest including ulama and sayyids (ulwiyya) were exempted from physical punishments, while governors (umara) and landholders (dahaqin) could be humiliated but not physically punished or imprisoned. The middle class (awsat) could not be physically punished but humiliated and imprisoned, while the lower classes (khasis and kamina) were subjected to all three categories of sentences: humiliation, physical punishment and imprisonment
"</ref> The emperor was granted powers to issue ''farmans'' (legal doctrine) that overruled fatwas of Islamic jurists.<ref name=mrp1/>

[[Mona Siddiqui]] notes that while the text is called a ''fatawa'', it is actually not a fatwa nor a collection of fatwas from Aurangzeb's time.<ref name=msid/> It is a ''mabsūts'' style, ''furu al-fiqh''-genre Islamic text, one that compiles many statements and refers back to earlier [[Hanafi]] sharia texts as justification. The text considers contract not as a written document between two parties, but an ''oral'' agreement, in some cases such as marriage, one in the presence of witnesses.<ref name=msid>M Siddiqui (2012), The Good Muslim: Reflections on Classical Islamic Law and Theology, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521518642}}, pp 12-16</ref>

==Translation==
In 1892, Bengali scholar [[Muhammad Naimuddin]] published a four-volume [[Bengali language]] translation of the ''Fatawa ʿAlamgiri'' with the assistance of [[Wajed Ali Khan Panni]] and the patronage of Hafez Mahmud Ali Khan Panni, the [[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindar]] of [[Karatia Zamindari|Karatia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Islam Khan|first=Nurul|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ জেলা গেজেটীয়ার টাংগাইল|publisher=Establishment Ministry|year=1990|language=bn|isbn=|pages=277}}</ref><ref name="rcv">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Panni, Wazed Ali Khan|author=Mir Shamsur Rahman}}</ref> [[Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani]], a Deobandi jurist translated the ''Fatawa 'Alamgiri'' into Urdu language.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Qasmi |first1=Amanat Ali |title=نستعلیق صفت انسان مفتی کفیل الرحمن نشاط عثمانی |trans-title=Well-Behaved Human: Mufti Kafeelur Rahman Nishat Usmani |url=https://www.jahan-e-urdu.com/mufti-kafeelur-rahaman-nishat-usmani/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=Jahan-e-Urdu |date=28 February 2018 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|
*[[Law of India]]
*[[Muslim personal law]]
*[[History of Indian law]]
*[[Anglo-Hindu law]]
*[[Fatawa-e-Razvia]]
*[[Delhi Sultanate]]
*[[Khums]]
*[[Qisas]]
*[[Radd al-Muhtar]]
*[[Bada'i' al-Sana'i']]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=hadd|However [[Hudud|Hadd]] (scripturally proscribed) punishments applied to all subjects regardless of status and could not be modified by the Judge.<ref>Hakeem, Farrukh B. "From Sharia to Mens rea: Legal transition to the Raj." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 22, no. 2 (1998): 211-224.</ref>}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Google books|BUgOAAAAQAAJ|The Muhammadan Law}}, English translation of numerous sections of Fatawa i Alamgiri (Translator: SC Sircar, Tagore Professor of Law, Calcutta, 1873)
* Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatawa-E-Alamgiri}}
[[Category:Books about Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh literature]]
[[Category:Sharia in India]]
[[Category:Mughal royal books]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Legal history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:Slavery in India]]
[[Category:Islam and slavery]]

Old Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bengaluru

2026-03-25T08:56:25Z

Khalidmendi: New A Place W/ Sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Old Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9180|77.6185|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord Someshwara
| year_completed = 1247
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Old [[Madiwala]] Sri Someshwara Temple''' located in [[Bangalore]] city (also Bengaluru), [[Karnataka]], [[India]] is dedicated to the deity Someshwara (the Hindu god [[Shiva]]). It is one among the oldest temples in the city and dates back to the [[Chola]] Empire period.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=Chola Dynasty Temple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Theres-some-history-under-our-feet/articleshow/7966660.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030841/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/bangalore/29413187_1_tools-trees-north-bangalore|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-06-16}}</ref> The temple belongs to the early 12th century.(1247 AD).

The temple houses a "[[Swayambu]]" [[Lingam|Shiva lingam]] in it Sanctum Sanctorum (Shiva lingam formed by natural Rock Formation). But unlike other ancient temples in Bangalore, this temple is in good shape and cared well by people around.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Inscriptions in Tamil==
{{main|Tamil inscriptions of Bangalore}}
The Someshware temple at Madivala is one of Bangalore's oldest, dating back to the [[Chola Dynasty|Chola]] period. There are a number of [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] and [[Grantha Alphabet|Grantha]] inscriptions on the outer walls of the temple. The oldest of these inscriptions dates to 1247 AD talks about a land grants "below the big tank of Vengalur" by a Veppur (modern Begur) resident. Other inscriptions also talk about other land grants including those done during the reigns of [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] and [[Rajendra Chola]]. Another instrciption dated 1365 talks about land grand at Tamaraikkirai (which translates to 'lotus pond bank' in Tamil, and according to HS Gopala Rao, Secretary of the Karnataka Itihasa Academy refers to the present day Tavarekere suburb.<ref name=Meera>{{cite news|last1=Iyer|first1=Meera|title=Ancient temple; bustling junction|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/14855/content/212867/from-mann-mysore.html|accessdate=4 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=Deccan Herald|date=20 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=Srikumar>{{cite book|last1=Srikumar|first1=S|title=Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold)|date=12 March 2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1482815078|page=57|edition=International|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrWEAwAAQBAJ&dq=tamil+inscription+begur&pg=PA57|accessdate=18 January 2015}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="400px" perrow="4" class="center">
File:Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore.jpg|Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore
File:Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore.jpg|Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore
File:English Translations of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore.jpg|English Translations of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore<ref name=RiceIX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso|accessdate=5 August 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Vengalur (present day 'Veppur' (Begur))==
[[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] is referred Veppur in the inscription. Some of the Tamil words starting with a 'va' are pronounced in Kannada as 'ba'<ref name=Meera /><ref name=Srikumar /><ref name=hinduismtoday />

==Tamaraikkirai (present day Taverekere)==
From inscriptions(1365 AD), it is known that [[Taverekere]] was once called ''Tamaraikkirai''.Tamaraikkirai meaning 'the banks of the lotus pond' in [[Tamil language]]<ref name=deccanherald />

==Special days==
'''Maha Shivratri :''' Celebrated every year on Month of February in the Krishna Paksha (waning moon) of the month of Maagha (as per Shalivahana) or Phalguna (as per Vikrama) in the Hindu Calendar (that is, the night before and day of the new moon).

'''Pradosham :''' Occurs once in every 15 days and considered most auspicious by Shaivites, it occurs almost 2 days before either Amavasya (black moonday) or Pournima (full moon day).

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="300px" perrow="4">
File:Madiwala someswara Temple.jpg|Someswara Temple,Old Madiwala,Bangalore. The temple is said to be a [[Chola]] period structure, making it one among Bangalore's oldest. The earliest record dates to 1247 AD.<ref name=deccanherald>{{cite news|title=Ancient temple; bustling junction|work=Deccan Herald|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/14855/tv-talk.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201737/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/14855/tv-talk.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>
File:Banglore old Chola Temple.jpg|Someswara Temple,Old Madiwala, Bangalore. With four carved pillars, the artha mantapa has a large and elegantly proportioned granite Nandi facing the linga.<ref name=deccanherald/>
File:OldmadiwalasomeshwaraTemple.jpg|Tamil Inscription, Someswara Temple, Old Madivala, Bangalore. The earliest record dates to 1247 AD<ref name=hinduismtoday>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/a-temple--god-s-home--is-even-more-than-that/11699.html |publisher=HINDUISM TODAY | title = A Temple, God's Home, Is Even More Than That| accessdate = 11 June 2013}}</ref>
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Old Madiwala Sri Someshwara Swamy Temple, Bangalore}}
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]

Nagnechiya Mata

2026-03-25T07:26:07Z

Khalidmendi:

{{Short description|Kuldevi Of Rathore's}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Nagnechiya Maa
| alt = Nagnechi Ma, Nagnechia Ma
| image = Nagnecha Mata.jpg
| caption = [[Murti]] of the deity at Nagana Temple
| adherents = [[Rathore dynasty]]
| affiliation = [[Adi Shakti]], [[Radha]], [[Mahalakshmi]]
| abode = [[Nagana, Balotra|Nagana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| temple = Temple at Nagana
| region = Rajasthan, India
| consort = 
| festivals = 
| attributes = 
}}
'''Nagnechiya Mata''' or '''Naganechi Mata''' (also known as '''Chakreshwari''') is an aspect of [[Devi]], a [[Hindus|Hindu]] goddess'''.''' She is the [[Kuldevi]] of the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore Rajputs]] of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner state]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodha |first=Shri Chanchal Mal Sa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EVEBQAAQBAJ&q=Kuldevi+Rathore+&pg=PA340 |title=History of Oswals |publisher=iprakashan |language=en}}</ref> and her main temple is located in the village of Nagana, near [[Jodhpur]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepsa |date=2020-09-21 |title=Nagnechiya Mata Nagana History: Kuldevi of Rathore |url=https://rjdeependrahistory.news.blog/2020/09/21/nagnechiya-mata-nagana-history-kuldevi-of-rathore/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Rj Deependra |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
Before being known as Naganechi, the goddess was revered as ''Chakreshwari''. Historical texts like the '<nowiki/>''Moondiyad Ri Khyat''<nowiki/>' and '''Udaybhan Champawat Ri Khyat''<nowiki/>' describe how Rao Dhuhad brought the statue of Chakreshwari from [[Kannauj]] and established it in Nagana. The goddess's name evolved from 'Nagana', the village where she was established, with the suffix 'chi' signifying 'of Nagana'. Thus, Naganechi means 'of Nagana', cementing her as the guardian deity of the Rathores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naganechiyan Mata - Kuldevi of Rathore Dynasty |url=https://www.vedadhara.com/nagnechi-mata |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.vedadhara.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[Rao Doohad|Rao Dhoohad]], son of [[Rao Asthan]] and grandson of Rao Siha—the founder of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]]—brought the idol of Chakreshwari Mata from his ancestral homeland of Kannauj between 1295 and 1305. He installed the sculpture in the town of Nagana, where a grand temple now stands in her honor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepsa |date=2020-09-21 |title=Nagnechiya Mata Nagana History: Kuldevi of Rathore |url=https://rjdeependrahistory.news.blog/2020/09/21/nagnechiya-mata-nagana-history-kuldevi-of-rathore/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Rj Deependra |language=en}}</ref>

Naganechi, depicted with eighteen arms, embodies the form of [[Mahishasuramardini]]. The falcon or eagle is her symbol, which can be seen on the flags of the princely states of Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, and Kishangarh.
==Other related temples==
[[File:Nagnechi Mata Temple Nalgudha.jpg|250px|thumb|Nagnechi Mata Temple [[Nalgudha, Rajasthan|Nalgudha]].]]
Nagnechi Mata Temple (also known as Nagnechya Mataji Temple) is a revered spiritual site primarily located in [[Nalgudha, Rajasthan|Nalgudha]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]

Geography of Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-23T19:42:44Z

Khalidmendi: slightly added article as per guidelines and added references per standard format

{{Short description|none}} 
{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}

[[File:Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Physical.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.25|Topography of Andhra Pradesh and surrounding area]]
'''Andhra Pradesh''' lies between 12°41' and 19.07°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by [[Telangana]] to the north and west, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the north-west, [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] to the north, the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south and [[Karnataka]] to the southwest and west. Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of around 974 km, which gives it the second longest coastline in the nation.<ref name=profile>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Fact File|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=16 July 2014|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603172005/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two major rivers, the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] run across the state. A small enclave 12 sq mi (30 km²), the [[Yanam district]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], lies in the Godavari Delta in the north east of the state. The state includes the eastern part of Deccan plateau as well as a considerable part of the Eastern Ghats.

Historically the region comprising the state was known as ''Andhraapatha'', ''Andhradesa'', ''Andhraavani'', and ''Andhra [[vishaya]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. S. Ramachandramurthy|title=A Study of Telugu Place-Names|year=1995|page=10|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>

==Climate==
[[File:Tammileru Eastern locks near Eluru railway station.jpg|thumb|[[Tammileru]] river at [[Eluru]] flooded during 2020 North-East Monsoons]]
The climate of Andhra Pradesh is generally hot and humid in the lowland coastal regions, while it is mostly semi-arid in parts of [[Anantapur district]], [[Sri Sathya Sai district]], [[Kurnool district]] and [[Kadapa district]]. These areas fall under the rainshadow region of the [[Western Ghats]]. The summer season in this state generally extends from March to May or June. During these months the moisture level is relatively higher than in winters, and it is generally higher in the coastal lowlands.

The summer is followed by the monsoon season, which starts in May or June and continues till October. This is the season for heavy tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The major role in determining the climate of the state is played by southwest monsoon. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the northeast monsoons around the month of October. The lowest rainfall occurs in [[Anantapur district]], at 311 mm per year, while the highest occurs in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] at 738 mm.

The winters in Andhra Pradesh are cooler, and this is when the state attracts most of its tourists. October to February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has quite a long coastline,<ref name="coast">{{cite web|url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=878&subsublinkid=107&langid=1&mid=1|title=Andhra Pradesh Information|access-date=2014-09-26|date=2014-09-04|publisher=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt}}</ref> the winters are comparatively mild. The temperature in winter ranges from around 13 °C to 30 °C in coastal areas and from about 15 °C to 36 °C in the rainshadow. There is a long mountain pass in the [[Eastern Ghats]] between the dry deciduous forests of the [[Seshachalam hills]] as far north as the [[Nallamala Hills]], spanning a distance of over 300 kilometres. The mountain pass consists of major towns, including [[Venkatagiri]], [[Badvel]], [[Porumamilla]], [[Giddalur]] and [[Markapur]]. It is only about 15 kilometres wide, and divides the Deccan Plateau from the lowlands.

== Political geography ==
[[File:Map of all Andhra Pradesh districts-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of the districts of Andhra Pradesh.]]

Andhra Pradesh is divided into three regions, namely [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Uttarandhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]].<ref>[http://www.blonnet.com/2007/05/17/stories/2007051704252100.htm AP Cabinet approves four regional planning boards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510040333/http://www.blonnet.com/2007/05/17/stories/2007051704252100.htm |date=10 May 2008 }}.</ref>

Andhra Pradesh has 28 districts: [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]], [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]], [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]], [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]], [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[East Godavari]], [[Eluru district|Eluru]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[NTR district|NTR]], [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]], [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]], [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]], [[Nellore district|Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]],[[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]], [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]], [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[West Godavari]] and [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]

[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] is the largest district of the state [[Andhra Pradesh]] with an area of 12,507 km2.

Each district is divided into multiple [[Tehsil|mandals]], and each mandal has many villages.

[[Visakhapatnam]] is the largest city in the state followed by [[Vijayawada]], [[Guntur]], [[Tirupati|Tirupati]]. Other important cities and towns are [[Kakinada]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Nellore]], [[Ongole]], [[Kurnool]],[[Kadapa]],[[Proddatur]] and [[Eluru]].

== See also ==

* [[List of Rivers in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Coastline of Andhra Pradesh]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ap.gov.in/state-profile/ Official website of the Government of Andhra Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071151/http://www.ap.gov.in/state-profile/ |date=8 October 2014 }}

{{commons category}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Major Cities of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Geography of Andhra Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Environment of Andhra Pradesh]]

Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League

2026-03-16T18:31:49Z

Khalidmendi: update

{{Short description|Sole ruling party of Bangladesh (Jan–Aug 1975)}}
{{For|the party established in 1983 with the same name|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (1983–1991)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
| native_name = বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ
| native_name_lang = bn
| colorcode = {{party color|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League}}
| logo =
| abbreviation = BaKSAL
| leader = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| headquarters = [[Dacca]], Bangladesh
| foundation = 24 February 1975
| founder = Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
| banned = 30 August 1975
| merger = [[Awami League|AL]] [[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]] [[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)|NAP(M)]] [[Jatiya League|BNL]] [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti|PCJSS]] [[Jatiya Ganamukti Union|JGU]]
| successor = AL CPB NAP(M) BNL PCJSS JGU
| student_wing = [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|Jatiya Chhatra League]]
| youth_wing = [[Jubo League|Jatiya Jubo League]]
| womens_wing = [[Bangladesh Mohila Awami League|Jatiya Mohila League]]
| wing1_title = Peasants wing
| wing1 = [[Bangladesh Krishak League|Jatiya Krishak League]]
| wing2_title = [[Trade union]]
| wing2 = [[Bangladesh Jatiya Sramik League|Jatiya Sramik League]]
| wing3_title = [[Paramilitary|Armed wing]]
| wing3 = [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]] (''[[de facto]]'')
| ideology = {{Tree list}}
*[[Mujibism]]
*[[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|Second Revolution]]
**[[Economic nationalism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| blank1_title = Opponents
| blank1 = {{ubl
| {{flagicon image|জাসদের পতাকা.svg}} [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal|JaSaD]]
| {{flagicon image|PBSP-Flag.png}} [[Proletarian Party of East Bengal|PBSP]]
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[National Awami Party (Bhashani)|NAP(B)]]
}}
| country = Bangladesh
}}
The '''Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ|lit=Bangladesh Peasants' Workers' People's League}}), abbreviated as '''BaKSAL''', was the [[One-party state|sole legal]] [[ruling party]] of [[Bangladesh]] from January to August 1975. The party comprised politicians from the [[Awami League]], the [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]], the [[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)]], [[Jatiya League|Bangladesh National League]], [[Jatiya Ganamukti Union]] and [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rono|first=Haider Akbar Khan|date=2010|script-title=bn:শতাব্দী পেরিয়ে|title=Śatābdī pēriẏē|language=bn|publisher=Taraphadara prakashani|page=335|isbn=978-984-779-027-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manabendra Narayan Larma|url=https://www.pcjss.org/manabendra-narayan-larma/|access-date=2025-03-13|website=Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Danesh, Haji Mohammad - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Danesh,_Haji_Mohammad|access-date=2025-08-14|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en}}</ref> The party advocated for [[economic nationalism]] as a part of reforms under the theory of the [[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|Second Revolution]], which BaKSAL worked to achieve the objectives of.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Bangladesh: The Second Revolution|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912808,00.html|magazine=Time|date=10 February 1975|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=15 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515202420/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912808,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The party was founded on 25 January 1975 by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] following the [[Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh#Fourth amendment|Fourth Amendment to the constitution]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Moudud|author-link=Moudud Ahmed|year=1984|orig-year=First published 1983|title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|page=245|isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref> A presidential order also outlawed all political parties other than BaKSAL, creating a [[state of emergency]] and obligating other parties to join the front.<ref>{{cite news|title=SHEIK MUJIB GETS TOTAL AUTHORITY OVER BANGLADESH|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 January 1975|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133238/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html|archive-date=26 September 2023}}</ref> After the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 August 2016|title=Bangabandhu: a forbidden name for 16yrs|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bangabandhu-forbidden-name-16yrs-1270564|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=27 September 2016|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927124829/http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bangabandhu-forbidden-name-16yrs-1270564|url-status=live}}</ref> BaKSAL was banned on 30 August 1975.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sheik Mujib's Single Party Is Banned by Bangladesh|date=31 August 1975|page=31|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency|Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh#Fourth amendment}}
Awami League under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won a landslide victory in the [[1973 Bangladeshi general election|1973 general election]]. However, Mujibur had difficulties with fighting [[corruption]] in his own government and the increase in [[Left-wing politics|leftism]] caused by the [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]]. In the face of [[1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency|growing unrest]], on 28 December 1974, Rahman declared a state of emergency.<ref>{{cite news|title=State of emergency announced in Dacca|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19741229&id=BXg0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5657,6676905&hl=en|newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News|agency=Associated Press|date=29 December 1974|page=6A|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314073218/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19741229&id=BXg0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5657,6676905&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 January 1975, he pushed the Fourth Amendment to the constitution through [[Jatiya Sangsad]], which was passed in the Parliament unanimously. It dissolved all political parties, including the ruling party, the Awami League, and gave Rahman the exclusive authority to form BaKSAL, which would become the "national party" of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mujib names his Govt|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19750128&id=-5wpAAAAIBAJ&pg=3297,6805491&hl=en|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|agency=Australian Associated Press-Reuter|date=28 January 1975|page=4|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref>

==Formation==
BaKSAL was formed on 24 February 1975. All MPs and political parties were required to join the party;<ref name="Khan2001">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Zillur R.|title=Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh|date=2001|publisher=International Academic Publishers|isbn=978-1-58868-081-5|editor-last=Ahmed|editor-first=Rafiuddin|pages=54–55|chapter=From Mujib to Zia, Elite Politics in Bangladesh|quote="... landslide victory of the Awami League in the 1973 elections ... [those] who were earlier inspired by the charisma of Sheikh Mujib grew increasingly restive in view of what they viewed as widespread corruption ... making it mandatory for members of parliament to join the single national party, called the ''Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League'' (BaKSAL), if they wanted to retain their seats ... most Awami Leaguers, and many others from the other parties, decided to join the BaKSAL. Between Mujib's BaKSAL and total political oblivion, few were left with any choice ... All higher bureaucrats, professional people and trade union leaders were urged to join."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=28 February 1975|title='Second Revolution' Is Sham: No Real Change Seen in Bangladesh|page=6|newspaper=The Capital Times|agency=Los Angeles Times News Service|location=Madison, Wisconsin|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-feb-28-1975-4685238/|access-date=4 January 2016|via=newspaperarchive.com}} {{open access}}</ref> any MP who missed a parliamentary session, abstained, or failed to vote with the party would lose their seat.<ref name="smh28Jan1975">{{cite news|date=27 January 1975|title=One man, one party govern Bangladesh|page=1|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19750127&id=-pwpAAAAIBAJ&pg=6000,6671315&hl=en|access-date=4 January 2016|via=news.google.com}}</ref> As a result, most Awami League politicians and others from different parties joined BaKSAL; however, the [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]], [[Proletarian Party of East Bengal]], [[Purbo Banglar Communist Party|Communist Party of East Bengal (Marxist–Leninist)]], [[East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|East Pakistan Communist Party]], and [[Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist)]] did not join.<ref name="Khan2001"/> Civilian government employees, professionals, and trade union leaders were also compelled to join the party.<ref name="Khan2001"/>

President Mujibur Rahman, BaKSAL's chairman, appointed a fifteen-member executive committee, a 120-member central committee, and five front organizations, namely, Jatiya Krishak League, Jatiya Sramik League, Jatiya Mahila League, Jatiya Juba League, and Jatiya Chhatra League for peasants, workers, women, youth, and students, respectively, for the party.<ref name="Maniruzzaman1976">{{cite journal|last=Maniruzzaman|first=Talukder|date=February 1976|title=Bangladesh in 1975: The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath|journal=Asian Survey|publisher=University of California Press|volume=16|issue=2|pages=119–129|doi=10.2307/2643140|jstor=2643140}}</ref> All members of the executive committee and central committee were appointed as ministers.

===Executive committee===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
#[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (Chairman)
#[[Syed Nazrul Islam]] (Vice-Chairman)
#[[Muhammad Mansur Ali]] (Secretary General)
#[[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]]
#[[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]]
#[[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
#[[Abdul Malek Ukil]]
#Prof.[[M. Yousuf Ali]]
#[[Manaranjan Dhar]]
#[[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
#[[Sheikh Abdul Aziz (Bangladeshi politician)|Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
#[[Mohiuddin Ahmed]]
#[[Gazi Golam Mostafa]]
#[[Zillur Rahman]]
#[[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]]
#[[Abdur Razzaq (politician, born 1942)|Abdur Razzaq]]

{{div col end}}

===Central Committee===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}

#[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
#[[Syed Nazrul Islam]]
#[[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
#[[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]]
#[[Abdul Malek Ukil|Abdul Malik Ukil]]
#[[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
#[[A H M Qamaruzzaman|A.H.M Kamaruzzaman]]
#[[Kazi Linchon]]
#[[Mahmudullah (politician)|Mahmudullah]]
#[[Abdus Samad Azad]]
#[[M. Yousuf Ali]]
#[[Phani Bhushan Majumder]]
#[[Kamal Hossain]]
#[[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]]
#[[Abdur Rab Serniabat]]
#[[Manaranjan Dhar]]
#Abdul Matin
#Asaduzzanan
#[[Md Korban Ali]]
#Dr. [[Azizul Rahman Mallik]]
#Dr. [[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
#[[Tofael Ahmed]]
#[[Shah Moazzam Hossain]]
#[[Abdul Momin Talukdar]]
#[[Dewan Farid Gazi]]
#Professor [[Nurul Islam Choudhry]]
#[[Taheruddin Thakur]]
#[[Moslemuddin Khan]]
#[[Abu Sayeed (politician)|Professor Abu Sayeed]]
#[[Nurul Islam Manzur]]
#[[KM Obaidur Rahman]]
#Dr. [[Khitish Chandra Mandal]]
#[[Reazuddin Ahmad]]
#[[Mohammad Baitullah|M. Baitullah]]
#[[Rahul Quddus]] (Secretary)
#[[Zillur Rahman]]
#[[Mohiuddin Ahmed (politician, born 1925)|Mohiuddin Ahmad]] MP
#[[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]]
#[[Abdur Razzaq (politician, born 1942)|Abdur Razzaq]]
#[[Sheikh Shahidul Islam]]
#Anwar Choudhry
#[[Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury]]
#[[Taslima Abed]]
#Abdur Rahim
#Abdul Awal
#Lutfur Rahman
#[[A.K. Muzibur Rahman]]
#Dr. [[Mofiz Choudhry]]
#Dr. [[Alauddin Ahammad]]
#Dr. Ahsanul Haq
#[[Raushan Ali]]
#[[Azizur Rahman Akkas]]
#[[Sheikh Abdul Aziz (Bangladeshi politician)|Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
#[[Salahuddin Yusuf]]
#[[Michael Sushil Adhikari]]
#[[Kazi Abdul Hakim]]
#[[Mollah Jalaluddin Ahmed|Mollah Jalaluddin]]
#[[Shamsuddin Mollah]]
#[[Gour Chandra Bala]]
#[[Gazi Ghulam Mustafa]]
#Shamsul Haq
#Shamsuzzoha
#[[Rafiqueuddin Bhuiya]]
#Syed Ahmad
#[[Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan]]
#Nurul Haq
#[[Kazi Zahirul Qayyum]]
#Capt.(Retd) [[Sujjat Ali]]
#[[M.R. Siddiqui]]
#[[MA Wahab]]
#[[Chittaranjan Sutar]],
#[[Sayeda Razia Banu]]
#[[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
#[[Khandakar Muhammad Illyas]]
#[[Mong Pru Saire]]
#[[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury|Professor Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
#Ataur Rahman
#[[Pir Habibur Rahman]]
#[[Syed Altaf Hossain]]
#[[Muhammad Farhad]]
#[[Matia Chowdhury]]
#[[Haji Mohammad Danesh|Hazi Danesh]]
#[[Taufiq Inam]] (Secretary)
#[[Nurul Islam (economist)|Nurul Islam]] (Secretary)
#[[Fayezuddin Ahmed]] (Secretary)
#Mahbubur Rahman (Secretary)
#Abdul Khaleque
#Muzibul Haq (Secretary)
#Abdur Rahim (Secretary)
#Moinul Islam (Secretary)
#[[Sayeeduzzaman]] (Secretary)
#[[Anisuzzaman]] (Secretary)
#Dr. [[A. Sattar]] (Secretary)
#M.A Samad (Secretary)
#Abu Tahir (Secretary)
#Al Hossaini (Secretary)
#Dr [[Tajul Hossain]] (Secretary)
#Motiur Rahman. Chairman of [[Trading Corporation of Bangladesh]]
#Maj. Gen [[K.M Shafiullah|K.M. Safiullah]]
#[[A. K. Khandker|Air Vice Marshal Abdul Karim Khandker]]
#Commodore [[M. H. Khan|M.H. Khan]]
#Maj Gen. [[Khalilur Rahman (general)|Khalilur Rahman]]
#[[A.K. Naziruddin Ahmed]]
#Dr. [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury]]
#Dr. [[Mazharul Islam (poet)|Mazharul Islam]]
#Dr. Sramul Haq
#[[Badal Ghosh]]
#[[ATM Syed Hossain]]
#Nurul Islam
#Dr. [[Nilima Ibrahim]]
#Dr. [[Nurul Islam (physician)|Nurul Islam]] [[PG Hospital]]
#[[Obaidul Huq]] Editor [[Bangladesh Observer|Observer]]
#[[Anwar Hossain Manju]] Editor [[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]
#[[Mizanur Rahman (journalist)|Mizanur Rahman]] Editor [[Bangladesh Press International]]
#[[Manawarul Islam]]
#[[Abu Thaer Bhuiyan]]
#[[Auritro Shayel]]
#Brig. [[A. N. M. Nuruzzaman]] DG [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]]
#Kamruzzaman teachers Association
#Dr. [[Mazhar Ali Kadri]]
{{div col end}}

==Legacy==
In the 1974 ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]],'' Lawrence Lifschultz wrote how Bangladeshis thought that "the corruption and malpractices and plunder of national wealth" were "unprecedented" during Mujibur's governance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tread Warily to the Dream|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100206/jsp/opinion/story_12065942.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208235410/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100206/jsp/opinion/story_12065942.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2010|location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|date=6 February 2010}}</ref>

Though BaKSAL was dissolved in 1975, another party participated in the [[1986 Bangladeshi general election|1986]] and [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]] general elections [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (1983–1991)|in the same name]]; in 1986, the party's symbol was [[Boat (politics)|boat]], while it was bicycle in 1991. The party acted independently until the 1990s, when almost all of its party leaders left the organization to join the Awami League.<ref>{{cite journal|date=12 September 1991|title=Near East & South Asia: Bangladesh|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a336290.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816212423/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a336290.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=16 August 2016|journal=JPRS Report|volume=1|page=10|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Ministries of Bangladesh}}
{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baksal}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League| ]]
[[Category:1975 disestablishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of the Awami League]]
[[Category:Defunct left-wing political party alliances]]
[[Category:Banned socialist parties]]
[[Category:Parties of one-party systems]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1975]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1975]]
[[Category:Political career of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in Bangladesh]]

Lucknow

2026-03-16T09:25:02Z

Khalidmendi: quick update references after review and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Capital of Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the city in India|}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Lucknow
| native_name = ''Lakhanaū''
| native_name_lang = hi
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Seal of the [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Charbagh Lucknow Railway Station.jpg
| caption1 = [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]
| image2 = Harzratganj Market, Lucknow.jpg
| caption2 = [[Hazratganj|Hazratganj Market]]
| image3 = KGMU Lucknow.jpg
| caption3 = [[King George's Medical University]]
| image4 = Ambedkar Memorial Park-Lucknow-Uttar Pradesh-MA22.jpg
| caption4 = [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]
| image5 = La Martiniere, lucknow 39.jpg
| caption5 = [[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martinière College]]
| image6 = Ekana cricket stadium .jpg
| caption6 = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium|Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| image7 = Lucknow Metro under operation.jpg
| caption7 = [[Lucknow Metro]]
| image8 = Bara Imambara Lucknow.jpg
| caption8 = [[Bara Imambara]]
}}
| nicknames = The City of [[Lakshmana]], The City of Nawabs, The Golden City of India, Constantinople of the East, Shiraz-e-Hind
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/Uttar Pradesh/Lucknow.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Lucknow District.
| pushpin_map = #Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_alt = Lucknow
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]##Location in [[India]]##Location in [[Asia]]##Location in [[Earth]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26|51|N|80|57|E|type:city_region:IN-UP|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow Division|Lucknow]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lucknow District|Lucknow]]
| established_title = Establishment
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Lakshmana]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Lucknow|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Sushma Kharakwal
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Gaurav Kumar [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who - District Lucknow |url=https://lucknow.nic.in/who-is-who/ |website=Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Lucknow City'>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-expand-88-new-villages-under-lmc-wings/articleshow/72356975.cms|title=Lucknow to expand, 88 new villages under LMC wings|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=4 December 2019 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 631
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_rank = [[List of cities in India by area|5th in India]]
| elevation_m = 123
| population_total = 2,902,601
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Lucknow City'/><ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|11th in India]]
| population_demonym = {{hlist|Lakhnawi|Lucknowite}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 February 2019 |page=49 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |title=Awadhi |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 2260xx /2270xx
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-522]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-32/UP-321
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]]
| blank_info_sec1 = $16 billion<ref name="UttarPradesh_gdp">{{Cite web |title=District Domestic Product Per Capita |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|Percapita]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = $2, 800 or ₹2.29 lakh<ref name="UttarPradesh_gdp"/>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]] ([[Lucknow district|Lucknow District]])
| blank2_info_sec1 = ₹1,31,200 cr(2022–23)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=District Domestic Product Estimates Uttar Pradesh Year 2020–21 |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/esd/Book/DDP2020-21(T)MARCH22%20%20new%20web.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics And Statistics Government Of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 915 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Effective literacy rate (2011)
| blank4_info_sec1 = 85.5%
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.665<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Padam|last1=Singh|first2=Satyendra|last2=Keshari|url=http://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf|title=Development of Human Development Index at District Level for EAG States|journal=Statistics and Applications|date=8 March 2016|issn=2454-7395|volume=14|issue=1–2|pages=43–61|access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103221/http://www.ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|green|medium}})
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{official website|lucknow.nic.in}}
| unemployment_rate =
| pushpin_label = Lucknow
| name =
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[File:UPMRC.svg|20px|UPMRC Logo|alt=UPMRC Logo]] [[Lucknow Metro]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[International Airport]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[File:Lucknow Airport Logo.svg|20px|Lucknow International Airport Logo|alt=Lucknow Airport Logo]] [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Cricket field|International Cricket Stadium]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium|BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Lucknow''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Lakhanaū|ˈləkʰnə.uː|Lucknow.ogg}}) is a [[List of metropolitan areas in India|metropolis]] and the second largest city of the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] where it serves as the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] and the administrative headquarters of the eponymous [[Lucknow district|district]] and [[Lucknow division|division]]. The city had a population of 2.8 million according to the 2011 census making it the [[List of cities in India by population|eleventh most populous city]] and [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|the twelfth-most populous urban agglomeration]] of India.<ref name="census" /> It is an important centre of education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, information technology, design, culture, tourism, music, and poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LDA-begins-process-to-expand-Lucknows-territory/articleshow/45997595.cms|title=LDA begins process to expand Lucknow's territory|date=24 January 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109021539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LDA-begins-process-to-expand-Lucknows-territory/articleshow/45997595.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-gets-bigger-by-380-sq-km-in-10-yrs/articleshow/7479048.cms|title=Lucknow gets bigger by 380 sq km in 10 yrs|date=12 February 2011|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109020005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-gets-bigger-by-380-sq-km-in-10-yrs/articleshow/7479048.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5259B.pdf|title = Sacred space and holy war|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Divine Conspiracy|last = Cole|first = Juan Ricardo|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090918/http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5259B.pdf|archive-date = 19 August 2014|url-status = usurped|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Lucknow, along with [[Agra]] and [[Varanasi]], forms the backbone of the [[Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc]].

In the 6th century BCE, Lucknow was part of [[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]], one of the 16 [[Mahajanapadas]] during the [[Vedic period#Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE)|late Vedic period]]. The [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Lucknow]] acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab, when Lucknow became their capital. In 1856, the [[East India Company]] first moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh was placed under a chief commissioner. Lucknow was one of the major centres of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and actively participated in [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]], emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. The city witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India including the first meeting of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] during the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] session of 1916 when [[Lucknow Pact]] was signed.

Multiple software and [[Information technology|IT]] companies are present in the city. Lucknow is an emerging automobile hub.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=13 January 2021|title=Tata Motors' Jamshedpur, Lucknow and Pantnagar plants win National Energy Conservation Award 2020|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors%E2%80%99-jamshedpur--lucknow-and-pantnagar-plants-win-national-energy-conservation-award-2020-78222|access-date=4 April 2021|magazine=Autocar}}</ref> It has been the headquarters of the [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]] of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="TOI-2009-05-03">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Central-Command-Raising-Day-concludes/articleshow/4477181.cms|title=Central Command Raising Day concludes|date=3 May 2009|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-03/lucknow/28157520_1_ors-central-command-programmes|archive-date=5 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the home of [[List of educational institutions in Lucknow|several prominent educational and research institutes and universities]], including the [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|IIM Lucknow]], the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow]], [[AKTU]] and the [[Central Drug Research Institute]]. Lucknow is designated as a [[City of Gastronomy]] by [[UNESCO]] heritage.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/lucknow-named-unesco-creative-city-of-gastronomy-second-indian-city-to-earn-the-tag-10339133/</ref><ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/unesco-recognises-lucknow-as-creative-city-of-gastronomy-for-its-culinary-heritage-2811850-2025-11-01</ref>

==Toponymy==
"Lucknow" is the [[Anglicisation of names|anglicised]] spelling of the local pronunciation "Lakhnau". According to one legend, the city is named after [[Lakshmana]], a hero of the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called ''Lakshmanapuri'' ([[Sanskrit]]: लक्ष्मणपुरी, lit. ''Lakshmana's city''). The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow.<ref name="Veena2014">{{cite book |author=Veena Talwar Oldenburg |title=The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856–1877 |url={{GBurl|id=6tP_AwAAQBAJ|p=6}} |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5630-5 |page=6 }}</ref><ref name="PNas1993">{{cite book |author=P. Nas |title=Urban Symbolism |url={{GBurl|id=R7-xvYmg3HcC|p=329}} |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09855-0 |page=329 }}</ref>

A similar theory states that the city was known as ''Lakshmanavati'' ({{langx|sa| लक्ष्मणवती}}, fortunate) after Lakshmana. The name changed to ''Lakhanavati'', then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau.<ref name="Philip2006">{{cite book |author=Philip Lutgendorf Professor of Hindi and Modern Indian Studies University of Iowa |title=Hanuman's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey: The Messages of a Divine Monkey |url={{GBurl|id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C|p=245}} |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804220-4 |page=245 }}</ref> Yet another theory states that the city's name is connected with [[Lakshmi]], the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the name changed to Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally, Lakhnau.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Stephen Charnock|authorlink=Richard Stephen Charnock |title=Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names |url=https://archive.org/details/localetymologya00chargoog |year=1859 |publisher=Houlston and Wright |page=[https://archive.org/details/localetymologya00chargoog/page/n360 167]}}</ref>

Another theory is that Lucknow was named after a very influential architect named Lakhna Ahir, who built the fort Qila Lakhna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Architects |first=Indian Institute of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YpUAAAAMAAJ&q=lakhna+ahir+ |title=Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects |date=1991 |publisher=S. Kumar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Amir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnFuAAAAMAAJ&q=lakhna+ahir+ |title=Palace Culture of Lucknow |date=1983 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-93-5050-037-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Awadh|Kosala|Oudh State}}

From the sixth to the fourth century BCE, Lucknow was part of the realm of [[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]], one of the 16 [[Mahajanapadas]] in the [[Vedic period#Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE)|Late Vedic period]].

From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Sharqi Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]], the British [[East India Company]] and the [[British Raj]].

For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Emperor [[Humayun]] made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the ''Sheikhzadas'', controlled the region.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/history.html|title = Introduction to Lucknow|access-date = 24 August 2014|publisher = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140107223010/https://lucknow.me/history.html|archive-date = 7 January 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Lucknow]] acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab when Lucknow became their capital. The city became North India's [[cultural capital]], and its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts.

Under their dominion, music and dance flourished, and construction of numerous monuments took place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html |title=Lucknow City |publisher=Laxys |access-date=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071814/http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the monuments standing today, the [[Bara Imambara]], the [[Chota Imambara]], and the [[Rumi Darwaza]] are notable examples. One of the Nawab's enduring legacies is the region's syncretic Hindu–Muslim culture that has come to be known as the ''[[Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-understanding-ganga-jamuni-tehzeeb-how-diverse-is-the-indian-multiculturalism-1995684|title = Understanding Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb: How diverse is the "Indian multiculturalism"|date = 15 June 2014|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = DNA India|publisher = DNA Webdesk|last = Safvi|first = Rana|location = Mumbai|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135602/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-understanding-ganga-jamuni-tehzeeb-how-diverse-is-the-indian-multiculturalism-1995684|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Chota Imambara , Lucknow 654 (11).jpg|thumb|left|Chota Imambara is a [[Shia Muslim]] [[Hussainiya]] and a [[mausoleum]] for [[Muhammad Ali Shah]].]]
Until 1719, the [[Subah (country subdivision)|''subah'']] of Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a governor appointed by the emperor. Persian adventurer [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed [[Monarch|''Nizam'']] of Awadh in 1722 and established his court in [[Faizabad]], near Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |title=Faizabad, Town, India |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Bartleby |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopaedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602140017/http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |archive-date=2 June 2009 }}</ref>

Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empire [[Historiography of the fall of the Mughal Empire|disintegrated]]. The third Nawab, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] (r. 1753–1775), fell out with the British after aiding the fugitive [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]], [[Mir Qasim]]. Roundly defeated at the [[Battle of Buxar]] by the [[East India Company]], he was forced to pay heavy penalties and surrender parts of his territory.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Shuja-ud-Daula.html|title = Shuja Ud Daula|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150917060606/http://lucknow.me/Shuja-ud-Daula.html|archive-date = 17 September 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Awadh's capital, Lucknow rose to prominence when [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to the city from Faizabad in 1775.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Asaf-ud-Daula.html|title = Asaf Ud Daula|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150911213226/http://lucknow.me/Asaf-ud-Daula.html|archive-date = 11 September 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The British East India Company appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century gained control of more territory and authority in the state.

They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth Nawab [[Wazir Ali Khan]] alienated both his people and the British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped [[Saadat Ali Khan II|Saadat Ali Khan]] take the throne.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Saadat-Ali-Khan.html|title = Saadat-Ali-Khan|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612023841/http://lucknow.me/Saadat-Ali-Khan.html|archive-date = 12 June 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> He became a [[Puppet monarch|puppet king]], and in a treaty of 1801, yielded large part of Awadh to the East India Company while also agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-controlled army.

This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of the [[East India Company]], although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/673406/Awadh|title = Awadh|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903202631/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/673406/Awadh|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Office - The Residency - Lucknow - India.jpg|thumb|The ruins of the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] at Lucknow show evidence of the gunfire sustained during the rebellion.|left]]
In 1856, the [[East India Company]] first moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh was placed under a chief commissioner – Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]]. [[Wajid Ali Shah]], the then Nawab, was imprisoned, then exiled by the East India Company to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Wajid-Ali-Shah.html|title = Wajid Ali Shah|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150429000451/http://lucknow.me/Wajid-Ali-Shah.html|archive-date = 29 April 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In the subsequent [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], his 14-year-old son [[Birjis Qadra]], whose mother was [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]], was crowned ruler. Following the rebellion's defeat, Begum Hazrat Mahal and other rebel leaders sought asylum in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/fp3.asp|title = Begum Hazrat Mahal: forgotten icon of India's freedom movement|date = 12 September 2004|access-date = 27 August 2014|work = Deccan Herald|last = Sarkar|first = Sudeshna|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903124538/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/fp3.asp|archive-date = 3 September 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

It is the most important center of Shia Islam in the Indian Subcontinent and has influence of Persian, Shiite, Arabic and British culture and tradition in the architecture, language and customs.

[[File:7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry.jpg|thumb|left|7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry, Alambagh, Lucknow]]
Lucknow was one of the major centres of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and actively participated in [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]], emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion, the majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, the [[garrison]] based at the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] in Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the [[Siege of Lucknow]]. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of Sir [[Henry Havelock]] and Sir [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]], followed by a stronger force under Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]]. Today, the ruins of the Residency and the ''Shaheed Smarak'' offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_lucknow.asp|title = 1857 Memorial Museum, Residency, Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140627101444/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_lucknow.asp|archive-date = 27 June 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

With the rebellion over, [[Oudh State|Oudh]] returned to British governance under a chief commissioner. In 1877, the offices of lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined; then in 1902, the title of chief commissioner was dropped with the formation of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], although Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i|title = AVADH|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Iranica Online|publisher = Encyclopaedia Iranica|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141027161219/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i|archive-date = 27 October 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Lucknow (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|Map of parts of the Old City and the Civil Station, ca 1914]]
The [[Khilafat Movement]] had an active base of support in Lucknow, creating united opposition to British rule, to create a Caliphate. In 1901, after remaining the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049, was merged into the newly formed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lucknow |volume=17 |page=106}}</ref> In 1920, the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provincial]] seat of government moved from [[Allahabad]] to Lucknow. Upon [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1947, the United Provinces were reorganised into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and Lucknow remained its capital.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowcity.com/history-of-lucknow.php|title = History of Lucknow|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow City|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141204180024/http://lucknowcity.com/history-of-lucknow.php|archive-date = 4 December 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India. One is the first meeting of the stalwarts [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Mohd Ali Jinnah]] during the [[Indian National Congress]] session of 1916 (the [[Lucknow pact]] was signed and moderates and extremists came together through the efforts of [[Annie Besant]] during this session only).
The Congress President for that session, [[Ambica Charan Mazumdar|Ambica Charan Majumdar]] in his address said that "If the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was buried at Surat, it is reborn in Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah."

The [[Kakori conspiracy]] involving [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Ashfaqulla Khan|Ashfaq Ullah Khan]], [[Rajendra Lahiri|Rajendra Nath Lahiri]], [[Roshan Singh]] and others, followed by the Kakori trial which captured the imagination of the country, also took place in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Moments in Lucknow History|url=http://genieforcity.com/lucknow/history-lucknow.html|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818085223/http://genieforcity.com/lucknow/history-lucknow.html|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Culturally, Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/8083893 |title=Prostituting the Tawa'if: Nawabi Patronage and Colonial Regulation of Courtesans in Lucknow, 1847–1899 | Zoya Sameen |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.academia.edu/8083893/Prostituting_the_Tawa_if_Nawabi_Patronage_and_Colonial_Regulation_of_Courtesans_in_Lucknow_1847-1899 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictional [[Umrao Jaan Ada|Umrao Jaan]].

Along with the rest of [[India]], Lucknow became independent from Britain on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]. It has been listed as the 17th-fastest growing city in [[India]] and 74th in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=World's fastest growing urban areas (1) |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |access-date=29 July 2015 |publisher=City Mayors}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:LucknowMap.PNG|thumb|Map of Lucknow city]]
{{Further|Cis-Gomti area}}

[[File:Gomti River Front 6.jpg|thumb|[[Gomti River]]front]]
The [[Gomti River]], Lucknow's chief geographical feature, meanders through the city and divides it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti regions. Situated in the middle of the [[Indus-Gangetic Plain]], the city is surrounded by rural towns and villages: the orchard town of [[Malihabad]], [[Kakori]], Mohanlalganj, [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]], Chinhat and [[Itaunja]]. To the east lies [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], to the west [[Unnao district|Unnao]], to the south [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]], while to the north lie the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] and [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]. Lucknow city is located in a [[earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone III]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/events/final%20report%20twoUPcityconsultaion.pdf#search=%22sahara%20film%20city%20lucknow%22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051229023509/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/events/final%20report%20twoUPcityconsultaion.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 December 2005 |title=UNDP report
|access-date=26 September 2006 }}</ref>

Lucknow stands at an elevation of approximately {{convert|123|m|ft}} above sea level. The city had an area of {{convert|402|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} until December 2019, when 88 villages were added to the municipal limits and the area increased to {{convert|631|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Pranchal |date=4 December 2019 |title=Lucknow to expand, 88 new villages under LMC wings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-expand-88-new-villages-under-lmc-wings/articleshow/72356975.cms |access-date=20 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Bounded on the east by [[Barabanki]], on the west by [[Unnao]], on the south by [[Raebareli]] and in the north by [[Sitapur]] and [[Hardoi]], Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the [[Gomti River]]. {{As of|2008}}, there were 110 wards in the city. Morphologically, three clear demarcations exist: The [[central business district]], which is a fully built up area, comprises [[Hazratganj]], [[Aminabad, Lucknow|Aminabad]] and Chowk. A middle zone surrounds the inner zone with concrete houses while the outer zone consists of villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Report |url=http://uhi-india.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=318&Itemid=80 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814041343/http://uhi-india.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=318&Itemid=80 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Urban Health Initiative}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{See also|Floods in Lucknow}}
Lucknow has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') with cool, dry winters from late November to February and dry, hot summers with sunshine from late March to June. More than nine-tenths of the annual rainfall occurs from July to October when the city receives an average of {{convert|827.2|mm|in|2}} from the southwest [[monsoon]] winds, although occasionally frontal rainfall from the northeast monsoon will occur in January. In winter the maximum temperature is around {{convert|25|C|F|disp=or}} and the minimum is in the {{convert|3|to|7|C|F|1}} range.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lucknow Minimum Temperature |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/It-was-coldest-December-night-in-past-58-years/articleshow/17803240.cms |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101083608/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-29/lucknow/36050401_1_minimum-temperature-maximum-temperature-celsius |archive-date=1 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fog is quite common from mid-December to late January. Occasionally, Lucknow experiences colder winter spells than places like [[Shimla]] and [[Mussoorie]], which are situated high up in the [[Himalayas]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In the extraordinary winter cold spell of 2012–2013, Lucknow recorded temperatures below freezing point on two consecutive days and the minimum temperature hovered around freezing point for over a week.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2013 |title=At 0.7 degree below zero, Lucknow set to break chill record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/at-0-7-degree-below-zero-lucknow-set-to-break-chill-record/articleshow/17961395.cms |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Summers are very hot with temperatures rising into the {{convert|40|to|45|C|F|0}} range, the average maxima being in the high 30s Celsius.

Lucknow has been ranked 4th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Lucknow ([[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–present
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 31.6
| Feb record high C = 35.9
| Mar record high C = 41.1
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 46.5
| Jun record high C = 47.7
| Jul record high C = 44.2
| Aug record high C = 40.4
| Sep record high C = 40.1
| Oct record high C = 38.7
| Nov record high C = 38.0
| Dec record high C = 29.9
| year record high C = 47.7
| Jan high C = 21.4
| Feb high C = 26.2
| Mar high C = 32.2
| Apr high C = 38.2
| May high C = 39.9
| Jun high C = 38.3
| Jul high C = 34.2
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Sep high C = 33.4
| Oct high C = 32.8
| Nov high C = 29.0
| Dec high C = 23.6
| year high C = 31.9
| Jan mean C = 14.6
| Feb mean C = 18.6
| Mar mean C = 23.8
| Apr mean C = 29.6
| May mean C = 32.4
| Jun mean C = 32.5
| Jul mean C = 30.1
| Aug mean C = 29.5
| Sep mean C = 28.9
| Oct mean C = 26.2
| Nov mean C = 21.2
| Dec mean C = 16.3
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 7.8
| Feb low C = 11.0
| Mar low C = 15.4
| Apr low C = 21.0
| May low C = 24.8
| Jun low C = 26.7
| Jul low C = 26.0
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 24.4
| Oct low C = 19.5
| Nov low C = 13.3
| Dec low C = 8.9
| year low C = 18.7
| Jan record low C = -1.0
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 5.4
| Apr record low C = 10.9
| May record low C = 17.0
| Jun record low C = 19.2
| Jul record low C = 21.5
| Aug record low C = 21.2
| Sep record low C = 17.2
| Oct record low C = 10.0
| Nov record low C = 3.9
| Dec record low C = 0.5
| year record low C = -1.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 21.6
| Feb rain mm = 14.0
| Mar rain mm = 11.0
| Apr rain mm = 5.5
| May rain mm = 24.5
| Jun rain mm = 107.4
| Jul rain mm = 238.5
| Aug rain mm = 241.6
| Sep rain mm = 162.1
| Oct rain mm = 27.9
| Nov rain mm = 2.5
| Dec rain mm = 4.7
|year rain mm = 861.4
| Jan rain days = 1.7
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 1.1
| Apr rain days = 0.7
| May rain days = 2.0
| Jun rain days = 5.1
| Jul rain days = 11.8
| Aug rain days = 10.6
| Sep rain days = 7.2
| Oct rain days = 1.4
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.5
|year rain days = 43.8
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 49
| Mar humidity = 35
| Apr humidity = 26
| May humidity = 32
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 73
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 59
| Dec humidity = 63
| year humidity = 55
| Jan uv = 5
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 9
| Apr uv = 11
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 10
| Oct uv = 8
| Nov uv = 6
| Dec uv = 5
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDcityrainfall>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |title=Nagpur(42867) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809085837/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M218
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/lucknow/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 19 July 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas,<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/lucknow-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Lucknow, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 13 June 2022
}}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42369| title = Normals Data: Lucknow/Amausi - India Latitude: 26.75°N Longitude: 80.88°E Height: 383 (m)| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| access-date = 2 March 2020}}</ref>
| date = August 2012
| source =
| Jan dew point C = 9
| Feb dew point C = 12
| Mar dew point C = 13
| Apr dew point C = 14
| May dew point C = 19
| Jun dew point C = 23
| Jul dew point C = 26
| Aug dew point C = 26
| Sep dew point C = 25
| Oct dew point C = 19
| Nov dew point C = 14
| Dec dew point C = 10
}}

== Flora and fauna ==
[[File:Dosehri.JPG|thumb|Lucknow is known for its [[Dasheri]] mangoes, which are exported to many countries.]]
Lucknow has a total of 5.66 per cent of forest cover, the state average being around 7 per cent.<ref name="Forest">{{cite web|title=Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests|url=http://moefrolko.org/|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forest lucknow|access-date=10 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120081036/http://www.moefrolko.org/|archive-date=20 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Native tree species are: [[shisham]], [[Butea monosperma|dhak]], [[Madhuca longifolia|mahuamm]], [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]], [[neem]], [[peepal]], [[Saraca asoca|ashok]], [[khajur]], [[mango]] and [[Ficus racemosa|gular]].<ref name=species>{{cite journal|title=A new isidiate species of Graphis from India.|date=November 2004|last1=Adawadkar|first1=Bharati|last2=Makhija|first2=Urmila|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=The Lichenologist|volume=36|issue=6|pages=361–363|doi=10.1017/S0024282904014409|s2cid=86463133 }}</ref>

Several varieties of mangoes, especially [[Dasheri]], are grown in the [[Malihabad]] adjacent to the city and a block of the [[Lucknow district]] for export.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-mangoes-earn-fans-in-foreign-countries/articleshow/20784323.cms |title=Lucknow mangoes earn fans in foreign countries|newspaper=Times of India |date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816022424/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-mangoes-earn-fans-in-foreign-countries/articleshow/20784323.cms |archive-date=16 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main crops are wheat, [[paddy field|paddy]], [[sugarcane]], mustard, potatoes, and vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato and [[brinjal]]. Similarly, sunflowers, roses, and marigolds are cultivated over a fairly extensive area. Many medicinal and herbal plants are grown, while common Indian monkeys are found in patches in and around city forests such as [[Musa Bagh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Musa-Bagh.html |title=Musa Bagh |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Lucknow |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611165938/http://lucknow.me/Musa-Bagh.html |archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Tiger in Lucknow Zoological Garden.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bengal Tiger]] at the [[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah Prani Udyan|Lucknow Zoo]] ]]
Established in 1921, the [[Lucknow Zoo]] is one of the oldest in the country. It houses a rich collection of animals from [[Asia]], and other continents. The zoo also has enjoyable toy train rides for visitors. The city has a botanical garden, which is a zone of wide botanical diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/botanic-garden-lucknow|title = Botanic Garden Sikandar Bagh|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Visit Lucknow|publisher = Google Sites|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140822043000/https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/botanic-garden-lucknow|archive-date = 22 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It is home to the [[Uttar Pradesh State Museum]], which has sculptural masterpieces dating back to the 3rd century AD, including intricately carved Mathura sculptures ranging from dancing girls to scenes from the life of Buddha.<ref>{{cite web|title = State Museum – Lonely Planet|url = http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/sights/museums-galleries/state-museum|website = Lonely Planet|access-date = 25 May 2015|first = Lonely|last = Planet|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150525160929/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/sights/museums-galleries/state-museum|archive-date = 25 May 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Chikan embroidery on a saree pallu.jpg|thumb|Traditional [[Chikankari|Chikan Embroidery]] ]]
The major industries in the Lucknow urban agglomeration include aeronautics, automotive, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture and [[Chikan (embroidery)|Chikan embroidery]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Economical Report of Lucknow|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Lucknow.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319054233/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Lucknow.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015|access-date=27 August 2014|website=Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> Lucknow is among the top cities of [[India]] by GDP.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=The top 15 Indian cities by GDP | India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP – Yahoo India Finance|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807066.html#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807071.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081833/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807066.html#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807071.html|archive-date=3 July 2015|access-date=29 July 2015|publisher=In.finance.yahoo.com}}</ref> It is a centre for research and development as home to the R&D centres of the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation.<ref name="Lucknow Profile">{{cite web|title=Lucknow Profile|url=http://localbodies.up.nic.in/luck/chap2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308061916/http://localbodies.up.nic.in/luck/chap2.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|website=National Informatics Centre, Uttar Pradesh State Unit, Lucknow}}</ref> Lucknow is ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities in [[India]] according to a study conducted by Assocham Placement Pattern,<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web |date=3 October 2010 |title=The 10 fastest job-creating cities in India – Rediff.com Business |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-the-fastest-job-creating-cities-in-india.htm#7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609015312/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-the-fastest-job-creating-cities-in-india.htm#7 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to other northern Indian state capitals like [[New Delhi]]. The economy is growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions such as the [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] have set up their service centres in the city.<ref name="Singh">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Priyanka |date=12 July 2014 |title=CII Young Indians unite Lucknow residents to empower women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CII-Young-Indians-unite-Lucknow-residents-to-empower-women/articleshow/38268762.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026215833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CII-Young-Indians-unite-Lucknow-residents-to-empower-women/articleshow/38268762.cms |archive-date=26 October 2015 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Major export items are marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel, brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals. Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy of State.|url=http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttar-Pradesh.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224141248/http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttar-Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2012|publisher=U.P economy}}</ref>

Lucknow in recent times have lagged in growth and only ranks 7th in per capita income in the state of Uttar Pradesh, despite being the capital. Cities like [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]] and [[Meerut]] have dominated in terms of industrial growth and attracting IT jobs and opportunities. Noida ranks highest, followed by Meerut in per capita income in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-wise Data On Per Capita Income |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1942055 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Tcs lucknow campus.jpg|thumb|Lucknow campus of the [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]]]]
Multiple software and [[Information technology|IT]] companies are present in the city. [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and [[HCL Technologies]] are present in the city. IT companies are located in [[Gomti Nagar|Gomtinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TCS News & Events: Press Release : Tata Consultancy Services Expands in Lucknow; New Facility Inaugurated|url=http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/TCS-Expands-in-Lucknow.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824054055/http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/TCS-Expands-in-Lucknow.aspx|archive-date=24 August 2014|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services}}</ref> While it still lags behind cities like [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[Meerut]] in IT hubs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Diksha P Gupta|title="We are where we are because of open source technology" – LINUX For You|url=http://www.linuxforu.com/2013/12/open-source-technology|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302102753/http://www.linuxforu.com/2013/12/open-source-technology/|archive-date=2 March 2014|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Linux For U}}</ref> The city is also home to a number of important national and state level headquarters for companies including [[Sony Corporation]] and Reliance Retail.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 April 2014|title=Govt gives approval to IT city in Lucknow on Sultanpur Road|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Govt-gives-approval-to-IT-city-in-Lucknow-on-Sultanpur-Road/articleshow/12724665.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Govt-gives-approval-to-IT-city-in-Lucknow-on-Sultanpur-Road/articleshow/12724665.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> The handicrafts sector accounts for 60 per cent of total exports from the state.<ref name="HANDICRAFTS">{{cite web|title=OFFICE OF THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONER (HANDICRAFTS)|url=http://handicrafts.nic.in/advertisements/ahvy201112.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116034435/http://handicrafts.nic.in/advertisements/ahvy201112.htm|archive-date=16 January 2016|publisher=MINISTRY OF TEXTILES}}</ref>

Companies such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], KARAM, [[Berger Paints]], [[Britannia Industries]], [[Exide Industries]], [[Tata Motors]] have set up their plants in Lucknow. Tata Motors has a plant primarily for light commercial vehicles. It was set up in 1992 and has a production capacity of 640 vehicles per day.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=13 January 2021|title=Tata Motors' Jamshedpur, Lucknow and Pantnagar plants win National Energy Conservation Award 2020|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors%E2%80%99-jamshedpur--lucknow-and-pantnagar-plants-win-national-energy-conservation-award-2020-78222|access-date=4 April 2021|magazine=Autocar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Geeta|date=15 December 2020|title=Tata Motors' VRS may not interest workers at Pune plant|work=The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/tata-motors-vrs-may-not-interest-workers-at-pune-plant/2150094/|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> There is also a [[Tata Marcopolo]] factory in the city.

To promote the textile industry in the city, the Indian government has allocated Rs. 2 billion (2000 million rupees) to set up a textile [[business cluster]] in the city.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI|date=10 July 2014|title=Budget 2014: Rs 200 crore allocated to set up six textiles clusters|newspaper=Economic Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-10/news/51301061_1_textile-sector-textile-industry-export-earnings|url-status=dead|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205539/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-10/news/51301061_1_textile-sector-textile-industry-export-earnings|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> A sprawling {{convert|100|acre|ha km2 acre|order=out}} IT city costing 15 billion Rupees is planned by the state government at the Chak Ganjaria farms site on the road to [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] and they have already approved [[special economic zone]] status for the project, which is expected to create thousands of job opportunities in the state.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 October 2013|title=IT City Lucknow|url=http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/uplc-itcity/IT-City-Lucknow-Schedules-Vol-III-29.10.13.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226154730/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/uplc-itcity/IT-City-Lucknow-Schedules-Vol-III-29.10.13.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|publisher=UP Government|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 June 2013|title=Chak Gajaria farm land use changed|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chak-Gajaria-farm-land-use-changed/articleshow/20485757.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chak-Gajaria-farm-land-use-changed/articleshow/20485757.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> A defence industrial corridor is also coming in the city.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2021|title=BrahMos Aerospace proposes facility in Lucknow for next-gen missile project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/brahmos-aerospace-proposes-facility-in-lucknow-for-next-gen-missile-project-101629825664326.html|access-date=28 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, Lucknow has been a ''mandi'' town for mangoes, melons, and grains grown in the surrounding areas.<ref name="pcdacc">{{Cite web |title=About Lucknow |url=https://pcdacc.gov.in/home_lucknow.html |website=Principal Controller of Defence Accounts (Central Command) |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> [[Sugarcane]]-growing plantations and sugar industries are also in close proximity. This attracted Edward Dyer to set up a unit based on [[molasses]] in the city. Dyer Breweries was incorporated in 1855 and was Asia's first commercial brewery. The company name was changed to [[Mohan Meakin Brewery]] in 1967 (the word "Breweries" was dropped in the eighties as the company diversified into other industries).<ref>{{cite news|author=Roger Protz |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/mar/28/foodanddrink.travelnews |title=Cheers! | Life and style |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 28 March 2007|accessdate=26 March 2010 }}</ref>
* Lucknow is famous for its small scale industries that are based on unique styles of embroidery, namely, [[chikan (embroidery)|Chikan]] and ''Lakhnawi [[Zardozi]]'', both of which are significant foreign exchange earners. Chikan has caught the fancy of fashion designers in [[Bollywood]] and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Aditi |date=21 September 2023 |title=Chikan in global chique |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/chikan-in-global-chique/articleshow/103826921.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> It is very popular in Indian markets and have very high demand.
* During the period of the Nawabs, [[Fighter kite|kite]]-making reached a high level of artistry,<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/crafts.htm
|title=Lucknow crafts
|accessdate=23 October 2006
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060111072542/http://lucknow.nic.in/crafts.htm |archivedate = 11 January 2006}}</ref> and is still a small-scale industry.

The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology set up [[Software Technology Parks of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lucknow.stpi.in/ |title=lucknow.stip.in |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429080332/http://www.lucknow.stpi.in/ |archive-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2001. Currently, [[biotechnology]] and information technology are the two focus areas to promote economic development in and around the city.<ref name="pcdacc"/> The [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] is setting up a biotech park<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biotechcitylucknow.org/index1.htm |title=Biotech city Lucknow |accessdate=23 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021162905/http://www.biotechcitylucknow.org/index1.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in the city. Lucknow is also one of the selected cities for the Smart City project of [[Software Technology Parks of India|STPI]].

The city is being developed on the lines of [[Delhi]]'s [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] and will be the headquarters of the Uttar Pradesh State Capital Region or Lucknow State Capital Region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shalabh |date=30 September 2023 |title=State capital region to cover five districts adjacent to Lucknow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/state-capital-region-to-cover-five-districts-adjacent-to-lucknow/articleshow/104054990.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> It will be developed as the country's first AI City and the largest IT hub in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/news/up-to-build-india-s-first-ai-city-in-lucknow |title=UP to build India's first AI city in Lucknow |website=INDIAai |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi govt set to build India's largest IT hub in Lucknow |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital-india/yogi-govt-set-to-build-indias-largest-it-hub-in-lucknow/102711790 |work=Economic Times |date=14 August 2023 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> It ranks 7th in the state as per GDP per capita.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lucknow to be developed as India's eighth 'Magnet City' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lucknow-to-be-developed-as-india-s-eighth-magnet-city-under-up-government-s-plan-to-build-first-ai-city-101687619230528.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> Lucknow is also being set to manufacture Bramhos Missile with the establishment of two Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) centres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajnath lays foundation stone for two DRDO centres in Lucknow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-lays-foundation-stone-for-two-drdo-centres/article38042098.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BrahMos manufacturing in Lucknow likely to begin from March: Rajnath Singh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/brahmos-manufacturing-in-lucknow-likely-to-begin-from-march-rajnath-singh/articleshow/103719586.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PRI |date=16 September 2023 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> Lucknow region is emerging as a key industrial and logistics hub in North India after Delhi-NCR as the warehousing sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lucknow next industrial, logistic hub; to generate 70K jobs in 5 yrs: CBRE |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/lucknow-emerging-as-industrial-logistic-hub-sector-to-generate-70k-direct-jobs-in-next-5-yrs-cbre-123080300676_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=3 August 2023 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

==Administration==
=== General administration ===
[[Lucknow division]] which consists of six districts, and is headed by the [[Divisional Commissioner]] of Lucknow, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of high seniority, the [[Divisional Commissioner|Commissioner]] is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":422">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=81-250-1988-X|location=New Delhi|pages=563–572|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G. P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=81-7099-381-4|location=Delhi|pages=26–129}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-93-392-0478-5|location=Noida|pages=5.1–5.2|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/|title=Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner|website=Your Article Library|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816065354/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[District collector|District Magistrate]] of Lucknow reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Mukesh Meshram.<ref name=":022">{{cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|title=Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P.|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx |script-title=hi:जिलाधिकारी/मंडलायुक्त की सूची|website=Department of Appointments and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=hi|trans-title=List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210045547/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>

Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Lucknow, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. [[District collector|The DM]] is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the city. The district has five [[tehsil]]s, viz. Sadar, Mohanlalganj, Bakshi ka Talab, Malihabad and Sarojini Nagar, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/administration/admin.html|title=Administration|website=Lucknow District|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828151031/http://lucknow.nic.in/administration/admin.html|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current [[District collector|DM]] is Vishak G.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishak G(I.A.S.) {{!}} District Lucknow |url=https://lucknow.nic.in/dm-profile/vishak-g-i-a-s/ |website=Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=":022" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The district magistrate is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, East, West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II, Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM) and seven Additional City Magistrates (ACM).<ref name=":2"/>

=== Civic administration ===
The [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]] oversees civic activities in the city. The city's first municipal body dates from 1862 when the municipal board was established.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumari|first=Kiran|title=Urban Sprawl: A Case Study of Lucknow City|url=http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v4(5)/Version-2/B0452011020.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention}}</ref> The first Indian mayor, [[Syed Nabiullah]], was elected in 1917 after the enforcement of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government changed the system from an electoral one to an administrator-run one and Bhairav Datt Sanwal became the administrator. In 1959, the UP Municipalities Act, 1916 was replaced with Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 and Lucknow Municipal Corporation was established in 1960 with Raj Kumar Shrivastava becoming the mayor.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 November 2017|first=Isha |last=Jain|title=Lucknow to get its first woman mayor in 100 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-get-its-first-woman-mayor-in-100-years/articleshow/61775473.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service]]s (IAS) officer of high seniority. The last municipal election took place in 2017 when [[Sanyukta Bhatia]] from Bharatiya Janata Party became the first female mayor of Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lucknow's first woman mayor, 110 corporators sworn in|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/12/lucknows-first-woman-mayor-110-corporators-sworn-in-1725680.html|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 57 councillor seats, [[Samajwadi Party]] won 31 seats, independent candidates won 14 seats, and [[Indian National Congress]] won 8 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2017|title=Lucknow Nagar Nigam Election Results: Ward-wise List of Winning Candidates|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/lucknow-nagar-nigam-election-results-winners-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-congress-bjp-aimim-sp-bsp-aap-2698937/|access-date=20 October 2020|work=India.com|language=en}}</ref> Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, is the present municipal commissioner since 17 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=प्रशासक {{!}}मुख्यनगर अधिकारी {{!}} नगरआयुक्त|url=https://lmc.up.nic.in/pdf/NNADMINSTRATORS.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Lucknow Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 gives provisions for the establishment of ward committees, but they have not been formed yet.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Consultation on Urban Governance|url=https://www.praja.org/praja_docs/praja_downloads/National%20Consultation%20On%20Urban%20Governance-%20Key%20Finding%20From%2021%20States.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Praja Foundation}}</ref>

The sources for revenue generation for Lucknow Municipal Corporation include property tax, user charges for SWM, penalties, rent from municipal properties, income from water storage, water transmission, drainage and sanitation, grants, and charges for services such as birth and death certificates.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2017|first=Priyanka|last=Singh|title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation: LMC targets Rs 22 crore surplus income |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lmc-targets-rs-22-crore-surplus-income/articleshow/57927515.cms|access-date=2 November 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation: Revenue Receipts|url=https://openbudgetsindia.org/dataset/lucknow-municipal-corporation-revenue-receipts|access-date=2 November 2020|website=openbudgetsindia.org|language=en}}</ref> There is also an executive committee (कार्यकारिणी समिति) made up of 12 elected councillors from different political parties, who decide on policy matters of the corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2018|title=LMC gets its executive committee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lmc-gets-its-executive-committee/articleshow/62576912.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Nagar Nigam Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/lucknow |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> the Lucknow Nagar Nigam reported total revenue receipts of ₹1,505 crore (US$181 million) and total expenditure of ₹1,457 crore (US$175 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 25.3% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹973 crore in grants during the financial year.

=== Police administration ===

{{See also|Lucknow City Police}}The Police Commissionerate System was introduced in Lucknow on 14 January 2020. The district police is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of ADGP rank and is assisted by two Joint Commissioners of Police (IG rank), and five Deputy Commissioners of Police (SP rank). Lucknow is divided into five zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. Of the two Joint Commissioners, one looks after law and order, the other crime. The current police commissioner of Lucknow City is [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] SB Shirodkar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2022 |title=Lucknow, Kanpur commissioners transferred in reshuffle of 7 IPS officers in UP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lucknow-kanpur-commissioners-transferred-in-reshuffle-of-7-ips-officers-in-up-101659339365206.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The district police observes the citizenry through high-technology control rooms and all important streets and intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone cameras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Police Plans to Use Drones for Dispersing Mobs |url=http://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-police-plans-to-use-drones-for-dispersing-mobs-751922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525141756/http://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-police-plans-to-use-drones-for-dispersing-mobs-751922 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Crowd-control is carried out with the help of pepper-spraying drones.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2015 |title=Lucknow cops get 'pepper-drones' for mob control, surveillance |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lucknow-cops-get-pepperdrones-for-mob-control-surveillance/article7096242.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lucknow-cops-get-pepperdrones-for-mob-control-surveillance/article7096242.ece |archive-date=8 February 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
There are more than 10,000 CCTV cameras deployed by the [[Lucknow City Police|Lucknow Police]] Department across the city roads and trijunctions, making Lucknow the first city in the country to do so.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow police deploying smart surveillance system to make the city safer – The Economic Times |url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lucknow-police-deploying-smart-surveillance-system-to-make-the-city-safer/amp_articleshow/46914134.cms |website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org}}</ref>

The Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (abbreviated as MCR) is India's biggest [[Dial 100 Service|'Dial 112' service centre]] with 300 communication officers to receive distress calls from all over the state and 200 dispatch officers to rush for police help.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP poised for nation's biggest Dial 100 service – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/uttar-pradesh/UP-poised-for-nations-biggest-Dial-100-service/articleshow/46993686.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/uttar-pradesh/UP-poised-for-nations-biggest-Dial-100-service/articleshow/46993686.cms |archive-date=8 February 2016 |access-date=25 May 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 April 2015 }}</ref> It is billed as the India's most hi-tech police control room.<ref>{{cite news |title=What's inside the 'country's most hi-tech police control room'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Whats-inside-the-countrys-most-hi-tech-police-control-room/articleshow/46068306.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502094904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Whats-inside-the-countrys-most-hi-tech-police-control-room/articleshow/46068306.cms |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015 |website=The Times of India|date=30 January 2015 }}</ref> Lucknow is also the center for [[Women Power Line 1090|1090 Women Power line]], a call center based service directed at dealing with eve-teasing. An Integrated 'Dial 112' Control Room building is also there which is having the world's biggest modern Police Emergency Response System (PERS).<ref>{{cite web |title=UP CM lays foundation stone for integrated dial 100 control room |url=http://www.uniindia.com/up-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-integrated-dial-100-control-room/states/news/313128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.uniindia.com/up-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-integrated-dial-100-control-room/states/news/313128.html |archive-date=8 February 2016 |access-date=29 December 2015 |website=UNI India}}</ref>

== Judicial institutions ==
[[File:The High Court of Lucknow - Gomti Nagar.tif|thumb|right|Lucknow Bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]].]]
There is a bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] in Lucknow. Aside from this, Lucknow has a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court and two railway courts. The High Court Bench as well as the District & Sessions Court and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, and the railway courts are in Charbagh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow/District Court in India {{!}} Official Website of District Court of India|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/lucknow|access-date=2 November 2020|website=districts.ecourts.gov.in}}</ref>

People have often criticised various governments for being judicial focussed on central UP. Where western Uttar Pradesh is the economic center and has long demanded the setting up of another high court bench in west Uttar Pradesh.

Almost 54% of all cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western UP. Still, western Uttar Pradesh does not have a High Court. People have to travel 700 km away to Allahabad for hearings. In fact 6 high courts (Shimla, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nainital, Jammu) from other states are closer than Allahabad from western Uttar Pradesh.

Western Uttar Pradesh has been advocating to have a high court bench in Meerut so that Western Uttar Pradesh can get justice. This is important as west UP accounts for '''51.71% of the state GDP.'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Sandeep |date=3 September 2023 |title=Lawyers rally for Meerut HC bench, suspend all work on Saturdays |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/lawyers-rally-for-meerut-hc-bench-suspend-all-work-on-saturdays/articleshow/103318823.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

== Central government offices ==
[[File:Vidhan Sabha Lucknow.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Vidhan Bavan at VS Marg, seat of both houses of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislature]]]]
Since 1 May 1963, Lucknow has been the headquarters of the [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]] of the [[Indian Army]], before which it was the headquarters of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref name="TOI-2009-05-03"/>

Lucknow also houses a branch office of [[National Investigation Agency]] which is responsible for combating terrorist activities in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/contactus_Branch.aspx|title=NIA :: Contact Us|website=nia.gov.in|access-date=29 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143752/http://www.nia.gov.in/contactus_Branch.aspx|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> It oversees five states of [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] for Naxal and terrorist activities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/shri-rajnath-singh-to-lay-the-foundation-stone-of-office-cum-115122700446_1.html|title=Shri Rajnath Singh to lay the Foundation Stone of Office cum|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=27 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/shri-rajnath-singh-to-lay-the-foundation-stone-of-office-cum-115122700446_1.html|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Commission of Railway Safety of India]], under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], formerly had its head office in the Northeast Railway Compound in Lucknow.<ref>"[http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html Commission of Railway Safety]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120219082419/http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html Archive]) [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]. Retrieved 19 February 2012. "Ashok Marg, NE Railway compound, Lucknow- 226001." {{cite web|url=http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html|title=Commission of Railway Safety- Ministry of civil aviation - India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029073620/http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:Lucknow Development Authority.png|thumb|left|Seal of Lucknow Development Authority]]
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA), which comes under the Housing Department of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The [[Divisional Commissioner]] of Lucknow acts as the ''ex-officio'' chairman of LDA, whereas a vice-chairman, a government-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current vice-chairman of the Lucknow Development Authority is IAS Akshay Tripathi.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 April 2017|title=LDA gets new VC, GNoida new chairman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lda-gets-new-vc-gnoida-new-chairman/articleshow/58250228.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824160118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lda-gets-new-vc-gnoida-new-chairman/articleshow/58250228.cms|archive-date=24 August 2017|access-date=15 August 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|title=List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairmen of Development Authorities|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130308/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=21 August 2017|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref> LDA prepared the Lucknow master plan 2031.<ref>{{cite web|title=Master Plan 2031|url=https://ldaonline.co.in/doc/LDA/welcome/homepage/DOWNLOADS/46/MasterPlan2031.pdf|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Lucknow Development Authority|language=hi}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
As the seat of the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]], Lucknow is the site of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]], a bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] and numerous government departments and agencies.<ref name="Government Departments">{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/government-offices/cgon.htm|title=List of Central Government Departments|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530105040/http://lucknow.nic.in/government-offices/cgon.htm|archive-date=30 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rajnath Singh]], the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Defense Minister]], from Bharatiya Janata Party is the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|last=PTI|title=Lucknow Lok Sabha results 2019: Rajnath Singh wins with over 6.3 lakh votes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lucknow-lok-sabha-result-rajnath-singh-wins-1533209-2019-05-23|access-date=20 October 2020|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4710 |title=Members : Lok Sabha |publisher=Loksabhaph.nic.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> is the Member of Parliament from [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]], the second Lok Sabha constituency in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/result-sheet-lok-sabha-2014/ |title=Result Sheet Lok Sabha-2014 | District Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India |publisher=Lucknow.nic.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Apart from the Lok Sabha Constituency, there are nine Vidhan Sabha Constituencies within Lucknow city:<ref>{{cite web|title=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/035_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|access-date=20 October 2020|website=ceouttarpradesh.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jan Pratinidhi {{!}} District Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/mla/|access-date=20 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vidhan Sabha Constituencies in Lucknow
!Constituency
!MLA
!Political Party
|-
|[[Lucknow West (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow West]]
|[[Armaan Khan (Politician)|Armaan Khan]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow North (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow North]]
|[[Neeraj Bora|Dr. Neeraj Bora]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow East (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow East]]
|[[Ashutosh Tandon|Asutosh Tandon (Gopal Ji)]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow Central (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Central]]
|[[Ravidas Mehrotra|Ravidas Mehotra]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow Cantt. (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Cantt]]
|[[Brajesh Pathak]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Malihabad (Assembly constituency)|Malihabad]]<ref name="lucknow1">{{cite web|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/vidhan-sabha-list-2019/ |title=Vidhan Sabha List 2019 | District Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India |publisher=Lucknow.nic.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
|[[Jai Devi]]<ref name="uplegisassembly1">{{cite web|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/ElectedMembers/17 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=Uplegisassembly.gov.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Bakshi Ka Talab (Assembly constituency)|Bakhshi Ka Talab]]<ref name="lucknow1"/>
|Yogesh Shukla
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojni Nagar]]<ref name="lucknow1"/>
|[[Rajeshwar Singh]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Mohanlalganj (Assembly constituency)|Mohanlal Ganj]]<ref name="lucknow1"/>
|Amresh Kumar
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

== Public utilities ==
Madhyanchal Power Distribution Corporation Limited, also known as Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam is responsible for supplying electricity in Lucknow. It is under the [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited|Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity {{!}} District Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/service/electricity/|access-date=2 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. / About UPPCL / Agencies under the Administrative Control|url=https://www.upenergy.in/uppcl/en/page/agencies-under-the-administrative-control|access-date=2 November 2020|website=www.upenergy.in|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024112846/https://www.upenergy.in/uppcl/en/page/agencies-under-the-administrative-control|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fire safety services are provided by the Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, which is under the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|state government.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://upfireservice.gov.in/upfire/|access-date=2 October 2020|website=Uttar Pradesh Fire Service|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919045427/http://upfireservice.gov.in/upfire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jal Nigam is responsible for developing and maintaining the infrastructure for water supply, sewer lines, and storm water drains.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Jal Nigam|url=http://jn.upsdc.gov.in/page/en/about-jal-nigam,-uttar-pradesh|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025163004/http://jn.upsdc.gov.in/page/en/about-jal-nigam,-uttar-pradesh|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jal Sansthan is responsible for supplying water and providing water and sewer connections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Jal Sansthan|url=https://jklmc.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx|access-date=2 November 2020|website=jklmc.gov.in}}</ref> Lucknow Municipal Corporation is responsible for the solid waste management of Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 April 2017|title=Waste management in a mess, Lucknow growing by heaps and bounds!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/waste-management-in-a-mess-lucknow-growing-by-heaps-and-bounds/story-WyYbOYTmaOVpAJz0Hd4FjN.html|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Roads===
{{See also|Purvanchal Expressway|Agra–Lucknow Expressway|Awadh Expressway|Lucknow Outer Ring Road}}
[[File:6 lane Cloverleaf Interchange.jpg|thumb|Cloverleaf Interchange at [[Lucknow Outer Ring Road (NH 230)|Lucknow Outer Ring Road]]]]
Two major Indian National Highways have their intersection at Lucknow's [[Hazratganj]] intersection: [[NH 30|NH-30]] to [[Shahjahanpur]] Via [[Sitapur]] in north and [[National Highway 24B (India)|NH-30]] to south [[Allahabad]] via [[Raebareli]], [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH-27]] to [[Kanpur]] and [[Porbandar]] via [[Jhansi]] and [[Silchar]] via [[Gorakhpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=National Highways of India|website=Department of Road Transport And Highways|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple modes of public transport are available such as metro rail, taxis, city buses, [[cycle rickshaw]]s, [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[Compressed natural gas|compressed natural gas (CNG)]] low-floor buses with and without air-conditioning. In recent times, air-conditioned buses have also been introduced. CNG was introduced as an auto fuel to keep air pollution under control. Radio Taxis are operated by several major companies like Ola and Uber.

The [[Lucknow Outer Ring Road (NH 230)|Lucknow Outer Ring Road]] is a 104 km long, 8-lane highway project designed to improve traffic flow and connectivity in and around Lucknow, and facilitate faster travel to neighbouring districts. The road connects to several national and state highways, including Sultanpur Road, Rae Bareli Road, Hardoi Road, Kanpur Road, Ayodhya Road, and Sitapur Road.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Anupam |date=27 February 2024 |title=Ring road to offload 1.60 lakh vehicles from Lucknow roads |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ring-road-to-offload-1-60-lakh-vehicles-from-lucknow-roads-101708972797238.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
{{Further|topic=the road and street|Subhash Marg|Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow|label2=Mahatma Gandhi Marg}}

===Bus===
====City buses====
{{See also|Lucknow City Transport Services Limited}}
[[File:Inside Bus W.jpg|thumb|Buses of [[Lucknow Mahanagar Parivahan Sewa]]]]

Lucknow city's bus service is operated by [[Lucknow City Transport Services|Lucknow City Transport Services Limited]] (LCTSL), a [[public sector]] passenger road transport corporation headquartered in Triloki Nath Margh. It has 260 buses operating in the city. There are around 35 routes in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmu.ac.in/pdf/viewpointjantojune2012/final_inner_06.pdf|title=Study of Lucknow City (Final Report)|publisher=Teerthankar Mahaveer University|access-date=25 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725204039/http://tmu.ac.in/pdf/viewpointjantojune2012/final_inner_06.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> Terminals for city buses are located in Gudamba, Viraj Khand, [[Alambagh]], Scooter India, [[Institute of Engineering and Technology (college)|Institute of Engineering and Technology]], [[Babu Banarasi Das University]], Safedabad, Pasi qila, [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Charbagh]], Andhe Ki Chowki, Jankipuram, Gomti Nagar Railway Station, Budheshwar Intersection, Faizabad Road and [[Qaiserbagh]]. There are four bus depots in [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Charbagh Railway Station|Charbagh]], Amausi, and Dubagga.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.upsrtc.com/default.aspx?depots---bus-stations|title = Depots and Bus Stations|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = UPSRTC|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903125944/http://www.upsrtc.com/default.aspx?depots---bus-stations|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

====Inter-state buses====
{{See also|Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service||Lucknow Upnagariya Parivahan Sewa}}
The major [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar]] Inter-state Bus Terminal (ISBT) in [[Alambagh]] provides the main inter and intrastate bus lines in Lucknow. Located on [[National Highway 25 (India)|National Highway 25]], it provides adequate services to ongoing and incoming customers. There is a smaller bus station at [[Qaiserbagh]]. The bus terminal formally operated at [[Charbagh]], in front of the [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|main railway station]], has now been re-established as a city bus depot. This decision was taken by the state government and UPSRTC to decongest traffic in the railway station area. A third smaller bus stop, Awadh Bus Stand is situated in Gomti Nagar. [[Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service]] is a key service for daily commuters who travel back and forth to the city for business and educational purposes. Air conditioned "Royal Cruiser" buses manufactured by Volvo are operated by UPSRTC for inter state bus services. Main cities served by the UPSRTC intrastate bus service are [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Gorakhpur]]. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by inter-state bus services are [[Jaipur]], [[New Delhi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Singrauli]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Dausa]], [[Ajmer]], [[Dehradun]], and [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Inter-state-bus-terminal-opened/articleshow/26300849.cms|title = Inter State Bus Terminal opened|access-date = 27 August 2014|work = The Times of India| date=26 October 2002 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025220425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Inter-state-bus-terminal-opened/articleshow/26300849.cms|archive-date = 25 October 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:Charbagh Railway Station, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]]]
Lucknow is served by several railway stations in different parts of the city. The main long-distance railway station is [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Railway Station]] located at Charbagh. It has an imposing structure built in 1923 and acts as the divisional headquarters of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] division. Its neighbouring and second major long-distance railway station is [[Lucknow Junction railway station]] operated by the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]. The city is an important junction with links to all major cities of the state and country such as [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Nashik]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jammu]], [[Kota jn.]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Pune]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jhansi]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Raipur]] and [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]].

[[File:Lucknow NE.jpg|thumb|[[Lucknow Junction railway station]]]]
The city has a total of fourteen railway stations.<ref>[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station#Railway stations in Lucknow]]</ref> Earlier the meter-gauge services originated at Aishbagh and connected to Lucknow city, Daliganj and Mohibullapur. Now all the stations have been converted to broad gauge. All stations lie within the city limits and are well interconnected by bus services and other public road transport. Suburban stations include Bakshi Ka Talab and Kakori. The [[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway]] was started in 1867 to cater for the needs of commuters travelling between Lucknow and Kanpur. Trains running on this service also stop at numerous stations at different locations in the city forming a suburban rail network.<ref>[[Suburban rail in India]]</ref>

====Stations====
The city is served by the following stations-
* [[Aishbagh Junction railway station|Aishbagh Junction]]
* [[Alamnagar railway station|Alamnagar]]
* [[Amausi railway station|Amausi]]
* [[Badshahnagar railway station|Badshahnagar]]
* [[Daliganj Junction railway station|Daliganj Junction]]
* [[Gomti Nagar railway station|Gomti Nagar]]
* [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]]
* [[Lucknow City railway station|Lucknow City]]
* [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow Junction]]
* [[Malhaur railway station|Malhaur]]
* [[Manak Nagar railway station|Manak Nagar]]
* [[Mohibullapur railway station|Mohibullapur]]
* [[Transport Nagar railway station|Transport Nagar]]
* [[Utraitia Junction railway station|Utraitia Junction]]

===Air transport===
{{See also|Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow Air Force Station}}
[[File:T3, Lucknow International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Terminal-3, CCS International Airport]]]]

Lucknow is served by Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. The airport has been ranked the second-best in the world in the small airport category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-airport-judged-second-best-in-small-airport-category/articleshow/51244136.cms|title=Lucknow airport judged second best in small airport category|date=4 March 2016|publisher=TOI|access-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106202202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-airport-judged-second-best-in-small-airport-category/articleshow/51244136.cms|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport is suitable for all-weather operations and provides parking facilities for up to 14 aircraft. Covering {{convert|1187|acre|ha km2 acre|order=out}}, with Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights, the airport can handle [[Boeing 767]] to [[Boeing 747-400]] aircraft allowing significant passenger and cargo traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_technicalinfo.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=AAI |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915095108/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=15 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_passengerinfo.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=AAI |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=17 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213210203/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_passengerinfo.jsp |archive-date=13 February 2014 }}</ref> International destinations include
[[Dubai]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Bangkok]], [[Dammam]] and [[Jeddah]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/lucknow-4260.html|title = Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = World Airport Codes|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830103007/http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/lucknow-4260.html|archive-date = 30 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The planned expansion of the airport will allow [[Airbus A380]] jumbo jets to land at the airport. The Nagarjuna construction company (NCC) has started the construction of the new terminal at [[Lucknow Airport]] which is expected to be completed by December 2021 to meet the growing demand.<ref>{{cite news|title= Pandemic delays work on swanky Terminal 3 at CCS Airport by a year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-pandemic-delays-work-on-swanky-terminal-3-at-ccs-airport-by-a-year/articleshow/77906039.cms|date=3 September 2020}}</ref> There is also a plan for runway expansion. The airport is the [[List of the busiest airports in India|eleventh busiest airport in India]], the busiest in [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the second-busiest in northern India.

===Metro===
{{See also|Lucknow Metro}}
[[File:Lucknow Metro under operation.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucknow Metro]]]]
[[Lucknow Metro]] is a [[Rapid transit|rapid transit system]] which started its operations from 6 September 2017. Lucknow Metro system is the most-quickly built metro system in the world<ref>{{cite news | url=http://b-live.in/2017/06/23/metro-man-appeals-people-keep-metro-clean/ | title=Metro Man Appeals to People to Keep Metro Clean | publisher=Blive | date=23 June 2017 | access-date=2 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108110912/http://b-live.in/2017/06/23/metro-man-appeals-people-keep-metro-clean/ | archive-date=8 November 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and most economical high-speed rapid transit system project in India.<ref>{{cite web|title = Lucknow Metro Rail fastest and most economical project in India|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/lucknow-metro-rail-fastest-and-most-economical-project-in-india-115111600808_1.html|access-date = 28 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219161028/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/lucknow-metro-rail-fastest-and-most-economical-project-in-india-115111600808_1.html|archive-date = 19 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The commencement of civil works started on 27 September 2014.<ref name="construct-Sept">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-Metro-construction-begins-Akhilesh-fulfils-promise-to-father/articleshow/43663937.cms |title=Lucknow Metro construction begins, Akhilesh fulfils promise to father |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002041245/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Lucknow/Lucknow-Metro-construction-begins-Akhilesh-fulfils-promise-to-father/articleshow/43663937.cms |archive-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lucknow has the third largest metro network in the state after [[Noida]], [[Meerut]] and [[Ghaziabad]].

In February, Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] approved to set up of a metro rail system for the state capital. It is divided into two corridors the north–south corridor connecting Munshipulia to CCS International Airport and the east–west corridor connecting Charbagh Railway Station to Vasant Kunj. This will be the most expensive public transport system in the state but will provide a rapid means of mass transport to decongest traffic on city roads. Construction of the first phase will be complete by March 2017. The completion of metro rail project is the primary object of Uttar Pradesh government currently headed by the chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.railnews.co.in/dmrc-assures-lucknow-metro-rail-first-phase-completion-by-february-2017/|title = DMRC assures Lucknow Metro first phase completion|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = railnews|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819130005/http://www.railnews.co.in/dmrc-assures-lucknow-metro-rail-first-phase-completion-by-february-2017/|archive-date = 19 August 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

On 5 September 2017, Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] showed green flag to the Lucknow Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-metro-inaugration-live|title = Lucknow Metro Inauguration Live.|access-date = 5 September 2017|website = [[Amar Ujala]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905083647/http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-metro-inaugration-live|archive-date = 5 September 2017|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Cycling ===
Lucknow is among the most bicycle-friendly cities in Uttar Pradesh. Bike-friendly tracks have been established near the chief minister's residence in the city. The {{convert|4+1/2|km|mi|spell=in|adj=on}} track encompasses La-Martiniere College Road next to a golf club on Kalidas Marg, where the chief minister resides, and Vikramaditya Marg, which houses the office of the ruling party. The dedicated {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|adj=on}} lane for cyclists is separate from the footpath and the main road. With [[Amsterdam]] as the inspiration, new cycle tracks are to be constructed in the city to make it more cycle-friendly, with facilities like [[bike rental]] also in the works.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-to-get-Amsterdam-inspired-cycling-tracks/articleshow/45062205.cms|title = Lucknow to get Amsterdam-inspired cycling tracks|date = 11 June 2014|access-date = 15 December 2014|website = Times of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150901163631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-to-get-Amsterdam-inspired-cycling-tracks/articleshow/45062205.cms|archive-date = 1 September 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/noida-agra-and-lucknow-to-be-cyclefriendly/article6310271.ece|title = Noida, Agra and Lucknow to be cycle-friendly|date = 13 August 2014|access-date = 15 December 2014|website = The Hindu|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/noida-agra-and-lucknow-to-be-cyclefriendly/article6310271.ece|archive-date = 8 February 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In the year 2015, Lucknow also hosted a national level cycling event called 'The Lucknow Cyclothon' in which professional and amateur cyclists took part.<ref>{{cite news|title = City hosts, cheers national level cycling event|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/City-hosts-cheers-national-level-cycling-event/articleshow/46818203.cms|website = The Times of India| date=6 April 2015 |access-date = 25 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/City-hosts-cheers-national-level-cycling-event/articleshow/46818203.cms|archive-date = 8 February 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> An under-construction cycle track network by the government of Uttar Pradesh is set to make Lucknow the city with India's biggest cycle network.<ref>{{cite web|title = CM Akhilesh Yadav puts Lucknow on track to be city with country's largest cycle network|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/cm-akhilesh-yadav-puts-lucknow-on-track-to-be-city-with-countrys-largest-cycle-network/|website = The Indian Express|date = 29 December 2015|access-date = 29 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151231073633/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/cm-akhilesh-yadav-puts-lucknow-on-track-to-be-city-with-countrys-largest-cycle-network/|archive-date = 31 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1865 | 300000
| 1871 | 284800
| 1881 | 261300
| 1891 | 273000
| 1901 | 264000
| 1911 | 259800
| 1921 | 240600
| 1931 | 274700
| 1941 | 387177
| 1951 | 496900
| 1961 | 595400
| 1968 | 763600
| 1971 | 814000
| 1981 | 1007604
| 1991 | 1669204
| 2001 | 2245509
| 2011 | 2902601
}}
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Lucknow City (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web| title = C-1 Population By Religious Community| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs| access-date = 11 May 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html| archive-date = 13 September 2015| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}} On this page, select "Uttar Pradesh" from the download menu. "Lucknow (M.Corp.)" is at line 890 of the excel file.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/127-lucknow.html|title=Lucknow City Census 2011 data|work=Census2011|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507060208/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/127-lucknow.html|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|71.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|26.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.58}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.59}}
}}

The population of Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) rose above one million in 1981, while the 2001 census estimated it had risen to 2.24 million. This included about 60,000 people in the Lucknow Cantonment and 2.18 million in Lucknow city and represented an increase of 34.53% over the 1991 figure.<ref name="Lko growth">{{cite news|title=Lucknow pips Kanpur, emerges as most populous city in UP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-pips-Kanpur-emerges-as-most-populous-city-in-UP/articleshow/7879054.cms|access-date=18 April 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703193547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-pips-Kanpur-emerges-as-most-populous-city-in-UP/articleshow/7879054.cms|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the provisional report of [[2011 Census of India]], Lucknow city had a population of 2,815,601, of which 1,470,133 were men and 1,345,468 women.<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Lucknow|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0926_PART_B_DCHB_LUCKNOW.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=7 June 2016|page=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114013200/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0926_PART_B_DCHB_LUCKNOW.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lko city census">{{cite web|title=Cities having population 100,000 and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> This was an increase of 25.36% compared to the 2001 figures.

Between 1991 and 2001, the population registered growth of 32.03%, significantly lower than the 37.14% which was registered between 1981 and 1991.<ref name="Lko district census">{{cite web|title=Lucknow district population, Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/528-lucknow.html|access-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416072822/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/528-lucknow.html|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The initial provisional data suggests a population density of {{convert|1815|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} in 2011, compared to 1,443 in 2001.<ref name="Lko district census" /> As the total area covered by the Lucknow district is only about {{convert|2528|km2|mi2}}, the population density was much than the {{convert|690|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} recorded at the state level. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] population of the state represented 21.3% of the total population, a figure higher than the state average of 21.15%.<ref name="caste population">{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract data|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=152216|publisher=Census of India|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043254/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=152216|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SCHEDULED CASTES">{{cite web|title=DALITS/SCHEDULED CASTES – 2011 |url=http://www.isidelhi.org.in/hrnews/HR_THEMATIC_ISSUES/Dalits/Dalits2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511075048/http://www.isidelhi.org.in/hrnews/HR_THEMATIC_ISSUES/Dalits/Dalits2009.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=Human Rights Documentation |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hindi]] is spoken by 88.16% of the population, while [[Urdu]] is spoken by 10.26%.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The sex ratio in Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males in 2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 888. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 according to the Census 2011 Directorate.<ref name="Lko city census" /> The city has a total literacy level in 2011 of 84.72% compared to 67.68% for Uttar Pradesh as a whole.<ref name="Lko city census" /> In 2001 these same figures stood at 75.98% and 56.27%. In Lucknow city, the total literate population totalled 2,147,564 people of which 1,161,250 were male and 986,314 were female.<ref name="Lko city census" /><ref name="literacy improvement">{{cite news|title=UP improves literacy rate, child sex ratio dips: Census|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/lucknow/29374065_1_female-literacy-literacy-rate-growth-rate|access-date=2 April 2011|date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505082254/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/lucknow/29374065_1_female-literacy-literacy-rate-growth-rate|archive-date=5 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the fact that the overall work-participation rate in the district (32.24%) is higher than the state average (23.7%), the rate among females in Lucknow is very low at only 5.6% and shows a decline from the 1991 figure of 5.9%.<ref name="city literacy">{{cite news|title=Upsurge in state literacy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-21/lucknow/27248494_1_literacy-rate-basic-education-primary-schools|access-date=21 August 2001|date=21 August 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505085303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-21/lucknow/27248494_1_literacy-rate-basic-education-primary-schools|archive-date=5 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284526 |title=Riding His Lucknow | Sharat Pradhan |magazine=Outlook India |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227072926/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284526 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Lucknow}}

[[File:Lucknow Skyline From Gomti Nagar.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Skyline of Lucknow as seen from Gomti Nagar}}]]

Lucknow's buildings show different styles of architecture with the many iconic buildings built during the British and Mughal era. More than half of these buildings lie in the old part of the city. The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organises a "Heritage Walk" for tourists covering the popular monuments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/heritage_lucknow.htm |title=Uttar Pradesh Tourism, Official Website of Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |publisher=UP Tourism |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620060925/http://www.up-tourism.com/heritage_lucknow.htm |archive-date=20 June 2014 }}</ref> Among the extant architecture, there are religious buildings such as [[Hussainiya|Imambaras]], mosques, and other [[Islam]]ic shrines as well as secular structures such as enclosed gardens, ''[[baradari (building)|baradaris]]'', and palace complexes.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.com/architecture3.html|title = Architecture of Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031637/http://www.lucknow.com/architecture3.html|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Old Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Ghanta Ghar, the tallest clock tower in India]]
[[File:Bara Imambara Lucknow.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bara Imambara]]]]
[[Bara Imambara]] in Hussainabad is a colossal edifice built in 1784 by the then Nawab of Lucknow, [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]. It was originally built to provide assistance to people affected by the deadly famine, which struck the whole of Uttar Pradesh in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofindiatravel.com/lucknow.html|title = Times of India-Lucknow|access-date = 13 August 2014|website = Lucknow Travel|publisher = Times of India Travel|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140902002802/http://www.timesofindiatravel.com/lucknow.html|archive-date = 2 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It is the largest hall in Asia without any external support from wood, iron or stone beams.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/bada-imambara.html|title =Bada Imambara|access-date =27 August 2014|website =Indian Monuments|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140803184536/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/bada-imambara.html|archive-date =3 August 2014|url-status =live|df =dmy-all}}</ref> The monument required approximately 22,000 labourers during construction.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870|last = Bayly|first = C. A.|publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0-521-31054-7|page = 135|date =1988}}</ref>

The {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=in|order=flip}} tall [[Rumi Darwaza]], built by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula (r. 1775–1797) in 1784, served as the entrance to the city of Lucknow. It is also known as the Turkish Gateway, as it was erroneously thought to be identical to the gateway at [[Constantinople]]. The edifice provides the west entrance to the Great Imambara and is embellished with lavish decorations.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0002664u00000000.html|title = Roomi Darwaza|access-date = 13 August 2014|website = The Turkish Gate (Rumi Darwaza), Lucknow.|publisher = The British Library|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814020817/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0002664u00000000.html|archive-date = 14 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Rumi Darwaza - The Breathtaking Architecture 01.jpg|thumb|[[Rumi Darwaza]]]]

Various architectural styles can be seen in the historical areas of Lucknow. The [[University of Lucknow]] shows a huge inspiration from the European style while [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]] is prominently present in the [[Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha building]] and [[Charbagh Railway station]]. [[Dilkusha Kothi]] is the remains of a palace constructed by the British resident Major [[Gore Ouseley]] around 1800 and showcases [[English Baroque]] architecture. It served as a hunting lodge for the [[Nawab of Awadh]]s and as a summer resort.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/dilkusha-garden-lucknow|title = Dilkusha Garden Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Lucknow Online|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110332/http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/dilkusha-garden-lucknow|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Chattar Manzil]], which served as the palace for the rulers of Awadh and their wives is topped by an umbrella-like dome and so named on account of ''Chattar'' being the Hindi word for "umbrella".
Opposite Chattar Manzil stands the 'Lal Baradari' built by Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] between 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room at coronations for the royal courts. The building is now used as a museum and contains delicately executed portraits of men who played major roles in the administration of the kingdom of Oudh.
[[File:Gomti Nagar.jpg|thumb|left|Multi-storey apartments]]
Another example of mixed architectural styles is [[La Martiniere Lucknow|La Martiniere College]], which shows a fusion of Indian and European ideas. It was built by Major-General [[Claude Martin]] who was born in [[Lyon]] and died in Lucknow on 13 September 1800. Originally named "Constantia", the ceilings of the building are domed with no wooden beams used for construction.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Historic Lucknow|last = Hay|first = Sidney|publisher = Asian Educational Services|isbn = 81-206-0964-6|year = 2001|url = {{GBurl|id=yc3sqGgXgzkC}}}}</ref> Glimpses of [[Gothic architecture]] can also be seen in the college building.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/patron|title = About The Founder|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = La Martiniere College Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413181243/http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/patron|archive-date = 13 April 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:La Martiniere College, Lucknow - by Ahmad Faiz Mustafa.jpg|thumb|The Constantia, the main building of the [[La Martiniere College]]]]
Lucknow's [[Bara Imambara|Asafi Imambara]] exhibits vaulted halls as its architectural speciality.
The Bara Imambara, Chhota Imambara and Rumi Darwaza stand in testament to the city's Nawabi mixture of Mughlai and Turkish styles of architecture while La Martiniere college bears witness to the Indo-European style. Even the new buildings are fashioned using characteristic domes and pillars, and at night these illuminated monuments become the city's main attractions.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario%20Lucknow/Chapter-3(Rich%20Urban%20Heritage%20Lcknow).doc|title = Rich Urban Heritage of Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Town and Country Planning Organisation|publisher = Government of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111516/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario%20Lucknow/Chapter-3(Rich%20Urban%20Heritage%20Lcknow).doc|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Harzratganj Market, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hazratganj|Hazratganj Market]]]]
Around [[Hazratganj]], the city's central shopping area, there is a fusion of old and modern architecture. It has a multi-level parking lot in place of an old and dilapidated police station making way for extending the corridors into pebbled pathways, adorned with piazzas, green areas and wrought-iron and cast-iron lamp-posts, reminiscent of the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian era]], flank both sides of the street.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com 141311-3">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/magic-makeover-for-lucknows-famed-hazratganj/141311-3.html |title=Magic makeover for Lucknow's famed Hazratganj – IBNLive |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730013905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/magic-makeover-for-lucknows-famed-hazratganj/141311-3.html |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{see also|Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb}}
[[File:Brijesh Pathak, Minister of Law & Justice and Additional Energy Resources in Uttar Pradesh, inaugurating the bada mangal festivities at UPNEDA office in Vibhuti Khand (May 2017).jpg|thumb|Brijesh Pathak, Minister of Law & Justice and Additional Energy Resources in Uttar Pradesh, inaugurating the bada mangal festivities at UPNEDA office in Vibhuti Khand (May 2017)]]
[[File:Free food being distributed on a Bada Mangal (May 2017).jpg|thumb|Free food being distributed on a Bada Mangal (May 2017). Bada Mangal is a ritual specific only to Lucknow.]]
In common with other metropolitan cities across India, Lucknow is multicultural and multilingual.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms |title=Rain brings relief to Lucknowites|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815213808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms |archive-date=15 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modis-messages-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/34305188.cms |title=Narendra Modi's messages to Lucknowites|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816013914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modis-messages-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/34305188.cms |archive-date=16 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the cultural traits and customs peculiar to Lucknow have become living legends today. The city's contemporary culture is the result of the amalgamation of the Hindu and Muslim rulers who ruled the city simultaneously. The credit for this goes to the secular and syncretic traditions of the [[Nawab]]s of Awadh, who took a keen interest in every walk of life and encouraged these traditions to attain a rare degree of sophistication. Modern-day Lucknowites are known for their polite and polished way of speaking which is noticed by visitors. The residents of Lucknow call themselves ''Lucknowites'' or ''Lakhnavi''.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms|title = Rain brings relief to Lucknowites|date = 14 July 2014|access-date = 28 July 2014|website = The Times of India|publisher = Times News Network|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150815213808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms|archive-date = 15 August 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It also represents the melting pot of globalisation where the legacy of Nawab's culture continues to be reflected in the traditional vocabulary of the [[Urdu]] language of the city along with better avenues for modernisation present here.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== Traditional outfit ===
{{Main|Gharara}}

Lucknow is known for its ghararas. It is a traditional women's outfit that originated from the [[Nawab]]s of [[Awadh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url={{GBurl|id=hXxCAAAAYAAJ}}|title=Yojana|date=1 January 1962|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|language=en}}</ref> It is a pair of loose trousers with pleats below the knee worn with a [[kurta]] (shirt) and a [[dupatta]] (veil). It is embroidered with [[zari]] and [[zardozi]] along with gota (decorative lace on the knee area). This dress is made from over {{convert|24|m|yd}} of fabric, mostly silk, [[brocade]] and kamkhwab.

===Language and poetry===
Although Uttar Pradesh's primary official language is [[Hindi]], the most commonly spoken language is colloquial [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.org.uk/culture/index.html|title = Culture of Lucknow|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = Lucknowcity|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150119025507/http://www.lucknow.org.uk/culture/index.html|archive-date = 19 January 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Indian English]] is also well understood and is widely used for business and administrative purposes, as a result of [[British Raj|India's British heritage]] and [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth tradition]], as well as globalisation. The Urdu language is also a part of Lucknowi culture and heritage. It is mostly used by wealthier families, the remaining members of the royal family as well as in [[Urdu poetry]] and on public signs. The government has taken many innovative steps to promote Urdu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/lucknow/35484263_1_hindi-and-urdu-urdu-words-akhilesh-yadav | title=Govt committed to promote Urdu: Akhilesh Yadav | date=30 November 2012 | access-date=30 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505064032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/lucknow/35484263_1_hindi-and-urdu-urdu-words-akhilesh-yadav | archive-date=5 May 2013 | url-status=dead | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], a dialect of the Hindi [[dialect continuum]], is the native dialect of Lucknow and has played an important role in Lucknow's history and is still used in the city's rural areas and by the urban population on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknowliteraryfestival.com/about/|title = About Lucknow Literary Festival|access-date=6 February 2026|website=Lucknow Literary Festival|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085003/http://lucknowliteraryfestival.com/about/|archive-date =3 September 2014|url-status=dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Historically, Lucknow was considered one of the great centres of [[Islamic culture|Muslim culture]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yulia Egorova|author2=Tudor Parfitt|title=Jews, Muslims and Mass Media: Mediating the 'Other'|url={{GBurl|id=MryC2HZaciEC|p=84}}|year=2013|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-203-47583-6|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/four-californian-lectures-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/lucknow-culture |title=Lucknow Culture | Four Californian Lectures | Books on Islam and Muslims |date=4 December 2012 |publisher=Al-Islam |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011510/http://www.al-islam.org/four-californian-lectures-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/lucknow-culture |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two poets, [[Mir Babar Ali Anis]] and [[Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer|Mirza Dabeer]], became legendary exponents of a unique genre of Muslim elegiacal poetry called ''[[marsiya]]'' centred on Imam Husain's supreme sacrifice in the [[Battle of Karbala]], which is commemorated during the annual observance of [[Muharram]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|last = Jones|first = Justin|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-139-50123-1|page = 93}}</ref>

The revolutionary [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], who was hanged by the British at Gorakhpur jail, was largely influenced by the culture of Lucknow and remembered its name in his poetry.<ref>Madan Lal Verma 'Krant' ''Krantikari Bismil Aur Unki Shayri'' page-28 ("याद आयेगा बहुत लखनऊ का जेल हमें")</ref> Surrounding towns such as Kakori, Daryabad, [[Fatehpur, Barabanki|Fatehpur]], Barabanki, [[Rudauli]], and Malihabad produced many eminent Urdu poets and litterateurs including Mohsin Kakorvi, [[Majaz Lakhnawi]], [[Khumar Barabankvi]] and [[Josh Malihabadi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1106916|title = REVIEW: Josh Malihabadi|date=18 May 2014|access-date=6 February 2026|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|location =Pakistan|last=Piracha|first=Imtiaz|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140816185103/http://www.dawn.com/news/1106916|archive-date = 16 August 2014|url-status=dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Dastangoi-returns-home-to-Lucknow/articleshow/44872414.cms|url-status=dead|date=19 October 2014|author=Uzma Talha|archive-date=1 May 2015|access-date=6 February 2026|newspaper=Times of India|title=Dastangoi returns home to Lucknow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501092836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Dastangoi-returns-home-to-Lucknow/articleshow/44872414.cms}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Awadhi cuisine|Mughlai cuisine|Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[File:263479-special-biryani-at-tunday.jpg|thumb|left|Tunday's Gelawati Kababs, Lucknow's speciality]]
[[File:Malai makkhan.JPG|thumb|left|Malai Makkhan, a winter delicacy of Lucknow]]
The Awadh region has its own distinct Nawabi-style cuisine. Since ages, the ''Bawarchis'' (chefs) and ''Rakabdars'' (royal chefs) have developed great finesse in cooking and presentation of food, under royal patronage. This gave rise to the art of cooking over a slow fire (or ''Dum'' style cooking), which has become synonymous with "Awadhi" cuisine. These ''Bawarchis'' added elaborately prepared dishes like ''kababs'', ''kormas'', ''kaliya'', ''nahari-kulchas'', ''zarda'', ''sheermal'', ''roomali rotis'' and ''warqi parathas'' to the traditional "Awadhi" ''dastarkhwaan'' (feast of dishes).<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lucknow.nic.in/cuisine.htm |title=Cuisine of Lucknow |publisher=Lucknow |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819044302/http://lucknow.nic.in/cuisine.htm |archive-date = 19 August 2007}}</ref> The best-known dishes of this area consist of [[biryani]]s, [[kebab]]s and breads. Kebabs are served in a variety of styles; ''kakori'', ''galawati'', ''shami'', ''boti'', ''patili-ke'', ''ghutwa'' and ''seekh'' are among the available varieties.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Tunde ke kabab]] restaurants are popular for a type of soft kebab developed by a one-armed chef (hence the name Tunday) for a Nawab who had lost his teeth.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.indianfoodsguide.com/food-articles/indian-food-articles/history-of-the-tunday-kabab.html|title = History of the Tunday Kabab|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = indianfoodsguide|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114256/http://www.indianfoodsguide.com/food-articles/indian-food-articles/history-of-the-tunday-kabab.html|archive-date = 26 August 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The reputation of Lucknow's kebabs is not limited to the local population and the dish attracts people from other cities as well as other countries.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shubha Singh |url=http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/lucknow-for-the-love-of-kebabs/ |title=Lucknow for the love of Kebabs | The Alternative |publisher=Thealternative |date=22 December 2012 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051723/http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/lucknow-for-the-love-of-kebabs/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Lucknowi Delicacy- Sheermal, Kulcha, Naan.jpg|thumb|Breads of Lucknow- Kulcha, Sheermal, Naan etc.]]
[[File:Kachori Sabji.JPG|thumb|Kachori Sabzi, traditional Lucknow breakfast]]
Lucknow is also known for its [[chaat]]s, street food, [[kulfi]], [[Betel nut chewing|paan]] and sweets. Nahari kulche, a dish prepared using goat mutton, is popular among non-vegetarians. Sheermal is a type of sweet bread dish (paratha) prepared in Lucknow. Some restaurants in the city are around a century old; there are also many high-end restaurants, bakeries, lounges and pubs which cater to the affluent class and foreign travellers.

===Festivals===
Indian festivals such as [[Christmas]], [[Diwali]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Holi]], [[Raksha Bandhan]] and [[Vijayadashami]] are celebrated with great pomp and show in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.org.uk/festivals.html|title = Festivals in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|publisher = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226160451/http://www.lucknow.org.uk/festivals.html|archive-date = 26 February 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Some of the other festivals or processions are as follows:

* [[Lucknow Mahotsav]]
Lucknow Festival is organised every year to showcase Uttar Pradesh art and culture and to promote tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incredibleindia.org/experience-india/fairs-and-festivals/53-november/78-lucknow-festival-uttar-pradesh |title=Lucknow Festival |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Incredible India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827071805/http://www.incredibleindia.org/experience-india/fairs-and-festivals/53-november/78-lucknow-festival-uttar-pradesh |archive-date=27 August 2014 }}</ref> With 1975–76 designated South Asian Tourism Year, Lucknow took the opportunity to promote the city's art, culture and tourism to national and international tourists. The first Lucknow Festival was staged as a part of this promotion and ever since, with some exceptions, [[Lucknow Mahotsav]]a has taken place annually.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknowmahotsava.com/aboutmahotsav.html|title = About Mahotsava|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow Mahotsav|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903063923/http://www.lucknowmahotsava.com/aboutmahotsav.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

* Lucknow Literature Festival

This is an annual literature festival held in the month of November every year since 2013. Lucknow LitFest is India's second-largest literature festival featuring some of the greatest writers and thinkers from across the globe.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://wwww.lucknowliteraturefestival.org|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001034/http://wwww.lucknowliteraturefestival.org/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 1 October 2021|title = Lucknow Literature Festival™|date = 3 October 2016|website = Lucknow Literature Festival™}}</ref>

* [[Muharram]]
:{{main|Azadari in Lucknow}}
:Lucknow is known as a seat of [[Shia Islam]] and the epitome of Shia culture in India. Muslims observe Muharram, the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]] and on Ashura (the tenth day of the month) mourn the memory of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Husain]], grandson of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.al-islam.org/story-of-the-holy-kaaba-and-its-people-shabbar/third-imam-husayn-ibn-ali|title = The Third Imam, Husayn Ibn 'Ali|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Al-Islam|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111455/http://www.al-islam.org/story-of-the-holy-kaaba-and-its-people-shabbar/third-imam-husayn-ibn-ali|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Muharram processions in Lucknow have a special significance and began during the reign of the Awadh Nawabs.

:Processions such as ''Shahi Zarih'', ''Jaloos-e-Mehndi'', ''Alam-e-Ashura'' and ''[[Chup Tazia]]'' had special significance by the Shia community and were affected with great religious zeal and fervour until 1977 the government of Uttar Pradesh banned public Azadari processions. For the following twenty years, processions and gatherings took place in private or community spaces including Talkatora Karbala, [[Bara Imambara]] (Imambara Asifi), [[Chota Imambara]] (Imambara Husainabad), Dargah Hazrat Abbas, Shah Najaf and [[Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab]]. The ban was partially lifted in 1997 and Shias were successful in taking out the first Azadari procession in January 1998 on the 21st of [[Ramadan]], the Muslim fasting month. The Shias are authorised to stage nine processions out of the nine hundred that are listed in the register of the Shias.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowlive12.blogspot.in/p/festivals-in-lucknow.html|title = Festivals in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = lucknowlive|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903143251/http://lucknowlive12.blogspot.in/p/festivals-in-lucknow.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

* Deva Mela
[[File:DewaSharif.jpg|thumb|DewaSharif]]
Deva Mela is celebrated during the anniversary of Sufi saint Haji [[Waris Ali Shah]] at [[Dewa, India]] which is 26 K.M from Lucknow city. Sufi songs (Qawwalis) are recited at the Dargah. Devotees also carry sheets/Chadars to the shrines.

* [[Chup Tazia]]
The procession originated in Lucknow before spreading to other parts of South Asia. Dating back to the era of the Nawabs, it was started by Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan Shaukat Yar Jung a descendant of Bahu Begum. It has become one of the most important Azadari processions in Lucknow and one of the nine permitted by the government. This last mourning procession takes place on the morning of the 8th of [[Rabi' al-awwal]], the third Muslim month and includes ''alam'' (flags), ''[[Zari]]'' and a ''[[tazia]]'' (an imitation of the mausoleums in [[Karbala]]). It originates at the [[Hussainia|Imambara]] Nazim Saheb in Victoria Street then moves in complete silence through Patanala until it terminates at the Karbala Kazmain, where the colossal black ''ta'zieh'' is buried.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url = http://twocircles.net/2010feb23/chup_tazia_procession_lucknow_religious_and_cultural_tradition.html#.U_2CgtK1bPw|title = Chup Tazia" procession in Lucknow: A religious and cultural tradition|date = 23 February 2010|access-date = 27 August 2014|publisher = twocircles|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903032430/http://twocircles.net/2010feb23/chup_tazia_procession_lucknow_religious_and_cultural_tradition.html#.U_2CgtK1bPw|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

* [[Bada Mangal]] festival is celebrated in May as a birthday of the ancient Hanuman temple known as Purana Mandir. During this festival, fairs are conducted by the local public in the whole city. Bhandara is organised by local people almost in all streets across the city and serves free food to all the passersby irrespective of religion. Many of the Muslim Community also set up these Bhandara. It is celebrated in the name of Hindu God Lord Hanuman and reflects the Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb.<ref name="auto"/>

===Dance, drama and music===
[[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|thumb|A dancer posing during a ''[[kathak]]'' dance sequence. The dance has its origins in Northern India and especially Lucknow.]]
The classical Indian dance form ''[[Kathak]]'' originated from Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3ANorth_Lalli100-113.pdf|title = A North Indian Classical Dance Form: Lucknow Kathak|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = Journal for Anthropological Study of Human Movement|publisher = Illinois University|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140816084836/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3ANorth_Lalli100-113.pdf|archive-date = 16 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of ''Kathak''. [[Lachhu Maharaj]], Acchchan Maharaj, [[Shambhu Maharaj]] and [[Birju Maharaj]] have kept this tradition alive.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.birjumaharaj-kalashram.com/pt-birju-maharaj.html|title = Pandit Birju Maharaj|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Pt. Birju Maharaj Kalashram|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091839/http://www.birjumaharaj-kalashram.com/pt-birju-maharaj.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html|title = Famous Kathak Dancers|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Bhavalaya|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423213717/http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html|archive-date = 23 April 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow is also the home city of the eminent ''[[ghazal]]'' singer [[Begum Akhtar]]. A pioneer of the style, ''"Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya"'' is one of her best known musical renditions.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121030/jsp/nation/story_16138641.jsp#.U_5GJdKSwZk|title = Tomb tribute to Begum Akhtar|date = 29 October 2012|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = The Telegraph|publisher = Telegraph India|last = Chakraborty|first = Tapas|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110816/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121030/jsp/nation/story_16138641.jsp#.U_5GJdKSwZk|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Bhatkhande Music Institute|Bhatkande Music Institute University]] at Lucknow is named after the musician [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhatkhandemusic.edu.in/pages/home.asp |title=Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=Bhatkhande Music Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502170138/http://www.bhatkhandemusic.edu.in/pages/home.asp |archive-date=2 May 2014 }}</ref> Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts (BNA), also known as Bhartendu Natya Academy, is a theatre-training institute situated at Gomti Nagar. It is a [[deemed university]] and an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of Uttar Pradesh. It was set up in 1975 by the Sangeet Natak Akademy (government of Uttar Pradesh), and became an independent drama school in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bnalko.org/|title = About Us|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = BNA Lucknow|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903172051/http://www.bnalko.org/|archive-date = 3 September 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Apart from government institutes, there are many private theatre groups including IPTA, Theatre Arts Workshop (TAW), Darpan, Manchkriti and the largest youth theatre group, Josh. This is a group for young people to experience theatre activities, workshops and training.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://joshgroup.blogspot.in/|title = Josh Group|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = We are Josh|publisher = Blogger|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142427/http://joshgroup.blogspot.in/|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all|date = 17 November 2009}}</ref>

Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians including [[Naushad]], [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Anup Jalota]] and [[Baba Sehgal]] as well as British pop celebrity Sir [[Cliff Richard]].

===Lucknow Chikan===
Lucknow is known for embroidery works including [[Chikan (embroidery)|''chikankari'']], ''[[zari]]'', ''[[zardozi]]'', ''kamdani'' and ''gota'' making (gold lace weaving).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow-chikan-house.com/what-we-offer.html|title = The art of chikankari|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow Chikan House|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://archive.today/20120905042528/http://www.lucknow-chikan-house.com/what-we-offer.html|archive-date = 5 September 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

''Chikankari'' is an embroidery work well known all over India. This 400-year-old art in its present form was developed in Lucknow and it remains the only location where the skill is practised today. ''Chikankari'' constitutes 'shadow work' and is a delicate and artistic hand embroidery done using white thread on fine white cotton cloth such as fine muslin or chiffon. Yellowish ''muga'' silk is sometimes used in addition to the white thread. The work is done on caps, ''[[kurta]]''s, ''[[sari]]''s, scarfs, and other vestments.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowcity.com/chikankari.php|title = Chikankari|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow City|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903100747/http://lucknowcity.com/chikankari.php|archive-date = 3 September 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The ''chikan'' industry, almost unknown under the Nawabs, has not only survived but has flourished. About 2,500 entrepreneurs have engaged in manufacturing ''chikan'' for sale in local, national and international markets with Lucknow the largest exporter of ''chikan'' embroidered garments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chikanbarn.com/Resources/85fd99ef-58a6-4bd8-9a2c-09494d8b8d20/Documents/671/Popularity%20of%20Chikankari%20outside%20India%20and%20its%20Export.pdf |title=Popularity of Chikankari outside India and exports |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=chikanbarn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728214131/http://www.chikanbarn.com/Resources/85fd99ef-58a6-4bd8-9a2c-09494d8b8d20/Documents/671/Popularity%20of%20Chikankari%20outside%20India%20and%20its%20Export.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2014 }}</ref>

As a sign of recognition, in December 2008, the Indian [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indication Registry (GIR)]] accorded Geographical Indication (GI) status for ''chikankari'', recognising Lucknow as the exclusive hub for its manufacture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chikankari GI a step towards international branding|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chikankari-GI-a-step-towards-international-branding/articleshow/3986050.cms|access-date=10 July 2013|date=16 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131113159/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-16/lucknow/28040361_1_geographical-indication-lucknow-gi-certification|archive-date=31 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Quality of life ===
Lucknow was ranked "India's second happiest city" in a survey conducted by [[IMRB International]] and [[LG Corporation]], after only [[Chandigarh]]. It fared better than other metropolitan cities in India including [[New Delhi]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Chennai]]. Lucknow was found to be better than other cities in areas such as food, transit and overall citizen satisfaction.<ref>{{cite news|title = Happiest city survey: What makes Lucknow India's second happiest city?|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Happiest-city-survey-What-makes-Lucknow-Indias-second-happiest-city/articleshow/47657418.cms|website = The Times of India| date=13 June 2015 |access-date = 27 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150618180951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Happiest-city-survey-What-makes-Lucknow-Indias-second-happiest-city/articleshow/47657418.cms|archive-date = 18 June 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Lucknow ahead of Delhi, other metros on happiness quotient|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-ahead-of-Delhi-other-metros-on-happiness-quotient/articleshow/47645787.cms|website = The Times of India| date=12 June 2015 |access-date = 27 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150618181025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-ahead-of-Delhi-other-metros-on-happiness-quotient/articleshow/47645787.cms|archive-date = 18 June 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Lucknow}}

Lucknow is home to a number of prominent educational and research organisations including [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]] (IIM-L), [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow]] (IIIT-L), [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI), [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]], [[National Botanical Research Institute]] (NBRI), [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]] (IET Lko), [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University|Dr'''. '''Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University]] (RMNLU), [[Institute of Hotel Management, Lucknow]] (IHM), [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SGPGI), [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[King George's Medical University]] (KGMU).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.career-info.in/india/colleges/list-of-colleges-in-lucknow.html|title = List of Top Colleges in Lucknow|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Career Info|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111739/http://www.career-info.in/india/colleges/list-of-colleges-in-lucknow.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The [[National P.G. College]], affiliated to the [[University of Lucknow]], was ranked as the second-best college imparting formal education in the country by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/National-PG-College-rated-second-best-in-the-country/articleshow/30872493.cms|title=National PG College rated second best in the country|date=23 February 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/National-PG-College-rated-second-best-in-the-country/articleshow/30872493.cms|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Educational institutions in the city include seven [[List of educational institutions in Lucknow|universities]] including the [[University of Lucknow]], a [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], a [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University|technical university (Uttar Pradesh Technical University)]], a [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University|law university (RMLNLU)]], an [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Islamic university (DUNU)]] and many [[Government Polytechnic Lucknow|polytechnics]], engineering institutes and industrial-training institutes.<ref name="Institutes">{{cite web|title=Institutes in Lucknow|url=http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/91to100.pdf|publisher=Central Bureau of Health Intelligence- Government of India|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043331/http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/91to100.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other research organisations in the state include the [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]], [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]], and the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.<ref name=CFTR>{{cite web|title=Pursues in-depth research and development in food science and technology.|url=http://www.cftri.com/|publisher=Central Food Technological Research Institute|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801045035/http://www.cftri.com/|archive-date=1 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PG">{{cite web|title=IUET-UG-PG-2012|url=http://www.successcds.net/Entrance-Exam/Integral-University-Lucknow-Entrance-Exam-IUET-UG-PG.html|publisher=Success Cds|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627031623/http://successcds.net/Entrance-Exam/Integral-University-Lucknow-Entrance-Exam-IUET-UG-PG.html|archive-date=27 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of Uttar Pradesh's major schools are located in Lucknow including [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]] having its branches in Eldeco, Indiranagar. Lucknow International Public School, [[City Montessori School]], Colvin Taluqdars' College, Centennial Higher Secondary School, [[St. Francis' College]], [[Loreto Convent Lucknow]], St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya, [[Lucknow Public School]], Stella Maris Inter College, [[Seth M.R.Jaipuria School, Lucknow|Seth M.R. Jaipuria School]], Cathedral School, Mary Gardiner's Convent School, Modern School, Amity International School, St. Agnes, Army Public School, Mount Carmel College, Study Hall, Christ Church College, Rani Laxmi Bai School and Central Academy, Study Hall School, Vidyasthali Kanar Inter College (Unit of SHEF foundation).

[[City Montessori School]], with over 20 branches spread throughout the city, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a UNESCO Prize for Peace Education.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/|title = Guinness- City Montessori School|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = CMS enters 2013 Guinness Book of World Records|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140904104334/http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/|archive-date = 4 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> CMS also holds a Guinness World Record for being the largest school in the world, with over 40,000 pupils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/index.htm |title=City Montessori School [CMS], Lucknow, India |publisher=Cmseducation.org |access-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205018/http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/index.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> The school consistently ranks among the top schools of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/examination-results-2013/top-icse-and-isc-schools-based-on-academic-performance |title=Top ICSE-ISC Schools Based on Academic Performance (Based on Otherwise Insider Information – Courtesy: Electronic Data Mining) |publisher=the learning point |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807221852/http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/examination-results-2013/top-icse-and-isc-schools-based-on-academic-performance |archive-date=7 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[La Martiniere Lucknow]], founded in 1845, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a [[battle honour]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Infrastructure – La Martiniere College|url = http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/infrastructure|website = lamartinierelucknow.org|access-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150526214103/http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/infrastructure|archive-date = 26 May 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It is one of the oldest schools in India, often ranked among the top ten schools in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title = Loreto, La Martiniere among top-10 schools in the country|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/loreto-la-martiniere-among-top-10-schools-in-the-country/articleshow/22472517.cms|website = The Times of India| date=11 September 2013 |access-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150524105318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Loreto-La-Martiniere-among-top-10-schools-in-the-country/articleshow/22472517.cms|archive-date = 24 May 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = History – La Martiniere College|url = http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/history|website = lamartinierelucknow.org|access-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150526212935/http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/history|archive-date = 26 May 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Lucknow also has a sports college named [[Guru Gobind Singh Sports College]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:IIMLucknow.jpg|[[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]]
File:IET college Lucknow.jpg|[[Institute of Engineering and Technology|Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow]]
File:Iiitl3.png|[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow]]
File:Lucknowuniversity.jpg|[[University of Lucknow]]
File:Bhatkhande Sangeet Sansthan 1.jpg|[[Bhatkhande Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya]]
File:BBDU Main Building.jpg|[[Babu Banarasi Das University]]
</gallery>

===Minority institutions and seminaries===

There are several minority educational institutions in the city including [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], [[Integral University]], [[Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University]], [[Lucknow Christian College]], [[Shia College, Lucknow|Shia College]], [[Era University]], [[Era's Lucknow Medical College]], and [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]'s satellite campus.

==Media==
Lucknow has had an influence on the [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]] as the birthplace of poet, dialogue writer and script writer [[K. P. Saxena]], Suresh Chandra Shukla born 10 February 1954<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindi.oneindia.in/news/lucknow/famous-poet-of-lucknow-kp-saxena-passes-away-270391.html#infinite-scroll-1|title=Famous Poet of Lucknow KP Saxena passes away|last=Mohan|first=Ajay|date=31 October 2013|publisher=One India|language=hi|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303220102/http://hindi.oneindia.in/news/lucknow/famous-poet-of-lucknow-kp-saxena-passes-away-270391.html#infinite-scroll-1|archive-date=3 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> along with veteran Bollywood and Bengali film actor [[Pahari Sanyal]], who came from the city's well known Sanyal family.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Sudhiranjan|title=Hemanta- The Early Years|url=http://faculty.ist.unomaha.edu/pdasgupta/hemanta/articles/early_years.html|publisher=University of Nebraska Ohama Faculty|access-date=8 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210645/http://faculty.ist.unomaha.edu/pdasgupta/hemanta/articles/early_years.html|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-16/lucknow/28265718_1_bengali-club-puja-venues-durga-puja|date=16 October 2010|title=Gen X losing interest in Durga Puja|access-date=8 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505044510/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-16/lucknow/28265718_1_bengali-club-puja-venues-durga-puja|archive-date=5 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several movies have used Lucknow as their backdrop including Vinod Kumar’s 1968 film [[Mere Huzoor]], [[Shashi Kapoor]]'s ''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]'', Muzaffar Ali's ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' and ''[[Gaman]]'', [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Shatranj ke khiladi]]''. [[Ismail Merchant]]'s ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'', [[Paa (film)|PAA]], the 2022 Hindi feature film ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]'' and Shailendra Pandey's ''[[JD (film)|JD]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Govind-Namdev-shoots-in-Lucknow/articleshow/46723413.cms|title=Govind Namdev shoots in Lucknow|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2015 |access-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521050611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Govind-Namdev-shoots-in-Lucknow/articleshow/46723413.cms|archive-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1159999/Teen-Patti-wont-release-with-Paa|title = Teen Patti won't release with Paa|date = 24 September 2009|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Bolluwood Hungama|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142630/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1159999/Teen-Patti-wont-release-with-Paa|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.academia.edu/492495|title = Cultural Imperialism and Intercultural Encounter in Merchant Ivory's Shakespeare Wallah|issue = 1|pages = 149–167|access-date = 27 August 2014|journal = Asian Theatre Journal|volume = 28|publisher = Project Muse- Johns Hopkins University|last = Venning|first = Dan|s2cid = 163049623|doi = 10.1353/atj.2011.0000|year = 2011}}</ref> In the movie ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' Lucknow was used to depict [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmapia.com/published/movies/g/gadar-ek-prem-katha |title=Movie > Gadar: Ek Prem Katha | Movies and Locations | Filmapia – Reel Sites. Real Sights |publisher=Filmapia |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230526/http://www.filmapia.com/published/movies/g/gadar-ek-prem-katha |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> with locations including Lal Pul, the Taj Hotel and the [[Rumi Darwaza]] used in ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adejonwo |first=Damilola |url=http://kanganaranautinfo.blogspot.in/2009/10/kangana-talks-about-shooting-tanu-weds.html |title=Number #1 Resource For Everything Kangana Ranaut: Kangana Talks About Shooting Tanu Weds Manu |publisher=Kangana Ranaut Info |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222215801/http://kanganaranautinfo.blogspot.in/2009/10/kangana-talks-about-shooting-tanu-weds.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some parts of ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'', ''[[Bullett Raja]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://videos.oneindia.in/watch/77389/bullet-raja-shooting-at-lucknow.html |title=Bullet Raja shooting at Lucknow – Oneindia Videos |publisher=One India |date=27 November 2012 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222041132/http://videos.oneindia.in/watch/77389/bullet-raja-shooting-at-lucknow.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ishaqzaade-release-preponed/articleshow/12569507.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217190107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/news-interviews/31304721_1_ishaqzaade-release-preponed |url-status=live |archive-date=17 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ishaqzaade release preponed|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> ''[[Ya Rab]]'' and ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' were shot in Lucknow or at other sites nearby.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dabangg-2-Salman-skips-shoot-in-Lucknow-Kanpur/articleshow/16383364.cms|title = Dabangg 2: Salman skips shoot in Lucknow, Kanpur|date = 13 September 2012|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = The Times of India|last = Jha|first = Subhash K|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025221936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dabangg-2-Salman-skips-shoot-in-Lucknow-Kanpur/articleshow/16383364.cms|archive-date = 25 October 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> A major section of the Bollywood movie, [[Daawat-e-Ishq]] starring [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]] was shot in the city<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/spotted-aditya-roy-kapoor-parineeti-in-lucknow-for-yrf-s-dawaat-e-ishq/article1-1152812.aspx |title=SPOTTED! Aditya Roy Kapoor, Parineeti in Lucknow for YRF's Dawaat-e-Ishq |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508210945/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/spotted-aditya-roy-kapoor-parineeti-in-lucknow-for-yrf-s-dawaat-e-ishq/article1-1152812.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2014 }}</ref> as was [[Baawre]], an Indian TV drama, airing on the [[Life OK]] channel. The government has announced to develop two film cities in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/baawre-bringing-alive-the-quaintness-of-lucknow/ |title='Baawre': Bringing alive the quaintness of Lucknow |work=Television Post|access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808112631/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/baawre-bringing-alive-the-quaintness-of-lucknow/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The news channel ''[[Bharat Samachar]]'' is headquartered in Lucknow. Newspaper services in the city include [[Amar Ujala]],<ref name=NSP>{{cite news|title=Hindi Newspapers|url=http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow|newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602040830/http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow|archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dainik Jagran]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''.

''[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' newspaper, headquartered in Lucknow and started in 1865, is the second-oldest English-language newspaper in India still in production.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow|title = Lucknow Edition|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Daily Pioneer|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140916182750/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow|archive-date = 16 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The country's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] founded [[The National Herald (India)|''The National Herald'']] in the city prior to World War II with [[Manikonda Chalapathi Rau]] as its editor.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VT35XNMTv1luHOdj72kmuO/Tracing-the-journey-of-National-Herald.html|title = Tracing the journey of the 'National Herald'|date = 14 November 2012|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = LiveMint and Wall Street Journal|last = Bansal|first = Shuchi|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903124958/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VT35XNMTv1luHOdj72kmuO/Tracing-the-journey-of-National-Herald.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

One of the earliest [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] stations has been operational in Lucknow since 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/LUCKNOW/Pages/default.aspx|title = All India Radio Lucknow|access-date = 25 August 2014|publisher = Prasar Bharti|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140913131430/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/LUCKNOW/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date = 13 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

FM radio transmission started in Lucknow in 2000. The city has the following FM radio stations:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india-fm-radio.htm |title=FM Radio Stations
|access-date=27 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104135240/http://www.asiawaves.net/india-fm-radio.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] 91.1 MHz
* [[Red FM 93.5]] MHz
* [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 MHz
* [[AIR FM Rainbow]] 100.7 MHz
* [[Fever 104 FM]] 104.0 MHz
* [[Gyan Vani]] 105.6 MHz (educational)
* AIR FM Vividh Bharti 101.6 MHz
* CMS FM 90.4 MHz (educational)
* Mirchi Love 107.2 FM
* BBDU FM 90.8 MHz (of Babu Banarsi Das University)

"My Lucknow My Pride" is a [[mobile app]] launched by the district administration of Lucknow circa December 2015 in efforts to preserve "the cultural heritage of Lucknow" and to encourage tourism.<ref name="PTI 2016">{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Mobile App on Lucknow launched | website=BGR India | date=12 January 2016 | url=http://www.bgr.in/news/my-lucknow-my-pride-mobile-app-launched-to-boost-citys-tourism/ | access-date=22 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023051056/http://www.bgr.in/news/my-lucknow-my-pride-mobile-app-launched-to-boost-citys-tourism/ | archive-date=23 October 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Arunav|title=District administration takes smart move, comes up with mobile app on Lucknow|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/District-administration-takes-smart-move-comes-up-with-mobile-app-on-Lucknow/articleshow/50537550.cms|access-date=18 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114011730/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/District-administration-takes-smart-move-comes-up-with-mobile-app-on-Lucknow/articleshow/50537550.cms|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Press Trust of India|title=Mobile App on Lucknow launched|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mobile-app-on-lucknow-launched-116011100922_1.html|access-date=18 January 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=11 January 2016|location=Lucknow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131154532/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mobile-app-on-lucknow-launched-116011100922_1.html|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|author1-link=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Arunav|title=Lucknow district administration takes hi-tech route to boost tourism|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/lucknow-district-administration-takes-hi-tech-route-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/49141965.cms|access-date=18 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002051328/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Lucknow-district-administration-takes-hi-tech-route-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/49141965.cms|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Ekana cricket stadium .jpg|alt=|thumb|[[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]]]
[[File:K D Singh Babu Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow]]]]
[[File:Bbd-stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium]]]]
[[File:Ekana International Football Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Ekana Football Stadium|Ekana International Football Stadium]]]]

[[Cricket]], [[association football]], [[badminton]], [[golf]], and [[field hockey|hockey]] are among the most popular sports in the city.

The main sports hub is the [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]], which also has a swimming pool and indoor games complex. There are plans to develop KDSB stadium along the lines of Ekana Stadium. KDSB stadium needs Rs 2 billion in funds to redesign and upgrade as per international standards. The other stadiums are Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium, Mohammed Shahid Synthetic Hockey Stadium, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium at Northern India Engineering College,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/venues/dr-akhilesh-das-gupta-stadium-faizabad-road/segment--events/id--49482.html |title=DR Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium, Faizabad Road, Lucknow | Outdoor Stadiums in Faizabad Road, Lucknow | buy tickets for venues |publisher=Buzzintown |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195744/http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/venues/dr-akhilesh-das-gupta-stadium-faizabad-road/segment--events/id--49482.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> Babu Banarsi Das UP Badminton Academy, Charbagh, Mahanagar, Chowk and the Sports College near the [[Integral University (Lucknow)|Integral University]].

In September 2017, [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium|Ekana International Cricket Stadium]] was opened to the public as it hosted [[2017–18 Duleep Trophy]]. On 6 November 2018 [[Ekana International Cricket Stadium]] hosted its first T20 international match between [[Indian national cricket team]] and [[West Indies cricket team]].

It is the third largest cricket stadium in India by capacity after [[Kolkata]]'s [[Eden Gardens]] and [[Ahmedabad]]'s [[Narendra Modi Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-lucknow-gets-first-international-stadium-set-to-host-cricket-matches-1102253.html|script-title=hi:लखनऊ को मिला देश का दूसरा 'ईडन गार्डन', अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट मैच की मेजबानी के लिए तैयार– News18 हिंदी|website=News18 India|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907123520/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-lucknow-gets-first-international-stadium-set-to-host-cricket-matches-1102253.html|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|date=7 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/duleep-trophy-2017-season-to-begin-at-lucknow-s-new-ekana-stadium/story-WZWXSbpNAN3NaxevilMYSO.html|title=Duleep Trophy 2017 season to begin at Lucknow's new Ekana stadium|date=31 August 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=28 September 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928151629/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/duleep-trophy-2017-season-to-begin-at-lucknow-s-new-ekana-stadium/story-WZWXSbpNAN3NaxevilMYSO.html|archive-date=28 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> For decades Lucknow hosted the Sheesh Mahal Cricket Tournament.

Lucknow is the headquarters for the [[Badminton Association of India]]. Located in Gomti Nagar, it was formed in 1934 and has been holding national-level tournaments in India since 1936.
Syed Modi Grand Prix is an international Badminton competition held here. Junior-level Badminton players receive their training in Lucknow after which they are sent to Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Official website of Badminton Association of India {{!}} BadmintonIndia.org|url = http://www.badmintonindia.org/|website = badmintonindia.org|access-date = 25 May 2015|first = Your|last = Here|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150527223801/http://www.badmintonindia.org/|archive-date = 27 May 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/news/239204-badminton-association-of-india-announce-rewards-for-saina-kashyap|title = Badminton Association of India Announce Rewards for Saina, Kashyap|date = 17 March 2015|access-date = 2 July 2015|agency = [[Press Trust of India]]|publisher = [[NDTV]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703031816/http://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/news/239204-badminton-association-of-india-announce-rewards-for-saina-kashyap|archive-date = 3 July 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The Lucknow Race Course in Lucknow Cantonment is spread over {{convert|70.22|acre|ha km2 acre|order=out}}; the course's {{convert|3.2|km}}-long race track is the longest in India.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=20_07_2014_004_005_014&type=P&artUrl=OFF-COURSE-YOU-BET-20072014004005&eid=31813|title = Lucknow Race course|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Times of India E-Paper|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140728011542/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=20_07_2014_004_005_014&type=P&artUrl=OFF-COURSE-YOU-BET-20072014004005&eid=31813|archive-date = 28 July 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The Lucknow Golf Club is on the sprawling greens of [[La Martiniere College|La Martinière College]].

The city has produced several national and world-class sporting personalities. Lucknow sports hostel has produced international-level cricketers [[Mohammad Kaif]], [[Piyush Chawla]], [[Suresh Raina]], Gyanendra Pandey, [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] and [[R. P. Singh]]. Other notable sports personalities include hockey Olympians [[K. D. Singh (field hockey)|K. D. Singh]], [[Jaman Lal Sharma]], [[Mohammed Shahid]] and [[Ghaus Mohammad]], the tennis player who became the first Indian to reach the quarter finals at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-lucknow|title = Sports in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Lucknow Online|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110120/http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-lucknow|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

In October 2021, an [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] franchise based in Lucknow was officially formed and was later named [[Lucknow Super Giants]]. It will play its home matches at [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]].

===City-based clubs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club
! Sport
! Team
! Homeground
! Founded
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh Cricket Team]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Cricket]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranji Trophy]]
[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]

[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy]]
|[[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |1934
|-
|[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K.D Singh Babu Stadium]]
|-
| [[Awadhe Warriors]]
| [[Badminton]]
| [[Premier Badminton League]]
| [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]]
| 2015
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[Hockey India League]]
| [[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]]
| 2012
|-
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League]]
| [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| 2021
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]]
| 2017
|-
|[[UP Warriorz]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
|[[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
|2023
|-
|[[UP Rudras]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Hockey India League]]
|[[Major Dhyan Chand Hockey Stadium, Lucknow]]
|2024
|}

==Parks and recreation==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Lucknow}}

[[File:Lucknow's_parks_and_gardens_(English).png|thumb|A schematic map of Lucknow's parks and gardens in English]]

The city has parks and [[recreation]] areas managed by the Lucknow Development Authority. These<ref>{{cite web |url=http://picnic-spots-parks-lucknow.blogspot.in/ |title=Picnik Spots and Parks in Lucknow |publisher=Picnik Spots and Parks in Lucknow Blog |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808220526/http://picnic-spots-parks-lucknow.blogspot.in/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> include [[Kukrail Reserve Forest]], [[Qaisar Bagh]], Gomti Riverfront Park, [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, Gomti Nagar|Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park]], Eco Park, [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]], [[Janeshwar Mishra Park, Lucknow|Janeshwar Mishra park]], the largest park in [[Asia]], Buddha Park, Hathi Park. It boasts lush greenery, a human-made lake, India's longest cycling and jogging track and a variety of flora. The plan is also to set up a giant Ferris wheel inside the park on the lines of London Eye, providing a panoramic view of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/|title = Picnic Spots, Parks in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Visit Lucknow|publisher = Google Sites|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141231050900/https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/|archive-date = 31 December 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Kukrail Picnic Spot (crocodile-breeding sanctuary), located near Lucknow Indiranagar Area. This is Asia's largest crocodile-breeding center. This along with a small zoo and ample open space make it unique.

== Sister cities ==
*[[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]] {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-chosen-Brisbanes-sister-city/articleshow/4343169.cms|title=Lucknow chosen Brisbane's sister city|website=The Times of India|date=April 2009 |access-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-chosen-Brisbanes-sister-city/articleshow/4343169.cms|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
{{Main|List of people from Lucknow}}

==Historical places==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bara Imambara]]
* [[Chhota Imambara]]
* [[Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab]]
* [[Aminabad, Lucknow|Aminabad]]
* [[La Martiniere Lucknow]]
* [[Isabella Thoburn College]]
* [[Qaisar Bagh]]
* [[Rumi Darwaza]]
* [[Shah Najaf Imambara]]
* [[Dargah]] of [[Abbas ibn Ali|Hazrat Abbas]]
* [[Dilkusha Kothi]]
* [[Karbala]] of Dayanat-ud-Daulah
* Tomb of [[Mir Babar Ali Anis]]
* Imambara Sibtainabad ([[Maqbara]] of [[Amjad Ali Shah]])
* [[Rauza]] Kazmain
* [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]]
* [[Usman Enclave, Lucknow|Usman Enclave]]
* [[All Saints Garrison Church, Lucknow]]
* [[Alambagh]]
* [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]] Park
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Aastha Hospice & Geriatric Care Centre]] (2003)
* [[Amir-ud-daula Public Library]]
* [[Fun Republic Mall (Lucknow)|Fun Republic Mall]]
* [[List of cities in India by population]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Darogha Ubbas Alli|title=The Lucknow Album|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_000033125008608313|year=1874|publisher=Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta|author-link=Darogha Ubbas Alli}}
* {{cite book|author=Poorno Chunder Mookherji|title=The Pictorial Lucknow|url=https://archive.org/details/pictoriallucknow00pcmo|year=1883|publisher=P.C. Mookherji|isbn=978-81-206-1701-8 }}
* {{cite book|author=Veena Talwar Oldenburg|title=The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856–1877|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofcolonial0000olde|url-access=registration|year=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-06590-X|author-link=Veena Talwar Oldenburg}}
* {{cite book|author=Violette Graff|title=Lucknow: Memories of a City|url={{GBurl|id=oQcWAQAAMAAJ}}|date=13 November 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-563790-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Amaresh Misra|title=Lucknow, Fire of Grace: The Story of its Renaissance, Revolution and the Aftermath|url={{GBurl|id=CG0wAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1998|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=81-7223-288-8|author-link=Amaresh Misra}}
* {{cite book|author1=Rosie Llewellyn-Jones|author2=Ravi Kapoor|title=Lucknow, Then and Now|url={{GBurl|id=HqyCngEACAAJ}}|year=2003|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=81-85026-61-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Rosie Llewellyn-Jones|title=Lucknow: City of Illusion|url={{GBurl|id=Ie1OAAAAMAAJ}}|year=2006|publisher=Prestel Verlag|isbn=3-7913-3130-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Discovering Lucknow|publisher=Lucknow Society|year=2014|isbn=978-81-928747-0-8|author1=Shamim A. Aarzoo|id= {{ASIN|8192874702|country=in}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Lucknow: The City of Heritage and Culture, A walk through history|author=Vipul B. Varshney|year=2017|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-85285-52-3}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vipul B. Varshney|author2=Shaam -e Awadh|title=A visual journey of Lucknow|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2017}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Lucknow}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [http://lucknow.nic.in/ Official Site of Lucknow]
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5D71430F936A15751C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 The India of the Nawabs, The New York Times, Published: 25 February 1990]

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[[Category:Lucknow| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lucknow district]]

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Elli AvrRam

2026-03-10T01:43:19Z

Khalidmendi:

{{Short description|Swedish-Greek film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Elli AvrRam
| image = Elli AvrRam grace the Hindustan Times India Most Stylish Awards 2022.jpg
| caption = Elli AvrRam in 2022
| birth_name = Elisabet Avramidou Granlund
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|07|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| occupation = Actress
| citizenship = Sweden Greece
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Elisabet Avramidou Granlund''' (born 29 July 1990<ref name="23-2013-9-18">{{cite web |title=You are hereBiggboss 7 > Housemates > Elli Avram |url=http://colors.in.com/in/biggboss/housemates/elli-avram-358.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918045013/http://colors.in.com/in/biggboss/housemates/elli-avram-358.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2013 |publisher=In.com India – A web18 Venture |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>), known professionally as '''Elli AvrRam''', is a [[Swedish Greeks|Swedish-Greek]] actress<ref name=nmag>{{cite web |last=De Villiers |first=Pierre |title=Swedish actress Elli AvrRam is breaking new ground – by starring in an upcoming Bollywood film |url=http://www.norwegian.com/magazine/features/2013/03/bombay-dreams |publisher=Norwegian Air Shuttle ASA |access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> based in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/these-pictures-of-elli-avrram-in-printed-monokini-will-leave-you-stunned/articleshow/93404247.cms |title=These pictures of Elli AvrRam in printed monokini will leave you stunned!}}</ref> She is known for her [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-12517/box-office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221184516/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-12517/box-office |url-status=live |archive-date=21 December 2018 |title=Do you know how Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon did at the Box Office? |website=Cinestaan |access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> AvrRam came to prominence after participating in the Indian [[reality TV]] show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Elli-Avram-meets-her-parents-on-Bigg-Boss-7/articleshow/24828644.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103185413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-28/news/43461351_1_bigg-boss-house-pratyusha-armaan |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Elli Avram meets her parents on Bigg Boss 7}}</ref><ref name=ie /> Elli along with [[Aamir Khan]] had a special appearance in the ''[[Koi Jaane Na]]'' film song "Har Funn Maula".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2021 |title=Har Funn Maula song out: Aamir Khan hopes Elli Avram's charm will conceal his 'dancing flaws'. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/har-funn-maula-song-out-aamir-khan-hopes-elli-avram-s-charm-will-conceal-his-dancing-flaws-watch-101615360609893.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821085502/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/har-funn-maula-song-out-aamir-khan-hopes-elli-avram-s-charm-will-conceal-his-dancing-flaws-watch-101615360609893.html |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Elli was born in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. She grew up in [[Tyresö Municipality|Tyresö kommun]],<ref name=mitti /> Stockholm. Her [[Greeks|Greek]] father, Jannis Avramidis, is a musician who is now settled in Sweden; and her [[Swedes]] mother, Maria Granlund, is an actress who had a part in [[Ingmar Bergman]]'s ''[[Fanny and Alexander]]''.<ref name=nmag /> AvrRam took an interest in figure skating, singing and dancing from her initial years. AvrRam received training in acting from her mother and aunt who runs a theatre in [[Skåne County]], Sweden.<ref name=nmag /> AvrRam felt a connection to India since her childhood. In an interview with the local Stockholm newspaper ''Mitt i'', she said, "Even when I was five, I was fascinated by Indian dance and the colourful clothes." Since her father is a Greek musician, she found some Greek songs are related to Indian melodies. AvrRam dreamt of being a Bollywood actress since her adolescence.<ref name=mitti>{{cite web |last=Carlsson |first=Anders |title=Från Tyresö till Bollywood |url=http://mitti.se/?p=46607 |publisher=Mitt i Stockholm AB |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194813/http://mitti.se/?p=46607 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She would go to a video store in Stockholm that used to sell Hindi movies and she would buy Bollywood films from there. She also used to watch Hindi films on [[YouTube]].<ref name=mitti />

== Career ==
At 17, AvrRam became a member of the Stockholm-based [[Pardesi Dance Group]], and gave dance performances, primarily on Bollywood songs.<ref name=mitti /><ref>{{cite web |title=Pardesi Dance Group |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/Pardesidancegroup?feature=watch |publisher=Pardesi Dance Group on Youtube |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref>

AvrRam has done some acting projects in Sweden,<ref name=nmag /> the most noticeable of them is the December 2008 crime drama romance film, Förbjuden Frukt, where she played the role of Selen – the lead character's teen girlfriend. The film is set against the backdrop of violent crime, where she falls in love with a boy with a criminal past.<ref>{{cite web |title=Förbjuden Frukt (2008) Official trailer. starring Elli AvrRam, Gguveli, Haisem Ali, Arif Karadeniz |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XihTaNe7KGk |publisher=Ali Gohari |access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2010, AvrRam participated in Miss Greece beauty contest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif has a twin in Bigg Boss 7 contestant Elli AvrRam! |url=http://www.filmsofindia.com/viewnews-2807 |publisher=FILMS OF INDIA |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923212825/http://www.filmsofindia.com/viewnews-2807 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also appeared on the Swedish TV-show Gomorron Sverige.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood goes crazy over actress Elisabet Avramidou Granlund {{!}} Neos Kosmos |url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/137844/bollywood-goes-crazy-over-actress-elisabet-avramidou-granlund/ |access-date=29 September 2019 |work=[[Neos Kosmos (newspaper)|Neos Kosmos]] |date=28 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=Spot the difference: Elli AvrRam and Katrina Kaif |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/home-right/story/spot-the-difference-elli-avram-and-katrina-kaif-211172-2013-09-15 |publisher=Living Media India Limited |access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> AvrRam moved to Mumbai on a tourist visa to pursue an acting career in Bollywood. About the decision of acting in Hindi movies, she expressed in an interview with N Magazine, "[When] I was 14, I had a TV in my room and watched ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' which is almost four hours long. I didn't move the entire time. I thought, 'Wow, I want to act and dance like that. I have to do Bollywood movies.'" She signed up with a modelling agency and soon got a work visa. The agency helped her getting auditions. The first considerable project she managed to get was a TV commercial for [[Eveready Industries India]] with the leading Indian actor [[Akshay Kumar]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

She eventually got her first major breakthrough by bagging a lead role in Saurabh Varma's comedy thriller film ''[[Mickey Virus]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} AvrRam recollected, "The photographer who took pictures of me knew a director who was looking for a girl for a lead role. I called him and had come to audition for his film."<ref name=mitti /> She disclosed, "Before I auditioned for ''Mickey Virus'', I asked director to send me the script so I could memorize the words, because I didn't know Hindi yet. I was sent four pages of dialogue and there was no one who could tell me how to pronounce certain words. At the audition they liked my acting but the accent wasn't right." She was shortlisted along with 200 other hopefuls and managed to beat others.<ref name=nmag /> AvrRam revealed in an interview, "When I told the director that mum worked with [[Ingmar Bergman]], he gave a strong reaction: 'What!? Has she worked with [[Ingmar Bergman|Bergman]]?' They were incredibly impressed."<ref name=mitti /> For her Bollywood launch, AvrRam has taken formal training in dance form and Hindi pronunciation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mankermi |first=Shivani |title=Bollywood gets ready to unleash a new stock of hotties |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-gets-ready-to-unleash-pallavi-sharda-vaani-kapoor-sana-khan-elli-avram-to-175588-2013-08-30 |publisher=Living Media India Limited/Mail Today |access-date=29 September 2013 |date=31 August 2013}}</ref> In this film she plays the role of Kamayani George,{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} the love interest of the character Mickey Virus, played [[Manish Paul]], who is a popular TV host and is making his debut in film industry. The film, shot in [[Delhi]], released on 25 October 2013.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The first Swedish actress to act in Bollywood, AvrRam has been noted for looks very similar to the actress [[Katrina Kaif]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_hollywood_photos/bigg-boss-7-elli-reminds-salman-khan-katrina-kaif/109329 |title=Bigg Boss 7: Elli Reminds Salman Khan of Katrina Kaif! |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013, AvrRam participated as a contestant on an Indian reality TV show, ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]'', where celebrities from various walks of life live together in a large house, completely cut off from the outside world. They try to avoid being evicted every week by public votes, with the aim of prize money at the end. The show, based on [[Netherlands|Dutch]]-based [[Endemol]]'s [[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]], went on air in September 2013 and is hosted by the actor [[Salman Khan]].<ref name=ie>{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |title='Bigg Boss 7' complete list of contestants |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bigg-boss-7-complete-list-of-contestants/1169462/ |access-date=1 October 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=17 September 2013}}</ref> After spending ten weeks on the show, she got evicted in November 2013. AvrRam said in an interview with [[Press Trust of India|PTI]], "I did not come to Bigg Boss for money or fame but with the agenda to have fun. This show has helped me become a household name. I am very humbled by the appreciation I have received from audiences and will cherish this experience for years to come."

In October 2013, colleges in [[Chandigarh]] reportedly banned the students from possessing or displaying posters of AvrRam in the campus and dormitories as the college authorities considered her images inappropriate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elli AvrRam banned! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Elli-Avram-Manish-Paul-Bigg-Boss-Mickey-Virus/articleshow/24246452.cms |access-date=25 October 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 October 2013 |agency=TNN}}</ref>

In 2014, Elli appeared as a guest contestant in Colors TV's dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' in its ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|seventh season]]'' for the teen ka tadka special week along with [[Sophie Choudry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-7-Teen-ka-tadka-special/photostory/41243698.cms |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 Teen Ka Tadka Week: Krystle, Elli, Dadi and others come |work=The Times of India |date=30 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, her third film, ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]'' released in September. The film received good reviews and was a success at the box office. In 2017, she appeared in two films ''[[Naam Shabana]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/naam-shabana-song-dil-hua-besharam-this-dance-number-in-taapsee-pannu-film-looks-bland-akshay-kumar-anupam-kher-manoj-bajpayee-4575922/ |title=Naam Shabana song Dil Hua Besharam: This dance number in Taapsee Pannu film looks bland. Watch video |date=19 March 2017}}</ref> and ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/poster-boys-song-kudiya-shehar-di-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-shreyas-talpade-shake-a-leg-with-elli-avrram-on-this-peppy-punjabi-number-watch-video-2394715/ |title=Poster Boys Song Kudiya Shehar Di: Sunny Deol, Bobby Deol, Shreyas Talpade Shake A Leg With Elli AvrRam On This Peppy Punjabi Number – Watch Video |date=11 August 2017}}</ref> She later presented the reality show ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''.

In 2018, appeared in the film ''[[Baazaar]]'' in the song "Billionaire" along with Rohan Mehra and [[Saif Ali Khan]]. While the film failed at the box office, the song got good reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baazaar-box-office-collection-day-4-with-a-decline-saif-ali-khans-film-earns-rs-13-crore-1939900 |title=Baazaar Box Office Collection Day 4: With A 'Decline,' Saif Ali Khan's Film Earns ₹ 13 Crore |date=30 October 2018}}</ref>

AvrRam performed a dance act on the song "Chamma Chamma" for the film ''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]''. The special song, was released in December 2018 by [[Tips Industries]] and gained over 15 million [[YouTube]] views in just three days of its release. Despite popularity of song, film was flopped in box-office<ref>{{cite web |title=Fraud Saiyyan song Chamma Chamma blatantly objectifies Elli AvrRam in Urmila Matondkar's chartbuster remix |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fraud-saiyyan-song-chamma-chamma-blatantly-objectifies-elli-avram-in-urmila-matondkars-chartbuster-remix-5730831.html |website=firstpost.com |date=14 December 2018 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chamma Chamma Official Song – Fraud Saiyaan Elli AvrRam, Arshad Neha Kakkar, Tanishk, Ikka,Romy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL-Ki0-ASI0 |via=YouTube |publisher=Tips Official on YouTube |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Gate song 'Chamma Chamma' to be recreated for Prakash Jha's film, Fraud Saiyyan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/china-gate-song-chamma-chamma-to-be-recreated-for-prakash-jhas-film-fraud-saiyyan-5266511.html |website=Firstpost |date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> At the song launch event, AvrRam said, "I signed up for this dance song because it's such an iconic thing to get to be part of the recreation of it." She appeared in another song "Zila Hilela" along with [[Sidharth Malhotra]] in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s movie ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jabariya-jodi-new-song-out-sidharth-malhotra-and-elli-avram-recreate-hit-bhojpuri-song-zilla-hilela-1567024-2019-07-11 |title=Jabariya Jodi new song out: Sidharth Malhotra and Elli AvrRam recreate hit Bhojpuri song Zilla Hilela |date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, she appeared in a music video called, ''Haaye Oye'', released by ''[[Sony Music India]]''. In 2020, she acted in the film ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'' playing the role of Jesse. In 2021, she made her Tamil debut with the film ''[[Naane Varuvean]]'' opposite [[Dhanush]]. Her special dance number "Har Funn Maula" with [[Aamir Khan]] got more than 90 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2021 |title=Aamir Khan, Elli AvrRam shatter the screens with their chemistry in cabaret song Har Funn Maula |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-elli-avrram-chemistry-shatter-screens-in-har-funn-maula-song-watch-video-7222103 |access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> In recent work, Elli has also starred in the 2025 music video for "Zaar Zaar" by Rusha & Blizza feat. Farhan Khan getting more than 6.2 million views as the lead dancer.<ref>
{{Cite news |date=10 October 2025 |title=Elli AvrRam sets internet on fire with 'Zaar Zaar' |work=[[The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/elli-avrram-sets-internet-on-fire-with-zaar-zaar/ |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

===Movies===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Mickey Virus]]''
|Kamayani aka Kate George
| rowspan="4" |[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''
|Deepika "Deepu" Kothari
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]''
|Chandani (item number "Chamma Chamma")
|
|-
|''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
|Dancer in the song 'Zila Hilela'
|
|-
|''Perspective''
|Beautiful Woman
|[[English language|English]]
|Short film
|-
|2020
|''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
|Jessabelle a.k.a. Jessie
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Koi Jaane Na]]''
|Item dance in the song "Har Funn Maula"
|
|-
|''With You - Backar du så backar jag''
|Lilly
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
|''[[Naane Varuvean]]''
|Madhuri
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|[[Goodbye (2022 film)|''Goodbye'']]
|Daisy Bhalla
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Ganapath]]''
|Dimple Bajwa
|
|-
|''[[Conjuring Kannappan]]''
|Dr. Magdalene Ellis
|Tamil
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Ilu Ilu 1998]]''
|Ms. Pinto
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2024 |title=Elli AvrRam to make Marathi film debut as a lead in Ilu Ilu; says, “I was a bit nervous when I was offered the part” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/elli-avrram-make-marathi-film-debut-lead-ilu-ilu-says-bit-nervous-offered-part/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Be Happy (film)|Be Happy]]''
|Herself
|Hindi
|cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" |TBA
|[[Butterfly (unreleased film)|''Butterfly'']]
|Vijaylakshmi
|[[Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |Unreleased
|-
|''[[Paris Paris]]''
|Rajalakshmi
|Tamil
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''
| rowspan="3" | Contestant
| style="text-align:center;" |10th place
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Appeared in teen ka tadka special
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''
| Host
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[The Verdict – State vs Nanavati]]''
| Sylvia Nanavati
|
|-
| ''[[Typewriter (TV series)|Typewriter]]''
| Anita
|
|-
| ''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge 2]]''
| Sandy
|
|-
| 2025
| Ekaki
| Voice Cameo in Episode 3
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Elli Avram}}
* {{IMDb name|id= 5675978}}
* {{Twitter|ElliAvrRam}}

{{Bigg Boss 7}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avram, Elli}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Janvi Chheda

2026-03-07T04:06:06Z

Khalidmendi: expanded content

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Janvi Chheda Gopalia
| image = JanviChheda.jpg
| caption = Chheda in 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|02|29|df=yes}}<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Leap Year Birthdays: Janvi Chheda, Jessie Usher and Other Celebs Who Are 'Leaplings!'|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/leap-year-birthdays-janvi-chheda-jessie-usher-and-other-celebs-who-are-leaplings-1564875.html/amp|date=29 February 2020 |access-date=29 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| known_for = ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| years_active = 2005–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Nishant Gopalia|2011}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Janvi Chheda Gopalia''' ([[née]] '''Chheda'''; born 29 February 1984)<ref name=":1" /> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/Actresses-who-shot-to-fame-from-Gujarati-TV/photostory/46046221.cms|title=Actresses who shot to fame from Gujarati TV - The Times of India|author=|date=28 January 2015 |access-date=20 November 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Chheda made her acting debut in 2007 with ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' portraying Sameera Singh. She is best known for her portrayal of Sugna Singh in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' and [[Inspector]] Shreya in ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'', which earned her wider recognition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes|title=CID: Trivia, quirks, facts and clichés of India's longest-running television show, we bet you didn't know|website=The Times of India|date=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/27/tv-cid-a-hit-with-viewers.htm|title=The TV show with the highest ratings|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510093531/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/27/tv-cid-a-hit-with-viewers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chheda was born on 29 February 1984<ref name=":1" /> and was brought up in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy Birthday Janvi Chheda: ગુજરાતી છે લોકપ્રિય સીરિયલ CIDની ઈન્સ્પેક્ટર શ્રેયા|work=Mid day|date=29 February 2020|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/television-news/photo/janvi-chheda-know-about-this-cid-actress--9114/1}}</ref> She is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] whose native place is [[Mandvi]], [[Kutch]].<ref name=toi>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F10%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=26&EntityId=Ar02600&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221162156/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F10%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=26&EntityId=Ar02600&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2018|title='I WOULDN'T MIND DOING SOUTH INDIAN FILMS'|first=Shruti|last=Jambhekar|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Chheda completed her graduation from [[Malini Kishor Sanghvi College of Commerce & Economics|MKS Ritambhara]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name= ":6">{{Cite web|title=Did you know Janvi Chheda worked with Jaya Bachchan in a play|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20071231-sizzler-janvi-chheda-734793-2007-12-19|date=19 December 2007}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and breakthrough (2005–2011)===
Chheda started her career with a play ''Dr. Mukta in Dubai''. She made her film debut in 2005 with the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film ''Toh Lagi Sharat'' playing Sanjana and worked in Gujarati television as host in ''Kem Cho'' and as Nidhi in ''Saubhagyavati''.<ref name= ":6" />

Chheda made her Hindi TV debut with ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' portraying Flight Lieutenant Sameera Singh opposite [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] from 2007 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 times women in uniform wowed us on the small screen: From Janvi Chheda in Chhoona Hai Aasmaan to Priyanka Bassi in Left Right Left|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/ekta-kapoors-the-test-case-to-release-tomorrow-5-times-women-in-uniform-wowed-us-on-the-small-screen-lifetv-973293-2017-04-24|work=India Today|date=24 April 2017}}</ref> The show received praises for its storyline.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सुमित संभाल लेगा, पीओडब्ल्यू: बंदी युद्ध के और छूना है आसमान, 7 टीवी सीरियल्स जो हुए काफी जल्दी खत्म, फिर भी जीत लिया लोगों का दिल|date=17 May 2022|url=https://www.idiva.com/hindi/entertainment/tv-serials-which-ended-soon-but-won-our-hearts-in-hindi/photogallery/18034184}}</ref>

In 2009, she played the negative character of Sandhya in ''[[Dhoop Mein Thandi Chaav...Maa]]'' alongside [[Vineet Raina]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716141004/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2008/09/zee_tv_to_launc_3.php Maa News Article on Biz Asia]</ref> She appeared as Simran in ''[[Maayka]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/latest-headlines/story/20090810-tv-wars-the-rate-race-740405-2009-07-30|title=TV wars: The rate race|author=Kaveree Bamzai Jhilmil Motihar |date=July 30, 2009 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

From 2010 to 2011, she portrayed the lead Tashi Arjun Singh alongside Karan Hukku and Kunal Verma in ''[[Tera Mujhse Hai Pehle Ka Naata Koi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.techtipspro.com/2010/09/tera-mujhse-hai-pehle-ka-nata-koi-on.html|title=Tera Mujhse Hai Pehle Ka Naata Koi on Sony TV, starring Janvi Chheda, Karan Hukku and Kunal Verma|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

===Success, hiatus and return to acting (2011–present)===
From 2011 to 2013, she portrayed Sugna Shyam Singh opposite [[Sachin Shroff]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sachin Shroff and Janvi Chheda step in as Shyam and Suguna in Balika Vadhu|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/sachin-shroff-and-janvi-step-in-as-shyam-and-suguna_24752?mode=amp|date=14 March 2011}}</ref> in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'', which proved as a major turning point in her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/raksha-bandhan-2013-tv-stars-quotes-96332-5.html|title=Raksha Bandhan 2013: TV Stars' Quotes - Page 5 - Page 5|author=|date= 20 August 2013|work=[[Times Internet]] |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>

[[File:CID_TV_Serial_Team.jpg|thumb|(From L-R) [[Dayanand Shetty]], [[Ansha Sayed]], Janvi Chheda, [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] and [[Aditya Srivastava]] on the sets of [[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']].]]

Chheda is widely known for her portrayal of [[Inspector]] Shreya in [[India]]'s longest-running television police procedural ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Faces, Old Shows: Janvi Chheda and Viineet Kumar are all set to join CID|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-faces-old-shows/articleshow/13078063.cms|date=10 May 2012}}</ref> It earned her wider recognition. She portrayed the character from 2012 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daya Sir is my favorite, says Janvi Chheda aka Shreya of C.I.D|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/daya-sir-my-favorite-says-janvi-chheda%3famp|date=27 June 2012|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120004551/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/daya-sir-my-favorite-says-janvi-chheda?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She also appeared as Shreya in the crossover episodes with ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' during ''[[CID Viruddh Adaalat]]'' in 2012 and ''[[CID (Indian TV series)#Crossovers|CID V/s Adaalat – Karmyudh]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KD-Pathak-defends-DCP-Samsher-Singh-Chitrole/articleshow/14863438.cms|title=KD Pathak defends DCP Samsher Singh Chitrole|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2012|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103200342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KD-Pathak-defends-DCP-Samsher-Singh-Chitrole/articleshow/14863438.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''CID'' also had crossover with ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CID & Tarak Mehta Ka Oolta Chashma to have a Mahasangram episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/CID-Tarak-Mehta-Ka-Oolta-Chashma-to-have-a-Mahasangram-episode/articleshow/37645778.cms|access-date=3 June 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She returned as Shreya in ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' in 2018 for two episodes, which also marked her last screen appearance before she took a break from acting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cast of CID reunite for an evening of nostalgia, fans say 'Miss you all' – see pics|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/cast-of-cid-reunite-for-an-evening-of-nostalgia-fans-say-miss-you-all-see-pics-article-92169104/amp|date=13 June 2022}}</ref>

Following a seven year hiatus from acting, Chheda returned to television with ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID 2]]'', where she reprised her character of Shreya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janvi Chheda aka Inspector Shreya returns to CID 2; says 'picking up where I left' |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/cast-of-cid-reunite-for-an-evening-of-nostalgia-fans-say-miss-you-all-see-pics-article-92169104/amp |date=5 June 2025 |accessdate=7 June 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chheda married her long-time boyfriend Nishant Gopalia in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Actor-Janvi-Chheda-aka-Sugna-of-Balika-Vadhu-to-wed-on-22nd-of-November-with-her-boyfriend-Nishant-/articleshow/8988528.cms|title=Actor Janvi Chheda aka Sugna of Balika Vadhu to wed on 22nd of November with her boyfriend Nishant|author=Amrita Mulchandani|date=25 June 2011 |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She gave birth to a daughter Nirvi in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congratulations! CID actress Janvi Chheda becomes mother of a baby girl |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/congratulation-cid-actress-janvi-chheda-becomes-a-mother-of-a-baby-girl-lifetv-1080914-2017-11-07 |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=7 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Post her marriage, Chheda changed her name to Janvi Chheda Gopalia.<ref name="JCG">{{cite news|title=Janvi Chheda Gopalia |accessdate=29 September 2022 |work=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/janvicg/?hl=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2005
| ''Toh Lagi Sharat''
| Sanjana
| [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! Gujarati movie 'Toh Lagi Sharat' starring Jayesh Barbhaia, Divyani Thakkar, Vikas Kadam and Jhanvi Chheda|url=https://www.shemaroome.com/short-films/toh-lagi-sharat|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]''
| Flight Lieutenant Sameera Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/26slide8.htm|title=Best of Television in 2007: From Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii to Chhoona Hai Aasmaan and others|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
| ''[[Dhoop Mein Thandi Chaav...Maa]]''
| Sandhya
|
|Banu me teri dulhan
|-
| ''[[Maayka]]''
| Simran
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Tera Mujhse Hai Pehle Ka Naata Koi]]''
| Tashi Singh
|
|
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Sugna Shyam Singh
|
| <ref name=BV>{{cite news|url=http://colors.in.com/mena/shows/balika-vadhu-kacchi-umar-ke-pakke-rishte-12.html|title=Balika Vadhu >> About|publisher=colors.in.com|year=2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106075746/http://colors.in.com/mena/shows/balika-vadhu-kacchi-umar-ke-pakke-rishte-12.html|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–2016; 2018; 2025–present
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| rowspan="5" | [[Inspector]] Shreya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=CID reunion: Daya, Abhijeet, Fredricks, Shreya and others unite for fun-filled evening with food and wine|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 June 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/cid-reunion-inspector-daya-abhijeet-fredricks-unite-for-fun-filled-evening-with-food-and-wine-101655006463723-amp.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Picking Up Where I Left’: Janvi Chheda aka Inspector Shreya is back on CID 2 |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/picking-up-where-i-left-janvi-chheda-aka-inspector-shreya-is-back-on-cid-2-2-9370238.html |date=5 June 2025 |accessdate=7 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
|''[[CID Viruddh Adaalat]]''
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)#Adaptations|CID – Chhote Heroes ]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/double-dhamaaka-with-cid-cid-chote-heroes/articleshow/18255221.cms|title=Double Dhamaaka with CID & CID Chote Heroes – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028161210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/double-dhamaaka-with-cid-cid-chote-heroes/articleshow/18255221.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)#Crossovers|CID V/s Adaalat – Karmyudh]]''
| Telefilm
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42807_Sony-to-screen-a-telefilm-with-CID-and-Adaalats-cast|title=Sony to screen a telefilm with CID and Adaalat's cast|newspaper=afaqs!|date=19 December 2014|access-date=14 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820034826/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42807_Sony-to-screen-a-telefilm-with-CID-and-Adaalats-cast|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Theatre===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Play
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2005
| ''Dr. Mukta in Dubai''
| {{Unknown}}
|<ref name= ":6" />
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm2832323|name=Janvi Chheda}}
*{{Instagram|janvicg}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Television}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chheda, Janvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Kutchi people]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:People from Mandvi]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Koteeswaran

2026-03-04T05:05:27Z

Khalidmendi: fixed issues

{{Short description|1955 film by Sundar Rao Nadkarni}}
{{distinguish|text=the politician [[K. Kodeeswaran]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Koteeswaran poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]]
| screenplay = Sundar Rao Nadkarni Kangeyan
| based_on = {{based on|''Haach Mulacha Baap''|B. V. Warerkar}}
| producer = Sundar Rao Nadkarni B. Radhakrishna
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[S. Balachander]] [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu
| editing = Sundar Rao Nadkarni
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| studio = Sri Ganesh Movietone
| distributor = Bell Pictures<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 November 1955 |title=கோடீஸ்வரன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1955-11-13/page/26/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240909114904/https://archive.org/details/kalki1955-11-13/page/26/mode/2up |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=27 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1955|11|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Koteeswaran''''' ({{translation|Millionaire}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]]<ref name="IE review" /> co-written, co-produced, edited and directed by [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[S. Balachander]] and [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]. Based on B. V. Warerkar's [[Marathi language|Marathi]] play ''Haach Mulacha Baap'', it revolves around two friends setting out to fight against the [[Dowry system in India|dowry system]] in their village. The film was released on 13 November 1955.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2021}}
Chandar and Kannan are friends. They return to their village after completing their studies, but are shocked by the prevalence of the [[Dowry system in India|dowry system]]. They both set out to fight against it.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="songbook" />
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Doctor Chandar
* [[S. Balachander]] as Pasupathy
* Sriram as Kannan
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as [[Rao Bahadur]] Ramasami
* [[Serukalathur Sama|Sirukalathur Sama]] as Jakamba
* Sattam Pillai Venkatraman as Rangu Pillai
* A. Ganesh Singh as Servant Karuppan
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="songbook" />
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Neela
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Kamala
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Parvathi
* [[Sachu|Baby Saraswathi]] as Usha
* Baby Rajakumari as Rani
;Male support cast
* M. A. Ganapathi Bhat, S. V. Shanmugam, Vijaymani.
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Koteeswaran'' is based on ''Haach Mulacha Baap'', a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] play written by B. V. Warerkar. It was directed by [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] who also produced the film with B. Radhakrishna under Sri Ganesh Movietone, and wrote the screenplay alongside Kangeyan. The dialogues were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] and Kangeyan. Cinematography was handled by G. K. Ramu, the art direction by D. S. Kotkavngar and the editing by Nadkarni.<ref name="songbook" /> The final length of the film was {{convert|16246|feet|metres}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=91 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ulaavum Thendral Nilaavai" ||[[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 03:35
|-
| "Palikumaa, Kanavuthaan Palikumaa" || P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Vandhadu Yogam Vaazhvile" ||[[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]]||
|-
| "Arullilaarkku...Bagavaane Kelaiiyaa Pachondhi" || P. Leela || 03:21
|-
| "Madhu Nilai Maaraadha...Gaanatthaale Kaadhalaaginene" || Jikki || 03:29
|-
| "Yaazhum Kuzhalum" || A. M. Rajah, P. Susheela || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar || 03:50
|-
| "Kattikko Thaali Kattikko" ||[[S. V. Venkatraman]], P. Leela || Gemini Seetharaman || 06:16
|-
| "Isai Amudham Pol Undo" || P. Leela || rowspan=2|[[Papanasam Sivan]]|| 03:27
|-
| "Ennudalum Ullak Kaadhalum Unakke" ||[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]|| 02:27
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Koteeswaran'' was released on 13 November 1955, [[Diwali]] day.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2020 |title='எங்கிருந்தோ வந்தாள்' இங்கிருந்து வந்தாள்! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/85203 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605152432/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/85203 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Crisp and spicy dialogue is the highlight" of the film.<ref name="IE review" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Kodeeswaran_SunderRaoNadkarni_1955/136.%20Kodeeswaran_SunderRaoNadkarni_1955.pdf |title=கோடீஸ்வரன் |publisher=Sri Ganesh Movietone |year=1955 |language=ta |trans-title=Millionaire |type=[[song book]] |access-date=5 October 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1955 – கோடீஸ்வரன் – ஸ்ரீகணேஷ் மூவிடோன் (மராதி நாடகம்) |trans-title=1955 – Koteeswaran – Sri Ganesh Movietone (Marathi play) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails13.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190305090442/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails13.asp |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |date=25 November 1955 |title=Kodeeswaran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19551125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 comedy films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)

2026-03-03T20:36:01Z

Khalidmendi: New Initial Post Initial Version...

{{short description|1960 film by C. V. Sridhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pelli Kanuka
| image = Pelli Kanuka Old.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = C. V. Sridhar
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kalyana Parisu]]''|C. V. Sridhar}}
| producer = S. Krishna Murthy T. Govindarajan Sridhar
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[A. M. Rajah]]
| studio = Venus Pictures
| distributor = Navayuga Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1960|4|22}}
| runtime = 185 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pelli Kanuka''''' ({{translation|Wedding Gift}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]], produced by and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with music composed by [[A. M. Rajah]]. The film is a remake of Sridhar's own [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' (1959). It was released on 29 April 1960, and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
The film begins with two collegians, Bhaskar & Vasanti. Once, he drafts a love note, which Vasanti sets before the principal, who rusticates Bhaskar when she pities him. Soon, Bhaskar gained an executive role in a high-ranking company. Next, Vasanti apologizes to him, but he proclaims that all went for his sake, and they crush. Parallelly, Satyam Bhaskar's childhood mate forges as an official before his wife, Kantham, shelters him. Anyhow, he vacates as Satyam's play breaks up and walks to rent a portion of Vasanti's residence, where they act as strangers. Geeta, Vasanti's elder sibling, strives to civilize Vasanti, for which she deifies her. Being incognizant, Geeta silently adores Bhaskar and confides it to Vasanti. Since she owes her sister heartbroken, Vasanti disregards gratitude and convinces Bhaskar. Soon after the nuptial, Bhaskar & Geeta shift to Vizag, and Vasanti joins as a typist at a private firm. At this, Manager Raghu endears & proposes to her, but she refuses by divulging the totality. So, he resigns and exits from the town.

Besides, Bhaskar cannot reciprocate with Geeta because his heart longs for lovesickness. Discerning it, Vasanti pleads with him to clear his memory of the past, and he starts a new life with Geeta. Shortly, she conceives and delivers a baby boy, Raja, when Vasanti accompanies them. Next, Geeta falls ailing when she suspects the intimacy of Bhaskar & Vasanti and rebukes. As a result, Vasanti quits when she meets with an accident, and an elderly wealthy person secures her. Therein, Bhaskar enrages and affirms the sacred sacrifice of her sister. Listening to it, Geeta collapses and passes away out of grief. Before leaving her breath, she takes an oath from Bhaskar to make Vasanti Raja's mother. Vasanti oversees the old man's family tasks, as he wants to knit her with his son. Destiny makes Raghu his son, who arrives & announces his darlingness towards Vasanti even today. During that time, noticing Bhaskar's ad for her, Vasanti declares to join Raghu. Fortuitously, Satyam & Kantham, roving under their business, view Vasanti. At last, Bhaskar rushes, conscious of Vasanti's nuptial via Satyam, but it's too late. Finally, the movie with Bhaskar going astray bestowing his child as a wedding gift to Vasanti.

== Cast ==
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Bhaskar
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Geeta
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Vasanti
* [[Jaggayya]] as Raghu
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Raghu's father
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Satyam
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Kantham
* K. Malathi as Geeta's mother
* Master Babu as Raja

== Production ==
''Pelli Kanuka'' is a remake of [[C. V. Sridhar]]'s own [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' (1959).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=23 March 2016 |title=Pellikanuka (1960) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-pellikanuka-1960/article8389478.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517153855/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-pellikanuka-1960/article8389478.ece |archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], who appeared in a supporting role in that film, portrayed the lead role in this film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelli Kanuka 1960 |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/pellikanuka1960.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223094325/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/pellikanuka1960.php |archive-date=23 December 2005 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> while [[B. Saroja Devi]] reprised her role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2017 |title=Saroja Devi in Kalyana Parisu and Pelli Kanuka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/saroja-devi-in-kalyana-parisu-and-pelli-kanuka/articleshow/33239387.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180825104608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/Saroja-Devi-in-Kalyana-Parisu-and-Pelli-Kanuka/articleshow/33239387.cms |archive-date=25 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[A. M. Rajah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelli Kanuka (1960)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DGT/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231218042504/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DGT/info |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Aade Paade Pasivada"
|[[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:20
|-
|"Kannulato Palakarinchu"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|A. M. Rajah,P. Susheela
|3:38
|-
|"Pulakinchani Madi"
|[[Arudra]]
|[[Jikki]]
|4:22
|-
|"Akkayyaku Seemantham"
|Arudra
|P. Susheela, S. Janaki
|4:51
|-
|"Aade Paade Pasivada" (Pathos)
|Samudrala Sr
|A. M. Rajah
|4:01
|-
|"Teerenuga Netitone"
|Samudrala Sr
|A. M. Rajah, P. Susheela
|3:26
|-
|"Vaaduka Marchedavela"
|Acharya Aatreya
|A. M. Rajah, [[P. Susheela]]
|4:28
|}

== Release ==
''Pelli Kanuka'' was released on 29 April 1960, and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ఆచారం |first=షణ్ముఖాచారి |title=తెలుగు వారికి శ్రీధర్‌ ఇచ్చిన 'పెళ్లికానుక' |language=te |work=Sitara |url=https://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/pelli-kanuka/19759 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920182940/https://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/pelli-kanuka/19759 |archive-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{C. V. Sridhar}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1960 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. M. Rajah]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Ram Robert Rahim

2026-03-03T20:15:50Z

Khalidmendi: general expanded references as per guidelines and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ram Robert Rahim
| image = Ram Robert Rahim.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
| producer = Uppalapati Suryanarayana Babu [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] (Presenter)
| screenplay = Vijaya Nirmala
| story = Jeevanprabha M. Desai
| writer = [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]] (Dialogue)
| starring = Krishna [[Rajinikanth]] [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] [[Sridevi]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = Pushpala Gopikrishna
| editing = Adurthi Haranath
| studio = Padmavathi Films
| distributor = {{ubl|Navayuga Films |Sovereign Combines ([[Tamil Nadu]])|Ramakrishna Pictures ([[Karnataka]])}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980|5|31|ref1=}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Ram Robert Rahim''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[masala film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/from-amar-akbar-anthony-to-baahubali-whither-indian-cinemas-secularism-2495388065.html|title=From Amar Akbar Anthony to Baahubali: Whither Indian cinema's secularism?|last=Maderya|first=Kumuthan|date=22 June 2017|website=[[PopMatters]]|access-date=30 May 2022 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922021333/https://www.popmatters.com/from-amar-akbar-anthony-to-baahubali-whither-indian-cinemas-secularism-2495388065.html|archive-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> directed by [[Vijaya Nirmala]], produced by Uppalapati Suryanarayana Babu and written by [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]]. The film is a remake of the 1977 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''. The film stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] opposite their female leads of [[Sridevi]], Sunitha and [[Phataphat Jayalaxmi]], with [[Anjali Devi]], [[Jaggayya]] and Tyagaraaju in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://idreampost.com/news/ram-robert-rahim-movie-analysis-23855.html |title=Ram Robert Rahim : బాలీవుడ్ బ్లాక్ బస్టర్ రీమేక్ లో కృష్ణ – Nostalgia |trans-title=Ram Robert Rahim: Krishna in Bollywood blockbuster remake - Nostalgia |date=3 February 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=iDreamPost |language=te |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625223955/https://idreampost.com/news/ram-robert-rahim-movie-analysis-23855.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on 31 May 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் - ஒரு சரித்திரம் {{!}} சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் திரைக்காவியங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |url-status=usurped |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622114535/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp }}</ref> The film was later dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the same title.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 June 1980 |title=ராம் ராபர்ட் ரஹீம் |trans-title=Ram Robert Rahim |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/jun/29-06-1980/p22.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731033328/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/jun/29-06-1980/p22.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jagdish is a driver. He and his wife live a happy life with three children. He loyally works for his boss, Cunningham. Once Cunningham had caused an accident, he begged Jagdish to take the blame on him. He promises to pay monthly expenses to Jagdish's family. Loyal Jagdish goes to jail. On his release from jail, Jagdish notices that his family is in darkness. On one side he was lying in bed with his wife TB. Poverty, on the other hand, is rampant. His boss goes to Cunningham for help. When Cunningham does not help, he insults Jagdish. In a fit of rage, Jagdish shot Cunningham with a pistol and fled in his car.

Jagdish's wife holds a note in her child's hand and sets out to commit suicide. But fate loses sight of her. Jagadish leaves with his three children. He seats them in a park and moves on. The car gets into an accident. The eldest son falls under a jeep and is picked up by a police officer. The second grows up as an adopted son near the Father in a church. The youngest grows up in a Muslim family. This is how Jagdish's family breaks up. Years pass.

Jagdish becomes a millionaire. The elder, Ram, becomes a responsible police officer. The second grows up to be Robert, the third to be Rahim. Jagdish abducts Cunningham's daughter Rosy and sends her to London for further studies. She returns. Robert loves her. Rahim becomes a good Qawwali singer. He falls in love with a girl named Razia. Ram picks up a girl who pickpockets. As a responsible police officer and puts him on a good path to escape from a hellish life. The three meet but their details are not known to themselves.

Cunningham gets rich again. Cunningham longs to meet his daughter Roji, who was kidnapped by Jagdish as a child. Looks everywhere. Circumstances at the time Rosie finds him make it difficult for Rosie to marry her partner, James.

Robert remembers his father, Jagadish, when his father was killed. Jagdish remembers his wife Rahim, his son, living a life of flowers. Cunningham and his gang hand over Ram, Robert and Rahim in disguise to the police during Rosie's wedding. Jagdish is punished for his mistake and reunites with his wife and children.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Robert, [[Liquor store]] owner. Middle son of Jagadish and Bharathi, Raghava.
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Ram, [[Inspector]]. Eldest son of Jagadish and Bharathi, Shiva "Ram".
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Rahim Lakhnavi, [[Qawwali|Qawwali Singer]]. Youngest son of Jagadish and Bharathi, Raja.
* [[Sridevi]] as Rosy, Robert's love interest
* Sunitha as Lakshmi, Ram's love interest
* [[Phataphat Jayalaxmi]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Razia Mia, Rahim's wife
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Bharathi, wife of Jagadish and biological mother of Ram, Robert and Rahim
* [[Jaggayya]] as Jagadish Babu, husband of Bharathi and biological father of Ram, Robert and Rahim
* Tyagaraaju as Cunningham, biological father of Rosy
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Jinghu Mia, Razia's father
* [[Kanta Rao]] as [[Church Fathers|Church Father]] (Catholic Priest), Robert's adoptive father
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]]
* [[P. J. Sarma]] as Lakhnavi, Rahim's adoptive father
* Jaya Vijaya as Lakshmi's [[Stepmother]]
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Lakshmi's Grand Mother
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Ganga Ram, Lakshmi's Step-brother
* [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]] as James, Rosy's bodyguard
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=May 2024}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ammante Amma
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Chilakundhi Chilaka
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 6:06
| title3 = Laka Laka
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Mugguru Kalisi
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = My Name Is
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| title6 = Oka Ammaayi
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.P. Sailaja]], [[P.Susheela]],
[[G.Anand]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Okkasaari Muddhu Pettuko
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 =
| length7 =
| title8 = Saayi Baba
| lyrics8 = [[Veturi]]
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length8 =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0281111}}

[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijaya Nirmala]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Freedom at Midnight

2026-03-03T15:22:54Z

Khalidmendi: formatting fix

{{Short description|Book by Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins}}
{{For|the album by David Benoit|Freedom at Midnight (album)}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Freedom at Midnight
| image = Covrt art.jpg
| language = English
| published = 1975
| genre = Non-fiction, history
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre]]
| subjects = [[British India]], [[Partition of India|partition]], [[colonialism]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| isbn = 9780706904062
| publisher = [[William Collins (publisher)|William Collins]] (UK) [[Simon & Schuster]] (US)
| audio_read_by = Frederick Davidson (1993)
| oclc = 813178801
}}

'''''Freedom at Midnight''''' (1975) is a book by [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre]] about the events surrounding the [[Indian independence movement]] and [[Partition of India|partition]]. It details the last year of the [[British Raj]], from 1947 to 1948, beginning with the appointment of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]] as the last [[viceroy]] of British India, and ending with [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|the death]] and funeral of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

==Content==
The book provides a detailed account of the last year of the [[British Raj]]; the reactions of [[Princely states of India|princely states]] towards independence, including descriptions of the colourful and extravagant lifestyles of the Indian princes; the [[Partition of India|partition]] of British India (into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]) on religious grounds; and the bloodshed that followed.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gray |first=Paul |date=27 October 1975 |title=Books: The Long Goodbye |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913599,00.html |magazine=Time }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

There is a description of [[Shimla]], the British [[Summer capital|summertime capital]] in the [[Himalayas]], and how supplies were carried up steep mountains by porters each year. Also covered in detail are the events leading to the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]], as well as the life and motives of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].

Regarding partition, the book—providing maps of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], and [[Kashmir]]—relates that the crucial maps setting the [[Radcliffe Line|boundary separating India and Pakistan]] were drawn that year by [[Cyril Radcliffe]], who had not visited India before being appointed as the chairman of the [[Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)|Boundary Commission]]. The book depicts the fury of both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims in India|Muslims]], misled by their communal leaders, during the partition; and the biggest [[Mass murder|mass slaughter]] in the history of India, as millions of people were uprooted by the partition and tried to migrate by [[train]], oxcart, and on foot to new places designated for their particular religious group. Many migrants fell victim to bandits and religious extremists of both dominant religions. One incident quoted describes a canal in [[Lahore]] that ran with blood and floating bodies.

The book is told casually, similar to the authors' previous works, ''[[Is Paris Burning? (book)|Is Paris Burning?]]'' and ''[[O Jerusalem!]]''.

==Background==
The authors interviewed some people related to the events, including a focus on [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]].<ref name="JAS">{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Leonard A. | authorlink =Leonard A. Gordon|date=August 1976 |title=Book review: Freedom at Midnight |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |publisher=University of Cambridge Press |volume=35 |issue=4 |doi=10.2307/2053703|jstor=2053703 }}</ref> They subsequently wrote a book based on their research on the British officer, titled ''[[Mountbatten and the Partition of India]]'', containing interviews with Mountbatten and a selection of papers in his possession.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Krishan |first=Y |date=February 1983 |title=Mountbatten and the Partition of India |journal=[[History (journal)|History]] |publisher=[[Historical Association]] |volume=68 |issue=222 |pages=22–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb01396.x}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Freedom at Midnight'' aroused controversy for portraying the British [[expatriate]]s, the native rulers of India, and members of India's first cabinet.<ref name="JAS" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brasted |first1=H. V. |last2=Bridge |first2=Carl |date=1994 |title=The transfer of power in South Asia: An historiographical review |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=93–114 |doi=10.1080/00856409408723200}}</ref> [[James Cameron (journalist)|James Cameron]] described it as the result of deep research into events often neglected by other historians.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Cameron|first1=James|date=October 26, 1975|title=Book Review: Freedom at Midnight|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07E5D61630E23ABC4E51DFB667838E669EDE|magazine=New York Times Book Review|accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref>

The book was criticised as "misleading," "biased," and "yellow journalism."<ref name="b713">{{cite book | title=Parlance | publisher=O.P. Shah | issue=v. 9, no. 4 | year=1985 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=km5DAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2024-07-30 | page=26}}</ref><ref name="t236">{{cite book | title=The Concept | publisher=Raja Afsar Khan | issue=v. 2 | year=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fp9tAAAAMAAJ | page=20|quote=Freedom at Midnight " . It is no doubt a biased one - sided book}}</ref> Earl Drake found the book's illustration of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] "totally biased."<ref name="y698">{{cite book | title=A Stubble-jumper in Striped Pants: Memoirs of a Prairie Diplomat | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-8020-4464-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_ihLMivwyMC&pg=PA56 | page=56}}</ref> Journalist Shyam Ratna Gupta remarked, "One might ask, did the authors intend to provide us with fictional documentation, politico-historical gossip, or pop journalism on events and personalities of that time?"<ref name="k246">{{cite book | title=Indian and Foreign Review | publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | issue=v. 13 | year=1975 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGpDAAAAYAAJ | page=26}}</ref>

Gopal Godse demanded a ban on the book for claiming that [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and [[Nathuram Godse]] had a homosexual relationship. Gopal Godse had challenged Collins and Lapierre to "produce any evidence" to substantiate their version.<ref name="p215">{{cite web | title=March 19, 1976, Forty Years Ago: Book Ban Sought | website=The Indian Express | date=2016-03-19 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-book-ban-sought-mahatma-gandhi-nathuram-godse/}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
This book was one of the inspirations for the 2017 film ''[[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]''.<ref name="SMH">Maddox, Garry. 17 May 2017. "[http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/how-prince-charles-steered-filmmaker-gurinder-chadha-to-make-viceroys-house-20170511-gw2sv1.html How Prince Charles steered filmmaker Gurinder Chadha to make Viceroy's House]." ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''.</ref> [[Freedom at Midnight (web series)|''Freedom at Midnight'']], the 2024 Hindi-language historical drama [[web series]] directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]] and produced by [[SonyLIV]], is adapted from the book.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-30 |title='Freedom at Midnight': Nikkhil Advani begins shooting for SonyLIV series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/freedom-at-midnight-nikkhil-advani-begins-shooting-for-sonyliv-series/article67792436.ece |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1975 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Books about British India]]
[[Category:Books about foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:William Collins, Sons books]]

Bawandar

2026-03-03T12:02:06Z

Khalidmendi: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhindhora Bawandar
| image = Bawandar_poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Jag Mundhra]]
| producer = Gaurang Doshi Jag Mundhra
| writer ='''Screenplay:''' Ashok Mishra, Sudha Arora '''Dialogue:''' Hariram Acharya, Deepak Purohit Jag Mundhra (written by)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Deepti Naval]], [[Nandita Das]]
| music = [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = Jag Mundhra
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|11|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]|English}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bawandar''''' (English title: ''The Sand Storm'') is a 2000 [[India]]n film, based on the true story of [[Bhanwari Devi]], a rape victim from [[Rajasthan]], India. The film depicts the personal trauma, [[public humiliation]] and legal injustice that Bhanwari Devi went through, while pursuing justice in the Indian courts.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gender inequality and development in society | url = http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Gender/2002/women-inequality.htm | author = Pushkar Raj | publisher = People's Union for Civil Liberties | work = PUCL Bulletin | date = February 2002 | access-date = 2010-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100616064133/http://pucl.org/Topics/Gender/2002/women-inequality.htm | archive-date = 16 June 2010 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=March 2021}}
''Bawandar'' is based on the true story of [[Bhanwari Devi]]'s gang-rape case. The names of characters and places have been changed for legal reasons. For example, Bhanwari's character is called Sanwari, her husband Mohan's character is called Sohan, and their village is called Dhabri (Bhateri in real life).

The story is introduced through first-person narration by a foreign reporter called Amy ([[Laila Rouass]]), who has read about Sanwari's case in a newspaper. Amy and her friend-cum-interpreter Ravi ([[Rahul Khanna]]) visit Sanwari's village to investigate the matter, five years after the gang-rape incident. Upon their arrival in Rajasthan, Amy and Ravi meet a rickshaw-puller named Sohan ([[Raghuvir Yadav]]) by happenstance, who helps them on their way to a village where they encounter Sanwari's rapists. Sohan turns out to be Sanwari's husband, and tells the tale of Sanwari's rape case.

Sohan and Sanwari are a married couple belonging to a low-[[Indian caste system|caste]] [[Kumhar]] (potter) community. The couple live with Sohan's parents and have a two children, a young girl and a boy. Sanwari makes pots whilst Sohan plies the rickshaw for their subsistence. While working at a local quarry, Sanwari stands up for her rights to the corrupt supervisor. The news of her bravery reaches Shobha Devi ([[Deepti Naval]]), a social worker who works for the Government of India. Her job involves creating awareness amongst the illiterate villagers against social evils like child marriage, oppression of women etc. In Dhabri, she recruits Sanwari ([[Nandita Das]]) as a ''Saathin'', a grassroots worker employed as part of the Women's Development Project run by the Government of Rajasthan.

As part of her job, Sanwari educates the womenfolk in the village against child marriages and oppression against women, and invites ire of the conservative village elders. Most of these villagers belong to the [[Gurjar]] community, a higher caste. To subjugate Sanwari, five members of the Gurjar community order a social and economic boycott of Sanwari and her family. The villagers stop selling milk to her family or buying the earthen pots they make. When Sanwari informs the police about a child marriage happening in the Gurjar community, five men from the Gurjar household where the marriage was supposed to happen decide to teach Sanwari a lesson. Having had enough of her shenanigans and what they perceive as her affront to their male ego, they collectively beat up her husband and two of them take turns in gang-raping her.

Despite the horrific nature of the incident and the stigma attached to it, Sanwari and Sohan muster up courage and go to the police station to lodged a [[First Information Report]], but the corrupt inspector ([[Ravi Jhankal]]) refuses to lodge the FIR in absence of a medical report. The doctor refuses to issue a medical report in the absence of a court order, explaining that he cannot do so because it's a rape case. With Shobha's help, the couple finally manages to get a court order. With the court order, they get a medical test done in [[Jaipur]], and a complaint is lodged two days after the incident.

However, the rapists are not arrested and roam around freely, boasting about their lustful experience with Sanwari. Sanwari's case gets nationwide attention after the head of a women's NGO in Delhi gets involved and tries to help Sanwari. The [[Prime Minister of India]] himself entrusts the investigation to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and offers Rs. 1 [[lakh]] as support to Sanwari from the Prime Minister's Relief Fund.

The accused are arrested and tried in the court, but they are backed by the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Dhanraj Meena ([[Govind Namdeo]]). Meena hires a lawyer called Purohit to defend the accused. A Gurjar lawyer ([[Gulshan Grover]]) defends Saanwari, but faces pressure from his community to favor the accuse. The judges handling the case are transferred multiple times, and the final judgement goes against her, with all 5 of the accused walking away scot free.

The movie ends with actress Deepti Naval talking about how Bhanwari Devi had refused to give up her fight for justice, in spite of unhelpful villagers and relatives, an incompetent police force, and a corrupt judicial system, and is today active as a rape activist who helps provide help, counseling and inspiration to women who have suffered such injustices as well.

==Cast==
* [[Nandita Das]] - Saanvri
* [[Raghuvir Yadav]] - Sohan (Saanvri's husband)
* [[Deepti Naval]] - Shobha Devi
* [[Rahul Khanna]] - Ravi
* [[Laila Rouass]] - Amy
* Govind Namdeo - Dhanraj Meena (MLA)
* Ishrat Ali - Purnia Gujjar (sarpanch)
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] - Sarju
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] - Tej Karan
* [[Anupam Shyam]] - Mangal Panda (pandit)
* Ashok Banthia
* Shri Vallabh Vyas - (as Shrivallabh Vyas)
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] - Police Inspector
* Mohan Bhandari
* [[Lillete Dubey]]

== Controversies ==

Before the film's release, Bhanwari Devi stated that the filmmakers didn't discuss the film with her, she never took any money from them and she wasn't shown the film.<ref name="indiatoday_rohit">{{cite news | url = http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20011210/cinema.shtml | title = Desert Storm | author = Rohit Parihar | publisher = [[India Today]] | date = 2001-12-01 | access-date = 2010-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051126224723/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20011210/cinema.shtml | archive-date = 26 November 2005 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Sukhmani Singh, a journalist, reported that Bhanwari Devi was "weary, resigned and bitter". According to him, a small-time political worker and businessman describing Bhanwari as a "[[Raksha Bandhan|rakhi]] sister" had brokered a deal with Mundhra for the film.<ref name="themusic_smriti">{{cite web |author=Smriti Ananth |date=2001-12-28 |title=A film album supervised by Vishwamohan Bhatt |url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/bhawandar.html |access-date=2010-04-07 |publisher=The Music Magazine}}</ref> The director [[Jag Mundhra]] stated that he had screened the film for Bhanwari and her family. He also stated that he took Bhanwari to HDFC Bank's Jaipur branch, opened an account in her name, and deposited £3,000 from the film's London charity show in the account. According to him, Bhnawari might be reluctant to admit receiving the money, fearing opposition from women activists.<ref name="indiatoday_rohit"/> In 2007, Shivam Vij reported that "Bhanwari Devi is most angry with those who made the film Bawandar".<ref name="tehelka_shivam">{{cite news | url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main34.asp?filename=hub131007A_MIGHTY.asp | title = A Mighty Heart | date = 2007-10-13 | author = Shivam Vij | publisher = Tehelka | access-date = 2010-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527074809/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main34.asp?filename=hub131007A_MIGHTY.asp | archive-date = 27 May 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Some women's organizations opposed the film due to concerns about Bhanwari Devi being exposed to hostile public scrutiny. The police also felt that the film "falsifies their role inexcusably".<ref name="indiatoday_rohit"/> There was also concern that the film may end up annoying the [[Gurjar]] community, to which the accused belong. The State Government was apprehensive about the film leading to caste-based tensions.<ref name="indiatoday_rohit"/>

The film was submitted to the examining committee of the Central Board of Film Certification on 18 September 2000. The committee head [[Asha Parekh]] despatched it to the revising committee, which saw the film on 6 October, and gave it the expected "Adult" certificate. It recommended five cuts, two of which were described by the journalist [[Pinki Virani]] as "grotesquely unfair to Bhanwari Devi".<ref name="hindu_pinki">{{cite news | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/04/stories/13040611.htm | title = Long wait for justice | author = Pinki Virani | authorlink = Pinki Virani | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 2001-03-04 | access-date = 2010-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125542/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/04/stories/13040611.htm | archive-date = 6 June 2011 | url-status = usurped }}</ref> The first cut was Bhanwari Devi and her husband being held down by men, as she is raped by an uncle-nephew pair. The censors found inappropriate the forcing apart of the woman's legs. The second cut was the "visuals of suggestive masturbation by a police officer".<ref name="hindu_pinki"/>

== Music ==

The music of the film was composed by [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]],<ref name="themusic_smriti"/> and released under the label [[Saregama]]. It featured the following tracks:
* Aayo Holi, sung by [[Sapna Awasthi]] and Ram Shankar
* Ab To Jagna Hi Hoga
* Ab To Jagya, sung by [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]] and chorus
* ''Ghaghario'', sung by [[Sapna Awasthi]]
* Har Aayo, sung by Parmeshwari and chorus
* Ab To Jagya - 2
* Ab To Jagya - 3, sung by Sonali Vajpayee
* Kesaria (Instrumental)
* Kesaria (Sad), sung by Rita Ganguly
* Kesaria
* Panghat
* Tumse Achha Kaun Hai, sung by K Vikas

== Awards ==

The film was showcased at several international film festivals and won multiple awards:
* Audience Choice Award, Bermuda International Film Festival (2001)
* Political Film Society, USA (PFS) Award - Peace Category (2004) <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0280465/awards Awards] [[IMDb]].</ref>
* Best Actress ([[Nandita Das]]), Santa Monica Film Festival
* 2001: [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]]: [[Zanzibar International Film Festival#Golden Dhow winners|Golden Dhow]]
* 2001: V. Shantaram Award for Best Cinematography<ref name=sundaytimes>{{cite news|title='Backwaters' brings a mystery of India|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070624/TV/tv_2.html|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=24 June 2007|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120754/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070624/TV/tv_2.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0280465|Bawandar}}
* [http://www.idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-bawandar.html ''Idlebrain'' review]
* [https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=032906033201 ''Planet Bollywood'' review]
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}{{Lists of Rajasthani-language films}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Rajasthani-language films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jag Mundhra]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]

W. Chhuanawma

2026-03-01T16:59:17Z

Khalidmendi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Mizo name|Chhuanawma}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''W. Chhuanawma''' (born 3 January 1960)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/82 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[Tuichang Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Champhai district|Champhai District]]. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Zoram People's Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuichang Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: W Chhuanawma Of ZPM Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tuichang-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686881.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chhuanawma is from Vaivakawn, Champhai District, Mizoram. He is the son of late Rinawma. He married Lalmuanpuii and they have four children.<ref name=":0" /> He completed his Pre-University Course in 1982 at a college affiliated with North East Hill University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=W Chhuanawma(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- TUICHANG (ST)(KHAWZAWL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=81 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chhuanawma won from Tuichang Assembly constituency representing the Zoram People's Movement in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 9,117 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Tawnluia]] of the [[Mizo National Front]], by a margin of 909 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=W Chhuanawma , ZPM Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On W Chhuanawma , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/w-chhuanawma-16022-3 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=w chhuanawma mizoram w-chhuanawma-tuichang candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/w-chhuanawma-mizoram-tuichang-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Tuichang assembly election results 2023: Zoram People's Movement candidate W Chhuanawma wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tuichang-assembly-election-results-2023-will-mnfs-tawnluia-defeat-zoram-peoples-movement-candidate-w-chhuanawma-and-incs-c-lalhriatpuia/articleshow/105715186.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhuanawma, W.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Champhai district]]

Kanimaa

2026-02-25T04:32:56Z

Khalidmendi: New A Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Kanimaa
| image = Kanimaa cover.jpg
| caption = Official single cover
| type = single
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| album = [[Retro (soundtrack)|Retro]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| released = 21 March 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Future Tense Studios, [[Chennai]]
* UNO Records, Chennai
}}
| length = 4:04
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| composer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| lyricist = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| tracks =
# "Love Detox"
# "Edharkaga Marubadi"
# "The One"
# "Kannadi Poove"
# "Lose Your Fkin' Mind"
# "'''Kanimaa'''"
}}

"'''Kanimaa'''" ({{IPA|ta|kanimaː}}; {{translation|Sweetheart}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language song composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] for the [[Retro (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' (2025). The song was sung by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] along with The Indian Choral Ensemble and was written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/karthi-dances-to-brother-suriyas-kanimaa-article-119680449|title=Karthi Dances To Brother Suriya's Viral Song Kanimaa, Watch Video|date=29 March 2025|website=Times Now|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=29 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329060541/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/karthi-dances-to-brother-suriyas-kanimaa-article-119680449|url-status=live}}</ref> After the success of the film's first single "Kannadi Poove", the expectations for the second was also highly increased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dishadaily.com/cinema/kanima-lyrical-video-kanima-song-release-from-retro-surya-poojalas-cute-dance-is-impressive-423647|title=Kanima Lyrical Video: రెట్రో నుంచి 'కనిమా' సాంగ్ రిలీజ్.. ఆకట్టుకుంటున్న సూర్య-పూజల క్యూట్ డ్యాన్స్..|date=22 March 2025|website=Dishadaily|author=Kavitha|access-date=22 March 2025|language=te}}</ref>

The song was released as the second single on 21 March 2025 through the record label [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/surya-another-song-from-retro-released-773317.html|title=Surya : 'రెట్రో' నుంచి మరో సాంగ్ విడుదల|language=te|date=22 March 2025|website=NTV Telugu|access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> The song's lyrical version was released on the [[YouTube]] on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-suriya-pooja-hegde-kanima-song-lyrical-video-released-1761924.html|title=சூர்யாவின் ரெட்ரோ பட "கனிமா" பாடல் லிரிக்கல் வீடியோ வெளியானது..!!|website=tamil.news18.com|author=Vandhana|date=21 March 2025|access-date=21 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref> The song was also released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as "Bujjamma", with lyrics written by [[Kasarla Shyam]] and in [[Hindi]] as "Anarkali" with lyrics written by Raqueeb Alam. The song is part of a 15-minute [[long take|long single-shot]] sequence in the film, featuring action, drama, and dance featuring the lead cast. Music composer [[Santhosh Narayanan]] made a [[cameo appearance]] in the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/21/retros-second-single-kanima-released|title=Retro's second single 'Kanima' released|first=Ashwin|last=S|date=21 March 2025|website=Cinema Express|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=28 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328101450/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/21/retros-second-single-kanima-released|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon its release, the song received positive response and started trending on internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/suriyas-retro-audio-and-trailer-to-be-out-in-april-article-151428171|title=Suriya's Retro Audio And Trailer To Be Out On THIS Date|date=15 April 2025|website=Times Now|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news//news-amp.php?id=1503800&u=cienma|title=റെട്രോ കനിമാ ഗാനം, ഹൈ എനർജി നമ്പറുമായി സൂര്യ|website=Kerala Kaumudi|date=2025-03-24|access-date=2025-03-24|language=ml}}</ref> The hook step dance involving [[Suriya]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] – the lead actors of ''Retro'' – became popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-rocks-with-kanimaa-dance-steps-from-suriyas-retro/articleshow/119693254.cms|title=Karthi rocks with 'Kanimaa' dance steps from Suriya's 'Retro'|work=The Times of India|date=29 March 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=3 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403154844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-rocks-with-kanimaa-dance-steps-from-suriyas-retro/articleshow/119693254.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/karthik-subbaraj-compares-rajinikanths-petta-to-suriyas-retro-i-would-say-it-is-more-commercial/41617e0f1f629|title=Karthik Subbaraj compares Rajinikanth's Petta to Suriya's Retro: I would say it is more commercial…|website=OTTPlay|date=2025-04-16|accessdate=2025-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/22/pooja-hegde-dance-from-retro-song-grabs-attention|title=ഫ്രെയിമിൽ സൂര്യയുണ്ട് പക്ഷെ കയ്യടി നേടി പൂജ ഹെഗ്‌ഡെ, വൈറലായി 'റെട്രോ'യിലെ ഗാനവും ഡാൻസും|website=ReporterNews|date=2025-03-22|accessdate=2025-03-22|language=ml}}</ref> Hegde's dance steps were widely appreciated,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/suriya-gave-credit-to-pooja-hegde-in-retro-movie-promotional-event/articleshow/120659249.cms|title=பூஜா ஹெக்டே தான் காரணம்..ஓபனாக பேசிய சூர்யா..இதெல்லாம் பெரிய விஷயம்பா|last=குமார்|first=வினோத்|website=Samayam Tamil|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=27 April 2025|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-hegde-on-song-kanimaa-my-social-media-is-filled-with-people-recreating-the-hookstep/articleshow/120642305.cms|title=Pooja Hegde on song 'Kanimaa': My social media is filled with people recreating the hookstep|work=The Times of India |date=26 April 2025|accessdate=27 April 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> with ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' calling her "Queen of Hookstep".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pooja-hegde-celebrates-kanimaas-40-million-views-social-media-filled-people-recreating-hookstep/|title=Pooja Hegde celebrates 'Kanimaa's 40 million views: “My social media is filled with people recreating the hookstep”|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 April 2025|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref>

Following its release, it peaked on the several charts including [[India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] and [[UK Asian Music Chart]] and had a significant commercial success.

== Background and recording ==
[[Santhosh Narayanan]] composed the song for the ''Retro'' album.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/15-minute-single-shot-how-the-kanimaa-song-came-to-be-in-the-movie-retro-765795|title=15 நிமிட சிங்கிள் ஷாட் - RETRO படத்தில் கனிமா பாடல் உருவான விதம் | 15 Minute Single Shot - How the Kanimaa song came to be in the movie RETRO|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=24 March 2025|website=www.maalaimalar.com|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324133555/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/15-minute-single-shot-how-the-kanimaa-song-came-to-be-in-the-movie-retro-765795|url-status=live}}</ref> This marked his first collaboration with Suriya and eighth with [[Karthik Subbaraj]], director of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=16 May 2024 |title=Music Composer Santhosh Narayanan Joins Suriya 44 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/santhosh-narayanan-onboard-suriya-44-article-110163988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520165615/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/santhosh-narayanan-onboard-suriya-44-article-110163988 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Santhosh Narayanan]] and [[Karthik Subbaraj]] previously collaborated on ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012), ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (2014), ''[[Iraivi]]'' (2016), ''[[Mercury (film)|Mercury]]'' (2018), ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' (2021), ''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]'' (2022) and ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]'' (2023).}} Lyricist [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] wrote the lyrics for the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://janmabhumi.in/2025/03/22/3375947/entertainment/new-release/tamil-movie-73/|title="കനിമാ" സൂര്യയുടെ റെട്രോയിലെ ഹൈ എനർജി ഡാൻസ് നമ്പർ പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക്|first=Janmabhumi|last=Online|date=22 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/south-cinema/retro-movie-new-song-kannima-out-now-starring-suriya-pooja-hegde-2025-03-21|title=Retro: सूर्या के फैंस को मेकर्स ने दिया बड़ा तोहफा, दमदार डांस और उर्जा से भरपूर 'रेट्रो' का दूसरा गाना रिलीज|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407104143/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/south-cinema/retro-movie-new-song-kannima-out-now-starring-suriya-pooja-hegde-2025-03-21|url-status=live}}</ref> There were no fixed lyrics or music while shooting the music video. Later, Santhosh adjusted the music to match the dance movements and changed the lyrics accordingly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2025 |title=சூர்யா நடிக்கும் 'ரெட்ரோ' படத்தின் இசை மற்றும் டிரெய்லர் வெளியீட்டு விழா |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/suriya-44th-film-retro-trailer-audio-launched-on-april-18-576917 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423141111/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/suriya-44th-film-retro-trailer-audio-launched-on-april-18-576917 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=[[Zee News]] |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] |language=ta}}</ref>

The song was recorded by Santhosh Narayanan at Future Tense Studios, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-suriya-movie-retro-lyrical-video-out-now-sth2df|title=നിറഞ്ഞാടി സൂര്യ, ഒപ്പം പൂജ ഹെഗ്‍ഡെയും; റെട്രോയിലെ 90's കല്യാണ കുത്ത് സോം ഗ് എത്തി|website=Asianet News Malayalam|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=23 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323093509/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-suriya-movie-retro-lyrical-video-out-now-sth2df|url-status=live}}</ref> The song had the chorus by The Indian Choral Ensemble (Chamber), Aparna Harikumar, Nidhi Saraogi, Sushmita Narasimhan, Sreekanth Hariharan, Shridhar Ramesh, and Karthik Manickavasakam.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/kanima-a-high-energy-dance-number-from-suriya-s-retro-boosts-the-buzz/ar-AA1BnVJb</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/21/suriya-film-retro-new-song-out-now|title=പഴയ നടിപ്പിൻ നായകനിലേക്കുള്ള തിരിച്ചുപോക്കാകുമോ റെട്രോ? ആടിത്തിമിർക്കാൻ സിനിമയിലെ പുതിയ ഗാനം|website=ReporterNews}}</ref>

== Composition and lyrics ==
The song was conceptualized through casual conversations between Subbaraj, Santhosh, and Vivek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/suriya-retro-kanimaa-telugu-song-out-1927687|title=Kanima Song | సూర్య రెట్రో నుంచి 'కనిమా' సాంగ్ రిలీజ్|first=NT News|last=telugu|date=22 March 2025|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref> It features a 1990s-style "kalyana kuthu" (wedding folk) rhythm, aiming to evoke nostalgia for traditional wedding songs.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/kanimaa-from-retro-fans-are-impressed-by-pooja-hegde-s-dance-moves-say-never-knew-she-could-outdo-suriya/ar-AA1Bwaxm</ref> Original structure of composition was: intro – hook line – chorus. Santhosh used [[drum]]s for the instrumentation and added in [[trumpet]]s for the melody.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/retro-movie-kanimaa-song-out-1149010|title="ரெட்ரோ" படத்தின் "கனிமா" பாடல் வெளியானது!|date=21 March 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410100911/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/retro-movie-kanimaa-song-out-1149010|url-status=live}}</ref> The song featured high-energy, dance-oriented beat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanima-a-high-energy-dance-number-from-suriyas-retro-boosts-the-buzz/articleshow/119302910.cms|title='Kanima': A high-energy dance number from Suriya's 'Retro' boosts the buzz|work=The Times of India|date=21 March 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=28 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328160401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanima-a-high-energy-dance-number-from-suriyas-retro-boosts-the-buzz/articleshow/119302910.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/suriya-retro-kanimaa-song-1.10442911|title='കനിമാ...'; സൂര്യയുടെ 'റെട്രോ'യിലെ ഹൈ എനർജി ഡാൻസ് നമ്പർ പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക്|date=21 March 2025|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Santhosh [[breakdown (music)|broke down]] the song for listeners and other artists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/22/kanimaa-song-from-retro-was-inspired-from-old-tamil-song|title=கனிமா பாடல் எதன் தாக்கத்தினால் உருவானது? சந்தோஷ் நாராயணன் பதில்!|date=22 April 2025|website=Dinamani}}</ref> The song had influences from traditional Tamil [[wedding music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/retro-suriyas-kanima-song-creates-buzz-with-high-energy-dance-track|title=Retro: Suriya's 'Kanima' Song Creates Buzz With High-Energy Dance Track|first=Lavanya|last=R|date=21 March 2025|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=8 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408212742/https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/retro-suriyas-kanima-song-creates-buzz-with-high-energy-dance-track/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word ''Kanimaa'' ({{wikt-lang|ta|கனிமா}}; ''Kaṉimā'') variously translates to 'sweetheart', 'divinity', and 'sacredness'. Notable lines like "Gumma, Yemma, Summa, Kanimaa" serve as vocalizations to enhance the song's catchy hook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/suriya-pooja-hegde-starrer-retro-movie-kanimaa-song-full-lyrics-a-santosh-narayanan-musical-219142|title=Kanimaa Song Lyrics : ஆச பட வச்சான் ஆள விழ வச்சானே...ரெட்ரோ 'கனிமா' பாடல் வரிகள் இதோ|first=ராகேஷ்|last=தாரா|date=21 March 2025|website=tamil.abplive.com|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=21 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321182546/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/suriya-pooja-hegde-starrer-retro-movie-kanimaa-song-full-lyrics-a-santosh-narayanan-musical-219142|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The second was highly anticipated after the success of the film's first single "Kannadi Poove".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dishadaily.com/cinema/get-ready-boys-directors-interesting-tweet-says-big-update-coming-from-retro-423013|title=గెట్ రెడీ బాయ్స్.. 'రెట్రో నుంచి బిగ్ అప్డేట్ వచ్చేస్తుందంటూ డైరెక్టర్ ఇంట్రెస్టింగ్ ట్వీట్|date=20 March 2025|website=www.dishadaily.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/19/second-single-from-suriya-karthik-subbarajs-retro-titled-kanimaa|title=Second single from Suriya-Karthik Subbaraj's Retro titled 'Kanimaa'|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=19 March 2025|website=Cinema Express|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=2 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402180547/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/19/second-single-from-suriya-karthik-subbarajs-retro-titled-kanimaa|url-status=live}}</ref> The song release was announced by Karthik Subbaraj on 19 March 2025,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publictv.in/second-single-from-suriya-pooja-hegde-karthik-subbarajs-retro-film-titled-kanimaa/|title=ಸೂರ್ಯ ನಟನೆಯ 'ರೆಟ್ರೋ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸಿಕ್ತು ಬಿಗ್ ಅಪ್‌ಡೇಟ್ | Public TV - Latest Kannada News, Public TV Kannada Live, Public TV News|date=20 March 2025|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324024349/https://publictv.in/second-single-from-suriya-pooja-hegde-karthik-subbarajs-retro-film-titled-kanimaa/|url-status=live}}</ref> on the occasion of his birthday, as a surprise gift for the fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/suriya-retro-second-song-release-date-update-569567|title=கார்த்திக் சுப்புராஜ் பிரத் டே ஸ்பெஷல்.. வெளியான ரெட்ரோ அப்டேட்!|date=19 March 2025|website=Zee Hindustan Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/retro-second-single-released|title='கனிமா...' - வெளியான சூர்யா பட அப்டேட்|date=19 March 2025|website=nakkheeran|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=19 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319134346/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/retro-second-single-released|url-status=live}}</ref> The song's teaser was unveiled on 20 March by the makers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jayanewslive.com/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE/%22%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%22-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88-5-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81|title="ரெட்ரோ" படத்தின் 2வது பாடல் இன்று மாலை 5 மணிக்கு வெளியீடு|website=Jaya TV|accessdate=10 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-suriya-starrer-retro-film-update-out-stex0g|title=കാര്‍ത്തിക് സുബ്ബരാജിന്റെ സംവിധാനത്തില്‍ സൂര്യ, ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ പുത്തൻ അപ്‍ഡേറ്റ്|website=Asianet News Malayalam}}</ref> Before the release of the song, Santhosh shared a funny dance version of the song on [[Twitter|X]], further increasing the song's anticipation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/suriya-movie-retro-song-kanima-got-released-santhosh-narayanan-danced-for-video-tamil-nadu-news-tns25032105433|title='ரெட்ரோ' பாடலுக்கு நடனம் ஆடிய சந்தோஷ் நாரயணன்... வெளியானது சூர்யாவின் 'கனிமா' பாடல்!|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=21 March 2025|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/21/retro-second-song-kanimaa-released|title=கனிமா... ரெட்ரோ 2-வது பாடல் வெளியானது!|date=21 March 2025|website=Dinamani|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=25 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325231121/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/21/retro-second-song-kanimaa-released|url-status=live}}</ref> Instantly it received wider recognition with fans and celebrities appreciating his fun dance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/suriya-appreciates-santhosh-narayanan-dance-in-retro-kanima-song|title=Retro: ''உங்களைதான் ஜூம் பண்ணி பார்த்தேன்!'' - சனாவின் ஆடிஷன் வீடியோவுக்கு சூர்யா சொன்ன விஷயம்!|date=21 March 2025|website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Cinema Vikatan]]|accessdate=21 March 2025|author=ஜீவகணேஷ்.ப|language=ta}}</ref> The second single titled "Kanimaa" was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamiljanam.com/91369502/|title=சூர்யா நடித்துள்ள ரெட்ரோ படத்தின் கனிமா பாடல் வெளியீடு!|first=Murugesan|last=M|date=22 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expresskerala.com/news/suriyas-new-song-from-retro-is-here.html|title='കനിമാ'….! സൂര്യയുടെ റെട്രോയിലെ പുതിയ ഗാനം എത്തി|first=Express Kerala|last=Network|date=22 March 2025|website=Express Kerala}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video features Paarivel Kannan ([[Suriya]]) and Rukmini ([[Pooja Hegde]]) dancing to the song on their wedding.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/22/pooja-hegde-viral-song|title=கனிமா! ரசிகர்களை உருக வைத்த பூஜா ஹெக்டே!|date=22 March 2025|website=Dinamani|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=22 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322111756/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/22/pooja-hegde-viral-song|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/music/2025/03/21/the-new-song-from-suriyas-highly-anticipated-film-retro-has-just-been-released.html|title=ആഘോഷകല്യാണം; റെട്രോയിലെ ഗാനം പുറത്ത്; സൂര്യക്കൊപ്പം ആടി ജോജുവും|first=എന്‍റര്‍ടെയിന്‍മെന്‍റ്|last=ഡസ്ക്|date=21 March 2025|website=Manoramanews|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=23 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323113640/https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/music/2025/03/21/the-new-song-from-suriyas-highly-anticipated-film-retro-has-just-been-released.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It also featured [[Joju George]], [[Singampuli]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doolnews.com/retro-movie-second-single-out-now-64-144.html|title=ആരാ പറഞ്ഞത് സൂര്യക്ക് ഡാന്‍സ് ചേരില്ലെന്ന്? കിടിലന്‍ സ്റ്റെപ്പുമായി സൂര്യയും കൂടെ ചുവട് വെച്ച് ജോജുവും|website=DoolNews|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=21 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321181034/https://www.doolnews.com/retro-movie-second-single-out-now-64-144.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Besides the lead cast and the supporting actors, Santhosh also appeared in a cameo in this song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/episode-7-shooting-scene-of-the-film-retro-released-in-comic-form-1149521|title=7-வது எபிசோட் : காமிக்ஸ் வடிவில் வெளியான "ரெட்ரோ" படத்தின் படப்பிடிப்பு காட்சி|date=24 March 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1355545-15-mins-single-shot-in-retro.html|title=15 நிமிட சிங்கிள் ஷாட்: இது 'ரெட்ரோ' ஸ்பெஷல்|date=25 March 2025|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}</ref>

=== Background and production ===
The song is part of a 15-minute [[long take|long single-shot]] sequence in the film, featuring action, drama, and dance featuring the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2025/Mar/24/retro-bts-comic-kanimaavin-kadhai|title=ரெட்ரோ: கார்ட்டூன் சித்திர வடிவில் கனிமா பாடல் காட்சிகள்!|date=24 March 2025|website=Dinamani|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324162858/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2025/Mar/24/retro-bts-comic-kanimaavin-kadhai|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/cinema/15-minute-chins-shot-scene-surya|title=சூர்யா படத்தில் 15 நிமிட 'சிங்கிள் ஷாட்' காட்சி, திரைச்செய்தி செய்திகள் - தமிழ் முரசு Cinema News in Tamil, Tamil Murasu|date=25 March 2025|website=Tamil Murasu}}</ref> According to Sherif, this is the first time mixing action, drama, and dance within 15 minutes in a film. The music video featured Suriya with a serious, expressionless face, while Pooja Hegde had a joyful expression, reflecting their respective characters in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinereporters.com/suriya-smiling-dance-for-retro-kanima-song-video-shared-by-2d-entertainment|title=இது ஏஐ எடிட்டிங் இல்ல பாய்!.. கனிமா பாட்டுக்கு நிஜமாவே சூர்யா அந்த விஷயத்தை பண்ணியிருக்காரு.. பாருங்க! - Cinereporters|date=5 April 2025}}</ref> The film team shot another version of the song with both Suriya and Hegde displaying joyful expressions and released it as a rehearsal video.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/retro-movie-surya-kannimma-song-rehearsal-video-release-yda-ws-d-2043672.html|title=Surya: ಪೂಜಾ ಹೆೆಗ್ಡೆ ಜೊತೆ ಸೂರ್ಯ ಸಖತ್ ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್, 'ರೆಟ್ರೋ' ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಸಾಂಗ್ ರಿಹರ್ಸಲ್ ವಿಡಿಯೋ ಔಟ್!|date=5 April 2025|website=kannada.news18.com|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=5 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405171652/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/retro-movie-surya-kannimma-song-rehearsal-video-release-yda-ws-d-2043672.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ttncinema.com/kollywood/suriya-rehearsal-version-of-kanima-song-released-by-retro/cid16516695.htm|title='கனிமா' பாடலின் சூர்யா Rehearsal version வீடியோவை வெளியிட்ட 'ரெட்ரோ' படக்குழு!|date=5 April 2025|website=ttncinema.com}}</ref> Later, the makers confirmed that the video was not part of the film and was shot and released solely for fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/episode-9-shooting-scene-of-the-film-retro-released-in-comic-form-1151755|title=9-வது எபிசோட் : காமிக்ஸ் வடிவில் வெளியான "ரெட்ரோ" படத்தின் படப்பிடிப்பு காட்சி|date=8 April 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410050106/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/episode-9-shooting-scene-of-the-film-retro-released-in-comic-form-1151755|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some common steps that are seen in every film of director Karthik Subbaraj are also seen in this song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rtvlive.com/cinema/surya-retro-new-song-is-out-now-8880779|title=Surya RETRO Song: సూర్య ఫ్యాన్స్ కు 'రెట్రో' ట్రీట్.. మరో సాంగ్ రిలీజ్..|first=Lok|last=Prakash|website=rtvlive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/kanimaa-lyrical-video-song-out-suriya-retro-movie-2402226|title=ఓల్డ్‌ స్టైల్‌ స్టెప్పులతో సూర్య, పూజా హెగ్డే 'రెట్రో' సాంగ్‌ | KANIMAA Lyrical Video Song Out From Suriya RETRO Movie | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=27 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327173545/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/kanimaa-lyrical-video-song-out-suriya-retro-movie-2402226|url-status=live}}</ref> Sherif Master was asked to prepare a hook step that would go viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/suriya-pulled-off-a-15-minute-continuous-shot-in-retro-with-kanimaa-song-reveal-makers-in-film-comic-enn25032502259|title=Suriya Pulled off a 15-Minute Continuous Shot in Retro With Kanimaa Song, Reveal Makers in Film Comic|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=25 March 2025|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Srijony Das of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' praised the song and called it a "foot-tapping number".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kanimaa-bts-suriya-and-pooja-hegde-dance-like-no-ones-watching-as-they-rehearse-for-groovy-track-from-retro-1380906|title=Kanimaa BTS: Suriya and Pooja Hegde dance like no one's watching as they rehearse for groovy track from Retro|date=5 April 2025|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410055051/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kanimaa-bts-suriya-and-pooja-hegde-dance-like-no-ones-watching-as-they-rehearse-for-groovy-track-from-retro-1380906|url-status=live}}</ref> Atreyee Poddar of ''[[Indulge Express]]'' described it as a "vibe material".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Mar/24/pooja-hegde-drops-another-chartbuster-with-kanimaa-from-retro|title=Pooja Hegde drops another chartbuster with Kanimaa from Retro|first=Atreyee|last=Poddar|date=24 March 2025|website=Indulgexpress|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324120232/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Mar/24/pooja-hegde-drops-another-chartbuster-with-kanimaa-from-retro|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' praised the song and stated, "The track has that perfect mix of upbeat rhythm and catchy choreography, making it the next big sensation for reels and dance covers."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-drops-kanimaa-the-hookstep-queen-strikes-again-1503411373.html|title=Pooja Hegde drops 'Kanimaa': The hookstep queen strikes again!|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=24 March 2025|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324152804/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-drops-kanimaa-the-hookstep-queen-strikes-again-1503411373.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "The song features groovy beats, electrifying music and Pooja Hegde's addictive hookstep".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-powers-retros-kanimaa-to-a-massive-viewership-of-40-million-views-1875261|title=Pooja Hegde Powers Retro's Kanimaa To A Massive Viewership of 40+ Million Views|date=26 April 2025|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref>

Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote "Composed by Santhosh Narayanan, who has also sung the song with The Indian Choral Ensemble, Kanimaa is set in a wedding backdrop, bringing to life the dance beats 90s weddings. Vivek has written the lyrics for this Kalyaana Kuthu number."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/pooja-hegde-steals-suriyas-thunder-in-kanimaa-from-retro-article-119406061|title=Kanimaa From Retro: Fans Are Impressed By Pooja Hegde's Dance Moves, Say "Never Knew She Could Outdo Suriya"|date=24 March 2025|website=Times Now|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324060214/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/pooja-hegde-steals-suriyas-thunder-in-kanimaa-from-retro-article-119406061|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul M of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' complimented the idea of the song and wrote "The song’s visuals feature a traditional Tamil wedding with people dancing joyously in celebration. It shows people dressed in vibrant costumes and displaying celebratory vibes."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/instagram-influencer-ricky-pond-dances-to-kanimaa-song-from-tamil-star-suriyas-retro-video-goes-viral|title=Instagram Influencer Ricky Pond Dances To 'Kanimaa' Song from Tamil Star Suriya's Retro; Video Goes Viral|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=9 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409200755/https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/instagram-influencer-ricky-pond-dances-to-kanimaa-song-from-tamil-star-suriyas-retro-video-goes-viral|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
The song was also released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as "Bujjamma", with lyrics written by [[Kasarla Shyam]] and in [[Hindi]] as "Anarkali" with lyrics written by Raqueeb Alam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/bujjamma-lyrical-video-retro-suriya-pooja-hegde/2/66862|title=Bujjamma: ఆకట్టుకునేలా సూర్య- పూజాహెగ్డే జోడీ.. 'బుజ్జమ్మ' సాంగ్‌ రిలీజ్‌|website=EENADU|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=28 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328154930/https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/bujjamma-lyrical-video-retro-suriya-pooja-hegde/2/66862|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugutimes.net/cinema/cinema-news/bujjamma-lyrical-video-song-from-retro-280652.html|title=Pooja Hegde: బుజ్జ‌మ్మ సాంగ్ లో పూజా డ్యాన్సులు వైర‌ల్|date=29 March 2025|website=Latest Telugu News | తెలుగు వార్తలు | NRI Telugu News Paper in USA - Telugu Times|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=29 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329163555/https://www.telugutimes.net/cinema/cinema-news/bujjamma-lyrical-video-song-from-retro-280652.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All the version were sung by Santhosh and The Indian Choral Ensemble.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/suriya-and-pooja-hegde-bujjamma-lyrical-video-song-retro-2407923|title=సూర్యతో బుట్టబొమ్మ స్టెప్పులు.. బుజ్జమ్మ సాంగ్‌ వచ్చేసింది | Suriya and Pooja Hegde Bujjamma Lyrical Video Song from Retro | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref>

== Commercial performance ==
Upon the release, song received widespread acclaim from the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/suriyas-retro-music-and-trailer-launch-official-announcement-768835|title=சூர்யாவின் "ரெட்ரோ": இசை மற்றும் டிரெயிலர் வெளியீட்டு விழா- அதிகாரப்பூர்வ அறிவிப்பு | Suriya's "Retro": Music and Trailer Launch - Official Announcement|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=14 April 2025|website=www.maalaimalar.com|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rtvlive.com/cinema/vijay-deverakonda-guest-for-surya-retro-movie-pre-release-event-8999331|title=Retro Pre Release: సూర్యా 'రెట్రో' ప్రీ రిలీజ్ ఈవెంట్ కి చీఫ్ గెస్ట్ గా స్టార్ హీరో.. ఎవరో తెలుసా?|first=Lok|last=Prakash|website=rtvlive.com|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seithisolai.com/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3/|title="கனிமா ட்ரெண்டிங்கில் இணைந்த ரிக்கி பாண்ட்"… அந்த டான்ஸ்-ஐ பார்க்கணுமே… சூர்யாவுக்கே டஃப் கொடுப்பார் போல… இணையத்தை கலக்கும் வீடியோ..!! – Seithi Solai|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref> The song peaked on the several charts including [[India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] and [[UK Asian Music Chart]] and had a significant commercial success.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/>

== Impact ==
[[Suriya]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]'s signature step in the music video went viral and became a pop cultural phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dainiknavajyoti.com/movie-fun/pooja-hegdes-film-retros-kanima-song-got-more-than-40/article-112148|title=पूजा हेगड़े की फिल्म रेट्रो के कनीमा गाना के लिरिकल वीडियो ने हासिल किए 40 मिलियन व्यूज|date=26 April 2025|website=dainiknavajyoti.com|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.m9.news/tamil-movie-news/suriyas-retro-kannima-song-endless-impact/|title=Suriya's Retro: One Song, Endless Impact|date=29 March 2025|website=M9.news}}</ref> There were many short videos created on social media, performing to the music and recreating dance sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/retro-suriya-wraps-up-dubbing-for-karthik-subbaraj-film-makers-celebrate-with-studio-ghibli-art-trend/0e17fda324532|title=Retro: Suriya wraps up dubbing for Karthik Subbaraj film; Makers celebrate with Studio Ghibli art trend|website=OTTPlay|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=6 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406093744/https://www.ottplay.com/news/retro-suriya-wraps-up-dubbing-for-karthik-subbaraj-film-makers-celebrate-with-studio-ghibli-art-trend/0e17fda324532|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-retro-movie-kanima-song-goes-viral-on-instagram-nw-kls-ws-b-1763939.html|title=இன்ஸ்டா ரீல்ஸ்களை தெறிக்கவிட்டு.. 'வைப்' மெட்டிரியலாக மாறிய 'ரெட்ரோ' படத்தின் கனிமா பாடல்!|date=24 March 2025|website=tamil.news18.com|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324074556/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-retro-movie-kanima-song-goes-viral-on-instagram-nw-kls-ws-b-1763939.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/watch-karthi-recreates-his-brother-suriyas-dance-number-kanimaa-from-retro-dont-miss-his-swag-moves-1379729|title=Watch: Karthi recreates his brother Suriya's dance number Kanimaa from Retro; don't miss his swag moves|date=29 March 2025|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=6 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406020339/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/watch-karthi-recreates-his-brother-suriyas-dance-number-kanimaa-from-retro-dont-miss-his-swag-moves-1379729|url-status=live}}</ref> Hegde often recreated the viral portion of the dance in the film's promotions.<ref>{{cite news |title=ரசிகர்களுடன் 'கனிமா' பாடலை ரீகிரியேட் செய்த பூஜா ஹெக்டே |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/pooja-hegde-recreates-the-song-kanima-with-fans-769460 |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=19 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=பூஜாவின் ஆட்டத்திற்கு போட்டியே இல்லை! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/19/pooja-hegde-kannima-song-retro |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[Dinamani]] |date=19 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ரெட்ரோ விழா... கனிமா பாடலுக்கு வைப் செய்த ... |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/videos/shorts-reels/---------pooja-hegde--retro-grand-audio-launch/28334 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |access-date=19 April 2025 |date=19 April 2025}}</ref> She performed the hookstep live with over 10,000 fans at the film's audio launch held on 18 April 2025 at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |title='கனிமா' பாடலை ரீகிரியேட் செய்த பூஜா ஹெக்டே |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/pooja-hegde-recreates-the-song-kanima-1153552 |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[Daily Thanthi]] |date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

The song crossed 10 million views within few hours of its release and 20 million within few days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/128336|title='இன்ஸ்டன்ட் ஹிட்' ஆன 'ரெட்ரோ' கனிமா…..|website=Dinamalar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/relax/14-million-views-4-days|title=14 million views in 4 days|first=Reema|last=Dudekula|date=27 March 2025|website=www.tamilmurasu.com.sg|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=1 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401001445/https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/relax/14-million-views-4-days|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/retro-movie-kanimaa-song-has-crossed-2-crore-views-1151270|title=2 கோடி பார்வைகளை கடந்த "ரெட்ரோ" படத்தின் "கனிமா" பாடல்|date=5 April 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2025/04/11/will-retro-be-the-comeback-of-suriya.html | title=വമ്പൻ തിരിച്ചു വരവിനൊരുങ്ങി സൂര്യ | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref> Upon its release, the song started trending on internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/03/22/kanimaa-song-from-the-movie-retro.html|title=ആവേശക്കാഴ്ചയായി റെട്രോയിലെ കല്യാണപ്പാട്ട്, സൂര്യയ്ക്കൊപ്പം ആറാടി ജോജു ജോർജും; 6 മില്യൻ പിന്നിട്ട് കാഴ്ചക്കാർ|website=ആവേശക്കാഴ്ചയായി റെട്രോയിലെ കല്യാണപ്പാട്ട്, സൂര്യയ്ക്കൊപ്പം ആറാടി ജോജു ജോർജും; 6 മില്യൻ പിന്നിട്ട് കാഴ്ചക്കാർ}}</ref> The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music, vocal and choreography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news7tamil.live/retros-song-kanima-goes-viral.html|title=வைரலாகும் ரெட்ரோவின் 'கனிமா' பாடல்!|date=22 March 2025|website=News7 Tamil|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=22 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322131539/https://news7tamil.live/retros-song-kanima-goes-viral.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.univarta.com/lyrical-video-of-pooja-hegde-s-song-kanima-from-film-retro-crossed-40-million-views/entertainment/news/3448505.html|title=पूजा हेगड़े की फिल्म रेट्रो के 'कनीमा' गाना के लिरिकल वीडियो ने हासिल किए 40 मिलियन से अधिक व्यूज़|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref> The song soon started trending on several music platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-wraps-up-dubbing-for-retro-this-karthik-subbaraj-directorial-is-set-for-release-on-may-1/articleshow/119901166.cms|title=Suriya wraps up dubbing for 'Retro', this Karthik Subbaraj directorial is set for release on May 1|work=The Times of India|date=2 April 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=8 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408093039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-wraps-up-dubbing-for-retro-this-karthik-subbaraj-directorial-is-set-for-release-on-may-1/articleshow/119901166.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song increased the expectations of the audience and increased number of reservations made in advance that ''Retro'' lodged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sandesh.com/entertainment/entertainment-pooja-hegde-film-retro-created-a-stir-even-before-its-release|title=Entertainment : અભિનેત્રી પૂજા હેગડેની 'રેટ્રો' ફિલ્મે રિલીઝ પહેલા જ મચાવી ધમાલ|website=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]|date=2025-04-26|accessdate=2025-04-27|language=gu}}</ref>

Hegde's [[Sari]] hook step went viral in social media, and many recreated the signature step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/08/retro-trailer-update|title=ரெட்ரோ டிரைலர் எப்போது?|date=8 April 2025|website=Dinamani|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=8 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408130550/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/08/retro-trailer-update|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kumudamnews.com/article/cinema/actress-pooja-hegde-shows-enthusiasm-for-dubbing-retro | title=ஏய் கனிமா.. 'ரெட்ரோ' டப்பிங் பணியில் தீவிரம் காட்டும் பூஜா ஹெக்டே }}</ref> Hegde's expression was also praised by many calling her "expression queen" following the song's release with her dance moves drawing comparisons to her previous chartbusters like "[[Butta Bomma]]", "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" and "[[Ramuloo Ramulaa]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/when-suriya-nailed-a-15-minute-single-shot-sequence-for-retro-827669|title=When Suriya nailed a 15-minute single shot sequence for Retro|date=25 March 2025|website=www.dtnext.in}}</ref><ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-flaunts-infectious-dance-moves-in-retro-s-new-song-kanimaa-watch-article-12973692.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expresskerala.com/news/pooja-hegde-wins-applause-from-fans-dance-in-retro-goes-viral.html|title=ആരാധകരുടെ കയ്യടി നേടി പൂജ ഹെഗ്‌ഡെ; വൈറലായി 'റെട്രോ'യിലെ ഡാൻസ്|first=Express Kerala|last=Network|date=22 March 2025|website=Express Kerala}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted the song "garnered attention for its catchy tune and Pooja Hegde's mesmerizing dance performance, which quickly became a viral sensation on [[Instagram Reels]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-one-suriya-builds-anticipation-for-retro-with-the-third-song-release/articleshow/120249968.cms|title='The One': Suriya builds anticipation for 'Retro' with the third song release|work=The Times of India |date=13 April 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> In an event Hegde stated, "I am filled with joy upon seeing all the love and appreciation coming in for Kanimaa song and the hookstep. My social media is filled with people recreating the hookstep and enjoying the vibe of the track. Seeing everyone grooving to the song, there’s no bigger validation as a performer."

Many celebrities such as [[Karthi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/hero-karthi-dance-his-brother-suriyas-kanima-from-retro-video-goes-viral-1501110.html|title=Karthi Dance: అన్న పాటకు అదిరిపోయే స్టెప్పులేసి కార్తీ.. వీడియో వైరల్|first=TV9|last=Telugu|date=30 March 2025|website=TV9 Telugu}}</ref> [[Sai Dhanshika]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/04/sai-dhanshika-joins-the-vibe-of-kanima|title='கனிமா' டிரெண்டிங்கில் இணைந்த சாய் தன்ஷிகா!|date=4 April 2025|website=Dinamani|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=5 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405165725/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/04/sai-dhanshika-joins-the-vibe-of-kanima|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raveena Daha]], [[Swasika]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/lubber-pandhu-actress-swasika-joins-the-kanimaa-trend-1151660|title='கனிமா' டிரெண்டில் இணைந்த 'லப்பர் பந்து' பட நடிகை|date=8 April 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com|access-date=17 April 2025|archive-date=9 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409134739/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/lubber-pandhu-actress-swasika-joins-the-kanimaa-trend-1151660|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Priya Prakash Varrier]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/priya-prakash-varrier-swoons-over-banger-track-kanimaa-from-suriya-and-pooja-hegde-starrer-retro-watch-1383066|title=Priya Prakash Varrier swoons over banger track Kanimaa from Suriya and Pooja Hegde starrer Retro; WATCH|date=17 April 2025|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref> [[Devika Nambiar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/774723-mini-screen-devika-vijay-mocked-by-troll-over-latest-video-fans-step-in-with-support.html|title=കനിമ പാട്ടിന് തകര്‍പ്പന്‍ ഡാന്‍സുമായി വിജയ് മാധവും ദേവികയും; വീഡിയോ|website=www.mangalam.com}}</ref> [[Ashika Ranganath]], [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 4|Samyuktha Shanmuganathan]], [[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Akshaya Kimmy]], [[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Dhakshana]], [[Manasellam (TV series)|Venba]], [[Bloody Beggar|Divya Vikram]], [[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam|Ramya Ranganathan]], [[Kudumbasthan|Saanve Megghana]], [[Terry Crews]] and several others, recreated the music video by performing the song's iconic hook step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kanima-song-instagram-reels-video-vibe-of-celebrities-and-instagram-couples-influencers-dance-for-retro-movie-suriya-pooja-hegde-kanima-song-article-151347586|title=Kanima Song Reels Video : சூர்யா கூட இப்படி ஆடல, ஓவர் ஃபர்பாமன்ஸ்! இன்ஸ்டாகிராம் ஃபுல்லா கனிமா ரீல்ஸ் வீடியோ தான்!|date=4 April 2025|website=Times Now Tamil}}</ref><ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/karthi-rocks-with-kanimaa-dance-steps-from-suriyas-retro/ar-AA1BSScy</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/priya-prakash-varrier-dances-to-suriya-pooja-hegde-track-kanimaa-stg-yda-ws-kl-2055431.html|title=Priya Prakash Varrier: ಸೂರ್ಯ ಅಭಿನಯದ ರೆಟ್ರೋ ಹಾಡಿಗೆ ಸೊಂಟ ಬಳುಕಿಸಿದ ಕಣ್ಸನ್ನೆ ಬೆಡಗಿ! ಪ್ರಿಯಾ ವಾರಿಯರ್ ವಿಡಿಯೋ ಭರ್ಜರಿ ವೈರಲ್|date=18 April 2025|website=kannada.news18.com}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].

{{div col}}
* [[Santhosh Narayanan]]{{spaced ndash}} composer, singer, arranger, programmer
* [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* The Indian Choral Ensemble{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Sherif (choreographer)|Sherif]]{{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Rupendar Venkatesh{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer, mastering engineer
* Naveen Napier{{spaced ndash}} bass
* Karthikvamsi{{spaced ndash}} rhythm programmer
* Vijay{{spaced ndash}} trumpet
* Maxi{{spaced ndash}} trumpet
* Ben{{spaced ndash}} trumpet
* Mariyappan{{spaced ndash}} drum
* [[Buddhar kalaikuzhu]]{{spaced ndash}} tapes
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performances for "Kanimaa"
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row" | [[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519060847/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 17
|-
! scope="row"| [[UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20250328/asian/|title=Official Asian Music Chart on 28/3/2025|website=Official Charts}}</ref>
| 23
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{T-Series}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Vivek]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]

2025 elections in India

2026-02-18T09:44:07Z

Khalidmendi: put up new data

{{Short description|Indian elections in 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2025
| type =
| rajya_control = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] hold
| rajya_seats_contested = 14
| rajya_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +2
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| states_contested = 2
| state_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +1
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
| state_seats_contested = 15
| state_by_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +1
| state_by_map. =
| state_by_map_caption =
|vp_control=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|vp_candidate1='''[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]'''|vp_candidate2=[[B. Sudershan Reddy]]|vp_map=|vp_vote1='''452'''|vp_vote2=300}}

The '''2025 elections in India''' includes the election to the office of the [[vice president of India]], [[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|Rajya Sabha]], [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]], [[Panchayati raj in India|rural]] and [[Municipal governance in India|urban]] [[Local government in India|local bodies]].

== Vice presidential election ==
{{Main|2025 Indian vice presidential election}}

The vice presidential election was held on 9 September 2025 following the early resignation of [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]. The votes were counted on the same day and [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] was elected as the next [[Vice president of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-09 |title=C.P. Radhakrishnan elected Vice-President of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cp-radhakrishnan-becomes-vice-president-september-9-2025/article70030241.ece |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916113018/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cp-radhakrishnan-becomes-vice-president-september-9-2025/article70030241.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! colspan="3" | Before election
! colspan="3" | After election
|-
!Vice President
!colspan="2"|Party
!Vice President
!colspan="2"| Party
|-
|9 September 2025
|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Rajya Sabha elections==
{{main|2025 Rajya Sabha elections}}

Elections for 14 seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]] were held on 19 June and 24 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title=Elections to 8 Rajya Sabha seats in Tamil Nadu, Assam on June 19 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/biennial-polls-to-eight-rajya-sabha-seats-on-june-19/articleshow/121410120.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2025-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711100424/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/biennial-polls-to-eight-rajya-sabha-seats-on-june-19/articleshow/121410120.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-24 |title=Election Commission announces polls for 4 Rajya Sabha seats of Jammu and Kashmir on October 24 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/election-commission-announces-polls-for-5-rajya-sabha-seats-of-jammu-and-kashmir-punjab-on-october-24-latest-updates-2025-09-24-1009786 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001214029/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/election-commission-announces-polls-for-5-rajya-sabha-seats-of-jammu-and-kashmir-punjab-on-october-24-latest-updates-2025-09-24-1009786 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date
!Election
!colspan="2"|Majority before
!colspan="2"|Majority after
|-
|June - October 2025
|[[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|Rajya Sabha]]
|{{Full party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|{{Full party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|}

== State Assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Date(s)
! rowspan="2" | State/UT
! colspan="3" | Before election
! colspan="3" | After election
! rowspan="2" | Maps
|-
! colspan="2" | Parties
! CM
! colspan="2" | Parties
! CM
|-
| 5 February 2025
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Atishi Marlena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Rekha Gupta]]
| [[File:IN-DL.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 6–11 November 2025
|rowspan="2"|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan ="2"|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:IN-BR.svg|56x56px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|}
{{Notelist}}

==State Assembly by-elections==
===[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|rowspan=2|19 June 2025<ref name="June bypoll">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-25 |title=Byelections to five Assembly seats in four States to be held on June 19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypolls-to-five-seats-in-four-states-on-june-19-election-commission/article69616750.ece |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722234744/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypolls-to-five-seats-in-four-states-on-june-19-election-commission/article69616750.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
!24
|[[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]]
|[[Karshan Solanki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died on 4 February 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Gujarat BJP legislator Karshanbhai Solanki passes away at 68 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-bjp-legislator-karshanbhai-solanki-passes-away-9816493/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623080427/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-bjp-legislator-karshanbhai-solanki-passes-away-9816493/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Rajendra Chavda]]<ref name="June bypoll result">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=LIVE Results: AAP bags Visavadar, Ludhiana; Congress wins Nilambur, BJP retains Kadi, TMC takes Kaliganj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assembly-bypoll-results-2025-live-updates-bjp-kadi-visavadar-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-23-june-eci-gov-in-101750662886365.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712062935/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assembly-bypoll-results-2025-live-updates-bjp-kadi-visavadar-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-23-june-eci-gov-in-101750662886365.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!87
|[[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
|[[Bhupat Bhayani|Bhupendra Bhayani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|dab=yes}}
|Resigned on 13 December 2023<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-12-13|title=Gujarat AAP MLA Bhupendra Bhayani resigns, set to join BJP|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-aap-mla-bhupendra-bhayani-resigns-from-legislative-assembly/article67633540.ece|access-date=2023-12-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=23 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623101530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-aap-mla-bhupendra-bhayani-resigns-from-legislative-assembly/article67633540.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Gopal Italia]]<ref name="June bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|dab=yes}}
|}

===[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|rowspan=2|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=Bypolls to 8 Assembly seats across 7 states on November 11, counting on November 14 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bypolls-8-assembly-seats-november-11-counting-november-14-2798615-2025-10-06 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106221052/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bypolls-8-assembly-seats-november-11-counting-november-14-2798615-2025-10-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!27
|[[Budgam Assembly constituency|Budgam]]
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|Resigned on 21 October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=CM Omar Abdullah vacates Budgam Assembly seat, retains family bastion Ganderbal |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/cm-omar-abdullah-vacates-budgam-assembly-seat-retains-family-bastion-ganderbal-11729510938531.html |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710194840/https://www.livemint.com/politics/cm-omar-abdullah-vacates-budgam-assembly-seat-retains-family-bastion-ganderbal-11729510938531.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Aga Syed Muntazir Mehdi]]<ref name="November bypoll result">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=By-election results highlights: BJP, Cong bag 2 wins each; AAP wins key Tarn Taran seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/by-elections-2025-live-updates-j-k-rajasthan-telangana-jubilee-hills-punjab-mizoram-odisha-latest-news-101763078108881.html?id=101763132439201&utm_source=ht_site_copyURL&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115224842/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/by-elections-2025-live-updates-j-k-rajasthan-telangana-jubilee-hills-punjab-mizoram-odisha-latest-news-101763078108881.html?id=101763132439201&utm_source=ht_site_copyURL&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Budgam Assembly constituency by Poll Result">{{cite news|title=2024 Budgam Assembly constituency by Poll Result|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0827.htm|accessdate=15 November 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115043730/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0827.htm|archivedate=15 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|-
!77
|[[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
|[[Devender Singh Rana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died on 31 October 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jk-bjp-mla-devender-singh-rana-passes-away-101730401593502.html|title=J&K BJP MLA Devender Singh Rana passes away|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 October 2024|archive-date=1 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101034036/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jk-bjp-mla-devender-singh-rana-passes-away-101730401593502.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Devyani Singh Rana|Devyani Rana]]<ref name="November bypoll result" /><ref name="2025 Nagrota Assembly constituency By Poll Result">{{cite news|title=2025 Nagrota Assembly constituency By Poll Result|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0877.htm|accessdate=15 November 2025|work=|issue=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115044704/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0877.htm|archivedate=15 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

===[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll" />
!45
|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatshila]]
|[[Ramdas Soren]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Died on 15 August 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-dies-at-62-9094350|title=Jharkhand Education Minister Ramdas Soren Dies At 62|work=NDTV|accessdate=15 August 2025|archive-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115085502/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-dies-at-62-9094350|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Somesh Chandra Soren]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

===[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
! colspan="3" |Elected MLA
|-
|rowspan=1|19 June 2025<ref name="June bypoll" />
!84
|[[Nilambur Assembly constituency|Nilambur]]
|[[P. V. Anvar]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|Resigned on 13 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-13 |title=PV Anvar resigns as MLA |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pv-anvar-resigns-as-mla/articleshow/117192017.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601074513/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pv-anvar-resigns-as-mla/articleshow/117192017.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Aryadan Shoukath]]<ref name="June bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll" />
!2
|[[Dampa Assembly constituency|Dampa]]
|[[Lalrintluanga Sailo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|Died on 21 July 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=Sitting Mizo National Front MLA Lalrintluanga Sailo passes away in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/sitting-mizo-national-front-mla-lalrintluanga-sailo-passes-away-in-delhi-101753171115586.html |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115114620/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/sitting-mizo-national-front-mla-lalrintluanga-sailo-passes-away-in-delhi-101753171115586.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[R. Lalthangliana]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|}

===[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll" />
!71
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
|[[Rajendra Dholakia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Died on 8 September 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=BJD leader and Nuapada MLA Dholakia dies at 69 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Sep/09/bjd-leader-and-nuapada-mla-dholakia-dies-at-69 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012172924/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Sep/09/bjd-leader-and-nuapada-mla-dholakia-dies-at-69 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Jay Dholakia]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

===[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
! colspan="3" |Elected MLA
|-
|19 June 2025<ref name="June bypoll" />
!64
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]]
|[[Gurpreet Gogi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|Died on 10 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-11 |title=AAP Punjab MLA Gurpreet Bassi Gogi dies of gunshot wounds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aap-punjab-mla-gurpreet-bassi-gogi-dies-of-gunshot-wounds/articleshow/117132567.cms |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111010503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aap-punjab-mla-gurpreet-bassi-gogi-dies-of-gunshot-wounds/articleshow/117132567.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]<ref name="June bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll" />
!21
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]]
|[[Kashmir Singh Sohal]]
|Died on 27 June 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=Punjab: Tarn Taran AAP MLA Dr Kashmir Singh Sohal passes away at 62 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-tarn-taran-aap-mla-dr-kashmir-singh-sohal-passes-away-at-62-101751017900835.html |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115141906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-blast-probe-nia-detains-3-docs-linked-to-faridabad-varsity-101763146047186.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|}

===[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
! colspan="3" |Elected MLA
|-
|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll" />
!193
|[[Anta Assembly constituency|Anta]]
|[[Kanwar Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Disqualified on 23 May 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-24 |title=Convicted for gun threat, Rajasthan BJP MLA Kanwarlal Meena gets disqualified |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/convicted-for-gun-threat-rajasthan-bjp-mla-kanwarlal-meena-gets-disqualified/articleshow/121371326.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821041323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/convicted-for-gun-threat-rajasthan-bjp-mla-kanwarlal-meena-gets-disqualified/articleshow/121371326.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Pramod Jain Bhaya]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan=2|Constituency
!colspan=3|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan=3|Elected MLA
|-
|5 February 2025<ref name="February bypoll">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-07 |title=Assembly bypolls: UP's Milkipur and Tamil Nadu's Erode East to go to polls on February 5 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assembly-bypolls-ups-milkipur-and-tamil-nadus-erode-east-to-go-to-polls-on-february-5/articleshow/117020266.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211204945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assembly-bypolls-ups-milkipur-and-tamil-nadus-erode-east-to-go-to-polls-on-february-5/articleshow/117020266.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
!98
|[[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode East]]
|[[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Died on 14 December 2024<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/evks-elangovan-senior-congress-leader-and-erode-east-mla-no-more/article68984569.ece|title=E.V.K.S. Elangovan, senior Congress leader and Erode (East) MLA, no more|date=14 December 2024|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 December 2024|archive-date=21 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621141651/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/evks-elangovan-senior-congress-leader-and-erode-east-mla-no-more/article68984569.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[V. C. Chandhirakumar]]<ref name="February bypoll result">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Bypoll election result live: BJP wins Milkipur seat; DMK wins Erode East |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypoll-results-live-erode-east-milkipur-election-result-today-8-february-2025-101738974444654.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208141329/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypoll-results-live-erode-east-milkipur-election-result-today-8-february-2025-101738974444654.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

===[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan=2|Constituency
!colspan=3|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan=3|Elected MLA
|-
|rowspan=1|11 November 2025<ref name="November bypoll" />
!61
|[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
|[[Maganti Gopinath]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|Died on 8 June 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=Jubilee Hills MLA Maganti Gopinah passes away at 63 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Jun/08/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinah-passes-away-at-63 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803134254/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Jun/08/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinah-passes-away-at-63 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Naveen Yadav|Naveen Yadav Vallala]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|5 February 2025<ref name="February bypoll" />
!273
|[[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]]
|[[Awadhesh Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|Resigned on 12 June 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-12 |title=Samajwadi Party chief Akhilesh Yadav and Ayodhya MP Awadhesh Prasad resign from UP assembly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/samajwadi-party-chief-akhilesh-yadav-resigns-from-karhal-assembly-seat/articleshow/110934934.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805230556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/samajwadi-party-chief-akhilesh-yadav-resigns-from-karhal-assembly-seat/articleshow/110934934.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Chandrabhanu Paswan]]<ref name="February bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
| 19 June 2025<ref name="June bypoll" />
!80
|[[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|[[Nasiruddin Ahamed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Died on 1 February 2025<ref>{{cite web|date=2025-02-02|title=Veteran TMC MLA Nasiruddin Ahmed dies of cardiac arrest in West Bengal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/veteran-tmc-mla-nasiruddin-ahmed-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-west-bengal/articleshow/117852069.cms|access-date=2025-02-02|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624045402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/veteran-tmc-mla-nasiruddin-ahmed-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-west-bengal/articleshow/117852069.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Alifa Ahmed]]<ref name="June bypoll result" />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Local body elections==


===Arunachal Pradesh===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Governing body
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Arunachal: BJP sweeps Itanagar civic polls; PPA wins in Pasighat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/arunachal-bjp-sweeps-itanagar-civic-polls-ppa-wins-in-pasighat-101766221086881.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220093214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/arunachal-bjp-sweeps-itanagar-civic-polls-ppa-wins-in-pasighat-101766221086881.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|15 December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Arunachal Pradesh to hold PRI and municipal elections on December 15 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-to-hold-pri-and-municipal-elections-on-december-15-101763207561802.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120170036/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-to-hold-pri-and-municipal-elections-on-december-15-101763207561802.html |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|Itanagar Municipal Corporation
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Assam===
{{For|rural local body elections|2025 Assam Panchayat Election}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
! Governing body
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=Assam: Tankeshwar Rabha sworn-in as RHAC chief for third term, CM Sarma pushes for Constitutional status |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-tankeshwar-rabha-sworn-in-as-rhac-chief-for-third-term-cm-sarma-pushes-for-constitutional-status-1198503-2025-04-13 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=India Today NE |archive-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427072938/https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-tankeshwar-rabha-sworn-in-as-rhac-chief-for-third-term-cm-sarma-pushes-for-constitutional-status-1198503-2025-04-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Bodoland People’s Front returns to power with majority in Assam’s BTC, ousts UPPL-BJP alliance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bodoland-people-s-front-returns-to-power-with-majority-in-assam-s-btc-ousts-uppl-bjp-alliance-101758952022954.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120170344/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bodoland-people-s-front-returns-to-power-with-majority-in-assam-s-btc-ousts-uppl-bjp-alliance-101758952022954.html |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Assam: Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council Elections To Be Held On April 2 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-rabha-hasong-autonomous-council-elections-to-be-held-on-april-2 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409190108/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-rabha-hasong-autonomous-council-elections-to-be-held-on-april-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha}}
|{{Full party name with color|Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2025 Bodoland Territorial Council election|22 September 2025]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bodoland Territorial Council]]
|{{Full party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bodoland People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== Chhattisgarh ===
{{Main|2025 Chhattisgarh local elections}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Governing body
!colspan="2"|Government before
!colspan="2"|Government after
|-
|rowspan=10|[[2025 Chhattisgarh local elections|11 February 2025]]
|[[Ambikapur Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=10}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|-
|[[Bilaspur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Chirmiri Municipal Corporation
|-
|Dhamtari Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Durg Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Jagdalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Korba Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Raigarh Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Raipur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Rajnandgaon Municipal Corporation
|}

=== Gujarat ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Governing body
!colspan="2"|Government before
!colspan="2"|Government after<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-18 |title=Gujarat Municipal Election Results 2025: BJP wins 48 of 60 seats in Junagadh Local Body Polls; Congress 11, Independent 1 |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/gujarat-municipal-election-results-2025-bjp-wins-48-of-60-seats-in-junagadh-local-body-polls-congress-11-independent-one-a517/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218091714/https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/gujarat-municipal-election-results-2025-bjp-wins-48-of-60-seats-in-junagadh-local-body-polls-congress-11-independent-one-a517/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|16 February 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-21 |title=Polls for Junagadh Municipal Corporation, 66 municipalities on Feb 16 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/polls-for-junagadh-municipal-corporation-66-municipalities-on-feb-16/articleshow/117435736.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418111553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/polls-for-junagadh-municipal-corporation-66-municipalities-on-feb-16/articleshow/117435736.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Junagadh Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Haryana===
{{Main|2025 Haryana local elections}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Governing body
!colspan="2"|Government before
!colspan="2"|Government after<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Haryana civic body polls: BJP wins nine of 10 centres, Manesar gets independent mayor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/haryana-civic-body-polls-bjp-wins-nine-of-10-centres-manesar-gets-independent-mayor-101741801812322.html |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315084908/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/haryana-civic-body-polls-bjp-wins-nine-of-10-centres-manesar-gets-independent-mayor-101741801812322.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=7|[[2025 Haryana local elections|2 March 2025]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-05 |title=Haryana municipal polls on March 2, Panipat MC elections on March 9 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-municipal-polls-on-march-2-panipat-mc-elections-on-march-9/articleshow/117926814.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219043239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-municipal-polls-on-march-2-panipat-mc-elections-on-march-9/articleshow/117926814.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Manesar Municipal Corporation]]
|style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|''Did not exist''
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[Gurgaon Municipal Corporation|Gurugram Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[Faridabad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Rohtak Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Karnal Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Hisar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Yamunanagar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[2025 Haryana local elections|9 March 2025]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[Panipat Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Kerala ===
{{Main|2025 Kerala local elections}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
! Date
! Governing body
! colspan="2" | Government before<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-28 |title=Kerala: LDF comes to power in 5 of 6 municipal corporations in state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-ldf-comes-to-power-in-5-of-6-municipal-corporations-in-state-7123774/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821075251/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-ldf-comes-to-power-in-5-of-6-municipal-corporations-in-state-7123774/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Government after<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=Kerala local body polls: UDF sweeps four Corporations, LDF reduced to one, BJP opens score |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/udf-sweeps-four-corporations-ldf-reduced-to-one-bjp-opens-score/article70392484.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213162947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/udf-sweeps-four-corporations-ldf-reduced-to-one-bjp-opens-score/article70392484.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[2025 Kerala local elections|9 & 11 December 2025]]
| [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=5}}
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|-
| [[2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election|Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Kannur Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|}

=== Meghalaya ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Governing body
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| rowspan=2|21 February 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Meghalaya Governor approves date for KHADC, JHADC elections |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-governor-approves-date-for-khadc-jhadc-elections-1139513-2024-12-18 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=India Today NE |language= |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426004129/https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-governor-approves-date-for-khadc-jhadc-elections-1139513-2024-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[2025 Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council election|Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]]
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2025 Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council election|Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]]
| {{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}

=== Mizoram ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date
!Governing body
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-15 |title=ZPM, MNF form alliance to run Mizoram’s Lai council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/zpm-mnf-form-alliance-to-run-mizorams-lai-council/articleshow/125988672.cms |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216234700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/zpm-mnf-form-alliance-to-run-mizorams-lai-council/articleshow/125988672.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |3 December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=Mizoram to hold Lai Autonomous District Council polls on December 3 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-to-hold-lai-autonomous-district-council-polls-on-december-3-1300847-2025-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120171141/https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-to-hold-lai-autonomous-district-council-polls-on-december-3-1300847-2025-11-07 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=India Today NE |language=}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" |[[Lai Autonomous District Council]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

===Uttarakhand===
{{Main|2025 Uttarakhand local elections}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Governing body
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[2025 Uttarakhand local elections|23 January 2025]]
| [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election|Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|-
| [[2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election|Haldwani Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election|Kashipur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election|Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election|Rudrapur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election|Haridwar Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election|Kotdwar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election|Roorkee Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election|Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3 colspan=2|''Did Not Exist''
|-
| [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election|Almora Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 elections in India]]
* [[2025 Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[2026 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2025 in India| ]]
[[Category:2025 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2025 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Mungtu Ram Jaipuria

2026-02-08T23:29:52Z

Khalidmendi: cleaned up structure for accuracy and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian philanthropists, industrialist and educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mungtu Ram Jaipuria
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Social worker, educationist, industrialist
| yearsactive =
| known_for = [[Seth M.R. Jaipuria Schools]]
| awards = {{ublist|1971 [[Padma Bhushan]] }}
| children = [[Rajaram Jaipuria]]
}}
'''Mungtu Ram Jaipuria''' (1901–1978) was an Indian social worker, industrialist and educationist and the founder of [[Seth M.R. Jaipuria Schools]].<ref name="History">{{Cite web |url=http://jaipuria.edu.in/kanpurschool/about-us/history/ |title=History |date=2018-05-27 |website=jaipuria.edu.in |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref><ref name="About Seth M.R. Jaipuria School">{{Cite web |url=http://school.jaipuria.ac.in/the-school/about-seth-mr-jaipuria-school/ |title=About Seth M.R. Jaipuria School |date=2018-05-27 |website=school.jaipuria.ac.in |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1971.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

== Family ==
He was the son of Seth Anandaram Jaipuria who belonged to [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPwiAQAAMAAJ&q=Mungturam+jaipuria+was+son+of|title=Indians Overseas: Year Book and Who's who|publisher=Overseas Publishing House.|pages=31|language=en}}</ref> but migrated to [[Kolkata]] and [[Kanpur]] later.

== Industries ==
He managed several industries, such as sugar mills, textile spinning, and weaving, etc. He partnered with one of the oldest textile mills in India. Swadeshi cotton mills at [[Kanpur]] which was acquired by [[National Textile Corporation]] in 1978.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=B. M. Birla|first1=Chairman|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2603|title=Report of the Fact Finding Committee: Large Scale Industries|last2=L. P. Misra|first2=Member|last3=B. N. Das Gupta|first3=Member|last4=Padampat Singhania|first4=Member|last5=J. K. Sr1vastava|first5=Member|last6=Ram Ratan Gupta|first6=Member|last7=M. R. Ja1puria|first7=Member|last8=R. P. Nevatia|first8=Member|last9=K. K. Birla|first9=Member|date=1956|publisher=Lucknow, Superintendent Printing and Stationery|pages=135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8311|title=The Indian Textile Journal 1854-1954.|date=1955|publisher=Indian Textile Journal, Bombay|pages=556}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=}}
*[[Seth Anandram Jaipuria College]]
*[[Seth M.R.Jaipuria School, Lucknow]]
*[[Jaipuria Vidyalaya]]
*[[Rajaram Jaipuria]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaipuria, Mungtu Ram}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Jaipur]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:20th-century philanthropists]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Nazea Hasan Sayed

2026-02-08T18:05:34Z

Khalidmendi: edit

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nazea Hasan Sayed
| image =
| alt =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mumbai, India, 23 September 1990
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]
| years_active = 2007–present
}}
'''Nazea Hasan Sayed''' is an Indian actress and model. She is best known for her work in daily [[Soap opera|soaps]] like ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', ''[[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|Dahleez]]'', ''[[Lockdown Ki Love Story]]'' and ''[[Ek Nayi Pehchan]]''.

==Career==
She came into the limelight for her work in the series Aladdin (Kid Show), which was aired on [[Zee TV]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/bollywood/nazea-sayed-si-cantik-jasmine-di-serial-aladdin-0a9a8b.html|title=Nazea Sayed, Si Cantik Jasmine di Serial 'Aladdin'|trans-title=Nazea Sayed, Beautiful Princess Jasmine in the Series 'Aladdin'|author=Wulan Noviarina|language=id|date=14 August 2014|accessdate=10 September 2019}}</ref> She became popular for her work in ''[[Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nazea Hasan Sayed is on a career high|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nazea-hasan-sayed-career-high|website=Telly Chakkar|accessdate=10 September 2019|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> She made her debut as an actress in the Bollywood movie ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]'', which was released in 2013. She also appeared in ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' and ''[[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|Dahleez]]'' where she played the role of [[Karna|Vrushali]] and Simmi respectively.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|author=Swasti Chatterjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nazea-always-wanted-to-be-a-part-of-Mahabharat/articleshow/29827605.cms|title=Nazea always wanted to be a part of Mahabharat|date=3 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=10 September 2019}}</ref> she played the role of Tanu Goel in [[Lockdown Ki Love Story]] which is produced by Rashmi Sharma telefims.presently working for &tv baalshiv as goddess Saraswati with Rishabh

==Filmography==
* Aladdin as Princess Jasmine
* CID - Many episodics.
* [[Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed]] as Sheela
* [[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]] as Shanaya (Padmini Kolhapure Daughter)
* [[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]] as [[Vrushali]]
* [[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|Dahleez]] as Simmi Ahuja
* [[Lockdown Ki Love Story]] as Tanu Goel
* [[Once Upon A Time In Mumbai Dobaara]]
* [[Ebn-e-Batuta]] as Bubbly
* [[Devi Adi Parashakti]] as [[Mohini]]
*[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]] as Mohana Lakshminarayanan
*''[[Tulsidham Ke Laddu Gopal]]'' as [[Yashoda]]
* Adaalat episode 272---as Zenia

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6250106}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayed, Nazea Hasan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Anuradha Krishnamoorthy

2026-02-06T05:45:15Z

Khalidmendi: Details

{{Short description|Indian cheesemaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anuradha Krishnamoorthy
| image = Anuradha Krishnamoorthy 8 March 2018 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date =
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| other_names =
| known_for = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = cheese maker and strategy consultant
| title =
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}}

'''Anuradha Krishnamoorthy''' is an Indian [[social entrepreneur]] and [[cheesemaker]]. She won the 2017 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] with her colleague [[Namrata Sundaresan]].

== Career ==
Anuradha Krishnamoorthy set up an organisation working with disabled people, supporting them in finding work.<ref name="TLI">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Ankit Sharma |title=Meet The Nari Shakti Puruskar {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Receipents}} Who Are Empowering Disabled Women |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/meet-the-nari-shakti-puruskar-receipents-who-are-empowering-disabled-women/ |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=The Logical Indian |date=10 April 2018 |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210181358/https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/meet-the-nari-shakti-puruskar-receipents-who-are-empowering-disabled-women/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2016, Krishnamoorthy then founded Käse Cheese in [[Chennai]] with chef [[Namrata Sundaresan]].<ref name="DC">{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Yogitha |title=Cheese with a cause |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/060120/cheese-with-a-cause.html |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210181125/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/060120/cheese-with-a-cause.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They had known each other for about ten years and her new business partner's day job was in a strategy consultancy. Their first variety was a type of [[Quark (dairy product)|Quark]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anna|date=2017-03-15|title=The Käse Of Making Cheese In Chennai: An Interview With The Founders Of Käse Cheese|url=https://www.hungryforever.com/kase-making-cheese-chennai-interview-founders-kase-cheese/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=HungryForever Food Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> They make other natural cheeses following traditional methods whilst adding local ingredients, for example using [[Milagai Podi]] to make a [[cheddar cheese]] called "Ode to Chennai". Krishnamoorthy's background in [[social entrepreneurship]] led her to employ and train disabled women. As of 2020, Käse was producing over 30 cheeses.<ref name="DC" />
[[File:Anuradha Krishnamoorthy.jpg|thumb|Anuradha Krishnamoorthy gaining the award]]
Krishnamoorthy and Sundaresan both received the 2017 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] for their entrepreneurship.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=A 'cheesy' effort to give women wings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/2018/mar/19/a-cheesy-effort-to-give-women-wings-1789111.html |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210181101/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/2018/mar/19/a-cheesy-effort-to-give-women-wings-1789111.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The awards were made to on [[International Women's Day]] in 2018 on behalf of the Ministry of Women and Child Development<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar - Gallery|url=http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114170431/http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|archive-date=2021-01-14|access-date=2021-01-16|website=narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in}}</ref> by the President of India. The award is the highest award for women in India.<ref name=oddref>{{Cite news|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|date=2018-03-07|title=Charity 'home maker' gets her due on women's day|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/charity-home-maker-gets-her-due-on-womens-day/article22971013.ece|access-date=2021-01-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamoorthy, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Cheesemakers]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Yatharth Hospitals

2026-02-06T05:34:33Z

Khalidmendi: new new page...

{{Short description|Public Limited Healthcare Organization in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|543950}}|{{NSE|YATHARTH}}}}
| industry = [[Healthcare]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2008}}
| hq_location = [[New Delhi]], India
| num_locations = Seven
| area_served = India
| key_people = Dr. Ajay Kumar Tyagi (Chairman)
Dr. Kapil Kumar (Managing Director)
Mr. Yatharth Tyagi (Director).<ref name="Yatharth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yatharthhospitals.com/investors|title=Our Management - Yatharth Hospitals Group |access-date=29 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.yatharthhospitals.com/}}
}}

'''Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd''' is an Indian [[For-profit hospital|for-profit]] [[Private hospital|private]] [[Hospital network|hospital chain]] of [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2024 |title=Yatharth Hospitals announce new acquisition, to expand footprint in Delhi |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/yatharth-hospitals-announce-new-acquisition-to-expand-footprint-in-delhi/article68814280.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2024 |title=Presentation of Earnings Update |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/85b963e3-9014-4020-a331-629967c5b97b.pdf |publisher=Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd}}</ref> It operates 8 hospitals with more than 2500 beds in four states of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Earnings Presentation |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/b4c7fc31-cab4-418d-b1dc-8d82626ae5b5.pdf |publisher=Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Abhishek |date=2024-02-17 |title=Yatharth Hospitals to double bed count in three years, targeting more acquisitions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/yatharth-hospitals-to-double-bed-count-in-three-years-targeting-more-acquisitions/article67856636.ece |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It was founded by Dr. Ajay Kumar Tyagi and Dr. Kapil Kumar in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd., Company |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/company/yatharth-hospital-trauma-care-services/history.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Goodreturn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Yatharth Hospital Expands Presence in North India with Second Acquisition of 2024 - Elets eHealth |url=https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2024/11/yatharth-hospital-expands-presence-in-north-india-with-second-acquisition-of-2024/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=eHealth Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hospital |first=Yatharth |title=Yatharth hospital |url=https://www.yatharthhospitals.com/investors |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.yatharthhospitals.com |language=en}}</ref> All of its hospitals are accredited by [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABH]]. Its facility in Greater Noida West is the first and only hospital in Uttar Pradesh to be accredited by [[Joint Commission International]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=Yatharth Hospital achieves historic milestone as Uttar Pradesh's first JCI-accredited hospital |url=https://www.businessupturn.com/business/corporates/yatharth-hospital-achieves-historic-milestone-as-uttar-pradeshs-first-jci-accredited-hospital/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Business Upturn |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-23 |title=Yatharth Hospital becomes Uttar Pradesh's First JCI-Accredited Hospital |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=353744 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=EquityBulls}}</ref>

== History ==
Yatharth Hospitals commenced its operations in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.yatharthhospitals.com/uploads/investors/yatharth_39273995.pdf |access-date=9 December 2024 |publisher=Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd}}</ref> In 2013, Yatharth Hospital established its second hospital, a 250 bedded hospital, in [[Noida]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd. company information, history, management and director details and CEO salary |url=https://trendlyne.com/equity/about/1565404/YATHARTH/yatharth-hospital-trauma-care-services-ltd/#:~:text=The%20Company%20started%20operations%20in,super-specialty%20tertiary%20care%20hospital. |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Trendlyne.com |language=en}}</ref> followed by its third hospital in 2019 in Noida Extension.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

In 2024, the company acquired [[Faridabad]] based 175 bedded multispecialty Asian Fidelis Hospital for Rs 116 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Yatharth Hospital shares hit record high on robust Q3, acquisition of Fidelis Hospital |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/investing/yatharth-hospital-shares-hit-record-high-on-robust-q3-acquisition-of-fidelis-hospital/115764 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yatharth Hospital acquires Faridabad-based Asian Fidelis for Rs 116 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/yatharth-hospital-acquires-faridabad-based-asian-fidelis-for-rs-116-crore-124021200296_1.html |access-date=9 December 2014 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> and expanded it to 200 beds. It was officially launched in May 2024. The company also announced acquisition of a super-specialty hospital in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatharth Hospitals Acquires Super Specialty Hospital In Delhi |url=https://bwhealthcareworld.com/article/yatharth-hospitals-acquires-super-specialty-hospital-in-delhi-537753 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=BW Health |language=en}}</ref> previously known as MD City Hospital – for a cost of approximately Rs 160 crore. It also announced that it has entered into a strategic collaboration agreement for the acquisition of a 60% stake in a 400 bedded hospital in Faridabad, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Anupama |date=2024-10-31 |title=Yatharth Hospitals expands Delhi-NCR presence with two strategic acquisitions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/yatharth-hospitals-expands-delhi-ncr-presence-with-two-strategic-acquisitions/article68817432.ece |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd was listed on the [[stock exchange]]s in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Listing Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/yatharth-hospital-trauma-care-services-ltd/infocompanylisting/companyid-54087.cms |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatharth Hospital IPO opens today: 10 things to know before you buy it |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/yatharth-hospital-ipo-opens-tomorrow-10-things-to-know-before-you-buy-it-11026931.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731001141/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/yatharth-hospital-ipo-opens-tomorrow-10-things-to-know-before-you-buy-it-11026931.html |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2024, Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd raised ₹625 crore through Qualified Institutional Placement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=Yatharth Hospitals sells shares to Citigroup, Societe Generale, raising ₹625 crore - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/yatharth-hospitals-share-price-qip-625-crore-fund-raising-kotak-sbi-citi-societe-generale-19528978.htm |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatharth Hospitals Raises ₹625 Crore via QIP at ₹595 per Share {{!}} India Infoline |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/business/yatharth-hospitals-raises-625-crore-via-qip-at-595-per-share |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref>

The group recently announced acquisition of Shantived Hospital, Agra in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yatharth-acquire-shantived-hospital-agra-100015056.html |access-date=November 25, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatharth Hospital to buy Agra-based multi-speciality hospital |url=https://www.vccircle.com/yatharthhospital-to-buy-agra-based-multi-speciality-hospital |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Branches (Network) ==
The group has seven operational hospitals<ref>{{Cite web |last=BSE India |date=27 January 2025 |title=Announcement under Regulation 30 (LODR)-Investor Presentation |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis//1e1f0f0f-a157-49b3-8bff-4c25f5b78361.pdf |access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref> in North India in four states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-30 |title=Yatharth Hospital to acquire 60% stake in Faridabad-based facility |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/yatharth-hospital-to-acquire-60-stake-in-faridabad-based-facility/articleshow/114786535.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>, Madhya Pradesh, and New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Yatharth Hospital Expands Presence in North India with Second Acquisition of 2024 |url=https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2024/11/yatharth-hospital-expands-presence-in-north-india-with-second-acquisition-of-2024/ |access-date=November 11, 2025 |website=eHealth}}</ref>, with one new acquisitions in [[Agra]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Yatharth Hospital Acquires Agra’s Shantived Hospital in ₹260 Crore Deal |url=https://hdfcsky.com/news/yatharth-hospital-acquires-agras-shantived-hospital-in-rs-260-crore |access-date=November 25, 2025 |website=HDFC Sky}}</ref>, making it a total bed capacity of over 2500 beds<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Yatharth Hospital aims to sustain 30% annual revenue growth for next 3-4 years - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/yatharth-hospital-maintains-30-percent-revenue-growth-outlook-anticipates-expansion-bed-capacity-alpha-article-19677173.htm |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>.

== Education Program ==
Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals in Noida Extension and Greater Noida,<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNB Program |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://careermedia.in/yatharth-hospital-greater-noida-east/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218064417/https://careermedia.in/yatharth-hospital-greater-noida-east/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> India offers DNB ([[Diplomate of National Board]]) programs in several medical specialties, including [[Internal medicine|General Medicine]], [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopaedics]], [[General surgery|General Surgery]], Radio Diagnosis, [[Pediatrics|Paediatrics]], [[Emergency medicine|Emergency Medicine]], Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and [[Anesthesiology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2025 |title=Yatharth Superspeciality Hospitals DNB Courses & Fees 2026 |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/yatharth-superspeciality-hospitals-greater-noida-241872/courses/dnb-bc |access-date=November 25, 2025}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2017, the family of a three-year-old child lodged an FIR against five doctors of Yatharth Super Speciality Hospital Greater Noida and Jaypee hospital (Now Max Super Speciality Hospital, Noida)for medical negligence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-12 |title=Medical negligence: Family moves court against seeking FIRs against five doctors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/medical-negligence-family-moves-court-against-seeking-firs-against-five-doctors/articleshow/62042286.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO), has sought a report from the Uttar Pradesh government after an illegal organ transplant racket was unearthed at [[Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha|Indraprastha Apollo Hospital]] in southeast Delhi with links to Yatharth Hospital in Noida.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=Centre's nodal organ transplant agency seeks report on Apollo-Yatharth hospital kidney racket from UP government |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/centres-nodal-organ-transplant-agency-seeks-report-on-apollo-yatharth-hospital-kidney-racket-from-up-government-11720595986574.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-11 |title=Kidney transplant racket: Delhi Police collects documents from Noida CMO's office |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/kidney-transplant-racket-delhi-police-collects-documents-from-noida-cmo-s-office-101720722194478.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908221734/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/kidney-transplant-racket-delhi-police-collects-documents-from-noida-cmo-s-office-101720722194478.html |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, the Income Tax department authorities carried out searches at 15 locations in Delhi-NCR and Uttar Pradesh on the premises linked to Yatharth Hospital and its promoters and directors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-T searches 15 locations linked to Yatharth Hospital in Delhi-NCR, UP |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/it-searches-15-locations-linked-to-yatharth-hospital-in-delhincr-up/72335.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=I-T department raids Yatharth hospital group premises, offices in Noida, Delhi |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/personal-finance/income-tax/news-i-t-department-raids-yatharth-hospital-group-premises-offices-in-noida-delhi-260468 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.yatharthhospitals.com/ Official Website]

[[Category:Hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2008]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Ramphal Mandal

2026-02-05T19:19:43Z

Khalidmendi: New A Pg W/ Refs...

{{Infobox person
| name = Ramphal Mandal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 August 1924
| birth_place = Madhurapur, Bajpatti, Sitamarhi district, Bihar
| death_date = 23 August 1943 (aged 19)
| death_place = Bhagalpur Central Jail
| occupation = Freedom fighter
| known_for = Participation in Quit India Movement, martyrdom
}}

'''Ramphal Mandal''' (6 August 1924 – 23 August 1943) was an Indian freedom fighter from [[Bihar]] who participated in the Quit India Movement against British colonial rule. He is widely remembered in parts of Bihar for his role in the struggle for independence and his execution by the British authorities at the age of 19.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who was Shaheed Ramphal, around whom Nitish Kumar is trying to consolidate Pachpania community |work=AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/bihar-election-2025-martyr-ramphal-mandal-nitish-kumar-focus-ebc-vote-bank-bjp-rjd-ntcpkb-dskc-2310291-2025-08-14}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramphal Mandal was born on 6 August 1924 in the village of Madhurapur in the Bajpatti area of [[Sitamarhi]] district, Bihar. He belonged to the Dhanuk caste.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Who was Shaheed Ramphal, around whom Nitish Kumar is trying to consolidate Pachpania community |work=AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/bihar-election-2025-martyr-ramphal-mandal-nitish-kumar-focus-ebc-vote-bank-bjp-rjd-ntcpkb-2310291-2025-08-14}}</ref>

== Role in the independence movement ==
During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ramphal Mandal took part in protests against British rule in the Sitamarhi region. According to reports, in response to an incident where British forces opened fire and killed civilians, Mandal allegedly attacked several British officials and was subsequently arrested by the colonial authorities.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=JDU works towards EBC consolidation in Bihar |work=The Sunday Guardian |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/jdu-works-towards-ebc-consolidation-in-bihar}}</ref>

He was tried and sentenced to death by the British government. On 23 August 1943, at the age of 19, he was hanged in Bhagalpur Central Jail. His willingness to embrace martyrdom at a young age has been noted in contemporary political and social discussions in the state.<ref name="auto"/>

== Legacy ==
Ramphal Mandal's martyrdom is commemorated annually in Bihar. Various local events are held on his death anniversary, including ceremonies in Sitamarhi and Patna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaheed Ramphal Mandal martyrdom ceremony to be held on August 23 in Patna |work=Live Hindustan |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-shaheed-ramphal-mandal-martyrdom-ceremony-to-be-held-on-august-23-in-patna-201724091261594.html}}</ref>

Political leaders and organisations have referenced his sacrifice in discussions about regional identity and representation, particularly around elections and community mobilization efforts in Bihar.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Recognition and memorials ==
Annual commemorations of Ramphal Mandal's death anniversary are attended by social and political groups, and his contributions are remembered in various districts of Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Martyr Ramphal Mandal remembered on his death anniversary |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/nalanda/bihar-sharif/news/martyr-ramphal-mandal-remembered-on-his-death-anniversary-131729431.html}}</ref>
Events honoring him have highlighted his role in the struggle against colonial rule and called for official recognition of his sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amar Shaheed Ramphal Mandal sacrificed his life to protect the motherland, he is in our hearts – Rahul |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/sitamarhi/news/amar-shaheed-ramphal-mandal-sacrificed-his-life-to-protect-the-motherland-he-is-in-our-hearts-rahul-128790329.html}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]

Mandadam

2026-01-31T17:58:26Z

Khalidmendi: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandadam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Aerial view of Mandadam.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view of Mandadam village and its surroundings
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|31|10|N|80|31|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = Janakiramapuram
| established_date = 15.c
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=27 December 2015|page=14,258|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 20.18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 27
| population_total = 8000
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522 237
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91–8645
| registration_plate = AP-13
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mandadam''' is a [[Village]] in Guntur district in [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Andhra capital Amaravati to compete for Smart City tag|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/New-Andhra-capital-Amaravati-to-compete-for-Smart-City-tag/2016/05/25/article3450012.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526185229/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/New-Andhra-capital-Amaravati-to-compete-for-Smart-City-tag/2016/05/25/article3450012.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2016|accessdate=6 June 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=25 May 2016}}</ref> It was a village in [[Thullur mandal]] of [[Guntur district]], prior to its denotification as [[gram panchayat]].<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of A.P. Capital City Area–Revised orders |url=http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14142015MAUD_MS141.PDF |website=Andhra Nation |publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department |accessdate=21 February 2016 |format=PDF |date=22 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624181012/http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14142015MAUD_MS141.PDF |archivedate=24 June 2016 }}</ref>

== History ==
King [[Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)|Ganapati Deva]] of Kakatiya Dynasty who ruled between 1199 AD to 1261AD had gifted the two villages of Mandadam and Velagapudi to Sivacharya, spiritual preceptor of Golaki Matham at Mandadam.

A 13th century stone inscription erected to commemorate the birth celebrations of Rani Rudrama Devi, a ruler of Kakatiya dynasty, lays in a state of neglect at Mandadam village. The inscription erected by Emperor Ganapati Deva, known popularly as Malkapuram inscription, is a rare archaeological find commemorating the achievements of Kakatiya dynasty. At Mandadam, Ganapati Deva crowned his daughter Rudrama Devi as his successor and latter ruled for another 30 years, scripting a golden chapter in the 13th century. Erected on a huge granite pillar measuring 14.6 X 2.9 X2.9 feet, the inscription has 182 lines engraved in Sanskrit and Telugu indicating the birth of Rudrama Devi, her coronation, extent of land donated to Visweswara temple and lists out the charitable works taken up in the village. It also refers to an educational building, presumably a college for teaching Sanskrit and Shaivite texts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/13th-century-inscription-found-neglected/article7216127.ece|title=13th century inscription found neglected|last=Jonathan|first=P. Samuel|date=2015-05-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2020}} [[Census of India]], the town had a population of {{formatnum:8000}}, of which males are {{formatnum:3900}}, females are {{formatnum:4100}} and the population under 6 years of age are {{formatnum:652}}. The average literacy rate stands at 68.95 percent, with {{formatnum:4093}} literates.<ref name=census />

== Transport ==

Mandadam is located on [[Vijayawada]] and [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]] route. [[APSRTC]] run buses offers transport services in the route.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150806/nation-current-affairs/article/four-lane-road-andhra-pradesh-new-capital-soon|title=Four lane road to Andhra Pradesh new capital soon}}</ref> its very close to Vijayawada via Karakatta around 12kms. The center of Mandadam is always crowded with secretariat employees and Construction workers

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Amaravati]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services

2026-01-25T19:04:35Z

Khalidmendi:

{{Short description|Prisons Department for Kerala, India}}
{{Primary sources|date=July 2022}}
The '''Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services''' is a state agency of [[Kerala]] that operates [[Prison|prisons]] and [[Borstal|borstal schools]]. It has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services is headed by the Director General of Prisons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://keralaprisons.gov.in/history.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher Officials |url=https://keralaprisons.gov.in/higher-officials.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarath Babu |date=2018-03-26 |title=Light of learning shines over prison |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/light-of-learning-shines-over-prison/article23358484.ece |access-date=2022-07-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's fourth central jail to be opened in Tavanur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jun/08/keralas-fourth-central-jail-to-be-openedin-tavanur-2462994.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The New Indian Express|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services
| nativenamea = {{lang|ml|കേരള ജയിൽ വകുപ്പ്}}
| logo = Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services Logo.png
| abbreviation = KPCS, KJS
| motto = Custody ★ Correction ★ Reformation ★ Rehabilitation
| formed = 1 November 1956
| preceding1 = [[Travancore–Cochin|Travancore - Cochin State]] Jail Department
| preceding2 = [[Malabar district|British Malabar State]] Jail Department
| country = India
| divname = Kerala
| legaljuris = opsjuris
| governingbody = [[Home Department (Kerala)|Home Department]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Poojappura]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Kerala]]-695012
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]; Minister for [[Home Department (Kerala)|Home]] and Prisons
| chief1name = Balram Kumar Upadhyay [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Director general (police)#India|Director General]] of Prisons and Correctional Services
| parentagency = [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| stationtype = [[Prisons in India|Prisons and Correctional Institution]]
| stations = {{Collapse top|Prisons (as of 2025)}}
* Central Prisons: 4
* Open Prisons and Correctional Homes: 3
* High Security Prisons: 1
* District Jails: 13
* Special Sub Jails: 16
* Sub Jails: 16
* Women’s Prisons: 3
* Borstal School: 1
{{Collapse bottom}}
| website = https://keralaprisons.gov.in/
}}

==History==
The history of Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services dates back to the formation of the state in 1956. Prior to that, jails existed in the Travancore-Cochin State and British Malabar State, which were later reorganized to form the Jail department.<ref>{{Cite web |last=(KPCS) |first=Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services |title=Institutional History of Kerala Prisons Department. |url=https://www.kelsa.nic.in/downloads/prisonstudy.pdf |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Kerala Legal Services Authority (KELSA) |type=PDF}}</ref>

In Travancore, the first administration report of the Jails was published in 1862 and 1863. It mentioned the existence of the Principal Jail at Trivandrum (Fort), along with Divisional Jails at Quilon and Alleppey. Additionally, Sub Jails were attached to the District or Zilla Courts. The Principal Jail at Fort, initially housed in the old barracks of Nair Brigade, was upgraded to the status of Central Jail in 1873. It was later relocated to its present site at Poojappura in 1886. Industrial activities were introduced in the Central Prison in the same year. Various reforms were implemented to improve the condition of convicts, including the construction of a separate block for female prisoners in 1904.

In Cochin, improved jails were established alongside the establishment of Zilla Courts. There were two jails, one in Ernakulam and the other in Trichur, along with a small jail in Tripunithura that was part of the Ernakulam Jail. In 1890, a Central Jail was established in Ernakulam, and efforts were made to enhance jail administration by appointing Mr. Robinson, a European Police Officer, as Superintendent in 1892. The jail was later shifted to Viyyur in 1914. Alongside the Central Jail at Viyyur, there were seven Sub Jails in Cochin where under trial prisoners and those with short-term sentences were detained.

In the Malabar region, under the Madras province, there existed Central Prison Kannur, Special Sub Jail Kozhikode, and 20 ordinary Sub Jails at the time of Kerala's state reorganization. The Special Sub Jail in Kozhikode, established in 1861, is the oldest jail in Kerala. Central Prison Kannur, the second oldest jail and the first Central Jail in the state, was established in 1869.

With the formation of the Kerala state, various jails and establishments came under the purview of the Jail Department. These included Central Prisons in Kannur, Viyyur, and Thiruvananthapuram, as well as a Special Sub Jail in Kozhikode, several A-class and B-class Sub Jails, and a Borstal School attached to Central Prison Kannur. Over the years, new facilities were established, such as the first Open Jail at Nettukalthery in 1962, the first Women's Prison at Neyyattinkara in 1990, and additional Open Jails and Women's Prisons in different locations.

The Jail Training School, established in 1957 and later renamed the State Institute of Correctional Administration, provided training to jail staff. It also expanded with the establishment of extension centers in Thrissur and Kannur in 2010. Alongside the administration of jails, the Prison Department implemented social welfare programs until 1975 when these responsibilities were transferred to the newly formed Social Welfare Department.

The post of Inspector General (IG) of Prisons was created in 1953, and subsequent regional setups were established in Kozhikode and Thrissur in 1981. The Kerala Prisons Rules, formulated under the Indian Prisons Act 1894 and the Travancore-Cochin Prisons Act 1950, were later repealed by the Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services (Management) Rules 2014.

== Organization ==
The Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services is headed by the '''Director General, Prisons and Correctional Services''' who is of the rank of [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] or [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]]. Prisons Headquarters is situated at [[Poojappura]], [[Thiruvananthapuram District|Thiruvananthapuram]]. The Director General of Prisons (DG) is assisted by [[Deputy inspector general of prisons|Deputy Inspectors General of Prisons]] at headquarters and by Deputy Inspector General of Prisons of South, Central and North Zones. The head of the department is commonly an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) Officer by deputation. The present Director General of Prisons is Balram Kumar Upadhyay IPS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-11-01 |title=ADGP Balram Kumar Upadhyay appointed prisons dept chief in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Nov/01/adgp-balram-kumar-upadhyay-appointed-prisons-dept-chief-in-kerala-2513599.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The State Institute of Correctional Administration (SICA) at Thiruvananthapuram is the primary training centre for the Kerala Prisons & Correctional Services Department and is headed by the Deputy Inspector General of Prisons (South Zone).<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-11-25 |title=State Institute for Correctional Administration premises get a grand makeover |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Nov/25/state-institute-for-correctional-administration-premises-get-a-grand-makeover-1710279.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2020-01-11 |title=Training for prison officials in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/training-for-prison-officials-in-kerala/article30547039.ece |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Organizational Structure of Kerala Prisons Department
! Zone
! Jurisdiction
(Districts)
! Head of Zone
|-
| South Zone<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Inspector General of Prisons (South Zone) & Director SICA |url=https://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/dig-south-zone.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=www.keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref>
(HQ: [[Poojappura]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]])
| Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha
| DIG of Prisons & SICA
|-
| Central Zone<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Inspector General of Prisons (Central Zone) |url=https://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/dig-central-zone.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=www.keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref>
(HQ: [[Viyyoor]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]])
| Kottayam, Idukki, Ernakulam, Thrissur
| DIG of Prisons
|-
| North Zone<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Inspector General of Prisons (Central Zone) |url=https://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/dig-central-zone.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=www.keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref>
(HQ: [[Kozhikode]])
| Palakkad, Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kannur, Kasaragod
| DIG of Prisons
|}
=== Hierarchy ===
*Director General, Prisons & Correctional Services (IPS Cadre)
*[[Deputy inspector general of prisons|Deputy Inspector General of Prisons]]
*[[Superintendent of Prison|Superintendent]], Central Prison & Correctional Home/Open Prison & Correctional Home/ High Security Prison
*Joint Superintendent/Senior Lecturer, SICA/Superintendent of District Jail/Superintendent of Women Prison/ Superintendent, Women Open Prison
*Deputy Superintendent/ Superintendent, Special Sub Jail/ Superintendent, Borstal School
*Assistant Superintendent Grade-I / Superintendent, Sub Jail/ Armourer, SICA/ Training Officer, SICA/ Supervisor, Open Prison & Borstal School/ Store Keeper, Open Prison
*Assistant Superintendent Grade-II/ Prison Officer/ Gate Keeper
*Deputy Prison Officer / Chief Petty Officer
*Assistant Prison Officer/Petty officer
*Assistant Prison Officer Cum Driver

== Prisons and Correctional Institutions ==
Jails are typically smaller facilities located in district or sub-district headquarters, and they primarily house individuals who are awaiting trial or serving short-term sentences, usually less than two years. Prisons, on the other hand, are larger correctional institutions that house individuals convicted of serious offenses and serve longer-term sentences. Overall, while jails are primarily for temporary detention, prisons are designed for long-term incarceration and focus on both punishment and rehabilitation.

===Sub jails===
'''Sub-jails''' are specialized facilities intended for confining individuals who have been sentenced to undergo imprisonment for a period of up to one month, as well as for housing remand or under trial prisoners. They are typically located in district or sub-district headquarters and provide temporary detention for individuals awaiting trial or serving brief sentences.

Each Sub Jail is headed by a Jail Superintendent of the rank of Assistant Superintendent Grade I.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FROM CELL TO SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE SOCIAL REINTEGRATION OF RELEASED PRISONERS IN KERALA AND TAMIL NADU |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/assets/uploads/training_projects/Dr.Santhosh Research Report.pdf}}</ref>

=== Special Sub Jails ===
Special Sub Jails are used to confine persons sentenced to imprisonment for up to three months, as well as remand and undertrial prisoners.

There are a total of 16 special sub jails in the state, and each headed by a Jail Superintendent of the rank of Deputy Superintendent.<ref name=":0" />
===Borstal schools===
A '''Borstal School''', located in [[Thrikkakkara]], [[Ernakulam]], serves as a residential facility specifically designed to accommodate individuals aged 18 to 21 who have been convicted of criminal offenses during their [[Adolescent|adolescent years]]. The [[Borstal|Borstal School]] at Thrikkakara is headed by an officer of the rank of Deputy Superintendent.<ref name=":0" />
===District jails===
'''District Jails''' are meant for confining persons sentenced to undergo imprisonment up to 6 months besides Remand / Under Trial prisoners. There are 13 District Jails in kerala.

Each district jail is headed by a Jail Superintendent of the rank of Joint Superintendent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EMPOWERMENT OF PRISONERS THROUGH VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND WORK PROGRAMMES: A STUDY OF PRISONS IN KERALA |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2012318.pdf}}</ref>
===Women Prisons===
'''Women Prison & Correctional Homes''' serve as facilities for incarcerating female offenders, regardless of their sentence length, as well as accommodating women prisoners awaiting trial or those under remand. These institutions are located in three distinct areas: [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Viyyoor|Viyyur]], and [[Kannur]].

Each women prison is headed by a Woman Jail Superintendent of the rank of Joint Superintendent.<ref name=":0" />

===Open Prisons===
'''Open Prison and Correctional Homes''', also known as minimum-security prisons, are specialized correctional institutions that do not have physical barriers such as walls. These facilities are designed to accommodate well-behaved convicted prisoners who demonstrate a strong sense of self-discipline and social responsibility. Within the state, there are three notable Open Prison and Correctional Homes. Two of these facilities cater to male prisoners and are located in Nettukaltheri, Thiruvananthapuram, and Cheemeni, Kasargod respectively. The third institution is exclusively dedicated to female prisoners and is situated in [[Poojappura]], Thiruvananthapuram. These Open Prison and Correctional Homes aim to provide a rehabilitative environment for inmates who have demonstrated positive behavioral traits and a commitment to personal growth. By allowing a certain degree of freedom and independence, while still ensuring the maintenance of security measures, these institutions seek to foster the reintegration of prisoners into society upon their release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zachariah |first=Serene Sarah |date=2020-06-24 |title=This 'Open Jail' in Kerala Is Generating A Revenue Of Rs 2 Crore Through Farming! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/230925/kerala-open-jail-organic-farming-earns-crores-agriculture-land-grow-crops-ser106/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheemeni open jail in Kerala shuts biz ventures as 85% inmates on parole refuse to return - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Apr/20/cheemeni-open-jail-in-kerala-shuts-biz-ventures-as-85-inmates-on-parole-refuse-to-return-2444410.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=8 April 2022 }}</ref>

Each open prison is headed by an officer from the cadre of Superintendent.<ref name=":0" />

===Central jails===
'''Central Prisons and Correctional Homes''' serve as facilities for the confinement of individuals who have been sentenced to imprisonment for a period exceeding six months, detainees, prisoners convicted by Court Martial, and civil prisoners. Additionally, when nearby District Jails, Special Sub Jails, or Sub Jails experience overcrowding, remand or under trial prisoners may also be housed in these facilities. Presently, there are four Central Prisons and Correctional Homes located in Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, Kannur, and Malappuram.

Each of these Central Jails are headed by an officer from the cadre of Superintendent.<ref name=":0" />

=== Central Prison & Correctional Homes ===
Central Prisons & Correctional Centers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Prisons & Correctional Homes |url=https://keralaprisons.gov.in/central-prisons.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref> are meant for confining persons sentenced to undergo imprisonment above 6 months, prisoners convicted by Court Martial, detenues and civil prisoners. There are four Central Prison & Correctional Homes, situated at [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] and [[Kannur district|Kannur]].

* [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Central Prison & Correctional Home, Poojappura]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Central Prison, Viyyur|Central Prison & Correctional Home, Viyyur]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
* [[Central Prison, Kannur|Central Prison & Correctional Home, Kannur]], [[Pallikkunnu]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
* Central Prison & Correctional Home, [[Thavanur|Tavanur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]

=== Other Prisons ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Prison & Correctional Homes |url=https://keralaprisons.gov.in/open-prisons.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref>

* Open Prisons = 3
* High Security Prisons = 1
* Women Prisons = 3
* District Jails = 13
* Special Sub Jails = 15
* Borstal schools = 1
* Sub Jails = 16

==District wise jails==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District
! Jail / Correctional Institutions
|-
| Thiruvananthapuram
|
* Central Prison and Correctional Services, Thiruvananthapuram
* Open Prison and Correctional Home, Thiruvananthapuram
* District Jail, Thiruvananthapuram
* Women Prison and Correctional Home, Thiruvananthapuram
* Women Open Prison and Correctional Home, Thiruvananthapuram
* Special Sub Jail, Thiruvananthapuram
* Special Sub Jail, Neyyattinkara
* Sub Jail, Attingal
|-
| Kollam
|
* District Jail, Kollam
* Special Sub Jail, Kottarakkara
|-
| Pathanamthitta
|
* District Jail, Pathanamthitta
|-
| Alappuzha
|
* District Jail, Alappuzha
* Special Sub Jail, Mavelikkara
* Sub Jail, Alappuzha
|-
| Kottayam
|
* District Jail, Kottayam
* Special Sub Jail, Ponkunnam
* Sub Jail, Pala
|-
| Idukki
|
* District Jail, Idukki
* Special Sub Jail, Devikulam
* Sub Jail, Peerumedu
|-
| Ernakulam
|
* District Jail, Ernakulam
* Special Sub Jail, Muvattupuzha
* Borstal School, Thrikkakara
* Sub Jails, Ernakulam, Aluva and Mattancherry
|-
| Thrissur
|
* Central Prison and Correctional Home, Viyyur
* High Security Prison, Viyyur
* District Jail, Thrissur
* Women Prison and Correctional Home, Viyyur
* Special Sub Jail, Irinjalakuda
* Sub Jails, Viyyur and Chavakkad
|-
| Palakkad
|
* District Jail, Malampuzha
* Special Sub Jail, Chittur
* Sub Jails, Alathur and Ottappalam
|-
| Malappuram
|
* Central Prison and Correctional Home, Tavanur
* Special Sub Jail, Manjeri
* Sub Jails, Tirur, Ponnani and Perinthalmanna
|-
| Kozhikode
|
* District Jail, Kozhikode
* Special Sub Jail, Kozhikode
* Sub Jails, Koyilandy and Vadakara
|-
| Wayanad
|
* District Jail, Mananthavady
* Special Sub Jail, Vythiri
|-
| Kannur
|
* Central Prison and Correctional Home, Kannur
* District Jail, Kannur
* Women Prison and Correctional Home, Kannur
* Special Sub Jails, Kannur, Thalassery and Koothuparamba
* Sub Jail, Kannur
|-
| Kasaragod
|
* Open Prison and Correctional Home, Cheemeni
* District Jail, Hosdurg
* Special Sub Jail, Kasaragod
|}

== Ranks and Insignia ==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+ '''Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services Officers Insignia'''
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#e6e6fa;" | Gazetted Officers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniform |url=https://keralaprisons.gov.in/uniform.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250502080110/https://keralaprisons.gov.in/uniform.html |archive-date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref>
|- align="center"
||'''Insignia'''
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|center|frameless|96x96px]]
| [[File:Deputy inspector general of prisons rank insignia (Kerala Jail Service).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| [[File:Superintendent of prisons rank insignia (Kerala Jail Service).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| [[File:Joint Superintendent rank insignia (Kerala Jail Service).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| [[File:Deputy Superintendent rank insignia (Kerala Jail Service).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
||'''Rank'''
| [[Director general of police|Director General]]
(''[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Cadre'')
| [[Deputy inspector general of prisons|Deputy Inspector General of Prisons]]
| [[Prison warden|Superintendent of Prisons]]
| Joint Superintendent
| Deputy Superintendent
|- style="text-align:center;"
||'''Abbreviation'''
| DG
| DIG
| Supt.
| Jt. Supt.
| Dy Supt.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#e6e6fa;" | Non-Gazetted Officers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insignia Rank |url=https://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/insignia-rank.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref>
|- align="center"
|'''Insignia'''
| [[File:Assistant Superintendent Grade-I rank insignia (Kerala Jail Service).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| [[File:Assistant Superintendent Grade-II rank insignia (Kerala Jail Service).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|[[File:Deputy Prison Officer rank insignia of Kerala Jail Service.png|center|frameless|80x80px]]
| '''''No insignia'''''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Rank'''
| Assistant Superintendent (Grade I)
| Assistant Superintendent (Grade II)
| Deputy Prison Officer
| Assistant Prison Officer
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Abbreviation'''
| AS-I
| AS-II
| DPO
| APO
|}

== Former Chiefs ==
* [[Sudesh Kumar (police officer)|Sudesh Kumar]] IPS
* [[Dr. Shaik Darvesh saheb]] IPS
* [[Rishiraj Singh]] IPS
* [[R. Sreelekha|R Sreelekha]] IPS
* [[Anil Kant]] IPS
* [[T. P. Senkumar|T P Senkumar]] IPS
* [[Lokanath Behera]] IPS
* [[Alexander Jacob (police officer)|Dr Alexander Jacob]] IPS

== See also ==

* [[Prisons in India]]
* [[Department of Home (Kerala)]]
* [[Viyyur High Security Prison]]
* [[Viyyur Jail Park]]
* [[Poojapura Central Jail]]
* [[Kannur Central Prison]]
*

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Prison and correctional agencies]]

Desaiganj taluka

2026-01-23T07:09:49Z

Khalidmendi: creating a stub!

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Desaiganj (Wadsa) Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| mapframe = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gadchiroli district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Desaiganj]] Town
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| population_total = 83,607
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban = 28,781
|population_rural = 54,826
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 262.74
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.80%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 990
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Desaiganj (Wadsa) Taluka''', is a [[Taluka]] in Desaiganj (Wadsa) subdivision of [[Gadchiroli district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/gadchiroli/desaiganj-vadasa-population.html Desaiganj (Wadsa) Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data – Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gadchiroli.gov.in/administrative-setup/ |title=Administrative Setup |access-date= 23 May 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per Indian government census of 2011, the population was 83,607.
==Geographic Boundaries==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Desaiganj (Wadsa) taluka
|North = [[Arjuni-Morgaon taluka]], [[Gondia district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Kurkheda taluka]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Armori taluka]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Bramhapuri taluka]], [[Chandrapur district]]
|Northwest = [[Lakhandur taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Gadchiroli district]]

{{Gadchiroli-geo-stub}}

Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh

2026-01-11T08:17:57Z

Khalidmendi:

{{Short description|Group of sandstone temples in India}}
{{about||Bateshwar Hindu temples complex near Yamuna River, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar ruins in Bangladesh|Wari-Bateshwar ruins}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Bateshwar Hindu temples
| image = Bateshwar Temples (15695822503).jpg
| alt = A few of the 200 Hindu temples in Batesvar
| caption = A few of the 200 Hindu temples in Batesvar
| map_type = India #India Madhya Pradesh
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|25|37.4|N|78|11|48.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Morena district]]
| location = Padavali, [[Chambal River|Chambal Valley]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Devi]], others
| festivals =
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara]]
| year_completed = 8th to 11th-century, during [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] Empire<ref name="Subramanian"/>
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Bateshwar Hindu temples''' (romanised: baṭeśvar; [[Help:IPA/Hindi|/bəʈeːɕvər/]]) are a group of nearly 200 sandstone [[Hindu temple]]s and their ruins in north [[Madhya Pradesh]] in post-Gupta, early [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] style of North Indian temple architecture.<ref name="Subramanian"/> It is about {{convert|35|km}} north of Gwalior and about {{convert|30|km}} east of [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]] town. The temples are mostly small and spread over about {{convert|25|acre}} site. They are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Shakti – representing the three major traditions within [[Hinduism]]. The site is within the Chambal River valley ravines, on the north-western slope of a hill near Padavali known for its major medieval era Vishnu temple. The Bateshwar temples were built between the 8th and the 10th century.<ref name="Subramanian">{{cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2702/stories/20100129270212200.htm|title=Restored Glory|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=16–29 Jan 2010|publisher=Frontline, Volume 27 – Issue 02|accessdate=17 January 2010}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The site is likely named after the Bhuteshvar Temple, the largest Shiva temple at the site. It is also referred to as '''Batesvar temples site''' or '''Batesara temples site'''.<ref name="Mevissen2012p95"/><ref name=viennot/>

The temples as they now appear are in many cases reconstructed from the fallen stones in a project begun by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 2005. Dacoit [[Nirbhay Singh Gujjar]] and his gang helped [[Archaeological Survey of India]] restore the temple complex.

According to the Madhya Pradesh Directorate of Archaeology, this group of 200 temples were built during the reign of [[Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Puratan, Volumes 6–7|author=Madhya Pradesh (India)-Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|publisher=Dept. of Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh|year=1989|page=113}}</ref> According to Michael Meister, an art historian and a professor specializing in Indian temple architecture, the earliest temples in the Bateshwar group near Gwalior are likely from the 750-800 CE period.<ref>Michael W. Meister (1976), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756319 Construction and Conception: Maṇḍapikā Shrines of Central India], ''East and West'', Vol. 26, No. 3/4 (September - December 1976), page 415, Figure 21 caption, context: 409-418</ref> Cunningham reports that one of the inscriptions was dated [[Samvat]] 1107 or 1050 CE.<ref name=cunningham107/>

The temples were destroyed after the 13th century; it is not clear if this was by an earthquake or Muslim forces.<ref name="Subramanian"/>

==Description==
The site is mentioned in historical literature as Dharon or Paravali, later as Padavali. The local name for the group of temples is Batesvar or Bateshwar temples.<ref name="Subramanian"/><ref name=cunningham107/>

According to the Cunningham's report of 1882, the site was a "confused assemblage of more than one hundred temples of various sizes, but mostly small". The largest standing temple was of Shiva, wrote Cunningham, and the temple was locally called Bhutesvara. However, to his surprise the temple had a relief of Garuda on top, leading him to speculate that the temple may have been a Vishnu temple before it was damaged and reused. The Bhutesvara temple had a square sanctum with a {{convert|6.75|ft}} side, with a relatively small 20 square feet ''mahamandapa''. The sanctum doorway was flanked by river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna. The tower superstructure was a pyramidal square starting off from a {{convert|15.33|ft}} sided square seated on a flat roof, then rhythmically tapering off.<ref name=cunningham107/>

The standing temples, stated Cunningham, all had sides made from single slabs set upright, above which sat flat roofs then pyramidal top as a part of their architecture.<ref name=cunningham107/> The site had a water tank cut into the hill rock, with rows of small temples arranged to form a street to the tank. Cunningham also reported seeing Shiva linga inside one of the temples, a trimurti statue, a Ganesha, Shiva and Parvati together around this temple.<ref name=cunningham107/> Next to the Shiva temple was a Vishnu temple, about the same size as the Siva temple, again a square sanctum of {{convert|6.67|ft}} side with river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna flanking the doorway on its jambs.<ref name=cunningham107/>
[[File:8th to 10th century Batesvar Hindu temples plan Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|Three floor plans at the Batesvar site.]]

In north-northeast corner of the site was a large platform of about {{convert|42.67|ft}} length and {{convert|29.67|ft}} breadth, with an integrated platform projection of a square with {{convert|11.67|ft}} side. Cunningham speculated that this may have been the largest temple at the Bateshvara site before its destruction, and he noted that not a stone remains near the platform to offer further clues as to what the lost temple was like.<ref name=cunningham107/> Cunningham also noted that one of the small temples to the northwest of the Bhuteshwara temple had a short inscription dated Samvat 1107 (1050 CE), thus establishing the [[floruit]] for the site.<ref name=cunningham107/>

The ASI team ruins identification and restoration efforts since 2005 have yielded the following additional information about the site:<ref name="Subramanian"/>
*Some of the temples had a [[Nataraja]] on the ''kirti-mukha''
*Reliefs with "exquisite carving" of Lakulisa
*Reliefs of Siva holding the hand of Parvati
*Reliefs narrating the legend of ''Kalyana-sundaram'', or the marriage of Shiva and Parvati with Vishnu, Brahma and others attending
*Small sculptures of women playing the lute, veena or drums in Vishnu temples, suggesting that music profession in pre-11th century India encouraged women to participate as musicians
*Amorous couples in various stages of courtship and intimacy (mithuna, kama scenes)
*Secular scenes such as men riding elephants, men wrestling, lions
*Friezes with narratives from the ''Bhagavata Purana'' such as Krishna leela scenes such as Devaki holding baby Krishna who is suckling her breasts in prison that is guarded by a woman; Baby Krishna draining away the life of the demon with poisoned breasts, etc.

According to Gerd Mevissen, the Batesvar temples complex has many interesting lintels, such as one with Navagraha, many with [[Dashavatara]] (ten avatars of Vishnu) of the Vaishnavism tradition, frequent display of Saptamatrikas (seven mothers) from the Shaktism tradition.<ref name="Mevissen2012p95"/> The presence of Navagraha lintel suggests, states Mevissen, that the temple complex must be dated after 600 CE. The diversity of the theological themese at the site suggest that Batesvar (also called Batesara) was once a hub for temple-related arts and artists.<ref name="Mevissen2012p95">{{cite book|author1=Dietrich Boschung|author2=Corinna Wessels-Mevissen|title=Figurations of Time in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vy6NMQEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Wilhelm Fink|isbn=978-3-7705-5447-8|pages=82–97}}</ref>

==Significance==
[[File:The Ruins of Bateshwar Group of Temples.jpg|thumb|Ruins and different temple styles]]

According to Michael Meister, the Bateshwar site illustrates the conception and construction of "Mandapika shrine" concept in central India.<ref name=meister415/> It is reducing the Hindu temple idea to its basics, in a simple concept that is one step further from the single cave cell design. This design has roots in more ancient Hindu temples found in this region such as one that survives at Mahua and has a Sanskrit inscription that calls the design as ''sila mandapika'' (literally, a "stone pandal or pavilion". This has vedi-platform roots that combines the traditional square plan with various combinations of [[Hindu temple architecture]] elements. The temples explore a square sanctum mounted on a basement platform (''jagati'') that is rectangular, states Meister, so as to incorporate a small ''praggriva'' (porch).<ref name=meister415/>

These temples have a "simple pillared wall topped by a broad, flat-edged awning which extends beyond the sanctum to shade the entry as well. The square pillars rest directly on the vedibandha, and are crowned by "leaf capitals, their shafts engraved with decorative medallions. At its best this type has a very individual and decorative quality, still like a wooden or ivory box, intervening bands of meandering foliage especially vital, the whole framed by the flat, deeply shadowed vedibandha mouldings and the crisp chadya (with saw-tooth edge) above", according to Meister. The significance of these temples is that they fuse and experiment with a variety of temple building ideas, such as topping the nagara sikharas that may have been dominant by that time possibly in western India, on the simplest of temple grid plans with more ancient roots in central India.<ref name=meister415>Michael W. Meister (1976), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756319 Construction and Conception: Maṇḍapikā Shrines of Central India], ''East and West'', Vol. 26, No. 3/4 (September - December 1976), pages 415-417, context: 409-418</ref>

==Modern history==
[[File:Bateshwar Temples (16313836371).jpg|thumb|Water tank and stacked ruins]]

The site was visited and its ruins reported by Alexander Cunningham in 1882 as a "collection of more than 100 temples large and small to the southeast of Paravali [[Padavali]]", the latter with a "very fine old temple".<ref name=cunningham107>[https://archive.org/stream/reports07indigoog#page/n122/mode/2up Eastern Rajputana Tour Report], A Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, Volume XX, pages 107, 110-112</ref> Bateshwar was notified by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as a protected site in 1920. Limited recovery, standardized temple numbering, ruins isolation with photography, and site conservation effort was initiated during the colonial British era. Several scholars studied the site and included them in their reports. For example, the French archeologist Odette Viennot published a paper in 1968 that included a discussion and photographs of the numbered Batesvar temples.<ref name=viennot>O. VIENNOT (1968), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43485318 Le problème des temples à toit plat dans l'Inde du Nord], Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 18 (1968), École française d’Extrême-Orient, pages 40-51 with Figures 50, 53-56, 76, 80-82 and 88 context: 23-84 (in French)</ref>

In 2005, the ASI began an ambitious project to collect all the ruins, reassemble them and restore as many temples as possible, under an initiative led by the ASI Bhopal region's Superintending Archaeologist [[K._K._Muhammed|K.K. Muhammed]].<ref name="Subramanian"/> Under Muhammed's leadership, some 60 temples were restored. Muhammed has continued to campaign for the site's further restoration and calls it "my place of pilgrimage. I come here once in every three months. I am passionate about this temple complex."<ref name="Subramanian"/>

K.K. Muhammed negotiated with dacoit Nirbhay Singh Gujjar, whose gang had its hiding place in the temple ruins. He said had Gujjar not been around the location, many precious idols would have been stolen. Muhammed also informed the infamous dacoit of his lineage- the Pratihara dynasty- which once ruled the area in the ancient past. Thus Nirbhay agreed to protect the construction. Next challenge was the mining mafia which had links with the government officials. K.K. Muhammed wrote to the concerned government authorities to stop the mining around the location which severely endangered the thousand year old heritage site. But nothing happened. Then he wrote to the then RSS chief, K.S Sudershan, as people of RSS were in the government. Within 24 hours things started to change and work could go forward.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-10 |title=The temple guardian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-temple-guardian/article4397093.ece |access-date=2024-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Bateshwar Temple Complex - 1.jpg|Ruins at the Batesvar site
File:Bateshwar Temple Complex - 3.jpg|Restored temples
File:Bateshwar Temples (16313906851).jpg|Two similar temples, some differences
File:Vishnu Temple, Bateshwar.jpg|Vishnu temple at Batesvar
File:Vishnu Temple at Bateshwar (16129557249).jpg|Vishnu temple interior from ruins
File:Vishnu Temple at Bateshwar (16313711321).jpg|Vishnu temple, recreated by ASI
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Siddhachal Caves]]
*[[Teli ka Mandir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|url= https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up | isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}
*{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner|author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā|title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-8120820524}}
*{{cite book|author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy|author2=Michael W. Meister|title=Essays in Architectural Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}
*Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=The Temple Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470028278}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-93-81406-41-0}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*{{cite book|author=Monica Juneja|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8178242286}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year= 1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC|year= 1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
*{{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC|year=1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}
*{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}
*{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher =Vikas|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ| year=1978}}
*{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Bateshwar Temple Complex}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Gwalior topics}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Morena district]]

Kadiam mandal

2026-01-10T22:25:35Z

Khalidmendi: New New Article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadiam Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}
'''Kadiam Mandal''' is one of the 19 mandals<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[East Godavari district|East Godavari District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4918-kadiam-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Kadiam Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 7 villages.

== Demographics ==
Kadiam Mandal has total population of 90,499 as per the Census 2011 out of which 45,066 are males while 45,433 are females and the Average Sex Ratio of Kadiam Mandal is 1,008. The total literacy rate of Kadiam Mandal is 68.58%. The male literacy rate is 63.77% and the female literacy rate is 59.21%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/kadiam-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4918|title=Kadiam Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}</ref>

== Villages ==

#Damireddipalle
#Dulla
#[[Jegurupadu]]
#[[Kadiam]]
#Muramanda
#[[Veeravaram]]
#[[Vemagiri]]
#Kadiapulanka
#[[Pottilanka]]
#[[Kadiyapusavaram]]

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Mandals in East Godavari district]]

Bandhan (1991 film)

2026-01-10T04:31:56Z

Khalidmendi: improved article

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandhan - Marathi Movie
| image = Bandhan Marathi Movie.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anant Mane]]
| producer = Chelaram Bhatia Lalchand Bhatia
| screenplay = Anant Mane Ashok Patole
| story =
| starring = [[Ajinkya Deo]] [[Nishigandha Wad]] [[Ramesh Bhatkar]] [[Asha Kale]] Vasant Shinde [[Sharad Talwalkar]] Nandini Jog
| music = [[Anil Mohile]]
| cinematography = Vasant Shinde
| editing = Duttaram Tavde
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1991|03|05|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bandhan''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Drama film]] directed by [[Anant Mane]] and produced by Chelaram Bhatia and Lalchand Bhatia under the banner of Glamour Films, featuring [[Ajinkya Deo]], [[Nishigandha Wad]], [[Asha Kale]], [[Ramesh Bhatkar]] and [[Sharad Talwalkar]]. Nishigandha Wad and Ajinkya deo appeared first time together, In the film, a headstrong Girl marries the young boy , to quell his spirit and teach him a lesson. In the process, she ends up learning a few lessons herself.It was released on 5 March 1991.<ref>[[List of Marathi films]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imindb.com/artist/11129 |title=Anant Mane, Anant Mane films, Anant Mane biography and Anant Mane award winning movies |publisher=Imindb.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-30}}</ref>

== Cast ==

*[[Ajinkya Deo]] As Mohan
*[[Nishigandha Wad]] As Pramila
*[[Ramesh Bhatkar]]
*[[Asha Kale]] As Janki
*Vasant Shinde
*Sharad Talvalkar
*Nandini Jog
*Dinkar Inamadar
*Alka Inamadar as Rakhma
*Bhalchandra Kulkarni

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bandhan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anil Mohile]]
| released = {{Film date|1991}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=28|s=03}}
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label =
| misc =
}}
The music is composed by Anil Mohile
The music has been provided by [[Anil Mohile]]. Lyrics Written by [[Jagdish Khebudkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bandhan-marathi-film/id277384469 |title=iTunes - Music - Bandhan (Marathi Film) by Various Artists |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=1993-05-14 |access-date=2013-04-30}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Satyavan Savitrichi Katha | extra1 = Jyotsna Hardikar | length1 = 5:08
| title2 = Jhimma Jhimma Pori | extra2 = Anupama Deshpande, Pradnya khanekar, Jyotsna Hardikar | length2 = 6:41
| title3 = Majha Sajana | extra3 = Anupama Deshpande,Sudesh Bhosle | length3 = 5:43
| title4 = Naravina Naricha | extra4 = Ravindra Sathe | length4 = 5:46
| title5 = Radu Nako | extra5 = Ravindra Sathe | length5 = 5:25
}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bandhan-marathi-film/id277384469 Music Album - itunes.apple.com]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]

Our Lady of Assumption Church, Pragasapuram

2026-01-06T13:10:42Z

Khalidmendi: New Initial Pg Needs Work...

{{more citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Assumption Church, Pragasapuram
| native_name = பரிசுத்த பரலோக அன்னை ஆலயம், பிரகாசபுரம்
| location = Pragasapuram, Tuticorin district, Tamil Nadu, India
| priest = Fr. Arokiya Amalraj
| country = India
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| dedication = [[Assumption of Mary]]
| founded date = 15th August 1880
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuticorin]]
| functional_status = Active
}}
'''Our Lady of Assumption Church''' is a Roman Catholic church in [[Pragasapuram]], India.

== 18th Century ==
The Catholic ancestors of this land accepted the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, as their patroness. To honor her Assumption into Heaven, they built churches in her name.

Based on this devotion,Two large churches were built: one in the north at Kamanayakkanpatti and another in the south at Vadakankulam. To serve as a central point between these two villages, a new church was built in Pragasapuram in the 18th century. This first church had a thatched roof (a "Koorai Kovil"). The site of this old thatched church is where the "Centenary Grotto" (Madha Kebi) now stands in the center of the village.

==Foundation and early development (1880–1890)==
In 1880, the 14 Catholic families of the village replaced the thatched roof of the church with tiles. The Church of Our Lady of Assumption, Pragasapuram was formally established and dedicated on August 15, 1880, during the Feast of the Assumption, by Rev. Fr. Dionysius Guchen.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1984 |title=Pragasapuram Parish Diamond Jubilee Souvenir |publisher= |page= }}</ref><ref name=catholictamil>{{citation|title=458 பரிசுத்த பரலோக அன்னை ஆலயம், பிரகாசபுரம்|language=ta|work=www.church.catholictamil.com|access-date=2025-08-28|url=https://www.church.catholictamil.com/p/458.html?m=1}}</ref> Regular Mass and Rosary prayers were held during feast days.
To further strengthen the faith of the community, Fr. Dionysius Guchen arranged for three holy statues (Siroobam) to be brought by ship from Sri Lanka: one of Our Lady of Assumption, one of St. Joseph, and one of the Infant Jesus. These arrived in Tuticorin and were brought to Pragasapuram, which was then a sub-station of the Sathankulam parish.
In 1887, the Bishop of Trichy, Most Rev. Barthome, visited Sathankulam. Impressed by the devotion of the people of Pragasapuram, he ordered that it be made an independent parish.<ref name=catholictamil/> It was separated from Sathankulam and entrusted to Rev. Fr. Nicholas.
The parish served as the mother church for 15 sub-stations, including large towns like Srivaikundam, Sethukuvaaithaan, and Chinthamani.

==Parish growth and traditions (1890–1913)==
Until 1895, the annual feast (Thiruvizha) was a simple celebration. After that, it began to include a procession with carriages (called "Chapparam"). Three chapparam, for St. Michael, St. Antony, and St. Joseph, would be carried through the streets. On the 9th and 10th days of the feast, the carriage (Chapparam) of Our Lady of Assumption, the "Queen of Miracles," would join the procession. Historical records from the Madurai Mission note that these processions were conducted despite strong opposition from some protestants.
In 1907, the "Father of Nazareth," Canon Margoschis, who was ill and bedridden, donated three statues from his personal Prayer Room: a statue of the Jesus Christ in Cross, the Blessed Virgin Mary, and the Risen Lord. These were brought in a procession to the Pragasapuram church.
Although declared an independent parish in 1887, it began functioning formally only from the end of January 1909. The first parish priest was Rev. Fr. E. Mass, a Jesuit priest.
A significant tradition was the erecting of flag pole ("Kodimaram") during the feast. A flag pole made of succulent wood with mango leaves and tender palm leaves would be erected in the RC compound. The raising and lowering of the flags were major ceremonial events, celebrated grandly by all villagers and religion. The church feast became, and still is, a major event uniting over 20 neighboring villages.
In 1913, during the tenure of Rev. Fr. T. Michael, two important developments occurred: the tradition of providing free meals ("Asanam") began in the church, considering the poverty of the people. Secondly, the foundation stone was laid for a new church building.

==New Church Construction and consecration (1913–1967)==
In 1913 the foundation stone was laid for a new church building (the current Church of Our Lady of Assumption).<ref name=Tuticorindiocese>{{citation|title=Church of Our Lady of Assumption|work=The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuticorin|access-date=2025-08-28|date=2024-07-12|url=https://tuticorindiocese.org/parish-pragasapuram-ol-assumtion.htm}}</ref> Worship continued in the old church until the new one was built.
To educate the children of the region, a primary school (grades 1-5) named St. Mary's Primary School was started in the village in 1929. It was upgraded to a Middle School (up to grade 8) in 1939. The school was located where St. Mary's Mahal now stands.
Other traditions included distributing free palm juice ("Pathaneer") on Good Friday at a place called "Dharma valaagam" south of the old church. A bell hung in a tin tower opposite the old church served as the call to worship.
Between 1931 and 1940, the practice of Eucharistic Processions began in the parish.
The construction of the new church, which had stalled after the foundation was laid, resumed in 1949. Funds were raised by selling goods like wheat, beaten rice, and milk powder brought from Sri Lanka. The physical labor of the parishioners was immense. A grinding mill ("Chekku") was used to mix lime and soil for mortar; this mill can still be seen on the church premises today.
Through the efforts of the then parish priest, Rev. Fr. Lourdu, the inner and outer walls of the church were completed by 1954. Work halted again due to his ill health. A plan to build a concrete dome over the altar was abandoned due to a famine and resulting fund shortage.
After a delay of about 10 years, due to urgency, the roof was completed with asbestos sheets instead of concrete. The new church was finally completed through 54 years of hard work by the ancestors and the prayers of former parish priests. It was blessed and dedicated on November 21, 1967, by Most Rev.Fr.Thomas Fernando, the Bishop of Tuticorin, in the presence of Rev. Fr. G. Francis.<ref name=Tuticorindiocese/>

== Expansion and modernization (1968–1999) ==
Following its consecration, the parish focused on expansion and modernization. A bell tower was constructed near the church (north side). The bell was donated by V. C. Maria Michael Nadar and his wife Mrs. Maria Sundaram, who were honored as the Godfather and Godmother of the bell. A large permanent stage, known as the "Eucharistic Pavilion" (Narkarunai Pandhal), was built south of the flag pole for [[Eucharistic adoration]] during processions. This stage was removed after the new church was built.
In the 1977, a tragic incident occurred during the feast: the carriage of Our Lady was damaged after hitting an electric wire. The statue was immediately moved to St. Joseph's carriage, and the procession continued. This event led the then parish priest, Rev. Fr. Cruz Marian, to decide on building a large church car ("Ther"). This new car, with the statue of Our Lady in the center flanked by St. Joseph and St. Antony, was blessed on August 15, 1978. Since then, the "Ther" procession, where devotees pull the car with ropes, has become a tradition.
To commemorate the centenary of the old church (1880-1980) and preserve its memory, the then parish priest, Rev. Fr. Packiaraj M. Raja, built a grotto (Kebi) on the exact site. This "Centenary Grotto" (Nootraandu Kebi) was blessed on August 11, 1983.
In 1992, on the occasion of the new church's 25th Silver Jubilee, the altars of Our Lady of Assumption and St. Joseph were renovated.
A new building for St.Mary's Middle School was constructed. The foundation stone was laid by Rev. Fr. Edward J., and the building was completed and inaugurated on June 17, 1995, under the leadership of the then Apostolic Administrator of Tuticorin Diocese, Most Rev. Fr. Peter Fernando.
In 1999, a series of deaths in the village created fear among the people. Seeking divine protection, they built a grotto dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel in the RC compound, opposite the flag mast and near the "Ther" shed. It was blessed and opened on August 14, 1999, by Rev. Fr. M. Thomas. A meal offering ("Asanam") has been held there every year on September 29, the feast of St. Michael.

== Renovation and infrastructure development (2000–2019) ==
The early 21st century was a period of significant renovation and development.
Under Rev. Fr. Jackson, the church floor was renovated with marble. The main altar, the side altars, the area holding the crucifix, and the nave were all refurbished. A new grotto for Our Lady of Health was built in front of the church by the main road. All these were blessed on August 14, 2004.
In 2005, the traditional flag pole broke during the hoisting ceremony. Rev. Fr. Jackson immediately arranged for a new, permanent iron flag pole, which has been in use since August 6, 2006.
Efforts to build a parish hall, St. Mary's Mahal, had stalled. Rev. Fr. A. S. Raja, who became the parish priest, managed to construct the first floor amidst many difficulties. As the old church and its grotto had been demolished for this construction, there was a strong desire to build a new grotto. A new "Centenary Grotto" (Nootraandu Kebi) was built to mark the 25th year of the original one. It was blessed by Rev. Fr. A. S. Raja on August 14, 2007.
His successor, Rev. Fr. P. K. Antony Douglas, worked tirelessly to complete St. Mary's Mahal. It was blessed and inaugurated on August 15, 2013, by the then Bishop of Tuticorin, Most Rev. Dr. Yvon Ambrose.
A grotto dedicated to St. Anthony was built on the site of the old church. Its foundation was laid by the late Rev. Fr. Peter on November 4, 2012, and it was completed and blessed by the then parish priest, Rev. Fr. Arul Prabhakar, on November 21, 2016.
In 2017, to celebrate the 50th Golden Jubilee of the new church (1967-2017) and the 40th anniversary of the church car - Ther (1978-2017), the car was heightened, renovated, and blessed by the then parish priest, Rev. Fr. Anthony Irudhaya Thomas. It was then taken in a grand procession.
As the old parish priest's residence was beyond repair, a new residence was constructed. The foundation stone was laid by Rev. Fr. Packiaraj M. Raja on June 17, 2018. The main gate was blessed by former Bishop Most Rev. Dr. Yvon Ambrose on August 15, 2018, and the entire building was blessed and opened by the Bishop of Tuticorin, Most Rev. Fr. Stephen, on the Feast of the [[Immaculate Heart of Mary]], June 29, 2019.

== Recent additions (2020–present) ==
The most recent addition to the parish is the Rosary Park. Its foundation stone was laid by Rev. Fr. D. Salet Jerald on October 2, 2022. The completed park was officially inaugurated and blessed by the Bishop of Tuticorin, Most Rev. Fr. Stephen, on August 15, 2024.

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{ cite book
| trans-title=History of Our Lady of Assumption Church, Pragasapuram
| title=பிரகாசபுரம்‌ பரிசுத்த பரலோக அன்னை ஆலய வரலாறு
| language=ta
| url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-our-lady-of-assumption-church-pragasapuram/page/n3/mode/2up
| date=August 2023
| format=pdf
| publication-place=Pragasapuram
| publisher=St. Mary's Club
}}
* தூத்துக்குடி மறை மாவட்ட வரலாறு- 1973
* தூத்துக்குடி மறை மாவட்டக் கையேடு (பொன்விழா கையேடு) -1973
* பிரகாசபுரம் பங்கு வைரவிழா மலர் 1984
* பிரகாசபுரம் பரலோக மாதா ஆலய வெள்ளி விழா மலர் -1992
* https://jesuitonlinenecrology.bc.edu/catalog/33665
* https://mdusj.org/index.php/who-we-are/our-history
* மதுரா மிஷன் கையேடு
* St. Mary's Mahal திறப்பு விழா மலர் - 2013
* https://tuticorindiocese.org/parish-pragasapuram-ol-assumtion.htm

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

Oriyo Timbo

2025-12-31T12:48:24Z

Khalidmendi: New Initial Article W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Archaeological site in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Oriyo Timbo''' is an archeological site belonging to [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] located in [[Bhavnagar]] District, [[Gujarat]] State, [[India]]. The site, located {{Convert|70|km|mi}} from [[Rojdi]], another Indus Valley site, measures {{Convert|4|ha|acres}}.

==Excavation==
The excavation at this site was undertaken by Gujarat State Department of Archeology and University Museum of University of Pennsylvania.

===Archaeobotanical investigations===
Evidence of early agricultural activities were found at this site belonging to Harappan period. Oriyo Timbo has undergone extensive [[Archaeobotany|archaeobotanical]] investigations<ref name=reddy>{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Seetha Narayana |year=1992 |title=Archaeobotanical Investigations at Oriyo Timbo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82ziAAAAMAAJ&q=oriyo+timbo |journal=Paléorient |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=173 |access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> and Seetha Narayana Reddy has found significant agricultural practices at this site. Significant find include Millet (ragi)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raval |first1=M. H. |last2=Possehl |first2=Gregory |last3=Chitalwala |first3=L. Y. M. (contributions) |year=1989 |title=Harappan Civilization and Rojdi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtgUAAAAIAAJ&dq=Oriyo+timbo&pg=PA175 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. |page=175 |isbn=9788120404045}}</ref>

==Findings==
Multiple [[Archaeological layer|strata]] at the site evinced two periods of occupation: an earlier period evidenced by [[Microlith|microlithic]] tools and ceramics, and a later period characterized by [[Lustrous Red Ware]] (an important ceramic of the post-urban phase of this area).<ref name=gregory>{{cite book |last1=Possehl |first1=Gregory L. |author2=Junker, Laura L. |year=2002 |chapter=Harappans and Hunters |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IAUKE7xv_cC&dq=oriyo%20timbo&pg=PA70 |editor1-last=Morrison |editor1-first=Kathleen D. |editor2-last=Junker |editor2-first=Laura Lee |title=Forager-traders in South and Southeast Asia: Long Term Histories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IAUKE7xv_cC&dq=oriyo+timbo&pg=PA70 |edition=[Online-Ausg.] |location=Cambridge [u.a.] |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |pages=70, 71 |isbn=9780521016360}}</ref> [[Gregory Possehl]] states that "Oriyo Timbo also produced some [[Radiocarbon dating|radio carbon date]]s for the micro lithic occupation (Rissman and Chitawala 1990) which indicate that this can be dated to the entire third millennium, possibly extending as far back in time as c. 3700 BC" and [[hunter-gatherer]]s were present in this area at the time when [[Lothal]] was occupied.<ref name=gregory/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Babar Kot]]
* [[Desalpur]]
* [[Pabumath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=6IAUKE7xv_cC&q=Baluchistan%2C+Sindh+Punjab%2C Location of Harappan Sites including Oriyo timbo]
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]

{{Bhavnagar-geo-stub}}
{{Asia-archaeology-stub}}

Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research

2025-12-29T23:49:18Z

Khalidmendi: creating a stub!

{{Coord|25.860884|N|93.779904|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research
| org_group = 
| image =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| logo =
| location = 4th Mile
| region = [[Chümoukedima]]
| state = Nagaland
| country = India
| coordinates = 
| type = General
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| affiliation =
| beds = 300
| founded = {{start date and age|1988}}
| website = {{URL|cihsr.in}}
}}
'''Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research''' ('''CIHSR''') is a medical institute and hospital located in [[Chümoukedima]], Nagaland, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-gov-visits-cihsr-st-joseph-university|date=7 February 2022|title=Nagaland Gov visits CIHSR, St. Joseph University|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> Founded in 1988 as the '''Referral Hospital'''. In 2006, the hospital was handed over to the [[Christian Medical College, Vellore|Christian Medical College]] and [[Emmanuel Hospital Association, New Delhi|Emmanuel Hospital Association]] and the [[Government of Nagaland]] under a tripartite [[Memorandum of Understanding|MoU]] partnership agreement and was renamed the ''Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research''. The campus is situated on a land area of 130 acres and is the largest medical center in Nagaland.

==History==
Founded as the Referral Hospital in 1988.

In 2006, the Referral Hospital was handed over to the [[Emmanuel Hospital Association]] and [[Christian Medical College, Vellore|Christian Medical College]] by the [[Government of Nagaland]] under a tripartite partnership agreement and the hospital was renamed to ''Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research''. It started functioning its service in November 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/02/dimapur-referral-hospital-handed-over-to-eha-cmc-1141278199.html| title=Referral Hospital handed over to EHA, CMC|date=2 March 2006|publisher=[[One India]]|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

==Access==
The CIHSR Campus is located {{Convert|1.5|km|abbr=on}} from 4th Mile Junction on the [[National Highway 29 (India)|NH-29]] ([[Asian Highway 1|AH1]]) in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] in Nagaland, India.

==Notable patients==
*Several injured victims of the [[2021 Nagaland killings|2021 Oting incident]] underwent treatment at the Referral Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morungexpress.com/oting-incident-six-injured-victims-undergoing-treatment-in-dimapur|title=Oting incident: Six injured victims undergoing treatment in Dimapur|date=8 December 2021|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of hospitals in Nagaland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
===Official site===
*[https://cihsr.in/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Chümoukedima]]
[[Category:Chümoukedima district]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1988]]

Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire

2025-12-21T16:17:40Z

Khalidmendi:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
[[File:The Surrender of Kandahar.jpg|thumb|''The Surrender of Kandahar'', a miniature painting from the ''[[Padshahnama]]'' depicting Persians surrendering keys of the city to Kilij Khan in 1638.]]
The '''foreign relations of the [[Mughal Empire]]''' were characterized by competition with the [[Safavid Iran|Persian Empire]] to the west, the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|Marathas]] and others to the south, and the [[British East India Company|British]] to the east. Steps were taken by successive Mughal rulers to secure the western frontiers of India. The [[Khyber Pass]] along the [[Kabul]]- [[Kandahar|Qandahar]] route was the natural defence for India, and their foreign policy revolved around securing these outposts, as also balancing the rise of powerful empires in the region.<ref name="Kchandra" />

During the break up of the [[Timurid Empire]] in the 15th century, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s in [[Turkey]], the [[Safavid]]s in [[Persia]] and the [[Uzbeg]]s in central Asia emerged as the new contenders of power. While the Safavids were [[Shia]] by faith, Ottomans along with Uzbegs were [[Sunni]]. The Mughals were also Sunni and Uzbegs were their natural enemies, who caused [[Babur]] and other Timurid princes to leave [[Khurasan]] and [[Samarqand]]. The powerful Uzbegs who held sway over central India sought an alliance of Sunni powers to defeat the Shia-ruled Persia, but Mughals were too broadminded to be driven away by the sectarian conflicts. The Mughal rulers, especially [[Akbar]], were keen to develop strong ties with Persia in order to balance the warring Uzbegs. Thus, the foreign policy of Mughals was centred around strengthening their ties with Persia, while maintaining the balance of power in the region by keeping a check on the evolution of a united Uzbeg empire.<ref name="Kchandra">{{Cite book|author=Satish Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|year=2007|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|pages=282–292|quote=We have seen how following the break up of Timurid empire in the second half of 15th century, three powerful empires the Uzbeg, the Safavid and the Ottomon established themselves in the Trans oxiana, Iran and Turkey. The Uzbegs were the natural enemy of the Mughals, having been responsible for the expulsion of Babur and other Timurid princes from Samarqand and adjoining areas including Khurasan. At the same time the Uzbegs clashed with the rising power of Safavids who claimed Khurasan. The Khurasanian pleatue linked Iran with Central Asia and the trade route to China and India passed across it. It was natural for the Safavids and the Mughals to ally against the Uzbeg danger, especially as there were no frontier dispute between them with the exception of Qandhar. (p. 282)|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|access-date=2020-09-24|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009090727/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Arabian peninsula==

The Mughal emperors were generally enthusiastic with their donation with the Shariff of [[Mecca]].<ref name="Naser Dumairieh; Mughal Mecca relation" />

[[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], wife of emperor [[Akbar]], built a massive trading ship named [[Rahīmī]] for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the [[Ravi River]]. This place was later renamed by Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] as Sheranwala Darwaza.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |date=2021-04-11 |title=harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1617497 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |date= |title=History of Indian Ocean-A South Asian Perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |quote=The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai. She stands out as an adviser who maintained that without a strong navy, the Mughal Empire would be overtaken by foreign armies. As the Mughals had come from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, both landlocked countries, the concept of a navy was just not in their DNA. But then Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi. This place was later renamed by Maharajah Ranjit Singh as Sheranwala Darwaza after he tied two lions there to celebrate his victory over Multan.}}</ref> The Rahimi was homeported in [[Surat]] but often traveled to [[Jeddah]], the port near [[Mecca]] on the Red Sea, where she carried merchandise for the vendors of the holy city and trafficked in pilgrims on various parts of their journey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529461 |title=Letters Received By The East India Company Vol.1 |date=1896 |pages=163, 167, 178, 179, 183, 184}}</ref> The successor of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, also owned a trading ship bigger than Rahīmī, [[Ganj-i-Sawai]], which mainly purposed for annual Hajj pilgrimage travel from India to Hejaz.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jonathan Eacott |title=Selling Empire: India in the Making of Britain and America, 1600-1830 |date=2016 |publisher=UNC Press Books; Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-2231-6 |page=73 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Vm0CAAAQBAJ |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

Another example was the Mughal emperor appointing an official title of "Mir Haj" in 1577 with 500,000 ''rupee'' and 10,000 ''Khil'lat'' for attribution for the Shariff, and distributing many more to the peoples of Mecca and [[Medina]] (which usually called ''al-Haramayn'', or two holiest city in [[Islam]] religion). Aside from minted coins, the Mughals also gave more non currency gifts such as candlestick studded with diamonds , which estimated as 100 carats according to some historians. At one point, the Shariff of Mecca also exchanging gift with the Mughal by giving them [[Arabian horse]]s, high quality swords, and some sacred relics.<ref name="Naser Dumairieh; Mughal Mecca relation">{{cite book |author1=Naser Dumairieh |title=Intellectual Life in the Ḥijāz before Wahhabism: Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī's (d. 1101/1690) Theology of Sufism Volume 9 of Islamicate Intellectual History |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-49905-8 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oytVEAAAQBAJ |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

Mughal chronicler [[Muhammad Saqi Musta'id Khan]] has recorded in his work, ''[[Ma'asir-i-Alamgiri]]'', that emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who known for his strict observance of Islamic teachings. Aurangzeb also has reportedly shipped two [[Quran]] manuscripts which personally transcribed by himself to Medina as gifts. Rishad Choudhury interprets the phrase "ba-masāba hajj-i kobra būd" in the ''Ma'asir-i-Alamgiri'' to suggest that Aurangzeb's patronage of the [[Hajj]] through financial support, Quranic offerings, and salaried delegates was considered spiritually equivalent to performing the pilgrimage himself.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Rishad Choudhury |title=Hajj across Empires: Pilgrimage and Political Culture after the Mughals, 1739–1857 |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-25371-0 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4vxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

==Europeans==
{{further|Mir Jumla II|Aurangzeb#Foreign_relations}}

The Mughal empire had developed relationships with Europeans such as British, Portuguese, Russia, and France.

Mughal relations with the British in the 16th century were quite difficult, as local Mughal officials usually exploited the [[East India Company]], who responded the Mughal's harmful policies towards the British interest with harassing the Mughal vessels at the sea.<ref>{{harvtxt|J. C. Sharman |2019 |p=84}}</ref> The Mughals, with dominant military power in India, usually responded with threats, which caused the EIC to cease hostilities and both sides returned the status quo relationship.<ref>{{harvtxt|J. C. Sharman |2019 |p=84}}</ref>

=== Britain ===
The [[East India Company]] persuaded King James to send [[Thomas Roe]] as a royal envoy to the [[Agra]] court of the Great [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]], [[Jahangir]].<ref name="Anarchy">{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-1-4088-6437-1 |pages=15–19 }}</ref> Roe resided at Agra for three years.{{sfn|Dalrymple |2019 |pp=15–19}}

Together with Thomas Roe, [[William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600)|William Hawkins]], captain of ''Hector'', a first company ship, arrived at Surat in India on 24 August 1608. William travelled to Agra to negotiate consent for a factory from Emperor Jahangir in 1609.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=P J|editor1-last=Canny|editor1-first=Nicholas|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol 1: The Origins of Empire, British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820562-7|page=272|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb00loui/page/272}}</ref> Hawkins even gained trust from emperor [[Jahangir]] and was appointed as [[Mansabdar]] or military governor of Mughal territories. Hawkins himself has provided records about the details about the administrations of Mansabdar, where during his life, he has recorded about 41 names of Mansabdar officers who commanded about 3,000-5,000 ''Zat'' or horsemens.<ref name="Jorge Flores 74-75">{{harvtxt|Jorge Flores |2015 |pp=74-75}}</ref> Roe allegedly gained favor of emperor Jahangir and may have been his drinking partner; certainly he arrived with gifts of "many crates of red wine"{{sfn|Dalrymple |2019 |pp=16}} However, It was thought that Roe's political career in the Mughal court also ended due to a report about roe's drinking habit reached Jahangir, who strongly forbade wine in his court. This incident caused Roe to fell from favour of Jahangir.<ref name="Revival: A Constitutional History of India (1936): 1600-1935">{{cite book |author1=Arthur Berriedale Keith |title=Revival: A Constitutional History of India (1936): 1600-1935 |year=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-35002-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHFuEAAAQBAJ |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>

In the thirty years following 1603, the trading factories established by the English on at [[Machilipatnam]] (estd. 1611) reported to English [[Banten (town)|Bantam]].<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Ramaswami
|first = N. S.
|title = Fort St. George, Madras
|series = Pub. No. 49
|publisher = Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology (T.N.S.D.A.)
|location = Madras
|date = 1980
|edition = First
|oclc = 21545218
|url =
}}</ref>

=== Dutch ===
{{further|Dutch Suratte}}
The Mughal empire also recorded to establish relationship the Dutch,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Muzaffar Alam |author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |author1-link=Muzaffar Alam |author2-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |title=Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15811-4 |page=360 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref> particularly with their trading company [[Dutch East India Company]], as shown when the Dutch has established their embassy within Mughal empire. The company representative, Van Adrichem, was presented with Arabian horses, a red cloth, green cloth, lacquered palanquin, Japanese drawer, several Japanese boxes, a Venetian made mirror, two Japanese shields, and couple of exotic [[Bird-of-paradise]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Tracey A. Sowerby |author2=Jan Hennings |title=Practices of Diplomacy in the Early Modern World c.1410-1800 |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-73690-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSfZDgAAQBAJ |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=En |quote=During these audiences Van Adrichem gifted...}}</ref> The first Dutch factory was first established at Surat by Pieter van den Btoecke.<ref>{{Cite book
|author = Banarsi Prasad Saxena
|author-link= Banarsi Prasad Saxena
|title = History of Shahjahan of Dihli
|date = 1962
|publisher = Central Book Depot
|location = Allahabad
|language = en
|pages = 303, 306
|oclc = 672548944
|url = https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/History_of_Shahjahan_of_Dihli/bqE9AAAAIAAJ?hl=en
|access-date= 2025-12-03
}}</ref>

{{Location map+|India Gujarat|width=320|float=right
|alt=Dutch Suratte
|caption=Dutch Suratte (Note: Agra and Burhanpur not in their actual position)
|places=
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|lat_deg=21.17|lon_deg=72.83|position=left|mark=Gold_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Suratte'''}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|lat_deg=23.03|lon_deg=72.58|background=white|position=left|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Ahmedabad}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|lat_deg=24.8167|lon_deg=74.6167|background=white|position=left|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Agra→}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|lat_deg=21.17|lon_deg=74.6167|position=left|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Burhanpur→}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|lat_deg=21.7|lon_deg=72.97|position=left|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Bharuch}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|lat_deg=22.3|lon_deg=72.62|position=left|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Cambay}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|lat_deg=22.3|lon_deg=73.200278|position=right|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Baroda}}
}}

In 1602, the Dutch government sponsoring the creation of a single "United East Indies Company" that was also granted monopoly over the Asian trade.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.04.02/invnr/1/file/NL-HaNA_1.04.02_1_01 |title=Octrooi verleend door de Staten-Generaal betreffende de alleenhandel ten oosten van Kaap de Goede Hoop en ten westen van de Straat van Magallanes voor de duur van 21 jaar |year=1602 |publication-place=Amsterdam |page=5 |language=nl |trans-title=Patent granted by the States General concerning exclusive trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Strait of Magallanes for a period of 21 years |quote='Dese vereenichde Compaignie sal beginnen ende aenvanck nemen met desen Jaere xvi C ende twee ende sal gedurende den tyt van eenentwintich Jaren achter (This United Company shall commence operations in the year of 1602, and shall continue for a period of twenty-one consecutive years)' |access-date=22 April 2022 |orig-date=20 March 1602 |via=Nationaal Archief |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422184915/https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.04.02/invnr/1/file/NL-HaNA_1.04.02_1_01 |url-status=live}}</ref> For a time in the seventeenth century, it was able to monopolise the trade in nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell these spices across European kingdoms and [[Akbar]] of [[Mughal Empire]] at 14–17 times the price it paid in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1993|location=New Haven, Connecticut|page=290}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Jahangir]], after intense lobbying by [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] factors during Jahangir's visit to Ahmedabad, Jahangir issued the first known Firman directed towards the VOC in [[Gujarat]], contained in a letter from P. G. van Ravesteyn and A. W. Goeree to [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]], dated 12th March 1618. The firman granted few notable assurances to the factors, such as freedom to trade at any Mughal ports, autonomy to govern their affairs, application of normal customs duty (believed to be 2.5% during Jahangir's reign),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salim |first=Nur-ud-din Muhammed |url=https://rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10152026750366675.pdf |title=Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir: From the first to the twelfth year of its reign |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London |year=1909 |editor-last=Beveridge |editor-first=Henry |editor-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist) |volume=1 |location=London |page=417 |language=English |quote=In the time of the Sultans of Gujarat, the customs of this port came to a large sum. Now in my reign it is ordered that they should not take more than one in forty. In other ports, calling it a tithe, they take one in ten or one in eight, and give all kinds of trouble to merchants and travellers. |author-link=Jahangir |editor-last2=Rogers |editor-first2=Alexander}}</ref> freedom to trade with local merchants and profess their religion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coen |first=Jan Pieterszoon |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/p1janpieterszcoen07coen/page/316/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Bescheiden omtrent zijn bedrijf in Indie |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1952 |editor-last=Coolhaas |editor-first=Willem Phillipus |location=The Hague |pages=316–317 |language=Dutch |chapter=Pieter Gillisz, Van Ravesteyn en Adriaen Willemz, Soeratte 12 Maart 1618 |author-link=Jan Pieterszoon Coen |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Karl |date=1965 |title=The beginning of Dutch trade with Gujarat 1686 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=27 |page=209 |jstor=44140624}}</ref>

=== France ===
In 1667, the French East India Company ambassadors Le Gouz and Bebert presented [[Louis XIV of France]]'s letter which urged the protection of French merchants from various rebels in the Deccan. In response to the letter, Aurangzeb issued a ''[[firman]]'' allowing the French to open a factory in [[Surat]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

<gallery>
File:Voyage de Francois Bernier by Paul Maret 1710.jpg|[[François Bernier]], was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in ''Travels in the Mughal Empire''.
File:Indostan - a Map of India by Vincenzo Coronelli, Venice 1692.jpg|Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.
File:1652 Sanson Map of India - Geographicus - India-sanson-1652.jpg|French map of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].
</gallery>

[[François Caron]] succeeded in founding French outposts at [[Surat]] around 1668; where he was said to be Accompanied by a [[Persian people|Persian]] named Marcara,<ref name=r1>{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qBZg0OhbiXMC&pg=PA747 | title = Asia in the making of Europe | page = 747| isbn = 978-0-226-46767-2 | last1 = Lach | first1 = Donald Frederick | year = 1998 | publisher = University of Chicago Press }}.</ref><ref name=r2>{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66 | title = The Cambridge history of the British Empire | year = 1940 | page = 66 | last1 = Benians | first1 = Ernest Alfred | last2 = Newton | first2 = Arthur Percival | last3 = Rose | first3 = John Holland }}.</ref> and at [[Masulipatam]] around 1669;<ref name="p266">{{cite book|author=George Uglow Pope |year=1880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpABAAAAQAAJ&dq=francois+caron&pg=PA266 |title=A Text-book of Indian History |page= 266| publisher=Allen}}</ref> and Louis XIV acknowledged those successes by awarding him the [[Order of St. Michael]].<ref name="f42">{{cite book |author=Robert Watson Frazer |year=1896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axg3AAAAMAAJ&dq=francois+caron&pg=PA42 |title=British India |p=42 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons}}</ref>

== Ethiopian Empire ==
[[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopian]] [[Fasilides|Emperor Fasilides]] dispatched an embassy to India in 1664–65 to congratulate Aurangzeb upon his accession to the throne of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bernier |first=François |title=Travels in the Mogul Empire: A.D. 1656–1668 |year=1671}}</ref>

== Aceh Sultanate ==
For decades, the Malabari [[Mappila Muslims]] which representing the Mughal empire are already patronized [[Aceh Sultanate]].<ref name="Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka">{{cite book |author1=Leonard Y. Andaya |author-link= Leonard Y. Andaya |title=Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka |date=January 22, 2008 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3189-9 |pages=121–122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7AqZR1ZUZgC |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=En |format=Hardcover |quote=... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by}}</ref> Aurangzeb, and his brother, Dara Shikoh, participated with Aceh trade and Aurangzeb himself also exchanging presents with the Sultan of Aceh in 1641.<ref name="Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka" /> In that year, it is recorded the daughter of [[Iskandar Muda]], Sultanah Safiatuddin, has presented Aurangzeb with eight elephants.<ref name="The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India; Pius Malekandathil">{{cite book |author1=Pius Malekandathil |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-99745-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEPDQAAQBAJ |access-date=11 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=... 1641 , his daughter , Sultanah Safiatuddin presented Aurangzeb with eight ...}}</ref>

When the VOC, or [[Dutch East India Company]] trying to disrupt the trade in Aceh to make their own Malaka trade lucrative, Aurangzeb threatened the Dutch with retaliation against any losses in Gujarat due to Dutch intervention.<ref name="Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka" /> This effort were caused due to VOC realization that Muslim tradings were damaging to the VOC.<ref name="The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India">{{cite book |editor1-last=Malekandathil |editor1-first=Pius |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-99746-1 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=viUlDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2 December 2023 |quote=... backed out and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh and other southern ports without restriction.74 According to S ...}}</ref> The [[Firman]] issued by Aurangzeb caused the VOC to back down and allowed Indian sailors to pass into Aceh, [[Perak]], and [[Kedah]], without any restrictions.<ref name="Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka" /><ref name="The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India"/><ref name="Reading Asia New Research in Asian Studies">{{cite book |author1=Frans Huskin |author2=Dick van der Meij |title=Reading Asia New Research in Asian Studies |date=October 11, 2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=87 |isbn=978-1-136-84377-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVhUAQAAQBAJ |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=... 1660s the VOC backed down and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh, Perak, and Kedah without restriction.ll Another important trading community in Aceh consisted of Indians from the Coromandel Coast who had been prominent in Malay ...}}</ref>

== Safavid dynasty ==
In 1626, emperor Jahangir began to contemplate an alliance between the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Mughals, and the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] of the [[Uzbeks]] against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at [[Kandahar]].<ref name="Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748; Naimur Rahman Farooqi">{{cite book |author1=Naimur Rahman Farooqi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748 |date=1989 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |page=38 |language=En |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref> He even wrote a letter to the Ottoman [[Sultan]], [[Murad IV]]. Jahangir's ambition did not materialise due to his death in 1627.

Aurangzeb establish an embassy of [[Abbas II of Persia]] in 1660 and presented him with gifts. However, relations between the Mughal with [[Safavid dynasty]] was not good since the Safavid attacked the Mughal army near [[Kandahar]]. Aurangzeb had prepared his armies in the Indus River Basin for punitive campaign, although the death of Abbas II in 1666 caused Aurangzeb to cease the hostility. Aurangzeb's rebellious son, [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar]], also known refuge with [[Suleiman I of Persia]], who had rescued him from the [[Imam]] of [[Musqat]]. However, the Imam later refused to assist Sultan Muhammad in any military campaign against Aurangzeb.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rudi |last=Matthee |title=Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan |pages=126, 136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFaw4od7nfUC&pg=PA126|isbn=978-1-84511-745-0 |date= 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>

[[File:Tahmasp, Humayun Meeting.jpg|thumb|Shah [[Tahmasp I]] and the Mughal Emperor Humayun in [[Isfahan]].]]
The relationship between Mughals and the [[Iran]] (Persia) was cordial but the Qandhar served as a bone of contention between them, being claimed by both. Qandhar was a strategic place and could serve as a better defence against any future onslaught from North-West. Before 1507, the year in which Uzbegs ousted the cousins of Babur from Qandhar, it was ruled by Timurid princes. For the [[Persian people|Persian]]s, Qandhar was not a strategic fort but for Mughals it was of much importance. It was well supplied with water, was necessary for protection of Kabul and controlling it implied the best way to keep a tab upon the [[Afghans|Afghan]] and [[Baloch people|Baluch]] tribes who possessed a tribal sense of independence and were difficult to control otherwise. Qandhar was also a rich and fertile area and after conquest of [[Sindh]] and [[Baluchistan]], Akbar was determined to capture it. Akbar also wanted to promote trade via it.<ref name=Abraham>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls|chapter=Another prince another rebel|author=Abraham Eraly|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2007|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726140618/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially in the reign of Jahangir, [[Nur Jahan]] served as a bridge between the Mughals and Persians, and due to her connections with the Persia, relationship remained cordial. In 1620, Shah Abbas 1, the ruler of Persia, sent a friendly request to Jahangir to return the Qandhar and subsequently made preparation for the expedition. Jahangir was surprised and he decided to send prince [[Khurram]] to Qandhar, but the prince put many impossible demands and was reluctant to move onto the campaign. This was the phase of tussle between [[Nur Jahan]] and Prince [[Khurram]], who was supported by his father in law [[Asaf Khan IV|Asaf Khan]]. Thus, Qandhar passed into Persian hands by 1622. [[Abbas the Great|Shah Abbas 1]] sent lavish embassies and costly gifts to erase the bitterness that developed in the mind of Jahangir after his failure at Qandhar, but the cordiality in the Mughal-Iran relationship came to an end.<ref name="ChandraK"/><ref name="Itinerant">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHTQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=The Emperor Jahangir: Power and Kingship in Mughal India|author=Lisa Balabanlilar|chapter=7.International diplomacy and wars|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2020|isbn=978-1-83860-045-7|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002122934/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHTQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1629, following the death of Shah Abbas 1, Shah Jahan, who succeeded Jahangir made the Persian governor [[Ali Mardan Khan]] to his side and formally Qandhar was retained by the Mughals in 1638.<ref>[[R C Majumdar|Majumdar, R.C.]] (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.204 - Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part II, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.144</ref> In 1647, the setback of Mughals at Balkh even after winning the war against Uzbegs emboldened the Persians to attack and conquer Qandhar (1649). The success of Aurangzeb in the battle against Uzbeks persuaded Shah Jahan to send him to Qandhar with an army of 50,000. Mughals under Aurangzeb though defeated Persians but were not able to capture the fort.<ref name="ChandraK"/>

In total, Mughal made three attempts twice under Aurangzeb and once under [[Dara Shukoh]], the elder son of Shah Jahan. But, able Persian commander and determined resistance made all the efforts waste. After ascending the throne, Aurangzeb, the successor of Shah Jahan, decided not to get embroiled into the Qandhar affair provided it had lost its strategic significance following the weakening of both Persians and Uzbegs. In 1668, the new ruler of Persia, [[Abbas II of Persia|Shah Abbas II]] insulted the Mughal envoy and made derogatory remarks on Aurangzeb. But, before any conflict happened, Shah Abbas II died and Persian danger to India faded away until [[Nadir Shah]] ascended the throne of Persia.<ref name="ChandraK"/>

== Sultanate of Maldives ==

In the 1660s, the Sultan of the Maldives, [[Ibrahim Iskandar I]], requested help from Aurangzeb's representative, the [[Faujdar]] of [[Balasore]]. The Sultan wished to gain his support in possible future expulsions of Dutch and English trading ships, as he was concerned with how they might impact the economy of the Maldives. However, as Aurangzeb did not possess a powerful navy and had no interest in providing support to Ibrahim in a possible future war with the Dutch or English, the request came to nothing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Rasananda |year=1986 |title=Crafts and commerce in Orissa in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybX1-CqEXPkC&pg=PA91 |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=91 |oclc=14068594 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref>

== Uzbeks ==
The relationships between the Mughal empire with the Uzbeks political entities, particularly the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] remains complex. particularly during the reign of Akbar and Jahangir, as the to vied for control of Lahore and Kabul.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jorge Flores |title=Unwanted neighbours: the Mughals, the Portuguese, and their frontier zones |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-948674-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITxsDwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

When [[Uzbeks]] chief, [[Shaibani Khan]] was defeated by the Safavids in 1510, Babur was able to control Samarqand for a brief period of time. But, the Uzbegs soon struck back by defeating the Safavids and Babur lost the control over it. During this time, he was helped by the Safavids, which established a tradition of mutual friendship between the two empires.<ref name="Kchandra"/>

In 1522, Babur captured Qandhar following the disruption created by Uzbegs in Khurasan. But this victory was short lived as following the death of Humayun, Shah Tahmasp, the ruler of Persia at whose court Humayun had taken refuge after being ousted by [[Sher Shah Sur]], captured it.<ref name="ChandraK" /> Later, [[Humayun]] was also given refuge by the [[Shah Tahmasp]] of Persia, when he was ousted from India by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. In 1572,
[[Abdullah Khan II|Abdullah Khan Uzbeg]] captured [[Balkh]] and sent embassy to the court of Akbar, seeking the coalition of Sunni powers against Persia. But, Akbar admonished him, and in his reply, let him know, that mere sectarian strife was not a justifiable reason for conquest.<ref name="Kchandra"/>

In a letter dated 1577 [[Akbar]] informed Abdullah Khan Uzbek about his intention to expel the Portuguese from [[Mughal Empire|India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farooqi |first=Naim R. |date=1988 |title=Moguls, Ottomans, and Pilgrims: Protecting the Routes to Mecca in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105867 |journal=The International History Review |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=198–220 |issn=0707-5332}}</ref> Meanwhile, though Uzbegs had captured Balkh, which along with [[Badakhshan]] was ruled till 1585 by [[Mughal Empire|Timurids]], he had no desire to be embroiled into a conflict with them until they threatened Mughal position in [[Kabul]] and [[Qandhar]].<ref name="Kchandra"/> In his message sent to Akbar, Abdullah Uzbeg had also rose the issue of pilgrims to [[Mecca]], who were facing difficulties due to unfavourable route traversing across Persian territory. Akbar convinced him that opening up of a new route from the [[Gujarat]] coast will bring the difficulties down.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&dq=badakhshan+in+1584&pg=PA49 |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=49 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002122932/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&dq=badakhshan+in+1584&pg=PA49 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1584, Abdullah Uzbeg captured [[Badakhshan]] and the Timurid prince ruling over the area, Mirza Sulaiman along with his grandson were forced to seek refuge in Akbar's court, who were assigned suitable ''[[Mansabdar|Mansab]]''. Akbar felt Abdullah Uzbeg was a possible threat to Kabul, and hence in 1585, transferred his capital to [[Lahore]]. Meanwhile, he immediately despatched an army under [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh]] to occupy Kabul, who succeeded in doing so.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&dq=man+singh+kabul&pg=PA49 |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=49 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002122932/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&dq=man+singh+kabul&pg=PA49 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abdullah sent a second embassy which was received by Akbar. He was uneasy with the presence of Akbar at [[Attock]] at the time when Uzbeg and Mughal borders were running side by side.<ref name="Kchandra"/>

According to historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], both the Mughals and Uzbegs reached to an informal agreement, according to which Mughal gave up their claims in Balkh and Badkhshan while Uzbegs left Kabul and Qandhar for Mughals. In 1595, when Abdullah Khan Uzbeg captured Balkh and Badkhshan, the area ruled by Timurids till 1585, Akbar was forced to capture Qandhar in 1595 to make a defensible frontier against the Uzbegs. The relationship between Mughals and Persians remained cordial since then and embassies were frequently exchanged between the two until the reign of Jahangir came. Akbar, with the capture of Qandhar in 1595 was able to set up {{clarify span|scientific frontier|date=December 2025}} along the [[Hindukush]]. But, Akbar remained at [[Lahore]] until 1598, and left for [[Agra]] only after the death of Abdullah Khan.<ref name="ChandraK">{{Cite book|author=Satish Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA218|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2005|isbn=81-241-1066-2|pages=218–230|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|access-date=2020-09-26|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002122932/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA218|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Balkh campaign of Shah Jahan===
{{Main|Mughal Central Asia Campaign}}

In 1598 after the death of Abdullah Khan Uzbeg, the Uzbegs became ineffective to threaten Mughal position in North-West for a long period of time until a new Uzbeg ruler, Nazr Muhammad captured [[Balkh]] and [[Bokhara]]. Both Nazr Muhammad and his son Abdul Aziz were ambitious, and their control over the Balkh and Bokhara implied their future attempt to threaten Mughals in [[Kabul]]. Later, Abdul Aziz rebelled against his father and Nazr Muhammad was able to control only Balkh, which was also threatened by the activities of his son. Threatened by his rebel son, Nazr Muhammad sought the help of [[Shah Jahan]] who was keen to help as he wanted a friendly ruler at Bokhara. Shah Jahan ordered Prince [[Murad Baksh]] to march toward [[Balkh]], and to help Nazr Muhammad in maintaining his hold upon his empire as well as to assist him in capturing [[Samarqand]] and Bokhara. Prince Murad marched as per the order but made a mistake by not waiting for the order of Nazr Muhammad and rushed Balkh in hurry. He also commanded his army to march into the fort of Balkh, in which Nazr Muhammad was seeking shelter.<ref name=Abraham/>

The hasty action by the prince made Nazr Muhammad skeptical of his intention, and thus, he fled. Mughals occupied Balkh but they were soon attacked by Abdul Aziz, the rebel son of Nazr Muhammad who mustered an army of 1,20,000 to cross [[Oxus]] river and launch strike against the Mughals. Prince Murad who was unable to continue in the campaign was now replaced by prince [[Aurangzeb]]. Under the command of Aurangzeb, the Mughals routed Uzbegs under Abdul Aziz, in 1647, near [[Balkh]]. After the Mughal's success at Balkh, the prestige of Mughal army rose and the supporters of Abdul Aziz renounced him. Nazr Muhammad, who was taking refuge at [[Persia]] by then, started conversation with the Mughals for regaining his empire, and his claims were supported by Shah Jahan.<ref name=Abraham/>

Nazr Muhammad was asked to submit personally and apologise to [[Aurangzeb]], but According to [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]]:
{{quote|This was a mistake since the proud Uzbeg ruler was unlikely to demean himself in this way, particularly when he knew that it was impossible for the Mughals to hold on to Balkh for any length of time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700|author=Satish Chandra|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|year=2007|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=289|access-date=2020-09-24|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009090727/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
The unfriendly Uzbeg population of the Balkh and the harsh Winter accompanied by shortage of supplies made Mughals left in the same year(1647) in which Balkh was captured. The gain of Shah Jahan was his success in keeping Uzbeg divided and preventing a united Uzbeg state to rise, which could have been a danger to Mughals at Kabul. The motive of "Balkh campaign", as Shah Jahan's attempt to regain Mughal homeland of Samarqand and [[Fargana]], and setting up a scientific frontier at [[Oxus]], is discarded by Satish Chandra, as Oxus was hardly defensible and no serious attempt were made for the former.<ref name=Abraham/>

== Ottomans ==
[[Babur]]'s early relations with the Ottomans were poor because the Selim I provided Babur's rival Uzbek [[Ubaydullah Khan]] with powerful [[matchlock]]s and [[cannon]]s.<ref name="Farooqi">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ubaydullah+Khan |title=Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748|first=Naimur Rahman |last=Farooqi |year=2008 |access-date=2014-03-25}}</ref>

In 1507, when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful [[suzerainty|suzerain]], Babur refused and gathered [[Qizilbash]] servicemen in order to counter the forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the [[Battle of Ghazdewan]] in 1512. In 1513, Selim I reconciled with Babur (fearing that he would join the [[Safavid Iran|Safavids]]), dispatched [[Ustad Ali Quli]] and Mustafa Rumi, and many other Ottoman Turks, in order to assist Babur in his conquests; this particular assistance proved to be the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.<ref name="Farooqi"/> From them, he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field (rather than only in [[siege]]s), which would give him an important advantage in India.<ref>{{citation |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7|pages=27–29}}</ref> Babur referred to this method as the "Ottoman device" due to its previous use by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] during the [[Battle of Chaldiran]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |first=Satish |last=Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2009 |page=29}}</ref>

Later in 1527, the Ottoman also assisted the Mughals in the [[battle of Khanwa]].<ref name="Farooqi">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ubaydullah+Khan |title=Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748|first=Naimur Rahman |last=Farooqi |year=2008 |access-date=2014-03-25}}</ref>

In 1626, Jahangir began to contemplate military alliance between the Ottoman Empire, the Mughals, and the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] of the [[Uzbeks]] against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at [[Kandahar]].<ref name="Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748; Naimur Rahman Farooqi">{{cite book |author1=Naimur Rahman Farooqi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748 |date=1989 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |page=38 |language=En |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar]]
* [[Dutch Suratte]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_kNAQAAMAAJ|title=Akbar the Great: Evolution of administration, 1556-1605 A.D Volume 2|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|publisher= Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1962|access-date=2020-09-28}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITluAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Jahangir|author=Beni Prasad|publisher=Indian Press, Limited|year=1940|access-date=2020-09-28}}
* {{cite book |author1=J. C. Sharman |title=Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18279-7 |language=En }}
* {{cite book |author1=Jorge Flores |title=The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30753-7 |page=74 |series=Volume 6 of Rulers & Elites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3XsCgAAQBAJ |access-date=13 July 2024 |language=En}}

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Foreign relations of former countries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of The Mughal Empire}}
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire|*]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]

Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

2025-12-21T11:55:30Z

Khalidmendi: formatting fix

{{Short description|7th-century Arab poet}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Yathrib]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabia]] {{small|(present-day [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]])}}
| death_date = {{circa|624}} CE
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabia]]
| death_cause = Assassinated by [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]] on the order of [[Muhammad]]
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf''' ({{langx|ar|كعب بن الأشرف}}; died {{circa|624}}) was, according to [[Islam]]ic texts, a [[Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry|pre-Islamic Arabic poet]] and contemporary of Muhammad in [[Medina]].<ref>{{Interlanguage link multi|Ibn Sallâm al-Jumahî|fr}} quotes his name among eight names of Arab poets of Jewish religion, in his ''Tabaqat ashooara''.[https://archive.org/details/waq66836/page/n106/mode/1up]</ref> Scholars identify him as a Jewish leader.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Uri |date=1990 |title=The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580625 |journal=Oriens |volume=32 |pages=65–71 |doi=10.2307/1580625 |jstor=1580625 |issn=0078-6527|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roohi |first=Ehsan |date=January 2021 |title=The Murder of the Jewish Chieftain Ka'b b. al-Ashraf: A Re-examination |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/murder-of-the-jewish-chieftain-kab-b-alashraf-a-reexamination/4C4D285E540E8B3C6BB91CCED0AE57D7 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=103–124 |doi=10.1017/S135618632000053X |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Biography==
Ka'b was born to a father from the [[Arab]] [[Tayy]] tribe and a mother from the [[Jewish]] [[Banu Nadir]] tribe. His father having died early, Ka'b was brought up in his mother's family and in her faith.{{r|JE}} He was recognized as belonging to his mother's tribe, in which he was one of the leading men.{{r|mam|page=18–19}}

The order to kill Ka'b is mentioned in numerous [[hadith]]s. Muhammad made it clear to his companions that he wished Ka'b dealt with, saying, "Who is willing to deal with Ka’b bin Al-Ashraf who has irritated Allah and His Messenger?"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|270}}</ref> [[Muhammad ibn Maslama|Muhammad bin Maslama]] volunteered and was aided by several others, including Ka‘b’s [[Sibling#Milk sibling|foster brother]], [[Silkan bin Salama|Abu Na'ila]]. Ibn Maslamah was troubled that this assassination would involve lying to Ka'b, but Muhammad gave him a dispensation to do so.<ref name=still124 /> They took Ka'b out for a walk late at night and killed him.<ref name="EI"/>

==Interpretation==
Many authors have ascribed harmful acts (i.e. mocking [[Muhammad]]) deeds to Ka'b.<ref name=JE>{{JewishEncyclopedia|no-prescript=1|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9106-ka-b-al-ashraf|volume=7|page=400|article=Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf|first1=Richard|last1=Gottheil|first2=Hartwig|last2=Hirschfeld|author2-link=Hartwig Hirschfeld}}</ref> According to the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], following the victory of the Muslims over the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] in the [[Battle of Badr]], in March 624, Ka'b was angry at the execution of a number of [[Mecca]]n notables who had been captured after that battle, the Meccan notables who caused a lot of damage against the Muslims.<ref name=EI>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Montgomery Watt|first=W.|author-link=William Montgomery Watt|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=Online |title=Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> According to some [[Tafsir|Islamic commentators]], Muhammad called upon his followers to deal with Ka'b because the latter had "provoked [the] Quraysh against Muhammad" by bewailing Quraysh victims of the Battle in a poem.

[[Ibn Hisham]]'s biography of Muhammad reports Ka'b as saying "By Allah, if Muhammad has indeed struck down those people, then it were better to be buried in the earth than to walk upon it!"<ref name=still124>{{cite book |author=Stillman, Norman |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil |url-access=registration |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |work=[[Jewish Publication Society]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8276-0116-1 |pages=124–127 |type=Translation of Ibn Hisham's ''al-Sira al-Nabawiyya''|author-link = Norman Stillman}}</ref>

Other sources state that the reason for killing of Ka'b was that he had plotted with a group of Jews to kill Muhammad. The writings of the later commentators such as [[al-Zamakhshari]], al-Tabarsi, al-Razi, [[al-Baydawi]], and [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|al-Asqalani]] provide another distinct report according to which Ka'b was killed because [[Gabriel]] had informed Muhammad about a treaty signed by himself and [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] creating an alliance between the Quraysh and forty Jews against Muhammad during Ka'b's visit to Mecca.{{r|rub|page=66}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|author-link=Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzZJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|chapter=Fath al-Bari|title=Kitab al-Maghazi|page=96|volume=9|publisher=Dar Taybah|date=2005|lang=ar|quote=وأخرج ابن عائذ من طريق الكلبي أن كعب بن الأشرف قدم على مشركي قريش فحالفهم عند أستار الكعبة على قتال المسلمين}}</ref> According to [[Uri Rubin]], some allusions to the existence of an anti-Muslim treaty between Quraysh and Ibn al-Ashraf may be found in the earlier sources.{{r|rub|pages=65–71}}. Many people also consider that Muhammad had no evidence that Ka'b was plotting to murder Muhammad or even tried to assassinate Muhammad. Muhammad conducted no trial and had got him assassinated.

On some accounts, [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab|Huyayy bin Akhtab]] of [[Banu Nadir]] tribe had earlier refused to pay blood money for the murder of two Muslims and [[Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy]] had planned along with allied nomads to attack Muhammad.{{r|mam|page=211–212}} Muhammad besieged the Banu Nadir and ordered the tribe to leave Medina within ten days. The tribe at first decided to comply, but certain people from Medina who were not believers offered to help Banu al-Nadir fight the Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html|url=http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html|title=The earliest biography of Muhammad, by Ibn Ishaq|archive-date=25 June 2004}}</ref> [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]], despite opposition from within the tribe, decided to fight, a fight which ended with their surrender although they were allowed to leave and take what possessions they could carry on their camels, with the exception of their weapons which they had to leave behind.<ref name="BanuNadir">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Montgomery Watt|first=W.|author-link=William Montgomery Watt |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=Online |title=Nadir, Banu 'l|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era]]
* [[Umm Qirfa]]
* [[Asma bint Marwan]]
* [[Abu 'Afak]]
* [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]]
* [[Ka'b ibn Asad]]
* [[Al-Kawthar]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name=mam>{{cite book |last=Montgomery Watt|first=W. |url=https://archive.org/stream/muhammadatmedina029655mbp|title=Muhammad at Medina |year=1956 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt|location=Oxford |publisher=The Clarendon Press|oclc=458879357}}</ref>
<ref name=rub>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Uri |title=The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf |journal=Oriens |volume=32 |year=1990 |pages=66|jstor=1580625 |doi=10.2307/1580625 }}</ref>

</references>

== Further reading ==
* Ehsan Roohi, ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/murder-of-the-jewish-chieftain-kab-b-alashraf-a-reexamination/4C4D285E540E8B3C6BB91CCED0AE57D7 The Murder of the Jewish Chieftain Ka‘b b. al-Ashraf: A Re-examination]'', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 31, Issue 1, January 2021, pp. 103 - 124

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kab Ibn Al-Ashraf}}
[[Category:624 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Jews]]
[[Category:Banu Nadir]]
[[Category:Tayy]]
[[Category:7th-century Arabian Jews]]
[[Category:Medieval Jewish poets]]
[[Category:Pre-Islamic Arabian poets]]
[[Category:Opponents of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Dhari taluka

2025-12-16T04:50:52Z

Khalidmendi: creating entry!

{{Short description|Taluka Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhari Taluka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dhari, Gujarat|Dhari]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|19|34|N|71|1|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 139807
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise Statistics {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |url=http://164.100.94.191/niti/best-practices/district-wise-statistics |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=164.100.94.191}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption =
| population_blank1 = 961 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_blank1_title = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| population_blank2 = 75.8%
| population_blank2_title = Literacy
}}

'''Dhari Taluka''' is a geographical subdivision located in the [[western India]]n state of [[Gujarat]], situated in the [[Amreli district]]. Dhari Taluka encompasses a diverse range of topographical features, cultural nuances, and economic activities that contribute to its unique identity. [[Dhari, Gujarat|Dhari]] is the headquarter of the taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluka {{!}} District Amreli, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://amreli.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=District) |first=Vadodara (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRY-AQAAMAAJ&q=Dhari+Taluka |title=Dhari Taluka |date=1886 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Prehistoric traces indicate that Dhari Taluka has been inhabited since antiquity, with archaeological findings suggesting human habitation dating back to prehistoric times. The region's geographical location in the vicinity of the [[Gir forest|Gir Forest]], a significant natural reserve and home to the endangered Asiatic lion, has likely contributed to its early settlement.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxIpjwEACAAJ |title=Jamabandi Revision Settlement Report of the Dhari Taluka of the Amreli Division 1910-11 Baroda |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en}}</ref>

in the medieval period, Dhari Taluka oscillating between various ruling powers. Its proximity to [[Junagadh]], a historically significant princely state, meant that the taluka frequently found itself under the dominion of the various dynasties that held sway over the broader region. Over time, Dhari Taluka witnessed the rise and fall of numerous local and regional rulers, each leaving their indelible mark on the socio-cultural fabric of the land.

During the colonial era, Dhari Taluka, like much of India, came under the influence of [[British colonial rule]]. The taluka's strategic location and agrarian significance attracted the attention of colonial administrators.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjJRAAAAYAAJ&dq=Dhari+Taluka&pg=PA91 |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=1902 |language=en}}</ref>

Post-independence, Dhari Taluka became an integral part of the [[Indian republic]], experiencing transformative changes in various spheres. The region's agrarian economy underwent modernization, with the introduction of new agricultural practices and technologies aimed at boosting productivity.

== Geography ==
[[File:Amreli Gujarat map.svg|thumb|Map of [[Amreli district]]]]

Dhari Taluka is a geographical subdivision located in the western Indian state of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Dhari Taluka of Amreli, Gujarat |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3845-dhari-amreli-gujarat.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Dhari Taluka occupies a strategic position between latitudes 20.7437° N and 21.0266° N, and longitudes 70.7303° E and 71.1116° E. It shares borders with other talukas within the [[Amreli district]], namely Amreli, Rajula, and Jafrabad, each characterized by its own geographical attributes.

The landscape of Dhari Taluka is predominantly defined by a blend of semi-arid plains, [[rolling hills (geology)|rolling hills]], and riverine tracts. The Shetrunji River, a significant watercourse in the region, meanders through Dhari, not only serving as a source of water but also shaping the land through its erosional and depositional processes. The river's basin supports agriculture and sustains local flora and fauna.

The climate of Dhari Taluka is characterized by a semi-arid climate, with hot and dry summers and relatively milder winters. The monsoon season, extending from June to September, brings much-needed rainfall that replenishes water resources and supports agricultural activities.

Infrastructure and connectivity have improved over the years, aiding the development of Dhari Taluka. Road networks link it to neighboring towns and cities, facilitating the movement of people and goods. The administrative and educational institutions in the taluka are pivotal in shaping its growth and development.

== Economy ==
Agriculture forms the backbone of Dhari Taluka's economy, with its fertile alluvial plains being conducive to the cultivation of various crops. The predominant crops include [[peanut|groundnut]]s ([[peanut]]s), [[cotton]], bajra, and sesame. The region's agrarian lifestyle is deeply embedded in its cultural fabric, influencing festivals, traditions, and daily life.

== Culture ==
Dhari Taluka is known for its vibrant traditions, festivals, and folk art forms.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{OSM relation|9659201 }}

{{Amreli district}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]

Rai University

2025-11-25T07:11:36Z

Khalidmendi: general correct formatting after review and added references

{{Short description|Private university in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Rai University
|other_name =
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|motto = Evolving Thinking Minds
|established = 2012
|type = [[Private university (India)|Private]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|chairperson =
|director =
|president = Amit Rai <ref>{{cite web|title=Editorial Board - Rai University|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/editorial-board/|publisher=Rai University|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008180932/http://www.raiuniversity.edu/editorial-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[Ahmedabad]]
|state = [[Gujarat]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{coord|type:edu|display=inline, title}}
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.raiuniversity.edu}}
|image = [[File:Rai University logo.png|200px]]
}}

'''Rai University''' ('''RU''') is a [[Private university (India)|private university]]<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title=State -wise List of Private Universities as on 19.09.2017|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Private%20University%20Consolidated%20List%20Private%20Universities%20as%20on%2019.09.2017.pdf|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|access-date=1 September 2017|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> located in [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]], India. The university was established in 2012 by the [[Rai Foundation]] through the ''Gujarat Private Universities Act (Amendment), 2012'', the same act which established Indus University.

==History==
Rai University was originally established by the [[Rai Foundation]] in 2002 in [[Chhattisgarh]], one of 46 universities which were established through ''The Chhattisgarh Niji Kshetra Vishwavidyalaya (Sthapana aur Viniyaman) Adhiniyam, 2001''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chhattisgarh Niji Kshetra Vishwavidyalaya (Sthapana aur Viniyaman) Adhiniyam, 2001|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/chhattisgarh/2001/2001CG2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627070308/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/chhattisgarh/2001/2001CG2.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 June 2015|publisher=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|work=Chhattisgarh Gazette|access-date=8 October 2017|date=2002}}</ref> within a year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Neeraj|title=Act enables 46 varisities to come up in Chhattisgarh in a year, worry educationists|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20030929-act-allows-private-universities-to-come-up-in-state-within-one-year-791642-2003-09-28|access-date=8 October 2017|work=[[India Today]]|date=29 September 2003}}</ref> The act empowered the state to establish a university through a gazette notification and further allowed such universities to [[affiliated college|affiliate]] colleges and set up campuses.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Private University Act of Chhattisgarh: Supreme Court Judgment|journal=Contemporary Education Dialogue|date=1 January 2005|volume=2|issue=2|pages=261–264|doi=10.1177/097318490500200210|s2cid=220419653|language=en|issn=0973-1849}}</ref> At its peak, the university had eleven campuses around Chhattisgarh<ref>{{cite web|title=Know us Better|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204143319/http://raiuniversity.edu/aboutus.htm|url=http://raiuniversity.edu:80/aboutus.htm|archive-date=4 February 2005|access-date=8 October 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and a total of 29 colleges across 25 campuses in India and abroad. It offered more than 300 courses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rai University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206060702/http://www.rbs.raiuniversity.edu/about-rf.htm|access-date=8 October 2017|url=http://www.rbs.raiuniversity.edu/about-rf.htm|archive-date=6 February 2006}}</ref> In 2005 the [[Supreme Court of India]] passed a decision which cancelled the relevant sections in the above-mentioned act, thus closing 117 universities, Rai University among them.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Negi|first1=S.S.|title=SC orders closure of 117 varsities in Chhattisgarh|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050212/main6.htm|access-date=8 October 2017|work=[[The Tribune, Chandigarh|The Tribune]]|date=11 February 2005}}</ref> The various campuses under Rai Foundation sought affiliation with other university such as [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]] for the [[Raipur]] campus<ref>{{cite news|title=Rai University gets affiliation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/03/26/stories/2005032610710400.htm|access-date=8 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=March 26, 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> the [[Delhi University]] for the [[New Delhi]] campus and the [[Maharishi Dayanand University]] for the [[Gurgaon]] campus.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425234435/http://www.businessworldindia.com/b_school/news_articles58.asp|url=http://www.businessworldindia.com/b_school/news_articles58.asp|archive-date=25 April 2008|title=Rai University Gets the Supreme Nod|date=5 November 2005|url-status=usurped|newspaper=[[Businessworld]]}}</ref>

One of the campuses was the Belapur campus at [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], which was established in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Unnithan|first1=Chitra|title=Will a Rai university row kick up in A'bad too? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Will-a-Rai-university-row-kick-up-in-Abad-too/articleshow/1102413.cms|access-date=8 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=8 May 2005}}</ref> In 2012 the Government of Gujarat invited the Rai Foundation to establish a [[Private university (India)|private university]] in the Belapur campus.<ref name=notice/> The university was established in 2012 through the ''Gujarat Private Universities Act (Amendment), 2012'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat Private Universities Act (Amendment), 2012|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/recognition.pdf|date=11 April 2012|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=28 September 2017|work=Gujarat Gazette}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the same act which established Indus University.

==Academics==
The university offers both undergraduate ([[B.Sc.]], [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] and [[LLB]]) courses and postgraduate ([[M.Sc.]], [[M.Tech.]], [[MBA]]) ones, as well as engineering diploma courses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Courses|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/admission/courses/|website=Rai University|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> Admission is based on national and state entrance exams and a personal interview.<ref>{{cite web|title=Admission Procedure|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/admission/admission-procedure/|publisher=Rai University|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> [[Ph.D.]] positions are also available.<ref name=notice>{{cite web|title=PhD|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/admission/phd/|publisher=Rai University|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> The university is approved by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC)<ref name=Private/> which has also published an inspection report in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/0936110_Rai-university-Gujrat.pdf|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|title=Report of the UGC Expert Committee for Rai University|date=24 October 2015|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> and a member of the [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU).<ref>{{cite web|title=AIU Membership|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/AIU-membership.pdf|publisher=[[Association of Indian Universities]]|access-date=8 October 2017|date=27 January 2017|archive-date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618154814/http://www.raiuniversity.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/AIU-membership.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Schools==
The institute runs nine schools:<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/academics/schools/|publisher=Rai University|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
* School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)
* Rai Business School (RBS)
* College of Media & Communication (CMAC)
* Institute of Design Engineering and Architecture (IDEA)
* College of Hospitality and Tourism (CHAT)
* School of Fashion Technology & Performing Arts (SOFT)
* School of Arts, Science & Commerce (SASC)
* School of Law (SOL)
* School of Agriculture (SOA)
* School of Life Sciences (SOLS)
* Center for Research & Development (CRD)
*School of Pharmacy (SOP)

==Controversy==
In 2016 the [[Government of Gujarat]] directed Rai University (along with [[Parul University]]) to stop admission to its agriculture courses which were unrecognized by the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parul, Rai varsities told to stop agriculture intake - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Parul-Rai-varsities-told-to-stop-agriculture-intake/articleshow/55083165.cms|access-date=8 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> This has led to student protests.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ambiguity over BSc agriculture course: Private university students protest - Ahmedabad Mirror|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/education/Ambiguity-over-BSc-agriculture-course-Private-university-students-protest/articleshow/55567850.cms|access-date=8 October 2017|work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]|date=23 November 2016}}</ref> The university has issued a public notice clarifying that as a university approved by state Act, the above-mentioned recognition is not required.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Public Notice Regarding Agriculture Course-2016|url=http://www.raiuniversity.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/New-Doc_1-1.pdf|access-date=8 October 2017|publisher=Rai University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.raiuniversity.edu}}

{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Private universities in Gujarat]]

Kovvali, Eluru district

2025-11-25T00:05:18Z

Khalidmendi: New Biography!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kovvali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,925
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534442
| registration_plate = AP37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Eluru
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Eluru
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Denduluru
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kovvali''' is a village [[Denduluru]] Mandal in [[Eluru district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Kovvali had a population of 8925. The total population constitutes 4391 males and 4534 females with a sex ratio of 1033 females per 1000 males. 842 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1034. The average literacy rate stands at 66.79%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588463-kovvali-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Kovvali Population Census|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|16|44|N|81|10|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}