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Ruturaj Gaikwad

2023-10-09T13:07:33Z

Khalid56: /* International career */Fixed typo.

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ruturaj Gaikwad
| image =
| country = India
| nickname= Rutu
| fullname = Ruturaj Dashrat Gaikwad
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|1|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm off break
| role = [[Batter (cricket)|Batter]]
| club1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| year1 = 2016–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year2 = 2019–present
| clubnumber2 = 31
| club3 = [[Maharashtra Premier League|Puneri Bappa]]
| year3 = 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=16 चेंडूत 90 धावा; महाराष्ट्र प्रीमियर लीगमध्ये नाशिकच्या मुलाची कमाल|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/sports/arshin-kulkarni-hits-fastest-century-in-maharashtra-premier-league-history-hits-13-sixes-and-claimed-4-wickets-nashik-titans-win-puneri-bappa/722276|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref>

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021-present
| onetest =
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =
| odidebutdate = 6 October
| odidebutyear = 2022
| odidebutagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 246
| lastodidate = 22 September
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt = 31

| T20Idebutdate = 28 July
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Icap = 88
| T20Ishirt = 31
| lastT20Idate = 7 October
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = Afghanistan

| columns = 4
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 4
| runs1 = 106
| bat avg1 = 26.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 71
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/0

| column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches2 = 14
| runs2 = 277
| bat avg2 = 27.70
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 58
| catches/stumpings2 = 8/0

| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 28
| runs3 = 1,941
| bat avg3 = 42.19
| 100s/50s3 = 6/9
| top score3 = 195
| catches/stumpings3 = 19/0

| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 75
| runs4 = 4,121
| bat avg4 = 59.72
| 100s/50s4 = 15/17
| top score4 = 220[[not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings4 = 20/0
| date = 08 October
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1060380.html ESPNcricinfo
|family=Utkarsha Pawar (wife)|caption=Gaikwad in 2022
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games|Team]]}}
}}
'''Ruturaj Dashrat Gaikwad''' (born 31 January 1997) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] team in domestic cricket and for the [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). He made his international debut for the [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]] in July 2021 against Sri Lanka.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1060380.html |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29829214/ipl-2020-devdutt-padikkal,-ruturaj-gaikwad,-other-uncapped-indians-keep-eye-on |title=IPL 2020 - Devdutt Padikkal, Ruturaj Gaikwad in power-packed band of uncapped Indian batsmen |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer in the [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021 IPL season]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021 Orange Cap List: Ruturaj Gaikwad Edges Faf Du Plessis As Chennai Super Kings Openers Put On A Show In IPL Final Against Kolkata Knight Riders {{!}} Cricket News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2021/ipl-2021-orange-cap-list-ruturaj-gaikwad-edges-faf-du-plessis-as-chennai-super-kings-openers-put-on-a-show-in-ipl-final-against-kolkata-knight-riders-2576851|access-date=16 October 2021|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref> He is captain of the Maharashtra team in T20 and [[List A cricket|List A]] cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=आयपीएल गाजवणाऱ्या CSKच्या ऋतुराज गायकवाडला मिळाले कर्णधारपद, ऑरेंज कॅपनंतर आली गूड न्यूज...|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/sports/cricket/cricket-news/csk-cricketer-ruturaj-gaikwad-appointed-as-maharashtras-captain-for-syed-mushtaq-ali-t-20-trophy/articleshow/87280890.cms|access-date=20 December 2021|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 16, 2021|first=Amit|last=Karmakar|title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Ruturaj Gaikwad in great nick, but team 'unlucky' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-ruturaj-gaikwad-in-great-nick-but-team-unlucky/articleshow/88310341.cms|access-date=2021-12-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

He was the captain of the India squad which won the [[2022 Asian Games|Asian Games 2023]].

==Early life==
Ruturaj Gaikwad is from Pune, Maharashtra. His father is Dashrath Gaikwad, who was a [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research Development Organisation's (DRDO)]] employee.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=धोनीच्या कौतुक यादीत पुण्याचा ऋतुराज गायकवाड, जाणून घ्या 'स्पार्क'राजबद्दल|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/sports/cricket/iplt20/news/chennai-super-kings-ipl-2020-who-is-ruturaj-gaikwad-whom-ms-dhoni-is-praising-too-much/articleshow/78953007.cms|access-date=20 December 2021|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref> His mother Sawita Gaikwad is a teacher in a municipality school. According to Gaikwad his parents never insisted him to study more and play less Cricket. Gaikwad's native village is Pargaon Memane village in [[Saswad]] area of Pune district, Maharastra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ruturaj-gaikwad-ipl-csk-pune-7521998/|title = Too anxious to watch their son play, Ruturaj Gaikwad's parents miss greater part of his innings|date = 20 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|date=20 September 2021|title=ऋतुराज गायकवाड असा ठरला ऑरेंज कॅपचा मानकरी|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-58622914.amp}}</ref>

He did his primary schooling from [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Pune]] in [[Khadki]]. He studied in Lakashmibai Nadgude school in Pimple Nilakh, Pune. He did college studies from ''Marathvada Mitra Mandal's'' Polytechnic.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=पिंपरीचा पठ्ठ्या भारतीय क्रिकेट संघात {{!}} Sakal|url=https://www.esakal.com/pimpri-chinchwad/pimpri-chinchwad-ruturaj-gaikwad-selected-for-the-indian-cricket-team|access-date=20 December 2021|website=www.esakal.com}}</ref>

==Domestic career==

=== Early career ===
Gaikwad at the age of 13 joined the [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]'s (PCMC) Varroc [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] Academy' in [[Thergaon]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-31|title=Puneri prodigy Ruturaj Gaikwad straight drives an India call up|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-boy-gaikwad-bats-up-to-the-indian-call/story-9t2w3sVj1FPmweYpL7rLyK.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> in [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad]], Pune.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/sweat-and-tears-the-making-of-orange-cap-holder-ruturaj-gaikwad-7574012/lite/|title=Sweat and tears: The making of orange cap holder Ruturaj Gaikwad|date=16 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=कुटे|first=उत्तम|title=भारतीय संघातील निवडीवर ऋतुराज म्हणाला, छान वाटतंय, मेहनतीचे फळ मिळाले...|url=https://www.sarkarnama.in/desh/selection-indin-team-ruturaj-said-feel-good-77791|access-date=20 December 2021|website=Sarkarnama|language=mr}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2010-01-23|title=Cadence Trophy: Vengsarkar Academy defeat MIG Club|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/cadence-trophy-vengsarkar-academy-defeat-mig-club/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In Cadence trophy of 2010, He scored 63* (71) against Mumbai's MIG Cricket club for Varroc Vengsarkar Academy, he got man of the match. His academy beat MIG Cricket club by 7 wickets, Cadence Cricket ground.<ref name="indianexpress.com" />

At Maharashtra invitational tournament of 2015, he scored 306 runs in a match in partnership of 522 runs with his teammate Vinay.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Pagar|first1=Chinmay|date=2019-07-25|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad Biography - Age {{!}} Family {{!}} Achievements {{!}} Stats {{!}} Wife|url=https://www.kreedon.com/ruturaj-gaikwad-biography/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Voice of Indian Sports - KreedOn|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Debut for Maharashtra ===
He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]] on 6 October 2016.<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053471.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Jharkhand v Maharashtra at Delhi, Oct 6-9, 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Maharashtra in the [[2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament]] on 2 February 2017.<ref name="T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079319.html |title=Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament, West Zone: Maharashtra v Mumbai at Vadodara, Feb 2, 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In the 2019 Ranji trophy season, he scored 108 (199) in first inning and 76 (170) in Pune in second inning, while opening for Maharashtra Cricket team versus [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]. He became man of the match in this match.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Maharashtra vs Chhattisgarh Elite, Group C 2019/20 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2019-20-1196777/maharashtra-vs-chhattisgarh-elite-group-c-1203491/full-scorecard|access-date=16 October 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Maharashtra in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 25 February 2017.<ref name="LA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053715.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group B: Himachal Pradesh v Maharashtra at Cuttack, Feb 25, 2017 |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In this tournament he scored 444 runs along 63.42 average in 7 matches. He scored 3 half centuries and one century. He was the third highest run getter in 2016–17 Vijay Hazare trophy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad Profile {{!}} Ruturaj Gaikwad Cricket Career {{!}} Cricket Stats|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/profile/ruturaj-gaikwad/66584.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

In Indian domestic cricket structure he played for India A, India B, India Blue, Maharashtra and India U-23.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ruturaj gaikwad Profile: India Cricket Team Player, Latest News, ICC Ranking, Age, Full Career Info, Stats, Photos & Videos Online – FirstCricket, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/player-profile/ruturaj-gaikwad-66584|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> In October 2018, Gaikwad was named in [[India B cricket team|India B]]'s squad for the [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1162570.html |title=Rahane, Ashwin and Karthik to play Deodhar Trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, he was named in India's team for the [[2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/1167689.html |title=India Under-23s Squad |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

He scored four centuries in four matches in Mandke trophy of 2019.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2019, he scored 187 [[not out]] for [[India A cricket team|India A]] against [[Sri Lanka A cricket team|Sri Lanka A]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19249/report/1183602/india-a-vs-sri-lanka-a-1st-unofficial-odi-sri-lanka-a-in-india-2019 |title=Gaikwad smashes 187* to lead India A to victory |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> In August 2019, he was named in the India Blue team's squad for the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27331972/shubman-gill-priyank-panchal-faiz-fazal-lead-duleep-trophy-sides |title=Shubman Gill, Priyank Panchal and Faiz Fazal to lead Duleep Trophy sides |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/duleep-trophy-2019-shubman-gill-faiz-fazal-and-priyank-panchal-to-lead-duleep-trophy-2019-squad-fixtures-schedule-876560 |title=Duleep Trophy 2019: Shubman Gill, Faiz Fazal and Priyank Panchal to lead as Indian domestic cricket season opens |work=Cricket Country |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> In October 2019, he was named in [[India B cricket team|India B]]'s squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

In the [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2021 Mushtaq Ali trophy]], Gaikwad captained Maharashtra and scored 259 runs in five matches at an average of 51.80, including three fifties at a strike rate of 150.71. He finished as one of the top scorers in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2021/22 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?id=14239&type=tournament|access-date=20 December 2021|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> in the [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021–22 Vijay Hazare trophy]] he scored four hundreds and equalled [[Virat Kohli]]'s record of scoring maximum hundreds in single Vijay Hazare tournament and scored over 600 runs in the tournament for Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajkot|date=December 14, 2021|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad hits 4th hundred of Vijay Hazare Trophy 2021 to join Virat Kohli, Prithvi Shaw in elite list|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ruturaj-gaikwad-hits-4th-hundred-of-vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-to-equal-virat-kohli-prithvi-shaw-devdutt-padikkal-record-1887726-2021-12-14|access-date=20 December 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2022, during 2nd quarter-final match between Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh of [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], Gaikwad became the first batter to hit seven sixes in an over (one off a no-ball) in all forms of cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad Creates History, Becomes 1st Player to Hit 7 Sixes in an Over |url=https://www.probatsman.com/ruturaj-gaikwad-creates-history-becomes-1st-player-to-hit-7-sixes-in-an-over |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=ProBatsman}}</ref> With the 108-run knock against Saurashtra ( In the Final of Vijay Hazare Trophy 2022-23), Gaikwad now owns the record for the most centuries by any player in Vijay Hazare Trophy history (12). Former Indian cricketer [[Robin Uthappa]] and Gaikwad's current Maharashtra teammate [[Ankit Bawne]] jointly held the record previously (11 centuries each). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad creates new record for most centuries in Vijay Hazare Trophy history |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ruturaj-gaikwad-shatters-robin-uthappa-s-record-centuries-vijay-hazare-trophy |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

====2023====
In 2023, he was hired by a Pune-based franchise for [[Maharashtra Premier League]] (MPL) in ₹14.8 crore (for 3 years). The franchise later named as ''[[Puneri Bappa]]'' and they announced Ruturaj Gaikwad as their captain for [[2023 Maharashtra Premier League|inaugural season]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-04 |title=Ruturaj for Pune, Tripathi for Nashik |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ruturaj-for-pune-tripathi-for-nashik/articleshow/100737344.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=எம்.பி.எல் கிரிக்கெட்: ரூ14.8 கோடிக்கு விலை போன ருதுராஜ்; எந்தெந்த அணிக்கு யார் கேப்டன்? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/sports/mpl-2023-ruturaj-gaikwad-bought-for-rs-14-80-crore-by-pune-franchise-tamil-news-689316/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Indian Express Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

==International career==
In June 2021, Gaikwad was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squads for their series [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |title=Shikhar Dhawan to captain India on limited-overs tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 28 July 2021, for India against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1262759.html |title=2nd T20I (N), Colombo (RPS), Jul 28 2021, India tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> In December 2021, Gaikwad was named in India's ODI squad for their series [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|against South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sa-vs-ind-odi-series-2021-22-rohit-sharma-misses-south-africa-odis-with-injury-kl-rahul-named-captain-1294976 |title=Rohit misses South Africa ODIs with injury, Rahul named captain |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> In January 2022, Gaikwad was again named in India's ODI squad, this time for their home series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2021–22|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-2022-rohit-sharma-and-kuldeep-yadav-return-for-west-indies-odis-and-t20is-1298852 |title=Rohit and Kuldeep return for West Indies ODIs and T20Is |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> In June 2022, he scored his maiden T20I half-century [[South African cricket team in India in 2022|against South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-1278669/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-t20i-1278689/match-report|title=Harshal, Chahal ensure India stay alive in the series|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>

In July 2022, he was named in India's ODI squad for their away series [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2022|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wi-vs-ind-odi-series-2022-shikhar-dhawan-to-lead-india-in-west-indies-odis-ravindra-jadeja-named-vice-captain-1323376 |title=Shikhar Dhawan to lead India in West Indies ODIs |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> In October 2022, he was named in India's ODI squad, for their [[South African cricket team in India in 2022–23|series against South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 October 2022 |title=India's squad for ODI series against SA announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555935/india-s-squad-for-odi-series-against-sa-announced |website= Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> He made his ODI debut on 6 October 2022 against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327509.html |title=1st ODI (D/N), Lucknow, October 06, 2022, South Africa tour of India |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>

In June 2023, Gaikwad was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] and ODI squads for the series [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|against West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1383151.html |title=Pujara dropped; Jaiswal and Gaikwad in India's Test squad for West Indies |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>

In July 2023, Gaikwad was named as India's vice-captain for the series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2023|against Ireland]] under a returning [[Jasprit Bumrah|Jasprit Bumrah]].<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/ireland-vs-india-t20i-august-bcci-names-squad-jasprit-bumrah-captain-hardik-rested-2414379-2023-07-31 |title=Ireland vs India: Jasprit Bumrah returns, named captain for 3-match T20I series, Rinku Singh in squad |work=India Today |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> He ended the series as the leading run scorer with 77 runs from the two matches with 58 of those runs coming in the second match.

In September 2023, Gaikwad was named in India's ODI squad for the first two matches in the series [[Australian cricket team in India in 2023–24|against Australia]].<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/india-announce-squad-for-odi-series-vs-australia/%3famp=1 |title=BCCI announce India’s squad for ODI series vs Australia, Ravichandran Ashwin returns |work=CricTracker |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> On September 22, he scored 71 runs in the first match of the series which was his maiden half-century in ODI cricket.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/ruturaj-gaikwad-shines-with-stroke-filled-71-in-first-odi-against-australia-2439311-2023-09-22 |title=India opener Ruturaj Gaikwad shines with stroke-filled 71 in first ODI against Australia |work=India Today |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

In July 2023, Gaikwad was also named as India's [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] Captain for the [[2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]].<ref> {{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ruturaj-gaikwad-to-lead-india-at-asian-games-yashasvi-jaiswal-rinku-singh-named-in-squad-4208766/amp/1 |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad To Lead India At Asian Games; Yashasvi Jaiswal, Rinku Singh Named In Squad |work=NDTV Sports |access-date= 14 July 2023}}</ref> He led India to win the Gold Medal and became the first Indian captain to do so in [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Men's Cricket]] at the Asian Games and second Indian captain after [[MS Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] to win a T20I tournament on their first attempt.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.timesofsports.com/olympics/asian-games/ruturaj-becomes-the-first-indian-captain-to-win-gold-medal-in-asian-games-mens-cricket |title=Ruturaj Becomes the First Indian Captain to Win Gold Medal in Asian Games Men’s Cricket |work=Times of Sports |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
In December 2018, Gaikwad was bought by the [[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) in the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]] for the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom|access-date=18 December 2018|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2019 Auction: Who got whom|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms|access-date=18 December 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 2 October 2021, Gaikwad scored his first IPL century, with 101 [[not out]] against the [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021 tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2 October 2021|title=CSK's Ruturaj Gaikwad smashes 'sparkling' maiden IPL century, becomes new Orange Cap holder|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-ipl-2021-rr-vs-csk-s-ruturaj-gaikwad-smashes-sparkling-maiden-ipl-century-2913862|access-date=2 October 2021|work=DNA India}}</ref> On 15 October, Chennai Super Kings beat Kolkata Knight Riders by 27 runs in the [[2021 Indian Premier League Final|finals]] with Gaikwad contributing to CSK's total by scoring 32 runs off 27 balls. He won the [[Orange Cap]] for scoring the most runs (635) in the 2021 tournament and was also awarded the [[List of Indian Premier League awards|Emerging Player of the Year]] award.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2021|title=IPL 2021 Awards: Ruturaj Gaikwad wins Orange Cap, Rahul awarded for most sixes - Here's the full list of winners|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2021-awards-ruturaj-gaikwad-wins-orange-cap-rahul-awarded-for-most-sixes-here-s-the-full-list-of-winners-101634356563204.html|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

After his good performances in the 2021 season, Gaikwad was retained by Chennai Super Kings for [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]6 crores ahead of the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2022 IPL auction]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2022: Chennai Super Kings retain Ravindra Jadeja for Rs 16 crore, MS Dhoni, Moeen Ali and Ruturaj Gaikwad|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2022-chennai-super-kings-retain-ravindra-jadeja-for-rs-16-crore-ms-dhoni-moeen-ali-and-ruturaj-gaikwad-1882662-2021-11-30|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gaikwad lives in the [[Sangvi, Pune|Sangvi]] area of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] in Pune.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2021|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad : CSK च्या ऋतुराज गायकवाडचे जल्लोषात स्वागत|url=https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/pune/54039/csks-ruturaj-gaikwad-grand-welcome-in-old-sangaavi/ar|access-date=20 December 2021|website=पुढारी|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2021 |title=IPL 2021: Sangvi cheers by bursting firecrackers for Rituraj's performance |url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/ipl-csk-batsman-ruturaj-gaikwad-performance-fireworks-hometown-sangvi-pune-a737/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref> He is originally from Pargaon Memane.<ref name="BBC" /> His father Dasharath Gaikwad worked in the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="auto"/> On 3 June 2023, married his long-time girlfriend Utkarsha Pawar at [[Mahabaleshwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad Gets Married to Utkarsha Pawar, Shares Adorable Pics of New 'Journey' |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/ruturaj-gaikwad-married-utkarsha-pawar-adorable-pics-rashid-khan-shikhar-dhawan-react-7994731.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=1060380}}

{{Chennai Super Kings squad}}

[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Pune]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaikwad, Ruturaj}}

Qalawun

2023-10-04T09:08:42Z

Khalid56: sultan of Egypt, defeated County of Tripoli

{{short description|Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r.1279-1290)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Qalawun aṣ-Ṣāliḥī
| title = al-Malik al-Manṣūr
| image = قبة ضريح السلطان المملوكي قلاوون.JPG
| caption = For a time, [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] sultans after him received their coronation [[:commons:Category:Mausoleum of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun|here]].
| succession = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt]]
| reign = November 1279 – 10 November 1290
| coronation =
| full name =
| native_lang1 = Royal name
| native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|ar| الملك المنصور سيف الدين قلاوون الألفى الصالحى النجمى العلاءى}}
| predecessor = [[Solamish]]
| successor = [[al-Ashraf Khalil]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Fatima Khatun
*Qutqutiya Khatun
*Sitt Ashlun Khatun}}
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = {{unbulletedlist|As-Salih Ali|[[Al-Ashraf Khalil]]|[[An-Nasir Muhammad]]|Amir Ahmad|Ghaziya Khatun|Dar Mukhtar al-Jawhari|Dar Anbar al-Kamili|}}
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Bahri Mamluks]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date = {{Circa|1222}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = November 10, {{death year and age|1290|1222}}
| death_place = [[Cairo]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial = [[Qalawun complex]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''{{transliteration|ar|Qalāwūn aṣ-Ṣāliḥī|italic=no}}''' ({{lang-ar|قلاوون الصالحي}}, {{circa|1222}} – November 10, 1290) was the seventh [[Bahri Mamluks|Bahri Mamluk]] sultan; he ruled [[Mamluk Sultanate|Egypt]] from 1279 to 1290. He was called '''{{transliteration|ar|al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn|italic=no}}''' ({{lang|ar|المنصور قلاوون}}, "Qalāwūn the Victorious").<ref>{{cite book |last=Rabbat |first=Nasser O. |title=The Citadel of Cairo |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-49248-6 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWxPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |quote=When Qalāwūn assumed the throne in 1280, he took the regnal title {{transliteration|ar|al-manṣūr}} (the victorious).}}</ref> After having risen in power in the Mamluk court and elite circles, Qalawun eventually held the title of "the victorious king" and gained de facto authority over the sultanate. The current sultan, [[Al-Said Barakah|Barakah]] was exiled and rumored to have been poisoned by Qalawun. He would then wage war against the Crusaders, capturing lands held by the [[County of Tripoli]], and later totally defeating them in 1289. [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], a major Crusader stronghold was besieged by Qalawun but would only be taken by his son [[al-Ashraf Khalil]] as the former died before the siege was won in 1291. His son Khalil succeeded him as sultan.

==Biography and rise to power==
Qalawun was a [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]], an ancient [[Turkic people]] that have since been absorbed into the modern [[Kazakh people]], from the Berch-Oghlu tribe.<ref>{{cite book|last = Irwin|first = Robert|title = The Middle East in the Middle Ages: the early Mamluk sultanate, 1250-1382|publisher = Southern Illinois University Press|year = 1986|page = 64|isbn = 978-0-80931-286-3}}</ref> Now known as the clan Berish in the Kazakh junior jüz. He became a [[mamluk]] (slave soldier) in the 1240s after being sold to a member of Sultan [[al-Kamil]]'s household. Qalawun was known as ''al-Alfī'' ("the Thousander"), because [[as-Salih Ayyub]] bought him for a thousand dinars of gold.

Qalawun initially barely spoke [[Arabic]], but he rose in power and influence where he then became an [[emir]] under Sultan [[Baibars]],{{efn|Upon the death of [[Faris ad-Din Aktai]] in 1254, Bahri Mamluks (including Baibars and Qalawun) fled to [[an-Nasir Yusuf]] in Syria,{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=326}} then returned to Egypt during the reign of [[Qutuz]].}} whose son, [[al-Said Barakah]], was married to Qalawun's daughter. Baibars died in 1277 and was succeeded by Barakah. In early 1279, as Barakah and Qalawun invaded the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], there was a revolt in Egypt that forced Barakah to abdicate upon his return home. He was succeeded by his brother [[Solamish]], but it was Qalawun, acting as [[atabeg]], who was the true holder of power. Because [[Solamish]] was only seven years old, Qalawun argued that Egypt needed an adult ruler, and Solamish was sent into exile in [[Constantinople]] in late 1279.<ref name="Dobrowolski2001">{{cite book|last=Dobrowolski|first=Jarosław|title=The Living Stones of Cairo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFIFAp0cERoC&pg=PA18|year=2001|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-632-6|page=18}}</ref><ref name="Crawford2003">{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Paul|title=The 'Templar of Tyre': Part III of the 'Deeds of the Cypriots'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfNqgYlo9fMC|date=2003|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-84014-618-9|page=77}}</ref> As a result, Qalawun took the title ''al-Malik al-Manṣūr'' ("the victorious king").

The governor of [[Damascus]], [[Sunqur al-Ashqar]], did not agree with Qalawun's ascent to power and declared himself sultan. Sunqur's claim of leadership, however, was repelled in 1280, when Qalawun defeated him in battle.<ref name="Chamberlain2002">{{cite book|author=Michael Chamberlain|title=Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190-1350|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIe-azPhuo0C&pg=PP16|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52594-7|page=99}}</ref> In 1281, Qalawun and Sunqur reconciled as a matter of convenience when [[Abaqa Khan]], head of the [[Ilkhanate]], invaded Syria. Qalawun and Sunqur, working together, successfully repelled Abaqa's attack at the [[Second Battle of Homs]].

[[Al-Said Barakah|Barakah]], [[Solamish]], and their brother Khadir were exiled to [[al-Karak]], the former [[Kerak Castle|Crusader castle]]. Barakah died there in 1280 (it was rumored that Qalawun had him poisoned), and Khadir gained control of the castle, until 1286 when Qalawun took it over directly.

In 1282 he founded {{transliteration|ar|[[:commons:Category:Ribat al-Mansuri (Ribat of al-Mansur Qalawun)|Ribāṭ al-Manṣūri]]|italic=no}}, a [[ribat]] (hospice) next to the {{transliteration|ar|[[Ḥaram ash-Sharīf]]}} in Jerusalem.<ref>Burgoyne, 1987, p. 131</ref> The nearby {{transliteration|ar|[[:commons:Category:Ribat of Kurt al-Mansuri|Ribāṭ Kurt al-Manṣūrī]]|italic=no}} was founded by Kurd al-Manṣūrī, a mamluk of Qalawun.<ref name=Burgoyne1973>{{cite journal |author=M. H. Burgoyne |title=The Continued Survey of the Ribāt Kurd/Madrasa Jawhariyya Complex in Ṭarīq Bāb Al-Ḥadīd, Jerusalem |journal=Levant |volume=5 |year=1973 |pages=12–35|doi=10.1179/lev.1973.5.1.12 }}</ref>

==Mamluk diplomacy==
[[File:Siege of Tripoli Painting (1289).jpg|thumb|The [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|siege of Tripoli]] by the Mamluks of Qalawun in 1289.]]
As Baibars had done previously, Qalawun entered into land control treaties with the remaining [[Crusader states]], [[Military order (monastic society)|military orders]] and individual lords who wished to remain independent; he recognized [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and [[Beirut]] as separate from the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], now centered on [[Acre, Israel|Acre]].<ref>Crawford, p. 61.</ref><ref name="Holt1995">{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter M.|author-link=Peter M. Holt|title=Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260-1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2oeolaGUCEC|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10246-9|pages=106–17}}</ref> The treaties were always in Qalawun's favor, and his treaty with Tyre mandated that the city would not build new fortifications, would stay neutral in conflicts between the Mamluks and other Crusaders, and Qalawun would be allowed to collect half the city's taxes. In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] to bolster resistance against [[Charles I of Naples]], who was threatening both the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1290, he concluded trade alliances with the [[Republic of Genoa]] and the [[Kingdom of Sicily]].

==Wars against the Crusader states==
[[File:Cairo, madrasa del sultano qalaun, 04.JPG|thumb|The [[Qalawun complex]] (mausoleum-madrasa-maristan) on [[Muizz Street]], [[Bayn al-Qasrayn]]]]
Undeterred by the terms of these newly formed peace treaties, Qalawun sacked the "impregnable" [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitaller]] fortress of [[Margat]] in 1285, and established a Mamluk garrison there. He also captured and destroyed the castle of [[Maraclea]]. He captured [[Latakia]] in 1287 and [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] on April 27, 1289, thus ending the Crusader [[County of Tripoli]]. The [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|Fall of Tripoli]] in 1289 was spurred by the [[republic of Venice|Venetians]] and the [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]]ns, who opposed rising Genoese influence in the area. In 1290, reinforcements of King Henry arrived in Acre and drunkenly slaughtered peaceable merchants and peasants, Christians and Muslims alike. Qalawun sent an embassy to ask for an explanation and above all to demand that the murderers be handed over for punishment. The Frankish response was divided between those who sought to appease him and those who sought a new war. Having received neither an explanation nor the murderers themselves, Qalawun decided that the ten-year truce he had formed with [[Acre, Israel#Arab rule and the crusades|Acre]] in 1284 had been broken by the Franks. He subsequently besieged the city that same year. He died in Cairo on 10 November 1290, before taking the city, but Acre was captured the next year by his son [[al-Ashraf Khalil]].

Despite Qalawun's distrust of his son, Khalil succeeded him following his death. Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing Turkish Mamluks with [[Circassians|Circassian]]s, which eventually led to conflict within the Mamluk ranks. Khalil was assassinated by the Turks in 1293, but Qalawun's legacy continued when his younger son, [[an-Nasir Muhammad]], claimed power.

==Family==
Qalawun's first wife was Fatima Khatun, known as Umm Salih.<ref name="Williams 2008">{{cite book | last=Williams | first=C. | title=Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide | publisher=American University in Cairo Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-977-416-205-3 | page=143}}</ref> She was the daughter of Sayf ad-Din Karmun (Karamūm), a Mongol commander from the [[Golden Horde]] who had integrated the Mamluks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vermeulen |first1=Urbain |last2=Smet |first2=Daniel De |title=Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras |date=1995 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6831-683-4 |page=313 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grvIugwjRJQC&pg=PA313 |language=en}}</ref> They married in 1265–66. She was the mother of his eldest son, as-Salih Ali{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=116}} (died 2 September 1288{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=143}}) and Ghaziya Khatun.<ref name="Bauden">{{cite web|last1=Bauden|first1=Frédéric|title=The Qalawunids: A Pedigree|url=http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/qalawunids/qalawunid-pedigree.pdf|publisher=University of Chicago|access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> She died in 1283–84, and was buried in her own mausoleum in [[City of the Dead (Cairo)|Southern Cemetery]], [[Cairo]].<ref name="Williams 2008"/>

After her death, he married her sister, the widow of Sayf ad-Din Kunduk.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|pages=116–17}} Another wife was Qutqutiya Khatun. She was the mother of his second son, Sultan [[al-Ashraf Khalil]].<ref name="Kennedy 2001">{{cite book | last=Kennedy | first=H.N. | title=The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950 - 1800) | publisher=Brill | series=Sinica Leidensia | year=2001 | isbn=978-90-04-11794-5 | page=37}}</ref><ref name="Ben-Bassat 2017">{{cite book | last=Ben-Bassat | first=Y. | title=Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni | publisher=Brill | series=Islamic History and Civilization | year=2017 | isbn=978-90-04-34505-8 | page=29}}</ref>

Another wife was Sitt Ashlun Khatun (Ašlūn), the daughter of an [[Ilkhanate]] [[Mongol]] notable named Suktay bin Qarajin bin Jighan Nuwan (Šaktāy) who also had joined the Mamluks.<ref name="UV"/> They married in 1282. She was the mother of his third son, Sultan [[an-Nasir Muhammad]].{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=117}}<ref name="UV">{{cite book |last1=Vermeulen |first1=Urbain |last2=Smet |first2=Daniel De |title=Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras |date=1995 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6831-683-4 |page=314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grvIugwjRJQC&pg=PA314 |language=en}}</ref> An-Nasir Muhammad was raised and behaved in Mongol fashion until the age of 29, until he had a change of mood after an illness in 1315, which led him and his followers to "shave their heads [...] and give up their flowing locks".<ref name="UV"/>

Another wife was the daughter of Amir Shams ad-Din Sunqur al-Takriti al-Zahiri. They married in 1288–89. Qalawun, however, dissolved the marriage shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=143}} Another son was Amir Ahmad, who died during the reign of his brother al-Ashraf Khalil.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=158}} Qalawun's daughter Ghaziya Khatun was betrothed to [[as-Said Barakah]] (son of Sultan [[Baibars]]) on 28 May 1276, with a dowry of five thousand dinars. The wedding took place on 8 June 1277.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=75}} She died in August 1288,{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=142}} and was buried in the mausoleum of her mother.<ref name="Bauden"/> Another daughter was Dar Mukhatar al-Jawhari (Altumish). She was the wife of Mukhtar al-Jawhari.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=158}} Another daughter was Dar Anbar al-Kamili. She was the wife of Anbar al-Kamili.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|page=158}}

==See also==
*[[Qalawun complex]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ |title=Mamluk Jerusalem |year=1987|author=Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton |isbn=090503533X}}
* ''The Travels of Ibn Battuta'' translated by [[H.A.R. Gibb]]
*{{citation |last=Humphreys |first=R. Stephen |title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1977 |place=Albany, New York |isbn=0-87395-263-4 }}
*{{cite book |first=Linda |last=Northrup |title=From Slave to Sultan: The Career of al-Mansur Qaldwun and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H./1279-1290 A.D.) |location=Stuttgart |year=1998 |isbn=3-515-06861-9 }}

==External links==
*The American University in Cairo - [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001955/http://www.aucegypt.edu/walking_tours/cairo/walk1/qalawun/qalawun.html Complex of Qalawun]

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Bahri Mamluks]]||{{Circa|1222}}||10 November 1290|[[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt and Syria]]|before=[[Solamish]]|after=[[al-Ashraf Khalil]]|years=November 1279 – 10 November 1290}}
{{S-end}}

{{Mamluk Sultans of Egypt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qalawun, Al Mansur}}
[[Category:1222 births]]
[[Category:1290 deaths]]
[[Category:Bahri sultans]]
[[Category:13th-century Mamluk sultans]]
[[Category:Regents of Egypt]]

VVS Laxman

2023-09-26T18:01:57Z

Khalid56: Fixed birthday in brackets.

{{short description|Indian former cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name = VVS Laxman
| image = VVS Laxman99.jpg
| image_size =220px
| caption = Laxman in 1999
| fullname = Vangipurapu Venkata Sai Laxman
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|11|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[telangana ]], India
| nickname = Very Very Special
| height = 6 ft 1 in
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off spin]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batsman]]
| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan = 1996–2012
| testdebutdate = 20 November
| testdebutyear = 1996
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 209
| lasttestdate = 24 January
| lasttestyear = 2012
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 9 April
| odidebutyear = 1998
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 112
| lastodidate = 3 December
| lastodiyear = 2006
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| club1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year1 = 1992–2012
| club2 = [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]
| year2 = 2007–2009
| club4 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| year4 = 2008–2010
| club5 = [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]
| year5 = 2011
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 134
| matches2 = 86
| matches3 = 267
| matches4 = 173
| runs1 = 8,781
| runs2 = 2,338
| runs3 = 19,730
| runs4 = 5,078
| bat avg1 = 45.97
| bat avg2 = 30.76
| bat avg3 = 51.64
| bat avg4 = 34.54
| 100s/50s1 = 17/56
| 100s/50s2 = 6/10
| 100s/50s3 = 55/98
| 100s/50s4 = 9/28
| top score1 = 281
| top score2 = 131
| top score3 = 353
| top score4 = 153
| deliveries1 = 324
| deliveries2 = 42
| deliveries3 = 1,835
| deliveries4 = 698
| wickets1 = 2
| wickets2 = 0
| wickets3 = 22
| wickets4 = 8
| bowl avg1 = 63.00
| bowl avg2 = –
| bowl avg3 = 34.27
| bowl avg4 = 68.50
| fivefor1 = 0
| fivefor2 = –
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/2
| best bowling2 = –
| best bowling3 = 3/11
| best bowling4 = 2/42
| catches/stumpings1 = 135/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 39/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 277/1
| catches/stumpings4 = 74/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2011/content/player/30750.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 30 January
| year = 2012
}}
'''Vangipurapu Venkata Sai Laxman''' ({{audio|V._V._S._Laxman.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 1 November 1974) is a former Indian international [[cricket]]er and a former cricket commentator and pundit.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30750.html|title=VVS Laxman|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> A right-hand batsman known for his elegant stroke play, Laxman played as a middle-order batsman in [[Test cricket]]. Laxman is currently the Head of Cricket at the [[National Cricket Academy]] (NCA), and the head coach of the India Under-19 and [[India A]] teams. Laxman was a member of the Indian team that was one of the joint-winners of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]], which the title was also shared with Sri Lanka.

Laxman is one of the few players to have played 100 Test matches, without ever appearing in a One-Day [[Cricket World Cup]]. Despite being a relatively slow runner between the wickets, Laxman compensated with his stroke play and fast scoring. In 2002, he was named one of ''Wisden's'' five [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Cricketers of the Year]].

In domestic cricket, Laxman represented [[Hyderabad Cricket Association|Hyderabad]]. He also played for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] in [[county cricket]]. He was also the captain of the [[Deccan Chargers]] team in the [[Indian Premier League]] during its inaugural season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/squad/338087.html|title=Deccan Chargers Squad|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Later, he played for the [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala|Kochi Tuskers]] team. He was the mentor of the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] until 2021. He is popularly called as the 'God of 4th Innings' for his exploits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guess how many sixes VVS Laxman hit in his career, you will be shocked to know |url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/guess-how-many-sixes-vvs-laxman-hit-in-his-career-you-will-be-shocked-to-know-207568 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Laxman was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] award, India's fourth highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/vvs-laxman-conferred-with-padma-shri_35413.html|title=VVS Laxman conferred with Padma Shri|date=25 January 2011|website=Zee News|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> In 2012, Laxman retired from international cricket.<ref name="ESPNCricinfo">{{cite web|title=Laxman retires from international cricket|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-new-zealand-2012/content/current/story/578096.html|publisher=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Laxman was born in [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/blessed-to-be-born-in-hyderabad-city-modern-values-intact/articleshow/65323593.cms|title='Blessed to be born in Hyderabad, city modern, values intact'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Who is VVS Laxman" /> Laxman's parents are physicians Shantaram and Satyabhama of [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="family">{{cite news| url=http://cricket.indiatimes.com/articleshow/498991.cms | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Cricket}}</ref> Laxman is the great-grandnephew of India's second President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].<ref name="Who is VVS Laxman">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-vvs-laxman-257065 |title=Who is VVS Laxman? |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2012-08-20 |access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref>

Laxman studied at the [[Little Flower High School Hyderabad|Little Flower High School]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]. Though he joined a medical school for his undergraduate studies, Laxman chose cricket as a career.

He married G. R. Shailaja from [[Guntur]], Computer Applications graduate, on 16 February 2004.<ref name="family"/> They have two children{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}.

==Playing style and position==
Laxman is known for his fluid style, technical soundness and aggressiveness. Sambit Bal of ESPN Crincinfo writes: "At his sublime best, VVS Laxman is a sight for the gods. Wristy, willowy and sinuous, he can match – sometimes even better – Tendulkar for strokeplay... [He] has the rare gift of being able to hit the same ball to either side."<ref name="auto"/> He was equally skilled against both pace and spin, with great timing and outstanding ability to place the ball splitting the tightest field positions. Laxman was particularly skillful in using his wrists (reminiscent of his role model and fellow [[Hyderabadi]], [[Mohammed Azharuddin]]) that allowed him to place the same ball to different areas of the field.

Standing tall and still at the crease, Laxman had a keen awareness of the off-stump and a polished ability to dispatch the bad ball. He plays with a high elbow and a steady stance and a textbook technique with natural elegance and flair. At the start of his career, Laxman was rated by [[Geoffrey Boycott]] as one of India's best players of the hard (new) ball. However, Indian selectors played around with his batting positions, whenever India felt a lacuna regarding any batting number. He was forced to play in almost every position, including opening. Laxman found his home in the middle order, where he played most of his best innings, batting at numbers 3, 5 and 6. In a 2001 test against [[Australia]] and promoted to no. 3 in the second innings from his first innings position of 6, he scored 281 to take [[India]] to a huge lead after following on. Though Laxman was ideally suited for No. 3, [[Rahul Dravid]] was always preferred over him to bat at one-down, while Sachin Tendulkar was established at No. 4. As a result, Laxman played around 63 percent of his Test innings at No. 5 or 6.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30750.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting|title=VVS Laxman: batting summary|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> This meant that Laxman often found himself batting with tail-end batsmen, and is reflected in his final statistics, which show that he has a relatively high proportion of not out innings (34 of 225, or 15 per cent — for comparison, Tendulkar finished not out in around 10 per cent of his Test innings, and Dravid in 11 per cent).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28114.html|title=Rahul Dravid|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35320.html|title=Sachin Tendulkar|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> Nevertheless, Laxman batted particularly well with non-specialist lower-order batsmen, and was able, with their support, to save and win numerous matches for India (for example, the Mohali [[Australian cricket team in India in 2010–11|2010 Test against Australia]]).

==Youth career==
Laxman made his Under-19 debut for India against Australia in February 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3314/Youth_Test_Matches.html|title=Youth Test Matches played by VVS Laxman – CricketArchive|website=Criocketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915140955/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3314/Youth_Test_Matches.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Batting at six, he made 88 in his debut innings against a bowling attack that consisted of [[Brett Lee]] and [[Jason Gillespie]], both of whom were making their debuts too.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/58/58616.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=Cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> In the second game of the series, Laxman scored an unbeaten 151 in the first innings and 77 in the second innings to help his team register a 226-run victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/58/58649.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He continued his good form as he scored 36 and 84 in the third game to end up as the leading run-scorer of the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/58/58679.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> The Test series was followed by a 3-match ODI series, where he managed scores of 24, 22 and 77.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/58/58702.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/58/58713.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/58/58719.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Later in August that year, the India Under-19 team toured England for 2 ODIs and 3 Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1994_ENG_India_Under-19s_in_England_1994.html|title=India Under-19s in England 1994|website=Cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203161805/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1994_ENG_India_Under-19s_in_England_1994.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Laxman disappointed in the ODIs with scores of 20 and 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/59/59319.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/59/59321.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> However, in the first Test he struck 119 in the first innings, but did not get to bat in the second innings as India cruised to a 9-wicket win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/59/59351.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He made only 28 in the second match and 4 in the third.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/59/59400.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/59/59464.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Laxman made his first-class debut for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] against [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the quarter-final match of 1992–93 Ranji Trophy season. He scored a duck in the first innings and 17 in the second.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/57/57023.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He played only one match for Hyderabad in the next season, before getting dropped.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_1993-94/Hyderabad_Batting.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> However, he was named in the [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] squad for the 1994-95 [[Duleep Trophy]] in the back of his impressive outings for India Under-19s, but he failed to score big in the tournament. In the following Ranji Trophy season, Laxman notched up 532 runs from five matches at an average of 76 scoring two centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_1994-95/Hyderabad_Batting.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> In the semi-final of the Duleep Trophy of 1995–96 season against [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]], Laxman scored 47 in the first innings and a spectacular 121 in the second innings, sharing a 199-run partnership with skipper [[Rahul Dravid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/61/61278.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He had another brilliant Ranji season the next year, as he piled 775 runs in just 11 innings at an average of 86 with 3 centuries<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_1995-96/Hyderabad_Batting.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> and a best of 203* that came against Karnataka in the semi-final, which Hyderabad eventually lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/61/61945.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He was picked to play for Rest of India against Karnataka in the [[Irani Cup]] and also in the [[Board President's XI (India)|Board President's XI]] squad against the touring Australian team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/62/62851.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He played only three matches in 1996-97 Ranji season, where he scored three half-centuries,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_1996-97/Hyderabad_Batting.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> before getting picked for the Indian Test team against [[South African cricket team|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/blank/engine/series/60635.html|title=Results - South Africa in India Test Series, 1996/97 - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

After the tests he joined [[Lancashire]] as their overseas player in place of [[Brad Hodge]]. He played in five games of the county championship and showed glimpses of his sublime batting. In their final County Championship game of 2007, against Surrey at the Oval, Laxman scored a century in the second innings in which Lancashire were chasing 489 to win. They just missed out by 25 runs and subsequently lost the Championship to Sussex. His performance for Lancashire was good with 380 runs scored in 5 matches at an average of 54.28 with 2 centuries and 2 half-centuries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/lancashire/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?class=4&id=2007&team=1167&type=season|title=Season 2007 - Lancashire Cricket Team Records & Stats - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

Laxman was supposed to replace [[Adam Voges]] for [[Nottinghamshire CCC|Nottinghamshire]], but this move was vetoed by the BCCI due to the fact that there were players from the rival [[Indian Cricket League]] playing for Nottinghamshire.

===Indian Premier League===
Laxman was originally named as the [[Icon Player]] for his home franchise [[Deccan Chargers]] before the [[first season of the IPL]]. But he gave up the Icon Player status in a bid to allow his team spend a bigger purse at the auction. The Deccan Chargers bought him at the auction for $375,000 and named him the captain for the first season. However, Laxman dropped himself from the team halfway through the season, after the team had a horrendous run in the tournament. [[Adam Gilchrist]] took over as captain and led the side in the next two seasons as well; Laxman did score 155 runs from the 6 games that he played at an average of 31 and strike rate of 118. He batted at 3 in the first few games before opening the innings with Gilchrist in some matches where he found more success. His only half-century of the tournament (52 off 44) came against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. He did score a couple more fluent innings that season including an unbeaten 37 from 26 balls against [[Mumbai Indians]] and 48 from 34 balls against [[Kings XI Punjab]]. However, he struggled with the bat in the next two seasons and sat out the tournament after playing only 5–6 matches.

At the mega-auction in 2011, Laxman was bought by the newly formed franchise of [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] for $400,000. This time, though, he was injured after the first three games and missed the rest of the season. In the first match against Royal Challengers, he opened the innings with [[Brendon McCullum]] and scored an attractive 36 from 29 deliveries. But, the Kochi franchise was terminated later that year and all the players of the team were put in the auction in 2012. However, Laxman, who had a base price of $400,000, found no buyers and he couldn't participate in the 2012 edition of the tournament. Then in IPL 2013, he was appointed as a mentor for Sunrisers Hyderabad Team.

==International career==
===Early years (1996–2000)===
Laxman made his Test debut in 1996 against [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] at [[Ahmedabad]], scoring a fifty in the second innings of the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16146/scorecard/63724/india-vs-south-africa-1st-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-1996-97|title=Full Scorecard of India vs South Africa 1st Test 1996 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> In the second game at [[Kolkata]], he scored 14 and 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16146/scorecard/63725/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-south-africa-tour-of-india-1996-97|title=Full Scorecard of India vs South Africa 2nd Test 1996 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He played just one Test in the South African tour the following month and was unable to cement his place in a star-studded Indian middle order. Instead, he was asked to open the innings, starting in [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in 1997. At [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], he scored 64 in his first innings as opener.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16103/scorecard/63745/west-indies-vs-india-1st-test-india-tour-of-west-indies-1996-97|title=Full Scorecard of West Indies vs India 1st Test 1997 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> However, he averaged only 28 in that series playing as an opener.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=383&team=6&type=series|title=India in West Indies Test Series, 1996/97 - India Cricket Team Records & Stats - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> But intermittently continued in this role for nearly three years, but without any consistent success. In 1998 at [[Calcutta]], he scored 95 against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] opening the innings with [[Navjot Sidhu]] who scored 97.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15960/scorecard/63795/india-vs-australia-2nd-test-australia-tour-of-india-1997-98|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Australia 2nd Test 1998 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> India went on to win the match by an innings and 219 runs. Though he was selected in the Test squad that toured [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1998, he did not get to play a single game as [[Ajay Jadeja]] was preferred over Laxman to open the innings with Sidhu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/62318.html|title=India tour of New Zealand|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Laxman scored a duck on his ODI debut against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in the Pepsi Tri-Series in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8558/scorecard/66141/india-vs-zimbabwe-5th-match-pepsi-triangular-series-1997-98|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Zimbabwe, Pepsi Triangular Series, 5th Match - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He had a horrible run in the ODIs in 1998 which resulted in him getting dropped from the ODI team for more than a year. Against [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] in 1999, he scored just 66 runs from two Tests, averaging a modest 16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=411&team=6&type=series|title=Pakistan in India Test Series, 1998/99 - India Cricket Team Records & Stats - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> In the first match of the [[Asian Test Championship]] later that year, Laxman scored 67 against Pakistan, but failed to score consistently, before getting dropped from the Test team as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8526/scorecard/63830/india-vs-pakistan-1st-match-asian-test-championship-1998-99|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Pakistan, Asian Test Championship, 1st Match - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

Laxman returned to playing first-class cricket in 1999 to regain his place in the national team. In the 1999–2000 season of Ranji Trophy, he broke the record for most runs in a Ranji season when he made 1415 runs, at an average of 108, in just 9 matches notching up eight hundreds – a record that still remains intact. His performance was rewarded when, in January 2000, he was recalled in the Indian squad for the Australian tour. He scored 167 in the third and final Test match at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]] when the rest of the batsmen struggled to cope with [[Glenn McGrath]]'s destructive bowling,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15744/scorecard/63867/australia-vs-india-3rd-test-india-tour-of-australia-1999-00|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs India 3rd Test 2000 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> a rare high point for India in an otherwise disastrous tour. Despite this success against an attack containing both McGrath and [[Shane Warne]], Laxman apparently decided that he would return to domestic cricket, rather than continue playing as opener, a role which he believed did not suit him. As a result, Laxman was out of the Test team for nearly a year. He was recalled in late 2000, and also found a spot in the side for the home series against Australia in 2001.

===Late career===
Laxman's good form continued in the 2007-08 Test series against Australia with him scoring 109 against Australia on the second day of the controversial Sydney Test to put India back into the contest. It was his 12th hundred in Test matches, and his 5th against Australia.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} It was also his third consecutive century at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], giving him an average well above 90 at the venue. He followed this up with a gritty knock of 79 in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], assisted by [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] and [[RP Singh]], which set India up to record a historic and unexpected victory at a ground on which previously no Asian team had won.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} He hit 51 in the first innings of the final Test at Adelaide. He finished as the second highest run-getter for India in that series, only behind [[Sachin Tendulkar]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

He, like all other Indian batsmen, struggled in Sri Lanka against the spin duo of [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and [[Ajantha Mendis]] later in July–August that year. India lost the first Test by an innings and 239 runs at [[Colombo]], where Laxman's first innings score of 50 was the only half-century scored by an Indian batsman in either innings. Laxman scored another fifty in that series, in the third Test, an unbeaten 61 as India went on to lose the game by 8 wickets and the series 2–1. Laxman was dismissed by Mendis on all five occasions in that series. He also crossed the 6000-run milestone during the series.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Against Australia, in the [[Border-Gavaskar Trophy]] later that year, Laxman was in top form as he scored 381 runs from 4 Tests with a double-hundred and two fifties. During the third Test at the [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] in Delhi, Laxman scored an unbeaten 200 in the first innings with characteristic use of his wrists and flicks through the leg side. In the same innings, [[Gautam Gambhir]] scored 206, Laxman and Gambhir becoming the first pair of batsmen to score double-centuries in the same innings for India, and the first to do so against Australia. This was his second double-century in Test cricket with the previous one coming against the same opponents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus2008/content/story/375998.html|title=Laxman puts India in total control|date=30 October 2008|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He made an unbeaten 59 in the second innings and was named Man of the Match. The match was also the last game of India's spin wizard [[Anil Kumble]] who was also the captain of the team. In the final Test at [[Nagpur]], Laxman scored another half-century in the first innings of the match.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:50%;"
|-
!colspan="7"|'''Laxman's results in international matches'''
|-
| ||Matches||Won||Lost||Drawn||Tied||No result
|-
|Test<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Test victories|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Batting records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.espncricinfo.com |access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref> ||134||47||41||46||0||–
|-
|ODI<ref>{{cite web|title=List of ODI victories|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;page=6;result=1;template=results;type=batting|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;page=4;result=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Batting records | One-Day Internationals | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.espncricinfo.com |access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref> ||86||35||49||-||-||2
|}
In 2009, Laxman continued to be in brilliant form. He had scored 76 and 124* in the 2nd Test at Napier in New Zealand. The century helped India salvage a draw and avoid an innings defeat. In the next match at [[Wellington]] he hit a well-composed 61 in the second innings. Against Sri Lanka later that year in a home series, Laxman hit three fifties in four innings as India went on to win the series comfortably. His unbeaten 51 in the second innings combining with a hundred from Tendulkar helped India draw the first Test at [[Ahmedabad]]. Laxman scored two fifties in the next two games as India went on to win both matches by an innings.

He injured himself during the first match of the two-match Test series in [[Bangladesh]] in January 2010 after scoring another unbeaten half-century. The injury forced him to sit out for three weeks and he returned to action only during the final Test against South Africa held in [[Kolkata]]. He scored 143* in a record stand for the seventh wicket with [[MS Dhoni]]. The test was eventually won by India by an innings and 57 runs in the last 10 minutes of the fifth day's play, despite centuries in both innings from South African batsman [[Hashim Amla]]. This victory also helped India draw the Test series and remain the world Number 1 team. He also passed 7000 Test runs during the innings.

Laxman helped India to level the series with Sri Lanka in August 2010 when he hit 103 not out in the run-chase, resulting in a five-wicket win in the Third Test, after scoring 69 in the first innings. He was awarded the Man of the Match for this brilliant effort. He scored a total of 279 runs in that series at an average of 70.<ref>[http://www.worldsnap.com/news/top-news/laxmans-century-seals-series-levelling-win-for-india-87998.html] {{dead link|date=April 2019}}</ref>

In October, he once again turned around another match that appeared headed for a comfortable Australian victory, in the first Test in Mohali. Laxman was suffering with a back problem and needed [[Suresh Raina]] as his runner, and the Indians had collapsed to 124/8 in pursuit of 216. He and paceman [[Ishant Sharma]] put on 81 to take the score to 205 before Sharma fell. Last man [[Pragyan Ojha]] then managed to survive till the end as the hosts completed a thrilling one-wicket win. Laxman ended on 73 not out. He was ruled out of the remaining matches of the series due to his injury. In November, he helped India recover from 15/5 in the second innings of the first Test against New Zealand at Ahmedabad and the match was drawn. In the second match of the series at his home ground [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]], he scored 74 and the match ended in another draw.

After failing in the first Test of the South African tour, Laxman once again helped India to a historic win at [[Durban]]. India struggled to cope with [[Dale Steyn]] in the first innings before getting bundled out for 205. Laxman's 38 was the highest score in that innings. In the second innings, India were struggling at 94/5 and he put on crucial partnerships with Dhoni and [[Zaheer Khan]] to help his team to 228, giving South Africa a target of 303. South Africa were bundled out for 215 giving India an 87-run win that helped level the series 1–1. He was awarded the Man of the Match for his match-winning innings of 96.

In three test matches, Laxman scored three consecutive fifties including two scores in eighties against the [[West Indies Cricket Team|West Indies]] during India's tour of West Indies in June 2011.

[[File:VVS Laxman.jpg|thumb|Laxman with fans at [[Teri University]], New Delhi.]]

===Retirement===
During India's Tour to England, Laxman scored just two half-centuries in eight innings as India went down 0–4 to England. This was India's first Test series loss since its 2007-08 tour of Australia. Laxman got out with the pull shot frequently in this series, which otherwise he is good at.
As part of West Indies tour to India in September 2011, Laxman scored a magnificent 176 not out in the second test, and India went to win the match by an innings and 13 runs. Laxman was adjudged Man of the Match. India went on to win the series 1–0.

Laxman failed to live to his expectations during India's tour of Australia in November 2011, as India went down 0–4 to Australia, with Laxman scoring only two half centuries in eight innings. For the first time in four tours to Australia, Laxman failed to register a century in the series; and also for the first time in four test matches played at [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] he failed to touch the three figure mark.

After this series, there were calls from the media and former cricketers that it was time for older players like Laxman, [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar|Sachin]] to consider retirement.

On 18 August 2012, Laxman announced his retirement from international cricket. Although he was selected for the upcoming New Zealand series, he opted not to play in the series but he will play in domestic cricket for Hyderabad and the Indian Premier League .<ref name="ESPNCricinfo"/><ref name="Wisden India">{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/laxman-announces-international-retirement | title=Laxman quits international cricket with immediate effect | publisher = Wisden India | date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=VVS Laxman retires from international cricket|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vvs-laxman-retires-from-international-cricket/990013/|access-date=18 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 August 2012}}</ref> It was announced that the northern stand at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] will now be named after him.<ref name="VVS Laxman brings curtains down on career">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article3791395.ece|access-date=18 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu | first=V.V.|last=Subrahmanyam|title=Laxman decides to hang up his boots|date=18 August 2012}}</ref>

===Record against Australia===
Laxman was particularly prolific against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]], in both [[Test cricket|Test]]s and [[One Day International]]s. Six out of his 17 Test hundreds, and four out of his six ODI hundreds came against Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30750.html?class=1;opposition=2;template=results;type=batting|title=Batting records - Test matches - Cricinfo Statsguru - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30750.html?class=2;opposition=2;template=results;type=batting|title=Batting records - One-Day Internationals - Cricinfo Statsguru - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He has two double-centuries in Tests, both against Australia: his personal best of 281 at [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] in 2000–01, and 200 [[not out]] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] in 2008–09.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30750.html?class=1;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Batting records - Test matches - Cricinfo Statsguru - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> The Australians admitted that they did not know where to bowl to him.<ref name=laxcric>{{cite web|last=Bal|first=Sambit|title=VVS Laxman|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30750.html|website=ESPNCricinfo.com|publisher=ESPN EMEA Ltd|access-date=29 December 2011}}</ref>

===Golden series (2001 against Australia)===
Laxman's career changed dramatically in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2000–01|2001 home series]] against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]]. In the first Test at [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]], Laxman made 20 and 12, as the entire Indian batting line-up, with the exception of [[Sachin Tendulkar]], capitulated, leading to a 10-wicket defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15565/scorecard/63919/india-vs-australia-1st-test-australia-tour-of-india-2000-01|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Australia 1st Test 2001 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> This was Australia's 16th consecutive Test win and extended their own world record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/104482.html|title=Waugh's Aussies make it sweet sixteen|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

In the [[Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|next Test]] at [[Eden Gardens]], Kolkata, however, Laxman produced a match-winning and series-defining performance. After scoring 59 in the first innings, Laxman shot to fame with an extraordinary knock of 281 in the second innings ([[Follow-on|following on]]) when under tremendous pressure and with Australia looking set for a crushing 17th win in a row.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15565/scorecard/63920/india-vs-australia-2nd-test-australia-tour-of-india-2000-01|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Australia 2nd Test 2001 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He broke [[Sunil Gavaskar]]'s long standing Indian Test record score of 236*.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105062.html|title=The 17-year-mark that Laxman has now stretched|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> This remained the highest ever by an Indian until it was eclipsed by [[Virender Sehwag]]'s triple ton against [[Pakistan]] in [[Multan]] in March 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/news/|title=Cricket News, Latest Cricket Updates, Live Cricket News |website=Mykhel.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> The innings also contributed to a record partnership of 376 with [[Rahul Dravid]] who made 180 and together they survived the whole 4th day. Laxman's performance was of enormous consequence: India had been on the brink of an innings defeat but went on to win the Test and the series, denying [[Steve Waugh]]'s conquest of the "final frontier". This was only the third time in the history of cricket that a team had managed to win a Test after being forced to follow on.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105230.html|title=Forced to follow-on yet won|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> It has become one of the most celebrated tales of Indian cricket, and the innings is ranked the sixth [[Wisden 100#Top 10 Batting performances|best Test innings]] ever by [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/cricket/2001/jul/30bat100.htm|title=rediff.com: cricket channel: Top 100 Batsmen of all time|website=in.rediff.com|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> At the time, the pitch was taking significant turn, and to negate Laxman's free scoring, Australian [[leg spin]]ner [[Shane Warne]] pitched his deliveries into the footmarks outside leg stump. However, such was Laxman's play that he consistently drove the ball through long on for boundaries against the spin, something that is considered to be technically dangerous. When Warne attempted to stop Laxman from scoring by defensively stationing most of the fielders on the leg side ([[leg theory]]) and bowling outside leg stump, Laxman proceeded to skip down the pitch and drive Warne inside-out through the vacant off side, hitting through the line of a substantially turning ball. Warne later admitted that he was clueless as to how to stop Laxman.

Laxman went on to score 65 and 66 in the third and the final Test match at [[Chennai]], which India won by 2 wickets and won the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15565/scorecard/63921/india-vs-australia-3rd-test-australia-tour-of-india-2000-01|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Australia 3rd Test 2001 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Laxman had great amount of success batting at No.3 in the ODI series that followed the Tests, as he scored 45, 51, 83, 11 and 101 in the five games, thus cementing his spot in the ODI line-up as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=825&type=series|title=Australia in India ODI Series, 2000/01 Cricket Team Records & Stats - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> In the Coca-Cola Tri-Series later that year in Sri Lanka, Laxman scored 212 runs in 7 matches with two fifties and a decent average of 36.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=831&team=6&type=tournament|title=Coca-Cola Cup (Sri Lanka), 2001 - India Cricket Team Records & Stats - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

===Permanent member (2002–2004)===
Laxman then cemented his place both in the Test and [[One Day International|one day]] teams for a few years. After bad performances in the Test series against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]], he did well in the first two ODIs scoring 75 and 52, but couldn't convert the starts into big knocks in the next three matches. Laxman managed to score a fighting 89 in the second Test at [[Port Elizabeth]], when the rest of the team struggled to survive against [[Shaun Pollock]]'s deadly bowling, helping his team put up 201 on the board and avoid an embarrassing follow-on. Against the touring [[England cricket team|England]] in late 2001, he scored 75, sharing a 100-plus run partnership with Tendulkar to take his team out of trouble. He had a great tour of [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], as he scored 474 runs in 8 innings at an average of 79. He had scores of 69, 69*, 74, 1, 43, 130, 65* and 23 in that series. He performed reasonably well during West Indies tour of India as well, particularly in the third match at [[Kolkata]], where he scored 48 and 154*. He followed it up with brilliant showing in the 7-match ODI series as well with scores of 47, 99, 66 and 71 in the first five games. But his form dropped during India's tour of [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 2002–03. In the first Test at [[Wellington]], he got a pair and in the second match he could score only 23 and 4. However, he had a brilliant 2-match Test series against the same team in India as he scored a half-century along with 44 in the first Test and 104* and 67* in the second match. He won the [[Man of the Series]] award for his impressive batting performances in the two Test match series. In October 2003, he scored 102 in the first ODI against Australia at [[Gwalior]], sharing a 190-run second wicket partnership with Tendulkar. However he failed to deliver on a consistent basis in ODIs. He continued to perform well against Australia, especially during India's tour of Australia in 2003–04, in which he hit three ODI and two Test centuries. He was involved in two century partnerships, one with Tendulkar and the other with Dravid, in the Brisbane ODI against Australia where he remained unbeaten on 102. His 106* against the same opponents at [[Sydney]] saw him put up a fourth-wicket partnership of 213 runs with [[Yuvraj Singh]], who scored his career-best 139. In the next ODI against Zimbabwe, Laxman scored a 138-ball 131, once again setting up 2 hundred-run stands. He scored 148 in the famous Adelaide Test, sharing a triple century partnership with [[Rahul Dravid]], which India won by 4 wickets. This was their first Test victory in Australia in two decades. His innings of 178 at [[Sydney]] also came in a triple century partnership, on this occasion with [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. India went on to post 705/7 in their first innings which is their highest total in Test cricket. Laxman scored a total of 494 runs from the 4 Tests at a staggering average of 82. During this series, [[Ian Chappell]] described Laxman as ''Very Very Special'' Laxman. His 107 (104) against [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] in the fifth and the final ODI at [[Lahore]], helped India win by 40 runs and clinch the series 3–2.

===Decline of form (2004–2005)===
However, Laxman's form was on the decline since the series against Australia. Beginning with the series in Pakistan in 2004, Laxman had only{{clarify|date=November 2011}} Test centuries to his credit, with one coming against a weak Zimbabwe side. He averaged just 31 in the Test series in Pakistan in 3 matches. His only half-century (71) came in a high-scoring game at [[Rawalpindi]] where India made a mammoth 600 to win the game by an innings and 131 runs. He struggled to score in the ODI series in England which put question marks over his future in the shorter format. He struggled against his favourite opponents Australia in the home series in October–November 2004, although his 69 in the low-scoring final Test at Mumbai was instrumental for India to record a consolation victory. He had a mixed Test series against Pakistan in 2005. He scored 58 in the first Test, 0 and 24 in the second and 79* and 5 in the third. He batted well in the [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] Test series scoring a fifty at [[Delhi]] and a crucial century (104) in the last match at [[Ahmedabad]]. Laxman was dropped after scoring a duck in the first Test against England at Nagpur in March 2006. He regained his place for the tour of the West Indies in place of the injured Tendulkar, and made a hundred in the third Test. He also scored a resilient 63 in the second innings to deny West Indies the victory in the same match. In ODIs, Laxman was left out persistently since [[Greg Chappell]] took over as coach in mid-2005, mainly on account of his slow ground fielding and running between the wickets; Laxman is a highly regarded close-catching fielder in stationary positions but in ODIs, these positions are generally disused except for the opening phases of the match, and players otherwise have to patrol substantial spaces and retrieve balls. Another reason was a perception that his batting is too one paced for ODI cricket and that he lacks the ability to score at a high rate as required when the batting team has the momentum, or in the closing stages of the innings. This was despite his superb form in Australia and Pakistan in early 2004, when he made four centuries in 14 games, including three in a week in the VB Series in Australia.

===Return to form===
[[File:VVSLaxman.jpg|thumb|VVS Laxman]]
In December 2005, Laxman helped India to victory against Sri Lanka with a fine century. In June 2006, Laxman again rescued India from a difficult position against the West Indies with a gritty century. In November 2006, he was selected in the test squad for India's tour of South Africa. In the first test in Johannesburg Laxman scored 73 in the second innings to help India claim a historic 123 run win. In the 2007 tour of England Laxman produced three good innings, two of which were half-centuries and a vital 39 that helped India draw the first test at Lords. He passed the 5000 run landmark in the first day of the final test.

In India's home series against Pakistan in 2007, V.V.S. Laxman once again showed his importance to the team with a disciplined batting performance in the 1st Test at [[Delhi]], as he scored 72* in dire circumstances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14167/scorecard/297806/india-vs-pakistan-1st-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-2007-08|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Pakistan 1st Test 2007 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He then followed that innings of 72 in the first test with 112 in the second test.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14167/scorecard/297807/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-2007-08|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Pakistan 2nd Test 2007 - Score Report - ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> This ensured his place on the tour of Australia which would be his third to that country.

==Bowling==
A very occasional bowler at Test level, Laxman took 2 wickets in his test career. One against the West Indies, and the other against Pakistan.

==The Cricket Advisory Committee==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
Laxman is one of the member of the elite three-man panel that consists of three Legends of Cricket, Laxman being one, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]] being the other two. This three-man panel is known as the Cricket Advisory Committee of BCCI. The Cricket Advisory Committee (CAC) was set up by Mr. [[Anurag Thakur]] (then Secretary) and late BCCI President Mr. [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]. This committee was set up to advise BCCI on various issues and to help BCCI with their immense Cricketing experience. The Cricket Advisory Committee took several important decisions that includes the recommendation for the selection of [[Anil Kumble]] (ex-coach) who stepped down as the coach and recommendation of selection of [[Ravi Shastri]] (ex-coach) for the post of coach of the Indian cricket team.

Laxman was also appointed as the batting consultant in [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] (CAB)'s vision 2020 project.

==International centuries==
{{anchor|List of international cricket centuries by V. V. S. Laxman}}

Laxman made his Test debut against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in November 1996, and took almost four years to score his first century when he scored 167 against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] in 2000. Laxman's next century came against the same team in 2001, when he made 281 at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]. The score is the highest individual score in a Test match between India and Australia. It was also the highest individual score by an Indian at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1218728.stm |title=BBC SPORT | India Vs Australia | Laxman's gamble pays off |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=13 March 2001 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="test1481">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63867.html | title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy – 3rd Test | work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]| access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> In Test matches, Laxman has scored centuries against all the [[Test cricket#Test cricket playing nations|Test cricket playing nations]] except [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]. As of 2012, he is seventh on the list of leading Test century makers for India.<ref>{{cite web| title=Records – Test matches: Most hundreds in a career for India|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1;id=6;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref> Laxman has scored two double centuries and has been dismissed four times between the score of 90 and 99 in test matches.<ref name=test1>{{cite web|title=VVS Laxman Test matches: Batting analysis|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30750.html?class=1;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>

In ODIs, Laxman has scored six centuries against three countries including four against Australia. His first ODI century was against Australia in the last match of a five match series, held at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao]] in 2001. His highest score of 131 came against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] at the [[Adelaide Oval]] in 2004. Two out of his six ODI centuries were scored at home grounds and four were at away (opposition's home) or neutral venues.<ref>{{cite web|title=VVS Laxman Test matches: Innings by centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30750.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> He has been dismissed once between the score of 90 and 99.<ref name=vvs>{{cite web|title=VVS Laxman Batting Records|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30750.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Eden gardens.jpg|thumb|right|Laxman recorded his highest score and made five centuries in Test cricket at the [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]].|alt=Panoramic view of a cricket ground under floodlights with players occupying the field.]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
| *
| Remained [[not out]]
|-
| {{double-dagger}}
| [[Man of the match]]
|-
|Pos.
| Position in the [[Batting order (cricket)|batting order]]
|-
|Inn.
| The innings of the match
|-
|Test
| The number of the Test match played in that series
|-
|S/R
| [[Strike rate]] during the innings
|-
|H/A/N
| Venue was at home (India), away or neutral
|-
|Date
| Match starting day
|-
|Lost
| The match was lost by India
|-
| Won
| The match was won by India
|-
| Drawn
| The match was [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Test centuries
!No
!Score
!Against
!Pos
!Inn
!Test
!Venue
!H/A/N
!Date
!Result
!Ref
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1670}} 167
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 3 || 3 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|January|4}} || Lost||<ref name="test1481"/>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2810}} 281 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 3 || 2 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|March|13}} || Won || <ref name="Test no. 1535 | 2000/01 season">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63920.html | title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy – 2nd Test | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1300}} 130
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 6 || 1 || 4 || [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St John's]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|May|11}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test no. 1602 | 2002 season">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63987.html | title=India in West Indies Test Series – 4th Test | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1541}} 154*
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 6 || 3 || 3 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|November|3}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test no. 1622 | 2002/03 season">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64006.html | title=West Indies in India Test Series – 3rd Test | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1041}} 104*
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 6 || 2 || 2 || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|October|20}} || Drawn || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64047.html | title=New Zealand in India – 2nd Test | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1480}} 148
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 6 || 2 || 2 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|December|14}} || Won || <ref name="Test no. 1673 | 2003/04 season">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html | title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy – 2nd Test | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1780}} 178
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 1 || 4 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|January|3}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test no. 1680 | 2003/04 season">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64062.html | title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy – 4th Test | work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1400}} 140
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 4 || 2 || 1 || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|September|14}} || Won || <ref name="Test no. 1765 | 2005 season">{{cite web|title=India in Zimbabwe Test Series – 1st Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/219062.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1040}} 104
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || 1 || 3 || [[Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|December|19}} || Won || <ref name="Test no. 1778 | 2005/06 season">{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka in India Test Series – 3rd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226363.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1000}} 100
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 2 || 3 || [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[St Kitts]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|June|25}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test no. 1807 | 2006 season">{{cite web|title=India in West Indies Test Series – 3rd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/239922.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1121}} 112*
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 6 || 1 || 2 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|December|1}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test no. 1850 | 2007/08 season">{{cite web|title=Pakistan in India Test Series – 2nd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/297807.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1090}} 109
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 2 || 2 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|January|3}} || Lost || <ref name="Test no. 1857 | 2007/08 season">{{cite web|title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy – 2nd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291352.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 13
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2001}} 200* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 1 || 3 || [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|October|30}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test no. 1891 | 2008/09 season">{{cite web|title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy – 3rd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/345671.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 14
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1241}} 124*
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 5 || 3 || 2 || [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|March|30}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test no. 1917 | 2008/09 season">{{cite web|title=India in New Zealand Test Series – 2nd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/386496.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 15
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1431}} 143*
|| {{cr|RSA}} || 5 || 2 || 2 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|February|16}} || Won || <ref name="Test no. 1952 | 2009/10 season">{{cite web|title=South Africa in India Test Series – 2nd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/441826.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 16
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1031}} 103* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 5 || 4 || 3 || [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|August|7}} || Won || <ref name="Test no. 1968 | 2010 season">{{cite web|title=India in Sri Lanka Test Series – 3rd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/456671.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 17
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1761}} 176* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 1 || 2 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|November|15}} || Won || <ref name="Test no. 2017 | 2011/12 season">{{cite web|title=West Indies in India Test Series – 3rd Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/engine/current/match/535998.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of ODI centuries
!No
!Score
!Against
!Pos
!Inn
!SR
!Venue
!H/A/N
!Date
!Result
!Ref
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | 101
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3
|| 1 || 94.39 || [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|04|6}} || Lost || <ref>{{cite web|title=Australia in India ODI Series – 5th ODI|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64711.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | 102
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3
|| 1 || 76.11 || [[Roop Singh Stadium]], [[Gwalior]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|10|26}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=TVS Cup (India) – 2nd match|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66365.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 3
! scope="row" | 103* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3
|| 1 || 91.15 || [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|1|18}} || Won || <ref name="ODI no. 2084 | 2003/04 season">{{cite web|title=VB Series – 5th match|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65647.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 4
! scope="row" | 106*
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 1 || 81.53 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|1|22}} || Lost || <ref name="ODI no. 2086 | 2003/04 season">{{cite web|title=VB Series – 7th match|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65649.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 5
! scope="row" | 131 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3
|| 1 || 94.92 || [[Adelaide Cricket Ground]], [[Adelaide]] || Neutral|| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|1|24}} || Won || <ref name="ODI no. 2087 | 2003/04 season">{{cite web|title=VB Series – 8th match|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65650.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|| 6
! scope="row" | 107 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 3
|| 1 || 102.88 || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|3|24}} || Won || <ref name="ODI no. 2117 | 2003/04 season">{{cite web|title=India in Pakistan ODI Series – 5th ODI|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64885.html|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>
|}
{{reflist|group="N"}}

==Achievements and awards==
* [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award, 2011.<ref name="Wisden India"/>
* [[Arjuna Award]], by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports, 2001.
* [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]]: 2002.
* He is one of the few cricketers to score the most centuries (3) in a single ODI series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284167.html |title=Records | One-Day Internationals | Batting records | Most hundreds in a series | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.espncricinfo.com |access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref>
* His innings of 281 against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Kolkata]] in 2001 was ranked sixth in [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'s list of 100 great Test innings in the history of the game.
* He has the record of taking the most catches (12) by a non-wicketkeeper in a single ODI series. He shares this record with [[Allan Border]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283630.html |title=Records | One-Day Internationals | Fielding records | Most catches in a series | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Stats.espncricinfo.com |access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref>
* He along with [[Rahul Dravid]] share the world record for the highest partnership (376 Runs) in 3rd innings of a test match for any wicket during a winning cause.
* Laxman is one of the six Indian test players in history to score 100 runs in a single session of a test match.
* Laxman is the second Indian player to score 1000 or more runs at a single ground. He scored 1217 runs at an average of 110.63 at Eden gardens.
* Only Indian to score 1000 runs at a single ground with an average more than 100.
* One of only 3 international players (and the only Indian player) to make an unbeaten fifty in both innings of a Test on more than one occasion (the others being [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] and [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]).
* Laxman was awarded an honorary doctorate degree on 4 February 2015 by [[Teri University]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150204/sports-cricket/article/vvs-laxman-conferred-honorary-doctorate-degree-teri-university|title=VVS Laxman conferred with honorary doctorate degree by TERI University|date=5 February 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/vvs-laxman-awarded-honourary-doctorate-244764|title=VVS Laxman awarded honourary doctorate|agency=Press Trust of India|date=4 February 2015|website=Cricket Country|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=30750}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{India Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{Indians with 100 or more Test caps}}
{{Sunrisers Hyderabad Squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxman, V. V. S.}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Lancashire cricketers]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Deccan Chargers cricketers]]
[[Category:Otago cricketers]]
[[Category:Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers who have acted in films]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]

VVS Laxman

2023-09-26T18:01:57Z

Khalid56: Fixed birthday in brackets.

IDFC First Bank

2023-09-14T05:30:27Z

Khalid56: /* Shareholding */

{{Short description|Indian private sector bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IDFC FIRST Bank
| logo = IDFC First Bank logo.jpg
| logo_caption = ''Always You First''
| image = IDFC_First_Bank_headquarters.jpg
| image_caption = IDFC First Bank headquarters, [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Mumbai]]
| type = Private sector bank
| traded_as = {{BSE|539437}} {{NSE|IDFCFIRSTB}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE092T01019}}
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial service]]s
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015|10||df=yes}}
| key_people = [[V. Vaidyanathan]] {{small|([[Managing director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}} <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rbi-approves-appointment-of-v-vaidyanathan-as-md-ceo-of-idfc-first-bank-3409961.html|title=RBI approves appointment of V Vaidyanathan as MD, CEO of IDFC FIRST Bank}}</ref>
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Retail banking|Consumer banking]]|[[Credit card]]s|[[Home loan]]s|[[Retail banking|Loans against property]]|[[Personal loans]]|[[Retail banking|Consumer Durable loans]]|[[Retail banking|Vehicle loans]]|[[Retail banking|Business loans]]|[[Retail banking|Micro Enterprise loans]]|[[Private banking]]|[[Wealth management]]|[[Investment banking]]|[[Commercial bank|Corporate banking]]|[[Wholesale banking]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|22728|c}} (2023)<ref name="BalSheet">{{cite web | url=https://www.screener.in/company/IDFCFIRSTB/consolidated/" | title=IDFC First Bank }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3331|c}} (2023)<ref name="BalSheet" />
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2485|c}} (2023)<ref name="BalSheet" />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|239882|c}} (2023)<ref name="BalSheet23">{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/idfcfirstbank/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/IDF01#IDF01" | title=IDFC First Bank }}</ref>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|6618|c}} (2023)<ref name="BalSheet23" />
| num_employees = 20,222 (March 2020)
| ratio = 13.28% <ref name="BalSheet" />
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| parent = [[Infrastructure Development Finance Company]]
| predecessor = IDFC Bank [[Capital First Ltd.]]
| rating = {{plainlist|
* [[CRISIL]] AA+/Stable<ref>{{cite web | date=2023-06-05 | url=https://www.capitalmarket.com/news/hot-pursuit/CRISIL-upgrades-IDFC-First-Banks-LT-rating-to-AA-/1429241 | title=CRISIL upgrades IDFC First Bank's LT rating to 'AA+' |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Capital Market | language=en }}</ref>
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.idfcfirstbank.com/}}
}}

'''IDFC FIRST Bank''' (formerly '''IDFC Bank''')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/idfc-bank-s-name-changed-to-idfc-first-bank-119011300004_1.html|title=IDFC Bank's name changed to IDFC First Bank|last=IANS|date=2019-01-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> is an Indian private sector bank formed by the merger of the banking arm of [[Infrastructure Development Finance Company]] and [[Capital First Ltd.|Capital First]], an Indian non-bank financial institution.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-10-01 |title=7 things to know about IDFC Bank | Business Standard News |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/7-things-to-know-about-idfc-bank-115100100509_1.html |access-date=2016-10-15 |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref>

It is the first universal bank to offer monthly interest credit on savings accounts, lifetime free credit cards with dynamic and low [[annual percentage rate]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Armaan |date=2022-08-22 |title=IDFC First Digital Savings Accounts Review |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/in/banking/idfc-first-digital-savings-account/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Forbes Advisor INDIA |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==

IDFC Limited was set up in 1997 to finance infrastructure projects in [[India]]. With time, the company diversified into [[asset management]], [[Stock broking|institutional broking]] and [[investment banking]]. In 2014, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] granted in-principle approval to IDFC Limited to set up a new bank in the private sector. Following this, the IDFC Limited divested its infrastructure finance assets and liabilities to a new entity - IDFC Bank. The bank was launched through this demerger from IDFC Limited, and it was officially inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in October 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2015-10-19 |title=Narendra Modi inaugurates IDFC Bank, talks of banking reforms |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/j297AiEAvv8KzEEC8htTdI/Narendra-Modi-inaugurates-IDFC-Bank-talks-of-banking-reform.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

IDFC Bank started operations on 1 October 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Manojit |date=2015-07-25 |title=IDFC Bank to start operations from Oct 1 | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/idfc-bank-to-start-operations-from-oct-1-115072400934_1.html |access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> with 23 branches in Madhya Pradesh, [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Pune]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Kolkata]]. It has more than 600 branches across India by 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/pm-inaugurates-idfc-bank-115101901137_1.html|title=PM inaugurates IDFC Bank | Business Standard News|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2015-10-19|publisher=Business-standard.com|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> 15 branches are in settlements with a population of less than 10,000. IDFC Bank launched its 100th branch in [[Honnali]], [[Karnataka]], in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/idfc-bk-to-start-opsfew-branches-by-oct-1-rajiv-lall_1353937.html |title=IDFC Bk to start ops with few branches by Oct 1: Rajiv Lall |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=2015-04-12 |access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref>

In January 2018, IDFC Bank and non-banking financial company Capital First announced a merger. Capital First, then called Future Capital Holdings, went public on India's stock exchanges in 2008. It was an Indian [[non-bank financial institution]] providing debt financing to [[small and medium-sized enterprises]]. Capital First was founded in 2012 by [[V. Vaidyanathan]] who acquired a stake in Future Capital Holdings and secured equity backing of Rs. 8.10 billion from [[Warburg Pincus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalbag |first=Chaitanya |date=2012-07-03 |title=V. Vaidyanathan takes wing with a $17 million stake in a star NBFC |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/v-vaidyanathan-behind-future-capital-deal-34539-2012-07-03 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The company grew its loan book and net profits at a 5-year CAGR of 29% and 56%, respectively, with a gross non-performing assets (gross NPA) of <2% and a net NPA of <1% for nearly a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Krishnan |last2=Narayanan |first2=Subhasri |last3=Gupta |first3=Leena |title=Rating Rationale - IDFC FIRST Bank Limited Reaffirmed |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/IDFCFIRSTBankLimited_June%2029,%202022_RR_296668.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.crisil.com}}</ref>

In this period, Capital First witnessed a significant increase in its total loan book, which rose from ₹9.35 billion to ₹295.68 billion (as of June 30, 2018). The company also experienced growth in its market capitalization, reaching ₹7.9 billion by March 31, 2018. Furthermore, it reduced its NPA from 5.28% to 1.72% by adhering to the 90-day past due recognition norm. Additionally, Capital First obtained an upgraded long-term credit rating of AAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Rajee |date=25 September 2018 |title=Rating Rationale of Capital First Limited |url=https://www.brickworkratings.com/Admin/PressRelease/Capital-First-BL-25Sep2018%20%20(1).pdf |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Brickwork Ratings}}</ref>

Between 2008 and 2010, the company started a number of separate businesses through joint ventures. These included financing for real estate developers, corporate credit, private equity, asset management, retail brokerage, foreign exchange, mall management, wealth management, property services, and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Future Capital IPO Details - IPO Date, Price, GMP, Analysis & Review |url=https://www.chittorgarh.com/ipo/future_capital_ipo/151/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.chittorgarh.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2010, [[V. Vaidyanathan|V Vaidyanathan]], who was serving as MD and CEO of [[ICICI Prudential Life Insurance]] at the time, came to an arrangement to purchase ten percent of the company's shares.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapur |first=Manavi |date=2022-02-24 |title=The Indian banker who gifted shares worth $500,000 to his domestic help |url=https://qz.com/india/2132715/whos-v-vaidyanathan-the-idfc-first-bank-ceo-who-gifted-shares/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

=== Merger ===
The Reserve Bank has approved the appointment of V. Vaidyanathan as Managing Director and CEO of IDFC First Bank for a period of three years, effective from December 19, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RBI approves appointment of V Vaidyanathan as MD, CEO of IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rbi-approves-appointment-of-v-vaidyanathan-as-md-ceo-of-idfc-first-bank-3409961.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Moneycontrol |date=18 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The loan assets and borrowings of IDFC Limited were transferred to IDFC Bank at the time of inception. 13.9 shares of IDFC Bank were issued for every share of Capital First as part of the merger scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sundarajan |first=Priya |date=2018-01-13 |title=IDFC Bank to take over Capital First in share swap deal |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/idfc-bank-capital-first-to-merge-in-share-swap-deal/article64296887.ece |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shilpy |title=IDFC, Capital First completes merger process to form IDFC First Bank |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=eonomictimes.com |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/idfc-capital-first-completes-merger-process-to-form-idfc-first-bank/articleshow/67149838.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>

The parent entity, IDFC Limited, retained the AMC, Institutional Broking, and Infrastructure Debt Fund businesses through IDFC Financial Holding Company Limited (NOFHC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopakumar |first=Gopika |date=2021-07-21 |title=IDFC can exit as promoter of IDFC First Bank, clarifies RBI |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/rbi-allows-idfc-to-exit-as-promoter-of-idfc-first-bank-11626875817855.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

The bank, IDFC Financial Holdings, and IDFC all came together to form IDFC in 2021, marking the beginning of the process of a reverse merger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Reverse merger with IDFC would set IDFC First Bank stock free |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mergers-acquisitions/reverse-merger-with-idfc-would-set-idfc-first-bank-stock-free-8431861.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> The promoter group comprises both of these organisations as members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lele |first=Abhijit |date=2021-12-30 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank begins process for 3-way merger; stock ends flat |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/idfc-first-bank-begins-process-for-idfc-s-merger-stock-ends-flat-121123001340_1.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

As of July 3, 2023, the board of the bank had approved the merger with IDFC Limited. Shareholders of the latter will receive 155 shares of IDFC FIRST Bank for every 100 shares they currently own in IDFC Limited, as stated in a filing with the stock exchange.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-03 |title=India's IDFC to merge with IDFC First Bank in latest consolidation |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/idfc-first-bank-merge-with-idfc-2023-07-03/ |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-03 |title=IDFC to merge with IDFC First Bank |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/idfc-to-merge-with-idfc-first-bank/article67038447.ece |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Shareholding ===
As of December 2022, the promoter holding at the bank is 36.38%; the institutional holding is at 33.60%, the public holding is at 30.01%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Shareholding Pattern - IDFC First Bank Ltd. |url=https://trendlyne.com/equity/share-holding/1786/IDFCFIRSTB/latest/idfc-first-bank-ltd/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Trendlyne.com |language=en}}</ref> But on 22 February 2023, IDFC Limited announced it intention to invest INR 2,200 crores in the bank. This will bring IDFC Limited's current holding in the bank up to 40 percent, from the current level of 36.38 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=2023-02-01 |title=IDFC Ltd to invest Rs 2,200 crore in IDFC First Bank, up its stake to 40% |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/idfc-plans-to-invest-nearly-rs-2-200-crore-in-idfc-first-bank-123020101406_1.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

Also, on 22 February 2023, the bank issued 12,03,745 equity shares to its employees under the company ESOP plan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank allots shares worth Rs 1.2 cr to employees as stock options |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/idfc-first-bank-allots-shares-worth-rs-12-cr-to-employees-as-stock-options |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

On September 12, 2023, US-based GQG Partners acquired an additional 5.1 crore shares, equivalent to a 0.76% stake, from V. Vaidyanathan in a block deal conducted on the stock exchange. As a result, GQG Partners' ownership in the bank rose to 3.36%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank rises 2% on Rs 479.5-cr block deal with GQG Partners |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/business/markets/idfc-first-bank-rises-2-on-rs-479-5-cr-block-deal-with-gqg-partners-11345731.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US-based GQG Partners ups IDFC First Bank stake, acquires shares from CEO V. Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/us-based-gqg-partners-ups-idfc-first-bank-stake-acquires-shares-from-ceo-v-vaidyanathan/cid/1965600 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==
The bank begin to grow its loans with a particular focus on retail as it comes out of nearly four-year self-imposed restrictions on growth while building the deposit franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can IDFC First Bank make its mark in retail banking space? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/can-idfc-first-bank-make-its-mark-in-retail-banking-space/articleshow/93747096.cms |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> As of 22 October 2022, IDFC First Bank reports a 266 per cent jump in its net profit at ₹556 crore for the quarter ended September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank Q2 net jumps 266% to Rs 556 cr |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/idfc-first-bank-q2-net-jumps-266-to-rs-556-cr/2729210/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Financialexpress |date=23 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Its core operating income (excluding trading gains) rose by 35 per cent from a year ago to ₹3,947 crore in Q2 of 2022-23 fiscal year. Net interest income climbed 32 per cent at ₹3,002 crore, while fee and other income spurted by 44 per cent to ₹945 crore in the September quarter of FY23.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-22 |title=IDFC First Bank Q2 net profit jumps 266% to Rs 556 cr; NII climbs 32% |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/idfc-first-bank-q2-net-profit-jumps-266-to-rs-556-cr-nii-climbs-32-122102200755_1.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=IDFC First Bank Q2 Net Jumps 266% To Rs 556 Crore |url=https://www.bqprime.com/quarterly-earnings/idfc-first-bank-q2-net-jumps-266-to-rs-556-crore |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=BQ Prime |date=22 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Transformation ===

IDFC FIRST Bank reached a ROA of 1% within three and a half years.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Saloni |last2=Rangan |first2=MC Govardhana |title=IDFC First Bank's transformation to retail complete; NPA woes behind, says CEO V Vaidyanathan |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/idfc-first-banks-transformation-to-retail-complete-npa-woes-behind-says-ceo-v-vaidyanathan/articleshow/95387208.cms |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref> The bank transformed from infrastructure to retail banking in four years since the merger, increasing the CASA ratio from 8.6% to 49.77% (March 31, 2023) and increased retail deposits from 27% to 76% of total deposits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-02 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank FY23 Profit After Tax Highest-Ever at Rs. 2,437 |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2023-05-02/idfc-first-bank-fy23-profit-after-tax-highest-ever-at-rs-2-437 |access-date=2023-06-21}}</ref>

As of November 2022, the bank had expanded to 809 branches, 249 asset service centres, 925 ATMs, and 606 rural business correspondent centres across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Market |first=Capital |date=2022-11-05 |title=IDFC First Bank gets board approval to raise Rs 4,000 cr |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/idfc-first-bank-gets-board-approval-to-raise-rs-4-000-cr-122110500178_1.html |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Korgaonkar |first=Deepak |date=2023-06-15 |title=IDFC First Bank at over 6-yr high; zooms 47% in 2 months on stable outlook |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/idfc-first-bank-at-over-6-yr-high-zooms-47-in-2-months-on-stable-outlook-123061500275_1.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of August 2023, there has been a decline of 357 basis points in the CASA ratio due to customers' transition from savings accounts to fixed deposits. Furthermore, additional funds are predominantly originating from term deposits rather than CASA. Considering the current interest rate scenario in the country, the CASA ratio might experience a slight reduction from its existing level of 46.5 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayastha |first=Anshika |date=2023-08-08 |title=Want to stay on the pitch for long, not hit sixes and fours: IDFC First Bank MD |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/want-to-stay-on-the-pitch-for-long-not-hit-sixes-and-fours-idfc-first-bank-md/article67172365.ece |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Products and services ===
The bank provides products and services related to [[retail banking]], [[wholesale banking]] and [[investment banking]]. But, among other products, [[home loans]] continue to be the biggest growth drivers for the bank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home loans are our biggest driver and they'll keep growing: V Vaidyanathan, MD & CEO, IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/home-loans-are-our-biggest-driver-and-theyll-keep-growing-v-vaidyanathan-md-ceo-idfc-first-bank/2515715/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Financialexpress |date=7 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The company also offers one of the highest interest rate for saving accounts in the country, with an interest rate of 6%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |title=IDFC First Bank revises savings account interest rate: Earn up to 6% interest rates on this amount |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/idfc-first-bank-revises-savings-account-interest-rate-earn-up-to-6-interest-rates-on-this-amount/articleshow/90486743.cms |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank to give 7% interest on savings account opened through video KYC |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/idfc-first-bank-to-give-7-interest-on-savings-account-opened-through-video-kyc/1972969/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Financialexpress |date=28 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interest rate on Savings account up to 6% p.a. {{!}} IDFC FIRST Bank |url=https://www.idfcfirstbank.com/personal-banking/accounts/savings-account/interest-rate#:~:text=Bank%20interest%20rates%20on%20Savings%20Account&text=We%20offer%20one%20of%20the,of%20up%20to%206%25%20p.a.&text=What%27s%20more,%20you%20earn%20this,out%20this%20interest%20every%20month. |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.idfcfirstbank.com}}</ref>

The bank became a member of the [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]] in September 2022. Subsequently, it began enrolling small merchants, who are existing customers with current accounts, onto a partner application registered with ONDC. This application is anticipated to facilitate transactions for small merchants through ONDC's electronic network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-09-07 |title=IDFC First Bank joins ONDC |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/idfc-first-bank-joins-ondc-11662529730670.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=IDFC First Bank joins ONDC — what does it mean for you? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/idfc-first-bank-joins-e-commerce-network-ondc--what-does-it-mean-for-you-14674781.htm |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Financials ==
The bank achieved a profit after tax (PAT) of Rs. 2437 crore in the financial year 2023, maintaining a capital adequacy ratio of 16.82%. The bank's retail loans showing a gross non-performing asset (NPA) ratio of 1.65% and a net NPA ratio of 0.55% as of March 31, 2023. The overall gross NPA ratio is 2.51%, while the net NPA ratio is 0.86%. Excluding the infrastructure sector, which is being phased out, the gross NPA and net NPA ratios are 1.84% and 0.86%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Pranav |date=2023-04-29 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank reports highest-ever profit at Rs 2,437 crore in FY23 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/idfc-first-bank-reports-highest-ever-profit-at-rs-2437-crore-in-fy23-379408-2023-04-29 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Milestones ==

* '''2003''' - The company raised $200 million for the India Development Fund, the first infrastructure-focused private equity fund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of IDFC - NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2009''' - IDFC signs the UNGC Global Compact.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Kishore |last2=Prakash |first2=Ajai |date=2019-01-10 |title=Examination of sustainability reporting practices in Indian banking sector |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s41180-018-0022-2 |journal=Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2 |doi=10.1186/s41180-018-0022-2 |s2cid=256465929 |issn=2365-6417}}</ref>
* '''2010''' - Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation (IDFC) has raised ₹2,654 crore by a qualified institutional placement (QIP), attracting demand for twice the shares on offer, according to an advisor to the sale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=2010-06-30 |title=IDFC sells shares worth Rs 2,654 cr |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/idfc-sells-shares-worth-rs-2-654-cr-110063000072_1.html |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref>
* '''2013''' - IDFC becomes the first Indian institution to adopt Equator principles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-10 |title=IDFC becomes first Indian institution to adopt Equator principles - Photos News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/fwire-gallery/idfc-becomes-first-indian-institution-to-adopt-equator-principles-858941.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2014''' - RBI grants a banking license to IDFC Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RBI grants in-principle approval to IDFC, Bandhan for new bank licences |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-grants-in-principle-approval-to-idfc-bandhan-for-new-bank-licences/articleshow/33137000.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref>
* '''2017''' - The bank IDFC Bank is the first in India to launch an [[Aadhaar]]-linked cashless merchant solution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K.R.Srivats |date=2017-03-07 |title=IDFC Bank takes the lead, launches Aadhaar Pay |language=en |work=The Hindu Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/idfc-bank-takes-the-lead-launches-aadhaar-pay/article9574037.ece |access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IDFC Bank launches aadhaar-linked cashless merchant solution – The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/idfc-bank-launches-aadhaar-linked-cashless-merchant-solution/articleshow/56170045.cms |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>
* '''2018''' - IDFC Bank merged with Capital First to create IDFC First Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital First merges with IDFC Bank to create IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/capital-first-merges-with-idfc-bank-to-create-idfc-first-bank-3305581.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Moneycontrol |date=18 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2020''' - The bank announced that it has signed [[Amitabh Bachchan]], as its first brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IDFC FIRST Bank |date=11 March 2020 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank names India's iconic personality Mr. Amitabh Bachchan as Brand Ambassador |work=Press Release |url=https://www.idfcfirstbank.com/content/dam/IDFCFirstBank/in-the-press/Mr-Amitabh-Bachchan-is-brand-ambassador-of-IDFC-FIRST-Bank.pdf |access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref>
* '''2021''' - It announced the entry into the credit card sector with low interest rates and interest free credit in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mint |date=19 January 2021 |title=IDFC First Bank to offer interest-free cash on credit cards |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/idfc-first-bank-to-offer-interest-free-cash-on-credit-cards-11611025437572.html |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
* '''2023''' - Launches [[central bank digital currency]] under the guidance of the RBI.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Anulekha |date=2022-11-09 |title=RBI CBDC: Digital Rupee pilot starts from November 1; SBI, HDFC, 7 other banks to participate in wholesale launch |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/rbi-cbdc-digital-rupee-pilot-to-start-from-november-1-sbi-hdfc-7-other-banks-to-participate/articleshow/95205659.cms |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* '''2023''' - The bank secured exclusive sponsorship rights for all [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]'s international and domestic home matches.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Javed |date=2023-08-25 |title=BCCI awards title sponsorship rights to IDFC First for Rs 235 crore |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bcci-awards-title-sponsorship-rights-to-idfc-first-for-rs-235-crore/articleshow/103071147.cms |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank secures title rights for Team India's home internationals for Rs 4.2 crore per match |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/idfc-first-bank-secures-title-rights-for-team-indias-home-internationals-for-rs-42-crore-per-match-17640271.htm |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2023''' - IDFC First Bank became the top 10 most valuable publicly traded banks in India, with a market capitalization of Rs 66,386.78 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultana |first=Nasrin |title=How Does IDFC First Stack Up Among India's Top 10 Most Valued Banks |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-does-idfc-first-stack-up-among-indias-top-10-most-valued-banks/88019/1 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonavane |first=Ravindra |title=IDFC First joins elite club of 10 most valuable listed banks in India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/business/earnings/idfc-first-joins-elite-club-of-10-most-valuable-listed-banks-in-india-11309231.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Under bank’s employee-funded ''Ghar Ghar Ration'' program, the bank employees will supply ration kits to 50,000 low income customers whose livelihoods has been impacted by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC FIRST Bank launches Customer COVID relief Ghar Ghar Ration Program |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/idfc-first-bank-launches-customer-covid-relief-ghar-ghar-ration-program/2269790/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Financialexpress |date=11 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> As many as 16,000 beneficiaries have been reached across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat, Karnataka, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh under this program. The lender has also identified 250 vulnerable families who have lost an earning member of their family to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] with a cash relief support of ₹10,000 in a partnership with 'Give India'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank Employees to Fund Covid Relief for Customers |url=https://outlookmoney.com/health/idfc-first-bank-employees-to-fund-covid-relief-for-customers-7654 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Outlook Money |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title = IDFC First Bank branches and ATMs
| align = center
| footer = more images can be found on [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=IDFC+First+Bank&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image wiki commons].
| style = text-align:center;
| mode = packed
| File:IDFC_First_Bank_Prabhadevi_Branch.jpg
| alt1=
| IDFC FIRST Bank Prabhadevi Branch, [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| File:IDFC First Bank Waghawadi Bhavnagar Branch.jpg
| alt2=
| IDFC FIRST Bank Waghawadi Branch, [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| File:IDFC First Bank Anudh Pune Branch.jpg
| alt3=
| IDFC FIRST Bank Aundh Branch. [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| File:IDFC First Bank Rajamundry Branch.jpg
| alt4=
| IDFC FIRST Bank Rajahmundry Branch, [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| File:IDFC FIRST Bank Mobile ATM.jpg
| alt5=
| IDFC FIRST Bank Mobile ATM
}}

== See also ==

* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Make in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:2015 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:IDFC First Bank]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2015]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Beauty Dungdung

2023-09-07T13:46:06Z

Khalid56: Created an insightful write-up.

'''Beauty Dungdung''' (21 July 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty Dungdung Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/beauty-dungdung-profile-5188 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women hockey team]]. She plays for Indian Oil Corporation Limited in the domestic hockey tournaments. She plays in the forward line.

== Early life ==
Beauty Dungdung hails from Karangaguri village, in the tribal district of Simdega in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Dilip |title=Hockey: From Simdega to Indian senior team, Beauty Dungdung’s rise against the odds |url=https://scroll.in/field/1037829/hockey-from-simdega-to-indian-senior-team-beauty-dungdungs-rise-against-the-odds |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> She is born to Ambrose and Nilima. She has three brothers, Juwel, Shakti and Sachin, all were hockey players.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's hockey: How Beauty charted her inspirational rise to the Indian team |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/womens-hockey-how-beauty-charted-her-inspirational-rise-to-the-indian-team-101668689695280.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Her father and grandfather Gulm Dungdung were National level hockey players. She studied at the SS Balika High School at Simdega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's hockey: How Beauty charted her inspirational rise to the Indian team |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/womens-hockey-how-beauty-charted-her-inspirational-rise-to-the-indian-team-101668689695280.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Hockey career ==
Dungdung made her Senior India debut at the FIH Women's Nations Cup in Valencia, Spain in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=The Bridge |title=Jharkhand's Beauty Dungdung fulfils her India dreams |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/jharkhands-beauty-dungdung-fulfils-india-dreams-37406 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she was part of the Indian team that took part in the FIH Hockey Women's Junior World Cup 2021, Potchefstroom, South Africa where India finished fourth. Dungdung first caught the eye as an under-14 player in 2016. Pratima Barwa was one of the first coaches that taught basics to Dungdung at Simdega sports hostel which is run by Jharkhand state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty Dungdung – Bucketful of Promise for Indian Women’s Team Forwardline - Latest Hockey News ,Hockey Passion,Hockey Analysis, Hockey Interviews |url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/beauty-dungdung-bucketful-of-promise-for-indian-womens-team-forwardline/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, she first made her debut for the junior India team that took part in the Chile tour. She scored four goals including a hat-trick and was picked up for the 2022 Women's FIH Junior World Cup. Later, she was named as the captain for the Under-23 5-Nations Tournament in Ireland, where she was adjudged as the 'Best Player' of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Dilip |title=Hockey: From Simdega to Indian senior team, Beauty Dungdung’s rise against the odds |url=https://scroll.in/field/1037829/hockey-from-simdega-to-indian-senior-team-beauty-dungdungs-rise-against-the-odds |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dungdung, Beauty}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jharkhand]]

Yan Dhanda

2023-09-02T19:13:58Z

Khalid56: Created page with '{{Infobox football biography | name = Y Dhandha | fullname = Yan Dhandha | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|12|14|df=yes}} | birth_place = England | po...'

{{short description|English footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Yan Dhanda
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_place = [[Tipton]], England
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|12|14|df=y}}
| height = {{convert|1.74|m|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swanseacity.com/player/173|title=Y. Dhanda | Swansea|website=www.swanseacity.com|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211736/https://www.swanseacity.com/player/173|url-status=live}}</ref>
| position = [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]], [[winger (association football)|winger]]
| currentclub = [[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]]
| clubnumber = 10
| youthyears1 = 2008–2013
| youthclubs1 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]
| youthyears2 = 2013–2018
| youthclubs2 = [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
| years1 = 2018–2022
| clubs1 = [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]]
| caps1 = 50
| goals1 = 5
| years2 = 2022–
| clubs2 = [[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]]
| caps2 = 34
| goals2 = 5
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[England national under-16 football team|England U16]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2014
| nationalteam2 = [[England national under-17 football team|England U17]]
| nationalcaps2 = 4
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| club-update = 2 September 2023 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Yan Dhanda''' (born 14 December 1998) is an English professional [[association football|footballer]] who currently plays for [[Scottish Premiership]] side [[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]] as an [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|attacking midfielder]]. He is a former [[England national under-17 football team|England under-17]] international.

==Early life==
Dhanda was born in [[Birmingham]], and grew up in [[Tipton]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yan Dhanda: 'I was racially abused as a child but I never let it affect me' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jul/22/yan-dhanda-i-was-racially-abused-as-a-child-but-i-never-let-it-affect-me-swansea-city-asian-football |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214125643/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jul/22/yan-dhanda-i-was-racially-abused-as-a-child-but-i-never-let-it-affect-me-swansea-city-asian-football |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother is from England<ref name="sky" /> while his father was born in England to parents from [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yan Dhanda abuser blocked from sending messages, says Facebook |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56044905 |access-date=12 February 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212163240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56044905 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Club career==
Dhanda began his youth career at [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] before moving to [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], spending five years in the youth ranks at [[Anfield]]. In his final season with the youth team, he scored five times from 18 appearances in the [[2017–18 Professional U23 Development League|Premier League 2]] campaign.<ref name="Dhanda details"/> In May 2018, he left Liverpool to join [[EFL Championship|Championship]] club [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] where he was originally expected to be with the Under 23s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44120950|title=Swansea City: Yan Dhanda signs from Liverpool|first=Mandeep|last=Sanghera|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 May 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025022856/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44120950|url-status=live}}.</ref>

Dhanda made his debut as a substitute for Swansea on 4 August 2018 against [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] in a 2–1 win, scoring the winner with his first touch only moments after entering the field.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/44797126|title=Potter's Swansea come from behind to win at Sheff Utd|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 August 2018|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804115252/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/44797126|url-status=live}}.</ref>

On 21 June 2022, Dhanda signed a 2 year contract with Highland-based [[Scottish Premiership]] team [[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yan Dhanda becomes a Staggie |url=https://www.rosscountyfootballclub.co.uk/news-items/yan-dhanda-becomes-a-staggie |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=RCFC |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621161043/https://www.rosscountyfootballclub.co.uk/news-items/yan-dhanda-becomes-a-staggie |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International career==
Dhanda has represented the [[England national under-17 football team|England U16]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2014/apr/15/england-u16-saudi-arabia-1504|title=ENGLAND UNDER-16S DISAPPOINTED AFTER MONTAIGU OPENER|publisher=Football Association|date=15 April 2014|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116135639/http://www.thefa.com/news/2014/apr/15/england-u16-saudi-arabia-1504|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[England national under-17 football team|England U17]]'s at international level.<ref name="Dhanda details">{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/who-yan-dhanda-meet-liverpool-14672461|title=Who is Yan Dhanda? Meet the Liverpool starlet who just signed for Swansea City|first=Tom|last=Coleman|publisher=WalesOnline|date=23 May 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231917/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/who-yan-dhanda-meet-liverpool-14672461|url-status=live}}</ref>

He later expressed his desire of representing [[India national football team|India]] internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/yan-dhanda-wants-to-represent-india-hopes-oci-cards-become-reality-soon-40826|title=Yan Dhanda wants to represent India; hopes OCI cards become reality soon|date=27 March 2023|access-date=23 April 2023|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328085358/https://thebridge.in/football/yan-dhanda-wants-to-represent-india-hopes-oci-cards-become-reality-soon-40826|archive-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dhanda is of [[India]]n [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] heritage through his father.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yan Dhanda: Racist abuse affected me more than I thought it would, but I won't be leaving social media |work=Sky Sports |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12221892/yan-dhanda-racist-abuse-affected-me-more-than-i-thought-it-would-but-i-wont-be-leaving-social-media |quote=Birmingham-born Dhanda is a product of the West Brom academy, and his father is Sikh-Punjabi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thisisanfield.com/2017/10/yan-dhanda-liverpools-history-making-attacking-midfielder/|title=Yan Dhanda: Who is Liverpool's history-making attacking midfielder?|date=3 October 2017|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804232117/https://www.thisisanfield.com/2017/10/yan-dhanda-liverpools-history-making-attacking-midfielder/|url-status=live}}.</ref> He has said that the [[Racism in association football|racism]] he has encountered as a [[British Asians in association football|British Asian footballer]] inspires him to play at his best.<ref name="sky">{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/british-asian-footballer-yan-dhanda-racist-abuse-drives-me-on-even-more-11794861|title=British Asian footballer Yan Dhanda: Racist abuse drives me on even more|website=Sky News|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903193037/https://news.sky.com/story/british-asian-footballer-yan-dhanda-racist-abuse-drives-me-on-even-more-11794861|url-status=live}}</ref> The most prominent racial abuse that Dhanda received was from a 14 year old child from Kent, who sent a racist message to Dhanda on social media following Swansea City's 2021 [[FA Cup]] loss to [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59596065|title=Dhanda abuser on educational programme|via=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210193701/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59596065|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|match played 2 September 2023}}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|Cup
!colspan=2|League Cup
!colspan=2|Other
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Swansea City A.F.C. Under-23s|Swansea City U23]]
|2018–19<ref name=sb1819/>
|colspan=3|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|name=EFLT|Appearance in [[EFL Trophy]]}}||0||1||0
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]]
|[[2018–19 Swansea City A.F.C. season|2018–19]]<ref name=sb1819>{{soccerbase season|113397|2018|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
|[[EFL Championship|Championship]]
|5||1||0||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||6||1
|-
|[[2019–20 Swansea City A.F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref name=sb1920>{{soccerbase season|113397|2019|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
|Championship
|16||3||0||0||2||0||1{{efn|Appearance in [[EFL Championship play-offs|Championship play-offs]]}}||0||19||3
|-
|[[2020–21 Swansea City A.F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref name=sb2021>{{soccerbase season|113397|2020|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>
|Championship
|26||1||3||0||1||0||1{{efn|Appearance in [[EFL Championship play-offs|Championship play-offs]]}}||0||31||1
|-
|[[2021–22 Swansea City A.F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name=sb2122>{{soccerbase season|113397|2021|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>
|Championship
|3||0||0||0||3||0||0||0||6||0
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!50||5||3||0||7||0||2||0||62||5
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]]
|[[2022–23 Ross County F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name=sb2223>{{soccerbase season|113397|2022|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>
|[[Scottish Premiership]]
|30||5||1||0||4||0||2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2022–23 Scottish Premiership#Premiership play-offs|Scottish Premiership play-offs]]}}||1||37||6
|-
|[[2023–24 Ross County F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref name=sb2324>{{soccerbase season|113397|2023|access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>
|Scottish Premiership
|4||0||0||0||3||0|| colspan=2|—||7||0
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!34!!5!!1!!0!!7!!0!!2!!1!!44!!6
|-
!colspan=3|Career total
!84||10||4||0||14||0||5||1||107||11
|}

{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[List of Sikh footballers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ross County F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanda, Yan}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Footballers from Tipton]]
[[Category:English men's footballers]]
[[Category:England men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]]
[[Category:Swansea City A.F.C. players]]
[[Category:English Football League players]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British Asian footballers]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League players]]
[[Category:Ross County F.C. players]]

Gaiir

2023-07-19T13:35:51Z

Khalid56: Just published an enlightening work.

{{Infobox film
| director = [[Satish Rajwade]]
| screenplay = Parag Kulkarni Satish Rajwade
| story = Parag Kulkarni Shirish Rajwade
| producer = Hasmukh Hirani G. Prashant Santosh Navle
| starring = [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] [[Ankush Chaudhari]] [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] [[Tejaswini Pandit]]
| narrator = [[Sachin Khedekar]]
| cinematography = Suresh Deshmane
| editing = Rajesh Rao
| music = [[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
| studio = Kruti Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|11|09}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Gaiir''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]]-[[thriller film]], directed by [[Satish Rajwade]] and produced by Hasmukh Hirani, G. Prashant and Santosh Navel under Kruti Films. The film stars [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] and [[Tejaswini Pandit]] in the lead roles.{{citation needed}} It revolves around a man who sets out to find his look-alike after being pursued by his wife. The discovery about the same reveals a sinister plot of deception and treachery for all the people involved.<ref>{{Cite news |title=9 years of 'Gaiir': Sandeep Kulkarni shares a throwback poster as he reminisces his time on the Marathi film sets |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/9-years-of-gaiir-sandeep-kulkarni-shares-a-throwback-poster-as-he-reminisces-his-time-on-the-marathi-film-sets/articleshow/66525707.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sameer Shroff (Kulkarni) is a business tycoon. Smart, young, attractive, and daring personality. He marries Neha (Khanvilkar), the daughter of an NRI Bhaskar (Vidyadhar Joshi). They, like most newly weds, had expectations for a bright future. Neha becomes aware that Samir's doppelganger lives in the same city. Samir's doppelganger targets Neha and attempts to disrupt both his personal and professional life. Inspector Avinash Sardesai (Chaudhari) assists Sameer in resolving the problem.

== Cast ==

* [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] as Sameer Shroff/ Shashank Abhyankar
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Inspector Abhijit Sardesai
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Neha
* [[Tejaswini Pandit]] as Nethra/ Mansi Deshmukh
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Joseph (Joezi)
* Ila Bhate as Jaishree Shroff/ Jaishree Patil
* Vidyadhar Joshi as Neha
* [[Amita Khopkar]] as Jariwala Aunty/ Savita Bhonsale
* Mahesh Joshi as Thakur/ Mahendra Shirod
* [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]] as Mohan
* Shrirang Deshmukh as Udaybhan

== Production ==
The film is known for its expensive sets, beautiful locations, fancy cars, and choppers, all of which are unusual in Marathi films.

== Soundtrack ==
The film's songs were composed by [[Avinash–Vishwajeet]].{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gaiir (Title Track)
| length1 = 03:16
| title2 = Ye Na Mithit Majhya
| length2 = 03:35
| lyrics2 = Vivek Apte
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title3 = Sahi Kya Hai (Remix)
| length3 = 04:19
| lyrics3 = [[Shrirang Godbole]]
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title4 = Tu Ye Na
| length4 = 03:31
| lyrics4 = Ashwini Shende
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| total_length = 14:01
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in theaters on 9 November 2009, it received praise from critics and audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Gaiir' is a well presented movie |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/gaiir-review.php |access-date=2023-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was a hit at box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankush Choudhari and Satish Rajwade together once again through 'Autograph' |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/ankush-choudhari-and-satish-rajwade-together-once-again-through-autograph.php |access-date=2023-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|3610936|Gaiir}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2009 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2009 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satish Rajwade]]

1962 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2022-11-10T01:15:07Z

Khalid56: Created a new article format.

#REDIRECT [[1962 Rajya Sabha elections]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

CoP21 Climate Conference

2022-06-02T08:36:20Z

Khalid56: Published a well-researched resource.

#redirect[[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]]

Syed Ahmad Khan

2022-05-29T10:40:31Z

Khalid56: Fresh page format.

{{Short description|Indian Muslim reformer and social activist (1817–1898)}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Syed Ahmed Khan
| image = Syed Ahmad Khan 1907.jpg
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| other_names = Sir Syed
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1817|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1898|3|27|1817|10|17}}
| death_place = [[Aligarh]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| children = [[Syed Mahmood]]
| relatives = [[Ross Masood]] (grandson)
| era = 19th-century
| school_tradition = [[Islamic Philosophy|Islamic]] and [[Renaissance philosophy]]
| main_interests = [[Pragmatism]], [[metaphysics]], [[Ordinary language philosophy|language]], [[aesthetics]], [[Christianity and Islam]]
| books = ''The Mohammadan Commentary on the Holy Quran'' ([[tafsir]] on Quran).
| alma_mater =
| institutions = [[East India Company]] [[Judiciary of India|Indian Judicial Branch]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]]
| notable_ideas = [[Two-nation theory]], [[Islamic modernism|Muslim adoption of modernist ideas]]
| influences = [[Thomas Walker Arnold]], [[John Locke]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner|Gottlieb Leitner]]
| influenced = [[Pakistan Movement]], [[Aligarh Movement]], [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]], [[Nawab Sir Ziauddin Ahmed|Ziauddin Ahmad]], [[Pervez Musharraf]], and his ideas remain critical in the [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] of Pakistan
| awards = [[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|30px]] [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]]
| signature = Sir_syed_signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = 
}}
{{Aligarh Movement}}

[[Sir]] '''Syed Ahmad Khan''' [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|list=[[Fellows of The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]]}} (17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898; also '''Sayyid Ahmad Khan''') was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Muslim [[Islamic modernist|reformer]],<ref name="Glasse, Cyril, (2001)" /><ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World,'' Thomson Gale (2004)</ref> [[philosopher]], and educationist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e83?_hi=1&_pos=1|title=Ahmad Khan, Sayyid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> in nineteenth-century [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Misreading Sir Syed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/misreading-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-aligarh-muslim-university-4893795/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020143/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/misreading-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-aligarh-muslim-university-4893795/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{Cite news |title=Two-nation theory: Aligarh boys remember Sir Syed Ahmed Khan |language=en-US |work=The Express Tribune (newspaper) |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/276988/two-nation-theory-aligarh-boys-remember-sir-syed-ahmed-khan/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092233/https://tribune.com.pk/story/276988/two-nation-theory-aligarh-boys-remember-sir-syed-ahmed-khan/ |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> Though initially espousing [[Hindu–Muslim unity]], he became the pioneer of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism in India]] and is widely credited as the father of the [[two-nation theory]], which formed the basis of the [[Pakistan movement]].<ref name="Shirali"/><ref name="Tribune1">{{Cite news |title=Beacon in the dark: Father of the two-nation theory remembered |language=en-US |work=The Express Tribune (newspaper) |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/781617/beacon-in-the-dark-father-of-the-two-nation-theory-remembered/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327094232/https://tribune.com.pk/story/781617/beacon-in-the-dark-father-of-the-two-nation-theory-remembered/ |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=Dawn/><ref name=Nation/> Born into a family with strong debts to the [[Durbar (court)|Mughal court]], Ahmad studied [[science]] and the [[Quran]] within the court. He was awarded an honorary [[LLD]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan-Man with a Great Vision |url=http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_401_450/sir_syed_ahmad_khanman_with_a_g.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029053748/http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_401_450/sir_syed_ahmad_khanman_with_a_g.htm |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=www.irfi.org}}</ref><ref name=Tribune1/><ref name=Tribune/>

In 1838, Syed Ahmad entered the service of [[East India Company]] and went on to become a judge at a [[Small Causes Court]] in 1867, retiring from 1876. During the [[Indian Mutiny of 1857]], he remained loyal to the [[British Empire|British Raj]] and was noted for his actions in saving European lives.<ref name="Glasse, Cyril, (2001)">Cyril Glasse (2001) ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Altamira Press</ref> After the rebellion, he penned the booklet ''The Causes of the Indian Mutiny'' – a daring critique, at the time, of various [[British Raj|British]] policies that he blamed for causing the revolt. Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir Ahmad began promoting [[Education in the United Kingdom|Western–style]] [[scientific education]] by founding modern schools and journals and organising Islamic entrepreneurs.

In 1859, Syed established Gulshan School at [[Muradabad]], Victoria School at [[Ghazipur]] in 1863, and [[Scientific Society of Aligarh|a scientific society]] for Muslims in 1863.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grad |first=Prospect |title=Aligarh Muslim University |url=https://gradprospect.com/institute/Aligarh-Muslim-University/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=GradProspect.com}}</ref> In 1875, founded the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], the first Muslim university in Southern Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan {{!}} The greatest Muslim reformer and statesman of the 19th Century. |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-syed-ahmad-khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912173338/http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-syed-ahmad-khan |archive-date=12 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> During his career, Syed repeatedly called upon Muslims to loyally serve the [[British Empire|British Raj]] and promoted the adoption of Urdu as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of all [[Indian Muslim]]s. Syed criticized the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=brit/>

Sir Syed maintains a strong legacy in Pakistan and among [[Indian Muslims]]. He strongly influenced other Muslim leaders including [[Allama Iqbal]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. His advocacy of Islam's rationalist tradition, and at broader, radical reinterpretation of the [[Quran]] to make it compatible with science and modernity, continues to influence the global [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|Islamic reformation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Sir Syed loses and Allama Iqbal wins in Pakistan – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701182019/http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> Many universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Sir Syed's name.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Commercialisation of Sir Syed's name': Court seeks input from city's top managers – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/329971/commercialisation-of-sir-syeds-name-court-seeks-input-from-citys-top-managers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411000821/http://tribune.com.pk/story/329971/commercialisation-of-sir-syeds-name-court-seeks-input-from-citys-top-managers/ |archive-date=11 April 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Aligarh Muslim University]] celebrated Sir Syed's 200th birth centenary with much enthusiasm on 17 October 2017. Former [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] was the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Day: Why October 17 Is Important For AMU And Its Alumni |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/sir-syed-day-why-october-17-is-important-for-amu-and-its-alumni-1763878 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017082736/https://www.ndtv.com/education/sir-syed-day-why-october-17-is-important-for-amu-and-its-alumni-1763878 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mukherjee calls for research at AMU celebration |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/oct/17/mukherjee-calls-for-research-at-amu-celebration-1676788.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/oct/17/mukherjee-calls-for-research-at-amu-celebration-1676788.html |archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{Rquote|right|Do not show the face of Islam to others; instead show your face as the follower of true Islam representing character, knowledge, tolerance and piety.|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan}}
Syed Ahmad Taqvi 'Khan Bahadur' was born on 17 October 1817 to Syed Muhammad Muttaqi<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 15</ref> and Aziz-un-Nisa<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 16</ref> in [[Delhi]], which was the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar II]]. Many generations of his family had since been highly connected with the administrative position in [[Mughal Empire]]. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin served as ''[[Vizier|Wazir]]'' in the court of [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Akbar Shah II]].<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 2</ref> His paternal grandfather Syed Hadi Jawwad bin Imaduddin held a ''[[mansabdar|mansab]]'' (lit. [[General]])– a high-ranking administrative position and honorary name of "Mir Jawwad Ali Khan" in the court of [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Alamgir II]]. Sir Syed's father, Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, was personally close to [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Akbar Shah II]] and served as his personal adviser.<ref name="LW4">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 4</ref> However, Syed Ahmad was born at a time when his father was regional insurrections aided and led by the [[East India Company]], which had replaced the power traditionally held by the Mughal state, reducing its monarch to [[figurehead]].

Syed Ahmad was the youngest of three siblings. With his elder brother Syed Muhammad bin Muttaqi Khan and elder sister Safiyatun Nisa,<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 18</ref> Sir Syed was raised in the house of his maternal grandfather in a wealthy area of the city.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 28">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 28</ref> They were raised in strict accordance with Mughal noble traditions and exposed to politics. Their mother Aziz-un-Nisa played a formative role in Sir Syed's early life, raising him with rigid discipline with a strong emphasis on modern [[education]].<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 21</ref>

==Education==
Sir Syed's education was initiated by [[Ghulam Ali Dehlavi|Shah Ghulam Ali]], his father's spiritual mentor in 1822.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 21</ref> He was taught to read and understand the [[Qur'an]] by a female tutor.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 22</ref> He received an education traditional to Muslim nobility in [[Delhi]]. He attended a [[Maktab (education)|maktab]] run by a learned scholar, Moulvi Hamiduddin, in a house adjacent to his ancestral home and started learning Persian and Arabic.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Kidwai 2010|Kidwai 2010]], p. 28</ref> He read the works of Muslim scholars and writers such as Sahbai, [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq|Zauq]] and [[Mirza Ghalib|Ghalib]].<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 23</ref> Other tutors instructed him in [[mathematics]], [[Islamic astronomy|astronomy]] and [[algebra]]. He also pursued the study of [[medicine]] for several years under Hakim Ghulam Haider Khan.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Sir Syed was also adept at [[human swimming|swimming]], [[shooting]] and other sports.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 23</ref> He took an active part in the Mughal court's cultural activities and attended parties, festivals and recitations.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#Kidwai 2010|Kidwai 2010]], p. 29</ref>

Syed Ahmad's elder brother launched a weekly, “Syedul Akhbar”, from Delhi, which was one of the earliest Urdu newspaper of North part of India.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 19</ref> Until the death of his father in 1838, Sir Syed had lived a life customary for an affluent young Muslim noble. Upon his father's death, he inherited the titles of his grandfather and father and was awarded the title of ''Arif Jung'' by the emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]].<ref name="Graham, p. 5">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 5</ref> Financial difficulties put an end to Sir Syed's formal education, although he continued to study in private, using books on a variety of subjects.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==Career==
[[File:Siryedazam.jpg|thumb|[[Mohsin-ul-Mulk|Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Justice [[Syed Mahmood]], he was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.]]

Having recognized the steady decline in Mughal political power, Sir Syed decided to enter the service of the [[East India Company]]. He could not enter the [[Indian Civil Service|colonial civil service]] because it was only in the 1860s that Indians were admitted. His first appointment was as a ''Serestadar'' (lit. Clerk) of the Criminal Department in the Sadr Amin's office in Delhi, responsible for record-keeping and managing court affairs.<ref name="Graham, p. 5"/><ref>[[#Hali|Hali]]</ref> In February 1839, he was transferred to [[Agra]] and promoted to the title of ''Naib Munshi'' or deputy reader in the office of the Commissioner.<ref name="Graham, p. 6">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 6</ref> In 1841 he was appointed as the ''Munsif'' or Sub-Judge of [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and later transferred to Delhi in 1846.<ref name="Graham, p. 6"/> He remained in Delhi until 1854 except for two short-term postings to [[Rohtak]] as officiating ''Sadr Amin'' in 1850 and 1853.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 28</ref> In 1855 he was promoted to the post of ''Sadr Amin'' in [[Bijnor]].<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 33</ref>

Acquainted with high-ranking British officials, Sir Syed obtained close knowledge about British colonial politics during his service at the courts. At the outbreak of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion]], on 10 May 1857, Sir Syed was serving as the chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> He stood by the British officers of Bijnor and saved the lives of many officers and their family members from the revolting soldiers.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The conflict had left large numbers of civilians dead. Erstwhile centres of Muslim power such as Delhi, Agra, [[Lucknow]] and [[Kanpur]] were severely affected. He lost several close relatives who died in the violence. Although he succeeded in rescuing his mother from the turmoil, she died in [[Meerut]], owing to the privations she had experienced.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 34, 35</ref>

In 1858, he was appointed as ''Sadarus Sudoor'', a high-ranking post at the court in [[Muradabad]], where he began working on his most famous literary work, ''The Cause of the Indian Revolt''.<ref name="ReferenceD">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 34</ref> In 1862, he was transferred to [[Ghazipur]], and later to [[Aligarh]] in 1864. In 1864 he was sent to [[Banaras]] and elevated to the position of a Sub-Judge of Small Causes.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>

In April 1869, he accompanied his two son [[Syed Mahmood]], who had obtained a scholarship for study in England and Syed Hamid to England.<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 64</ref>

Sir Syed retired from government service in 1876 and settled in Aligarh.<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 169</ref> In 1878, he was nominated as an additional member of the Imperial Legislative Council, which he served from July 1878 to July 1880. He got the second term that lasted until 1883.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 35</ref> He served the Legislative Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the North- Western Provinces for two terms from 1887 until 1893.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 36</ref>

==Influences==
Sir Syed's early influences were his mother Aziz-un-Nisa and maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin both of whom took special interest in his education.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 29</ref> Apart from serving as a Wazir in the Mughal court Khwaja Fariduddin was also a teacher, mathematician and astronomer.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 28"/> He was also disposed towards Sufism, which left its impact on Sir Syed since his early childhood.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 31">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 31</ref> His maternal uncle Khwaja Zainuddin Ahmad, who was an expert in music and mathematics also influenced him in his early days.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 16</ref>

Sir Syed's early theological writings demonstrate the influence of three school of religious though on his outlook - the [[Naqshbandi]] tradition of [[Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlavi]], [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] and his teachings, and the Mujahidin movement of [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] and his earliest disciple [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]].<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 31"/><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 34</ref> While Sir Syed shared the desire for religious forms in India with the Mujahidin movement, he was opposed to the Indian Wahhabi movement.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 57</ref>

During his formative years in Delhi he came in contact with [[Ghalib]] and [[Zauq]] whose exquisite style of prose and poetry influenced Sir Syed's style of writing.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 46</ref> He would often visit Imam Baksh Sahbai and [[Sadruddin Khan Azurda Dehlawi]] in his learning years.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 24</ref> Another influence on him was his teacher and friend in Agra, Nur al Hasan of Kandhala, a teacher in Arabic at Agra College in the early 1840s who encouraged and corrected his early works.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 39">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 39</ref><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 64</ref>

He was also influenced by the works of the Tunisian reformer [[Hayreddin Pasha]] and adopted his approach of utilising freedom of expression for bringing reforms in the Muslim community.<ref name="Ahmad 1960">[[#Ahmad 1960|Ahmad 1960]]</ref>

The western writers who most influenced his political thoughts were the [[Utilitarianism|Utilitarians]] such as [[John Stuart Mill]] whose works he often quoted in his own writings.<ref name="ReferenceE">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 195</ref> He was also influenced by the essays of [[Joseph Addison]] and [[Richard Steele]] and modelled his own journals after their ''[[Tatler (1709 journal)|Tatler]]'' and ''[[The Spectator (1711)|Spectator]]''.<ref name="ReferenceE"/>

==Literary works==
While continuing to work as a junior clerk, Sir Syed began focusing on writing, from the age of 23 (in 1840), on various subjects (from [[mechanics]] to educational issues), mainly in Urdu, where he wrote, at least, 6000 pages. He also wrote a well known book on archeology called Athar-ul-Sandeed. He also developed interest in literature as he met a few of India's well known writers.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 13</ref><ref>[[#Wilder 2006|Wilder 2006]], p. 34</ref>

===Religious works===
[[File:Muhammadansocialreformer.jpg|thumb|right|upright|First issue of the journal ''Muhammadan Social Reformer'' dated 24 December 1870, it was a pioneering publication initiated by Sir Syed to promote liberal ideas in Muslim society.]]

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's career as an author began when he published a series of treatises in Urdu on religious subjects in 1842. In his early religious writings his religious thoughts are inclined towards the orthodoxy which slowly becomes independent with his increasing contact with the West.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 59</ref> His early works show the influence of [[Sufism]] and his upbringing in Delhi.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 56">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 56</ref> The main themes of these works are popularization of the practices of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] as the one true path and the desire to reform the lives of Indian Muslims from religious innovations thus endeavoring for the purity of Islamic belief in India.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 42</ref><ref name="Troll 1978, p. 56"/>

His later religious writings such as his commentary on the [[Torah]] and [[Gospel]] and his essays on Muhammad were stimulated in response to Christian missionary activities in India and the aggressive view of British historians towards Islam.<ref name="Ahmad 1960"/>

====Early treatises====
His first treatise published in 1842 was a biographical sketch of [[Muhammad]], called ''Jila al- Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub'' (''Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved'')<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 60</ref> in line with reformist ideas of [[Shah Waliullah]].<ref name="Naim 2011">[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]]</ref> It was prose for recitation on [[Mawlid]] written in idiomatic Urdu.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 37</ref> He published his second treatise ''Tuhfa-i Hasan'' (''The Gift to Hasan'') in 1844 on the encouragement of his friend Nur al Hasan.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 39"/> It is an Urdu translation of the tenth and twelfth chapter of [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]]'s ''Tuhfah-i Ithna Ashariyya'' (''A treatise on the 12 Imams''), which was a critique of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] beliefs.<ref name="Naim 2011"/><ref name="Baljon, p. 61">[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 61</ref> The tenth chapter deals and answers the Shia accusations against the [[Sahabi]] and Hazrat [[Aisha]] and the twelfth deals with the Shia doctrines of [[tawalli]] and [[tabarri]].<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 39, 40</ref>

His third treatise, entitled ''Kalimat al-Haqq'' (''The True Discourse'') was published in 1849.<ref name="Baljon, p. 61"/> It is a critique of the prevalent [[Sufism|Sufi]] practices around ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]–[[murid]]'' relationships.<ref name="Alam 2021, p. 30">[[#Alam 2021|Alam 2021]], p. 30</ref> The first part of the work is devoted to the concept of ''piri'' in which he argues that Muhammad is the only valid pir while the second part is focused on ''muridi'' and the notion of ''[[bay'ah]].''<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 40</ref> He calls for reforms in the pir-murid relationship and the associated practises.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 47</ref> ''Rah i Sunna dar radd i Bid'a'' (''The Sunna and the Rejection of Innovations''), his fourth treatise was published in 1850.<ref name="Baljon, p. 62">[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 62</ref> In this work he was not in favour of the religious practices and beliefs of his fellow Muslims which he felt was mixed with innovation and deviated from the true [[Sunnah]].<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 52</ref> In 1852 he published ''Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh'' (''A Letter Explaining the Teaching of tasawwur i shaikh'') in which he defended ''tasawwur-i-Shaikh'', the Sufi practice of visualizing within, the image of one's spiritual guide.<ref name="Alam 2021, p. 30"/><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 41</ref> In 1853 he translated some passages of [[al-Ghazali]]'s ''[[The Alchemy of Happiness|Kimiya al Sa'ada]]'' (''The Alchemy of Happiness'').<ref name="Baljon, p. 62"/>

====Commentary of the Torah and Gospel====
In 1862 while stationed at Ghazipur, Sir Syed started working on a commentary on the [[Bible]] and its teaching, with the aim to explain them in terms of Islam, the final of the [[Abrahamic religion]]s.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 69, 70</ref> It was published in Urdu and English in three parts from 1862 to 1865 under the title ''Tabin al-al-kalam Fi tafsir altawrat Wa ‘I-injil’ala millat al Islam'' (''Elucidation of the World in Commentary of the Torah and Gospel According to the Religion of Islam'').<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 2</ref><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 58</ref> While the first part deals with the Islamic approach towards biblical writings, the second and third part contains commentary on the [[Book of Genesis]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]] respectively.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 103</ref>

====''Essays on the Life of Muhammad''====
In 1869 he wrote ''Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya'' (''A Series of Essays on the Life of Prophet [[Muhammad]] and Subjects Subsidiary Therein'') as a rejoinder to [[William Muir]]'s widely known four-part book, ''The Life of Mahomet'' published in 1864.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 8</ref> He was deeply distress by Muir's portrayal of Islam and the character of Muhammad. He was concerned that the book might create doubts among the younger generation of Muslims.<ref>[[#Guenther 2002|Guenther 2002]]</ref> In order to prepare for the book he accompanied his son to England as he wanted to get a first-hand impression of Western civilisation.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 51</ref>

He was also a reader of [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] and, while not agreeing with all of his ideas, he could be described as a sort of [[theistic evolutionist]] like his contemporary [[Asa Gray]], and one of the first in the Islamic world, finding the arguments supporting such view through his own scientific research but also quoting earlier Islamic scholars like [[Al-Jahiz]], [[Ibn Khaldun]] and [[Shah Waliullah]].<ref>Sarah A. Qidwai, "Darwin or Design? Examining Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Views on Human Evolution" in Yasmin Saikia, M. Raisur Rahman (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan'', Cambridge University Press, 2019, p. 220</ref>

====Tafsir-ul-Quran====
Sir Syed started working on a [[tafsir]] or commentary on [[Quran]] in 1877. It was published as ''Tafsir ul-Quran'' in seven volumes; the first volume appeared in 1880 and the last volume was published six years after his death in 1904.<ref name="ReferenceF">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 3,4</ref> In this work, he analysed and interpreted 16 [[Juz'|paras]] and 13 [[surah]]s of the Quran.<ref name="ReferenceF"/> He also included a detailed article ''Tahrir fi Usool al-Tafsir'' (''The Notes on the Principles of Commentary'') in the first volume in which he laid down 15 principles on which he based his commentary.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 4</ref>

===Historical works===
History was Sir Syed's preferred area of study and in 1840, Sir Syed compiled a book of chronological tables about the Timurid rulers of Delhi from Timurlane to Bahadur Shah Zafar at the behest of Robert N. C. Hamilton, his patron. It was later published under the title ''Jam-i-Jum'' (''Jamshed's Cup'').<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 670</ref> In ''Silsilat-ul-Mulk'' he compiled the biographical data of all the ruler of Delhi in history.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 84</ref> During his stay in Bijnor, he wrote a history on the city of Bijnor but it was destroyed during the 1857 rebellion.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 86</ref> He also wrote critical editions of books like [[Ziauddin Barani]]'s ''Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi'' published in 1862,<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 104</ref> and ''Tuzk-e-Jahangiri'' published in 1864.<ref name="ReferenceG">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 42</ref> However his most important historical works that brought him fame as a scholar are the two editions of ''Asar-us-Sanadid'' and that of the ''Ain-e-Akbari''.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 36</ref>

====Asar-us-Sanadid====
In 1847 he published the book ''Asar-us-Sanadid'' (''The Remnants of Ancient Heroes'') documenting antiquities of Delhi dating from the medieval era.<ref name="Troll 1972">[[#Troll 1972|Troll 1972]]</ref> The work is divided into four sections describing the buildings outside the city of Delhi, the buildings around the Delhi Fort, the monuments in Shahjahanabad and the last section presenting a brief historical account of the various settlements of Delhi<ref name="Troll 1972"/> and the prominent inhabitants of Delhi which included Sufis such as Shah Ghulam Ali, Saiyid Ahmad Shahid, physicians, scholars, poets, calligraphers, and prominent musicians of Delhi.<ref>[[#Alam 2021|Alam 2021]], p. 29</ref> It also contained around 130 illustrations drawn by Faiz Ali Khan and Mirza Shahrukh Beg which were the first lithographically produced book illustrations in India.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 675</ref> He released the second edition of ''Ansar-as-sanadid'' in 1854.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 691</ref> However both the editions are radically different with the second edition being abbreviated and more factual.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 705, 706</ref> This work brought Sir Syed a wider fame and earned him the reputation of a cultured scholar.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p.707</ref> In 1861, it was translated into French by [[Joseph Héliodore Garcin de Tassy|Gracin de Tassy]] in Paris.<ref name="Troll 1972"/> The book was also presented to the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]], London which made him an honorary fellow.<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

====Ain-e-Akbari====
[[File:Court of Akbar from Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The court of Akbar, an illustration from a manuscript of the [[Ain-e-Akbari]]]]
In 1855, he finished his scholarly, and illustrated edition of [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]]'s ''[[Ain-e-Akbari|Ai'n-e Akbari]]''. The first and the third volume of the work was published in 1855. The second volume sent to the publisher in 1857 was destroyed in the rebellion that took place that year.<ref>[[#Malik 1980|Malik 1980]], p. 76</ref> Having finished the work to his satisfaction, and believing that [[Mirza Ghalib|Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib]] was a person who would appreciate his labours, Syed Ahmad approached the great Ghalib to write a ''taqriz'' (in the convention of the times, a laudatory foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged, but what he did produce was a short Persian poem castigating the Ai'n-e Akbari, and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, literate and learned Mughal culture of which it was a product. The least that could be said against it was that the book had little value even as an antique document. Ghalib practically reprimanded Syed Ahmad Khan for wasting his talents and time on dead things. Worse, he praised sky-high the "sahibs of England" who at that time held all the keys to all the a’ins in this world.<ref>The word a’in can mean all or any of the following: character, convention, temperament, habit, rule, path, law (ecclesiastical or secular), creed, praxis, quality, intention, organization, management, system, decoration, beauty. (Lughat Nama-e Dehkhoda). There are about eighty meanings in all. These meanings seem to have developed over the centuries. Most were available to Abul Fazl; all were available to Ghalib.</ref>

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan never again wrote a word in praise of the ''Ai'n-e Akbari'' and in fact gave up taking an active interest in history and archaeology. He did edit another two historical texts over the next few years, but neither of them was anything like the ''Ai'n'': a vast and triumphalist document on the governance of Akbar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faruqi |first=Shamsur Rahman |title=From Antiquary to Social Revolutionary: Syed Ahmad Khan and the Colonial Experience |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020101507/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |access-date=12 December 2015 |website=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, work in English |publisher=Columbia University |ref=srf_ss_gh}}</ref>

===Political works===
During the uprising of 1857, Sir Syed was posted as a chief assessment officer at the court in [[Bijnor]].<ref name="Guha, p. 56">[[#Guha|Guha]], p. 56</ref> He recorded the history of the mutiny in ''Tarikh i Sarkashi-ye Bijnor'' (''History of the Bijnor Rebellion'') which was published in 1858.<ref name="Sherwani 1944">[[#Sherwani 1944|Sherwani 1944]]</ref> He was deeply worried about the consequences of the mutiny for his fellow Muslims in particular.<ref name="Guha, p. 56"/> He wrote a number of articles and pamphlets such as ''Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind'' (''The Causes of the Indian Revolt''), ''Loyal Muhammadans of India'', and ''Review on Dr Hunter's Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?'' to defend Muslims and Islam and create a cordial relations between the British authorities and the Muslim community.<ref>[[#Fuerst|Fuerst]], p. 86</ref>

====''Causes of the Indian Revolt''====
Sir Syed supported the [[East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 uprising]], a role which has been criticised by some nationalists such as [[Jamaluddin Afghani]]. In 1859 Sir Syed published the booklet ''Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind'' (''The Causes of the Indian Revolt'') in Urdu in which he studied the causes of the Indian revolt. In this, his most famous work, he rejected the common notion that the conspiracy was planned by Muslim elites, who resented the diminishing influence of Muslim monarchs. He blamed the East India Company for its [[Company rule in India|aggressive expansion]] as well as the ignorance of British politicians regarding Indian culture. Sir Syed advised the British to appoint Muslims to assist in administration, to prevent what he called ‘haramzadgi’ (a vulgar deed) such as the mutiny.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoodbhoy |first=Pervez |title=Why Sir Syed loses and Allama Iqbal wins in Pakistan |publisher=The Pakistan Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717120927/http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali wrote in the biography of Sir Syed that: <blockquote>"As soon as Sir Syed reached Muradabad, he began to write the pamphlet entitled ''The Causes of the Indian Revolt'' (''Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind''), in which he did his best to clear the people of India, and especially the Muslims, of the charge of Mutiny. In spite of the obvious danger, he made a courageous and thorough report of the accusations people were making against the Government and refused theory which the British had invented to explain the causes of the Mutiny."<ref name="auto">[[#Hali|Hali]], pp. 92–95</ref></blockquote>

When the work was finished, without waiting for an English translation, Sir Syed sent the Urdu version to be printed at the Mufassilat Gazette Press in Agra. Within a few weeks, he received 500 copies back from the printers. One of his friends warned him not to send the pamphlet to the British Parliament or to the Government of India. Rae Shankar Das, a great friend of Sir Syed, begged him to burn the books rather than put his life in danger.<ref name="Sherwani 1944"/> Sir Syed replied that he was bringing these matters to the attention of the British for the good of his own people, of his country, and of the government itself. He said that if he came to any harm while doing something that would greatly benefit the rulers and the subjects of India alike, he would gladly suffer whatever befell him. When Rae Shankar Das saw that Sir Syed's mind was made up and nothing could be done to change it, he wept and remained silent. After performing a supplementary prayer and asking God's blessing, Sir Syed sent almost all the 500 copies of his pamphlet to England, one to the government, and kept the rest himself.

When the government of India had the book translated and presented before the council, Lord Canning, the governor-general, and [[Sir Bartle Frere]] accepted it as a sincere and friendly report. The foreign secretary [[Cecil Beadon]], however, severely attacked it, calling it 'an extremely seditious pamphlet'. He wanted a proper inquiry into the matter and said that the author, unless he could give a satisfactory explanation, should be harshly dealt with. Since no other member of the Council agreed with his opinion, his attack did no harm.<ref>{{Cite book|last=K̲h̲ān̲|first=Sir Sayyid Aḥmad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8nfAQAACAAJ|title=Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan|publisher=Nachiketa Publications|language=en|page=15}}</ref>

Later, Sir Syed was invited to attend Lord Canning's [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] in Farrukhabad and happened to meet the foreign secretary there. He told Sir Syed that he was displeased with the pamphlet and added that if he had really had the government's interests at heart, he would not have made his opinion known in this way throughout the country; he would have communicated it directly to the government. Sir Syed replied that he had only had 500 copies printed, the majority of which he had sent to England, one had been given to the government of India, and the remaining copies were still in his possession. Furthermore, he had the receipt to prove it. He was aware, he added, that the view of the rulers had been distorted by the stress and anxieties of the times, which made it difficult to put even the most straightforward problem in its right perspective. It was for this reason that he had not communicated his thoughts publicly. He promised that for every copy that could be found circulating in India he would personally pay 1,000 rupees. At first, Beadon was not convinced and asked Sir Syed over and over again if he was sure that no other copy had been distributed in India. Sir Syed reassured him on this matter, and Beadon never mentioned it again. Later he became one of Sir Syed's strongest supporters.

Many official translations were made of the Urdu text of ''The Causes of the Indian Revolt''. The one undertaken by the India Office formed the subject of many discussions and debates.<ref>[[Masood Ashraf Raja]] (2010) ''Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity'', 1857–1947. Oxford. Chapter 2. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547811-2}}</ref> The pamphlet was also translated by the government of India and several members of parliament, but no version was offered to the public. A translation which had been started by [[Auckland Colvin]], a government official was finished by Sir Syed's friend, Colonel G.F.I. Graham, and finally published in 1873.<ref name="auto" /><ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 24</ref>

====Loyal Muhammadans of India====
In 1860 Sir Syed wrote a series of bilingual pamphlets called the Risala Khair Khwahan-e Musalmanan-e-Hind (An Account of the Loyal Mohammedans of India) from Meerut containing episodes in the life of those Muslims who stood by the British during the 1857 uprising.<ref name="Sherwani 1944"/> It was published in three issues, the first and second issues appeared in 1860, while the third was published in 1861.<ref name="ReferenceH">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 200</ref> The first issue highlighted the bravery of those Muslims who stood by the British while the second issue carried an article on jihad in which he makes a clear distinction between jihad and rebellion.<ref name="ReferenceH"/>

====Review on Hunter's Indian Musalmans====
In August 1871 [[William Wilson Hunter]], a Scottish historian and member of the Indian Civil Service published ''Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?'' in which he discussed the Indian [[Wahabi movement]], its role in the rebellion<ref>[[#Ali 1980|Ali 1980]]</ref> and argued that the Muslims were a threat to the Empire.<ref>[[#Fuerst|Fuerst]], p. 11</ref> Hunter links Wahhabism with rebellion and terms them as self-stylised jihadis.<ref name="ReferenceI">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 182</ref> His accusations led to the prosecution of Muslims in India especially in the North Western Provinces and those associated with Wahhabism were severely punished.<ref name="ReferenceI"/> Many Muslims found his arguments one-sided and this prompted Sir Syed to write a rejoinder of the book.<ref name="ReferenceI"/> He reviewed the book in ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' in a series of articles which were reprinted in ''Aligarh Institute Gazette'' from 24 November 1871, to 23 February 1872.<ref name="Sherwani 1944"/> They were later collected and published in a book in England by Hafiz Ahmad Hasan, the Vakil of Tonk.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1973|Shan Muhammad 1973]], p. 65</ref> Sir Syed based his arguments upon Muhammad's own conduct during holy wars.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 98</ref>

==Muslim reformer==
{{see also|Aligarh Movement}}
[[File:ALMU-logo.jpg|thumb|right|The logo of Aligarh University, whose moto is
''Taught man that which he knew not.'' (Qur'an 96:5)]]

Through the 1850s, Syed Ahmad Khan began developing a strong passion for education. While pursuing studies of different subjects including European jurisprudence, Sir Syed began to realise the advantages of Western-style education, which was being offered at newly established colleges across India. Despite being a devout Muslim, Sir Syed criticised the influence of traditional dogma and religious orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Muslims suspicious of British influences.<ref name="EPMI">{{Cite book |last=KUMAR |first=S |title=Educational Philosophy in Modern India |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-261-0431-4 |page=59}}</ref> Sir Syed began feeling increasingly concerned for the future of Muslim communities.<ref name="EPMI" /> A scion of Mughal nobility, Sir Syed had been reared in the finest traditions of Muslim elite culture and was aware of the steady decline of Muslim political power across India. The animosity between the British and Muslims before and after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] of 1857 threatened to marginalise Muslim communities across India for many generations.<ref name="EPMI" />

===Scientific Society===
Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the [[British Empire|Empire]] amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir Syed founded a modern [[madrassa]] in Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the first religious schools to impart scientific education. Sir Syed also worked on social causes, helping to organise relief for the famine-struck people of North-West Province in 1860.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> While posted in [[Ghazipur]] in 1863, he established a [[madrasa]] which later became the Victoria High school.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 41</ref> He also formed the Scientific Society in Ghazipur to promote educational reforms across the country.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> He wrote an insightful tract on education titled ''Iltimas Ba Khidmat-e-Sakinan-e-Hind Dar Bab-e- Taraqqi Taleem in Ahl-e-Hind'' (''Address to the natives of Hindoostan on education'').<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 45</ref>

Upon his transfer to [[Aligarh]] in 1864, Sir Syed began working wholeheartedly as an educator. The Scientific Society was transferred from Ghazipur to Aligarh and rechristened as the [[Scientific Society of Aligarh]].<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 46</ref> Modelling it after the [[Royal Society]] and the [[Royal Asiatic Society]],<ref name="Bio">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of World Biography |publisher=Gale Research |year=1997 |edition=Second |pages=17 vols |chapter=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan}}</ref> Sir Syed assembled Muslim scholars from different parts of the country. The Society held annual conferences, disbursed funds for educational causes and regularly published a journal on scientific subjects in English and Urdu. Sir Syed felt that the socio-economic future of Muslims was threatened by their orthodox aversions to modern science and technology.<ref name="EPMI" /> He published many writings promoting liberal, rational interpretations of [[Islamic Holy Books|Islamic scriptures]], struggling to find rational interpretations for [[jinn]], [[Angels in Islam|angels]], and miracles of the prophets.<ref name="OO-2018">{{cite web |title=A balanced view on Sir Syed Ahmed khan-Dr Israr's holistic approach |url=https://oracleopinions.com/2018/10/26/a-balanced-view-on-sir-syed-ahmed-khan-dr-isrars-holistic-approach/ |website=Oracle Opinions |access-date=3 December 2020 }}</ref>
One example was the reaction to his argument – which appeared in his ''[[tafsir]]'' (exegesis) of the [[Quran]] – that ''[[riba]]'' referred to interest charges when lending money to the poor, but not to the rich, nor to borrowers "in trade or in industry", since this finance supported "trade, national welfare and prosperity". While many jurists declared all interest to be riba, (according to Sir Syed) this was based "on their own authority and deduction" rather than the Quran.<ref>''Tafsir al Quran'', v.1 p.3016, translated and quoted in [[#Baljon|Baljon]], pp. 44–45</ref>

===Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College===
On 1 April 1869 he went, along with his sons Syed Mahmood and Syed Hamed to England, where he was awarded the [[Order of the Star of India]] from the British government on 6 August.<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 64, 65</ref> Travelling across England, he visited its colleges and was inspired by the culture of learning established after the [[Renaissance]]. Sir Syed returned to India in the following year determined to build a school modelled on [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] and Oxford imparting modern education to Indians.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 47</ref> Upon his return, he established the ''Khwastgaran-i-Taraqqi-i-Talim-i-Musalman'' (Committee for the Better Diffusion and Advancement of Learning among [[Muslim|Muhammadans]]) on 26 December 1870. By 1872, it was converted into a Fund Committee for the establishment of a school.<ref name="Hasan 2006, p. 43">[[#Hasan 2006|Hasan 2006]], p. 43</ref> Sir Syed described his vision of the institution he proposed to establish in an article written sometime in 1872 and re-printed in the [[Aligarh Institute Gazette]] of 5 April 1911:

<blockquote>I may appear to be dreaming and talking like Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to turn this MAO College into a University similar to that of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] or Cambridge. Like the churches of Oxford and Cambridge, there will be [[mosque]]s attached to each College... The College will have a dispensary with a Doctor and a compounder, besides a ''[[Unani]] [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]]''. It will be mandatory on boys in residence to join the congregational prayers ([[salat|namaz]]) at all the five times. Students of other religions will be exempted from this religious observance. Muslim students will have a uniform consisting of a black alpaca, half-sleeved ''chugha'' and a red ''[[Fez (clothing)|Fez]]'' cap... Bad and abusive words which boys generally pick up and get used to, will be strictly prohibited. Even such a word as a "liar" will be treated as an abuse to be prohibited. They will have food either on tables of [[table manners|European style]] or on chaukis in the manner of the [[Arab cuisine#Culture|Arabs]]... Smoking of cigarette or ''[[hookah|huqqa]]'' and the chewing of [[betel]]s shall be strictly prohibited. No [[corporal punishment]] or any such punishment as is likely to injure a student's self-respect will be permissible... It will be strictly enforced that [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] boys shall not discuss their religious differences in the College or in the boarding house. At present it is like a day dream. I pray to God that this dream may come true."{{Citation needed}}</blockquote>

[[File:Sirsyedsignatures.jpg|thumb|right|Signatures of Sir Syed]]

He began publishing the journal ''[[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]]'' (''Social Reformer'') on 24 December 1870 to spread awareness and knowledge on modern subjects and promote reforms in Muslim society.<ref>[http://aligarhmovement.com/Chronology_of_Aligarh_Movement A Brief Chronology of Aligarh Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215124954/http://aligarhmovement.com/Chronology_of_Aligarh_Movement }}. aligarhmovement.com</ref> Sir Syed worked to promote reinterpretation of Muslim ideology in order to reconcile tradition with Western education. He argued in several books on Islam that the Qur'an rested on an appreciation of reason and natural law, making scientific inquiry important to being a good Muslim.

By 1873, the committee under Sir Syed issued proposals for the construction of a college in Aligarh. Maulvi Samiullah Khan was appointed as the secretary of the sub-committee of the proposed school.<ref name="Hasan 2006, p. 43"/> Members of the committee toured the country in order to raise funds for the school which was finally established on 24 May 1875 in Aligarh as the [[Minto Circle|Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School]]. Two years later, in 1877, the school was converted into the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]].<ref>[[#Hasan 2006|Hasan 2006]], p. 43, 44</ref> He retired from his career as a jurist the following year, concentrating entirely on developing the college and on religious reform.<ref name="Bio" /> Sir Syed's pioneering work received support from the British.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 48</ref> Although intensely criticised by orthodox religious leaders hostile to modern influences, Sir Syed's new institution attracted a large student body, mainly drawn from the Muslim gentry and middle classes.<ref name="Islam">{{Cite book |last=Nazeer Ahmed |title=Islam in Global History |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7388-5966-8 |page=231}}</ref>{{self-published inline}} However, MAO College was open to all communities, and had a sizeable number of Hindu students. The first graduate of the college was a Hindu.<ref name="ReferenceJ">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 49</ref> The curriculum at the college involved scientific and Western subjects, as well as Oriental subjects and religious education.<ref name="Bio" /> The first [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] was [[Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Sultan Shah Jahan Begum]], a prominent Muslim noblewoman, and Sir Syed invited an Englishman, [[Theodore Beck]], to serve as the first college principal.<ref name="Islam" /> The college was originally affiliated with [[Calcutta University]] but was transferred to the [[Allahabad University]] in 1885. Near the turn of the 20th century, it began publishing its own magazine and established a law school. In 1920, the college was transformed into [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="ReferenceJ"/>

===Muhammadan Educational Conference===
After founding the Anglo-Oriental College, Sir Syed felt the need of a pan-India organisation to propagate the ideas of his movement. To this cause, he established the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference|All India Muhammadan Educational Congress]] with its headquarters in Aligarh. The first session of the Congress was held at Aligarh in 1886 under the presidency of Maulvi Samiullah Khan.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 83</ref> The main objective of the organisation was to promote educational development among Muslims through conferences throughout India and transform the Anglo-Oriental College to the status of university.<ref name="ReferenceK">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 84</ref> The name of the organisation was changed to All India Muhammadan Educational Conference to avoid confusion with the Indian National Congress.<ref name="ReferenceK"/>

===Opposition and criticism===
Sir Syed's Aligarh Movement and his desire to open institutions for Western education was opposed by the orthodox Indian Muslims. Imdad Ali, the then deputy collector of Kanpur condemned the foundation of Anglo-Oriental College.<ref name="ReferenceL">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 69</ref> Several periodicals such as ''Noor-ul-Afaq'', ''Noor-ul-Anwar'', and ''Taed-ul-Islam'' were started by his opponents in opposition to ''Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq'' to dissuade Muslims from joining the Aligarh Movement.<ref name="ReferenceL"/><ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 91</ref> Many other orthodox Islamic schools condemned him as out of the fold of Islam i.e. ''[[kafir]]''.<ref name="Islam" /> According to J.M.S. Baljon his ideas created "a real hurricane of protests and outbursts of wrath" among the local clerics "in every town and village" in Muslim India, who issued [[fatwa|fatawa]] "declaring him to be a ''[[kafir]]''" (unbeliever).<ref name="Baljon, p. 90">[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 90</ref> He was also accused of having converted to Christianity.<ref name="Baljon, p. 90"/> [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement criticised some of his writings in a polemic titled ''Barakat al Dua''.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 95</ref> [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]], the [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamic]] ideologue launched a vitriolic attack on him through his periodical calling him a “Naturist”.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 98</ref>

Many of his own friends, like Nawab [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk|Muhsin ul Mulk]], expressed their significant reservations at his religious ideas (many of which were expounded in his commentary of Qur'an).<ref>[[#Panipati|Panipati]], pp. 249–263</ref> Syed Ahmad Khan's controversial views such as his rejection of [[Islamic view of miracles|miracles]], denial of the existence of [[Angels in Islam|angels]], downplaying the status of [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophethood]], etc. arose disdain also from orthodox adherents of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Waliullahi]] reform trends, such as ''[[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahl-e Hadith]]'' and [[Deobandi]]s. ''Ahl-i Hadith'' were particularly severe in their condemnation of Ahmad Khan; with many of its leaders like [[Muhammad Hussain Batalvi|Muḥammad Ḥusayn Baṭālvī]] (d. 1920 C.E/ 1338 A.H) declaring ''[[Takfir]]'' (excommunication) of Sir Syed as an [[Apostasy in Islam|apostate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Afzal Upal, M. Cusack |first=Muhammad, Carole |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-42525-5 |location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands |pages=645–646}}</ref>

Maulana [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi|Qasim Nanautawi]], the founder of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], expressed in a letter to an acquaintance of his and Sir Syed's:

"No doubt, I greatly admire, as per what I've heard, Syed (Ahmad) Sahab's courage (''Ūlul Azmi'') and concern for the Muslims (''Dardmandi e Ahl e Islam''). For this if I shall express my affection for him, it will be rightful. However, similar to this (or rather more than this), upon hearing about his disturbed (Fāsid) beliefs, I have deep complains and sorrow for him"<ref>[[#Panipati|Panipati]], p. 102</ref>

Maulana Qasim Nanautawi wrote directly to Sir Syed as well, explaining him some of his "noteworthy" mistakes. This correspondence was published as "Tasfiyat ul Aqaaid" in 1887 C.E<ref>[[#Panipati|Panipati]], p. 100</ref>

==Political thoughts and activities==
Shan Muhammad in his book ''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: a political biography'' notes that Sir Syed was foremost an educationist and reformer and not an academic thinker and so his political philosophy is related to the circumstances of his times.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 193</ref> Important events that shaped his political outlook includes the 1857 Rebellion, the premiership of [[William Ewart Gladstone]] in England that started in 1868 and the viceroyalty of [[Lord Ripon]] in India.<ref name="ReferenceM">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 193, 194</ref>

Sir Syed was deeply religious. His political views were centered on Islam and Islamic viewpoint.<ref name="ReferenceM"/>

In 1878, Sir Syed was nominated to the Viceroy's Legislative Council.<ref name="LW 289">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 289</ref> He testified before the education commission to promote the establishment of more colleges and schools across India. At the start of his political career, Sir Syed was an advocate of [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] and [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|India's composite culture]], wanting to empower all Indians.<ref name="Shirali"/> In the same year, Sir Syed founded the Muhammadan Association to promote political co-operation amongst Indian Muslims from different parts of the country. In 1886, he organised the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] in Aligarh, which promoted his vision of modern education and political unity for Muslims. His works made him the most prominent Muslim politician in 19th century India, often influencing the attitude of Muslims on various national issues.

===Opposition to active politics===
Sir Syed discouraged the active involvement of Muslims in politics. He regarded the attainment of higher English education as the first priority for the upliftmeant of the Muslim community as opposed to political pursuits.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1973|Shan Muhammad 1973]], p. 10</ref> He declined to lend support to the National Muhammadan Association, a political organisation founded by [[Syed Ameer Ali]] in 1887 and refused to participate in the Muhammedan National Conference at Lahore which he regarded as a political agitation.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 229</ref>

When the [[Indian National Congress]] was established in 1885 he did not express any opinion about it but later he became an active critic of the organisation and expressed his active opposition to the Congress.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 120</ref>

Sir Syed's opposition received criticism from Maulvi Sharaf-ul-Haqq who criticised his views about the Congress demands in a risala titled ''Kalam Mufid-al-Anam''. [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] wrote a series of open letters expressing grief and surprise at his change in attitude towards Congress.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 121</ref>

Sir Syed advocated the use of constitutional machinery such as participation in administration for expressing grievances to the British government.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 128</ref>
He supported the efforts of Indian political leaders [[Surendranath Banerjee]] and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] to obtain representation for Indians in the government and civil services. In 1883, he founded the Muhammadan Civil Service Fund Association to encourage and support the entry of Muslim graduates into the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS).<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="RC">{{Cite book |last=RC Majumdar |title=Struggle for Freedom |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1969 |page=1967 |id=ASIN: B000HXEOUM}}</ref> In 1883, he established the Muhammedan Association to put forward grievances of the Muslims to the Imperial Legislative Council.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 50</ref> He was nominated as a member of the Civil Service Commission in 1887 by [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]]. In 1888, he along with [[Raja Shiv Prasad]] of [[Benaras]] established the [[United Patriotic Association]] at [[Aligarh]] to promote political co-operation with the British and Muslim participation in the British government.

===Hindu–Muslim unity===
At the start of his career, Syed Ahmad Khan advocated for [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] in Colonial India.<ref name="Shirali"/> He stated: "India is a beautiful bride and Hindus and Muslims are her two eyes. If one of them is lost, this beautiful bride will become ugly."<ref name="Shirali">{{cite web |last1=Shirali |first1=Aresh |title=The Enigma of Aligarh |url=https://openthemagazine.com/freedom-issue-2017/freedom-issue-2017-dispatches-from-history/the-enigma-of-aligarh/ |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open Magazine]] }}</ref> Being raised in the diverse city of [[Delhi]], Syed Ahmad Khan was exposed to the festivals of both Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Shirali"/> He collected Hindu scriptures and "had a commitment to the country's composite culture", being close friends with [[Swami Vivekanand]] to [[Debendranath Tagore]].<ref name="Shirali"/> In the 19th century, he opposed cow slaughter, even stopping a fellow Muslim from sacrificing one for [[Eid al-Adha]] to promote peace between Muslims and Hindus.<ref name="Shirali"/> Addressing a large gathering in [[Gurdaspur]] on 27 January 1884, Sir Syed said:
{{blockquote|O Hindus and Muslims! Do you belong to a country other than India? Don't you live on the soil and are you not buried under it or cremated on its ghats? If you live and die on this land, then bear in mind that ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ is but religious word: all the Hindus, Muslims and Christians who live in this country are one nation.<ref name="Shirali"/>}}
When he founded [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], he opened its admissions to Indians of all faiths, with its first principal Henry Siddons being a Christian and one of its patrons [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala]] being a Sikh.<ref name="Shirali"/> [[Shafey Kidwai]] notes that Sir Syed promoted "advocacy of the empowerment of all Indians".<ref name="Shirali"/>

In his book ''Causes of the Indian Revolt'', which was originally published in Urdu in 1858, he referred to Hindus and Muslims as 'two antagonistic races' when highlighting the British folly of bringing them together in a single unit, thereby endangering the British position.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deepak |first=J Sai |title=India, Bharat and Pakistan: The Constitutional Journey of a Sandwiched Civilisation |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2022 |isbn=978-9354354526 |edition=1st |location=India |pages=148–150 |language=}}</ref>

===Advocacy of Urdu===
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu controversy}}
[[File:Sirsyedinpunjab.jpg|thumb|right|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in Punjab]]

The onset of the [[Hindi–Urdu controversy]] of 1867 saw the emergence of Sir Syed as a champion for cause of the Urdu language. He became a leading Muslim voice opposing the adoption of [[Hindi]] as a second official language of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]). Sir Syed perceived Urdu as the ''lingua franca'' of the United Provinces which was created as a confluence of Muslim and Hindu contributions in India.<ref name="Shirali"/> Having been developed during the Mughal period, Urdu was used as a secondary language to Persian, the official language of the Mughal court. Since the decline of the Mughal dynasty, Sir Syed promoted the use of Urdu through his own writings. Under Sir Syed, the Scientific Society translated Western works only into Urdu. The schools established by Sir Syed imparted education in the Urdu medium. The demand for Hindi, led largely by Hindus, was to Sir Syed an erosion of the centuries-old Muslim cultural domination of India. Testifying before the British-appointed education commission, Sir Syed controversially exclaimed that "Urdu was the language of [[gentry]] and Hindi that of the vulgar."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fmnpssOM_3kC&dq=Urdu+was+the+language+of+gentry+and+Hindi+that+of+the+vulgar&pg=PA41 Hindi Nationalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507085324/https://books.google.com/books?id=fmnpssOM_3kC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=Urdu+was+the+language+of+gentry+and+Hindi+that+of+the+vulgar&source=bl&ots=qYJzARaHiI&sig=sUvDhRokxc7PfrU6dm4TdZpX1bw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=varoUYTLNKbG0AX1uIGwDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Urdu%20was%20the%20language%20of%20gentry%20and%20Hindi%20that%20of%20the%20vulgar&f=false }}, Alok Rai, Orient Blackswan, 2001</ref> His remarks provoked a hostile response from Hindu leaders, who unified across the nation to demand the recognition of Hindi.

The success of the Hindi movement led Sir Syed to further advocate Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage and as the language of all Indian Muslims. His educational and political work grew increasingly centred around and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British to give Urdu extensive official use and patronage. His colleagues such as [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] developed organisations such as the [[Urdu Defence Association]] and the [[Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu]], committed to the perpetuation of Urdu.{{Citation needed}} All these colleagues led efforts that resulted in the adoption of Urdu as the official language of the [[Hyderabad State]] and as the medium of instruction in the [[Osmania University]].{{Citation needed}}<ref name="Yusuf">{{Cite book |last=ABBASI |first=Yusuf |title=Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent |publisher=Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamic University ([[Islamabad]]) |year=1981 |page=90}}</ref> To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu had become an integral part of political and cultural identity. However, the division over the use of Hindi or Urdu further provoked communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India.{{Citation needed}}

===Two-nation theory===
Sir Syed is considered as the first person to theorize the idea of separate nationhood for Muslims in subcontinent.<ref name = DergiPark>{{Cite journal|last=Şahbaz|first=Davut|title=The Two Nations Theory and {{sic|I|t's|nolink=y}} Role In The Establishment of Pakistan|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1033923|journal=Academic Journal of History and Idea|volume=7|pages=1, 9|via=Dergi Park}}</ref><ref name="Nation">{{Cite web |title=Jinnah's two nation theory |url=https://nation.com.pk/27-Feb-2020/jinnah-s-two-nation-theory |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> In a speech at [[Meerut]] in 1888 he presented on overall scenario of post colonial phase in which he described Muslims and Hindus as two nations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Sir Syed Ahmed on the present state of Indian politics (consisting of speeches and letters)|publisher=Pioneer Press|year=1888|isbn=|location=|pages=29}}</ref> He's regarded as the father of [[two-nation theory]] and the pioneer of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]] which led to the [[partition of India]].<ref name = Tribune1/><ref name="Dawn">{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |title=The forgotten future: Sir Syed and the birth of Muslim nationalism in South Asia |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1277341 |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

[[Urdu-Hindi controversy]] is seen as the transformation of Sir Syed's views towards Muslim nationhood which he expressed in his speeches during later days.<ref name = DergiPark/> While fearful of the loss of Muslim political power owing to the community's backwardness, Sir Syed was also averse to the prospect of democratic self-government, which would give control of government to the Hindu-majority population:<ref name="Baig">{{Cite book |last=M.R.A. Baig |title=The Muslim Dilemma in India |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1974 |isbn=9780706903119 |location=[[Delhi]] |pages=51–2}}</ref><ref name="EPMI2">{{Cite book |last=S. Kumar |title=Educational Philosophy in Modern India |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-261-0431-4 |page=60}}</ref>

<blockquote>"At this time our nation is in a bad state in regards education and wealth, but God has given us the light of religion and the Quran is present for our guidance, which has ordained them and us to be friends. Now God has made them rulers over us. Therefore we should cultivate friendship with them, and should adopt that method by which their rule may remain permanent and firm in India, and may not pass into the hands of the [[Bengali people|Bengalis]]... If we join the political movement of the Bengalis our nation will reap a loss, for we do not want to become subjects of the Hindus instead of the subjects of the "[[people of the Book]]..."<ref name="EPMI2" /></blockquote>

Later in his life he said:
<blockquote> "Suppose that the English community and the army were to leave India, taking with them all their cannons and their splendid weapons and all else, who then would be the rulers of India?...

Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations—the Mohammedans and the Hindus—could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not. It is necessary that one of them should conquer the other. To hope that both could remain equal is to desire the impossible and the inconceivable. But until one nation has conquered the other and made it obedient, peace cannot reign in the land."<ref>Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817–1898), Speech in March 1888, Quoted by Dilip Hiro, "The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan"[https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/longest-august-unflinching-rivalry-between-india-and-pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315003313/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/longest-august-unflinching-rivalry-between-india-and-pakistan}}</ref></blockquote>

==Personal life==
[[File:Tomb of Syed Ahmad Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Syed Ahmad Khan]]
In 1836, he married Parsa Begum, alias Mubarak Begum.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 27</ref> They had two sons, Syed Hamid and [[Syed Mahmood]], and a daughter, Ameena, who died at a young age.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 28</ref>

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Bahadur lived the last two decades of his life in Aligarh, regarded widely as the mentor of 19th and 20th century Muslim entrepreneurs. Battling illnesses and old age, Sir Syed died on 27 March 1898.<ref name="ReferenceN">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 52</ref> He was buried in Sir Syed Masjid at the campus of [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="ReferenceN"/>

==Legacy and influence==
Syed Ahmad is widely commemorated across South Asia as a great Muslim social reformer and visionary.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="RC" /> His educational model and progressive thinking inspired Muslim elites who supported the [[All India Muslim League]]. He founded the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in order to promote Western education, especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for Ahmad Khan's Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, motivated Muslim elites to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the [[Aligarh Movement]]. In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML which led Muslims of India towards [[Pakistan Movement|formation of Pakistan]].<ref>[[#Rashid Khan 2007|Rashid Khan 2007]]</ref>

He was an influence on several political leaders, thinkers and writers such as [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]],<ref>[[#Engineer 2001|Engineer 2001]], p. 31</ref> [[Sayyid Mumtaz Ali]]<ref>[[#Nyrop 1975|Nyrop 1975]], p. 176</ref> [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], [[Shibli Nomani]], [[Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], [[Chiragh Ali]], and [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]].<ref>[[#Abdullah|Abdullah]], p. 40</ref>

The university he founded remains one of India's most prominent institutions and served as the arsenal of Muslim India. Prominent alumni of Aligarh include Muslim political leaders Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]], [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]], [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]]. The first two [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Ministers of Pakistan]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], as well as [[Indian President]] Dr. [[Zakir Husain]], are amongst Aligarh's most famous graduates. His birth anniversary is celebrated as Sir Syed Day every year by the university and its alumni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Syed Day: Why October 17 Is Important For AMU And Its Alumni|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/sir-syed-day-why-october-17-is-important-for-amu-and-its-alumni-1763878|access-date=15 September 2021|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

Several educational institutions in India and Pakistan such as [[Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology]], [[Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology]] and [[Sir Syed College (Taliparamba)|Sir Syed College, Taliparamba]] are named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newspaper|first=From the|title=Remembering Sir Syed|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1327041|access-date=15 September 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Syed College|url=http://www.sirsyedcollege.ac.in/AboutUs/Item.aspx?Option=2&Sub=4|access-date=15 September 2021|website=www.sirsyedcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

== Honours ==
On 2 June 1869, Syed Ahmad Khan was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI), for his service as Principal ''Sadr Amin''.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23504|page=3181|supp=}}</ref> He was appointed a fellow of the Calcutta and Allahabad Universities by the Viceroy in the years 1876 and 1887 respectively.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 43</ref>

Syed Ahmad was later bestowed with the suffix of 'Khan Bahadur' and was subsequently [[knight]]ed by the British government in the 1888 New Year Honours as a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25772|page=14|supp=}}</ref><ref name="brit">{{Cite book |last=Ikram |first=S.S. |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sayyid-Ahmad-Khan |title=Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Muslim Scholar |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905165522/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sayyid-Ahmad-Khan |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> for his loyalty to the British crown, through his membership of the Imperial Legislative Council<ref>{{Cite web |last=Puja Mondal |title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement |url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922121824/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> and in the following year he received an [[Doctor of Laws|LL.D.]] ''honoris causa'' from the [[Edinburgh University]].<ref name="Bio" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=C.M. Naim |title=A Musafir To London |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-musafir-to-london/278673 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116142402/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-musafir-to-london/278673 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

[[India Post]] issued commemorative postage stamps in his honour in 1973 and 1998.<ref>[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/SYED%20AHMAD%20KHAN%20ALIGARH%20UNIVERSITY Syed Ahmad Khan's commemorative postage stamp issued by India Post in 1973 commemorating his 156th birth anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017151643/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/SYED%20AHMAD%20KHAN%20ALIGARH%20UNIVERSITY }}, indianpost.com</ref>

[[Pakistan Postal Services]] also issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 1990 in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series.<ref>[https://findpk.com/pof/sir_syed_ahmad_khan.html Syed Ahmad Khan's commemorative postage stamp issued by Pakistan Postal Services in 1990 in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805195128/http://www.findpk.com/pof/sir_syed_ahmad_khan.html }} Retrieved 24 August 2019</ref>

In 1997 Syed Ahmad Khan was commemorated with an [[English Heritage]] [[blue plaque]] at 21 Mecklenburgh Square in Bloomsbury, where he lived in 1869–70.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan {{!}} Muslim Reformer {{!}} Blue Plaques|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/syed-ahmed-khan/|access-date=24 December 2020|website=English Heritage}}</ref>

On 2017, commemorative [[Pakistani rupee|Rs]]. 50 coin featuring Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was revealed by [[State Bank of Pakistan]] on his 200th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 Rupees, Pakistan |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces151261.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=en.numista.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:75 PKR front.jpg|thumb|[[Obverse and reverse|Obverse]] of the [[Pakistani rupee|Rs.]] 75 commemorative banknote issued by the [[State Bank of Pakistan]] in 2022 depicting Syed Ahmed Khan, [[Fatima Jinnah]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal]] (left to right)]]

On 14 August 2022, marking the diamond jubilee celebrations of Pakistan's independence, [[State Bank of Pakistan]] revealed a commemorative [[Pakistani rupee|Rs.]]75 note featuring Syed Ahmed Khan along with other founding fathers signifying their struggle for [[Pakistan independence|country's independence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soomro |first=Kumail |title=State Bank unveils Rs75 commemorative banknote |url=https://www.bolnews.com/business/2022/08/state-bank-unveils-rs75-commemorative-banknote/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=BOL News |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" widths="240px" heights="200px">
Syed Ahmed Khan 1973 stamp of India.jpg|1973 Indian stamp
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN 1817-1898 Muslim Reformer and Scholar lived here 1869-1870.jpg|English Heritage blue plaque dedicated to Sir Syed
SirSyedHouse.jpg|Sir Syed's house in the university campus

</gallery>

== Bibliography ==
===Legal works===
* Act No. 10 (Stamp Act) 1862.
* Act No. 14 (Limitation Act )1859–1864.
* Act No. 16 (Regarding registration documents) – Allyson, 1864.
* Act No. 18 (Regarding women's rights) 1866.

===Religious works===
* ''Jila al- Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub'' (Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved), Delhi, 1843.
* ''Tuhfa-i Hasan'' (The Gift to Hasan), 1844
* Tarjama fawa'id al-afkar fi amal al-farjar, Delhi 1846.
* Mazumm ba nisbat tanazzul ulum-i-diniya wa Arabiya wa falsafa-i-Yunaniya, Agra, 1857.
* Risala Tahqiq Lafzi-i-Nassara, 1860.
* Ahkam Tu'am Ahl-Kitab, Kanpur, 1868.
* Risala ho wal Mojud, 1880.
* Kimiya-i-Sa'dat, 2 fasl, 1883.
* Namiqa fi Bayan Mas'ala Tasawwur al-Shaikh, Aligarh, 1883.
* Rah-i-Sunnat dar rad-i-bid'at, Aligarh, 1883.
* Tarqim fi qisa ashab al-kahf wal-Raqim, Agra, 1889.
* Izalat ul-Chain as Zi'al Qarnain, Agra, 1889.
* Khulq al-Insan ala ma fi al-Quran, Agra, 1892.
* Al-Du'a Wa'l Istajaba, Agra, 1892.
* Tahrir fi Usul al-Tafsir, Agra, 1892.
* Al-Nazar Fi Ba'z Masa'il Imam Al-Ghazzali, Agra.
* Risala Ibtal-i-Ghulami, Agra, 1893.
* Tafsir al-Jinn Wa'l Jan ala ma fi al-Qur'an, Rahmani Press, Lahore, 1893, Agra, 1891.
* Tabyin-ul-Kalam fi Tafsir-al-turat-wa'l Injil ala Mullat-al-Islam (The Mohomedan Commentary on the Holy Bible).
* Tafsir-ul-Qura'n
:: Vol. I Aligarh, 1880,
:: Vol. II Aligarh, 1882, Agra, 1903.
:: Vol. III Aligarh, 1885
:: Vol. IV Aligarh, 1888
:: Vol. V Aligarh, 1892.
:: Vol. VI Aligarh, 1895
:: Vol. VII Agra, 1904.
* Tafsir-a-Samawat, Agra.
* Tasfiyad al'Aquid (Being the correspondence between Syed Ahmad Khan and Maulana Muhammad Qasim of Deobund).

===Historical works===
[[File:Tafseer.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Title page of Commentary of Quran by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]
* A'in-e-Akbari (Edition with Illustration), Delhi.
* Asrar-us-Sanadid (i) Syed-ul-Akhbar, 1847, (II) Mata-i-Sultani, 1852.
* Description des monument de Delhi in 1852, D'a Pre Le Texte Hindostani De Saiyid Ahmad Khan (tr. by M. Garcin De Tassy), Paris, 1861.
* Jam-i-Jum, Akbarabad, 1940.
* Silsilat-ul-Muluk, Musaraf ul Mataba', Delhi, 1852.
* Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (Edition), Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1862.
* Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (edition Aligarh, 1864).

===Biographical works===
* Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya : Aligarh, 1900, English translation, London, 1869–70.
* Sirat-i-Faridiya, Agra, 1896.

===Political works===
* Asbab-i-Baghawat-e-Hind, Urdu 1858 and English edition, Banaras.
* Lecture Indian National Congress Madras Par, Kanpur, 1887.
* Lectures on the Act XVI of 1864, delivered on 4 December 1864 for the Scientific Society, Allygurh, 1864.
* Musalmanon ki qismat ka faisla (Taqarir-e-Syed Ahmad Khan wa Syed Mehdi Ali Khan etc.) Agra, 1894.
* On Hunter's: Our Indian Mussulmans' London, 1872.
* Present State of Indian Politics (Consisting of lectures and Speeches) Allahabad, 1888.
* Sarkashi Zilla Binjor, Agra 1858.

===Lectures===
* Iltimas be Khidmat Sakinan-i-Hindustan dar bad tarraqi ta' lim ahl-i.Hind, Ghazipore, 1863.
* Lecture dar bab targhib wa tahris talim itfal-i-Musalmanan, in 1895, Agra 1896.
* Lecture Madrasaat ul-Ulum Aligarh Key Tarikhi halat Par, Agra. 1889.
* Lecture Ijlas Dahum Muhammadan Educational Conference, Agra, 1896.
* Lecture Muta'liq Ijlas Yazdahum Muhammadan Educational Conference, Agra, 1896.
* Majmu'a Resolution Haye dah sala (Resolutions passed by the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Educational Conference from 1886 to 1895) ed. by Sir Syed Ahmad, Agra, 1896.
* Report Salana (Annual Report of the Boarding House of Madrasat-ul-Ulum 1879–1880).
* Khutbat-e-Ahmadia in the reply to "The Life of Mohamed" by William Muir, was penned in 1870.

[[File:Sirsyed with admirers.jpg|thumb|right|Sir Syed with his son [[Syed Mahmood]], grandson [[Ross Masood|Syed Ross Masood]], and some admirers.]]

===Collected works===
* Khutut-i-Sir Syed, ed Ross Masud, 1924.
* Majuma Lecture Kaye Sir Syed ed. Munshi Sirajuddin, Sadhora 1892.
* Maqalat-i-Sir-Syed ed. by 'Abdullah Khvesgri, Aligarh, 1952.
* Maqalat-i-Sir Syed, ed. By Muhammad Ismail, Lahore,
* Makatib-i-Sir Syed, Mustaq Husain, Delhi, 1960.
* Maktubat-i-Sir Syed, Muhammad Ismail Panipati, Lahore, 1959.
* Makummal Majumua Lectures wa speeches. ed. Malik Fazaluddin, Lahore, 1900.
* Muktubat al-Khullan ed. Mohd. Usman Maqbul, Aligarh 1915.
* Tasanif-i-Ahmadiya (Collection of Syed Ahmad Khan's works on religions topics) in 8 parts.
* Stress on Holy Quran.
* Reformation of Faith.

===Miscellaneous===
* On the Use of the Sector (Urdu), Syed-ul-Akbar, 1846.
* Qaul-i-Matin dar Ibtal-i-Harkat i Zamin, Delhi, 1848.
* Tashil fi Jar-a-Saqil, Agra, 1844.
* Ik Nadan Khuda Parast aur Dana dunyadar Ki Kahani, Badaon, 1910.
* Kalamat-ul-Haqq, Aligarh

===Journals, reports, and proceedings===
* [[Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq]].
* [[Aligarh Institute Gazette]].
* Proceedings of the Muhammadens Educational Conference.
* An Account of the Loyal Muhammadans of India, Parts I, II, III, Moufussel Press, Meerut, 1860.
* Proceedings of the Scientific Society.
* By-Laws of the Scientific Society.
* Addresses and speeches relating to the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh (1875–1898) ed. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Aligarh, 1898.

==See also==
*[[Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri]]
*[[Aligarh Muslim University]]
*[[Aligarh Movement]]
*[[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]]
*[[Two-nation theory]]
*[[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]
*[[All India Muslim League]]
*[[Islamic Modernism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Cited sources==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Graham |first=George Farquhar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.6209/page/n5 |title=The Life and Work of Syed Ahmed Khan |publisher=Black wood |year=1885 |ref=Graham}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hali, Altaf Husain |title=Hayat-i-Javed (A Biography of Sir Sayyid) |publisher=Rupa and Company |year=1994 |isbn=978-9693501865 |location=New Delhi |ref=Hali |author-link=Altaf Hussain Hali |orig-year=1901}}
* {{Cite book|last=Abdullah|first=S. M.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.23035|title=The spirit and substance of Urdu prose under the influence of Sir Sayyid Ahamad Khan|publisher=Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore|ref=Abdullah}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sherwani|first=H. K.|title=The Political Thought Of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42754317|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=5|issue=4|pages=306–328|jstor=42754317|issn=0019-5510|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|ref=Sherwani 1944}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ahmad|first=Aziz|title=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān, Jamāl al-dīn al-Afghānī and Muslim India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595240|journal=Studia Islamica|issue=13|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/1595240|jstor=1595240|issn=0585-5292|author-link=Aziz Ahmad (writer)|ref=Ahmad 1960}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baljon |first=J.M.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/TheReforms/page/n1 |title=The Reforms and Religious Ideas of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan |publisher=S.M. Ashraf |year=1964 |location=Lahore |ref=Baljon}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nizami|first=Khaliq Ahmad|url=http://archive.org/details/sayyidahmadkhan00niza|title=Sayyid Ahmad Khan|isbn= 978-8123025131|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|others=Public Resource|author-link=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|ref=Nizami}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shan Muhammad|url=http://archive.org/details/sirsyedahmadkhan0000shan|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan; a political biography|publisher=Meerut, Meenaksi Parkashan|others=Internet Archive|ref=Shan Muhammad 1969}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Troll|first=Christian W.|title=A Note on an Early Topographical Work of Sayyid Aḥmad Khān: "Ās̤ār al-Ṣanādīd"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203370|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=2|pages=135–146|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00157508|jstor=25203370|s2cid=163133936 |issn=0035-869X|ref=Troll 1972}}
* {{Cite book|last1=K̲h̲ān̲|first1=Sir Sayyid Aḥmad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qymtAEACAAJ|title=Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed Ahmad Rhan|last2=Muhammad|first2=Shan|publisher=Nachiketa Publications|language=en|ref=Shan Muhammad 1973}}
* {{Cite book|last=Troll|first=Christian W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QcKAQAAIAAJ&q=sir+syed+christian+troll|title=Sayyid Ahmad Khan: A Reinterpretation of Muslim Theology|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-0626-4|language=en|ref=Troll 1978}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=M. Mohar|title=Hunter's "Indian Musalmans": A Re-Examination of Its Background|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25211084|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=112|issue=1|pages=30–51|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00135889|jstor=25211084|s2cid=154830629 |issn=0035-869X|author-link=Muhammad Mohar Ali|ref=Ali 1980}}
* {{Cite book |last=Panipati |first=Muhammad Ismail |title=Khutoot banaam Sir Syed |publisher=Majlis Taraqqi e Adab Lahore |year=1995 |location=Lahore, Pakistan |ref=Panipati}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Guenther|first=Alan M.|title=Response Of Sayyid Ahmad Khan To Sir William Muir's Evaluation Of Hadit Literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817822|journal=Oriente Moderno|volume=21 (82)|issue=1|pages=219–254|doi=10.1163/22138617-08201015|jstor=25817822|issn=0030-5472|ref=Guenther 2002}}
* {{Cite book|last1=K̲h̲ān̲|first1=Sir Sayyid Aḥmad|last2=Wilder|first2= John W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO_ZAAAAMAAJ|title=Selected Essays by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan|publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications|isbn=978-969-35-1805-4|language=en|ref=Wilder 2006}}
* {{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kkyom-cQNecC&q=makes+of+modern+india|title=Makers of Modern India|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08385-5|language=en|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|ref=Guha}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Naim|first=C. M.|title=Syed Ahmad and His Two Books Called 'Asar-al-Sanadid'|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25835695|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=45|issue=3|pages=669–708|doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000156|jstor=25835695|s2cid=145216086|issn=0026-749X|author-link=C. M. Naim|ref=Naim 2011}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fuerst|first=Ilyse R. Morgenstein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOMDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+muslim+minorities+in+1857|title=Indian Muslim Minorities and the 1857 Rebellion: Religion, Rebels and Jihad|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78673-237-8|language=en|ref=Fuerst}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kidwai|first=Shafey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLIHEAAAQBAJ&q=sir+syed+ahmad+khan+reason+religion|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Reason, Religion and Nation|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-29773-7|language=en|author-link=Shafey Kidwai|ref=Kidwai 2020}}
* {{Cite book|last=Alam|first=Muzaffar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uO0gEAAAQBAJ&q=THE+MUGHALS+AND+THE+SUFIS|title=The Mughals and the Sufis: Islam and Political Imagination in India, 1500–1750|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-8490-7|language=en|author-link=Muzaffar Alam|ref=Alam 2021}}
* {{Cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AALYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22influenced+by+sir+syed%22|title=Rational Approach to Islam|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0725-6|language=en|author-link=Asghar Ali Engineer|ref=Engineer 2001}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C&q=%22influenced+by+sir+syed%22+iqbal&pg=PA176|title=Area Handbook for Pakistan|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en|ref=Nyrop 1975}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rashid Khan |first=Abdul|year=2007|title=All India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All India Muslim League |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=55 |issue=1–2 |pages=65–83|ref=Rashid Khan 2007}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kidwai|first=Shafey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmYjnGDHPFwC&q=Sir+Syed+Ahmad+Khan+akbari+Ghalib|title=Cementing Ethics with Modernism: An Appraisal of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan's Writings|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-1047-8|language=en|author-link=Shafey Kidwai|ref=Kidwai 2010}}
* {{Cite book|last=Malik|first=Hafeez|url=http://archive.org/details/sirsayyidahmadkh00mali|title=Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Muslin modernization in India and Pakistan|publisher=New York : Columbia University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-231-04970-2|author-link=Hafeez Malik|ref=Malik 1980}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Tariq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857-2002|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0847-0|language=en|ref=Hasan 2006}}

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
*The Glowing Legend of Sir Syed – A Centennial Tribute (1998), Ed. [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]], Non-Resident Students' Centre, Aligarh Muslim University (Aligarh)
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed aur Faney Tameer''Sir Syed Academy, AMU. Aligarh
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Muslim University ki Kahani, Imarton ki zubani'' Educational publications, civil Lines, (Aligarh)
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed aur Scientific Society''Pub by Sir Syed Academy, AMU.Aligarh.
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed tahreek ka siyasi aur samaji pas manzar''Educational Publishing house, Dhula Kounan, Delhi
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed House ke Mah Wasal '' (Aligarh)
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed Daroon e Khana'' Educational Publications, Civil Lines. Aligarh
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan " Sir Syed aur Jadeedyat" Pub. by Educational Publications, Delhi 012.
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan " Sir Syed aur Hindustani Nizam-e-zaraat " Educational Publishing. Delhi.
*Prof, Iftikhar Alam Khan "Sir Syed Ka Nazaria-e-Talim". Educational Publishing House, Delhi, 2017.

Prof, Shafey Kidwai"Sawaneh-e-Sirsyed: Ek Bazdeed(2017), Brown Book House, Shmashad Market, Aligarh,202002
Prof.Shafey Kidwai; Aligarh Aligarh Institute Gazette Ek Tajziyati Mutaala,(2019)Brown Book House, Shamshad Market, Aligarh

==External links==
* [http://www.aligarhmovement.com/ Comprehensive detail about Aligarh Movement]
* [http://aligarhmovement.com/sir_syed "Sir Seyyed Ahmad, Khan Bahadur, L.L.D, K.C.S.I." By Afzal Usmani]
*{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan short biography |url=http://www.amu.ac.in/ssah.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501105025/http://www.amu.ac.in/ssah.htm |archive-date=1 May 2012 |website=official website of Aligarh Muslim University}}
*{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Today: A Source of Literary Work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |url=http://www.sirsyedtoday.org}}
*{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P001 |website=Story of Pakistan}}
*{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/sir_syed_ahmad_khan.html |website=Pioneers of Freedom}}
*{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan |url=http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/stidemo/ssuet/sirsyed/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055228/http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/stidemo/ssuet/sirsyed/main.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 |publisher=Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology}}
*{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |url=http://www.cyberamu.com/ulc/sirsyed.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929200751/http://www.cyberamu.com/ulc/sirsyed.php |archive-date=29 September 2007 |publisher=Cyber AMU}}
*{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=R |title=Aligarh Movement |url=http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper611.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228042121/http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper611.html |archive-date=28 February 2005 |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group}}
*[http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/the-rich-legacy-of-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-1.1090105 The Rich Legacy of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan] (Gulf News)
* [http://www.newageislam.com/books-and-documents/azhar-mohammed-k/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-his-life-and-contribution/d/9085 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan His Life and Contribution (NewAgeIslam)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820222650/http://www.mainahimanta.com/2016/08/sir-syed-ahmad-khan-181799.html Pioneers of the Nation (Mai Nahi Manta)]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_sir_sayyid_meerut_1888.html Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan's speech at Meerut, 16 March 1888]

{{India topics}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Aligarh Muslim University}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sir Syed Ahmad}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
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[[Category:People of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:Mughal nobility]]
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[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab people]]
[[Category:Works by Syed Ahmed Khan]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Theistic evolutionists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]

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