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17th Tamil Nadu Assembly

2026-05-08T01:44:56Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up a article

{{Short description|Indian state legislature, 2026–}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu
| image = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| body = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place = [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| election = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = TBA
| opposition = TBA
| term_start = {{Start date|2026|||df=y}}
| term_end =
| before = [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
| after = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly| 18th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
| website = [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/ Official website]
| chamber1 =
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 = 234
| control1 = [[Hung Parliament|None]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = TBA
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber1_leader2 = TBA
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader3 = TBA
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader4 = TBA
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader5 = TBA
| session1_start =
| session1_end =
}}

The '''Seventeenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu''' succeeded the [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Sixteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] and was constituted after the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|April 2026 State Assembly elections]], which resulted in a [[Hung Parliament|Hung Assembly]] for the second time in the state's history, with no party or alliance reaching the majority mark, since [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]] when [[Indian National Congress|INC]] was the largest party with no majority in the [[1st Madras Assembly]].

== Office bearers ==

The main officials of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly are:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Office
! Office Bearer
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
|
|-
|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
|
|- C.Joseph Vijay
|[[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|
|-
|[[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]
|
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|
|-
|[[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
|
|-
|Government Whip
|
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==


<section begin="MLA Header"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source:<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=4 May 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Alliance
!Remarks<section end="MLA Header"/> <section begin="Tiruvallur district"/>

|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
|1
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|S. Vijayakumar
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]]
|Dr. Ravi M.S
|
|-
|3
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|[[G. Hari]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|4
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|[[T. Arunkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|5
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee (SC)]]
|R. Prakasam
|
|-
|6
|[[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]
|[[R. Ramesh Kumar]]
|<section end="Tiruvallur district"/><section begin="Chennai district"/>
|-
|rowspan="22" |[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|7
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|[[P. Rhevanth Charan]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=11}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
|8
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
|[[G. Balamurugan]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]]
|[[M. L. Vijay Prabhu|M. L. Vijayprabhu]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|[[N. Senthil Kumar]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|[[N. Marie Wilson]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|[[C. Joseph Vijay]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|[[V. S. Babu]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|[[Aadhav Arjuna]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar (SC)]]
|[[M. R. Pallavi]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
|A. Rajmohan
|
|-
|17
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|K. V. Vijay Damu
|
|-
|18
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|[[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=9}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=9}}
|
|-
|21
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|[[V. K. Ramkumar]]
|
|-
|22
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugampakkam]]
|R. Sabarinathan
|
|-
|23
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|M. Arul Prakasam
|
|-
|24
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]
|[[Bussy N. Anand]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|[[P. Venkataramanan]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|R. Kumar
|
|-
|27
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]]
|[[P. Saravanan|P. Saravananamoorthy]]
|
|-
|28
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|[[M. Harish]]
|<section end="Chennai district"/>  <section begin="Kanchipuram district"/>
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
|29
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
|[[Thennarasu. K.|K. Tennarasu]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Kanchipuram district"/>  <section begin="Chengalpattu district"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|30
|[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
|[[J. Kamatchi]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|31
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|[[D. Sarathkumar]]
|
|-
|32
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|[[S. Thiyagarajan]]
|
|-
|33
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]
|[[B. Vijayaraj]]
|
|-
|34
|[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur (SC)]]
|E. Rajasekar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|35
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam (SC)]]
|[[Maragatham Kumaravel]]
|<section end="Chengalpattu district"/>  <section begin="Kanchipuram district"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
|36
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|J. Munirathinam
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|37
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|R. V. Ranjithkumar
|<section end="Kanchipuram district"/>  <section begin="Ranipet district"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
|38
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam (SC)]]
|V. Gandhiraj
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|39
|[[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|G. Kapil
|<section end="Ranipet district"/>  <section begin="Vellore district"/>
|-
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|40
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|Dr. M Sudhakar
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Vellore district"/>  <section begin="Ranipet district"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
|41
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|Thahira
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|42
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|[[S. M. Sukumar]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|<section end="Ranipet district"/>  <section begin="Vellore district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|43
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|M. M. Vinoth Kannan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|44
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
|D. Velazhagan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|45
|[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|Kilvaithinankuppam (SC)]]
|E. Thenral Kumar E
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|46
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham (SC)]]
|K. Sindhu
|<section end="Vellore district"/>
 <section begin="Tirupathur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
|47
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|Syed Farooq Basha
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
|[[A. C. Vilwanathan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|
|-
|49
|[[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]
|[[K. C. Veeramani]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|50
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]
|Dr. N. Thirupathi
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Tirupathur district"/> <section begin="Krishnagiri district"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|51
|[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai (SC)]]
|N. Elaiyaraja
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|52
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|E. C. Govindarasan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|53
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|P. Mukundhan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|54
|[[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]
|P. S. Srinivasan
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|55
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|[[P. Balakrishna Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|56
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|[[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|<section end="Krishnagiri district"/> <section begin="Dharmapuri district"/>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
|57
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|[[K. P. Anbalagan]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|58
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|S. Gajendran
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|59
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|[[Sowmiya Anbumani]]
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|60
|[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddipatti]]
|Maragatham Vetrivel
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|61
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
|[[V. Sampathkumar]]
|<section end="Dharmapuri district"/> <section begin="Tiruvannamalai district"/>
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|62
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
|S. Velu
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|63
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[E. V. Velu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|64
|[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]
|S. Ramachandran
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|[[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]]
|
|-
|66
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
| R. Abishek
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|67
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]
|[[L. Jaya Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|68
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|[[Mukkur N. Subramanian]]
|
|-
|69
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
|[[S. Ambethkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|<section end="Tiruvannamalai district"/> <section begin="Viluppuram district"/>
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
|70
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|[[A. Ganeshkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|71
|[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]
|[[C. Ve. Shanmugam]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|
|-
|72
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam (SC)]]
|Vanni Arasu
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|73
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
|D. Gowtham
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|74
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|[[R. Lakshmanan]]
|
|-
|75
|[[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
|[[C. Sivakumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|76
|[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
|S. Palanisamy
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|<section end="Viluppuram district"/><section begin="Kallakurichi district"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
|77
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet]]
|G. R. Vasanthavel
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|78
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|[[K. Karthikeyan]]
|
|-
|79
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|R. Rakesh
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|80
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi (SC)]]
|C. Arul Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Kallakurichi district"/> <section begin="Salem district"/>
|-
|rowspan=11|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|81
|[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli (SC)]]
|[[A. Nallathambi (AIADMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|82
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur (SC)]]
|[[A. P. Jayasankaran]]
|
|-
|83
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
|[[P. Usharani]]
|
|-
|84
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|[[R. Mani]]
|
|-
|85
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|[[G. Venkatachalam]]
|
|-
|86
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|
|-
|87
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari]]
|[[S. Vetrivel]]
|
|-
|88
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem West]]
|S. Lakshmanan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|89
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]
|K. Sivakumar
|
|-
|90
|[[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem South]]
|A. Vijay Tamilan Parthiban
|
|-
|91
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|M. S. Palanivel
|<section end="Salem district"/> <section begin="Namakkal district"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
|92
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram (SC)]]
|D. Logesh Tamilselvan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|93
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam (ST)]]
|P. Chandrasekar
|
|-
|94
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]
|C. S. Dileep
|
|-
|95
|[[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi-Velur]]
|[[S. Sekar]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|96
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|K. G. Arunraj
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|97
|[[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency|Kumarapalayam]]
|[[C. Vijayalakshmi]]
|<section end="Namakkal district"/>
 <section begin="Erode district"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|98
|[[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode East]]
|M. Vijay Balaji
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|99
|[[Erode West Assembly constituency|Erode West]]
|K. K. Ananth Moghan
|
|-
|100
|[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]
|D. Shanmugan
|<section end="Erode district"/> <section begin="Tiruppur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|101
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
|[[P. Sathyabama]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|102
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|[[N. S. N. Nataraj]]
|<section end="Tiruppur district"/>
 <section begin="Erode district"/>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|103
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|[[S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)|S. Jayakumar]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|104
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|[[K. C. Karuppannan]]
|
|-
|105
|[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
|P. Haribhaskar
|
|-
|106
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|107
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar (SC)]]
|[[V. P. Tamilselvi]]
|<section end="Erode district"/>  <section begin="Nilgiris district"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
|108
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
|[[M. Bhojarajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur (SC)]]
|[[M. Thiravidamani|M. Dravidamani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|110
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
|M. Raju
|<section end="Nilgiris district"/>
 <section begin="Coimbatore district"/>
|-
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|111
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettuppalayam]]
|Sunilanand
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Coimbatore district"/> <section begin="Tiruppur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|112
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
|S. Kamali
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|113
|[[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur North]]
|[[V. Sathyabama]]
|
|-
|114
|[[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur South]]
|S. Balamurugan
|
|-
|115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|K. Ramkumar
|<section end="Tiruppur district"/>  <section begin="Coimbatore district"/>
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|116
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
|N. M. Sukumar
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|117
|[[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
|[[Kanimozhi Santhosh]]
|
|-
|118
|[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore North]]
|V. Sampathkumar
|
|-
|119
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|[[S. P. Velumani]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|120
|[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore South]]
|[[V. Senthilbalaji]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|121
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|K. S. Sri Giri Prasath
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|122
|[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]
|K. Vignesh
|
|-
|123
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|K. Nithyanandhan
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|124
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
|Kutty @ A. Sudhakar
|<section end="Coimbatore district"/> <section begin="Tiruppur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|125
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]
|M. Jayakumar
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|126
|[[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]
|[[R. Jayaramakrishnan]]
|<section end="Tiruppur district"/>
 <section begin="Dindigul district"/>
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|127
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
|K. Ravimanoharan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|128
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|[[R. Sakkarapani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|129
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|[[I. Periyasamy]]
|
|-
|130
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakkottai (SC)]]
|R. Ayyanar
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|131
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|132
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|[[I. P. Senthilkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|133
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|T. Saminathan
|<section end="Dindigul district"/> <section begin="Karur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Karur district|Karur]]
|134
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|[[R. Elango]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|135
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|[[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|136
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
|M. Sathya
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|137
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|Suriyanur A. Chandran
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|<section end="Karur district"/>  <section begin="Tiruchirappalli district"/>
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|138
|[[Manapparai Assembly constituency|Manapparai]]
|R. Kathiravan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|139
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|S. Ramesh
|
|-
|140
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli West]]
|[[K. N. Nehru]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|141
|[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli East]]
|[[C. Joseph Vijay]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|142
|[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
|Navalpattu S. Viji
|
|-
|143
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|[[Leema Rose Martin]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|144
|[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
|[[S. Kathiravan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|145
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|M. Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|146
|[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur (SC)]]
|M. Ravisankar
|<section end="Tiruchirappalli district"/> <section begin="Perambalur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
|147
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
|K. Sivakumar
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|148
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|[[S. S. Sivasankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|<section end="Perambalur district"/>  <section begin="Ariyalur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
|149
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|[[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician, Ariyalur)|S. Rajendran]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|150
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|[[G. Vaithilingam]]
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|<section end="Ariyalur district"/>
 <section begin="Cuddalore district"/>
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|151
|[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi (SC)]]
|[[C. V. Ganesan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|152
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Vriddhachalam]]
|[[Vijayakanth|Premallatha Vijayakant]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|
|-
|153
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|[[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|154
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|[[K. Mohan (politician)|K. Mohan]]
|
|-
|155
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|B. Rajkumar
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|156
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|157
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[A. Arunmozhithevan]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|158
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|M. Thamimun Ansari
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|159
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
|L. E. Jothimani
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|<section end="Cuddalore district"/> <section begin="Mayiladuthurai district"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
|160
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi (SC)]]
|R. Senthilselvan
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|161
|[[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|Jamal Yunus Mohammed
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+}}
|
|-
|162
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|[[Nivedha M. Murugan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|<section end="Mayiladuthurai district"/> <section begin="Nagapattinam district"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
|163
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|[[M. H. Jawahirullah]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|164
|[[Kilvelur Assembly constituency|Kilvelur (SC)]]
|T. Latha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
|165
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|[[O. S. Manian]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|<section end="Nagapattinam district"/> <section begin="Tiruvarur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
|166
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi (SC)]]
|[[K. Marimuthu]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|167
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|[[S. Kamaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|168
|[[Thiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]
|[[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|169
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
|[[R. Kamaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|<section end="Tiruvarur district"/>
 <section begin="Thanjavur district"/>
|-
|rowspan=8|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
|[[Govi. Chezhian]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|171
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|Vinoth Ravi
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|172
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|A. M. Shahjahan
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|173
|[[Thiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|[[Durai Chandrasekaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|
|-
|174
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|R. Vijaysaravanan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|175
|[[Orathanadu Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]
|[[R. Vaithilingam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|176
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|[[K. Annadurai]]
|
|-
|177
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|[[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar|N. Ashokkumar]]
|<section end="Thanjavur district"/> <section begin="Pudukkottai district"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|178
|[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandarvakkottai (SC)]]
|N. Subramanian
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|179
|[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]
|[[Dr. C. Vijayabaskar]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|180
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|[[V. Muthuraja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|181
|[[Thirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|[[S. Regupathy]]
|
|-
|182
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|[[Siva V. Meyyanathan]]
|
|-
|183
|[[Aranthangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|J. Mohamed Farvas
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Pudukkottai district"/> <section begin="Sivaganga district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
|184
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|Dr. T. K. Prabhu
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]
|R. Srinivasa Sethupathy
|
|-
|186
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|A. Kulandhai Rani
|
|-
|187
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
|D. Elangovan
|<section end="Sivaganga district"/>  <section begin="Madurai district"/>
|-
|rowspan=10|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|188
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|[[P. Viswanathan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|189
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|S. Karthikeyan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|190
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan (SC)]]
|M. V. Karuppaiah
|
|-
|191
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
|A. Kallanai
|
|-
|192
|[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|M. M. Gopison
|
|-
|193
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|Madhar Badhurudeen
|
|-
|194
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|S. R. Thangapandi
|
|-
|195
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]
|R. Nirmalkumar
|
|-
|196
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|M. Manimaran
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|197
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|M. Vijay
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Madurai district"/> <section begin="Theni district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Theni district|Theni]]
|198
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|[[A. Maharajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|199
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam (SC)]]
|G. Sabari
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|200
|[[Bodinayakanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|201
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|P. L. A. Jeganathmishra
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|<section end="Theni district"/>  <section begin="Virudhunagar district"/>
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|202
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]
|K. Jegadeshwari
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|203
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur (SC)]]
|A. Karthik
|
|-
|204
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|A. Kadarkarairaj
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|205
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|S. Keerthana
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|P. Selvam
|
|-
|207
|[[Aruppukkottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|[[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|208
|[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]
|[[Thangam Thenarasu]]
|<section end="Virudhunagar district"/>
 <section begin="Ramanathapuram district"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
|209
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
|Advocate K. K. Kathiravan
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|210
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|Rajeev
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|211
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[Katharbatcha Muthuramalingam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|212
|[[Mudhukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudhukulathur]]
|[[Raja Kannappan|R. S. Rajakannappan]]
|<section end="Ramanathapuram district"/>  <section begin="Thoothukudi district"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
|213
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|[[G. V. Markandayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|214
|[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|Srinath
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|215
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|216
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|G. Saravanan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|217
|[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram (SC)]]
|P. Mathanraja
|
|-
|218
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
|Ka. Karunanithi
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|<section end="Thoothukudi district"/>
 <section begin="Tenkasi district"/>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
|219
|[[Sankarankovil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil (SC)]]
|Dr. Dhilipan Jaishankar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|220
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
|[[E. Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|221
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|T. M. Rajendran
|
|-
|222
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|Dr. Kalai Kathiravan
|
|-
|223
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|[[P. H. Manoj Pandian]]
|<section end="Tenkasi district"/> <section begin="Tirunelveli district"/>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|224
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|R. S. Murughan
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=1}}
|
|-
|225
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|[[E. Subaya|Dr. Esakki Subaya]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|226
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|[[M. Abdul Wahab]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|227
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|[[V. Narayanan (politician)|Reddiarpatti V. Narayanan]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|228
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|Dr. [[Sathish Christopher]]
|<section end="Tirunelveli district"/> <section begin="Kanyakumari district"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
|229
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|[[N. Thalavai Sundaram]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|
|-
|230
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|[[S. Austin]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|231
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]]
|[[Tharahai Cuthbert]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+}}
|
|-
|232
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|R. Chellaswamy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
|233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|T. T. Praveen
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|TVK-led Alliance|color=#800200|shortname=TVK+|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|[[S. Rajeshkumar]]
|<section end="Kanyakumari district"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031| ]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Terms of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

Sandade Sandadi

2026-05-07T20:36:39Z

Khalek Rahaman: creating info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sandade Sandadi
| image = Sandade Sandadi.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]
| producer = Aditya Ram
| writer = [[Chintapally Ramana]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| screenplay = Muppalaneni Shiva
| starring = [[Jagapathi Babu]]<br>[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]<br>[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]<br>[[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]]<br>[[Mantra (actress)|Raasi]]<br>[[Sanghavi]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = B. Ramana Raju
| editing = K. Ramesh
| studio = Adityaram Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|12|13}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sandade Sandadi''''' ({{translation}} ''Total Pleasantness'') is a 2002 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]. It stars [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]], [[Mantra (actress)|Raasi]], [[Sanghavi]], and music composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sandadesandadi.html|title= Movie review - Sandade Sandadi|publisher= idlebrain.com|accessdate= 16 February 2013|archive-date= 9 June 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220609120404/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sandadesandadi.html|url-status= live}}</ref> The film was a remake of the Kannada film ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/hitsof2002.html|title=Year 2002 Special - Hits|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Sandade Sandadi'' is a comic drama-based movie in which three besties, Chandu, Balu, & Kamesh, are vexed with their wives, Lakshmi, Vasundhara, & Priya, as their earnings are less. Hence, they decide to take a mass suicide that ends up securing a tycoon, Lakshmi Narayana / Lucky, who too attempted suicide because of bankruptcy. The guys help him straighten his business and earn a good salary. They all reside in apartments, and their family also share close intimacy. Fitting Parvati, the common servant of 3, shares with ladies beyond relation. She eagerly awaits her detached childhood crush, Raja. The three suffer as their wives do not allow them to have a marital life. Lakshmi is highly devotional and spends her days with vows ''Vratams''. Vasundhara has time constraints and is a busy lawyer. Priya is a hotshot TV actress endearing the camera.

Besides, Lucky is confronted with a second issue as he betrothed his daughters Honey, Anju, & Manju nuptial with his close friend's sons. The three modern foreign returned fines are rapid and intended to let a love match. At that point, the three guide Lucky to employ three good-looking guys to infatuate his daughters. Later, they forge them as fraudulent so that the beauties realize love is trash and accept their father's proposal. Here, Lucky orders these three to do the roles they turn down and further accept due to the job threat. As of today, the three triumphs attract the lovelies, and the day arrives for ditching when Lucky is hostile toward them, which rages their ego. Moreover, they are habituated to five-star luxuries and find it discouraging. Ergo, they ploy to artifice Lucky by knitting his daughters.

Meanwhile, Fitting Parvati spots the husbands with their girlfriends and notifies their wives, which they do not believe due to their firm trust in men. Now the 3 be bribe Parvati, ruse to slay her via a goon, Pulan Raja. Stunningly, he turns into Parvati's beloved, and they mingle. From there, Parvati attempts several plays to crack the truth but to no avail. After a few comic incidents, Lucky discovers the three as foes and asks to discard the mission when they contradict, and he alerts the wives. Whereat, they play a counterattack when the 3 choose the darlings and quit them. Here, Lakshmi collapses, and Vasundhara & Priya land for the wedding of their husbands as witnesses at the registered office. Being conscious of Lakshmi's condition, the three rush to the hospital, divulging the actuality to the brides. Thus, enranged babes seek to kill them when Fitting Parvati discloses that their father is the true killer when they reform. At last, the husbands beg pardon from their wives after the soul-searching, and they do so. As well as Lucky also seeks forgiveness. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with Lucky wedding his daughters with his friend's sons.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jagapathi Babu]] as Chandu / Chandra Sekhar
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Balu / Balasubramanyam
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Kamesh
*[[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]] as Lakshmi Chandra Sekhar / Bondus
*[[Mantra (actress)|Raasi]] as Lawyer Vasundhara Balasubramanyam
*[[Sanghavi]] as Priya Kamesh
*[[Sonali Joshi]] as Honey
*Sony Raj as Anju
*[[Madhumitha|Swapna Madhuri]] as Manju
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Lakshmi Narayana / Lucky
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Poolan Raja
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Divya's Assistant
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Priya's director
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Fitting Parvathi
*[[Shravya]]
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Kamesh's mother-in-law
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sandade Sandadi
| type = film
| artist = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:08
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| prev_title = [[Hai (film)|Hai]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Nuvve Nuvve]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

Music composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. Music released on ADITYA Music Company. The song "Avuna Avuna" is based on "Na Na Karke Pyar" from Hindi film [[Dhadkan (2000 film)|''Dhadkan'']] (2000). The songs "Rave Rajakumari", "Hai Hai Teenage" and "Bondana" are based on songs from Kannada film ''Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu''.

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandade Sandadi Audio Back Cover |url=https://vintagestore.in/cdn/shop/products/IMG_E9250_e4765f0b-0b44-45f9-8fef-6d5841aa2577_1200x1200.jpg?v=1672259128 |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:08
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Avuna Avuna Premalo
| lyrics1 = [[Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Rave Raja Kaumari
| lyrics2 = Krishna Sai
| extra2 = [[Raghu Kunche]], Sandeep, Nitya Santhoshini
| length2 = 5:31
| title3 = Sandade Sandadi
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], Kushi Murali, Hanumantha Rao
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Yendhi Bai Yendhi Bai
| lyrics4 = Sahithi
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length4 = 4:38
| title5 = Hai Hai Teenage Season
| lyrics5 = Krishna Sai
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], Nithya Santhoshini
| length5 = 4:57
| title6 = Bondanna Bajjinaa
| lyrics6 = Pothula Ravikiran
| extra6 = [[Malgudi Subha]], Radhika, Ganga
| length6 = 4:49
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0338408|Sandade Sandadi}}

{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva]]
[[Category:2002 comedy films]]

INS Ikshak

2026-05-06T12:26:56Z

Khalek Rahaman:

{{italic title|string=Ikshak}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Hydrographic survey ship of India}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Ikshak (J23) during sea trials.jpg
| image_caption = ''Ikshak'' (J23) during sea trials
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Ikshak''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| laid_down = 6 August 2021<ref name="PIB 2021"/>
| launched = 26 November 2022
| completed =
| acquired = 14 August 2025<ref name="OfficialGRSE 2025"/>
| commissioned = 6 November 2025<ref name=":1" />
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| yard_number = 3027
| identification = Pennant number: J23
| motto =
| fate =
| status = In active service
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey vessel|||2023}}
| displacement = {{cvt|3400|t|LT|lk=on|0}}
| length = {{convert|110|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| boats = *Survey Motor Boats (SMBs)
*Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats (RHIBs)
| beam =
| draft =
| propulsion =
| speed = {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}
| range = *{{convert|6500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}} to {{convert|16|kn}}
| complement = 231
| armament = [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun
| sensors = * [[Autonomous underwater vehicle]]s (AUVs)
* [[Remotely operated vehicle]]s (ROVs)
* [[Multi-beam echo sounder]]s
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Dhruv]] MK.3 Navy helicopter
| aircraft_facilities = [[Helipad]]
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Ikshak''''' ([[Hindi]]: इक्षक lit. The Guide<ref name=":0" />) is the third ship of [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|her class]] of [[survey ship]]s. It is a [[Hydrographic survey|hydrographic]] survey ship built by [[GRSE]] for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=First of the four ships under Survey Vessel (Large) project for Indian Navy launched in the presence of Raksha Rajya Mantri at GRSE, Kolkata |date=2021-12-05 |publisher=PIB |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1778276}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1467495738791714823 |user=indiannavy |title=Sandhayak and her three other sister ships are scheduled to be delivered between Oct 22 and Jan 24 |date=2021-12-05}}</ref>

== Design ==
The ships have a displacement of {{convert|3400|t|LT|0}} and a length of {{Convert|110|m|ftin}}. They have a cruising speed of {{Convert|16|knot|lk=in}} with a maximum speed of {{Convert|18|knot}} and an operating range of {{Convert|6500|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{Convert|14|to|16|knot}}. The ships have a complement of 231 and are equipped with [[Hydrography|hydrographic]] sensor equipment and a [[hangar]] which can accommodate one advanced light helicopter. In the secondary role, the ships can be fitted with a [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun. In addition, the vessels will follow MARPOL ([[marine pollution]]) Standards of the [[International Maritime Organization|International Maritime Organisation]] and will be built per Classification Society Rules and Naval Ship Regulations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-30 |title=GRSE bags over Rs 2,000 crore contract to build 4 large survey vessels for Navy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/301018/grse-bags-over-rs-2000-crore-contract-to-build-4-large-survey-vessels.html |access-date=2018-11-26 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

The primary role of the vessels would be to conduct coastal and deep-water hydrographic survey of ports, navigational channels, Exclusive Economic Zones and collection of oceanographic data for defence. Their secondary role would be to perform [[search and rescue]], ocean research and function as [[hospital ship]]s for casualties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOD signs contract with GRSE for supply of four survey vessels for Indian Navy |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184472 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian MoD orders four survey ships from GRSE |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84181/indian-mod-orders-four-survey-ships-from-grse |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=Jane's 360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-30 |title=GRSE to build four survey vehicles for Indian Navy, contract inked |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-to-build-four-survey-vehicles-for-indian-navy-contract-inked/articleshow/66431579.cms |access-date=2018-11-26 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GRSE to supply vessels to Indian Navy |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/imps-news/grse-supply-survey-vessels-indian-navy/ |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=Shephard Media |language=en}}</ref>

This is also the first of the class with dedicated accommodation for women personnel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-06 |title=INS Ikshak commissioned into Navy, vessel boosts hydrographic survey capabilities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-ikshak-commissioned-into-navy-vessel-boosts-hydrographic-survey-capabilities/article70248411.ece |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Construction and career ==
The [[keel]] of the ship was [[Keel laying|laid]] on 6 August 2021.<ref name="PIB 2021">{{cite web |date=2021-08-06 |title=KEEL LAYING CEREMONY FOR 1st WARSHIP OF ASW SHALLOW WATER CRAFT PROJECT AND 3rd WARSHIP OF SURVEY VESSEL LARGE PROJECT |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1743323 |publisher=PIB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=GRSE launches 3rd Survey Vessel (Large) within a year |url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-launches-3rd-survey-vessel-large-within-a-year-after/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Arun |title=GRSE Lays Keel for Second Survey Vessel (Large) for Indian Navy |url=https://defpost.com/grse-lays-keel-for-second-survey-vessel-large-for-indian-navy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201122842/https://defpost.com/grse-lays-keel-for-second-survey-vessel-large-for-indian-navy/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=DefPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> and [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 26 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=LAUNCH OF ‘NIRDESHAK’ (YARD 3026) SECOND VESSEL OF SURVEY VESSEL (LARGE) PROJECT |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1828505 |access-date=2023-06-11 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The ship was expected to be commissioned in March 2025. It was handed over to the Indian Navy on 14 August 2025.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Delivery of Yard 3027 (Ikshak) |date=2025-08-14 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156465 |access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref><ref name="OfficialGRSE 2025">{{cite tweet|url=https://x.com/OfficialGRSE/status/1955915555678118306|title=Proud Moment for GRSE Ahead of Independence Day: Hands Over its 113th Warship Survey Vessel (Large) ‘Ikshak’ to Indian Navy|number=1955915555678118306|user=OfficialGRSE|date=2025-08-14}}</ref>

The ship was commissioned on 6 November 2025 at the [[INS Venduruthy|Naval Base Kochi]] by the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy chief]], [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Dinesh K Tripathi]] with [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Tribhuvan Singh as the commissioning [[commanding officer]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-11-06 |title=INS Ikshak commissioned in Kochi, boosts Navy’s disaster-response capability |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-ikshak-commissioned-in-kochi-boosts-navy-hydrographic-disaster-response-capability-2814974-2025-11-06 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite press release |title=Indian Navy set to commission ‘Ikshak’, the third Survey Vessel (Large) |date=2025-10-27 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2183000 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref> She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Following her participation she was involved in [[search and rescue]] efforts for the crew of [[IRIS Dena]], an Iranian Frigate [[Sinking of IRIS Dena|sunk]] during the [[2026 Iran war]] off the coast of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj Kaul |first=Aditya |date=5 March 2026 |title=India Sent Vessel to Help sinking Iranian Warship near Sri Lanka:Navy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iris-dena-sri-lanka-india-responded-to-distress-call-of-iran-ship-sent-vessel-to-help-navy-11173405 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170
|File:Launch of INS Ikshak, third ship of the SVL project, at Kattupalli, Chennai - 6.jpg
|Launch of INS Ikshak, third ship of the SVL project, at Kattupalli, Chennai.
|File:INS Ikshak (J23) at sea.jpg
|Ikshak (J23) at sea
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ikshak}}
[[Category:2022 ships]]
[[Category:Sandhayak-class survey ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Aishwarya Narkar

2026-05-06T09:33:16Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up a entry

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aishwarya Narkar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Pallavi Athale<ref>{{Cite web |title=लग्नानंतर ऐश्वर्या नारकर यांनी बदललं नाव, त्यांचं खरं नाव माहितीये का? - Marathi News {{!}} aishwarya narkar real name actress change her name after married to avinash narkar {{!}} Latest Filmy News at Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/marathi-cinema/aishwarya-narkar-real-name-actress-change-her-name-after-married-to-avinash-narkar-a-a971/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Avinash Narkar|1995}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=बायकोच्या मांडीवर डोकं ठेवत अविनाश नारकर यांनी शेअर केला फोटो, लग्नाच्या २७ वर्षानंतरही ऐश्वर्या यांना म्हणतात 'बब्बू' {{!}} aishwarya narkar birthday husband avinash narkar share post on instagram and romantic photo of celebrity couple see details {{!}} Loksatta |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/aishwarya-narkar-birthday-husband-avinash-narkar-share-post-on-instagram-and-romantic-photo-of-celebrity-couple-see-details-kmd-95-3327333/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.loksatta.com |language=mr}}</ref>
| partner =
| known_for =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Aishwarya Narkar''' (born 8 December 1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=मराठमोळी अभिनेत्री ऐश्वर्या नारकर – Marathisrushti Articles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/articles/aishwarya-narkar-2/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.marathisrushti.com}}</ref> is an Indian actress who has appeared in Marathi films, serials and plays and has also appeared in numerous Hindi serials. She has also appeared in commercials. She also received [[Maharashtra State Film Award]] Best Actress for film ''Ghe Bharari'' and also nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-aishwarya-narkar-urges-fans-to-not-compare-her-gopikabai-peshwes-character-with-aruna-says-we-learn-and-grow-with-the-characters/articleshow/78361783.cms |title=Actress Aishwarya Narkar urges fans to not compare her Gopikabai Peshwe's character with Aruna, says "We learn and grow with the characters" |date=7 October 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/lek-majhi-ladki-hits-double-century/articleshow/56070020.cms |title=Lek Majhi Ladki hits double century |date=19 December 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shrimanta-gharchi-suun-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/83778309.cms |title=Shrimanta Gharchi Suun to go off-air soon |date=23 June 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/aishwarya-narkar-saat-tareekh-chronicles-the-wrongs-in-society-23180830 |title=Aishwarya Narkar: 'Saat Tareekh' chronicles the wrongs in society |date=2 July 2021 |publisher=mid-day.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/aishwarya-narkar-and-avinash-narkar-in-shrimantagharchi-sunn-new-marathi-serial-ssv-92-2300574/ |title='श्रीमंताघरची सून' मालिकेत ऐश्वर्या-अविनाश यांची जोडी |date=13 October 2020 |publisher=loksatta.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|1997-2000
|''Mahashweta''
|Radha
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Tharar]]''
|Episodic role
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]]
|
|-
|2000
|''Duheri''
|Radhika
|
|-
|2001
|''Thorala Ho''
|Rama
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|
|-
|2002
|''Reshimgathi''
|Aishwarya
|Alpha TV Marathi
|
|-
|2002
|''Sonpawale''
|Episodic role
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|
|-
|2005-2008
|''[[Ya Sukhanno Ya]]''
|Sarita Adhikari
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2006-2009
|''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
|Savitri Garodia
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Unit 9]]''
|Episodic role
|Zee Marathi
|
|-
|2009
|''Chitrakathi''
|Ashwin's wife
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|
|-
|2009-2010
|''[[Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kam]]''
|Sudha Bajpayee
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|-
|2011-2012
|''Ya Valnavar''
|Rama
|[[ETV Marathi]]
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Maayke Se Bandhi Dor]]''
|Kaveri
|[[StarPlus]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat]]''
|Vasundhara Jaiswal ("Ija", or "Sarkar")
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|-
|''Ruchira''
|Guest appearance
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|
|-
|2013-2015
|''Majhe Man Tujhe Zale''
|Shubhra's mother
|ETV Marathi
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi]]''
|Elaichi Trilokchand Pethawala
|Zee TV
|
|-
|2016-2018
|''[[Lek Majhi Ladki]]''
|Prof. Iravati Subhedar
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|2019-2020
|''[[Swamini]]''
|[[Gopikabai]]
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|-
|2021-2022
|''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]''
|Radha Balaji Bhatt
|Zee TV
|
|-
|2020-2021
|''[[Shreemantagharchi Suun]]''
|Aruna
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|
|-
|2022–2024
| ''[[Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi]]''
|Rupali Mhatre / Maithili Sengupta
|Zee Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Taali (TV series)|Taali]]''
|Gauri's mother
|[[JioCinema]]
|
|-
| ''[[Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si]]''
| Vani Malhotra
| Star Plus
|
|}

===Feature films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !!Notes
|-
|1998
|''Aali Laxmi Ghara''
|Laxmi
|
|-
|1999
|''Ghe Bharari''
|Mukta Deshmukh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 ||''Tuch Majhi Bhagya Lakshmi''|| Swati||
|-
|''Sattadhish''|| Vijaya Raje||
|-
|''Aai Shakti Devta''
|Bhagwati
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 ||''Lakshmi''|| Lakshmi ||
|-
|''Saubhagya Kankshini''
|Shakuntala
|
|-
|2002 ||''Aadhar''|| Janaki||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/raksha-bandhan-special-marathi-movies-on-brother-sister-bonding-you-should-not-miss/photostory/65549811.cms |title=Raksha Bandhan Special: Marathi Movies On Brother-Sister Bonding You Should Not Miss |date=26 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 ||''Mala Jagaychay''|| Anita||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2004
|''Ghar Grihasti''
|Janaki Deshmukh
|
|-
|''Sakshatkar''
|Sarita Pradhan
|
|-
|''Ranragini''|| Ashwini Birajdar||
|-
|''Bhiti Ek Satya''|| Pallavi||
|-
|''Raja Pandharicha''|| Dnyaneshwar's mother||
|-
|''Akalpit''|| Latika||
|-
|''Salam The Salute''|| Chintoo's mother||
|-
|''Bhiu Nakos Mi Tujhya Pathishi Ahe''|| Bai||
|-
|2005 ||''Olakh''|| Aishwarya||
|-
|2005 ||''Sun Ladaki Sasarchi''|| Maya||
|-
|2005 ||''Zhuluk''|| Aru||
|-
| 2005 ||''Me Tulas Tujhya Angani''|| Shanta||
|-
| 2005 ||''Kalam 302''|| Aishwarya||
|-
| 2005 ||''Tighi''|| Pallu||
|-
| 2006 ||''Jai Jai Gagangiri Maharaj''|| Alka||
|-
| 2006 ||''Kadhi Achanak''|| Kavita Doiphode||
|-
| 2007 ||''Ek Kalokhi Raatra''|| Mandakini||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 ||''Mural Khandobarayachi''|| Murali||
|-
|''Apradh''|| Priya ||
|-
| 2010 ||''Anka Ganit Anandache''|| Anand's mother||
|-
| 2011 ||''Tambavyacha Vishnubala''|| Vishnubala's wife||
|-
|2011 ||''Aanandache Dohi''|| Anandi||
|-
|2012 ||''Champions''|| Teacher||
|-
|2012||''Hou De Zara Ushir''|| Rukmini Pawar||
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''|| Gauri's teacher||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Babanchi Shala]]''|| Jailer's wife||
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Dhadak]]''|| Gayatri Bhagla|| rowspan="2" |Hindi film
|-
|2023
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
|Mrs. Upadhyay
|}

=== Stage ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Play
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|''Gandh Nishigandhacha''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Mi Majhya Mulancha''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Satalota''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Kabirache Kay Karayche''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|''Lagnachi Bed''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Hands Up''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|''Pahat Wara''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Sonpankhi''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Sobat Sangat''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Amhi Sau Kumud Prabhakar Apte''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Soyre Sakal''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|''Takshakyag''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|}

=== Television commercials ===
*2000:Appeared in [[Glow & Lovely|Fair & Lovely]]cream along with [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<ref>{{Citation |title= 2000's Fair and lovely ad commercial (Video timeframe 8:30 ) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7a3WZJ3bTd4 |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==

* [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actress]] For Film Olakh{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] For Film Ghe Bharari{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi]] Nominated For Film Ghe Bharari{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1655925}}
* {{TV Guide person|3030973204}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|aishwarya_narkar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narkar, Aishwarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Tamil Nadu Forest Department

2026-05-02T10:14:37Z

Khalek Rahaman:

{{Short description|State-level government agency in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Tamil Nadu Forest Department
| native_name_a = {{lang|ta|தமிழ்நாடு வனத்துறை}}
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| formed = {{Start date and age|1856|paren=yes}}
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Guindy, Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| num_employees = 9,188
| chief1_name = Srinivas Reddy, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
| chief1_position = [[Indian Forest Service#Principal Chief Conservator of Forests|Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]]
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| website = https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/
}}
[[File:Panagal Building.jpg|thumb|Head office of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department is in the ''Panagal Maaligai'' or Panagal Building in [[Saidapet]], [[Chennai]].]]
[[File:IN-TN.svg|thumb|Map of Tamil Nadu, India]]

The '''Tamil Nadu Forest Department''', formerly the '''Madras Forest Department''', is a [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government department]] responsible for managing all the [[Protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected areas]] and forests plus [[Environmental policy|environmental]] and [[wildlife]] related issues of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]]. The objective of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department is to conserve [[biodiversity]] and [[eco-system]]s of forests and wilderness areas to ensure [[water security]] and [[food security]] of the state.

The [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]], Head of Forest Force (HoFF) is the head of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. The Chief Wildlife Warden, five Additional Principal Chief Conservators of Forests and eight Chief Conservator of Forests function under the PCCF in the head office at ''Panagal Maaligai'' (pictured), [[Saidapet]], [[Chennai]]. All the Chief Conservators of Forests are assisted by the [[Conservator of Forests|Conservators of Forests]] and Deputy Conservator of Forests who have regional and specialised responsibilities.<ref name="EFD">
{{citation
|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/citizen/forests.pdf
|title= CITIZEN'S CHARTER – Forests
|pages=2–4
|publisher=Environment and Forests Department
|place=Chennai
|year= 2006
|accessdate=15 February 2011
}}</ref>

All officials of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department, down to the level of Assistant Conservator of Forests, are graduates of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] and the [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] and are members of the [[Indian Forest Service]], entitled to use the formal suffix IFS after their name. There are total of 9,188 employees of the department.<ref name="TVFDorgan">
{{citation
|url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/administration/organizational_structure.html
|title=Organizational Structure
|publisher=Tamil Nadu Forest Department
|place=Chinnai
|accessdate=9 January 2011
}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Hugh Cleghorn.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Dr Hugh Cleghorn, founder of Madras Forest Department, 1856]]
[[File:DietrichBrandis.jpg|thumb|125px|Dietrich Brandis, reorganised Madras Forestry Department in 1882]]
[[File:H. A. Gass CCF TFD.JPG|thumb|125px|H A Gass, Conservator of Forests about 1906]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Teak tree, A.jpg|thumb|125px|left|Teak tree, 1870 by Douglas Hamilton]]
[[File:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|thumb|125px|Lord Ripon, Viceroy of India, 1880-1884]]
In 1855 [[Hugh Francis Cleghorn|Dr Hugh Francis Cleghorn]] (pictured) was asked to organise the Madras Forest Department and started [[Sustainable forest management|systematic forest]] [[Conservation (ethic)|conservancy]] in India.<ref name="Muthiah"/> On 19 December 1856 he was appointed Conservator of Forests in [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="Cleg">
{{citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9EAAAAIAAJ&q=%22James+Michael%22+madras+teak&pg=PA228-IA2
|title=Pioneers of Indian Forestry
|volume= 31
|page=231
|author=H.F. Cleghorn
|year=1905
|work=The Indian forester
|issue=1
|publisher=Inspector General of Forests
|accessdate=22 February 2011

}}</ref> His persistent campaigning with the Government resulted in the banning of [[shifting cultivation]] in the Madras Presidency in 1860.<ref name="Muthiah">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/05/stories/2007110550080500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108213227/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/05/stories/2007110550080500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=8 November 2007
|title=A life for forestry
|last=MUTHIAH|first=S.
|date=5 November 2007
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|accessdate=9 March 2009
}}</ref>
Cleghorn organised the new Madras Forestry Department with such energy and success that he was asked to extend his operations into the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. He also afforded [[Dietrich Brandis]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], (pictured), efficient assistance in introducing and systematically working forest conservancy in the forests of [[Bengal]].<ref name="IF"/> Cleghorn has been called "the father of scientific forestry in India"<ref>Oliver, p. 620</ref><ref name="JSA ">
{{citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVVDAAAAYAAJ&q=The+father+of+scientific+forestry+in+India&pg=PA734
|title=The Hill Forests of Western India, pp. 731–739
|work=Journal of the Society of Arts
|volume= 47
|publisher=Society of Arts (Great Britain)
|date=4 August 1899
|place=London
|page=735
|accessdate=21 February 2011
}}</ref>

On 10 January 1865, a public resolution by the Government of India designated Dr Cleghorn as the founder of Forest Conservancy in India, and added: "His long services from the first organisation of forest management in Madras have without question greatly conduced to the public good in this branch of the administration".<ref>H.F. Cleghorn p. 234</ref>

[[Douglas Hamilton]] was very interested in [[Sustainable forest management|forest conservation]] in South India, and often visited his old friend General James Michael who was organising an experimental forest conservancy in the [[Annaimalai Hills]]. In 1854, he was appointed to temporarily manage the conservancy and showed great aptitude for these new forestry duties. Douglas succeeded permanently to the appointment and for the next three years was in charge of the Annaimalai forests, supplying [[teak]] [[lumber]] for [[shipbuilding]] at the [[Bombay Dockyard]].
During this period, he became Assistant Conservator of Forests under Dr Hugh Francis Cleghorn who recently established the Madras Forest Department and whose work led to the establishment of the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests|Forest Department of India]] in 1864.<ref name="IF">
{{cite book
|last=Oliver
|first=J.W.
|title=The Indian Forester
|publisher=R. P. Sharma, Business Manager, Indian Forester
|location=Allahabad|year=1901
|edition=Original from Harvard University, Digitized 4 April 2008
|volume= v.27|pages=618–623
|chapter=Forestry in India
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U8YAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Douglas+Hamilton%22+madras++-johnson+-elephant+-whale+-william+1862&pg=PA623
}}</ref><ref name="IFS">
{{citation
|url=http://ifs.nic.in/
|title=Indian Forest Service, An Introduction
|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests
|place=New Delhi
|accessdate=9 January 2011
}}</ref>

In 1857 Douglas Hamilton had to return to his regiment. The assistant conservator vacancy at Anamalai was filled by Lieutenant [[Richard Henry Beddome]], who was an excellent explorer and who had a good knowledge of botany. He was recommended to Dr Cleghorn because of his powers of observation and description.<ref name="Cleghorn">
{{cite book
|last=Cleghorn
|first=Hugh Francis Clarke
|title=The Forests and Gardens of South India
|publisher=W. H. Allen
|location=London
|year= 1861
|pages=18, 46
|edition=Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 10 February 2006|oclc=301345427
|url=http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/301345427?page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZbC9FY1JqIC%26checksum%3D374d90c92770a514a51708f07461f0b3&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail=}}</ref> He succeeded Cleghorn in 1860 and remained Chief Conservator until 1882.<ref name="Bedd">
{{citation
|url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/2/51.full.pdf
|title=the death of Colonel Richard Henry Beddome
|work= Mollus. Stud. 10(2): OBITUARY NOTICES.
|pages=51–52
|last=Godwin-Austen
|first=H. H.
|year=1912
|publisher=Malacological Society of London
|accessdate=9 February 2011
}}</ref>

After Beddome's retirement, upon the direction of the [[Viceroy of India]], [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon]] (pictured) and with the strong support of [[M E Grant Duff]], [[Governor of Madras]], Dietrich Brandis reorganised the Forestry Department as it operated smoothly thereafter.<ref>Oliver, pp. 616–617</ref> J A Gamble followed R H Beddome as the conservator of forests. Gamble's successor was Horace Archibald Gass (pictured). Gass is now remembered for establishing the [[Gass Forest Museum]]. Gass was succeeded by F A Lodge and then by J A Master.<ref name="Gass">
{{citation
|url=http://iwst.icfre.gov.in/database/Xylarium/ifgtb/general/history.htm
|title=History of Gass Forest Museum
|work= Database/Xylarium
|publisher=Institute of Wood Science and Technology
|accessdate=15 February 2011
}}</ref>

In 1868, [[The Forest College and Research Institute]] was first established as part of the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|Agricultural School]] at Saidapet, Chennai. In 1916, it moved to [[Coimbatore]]. In 1989, [[Master's degree|Masters programme]] in [[forestry]] was introduced at the Forest College & Research Institute, new campus at [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]]. In 1990, a [[Doctorate degree|Doctoral programme]] was also introduced.<ref name="tnau">
{{citation
|url=http://www.tnau.ac.in/atnau.html
|title=About Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
|publisher=Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
|accessdate=9 February 2011
}}</ref>

In 1969, [[Madras State]] was renamed [[Tamil Nadu]] (land of the Tamils) and the name of the department was likewise also changed.

==Objectives==
The overall objective of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department is to conserve [[biodiversity]] and [[eco-system]]s of forests and wilderness areas to ensure [[water security]] and [[food security]] of the state. Wildlife and [[wildlife habitat]]s should be conserved and sustainably managed to meet the social, economic, ecological, cultural, recreational and spiritual needs of the present and future generations of people in the state.<ref name="TVFDwild"/>

The forests in Tamil Nadu are managed with the following objectives:
*Ensure environmental stability by restoring ecological balance in forest ecosystems.
*Increase forest and tree cover to 33% of the state, and enhance the quality of forests.
*Conserve the wide array of [[bio-diversity]] through scientific management and improve habitat conditions for improved forest health.
*Protect and develop the forest [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and all aquatic eco-systems.
*Meet the local requirements of fuel, fodder, [[non-timber forest product]]s and small timber to the extent possible on a sustainable basis through the principles of watershed development and Joint Forest Management.
*Sensitise all sections of the society for [[Sustainable forest management|forest/tree conservation]] through planning, interpretation, integration and collaboration.
*Increase forest based [[entrepreneurship]] to support improved livelihood and develop efficient marketing strategies.
*Make traditional forest produce available to the tribal people living inside the forests and make them partners in forest management.
*Develop [[Alternative energy|alternative]] [[renewable energy|renewable]] energy sources to meet the energy requirement of remote villages.
*Increase scientific management of forests for multiple objectives and to strengthen growth, yield and productivity systems.
*Stabilise [[Integrated coastal zone management|coastal eco-system]]s to ensure protection from natural calamities such as cyclones and tsunamis.<ref>CITIZEN'S CHARTER, p. 1</ref>

==Strategies==
Strategies adopted by the Forest Department to achieve these objectives are:
[[File:Management sign.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Natural resource management|Management sign]] at entrance to [[Mukurthi National Park]] encouraging [[wildlife conservation]]]]
*Provide absolute protection to forested area from all factors causing degradation, depletion and destruction of wildlife and wildlife habitats, by strict enforcement of the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]] and the Tamil Nadu Forest Act, 1882.
*Undertake Eco-development works to provide benefits to the occupants of habitations and villages in and around protected areas and enlist and maintain their support and willing participation in wildlife conservation.
*Facilitate [[Women in India#Independent India|empowerment of women]] for sustainable forest management.
*Facilitate education and awareness creation facilities including creation of Education and [[interpretation centre]]s for the benefit of all sections of population, especially students.
*Create awareness of the need to conserve our natural bio-resources through various mass media and other means (pictured).
*Undertake [[fire prevention]] and control measures in and around protected areas through specific programmes.
*Undertake habitat restoration, [[afforestation]] and improvement measures wherever necessary.
*Relocate human settlements from Protected Areas.
*Prevent outbreak of contagious diseases among wild animals by taking [[prophylactic]] disease prevention measures among domestic animals entering Sanctuaries and National Parks.
*Develop ex-situ conservation centres such as [[Zoo|zoological parks]], breeding and nursery programs and gene gardens.
*Construction of [[crop protection]] structures like fences, trenches and walls, etc.
*Identify and restore [[wildlife corridor]]s to facilitate free movement of animals between, through and around Protected Areas.
*Award adequate [[compensatory damages#Compensatory damages|compensatory damages]] to affected persons for death or damage caused by [[Human-wildlife conflict]].
*Restrict and regulate pollution causing industries and activities in a radius of {{convert|25|km|mi}} around protected areas as per the Environment Protection Act.
*Integrate the wildlife Protected Areas on a watershed or landscape basis with other sectors such as Rural Development, Animal Husbandry and Social Forestry for the sustained conservation and development of the area.
*Ensure that each and every Protected Area has a [[Environmental management|management plan]] in place.
*Conserve the [[medicinal plants]] in protected areas by creation and management of Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCAs).
*Promote [[wildlife tourism]] for the Parks and not Parks for tourism. Tourism demands are subservient to conservation interests of the protected areas.
*Encourage appropriate monitoring and research works to develop working programmes and plans, to tackle identified problems in achieving objectives.<ref name="TVFDwild"/>

==Geographic divisions==
The Forest Department is responsible for managing an area over {{convert|3305|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 17.41% of the {{convert|22643|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} recorded forest area of the state.<ref name="TVFDwild">
{{citation
|url = http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/wildbiodiversity_home.html
|title = Wild Biodiversity
|publisher = Tamil Nadu Forest Department
|place = Chinnai
|accessdate = 9 January 2011
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120206055559/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/wildbiodiversity_home.html
|archivedate = 6 February 2012
}}</ref> The Forest Department is organised in a geographic hierarchy ranging from Regions, Forestry Circles, Forestry Divisions and Forest Ranges to Beats and Watches. Each geographic category has its own level of management.<ref name="TVFDorgan"/>

==Management==
The Forest Department is organised in an administrative hierarchy ranging from Principal Chief Conservator of Forests to Forest Watchers, Mahouts and others.

===Principal Chief Conservator of Forests===
The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Head of Forest Force (PCCF – HoFF) is in overall control of the whole Forest Department. All significant orders, permissions, declarations and authorisations of the department are personally reviewed, approved and signed by him.

The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Chief Wildlife Warden (PCCF & CWLW) is the principal assistant to the PCCF and is responsible for all [[wildlife]] matters of the department. There is also an [[Ecological economics|Eco-development]] officer directly advising the PCCF.

Five Additional Principal Chief Conservators of Forests (APCCF) are separately responsible for central administration of [[Afforestation]], Planning & Budgeting, Research & Working Plan, Forest Administration and the [[Environmental policy of the Government of India|Forest Conservation Act]].<ref name="EFD"/><ref name="TVFDorgan"/>

===Chief Conservator of Forests===
There are 13 Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF), each of whom manages a forest region in addition to managing a separate technical aspect of Forest Department responsibility statewide. The separate technical aspects are[[M.Karuppampatti#Government Sponsored ongoing project|Tamil Nadu Afforestation Project]] (TAP), Planning and Development, Personnel and Vigilance, [[Social Forestry]] and Extension, [[Biodiversity]], Wildlife, Department Working Plan (WP), Headquarters, Research, Extension, [[Gass Forest Museum|Tamil Nadu Forest Academy]] (TNFA), Field Director – [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] (KMTR) and Director – [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] (AAZP).<ref name="EFD"/><ref name="TVFDorgan"/>

====Forest Regions and Circles====
The state is divided into 6 forest regions, each composed of two [[forest circle]]s. The wildlife matters of each region, including the [[Protected areas of Tamil Nadu#National Parks|5 National Parks in Tamil Nadu]], are the responsibility of a regional [[Game warden|wildlife warden]]. There are 12 territorial Forest circles. These Regions and Forest circles plus the KMTR, AAZP, TNFA and WP are the allotted responsibility of the following CCF:
[[File:Mukurthi National Park.jpg|thumb|375px|Wildlife Warden office sign at [[Ooty]], Nilgiri North and South Divisions, Coimbatore Circle, Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]
:Chennai region: [[Chennai]] Circle & [[Vellore]] Circle, CCF ([[Social Forestry]])
:Trichy region: [[Trichy]] Circle & [[Villupuram]] Circle, CCF (Personnel and Vigilance)
:Madurai region: [[Madurai]] Circle & [[Dindigul]] Circle, CCF (Planning & Development)
:Salem region: [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] Circle & [[Dharmapuri]] Circle, CCF (Headquarters)
:Tirunelveli region: [[Virudhunagar]] Circle & [[Tirunelveli]] Circle, CCF (Wildlife)
:Coimbatore region [[Coimbatore]] Circle & [[Erode]] Circle, CCF (TAP)
:AAZP, Director & CCF
:KMTR, [[Project Tiger]] Field Director & CCF
:Special Region, [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve]] (GOMBRT) CCF and Trust Director
:TNFA, Director & CCF. There is also a Principal TNFTC and 2 Additional Directors TNFA
:WP, Working Plan CCF (WP)<ref name="EFD"/><ref name="TVFDorgan"/>

===Conservator of Forests===
There are 26 Conservator of Forests (CF) under the CCFs, with one locally responsible for each of the 12 Forest Circles, 4 for Working Plans, and one each responsible for Planning & Development, Protection, Project Formulation, Forest Consolidation, Publicity, [[GIS]], HRD, TAP-I, TAP-II and Research. There are also 49 Assistant Conservator of Forests, who are usually new IFS officers.<ref name="EFD"/><ref name="TVFDorgan"/>

====Forest divisions====
Within each Forest Circle there are 2 or more [[Forest division]]s managed by one or more of 17 Divisional Conservator of Forests (DCF) or 18 Deputy Conservator of Forests and 30 District Forest Officers (DFO).<ref name="TVFDorgan"/>

Each Forest division has several [[Forest range]]s that are managed locally by [[Forest range officer]]s (FRO).
Each Forest range is divided into [[Forest range|beat]]s, each of which is the responsibility of one of the 585 [[Forest Ranger]]s in the state.

Each beat is divided into Forest Watches, each of which is the responsibility of one or more of the 1,353 [[Watchman (law enforcement)|Forest watcher]]s in the state. In addition there are 2,421 [[Security guard|Forest guard]]s to assist patrolling the forests.

There are 39 [[Mahout]]s and 44 Cavady to manage and train the working elephants ([[Kumki (elephant)|Kumki]]) owned and used by the Forest Department. There are 1,320 [[Forester]]s employed to physically manage the trees in the states forests. In addition, there are 3,256 ministerial staff and other employees in the department.<ref name="TVFDorgan"/>

==Forest Uniformed Services Recruitment Committee==
{{Infobox organization
| name = Tamil Nadu Forest Uniformed Services Recruitment Committee <br>தமிழ்நாடு வன சீருடைப் பணியாளர் தேர்வு குழுமம்
| abbreviation = TNFUSRC
| formation = 2012
| extinction = 
| type = agency of the Govt
| purpose = Recruitment
| location = No.1, Jeenis Road, Panagal Maaligai, 8th Floor, Saidapet, [[Chennai]]-600 015., Tamil Nadu
| coordinates =
| region_served = Tamil Nadu
| num_staff = 4+14
| website = {{URL|http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/committee.html}}
}}

The '''[[Tamil Nadu]] [[Forest]] Uniformed Services Recruitment Committee (TNFUSRC)''' was constituted by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 2012 vide G.O Ms.No. 157, Environment and Forests (FR-2) Department, dated 29 June 2012<ref>[http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/gos/eandf_t_157_2012.pdf Government Order]</ref> for the recruitment of personnel for the Tamil Nadu Forest Department (TNFD) and the 3 Forest Corporation namely
*Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation Limited (TAFCORN),
*Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation Limited (TANTEA) and
*Arasu Rubber Corporation Limited (ARC).
The committee is in line with the [[Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board]] that recruits constables, head constables and sub inspectors of police.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/panel-for-hiring-forest-personnel/article3650254.ece Panel for hiring forest personnel]</ref>

The TNFUSRC headed by an officer in the rank of Additional [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] and a Member-Secretary in the rank of Conservator of Forests. It will have two members, of whom one will be the managing director of a corporation or an officer recommended by him and the other in the rank of Chief Conservator of Forests.<ref>[http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/graphics/TNFUSRC.pdf TNFUSRC]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board]]
* [[Medical Services Recruitment Board]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/}}
* [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/graphics/NOTIFICATION-TNFUSRC.pdf TNFUSRC FORESTER,FIELD ASSISTANT Recruitment 2014]

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
{{State Organizations of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State forest departments of India]]
[[Category:1855 establishments in India]]

MedPlus

2026-04-28T10:49:48Z

Khalek Rahaman:

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical retailer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Undisclosed paid|date=February 2021}}
{{more citations|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MedPlus Health Services Ltd.
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|MEDPLUS}} <br> {{BSE|543427}}
| logo = Medplus logo.jpg
| founded = 2006
| founder = Madhukar Gangadi
| area_served = India
| industry = Pharmacy retail
| num_employees = 10,000+<ref name="businessstandard">{{Cite news|title = MedPlus to raise up to $70 mn, launches online lab services| newspaper=Business Standard India | date=10 December 2015 |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/medplus-to-raise-up-to-70-mn-launches-online-lab-services-115121000719_1.html|access-date = 2016-02-03| last1=Reddy | first1=B. Dasarath }}</ref> <small>(2015)</small>
| subsid = MedPlusMart.com<br />MedPlusLab.com<br />MedPlusLens.com<br />MedPlusIndia.com
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| location_country = India
| locations = 4,230+ stores <small>(2024)</small>
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|4603|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| profit = {{down}} {{INRconvert|49|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=MedPlus Health Services Ltd consolidated Q4FY23 profit climbs to Rs. 26.58 crores |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=333026 |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=EquityBulls |date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.medplusindia.com}}
}}

'''MedPlus Health Services''' is an Indian pharmacy retail chain, headquartered in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Hyderabad's online pharma chains help take meds to the marooned |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-s-online-pharma-chains-help-take-meds-to-the-marooned/articleshow/50035836.cms|date=4 December 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref> MedPlus is the second largest pharmacy chain in India, operating over 5,300+ pharmacy stores across 600 cities, as of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Medplus sees short-term threat from e-pharmacies; to continue adding stores |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/medplus-nomura-sees-25-percent-upside-14702921.htm |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=CNBC TV18 |date=12 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

MedPlus sells prescription and OTC medicines, FMCG products, vitamins and other nutrition supplements, and opticals.{{cn|date=February 2023}} It also offers clinical laboratory services and physician consultation services in [[Hyderabad]], [[Vijayawada]] and [[Bangalore]]. The company owns and runs ePharmacy<ref>{{Cite web|title = Soon you will be able to buy medicines online!|url = http://www.businessinsider.in/Soon-you-will-be-able-to-buy-medicines-online/articleshow/48539458.cms|website = Business Insider|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> and an online clinical lab service.<ref>{{Cite news|title = MedPlus launches online clinical lab service|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/medplus-launches-online-clinical-lab-service/article7971360.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-12-10|access-date = 2016-01-22|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = MedPluslab.com to make lab testing convenient and affordable|url = http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=92198&sid=2|website = www.pharmabiz.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Medplus pharmacy.jpg|thumb|A MedPlus outlet in Hyderabad.]]
MedPlus was founded in 2006 by Madhukar Gangadi. The company's first store was launched in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aneesh |title=Pharmacy retail chain MedPlus plans entry into Mumbai in next 3 months |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/pharmacy-retail-chain-medplus-eyes-foray-into-mumbai-market-in-next-3-mnths-119091801210_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=February 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930190105/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/pharmacy-retail-chain-medplus-eyes-foray-into-mumbai-market-in-next-3-mnths-119091801210_1.html |archive-date=30 September 2019 |date=September 18, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Initially operating under the Aushadhi brand name, it was rebranded as MedPlus after the opening of the first 48 stores.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The company opened pharmacies in the western states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in 2007 but had to shut down and exit operations due to recurring losses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dave |first1=Parag |title=New-age pharma stores face slowdown heat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/new-age-pharma-stores-face-slowdown-heat/articleshow/4364195.cms |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2009}}</ref> It relaunched stores in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in 2014.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In 2008, it opened diagnostics centers in five cities under its subsidiary MedPlus Pathlabs.<ref>{{cite news |title=MedPlus unveils diagnostics plans |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/medplus-unveils-diagnostics-plans/articleshow/3081602.cms |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 May 2008}}</ref> In 2015, it started its [[Online pharmacy|e-pharmacy]] division.<ref>{{cite news |title=MedPlus to raise $75 m in six months |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/medplus-to-raise-75-m-in-six-months/article7040650.ece |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=27 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, MedPlus Health Services launched its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) and got listed on the Indian stock exchanges.<ref>{{cite news |title=MedPlus Health Services lists at Rs 1,040, a 30% premium over issue price |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/medplus-health-services-lists-at-rs-1040-a-30-premium-over-issue-price-7856271.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The AIOCD (All India organization of Chemists & Druggists) called for a nationwide strike on 14 October 2015 against online sale of drugs and criticized ePharmacies<ref>{{Cite news|title = End of e-pharmacy days? - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/End-of-e-pharmacy-days/articleshow/50420054.cms|website = The Times of India| date=2 January 2016 |access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> like MedPlusMart.com as illegal and a threat to the interests of around 8.5 [[lakhs]] chemists <ref>{{Cite news|title = Online pharma portal runs into resistance from store chemists - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Online-pharma-portal-runs-into-resistance-from-store-chemists/articleshow/47273452.cms|website = The Times of India| date=14 May 2015 |access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> around India. MedPlus defended its online sales policy<ref>{{Cite web|title = Some form of online pharma presence inevitable: MedPlus|url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/505678/some-form-online-pharma-presence.html|website = Deccan Herald| date=10 October 2015 |access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> as being in compliance with the current drug act and as a valuable service to its customers.

==See also==
* [[PharmEasy]]
* [[Tata 1mg]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.medplusindia.com}}
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commonscat=yes|v=no|s=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|d=Q25344640|n=no|b=no|q=no}}

[[Category:Retail companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director

2026-04-26T18:48:54Z

Khalek Rahaman:

{{refimprove|date=February 2024}}
{{Short description|Annual award for Marathi cinema}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Award for excellence in direction
| sponsor = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| firstawarded = 1969
| lastawarded = 2022
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 61
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Madhukar Pathak<br />( ''[[Prapanch]]'' )
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director''' is an honour presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India since 1962. It is given to a film director who has exhibited outstanding direction while working in the [[Marathi cinema]]. The recipients are decided by an independent jury formed by the Government. They are declared by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="12%" | Director I
! width="18%" | Director II
! width="48%" | Director III
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1962
|Madhukar Pathak (''[[Prapanch]]'')
|[[Raja Paranjape]] (''Suvasini'')
|[[Anant Mane]] (''Shahir Parshuram'')
|
|-
|1963
|[[Raja Thakur]] (''Rangalya Ratri Asha'')
|[[Raja Paranjape]] (''Haa Maza Marg Ekla'')
|Chandrashekhar (''[[Phakira]]'')
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964
|[[Ram Gabale]] (''Chhota Jawan)''
| rowspan="2" |[[Raja Thakur]] (''Pahu Re Kiti Vaat'')
| rowspan="2" |Madhu Shinde (''Thoratanchi Kamala'')
|
|-
|[[Raja Paranjape]] (''[[Pathlaag]]'')
|
|-
|1965
|[[Shantaram Athavale]] (''Vavtal'')
|[[Anant Mane]] (''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!]]'')
|{{Dash}}
|
|-
|1966
|[[Bhalji Pendharkar]] (''[[Sadhi Mansa (film)|Sadhi Mansa]]'')
|[[Anant Mane]] (''Kela Ishara Jata Jata)''
|[[Vasant Joglekar]] (''Shevatcha Malusara'')
|
|-
|1967
|Madhukar Pathak (''Santh Wahate Krushnamai'')
|[[Raja Paranjape]] (''Kaka Mala Vachva'')
|Chandrawadan (''Swapna Tech Lochani'')
|
|-
|1968
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Gharchi Rani'')
|Kamlakar Torne (''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]'')
|[[Raja Thakur]] (''Ekti'')
|
|-
|1969
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Apradh'')
|Madhukar Pathak (''Mukkam Post Dhebewad''i)
|[[Madhav Shinde]] (''[[Dharmakanya]]'')
|
|-
|1970
|[[Raja Thakur]] (''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]'')
|Vasant Painter (''Warnecha Wagh'')
|[[Madhav Shinde]] (''Laxmanresha'')
|
|-
|1971
|[[Raja Thakur]] (''Gharkul'')
|[[Satyadev Dubey]] (''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]])''
|Govind Kulkarni (''[[Songadya]]'')
|
|-
|1972-73
|[[Raja Thakur]] (''Jawai Vikat Ghene Aahe'')
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Bholibhabdi'')
|[[Dada Kondke]] (''Andhla Marto Dola'')
|
|-
|1974
|Vasant Painter (''Sugandhi Katta'')
|Datta Mane (''Kartiki'')
|Murlidhar Kapadi (''Ashi Hi Sataryachi Tarha'')
|
|-
|1975
|[[Dada Kondke]] (''[[Pandu Havaldar]]'')
|[[Jabbar Patel]] (''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]'')
|Dattatray Kulkarni (''Bayanno Navre Sambhala)''
|
|-
|1976
|Babasaheb Fattelal (''Choricha Mamla'')
|[[Dada Kondke]] (''[[Tumcha Aamcha Jamala]])''
|[[Anant Mane]] (''Pahuni'')
|
|-
|1977
|V. Ravindra (''Farari'')
|Kamlakar Torne (''[[Bala Gau Kashi Angai]]'')
|Murlidhar Kapadi (''Naav Motha Lakshan Khota'')
|
|-
| 1978
| [[Rajdutt]] (''Devaki Nandan Gopala'')
| Kamlakar Torne (''Bhairu Pehelwan Ki Jai'')
|[[Jabbar Patel]] (''[[Jait Re Jait]]'')
|
|-
|1979
|[[Vasant Joglekar]] (''Janaki'')
|[[Rajdutt]] (''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]'')
|[[Dada Kondke]] (''[[Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya]]'')
|
|-
|1980
|Nachiket Patwardhan (''[[22 June 1897]]'')
|[[Jabbar Patel]] (''[[Sinhasan]]'')
|Babasaheb Phattelal (''Paij'')
|
|-
|1981
|[[Jabbar Patel]] (''[[Umbartha]]'')
|V.K. Naik (''Gondhalat Gondhal'')
|[[Amol Palekar]] (''Akrit'')
|
|-
| 1982
| [[Rajdutt]] & [[Arvind Deshpande]] (''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]'')
| [[Ravi Namade]] (''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]'')
|[[Dada Kondke]] (''Aali Angawar'')
|
|-
|1983
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Raghu Maina'')
|V.K. Naik (''[[Gupchup Gupchup]])''
|Kamlakar Torne (''Thorli Jau'')
|
|-
|1984
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Hech Maze Maher'')
|[[Rajdutt]] (''[[Mumbaicha Faujdar]]'')
|Satish Randive (''[[Bahurupi]]'')
|
|-
|1985
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Ardhangi'')
|Bhaskar Jadhav (''Deva Shappath Khara Sangen'')
|Babasaheb Phattelal (''Stridhan)''
|
|-
|1986
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Pudhcha Paaul)''
|Damu Kenkre (''Tuzya Vachun Karmena'')
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Aaj Zale Mukta Me)''
|
|-
|1987
|Girish Ghanekar (''Prem Karuya Khullam Khulla'')
|[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]] (''[[Gammat Jammat]])''
|[[N. S. Vaidya]] (''Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon'')
|
|-
|1988
|[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]] (''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]])''
|[[N. S. Vaidya]] (''Nashibwan'')
|Girish Ghanekar (''Rangat Sangat'')
|
|-
|1989
|Kanchan Nayak (''[[Kalat Nakalat]]'')
|[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]] (''Atmavishwas'')
|Purushottam Berde (''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]'')
|
|-
|1990
|Ramakant Kavthekar (''Aaghat'')
|[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]] (''[[Eka Peksha Ek]]'')
|[[N. S. Vaidya]] (''Kuldeepak)''
|
|-
|1991
|[[Sanjay Surkar]] (''[[Chaukat Raja]]'')
|Pradip Berlekar (''Vedh'')
|Sanjiv Naik (''[[Anpekshit]])''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |first=WorthITT-Talent meets |date=2019-06-17 |title=Chaukat Raja: Accepting Children with Developmental Delay |url=https://medium.com/@worthittsocial/chaukat-raja-accepting-children-with-developmental-delay-fb2d728b0d95 |access-date= |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|[[Jabbar Patel]] (''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'')
|[[Sanjay Surkar]] (''Apli Mansa'')
|Girish Ghanekar (''Vaajva Re Vaajva)''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-05.htm |access-date= |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|[[Sanjay Rawal]] (''Vazir'')
|[[Smita Talwalkar]] (''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]'')
|[[Shrabani Deodhar]] (''[[Lapandav]]'')
|
|-
|1994
|[[Jabbar Patel]] (''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]'')
|Madhukar Pathak (''Varsa Laxmicha'')
|[[Mahesh Kothare]] (''[[Majha Chakula]]'')
|
|-
|1995
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]] (''[[Doghi]]'')
|[[Amol Palekar]] (''[[Bangarwadi]]'')
|Amol Shedge (''Aboli)''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-12-21 |title=THE HINDU ONLINE : The cream of Indian cinema |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221151607/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[[Sanjay Surkar]] (''Raosaheb'')
|Bhaskar Jadhav (''[[Putravati]]'')
|K. Radhaswami (''Suna Yeti Ghara'')
|
|-
|1997
|Yashwant Bhalkar (''[[Paij Lagnachi]]'')
|[[Shrabani Deodhar]] (''[[Sarkarnama]]'')
|Girish Ghanekar (''Navsacha Por'')
|
|-
|1998
|[[Sanjay Surkar]] (''[[Tu Tithe Mee]])''
|Ajay Phansekar (''Ratra Aarambh'')
|Subhash Phadke (''Hasari'')
|
|-
|1999
|Rajeev Khandagale (''Gabhara'')
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] (''[[Bindhaast]]'')
|[[Sanjay Surkar]] (''[[Gharabaher]]'')
|
|-
|2000
|[[Amol Palekar]] (''[[Dhyaas Parva]]'')
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] (''[[Astitva]]'')
|[[Satish Rajwade]] (''Mrugjal'')
|
|-
|2001
|Millind Ukley (''[[Devki]]'')
|Ajay Phansekar (''Ek Hoti Vadi'')
|[[Rajdutt]] (''Zanzavat'')
|
|-
|2002
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]] (''[[Dahavi Fa]]'')
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]](''[[Vastupurush]]'')
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] (''[[Bhet]]'')
|
|-
|2003
|[[Sandeep Sawant]] (''[[Shwaas]]'')
|[[Gajendra Ahire]] (''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]'')
|[[Gajendra Ahire]] (''Vitthal Vitthal'')
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=rediff Entertainment |title=Shwaas: India's entry for Oscars |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/24shwas.htm |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|Bipin Nadkarni (''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]'')
|[[Rajiv Patil]] (''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]'')
|[[Sanjay Surkar]] (''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]'')
|
|-
|2005
|[[Nishikant Kamat]] (''[[Dombivli Fast]]'')
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] ''([[Kaydyacha Bola]])''
|[[Mahesh Kothare]] (''[[Khabardar (film)|Khabardar]]'')
|
|-
|2006
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]] (''Nital'')
|[[Sachin Kundalkar]] (''[[Restaurant (2006 film)|Restaurant]]'')
|Rajendra Talik (''[[Savali]]'')
|
|-
|2007
|[[Mangesh Hadawale]] (''[[Tingya]]'')
|Bipin Nadkarni (''Aevdhese Aabhal)''
|[[Sanjay Jadhav]] (''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]'')
|
|-
|2008
|[[Paresh Mokashi]] (''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]'')
|[[Rajiv Patil]] (''[[Jogwa]]'')
|Rajendra Patil (''Dhudgus'')
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-21 |title='Harishchandrachi Factory' India's entry for Oscars - Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Harishchandrachi-Factory-Indias-entry-for-Oscars/articleshow/5033889.cms |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321053045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-20/india/28076656_1_marathi-film-paresh-mokashi-foreign-film-category |archive-date=21 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Santosh Manjrekar (''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]'')
|Nitin Nandan (''[[Jhing Chik Jhing]]'')
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]] (''[[Ek Cup Chya]]'')
|
|-
|2010
| [[Anant Mahadevan]] (''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]'')
|[[Amol Palekar]] (''Dhoosar'')
|Veena Lokur (''Platform'')
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| rowspan="2" | [[Sujay Dahake]] (''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]'')
|[[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]] (''[[Deool]]'')
| rowspan="2" |Kiran Yadnopavit (''[[Taryanche Bait]])''
|
|-
|[[Ravi Jadhav]] (''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]'')
|
|-
|2012
| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] (''[[Kaksparsh]]'')
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] (''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]'')
|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]] (''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]'')
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-07 |title=Kaksparshthefilm {{!}} Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |access-date= |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
| Nitin Dixit (''[[Avatarachi Goshta]]'')
|[[Nitish Bharadwaj]] (''[[Pitruroon]]'')
|Shantanu Rode (''[[Jayjaykar]]'')
|
|-
|2014
| [[Shrihari Sathe]] (''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]])''
|[[Paresh Mokashi]] (''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'')
|[[Om Raut]] (''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush]]'')
|
|-
|2015
| [[Makarand Mane]] (''[[Ringan (film)|Ringan]]'')
|[[Sameer Vidwans]] (''[[Double Seat]]'')
|Chandrakant Kanse (''[[Dagadi Chawl]]'')
|
|-
|2016
| [[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]] (''[[Kaasav]]'')
|Sandeep Patil (''[[Dashakriya]]'')
|[[Rajesh Mapuskar]] (''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'')
|
|-
|2017
|Sagar Vanjari (''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]'')
|Varun Narvekar (''[[Muramba]]'')
|Manoj Kadam (''Kshitij Ek Horayzan'')
|
|-
|2018
| [[Shivaji Lotan Patil]] (''[[Bhonga]]'')
|Milind Lele (''[[Bandishala]]'')
|Sachin Jadhav, Nachiket Waikar (''[[Tendlya]]'')
|
|-
|2019
|Ajit Wadikar (''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]'')
|Sameer Joshi (''[[Miss U Mister]])''
|[[Vikram Phadnis]] (''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]'')
|
|-
|2020
|[[Rahul Deshpande]] (''[[Me Vasantrao]]'')
|[[Makarand Mane]] (''[[Baaplyok]])''
|Shantanu Rode (''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'')
|
|-
|2021
|Mangesh Joshi (''Karkhanisanchi Waari)''
|Vikram Patwardhan (''Frame'')
|Nikhil Mahajan (''[[Godavari (2022 film)|Godavari]]'')
|
|-
|2022
|[[Pravin Tarde]] (''[[Dharmaveer]])''
|[[Sachin Kundalkar]] (''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]])''
|Abhijeet Deshpande (''[[Har Har Mahadev]]'')
|
|-
|2023
|Shrikant Bhide (''[[Bhera (film)|Bhera]])''
|[[Mahesh Limaye]] (''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]'')
|[[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]] (''[[Naal 2]]'')
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Director]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1962]]

Dhagala Lagali Kala

2026-04-26T18:45:31Z

Khalek Rahaman:

{{Short description|1978 Indian Marathi song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Dhagala Lagali Kala
| type = song
| artist = [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| album = Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya
| language = Marathi
| released = 1978
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Folk music|Folk]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Girl song Dhagala Lagali Kala removed from YouTube after Delhi HC order over copyright violations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dream-girl-song-dhagali-lagali-kala-removed-from-youtube-after-delhi-hc-order-over-copyright-violations/story-lFBbIBQi0Me6XtTbvoeM4K.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>|[[filmi]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Dance music|dance]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=25}}
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama India Limited]]
| composer = [[Raamlaxman]]
| lyricist = [[Dada Kondke]]
| producer = Venkatesh Kulkarni<ref>{{Cite web |title=Var Dhagala Lagali Kal - Mahendra Kapoor & Usha Mangeshkar: Song Lyrics, Music Videos & Concerts |url=https://www.shazam.com/song/1392759678/var-dhagala-lagali-kal |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Shazam |language=en}}</ref>
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|03vKTb-ENNk|Dhagala Lagali Kala – Lyrical video}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Dhagala Lagali Kala'''"{{Efn|The song is also referred to as "Var Dhagala Lagali Kala" or in its longer version, "Var Dhagala Lagali Kala Pani Themb Themb Gala."}} is an Indian Marathi-language song from the soundtrack of ''[[Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya]]''. Sung by [[Mahendra Kapoor]] and [[Usha Mangeshkar]], the song was originally performed by [[Dada Kondke]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paik |first=Shailaja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Sd_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Dhagala+lagali+kala%2C+pani+themb+themb+gala&pg=PT452 |title=The Vulgarity of Caste: Dalits, Sexuality, and Humanity in Modern India |date=25 October 2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3409-1 |language=en}}</ref> who also wrote the lyrics, with music composed by [[Raamlaxman]]. The track features Dada Kondke and [[Usha Chavan]]. It is known for its [[double entendre]] lyrics, became a huge hit and remains a well-known dance anthem.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2014 |title=Top 10 double meaning songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-10-double-meaning-songs/photostory/39886884.cms |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Development==
The inspiration for the song struck Dada Kondke during a hunting expedition in the [[Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=":0" />

He observed a solitary black cloud in the sky, which began to release a light drizzle. The tranquil scene and the rhythmic sound of the rain inspired him to write the song, capturing the serene atmosphere and the gentle fall of the rain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Dada Kondke Songs Songadya :दादांना राधानगरीच्या जंगलात सुचलं 'वर ढगाळ लागली कळं… |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/how-actor-dada-konkde-write-var-dhagala-lagli-kal-marathi-song-marathi-info/#google_vignette |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=ittsmajja.com |language=mr}}</ref>

==Other versions==
A remix version of the song with the same title was featured in ''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]'', starring [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]], and [[Riteish Deshmukh]] (in a guest appearance).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Abhishek |title=Dream Girl song Dhagala Lagli: Meet Bros bring the iconic song to 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/dream-girl-song-dhagala-lagli-meet-bros-5941543/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2019 |title=Dream Girl song Dhagala Lagali: Riteish Deshmushk, Ayushmann Khurrana serve a perfect festival track |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dream-girl-song-dhagala-lagali-riteish-deshmushk-ayushmann-khurrana-serve-a-perfect-festival-track-7234371.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Dream Girl' song 'Dhagala Lagali': Riteish Deshmukh joins Ayushmann Khurrana and Nushrat Bharucha in foot-tapping track |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-dream-girl-song-dhagala-lagali-riteish-deshmukh-joins-ayushmann-khurrana-and-nushrat-bharucha-in-foot-tapping-track-2785318 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The remix, composed by the [[Meet Bros]], who also provided vocals alongside [[Mika Singh]] and [[Jyotica Tangri]], was part of the film's soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2019 |title=Get ready to groove on 'Dhagala Lagali' from 'Dream Girl' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/get-ready-to-groove-on-dhagala-lagali-from-dream-girl-119082700770_1.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> However, the situation escalated when [[Saregama|Saregama India]], the copyright holder of the original song, filed a petition against the version used in ''Dream Girl''. As a result, the [[Delhi High Court]] imposed restrictions on the film's makers, prohibiting them from using any part of the original track. The court further ordered the removal of the promotional song, "Dhagala Lagali Kala," from all digital platforms due to copyright violations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=Ayushmann Khurrana starrer Dream Girl song 'Dhagala Lagali Kala' pulled down from digital platforms after court order |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-starrer-dream-girl-song-dhagala-lagali-kala-pulled-digital-platforms-court-order/ |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

The tune of song also reused in 2001 in Telugu language song "Dum Dum Dum" from the film [[Murari (2001 film)|''Murari'']], sung by [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and written by [[Veturi]].

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1978 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Folk songs]]
[[Category:Dance music songs]]
[[Category:Marathi songs remade in other languages]]

The Teacher (2022 film)

2026-04-22T04:23:02Z

Khalek Rahaman: creating new entry.

{{Short description|2022 Indian film directed by Vivek}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The Teacher poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vivek
| story = Vivek
| screenplay = [[P. V. Shajikumar]]<br>Vivek
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Varun Tripuraneni
*Abhishek Ramisetty
*G. Pruthviraj}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Amala Paul]]
*[[Hakim Shahjahan]]
*[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
*[[Manju Pillai]]}}
| music = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| cinematography = Anu Muthedom
| editing = [[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]]
| studio = Nutmeg Productions<br />VTV Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|12|2|df=yes}}
| runtime = 114 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Teacher |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-teacher-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewmju3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231141609/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-teacher-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewmju3 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Teacher''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama thriller film]] directed by Vivek who also wrote the story for the film. Produced by Nutmeg Productions and VTV Films, it stars [[Amala Paul]] in the titular role alongside [[Hakim Shahjahan]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] and [[Manju Pillai]]. [[Dawn Vincent]] composed the film's music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Amala Paul's 'The Teacher' release date announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/oct/27/amala-pauls-the-teacher-release-date-announced-2512251.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231122845/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/oct/27/amala-pauls-the-teacher-release-date-announced-2512251.html |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

This film marks the return of [[Amala Paul]] to [[Malayalam cinema]] after 5 years. It also marks the second directorial of Vivek after ''[[Athiran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |title=First look poster of Amala Paul's Malayalam film 'The Teacher' is out |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/07/amala-paul-malayalam-film-the-teacher-first-look-poster.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231035420/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/07/amala-paul-malayalam-film-the-teacher-first-look-poster.amp.html |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

''The Teacher'' was released theatrically on 2 December 2022.<ref name="release" />

==Plot==
Devika wakes up from sleep and appears confused. She checks for body injuries and finds an earring missing. She cannot remember what happened the day before. She is a school teacher in charge of athletics, and her colleague assures her that she is just tired because the school has been hosting a sports meet over the last four days. Her husband, Sujith, is a male nurse, and together they have been trying to conceive for a long time.

Devika finds out that she is pregnant, but she is still traumatized because she was raped by some college students during the last school meet. She hides that information from her husband. She looked for CCTV footages of what happened but the cameras were not working during that time. She searches porn sites for videos but does not find any. As a last step, she visits one of the students' homes and cleverly keeps her phone on recording mode in his car. From the conversations he has with his friends, Devika understands that they still have video recording of her rape.

Sujith gets to know that Devika is pregnant from the lab report. He visits her doctor who asks Sujith why they are opting for abortion. Sujith confronts Devika and Devika admits that she was raped. Sujith gets angry that the fetus might be one of the rapists and he does not want to father it. Devika wants to file a police complaint, but Sujith discourages saying the family name will be ruined.

Sujith's mother, Kalyani, a veteran comrade, gives her encouragement to take revenge on the students. Devika goes in search of them and finds the leader of the gang working in a food delivery service in Kochi. Kalyani recommends a police informant to her and that he will help her. Devika meets the student and pretends that she is sexually interested in him. He invites Devika to a hotel in a remote place. There she finds all the students in the room who although deletes the video and destroys the memory card, insults and abuse her and says they don't want to see her again. Devika then locks the door and reveals that she is trained in martial arts and fights all the students with the help of her friend. They attach mock bombs to the kids and scare them to death but leave them alive. Finally, she reveals to Sujith that she does not need him in his life, but she will keep the baby.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Amala Paul]] as Devika
**[[Deva Nandha]] as young Devika
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]] as Sujith, Devika's husband
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Mani
* [[Manju Pillai]] as "Patton" Kalyani, Sujith's mother
* [[I. M. Vijayan]] as Gunashekharan, Devika's father
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Musthafa
* Shajeer P. Basheer as Naveen
* [[Anumol]] as Geetha
* [[Vinitha Koshy]] as Dhanya
* Hareesh Pengan as [[Constable]] Varghese
* [[Parvathi T.]] as Gynaecologist Dr Varsha
* Prashanth Murali as Kevin
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Vishwambaran
* [[Senthil Krishna]] as Master Abu
* Nikhil Renji Panicker as Ajmal
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Teacher
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=9|s=10}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama India Limited]]
| producer = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| prev_title = [[Yugi (film)|Yugi]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Kaapa]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Kayalum Kandalum
| single1date = 25 November 2022
| single2 = Oruval
| single2date = 1 December 2022
| single3 = Mazhaidara Vaanundu
| single3date = 7 December 2022
}}}}
The music of the film is composed by [[Dawn Vincent]]. The first single titled "Kayalum Kandalum" was released in [[YouTube]] on 25 November 2022 while the second single, titled "Oruval", was released on 1 December 2022. The third single "Mazhaidara Vaanundu" was released on 7 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2022 |title='Kayalum Kandalum': Makers release the first song from the Amala Paul starrer 'The Teacher' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kayalum-kandalum-makers-release-the-first-song-from-the-amala-paul-starrer-the-teacher/articleshow/95804035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221014414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kayalum-kandalum-makers-release-the-first-song-from-the-amala-paul-starrer-the-teacher/articleshow/95804035.cms |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=ടീച്ചറിന്റെ തിയേറ്റര്‍ വരവറിയിച്ച് 'ഒരുവള്‍' ഗാനം, ചിത്രം വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച മുതല്‍ തീയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |trans-title=The song 'Oruval' heralds the theatrical release of Teacher, the film hits the theaters from Friday |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/teacher/teacher-releases-on-december-2-1.8095363 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231124035/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/special-pages/teacher/teacher-releases-on-december-2-1.8095363 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title='മഴൈതര വാനുണ്ട്…' ഐഎം വിജയനും അമല പോളും- ടീച്ചറിലെ മനോഹരമായ വീഡിയോ ഗാനം |trans-title='Mazhaithara Vanund…' IM Vijayan and Amala Paul- Beautiful video song from Teacher |url=https://ml.b4blaze.com/film-news/amala-paul-movie-new-video-song-released |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[B4 Blaze]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kayalum Kandalum
| lyrics1 = Anwar Ali
| music1 = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| extra1 = Sreenanda Sreekumar
| length1 = {{Duration|m=3|s=29}}
| title2 = Oruval
| lyrics2 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| music2 = Dawn Vincent
| extra2 = [[Sayanora Philip]], Rithin Parker Joseph
| length2 = {{Duration|m=2|s=38}}
| title3 = Mazhaidara Vaanundu
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| music3 = Dawn Vincent
| extra3 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| length3 = {{Duration|m=3|s=3}}
| total_length = {{Duration|m=9|s=10}}
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''The Teacher'' was released in theatres on 2 December 2022.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Amala Paul starrer 'Teacher' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/amala-paul-starrer-teacher-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/95119111.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202011710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/amala-paul-starrer-teacher-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/95119111.cms |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The streaming rights of the film were bought by [[Netflix]] and started streaming on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=Amala Paul's 'The Teacher' to stream on Netflix from this date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Dec/17/amala-pauls-the-teacher-to-stream-on-netflix-from-this-date-2529153.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230100306/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/dec/17/amala-pauls-the-teacher-to-stream-on-netflix-from-this-date-2529153.amp |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "When one considers the better-written and staged, albeit more violent, examples of films in the same genre in international cinema, one is bound to find the writing in ''The Teacher'' slightly lacking."<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title='Teacher' movie review: Tonally inconsistent, satisfying pay-off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Dec/06/teacher-movie-review-tonally-inconsistent-satisfying-pay-off-2525328.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230142204/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/dec/06/teacher-movie-review-tonally-inconsistent-satisfying-pay-off-2525328.amp |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "The Teacher is an old wine in a new bottle where we see an uber masculine vengeful woman who embraces brutality to find solace with the support of a man, which itself is sexist. The trauma of a rape is much more than the revenge and such films do nothing but normalise the physical, emotional distress one go through."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title=The Teacher Movie Review: Flawed ideas and imagery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/the-teacher/amp_movie_review/95955178.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/the-teacher/amp_movie_review/95955178.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt21983758}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Teacher}}
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Karate India Organisation

2026-04-21T10:00:59Z

Khalek Rahaman: New data

{{Short description|National governing body for karate in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Sport governing body
| assocname = Karate India Organisation
| abbrev = KIO
| logo =
| sport = [[Karate]]
| category =
| image =
| caption =
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| membership = State/UT associations
| founded = {{Start date|2020}}
| aff = [[World Karate Federation]]
| affdate = {{Start date|2021|11|15|df=y}}
| region = [[Asian Karate Federation]]
| regionyear = 2021
| headquarters = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| president = Bharat Sharma
| chairman =
| board =
| chair =
| chiefexec =
| secretary = Sanjeev Kumar Jangra
| coach =
| women's coach =
| operating income =
| sponsor =
| year closed =
| replaced = Karate Association of India (KAI)
| prev founded =
| countryflag = India
| url = www.karateindia.org
}}

The '''Karate India Organisation''' '''(KIO)''' replaced '''Karate Association of India''' '''(KAI)''' as the national governing body for [[karate in India]] on confirmation from [[World Karate Federation|World Karate Federation (WKF)]] on 15 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/structure-asian-karate-federation|title=WKF Structure Asian Karate Federation|work=World Karate Federation (WKF)|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301142500/https://www.wkf.net/structure-asian-karate-federation}}</ref>

KIO is incorporated as a non profitable company under section 8 of [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act, 2013]] and established for the overall development of karate sport in India affiliated with [[World Karate Federation|World Karate Federation (WKF)]], [[Asian Karate Federation|Asian Karate Federation (AKF)]], and Commonwealth Karate Federation (CKF) from November 2021 to present.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/pdf/MM_WKF_CONGRESS_DUBAI_2021.pdf|title=WKF 2021 Congress Minutes|work=The World Karate Federation Official Page|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301140333/https://www.wkf.net/pdf/MM_WKF_CONGRESS_DUBAI_2021.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=http://www.thearunachalpioneer.com/Arunachal-Pradesh/State-level-karate-event-soon/11/8095/f/|title=State-level karate event soon|work=The Arunachal Pioneer News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301140341/http://www.thearunachalpioneer.com/Arunachal-Pradesh/State-level-karate-event-soon/11/8095/f/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/12/01/wkf-grants-affiliation-to-kio/|title=WKF grants affiliation to KIO|work=The Arunachal Times News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301140332/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/12/01/wkf-grants-affiliation-to-kio/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/12/15/mskdf-congratulates-kio-on-permanent-affiliation-to-wkf/|title=MSKDF congratulates KIO on permanent affiliation to WKF|work=Meghaylya News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301140332/https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/12/15/mskdf-congratulates-kio-on-permanent-affiliation-to-wkf/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://tarunmitra.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Permanent-Affiliation_India-KIO_To-IOA_23Nov21.pdf|title=Mr. Narinder Dhruv Batra President Indian Olympic Association|work=Tarunmitra News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202060553/https://tarunmitra.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Permanent-Affiliation_India-KIO_To-IOA_23Nov21.pdf}}</ref>

Since 2019 there have been many disputes from the office bearers of the previous governing body (KAI), WKF de-recognition of Karate Association of India in accordance with the WKF Statutes and on 22 June 2020. Due to which the [[Sports Authority of India|Sports Authority of India (SAI)]] and the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India (MYAS)]] has de-recognized [[karate]], and its governing federations are no more considered as National Sports Federation (NSF) under the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India (MYAS)]] which is one of the major backlashes faced by karate in India since 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognises-kai/article31903497.ece|title=World Karate Federation provisionally de-recognises KAI|work=The Hindu News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313174805/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognises-kai/article31903497.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://thebridge.in/karate/world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognises-kai/|title=World Karate Federation provisionally de-recognises KAI|work=The Bridge News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141446/https://thebridge.in/karate/world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognises-kai/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/wkf-withdraws-recognition-of-karate-association-of-india20200624102450/|title=WKF withdraws recognition of Karate Association of India|work=The ANI News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141446/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/wkf-withdraws-recognition-of-karate-association-of-india20200624102450/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/wkf-withdraws-recognition-karate-association-india-045448780.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANuNS2DuHMX961dWKACy90Z3eQ8lR7uqNwPJKWeIhwRjP9T27oSPZ6ZJYDPWvR0TGpBlWYppNnAb9-pqFL_Efqj5warQcgwXrTUNmdq7b8iSGCe1SUq7kqohpCQ1CDqN4M9d4LtzZV2sB6ufCkNJ5TxGFg42bNFhba4JZnGVHwbJ|title=World Karate Federation provisionally de-recognises KAI|work=The Yahoo News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141446/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/wkf-withdraws-recognition-karate-association-india-045448780.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANuNS2DuHMX961dWKACy90Z3eQ8lR7uqNwPJKWeIhwRjP9T27oSPZ6ZJYDPWvR0TGpBlWYppNnAb9-pqFL_Efqj5warQcgwXrTUNmdq7b8iSGCe1SUq7kqohpCQ1CDqN4M9d4LtzZV2sB6ufCkNJ5TxGFg42bNFhba4JZnGVHwbJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other-world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognises-kai-628811|title=World Karate Federation provisionally de-recognises KAI|work=The India TV News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141445/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other-world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognises-kai-628811}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/06/24/World-Karat-Federation-provisionally-de-recognise-KAI.html|title=World Karate Federation provisionally de-recognises KAIWKF has provisionally de-recognised the Karate Association of India for infighting|work=The Week News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141444/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/06/24/World-Karat-Federation-provisionally-de-recognise-KAI.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://affairscloud.com/world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognised-the-karate-association-of-india/|title=World Karate Federation provisionally de-recognises KAI|work=Affairscloud|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141446/https://affairscloud.com/world-karate-federation-provisionally-de-recognised-the-karate-association-of-india/}}</ref>

On 15 November 2021, in Dubai at the 25th Senior World Karate Championship, the WKF Congress decided to permanently disaffiliate the Karate Association of India (KAI) from the WKF and give permanent affiliate recognition membership to KIO. WKF also notified to the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] about the decision taken by the WKF Congress in Dubai, UAE, for the permanent affiliate KIO as the WKF member in India. Thus ratifying the earlier decision of the WKF Executive Committee (WKF EC), in accordance with the Olympic Charter Rule 28 to bring relief to the affected karate athletes of the whole country (India).<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/pdf/MM_WKF_CONGRESS_DUBAI_2021.pdf|title=WKF 2021 Congress Minutes|work=The World Karate Federation Official Page|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301140333/https://www.wkf.net/pdf/MM_WKF_CONGRESS_DUBAI_2021.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://tarunmitra.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Permanent-Affiliation_India-KIO_To-IOA_23Nov21.pdf|title=Mr. Narinder Dhruv Batra President Indian Olympic Association|work=Tarunmitra News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202060553/https://tarunmitra.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Permanent-Affiliation_India-KIO_To-IOA_23Nov21.pdf}}</ref>

KAI was National Sports Federation for Karate Sports in India recognized by Government of India, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports until 2020 and was affiliated with WKF, AKF, SAKF and CKF from September 2013 to September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/KAI%20recognition%20Order.pdf|title=Grant of recognition to Karate Association of lndia (KAI)|work=Government of India Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319195300/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/KAI%20recognition%20Order.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.aninews.in/topic/karate-association-of-india/|title=Karate Association of lndia (KAI)|work=South Asia's Leading Multimedia News Agency (ANI)|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100925/https://www.aninews.in/topic/karate-association-of-india/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://nss.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20Recognised%20List%202015.pdf|title=LIST OF RECOGNISED NATIONAL SPORTS FEDERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 2015|work=National Service Scheme (Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports ) Government of India|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100928/https://nss.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20Recognised%20List%202015.pdf}}</ref>

KIO now is only association or federation to select the athletes to represent country at [[Asian Games]], [[Karate World Championships|World Karate Championships]], [[Asian Karate Championships]], [[Commonwealth Karate Championships]], South Asian Karate Championship, World Youth Cup, [[Karate1 Youth League]], [[Karate1 Premier League|Karate 1 Premier League]], [[USA National Karate-do Federation|USA Open Karate Championship]] and other Good Will International Tournaments.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/NSF%202019-reg._1.pdf|title=Renewal of annual recognition of National Sports Federations for the year 2019|work=Government of India Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100928/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/NSF%202019-reg._1.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/91850201/?type=print|title=Delhi District Court|work=Karate Association Of India vs All India Karate Do Federation on 28 March 2017|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100930/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/91850201/?type=print}}</ref>

== Tournaments{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} ==
=== National Karate Championship ===
* The National Championships are held annually for Senior, U-21, Junior, Cadet, and Sub-Junior categories. In addition, the All India Inter-Zone Championship is conducted, featuring top teams from East, North, West, South and Northeast Zones.
* KIO is the only sports body to promote karate across India at the school, college, university and corporate levels, not only as a martial art of self defense but also as a sport. Karate has been a medal event in Olympic, School Games, National Games, SAF Games & Asian Games, World Games, Youth Olympic, and karate has been recognised by the International Olympic Committee.

===World Karate Championships===

====Senior World Karate Championship 2021====
* The India National Karate Team successfully participated in The [[World Karate Championships|25th Senior World Karate Championship]] from 16 to 21 November 2021 in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]], under the banner of KIO and captainship of Aniket Gupta.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/world-karate-championships-2021-india-results|title=World Karate Championships: Indians finish without a medal in Dubai meet|work=Olympic News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118053205/https://olympics.com/en/news/world-karate-championships-2021-india-results}}</ref>

====Senior World Karate Championship 2023====
* The India National Karate Team successfully participated in The [[2023 World Karate Championships|26th Senior World Karate Championship]] from 24 to 29 October 2023 in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], under the banner of KIO and captainship of Aniket Gupta.

====Junior World Karate Championship 2022====
* The India National Karate Team, under the banner of KIO, successfully participated in The [[World Karate Championships|12th Cadet, Junior & U21 World Karate Championship 2022]] from 26 to 30 October 2022 in [[Konya]], [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/world-championships-main/junior/219|title=World Karate Championships|work=WKF News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503215915/https://www.wkf.net/world-championships-main/junior/219}}</ref>

===Asian Karate Championships===

====Senior Asian Karate Championship 2021====
* The India National Karate Team, under the banner of KIO, successfully participated in The [[Asian Karate Championships|2021 Asian Karate Championships]] held in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]], from 20 to 22, December 2021 and captainship of Aniket Gupta.

====Senior Asian Karate Championship 2022====
* The India National Karate Team successfully participated in The [[2022 Asian Karate Championships]] held in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]], from 18 to 20, December 2022 under the banner of KIO and captainship of Aniket Gupta.

====Senior Asian Karate Championship 2023====
* The India National Karate Team successfully participated in The [[2023 Asian Karate Championships]] held in [[Malacca]], [[Malaysia]], from 21 to 23, July 2023 under the banner of KIO and captainship of Aniket Gupta.

== Affiliated associations ==
KIO has 36 state/province members all over India along with [[Services Sports Control Board]] (SSCB), [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], , [[Assam Rifles]] and many police forces as Corporate Members.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State/Unit !! Name of the affiliated Organisation
|-
|Karnataka || Akhil Karnataka Sports Karate Association
|-
|Nagaland || All Nagaland Karate Do Association
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir || Amateur Karate Do Association of Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh|| Arunachal Pradesh Amateure Karate Association
|-
|Chandigarh || Chandigarh Karate Association
|-
|Chhattisgarh || Chhattisgarh Karate Association
|-
|Dadar and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu || DNH Sports & All Daman and Diu Karate Do Association
|-
|Haryana || Haryana United Karate Association
|-
|Delhi || Karate Association of Delhi
|-
|Himachal Pradesh|| Karate Association of Himachal Pradesh
|-
|Uttar Pradesh || Karate Association of Uttar Pradesh
|-
|Maharashtra || Karate Do Association of Maharashtra
|-
|Gujarat || Karate Do Federation Gujarat
|-
|Kerala || Karate Kerala Association
|-
|West Bengal || Karate Do Association of Bengal
|-
|Manipur || Manipur Amateure Karate Do Association
|-
|Meghalaya || All Meghalaya Karate-Do Association
|-
|Madhyapradesh || Madhya Pradesh Sports Karate Association
|-
|Odisha || Odisha State Karate Do Association
|-
|Punjab || Punjab Karate Association
|-
|Rajasthan || Rajasthan Karate Association
|-
|Sikkim || Sikkim State Karate Do Association
|-
|Andaman Nicobar || Sports Karate Do Association Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|-
|Bihar || [[Karate in Bihar|State Karate Association of Bihar]]
|-
|Tamilnadu || Tamil Nadu Sports Karate Do Association
|-
|Telangana || Telangana Sports Karate Do Association
|-
|Goa || Traditional Karate Association of Goa
|-
|Assam || Unified Karate Association of Assam
|-
|Tripura || United All Style Karate Tripura Association
|-
|Puducherry || Universal Karate Do Association of Puducherry
|-
|Uttarakhand || Uttarakhand Karate Association
|}

==KIO Presidents==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! S.No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1. ||Vijay Tiwari<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://assamtribune.com/world-body-recognises-kio|title=World body recognises KIO|work=Assam Tribune News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301150548/https://assamtribune.com/world-body-recognises-kio}}</ref>|| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 2020 – 2024
|-
|2.
|Bharat Sharma<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hanshi elected president of Karate India Organisation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/hanshi-elected-president-of-karate-india-organisation-625020/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref>
|[[Delhi]]
|2024 – present
|}

==KIO Secretaries General==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
!S.No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1. || Sanjeev Kumar Jangra<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=http://www.orisports.com/BodyDetails.aspx?pId=MjIx|title=National Sports Body Details|work=orisports News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301150229/http://www.orisports.com/BodyDetails.aspx?pId=MjIx}}</ref>|| [[Uttrakhand]] ||2020 – ''present''
|-
|}

==KAI Presidents==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! S.No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1. ||[[Karate R. Thiagarajan]] [[Greater Chennai Corporation|Ex Deputy Mayor]], || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 2013 to 2018
|-
|2. || Likha Tara<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.india.com/sports/karate-case-delhi-high-court-imposes-rs-50000-fine-on-indian-olympic-association-chief-narinder-batra-4621873/|title=Karate Case: Delhi High Court Imposes Rs.50,000 Fine on Indian Olympic Association Chief Narinder Batra|work=India News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100932/https://www.india.com/sports/karate-case-delhi-high-court-imposes-rs-50000-fine-on-indian-olympic-association-chief-narinder-batra-4621873/}}</ref> || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 08.01.2020 to 26.10.2021
|-
|3. || Kuldeep Vats<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://avenuemail.in/kuldip-vatsa-appointed-president-of-karate-association-of-india/|title=Kuldip Vatsa appointed President of Karate Association of India|work=The Avenue Mail News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301122057/https://avenuemail.in/kuldip-vatsa-appointed-president-of-karate-association-of-india/}}</ref> || [[Delhi]] || 26 November 2021 – ''present''
|}

==KAI Secretaries General==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
!S.No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1. || Bharat Sharma|| [[Delhi]] ||2013 – 2018
|-
|2. || Ambedkar Gupta <ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/narinder-batra-threatened-to-throw-karate-out-of-india-kai-general-secy-ambedkar-gupta20200629001652/|title=Narinder Batra threatened to throw Karate out of India: KAI general secy Ambedkar Gupta|work=ANI News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100932/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/narinder-batra-threatened-to-throw-karate-out-of-india-kai-general-secy-ambedkar-gupta20200629001652/}}</ref> || [[Jammu]] ([[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) ||2019 – 2020
|-
|3. || Rajnesh Chaudhary|| [[Haryana]] || 23 October 2020 – ''present''
|-
|}

==Athletes==
The following is a list of athletes of the India National Karate Team who have represented India at international-level competitions such as [[Asian Games]], [[Karate World Championships|World Karate Championships]], [[Asian Karate Championships]], [[Commonwealth Karate Championships]], South Asian Karate Championship, Thailand open Karate Tournament, World Youth Cup, [[Karate1 Premier League|Karate 1 Premier League]], [[USA National Karate-do Federation|USA Open Karate Championship]], and other Good Will International Tournaments.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://arunachal24.in/south-asian-karate-championship-indian-team-make-a-record-by-winning-51-medals/|title=South Asian Karate Championship: Indian team make a record by winning 51 medals|work=Arunachal24 News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100928/https://arunachal24.in/south-asian-karate-championship-indian-team-make-a-record-by-winning-51-medals/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/karate-national-champions-are-not-even-covered-by-media-aniket-gupta|title=Karate National Champions are not even Covered by Media: Aniket Gupta|work=Sports Business News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511072952/https://www.sportzbusiness.com/karate-national-champions-are-not-even-covered-by-media-aniket-gupta/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/two-indian-karateka-to-represent-indian-karate-at-karate-1-series-a-championship-2020/|title=Two Indian Karateka to represent India at Karate 1 Series A Championship 2020|work=Sports Business News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100928/https://www.sportzbusiness.com/two-indian-karateka-to-represent-indian-karate-at-karate-1-series-a-championship-2020/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/karate-association-of-india-announces-squad-for-asian-games-2018/articleshow/64768257.cms|title=Karate Association of India announced squad for Asian Games 2018|work=Times of India News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630133841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/karate-association-of-india-announces-squad-for-asian-games-2018/articleshow/64768257.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/karate-association-of-india-names-indian-team-for-asian-games-1271556-2018-06-27|title=Karate Association of India names Indian team for Asian Games|work=India Today News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100926/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/karate-association-of-india-names-indian-team-for-asian-games-1271556-2018-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/karate-association-of-india-names-indian-team-for-asian-games-118062701186_1.html|title=Karate Association of India names Indian team for Asian Games|work=Business Standard News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100926/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/karate-association-of-india-names-indian-team-for-asian-games-118062701186_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/others/article/asian-games-2018-indian-olympic-association-announces-final-524-member-contingent-football-teams-excluded/249186|title=Asian Games 2018: Indian Olympic Association announces final 524-member contingent, football teams excluded|work=Times Now News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100926/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/others/article/asian-games-2018-indian-olympic-association-announces-final-524-member-contingent-football-teams-excluded/249186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trial-to-select-indian-karate-team-for-south-asian-games-cancelled-after-organisers-refuse-entry-119112300840_1.html|title=ATrial to select Indian karate team for South Asian Games cancelled after organisers refuse entry|work=Business Standard News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100930/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trial-to-select-indian-karate-team-for-south-asian-games-cancelled-after-organisers-refuse-entry-119112300840_1.html}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Athletes and results
|-
! YEAR!! NAME !! STATE / UNIT !! COMPETITION !! VENUE !! RANK / POSITION !! EVENT
|-
| 2021||Aniket Gupta<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=http://setopen.sportdata.org/wkfranking/ranking_main_competitor.php?ranking_country=IND&ranking_competitor=IND&ranking_competitor_name=GUPTA%20ANIKET |title=Athlete Profile |work=World Karate Federation (Sportdata) |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100927/http://setopen.sportdata.org/wkfranking/ranking_main_competitor.php?ranking_country=IND&ranking_competitor=IND&ranking_competitor_name=GUPTA%20ANIKET }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/03/11/gupta-and-dhiman-leave-for-turkey-to-participate-in-wkf-karate-1-premier-league/|title=Gupta and Dhiman leave for Turkey to participate in WKF Karate 1 Premier League|work=Arunachal Times News|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518114136/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/03/11/gupta-and-dhiman-leave-for-turkey-to-participate-in-wkf-karate-1-premier-league/}}</ref>|| Delhi || [[Karate1 Premier League|Karate 1 Premier League]] || Istanbul {{flagIOC|TUR|}} || 25th || Individual Male Kata
|-
| 2020||Deepika Dhiman<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=http://setopen.sportdata.org/wkfranking/ranking_main_competitor.php?ranking_country=IND&ranking_competitor=IND&ranking_competitor_name=DHIMAN%20DEEPIKA|title=Athlete Profile|work=World Karate Federation (Sportdata)|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100927/http://setopen.sportdata.org/wkfranking/ranking_main_competitor.php?ranking_country=IND&ranking_competitor=IND&ranking_competitor_name=DHIMAN%20DEEPIKA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/aniket-gupta-and-deepika-dhiman-selected-for-karate-league/ |title=Karatekas Aniket Gupta and Deepika Dhiman Selected for WKF Karate1 Premier League |work=Sports Business News |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100927/https://www.sportzbusiness.com/aniket-gupta-and-deepika-dhiman-selected-for-karate-league/ }}</ref>|| Delhi || [[Karate1 Premier League|Karate 1 Premier League]] || Santiago {{flagIOC|CHI|}} || 9th || Female Kumite 55 kg
|-
| 2020||Deepika Dhiman<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/aniket-gupta-and-deepika-dhiman-selected-for-karate-league/ |title=Karatekas Aniket Gupta and Deepika Dhiman Selected for WKF Karate1 Premier League |work=Sports Business News |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100927/https://www.sportzbusiness.com/aniket-gupta-and-deepika-dhiman-selected-for-karate-league/ }}</ref>|| Delhi || [[Karate1 Premier League|Karate 1 Premier League]] || Santiago {{flagIOC|CHI|}} || 31st || Individual Female Kata
|-
| 2019||Aniket Gupta<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf|title=Official Results of 16TH AKF SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP 2019, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|access-date=|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423202643/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf}}</ref> || Delhi||[[2019 Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]]||Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|}}|| 15th||Individual Male Kata
|-
|2019
|Pranay Sharma<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Official Results of 16TH AKF SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP 2019, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423202643/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Athlete Profile|work=World Karate Federation (Sportdata)|url=http://setopen.sportdata.org/wkfranking/ranking_main_competitor.php?ranking_country=IND&ranking_competitor=IND&ranking_competitor_name=SHARMA%20PRANAY|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629100929/http://setopen.sportdata.org/wkfranking/ranking_main_competitor.php?ranking_country=IND&ranking_competitor=IND&ranking_competitor_name=SHARMA%20PRANAY}}</ref>
|Delhi
|[[2019 Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]]
|Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|}}
|5th
|Male Kumite 67 kg
|-
|2019
|Priyanka Rami<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Official Results of 16TH AKF SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP 2019, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423202643/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf}}</ref>
|Gujarat
|[[2019 Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]]
|Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|}}
|13th
|Individual Female Kata
|-
|2019
|Deepika Dhiman<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Official Results of 16TH AKF SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP 2019, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423202643/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf}}</ref>
|Delhi
|[[2019 Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]]
|Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|}}
|9th
|Female Kumite 55 kg
|-
|2019
|Preksha Mittal<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Official Results of 16TH AKF SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP 2019, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423202643/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf}}</ref>
|Haryana
|[[2019 Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]]
|Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|}}
|7th
|Female Kumite Above 68 kg
|-
|2019
|Bobby Sharma
|Punjab
|[[2019 in combat sports|18th AKF CADET, JUNIOR and U21]] [[Asian Karate Championships]]
|Kota Kinabalu {{flagIOC|MAS|}}
|{{bronze medal}}
|Junior Kumite 48 kg
|-
|2019
|Durga Das<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Official Results of 18th AKF CADET, JUNIOR and U21 CHAMPIONSHIP, KOTA KINABALU 2019|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results) Sportdata|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423202643/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-seniorresultados-16th-akf-senior-championships-15-21-july-tashkent-uzbekistan-001.pdf}}</ref>
|Madhya Pradesh
|[[2019 in combat sports|18th AKF CADET, JUNIOR and U21]] [[Asian Karate Championships]]
|Kota Kinabalu

[[Malaysia at the Olympics|Malaysia]]
|{{bronze medal}}
|U21 Kumite 55 kg
|-
|2018
|Jayendran Sharath Kumar
|Karnataka
|[[India at the 2018 Asian Games|Asian Games 2018]]
|Jakarta
{{flagIOC|INA|}}
|Participate
|[[Karate at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's kumite 75 kg|Men's Kumite 75 kg]]
|-
| 2018||Vishal||Haryana||[[India at the 2018 Asian Games|Asian Games 2018]]||Jakarta {{flagIOC|INA|2020 Summer}}||Participate||[[Karate at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's kumite 84 kg|Men's Kumite 84 kg]]
|-
| 2018||Shruti Sharma<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf|title=Official Results of 17TH AKF CADET, JUNIOR AND U21 CHAMPIONSHIP 2018|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085519/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf}}</ref>
||Haryana||[[2018 in combat sports|17th AKF CADET, JUNIOR and U21]] [[Asian Karate Championships]]||Okinawa {{flagIOC|JPN|}}||{{bronze medal}}||Cadet Kumite 47 kg
|-
| 2018||[[Amritpal Kaur]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf|title=Official Results of 17TH AKF CADET, JUNIOR AND U21 CHAMPIONSHIP 2018|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085519/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf}}</ref>
||Delhi||[[2018 in combat sports|17th AKF CADET, JUNIOR and U21]] [[Asian Karate Championships]]||Okinawa {{flagIOC|JPN|}}||{{bronze medal}}||U21 Kumite 55 kg
|-
| 2018||Ananya Anand<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf|title=Official Results of 17TH AKF CADET, JUNIOR AND U21 CHAMPIONSHIP 2018|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085519/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf}}</ref>
||Bihar||[[2018 in combat sports|17th AKF CADET, JUNIOR and U21]] [[Asian Karate Championships]]||Okinawa {{flagIOC|JPN|}}||{{bronze medal}}||U21 Kumite Above 68 kg
|-
| 2018||Vishal<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf|title=Official Results of 17TH AKF CADET, JUNIOR AND U21 CHAMPIONSHIP 2018|work=World Karate Federation (Asian Karate Federation Results)|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085519/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/akf-junior-resultados-2018-17th-akf-cadet-junior-u-21-championships-may-10-13-okinawa-japan-001.pdf}}</ref>
||Haryana||[[2018 in combat sports|17th AKF CADET, JUNIOR and U21]] [[Asian Karate Championships]]||Okinawa {{flagIOC|JPN|}}||{{bronze medal}}||U21 Kumite 84 kg
|}

==Captain==
Aniket Gupta represented India National Team for international competitions such as, World Karate Championship, Asian Karate Championship, Commonwealth Karate Championship and many recognized international tournaments through National Sports Federation of Karate - NSF recognized by [[Government of India]] (Ministry of Sports & Youth Affairs) as Team Captain of Indian Karate Team (from 2011–2020).

{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
!S.No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1. || [[Aniket Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/india-doesnt-have-a-sports-culture-aniket/|title=India doesn't have a sports culture: Aniket|work=The Daily Guardian|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914042119/https://thedailyguardian.com/india-doesnt-have-a-sports-culture-aniket/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/karate-national-champions-are-not-even-covered-by-media-aniket-gupta/|title=Karate National Champions are not even Covered by Media: Aniket Gupta|work=sportzbusiness|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920230511/https://www.sportzbusiness.com/karate-national-champions-are-not-even-covered-by-media-aniket-gupta/}}</ref>|| [[Delhi]] ||23 October 2011 – ''present''
|-
|}

==Coach==
The following is a list of coaches of the India National Karate Team who represented India at international competitions, such as: [[Asian Games]], [[Karate World Championships|World Karate Championships]], [[Asian Karate Championships]], [[Commonwealth Karate Championships]], South Asian Karate Championship, World Youth Cup, [[Karate1 Premier League|Karate 1 Premier League]], [[USA National Karate-do Federation|USA Open Karate Championship]] and other Good Will International Tournaments.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Coach of National Teams for International Events
|-
! YEAR !! NAME !! STATE / UNIT !! COMPETITION !! VENUE !! COACH
|-
| 2019|| Ratan Gambhir || Madhya Pradesh || [[Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]] || Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|2020 Summer}}|| Head Coach
|-
| 2019|| Sanjeev Kumar || Uttarakhand || [[Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]] || Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|2020 Summer}}||Coach
|-
| 2019|| Sawan Kumar || [[Services Sports Control Board|SSCB Karate Team]] || [[Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]] || Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|2020 Summer}}||Coach
|-
| 2019|| Bharat Yadav || Haryana|| [[Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]] || Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|2020 Summer}}||Coach
|-
| 2019|| [[Pacha Nobin Jomoh]]|| Arunachal Pradesh || [[Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]] || Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|2020 Summer}}||Coach
|-
| 2019||Linza Fanny|| Meghalaya || [[Asian Karate Championships|16th Senior Asian Karate Championship]] || Tashkent {{flagIOC|UZB|2020 Summer}}||Coach
|-
| 2018 || Jaidev Sharma|| Madhya Pradesh || [[India at the 2018 Asian Games|Asian Games 2018]] || Jakarta {{flagIOC|INA|2020 Summer}}|| Coach

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.karateindia.org Karate India Organisation official website]
* [http://www.wkf.net/ World Karate Federation official website]

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{World Karate Federation}}


[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Karate in India]]
[[Category:Karate organizations]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2020]]

Mulapeta Port

2026-04-19T16:27:08Z

Khalek Rahaman: new

{{Short description|Deep-sea port in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Mulapeta Port
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| country = [[India]]
| location = Mulapeta, [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18|35|N|84|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| opened =
| operated = Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board
| owner = Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board
| type = [[Deep-sea port]]
| sizewater =
| sizeland = {{convert|1010|acre|km2}}
| size =
| berths = 4
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle =
| leader =
| blankdetailstitle1 = Water depth at harbour basin
| blankdetails1 =
| draft_depth = {{convert|16|m}}
|length_of_approach_channel = {{convert|2.2|km|mi}}
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume =
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue =
| profit =
| website =
}}

'''Mulapeta Port''' is an under-construction deep sea port located at Mulapeta in [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The port is being constructed under the Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board, an organization of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. It is estimated that the construction cost of the port will more than ₹43 billion.

The port consist of an artificial harbour surrounded by [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwaters]]. Cargo will be handled through container berths, coal berths and multipurpose cargo berths located within the harbour. It will have a depth of {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} and will be able to accommodate [[panamax]] and [[capsize]] vessels. According to a data from the Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board, the draft of the port will be around {{convert|16|m|ft|abbr=on}}, which accommodate 120,000 deadweight tonnage vessels at the harbour's jetties.{{sfn|Rao Kollu|2022|p=47}}

== History ==
The [[ Andhra Pradesh|state of Andhra Pradesh]] has an approximately {{convert|975|km|mi|abbr=on}} long coastline, the second longest among [[States and union territories of India|Indian states and union territories]] in India. The long coastline enables the state to monetize marine activities on a large scale. Andhra Pradesh is one of the premier states in India to have large-scale port infrastructure, and currently has fifteen non-major ports and one major port (Vishakhapatnam). ''The Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board Act'' came into effect from 16 December 2016; importance and benefits of adapting PPP models in modernization of state ports and their management are acknowledged. As part of its efforts to develop port infrastructure, the Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board (APMB) proposed the development of a greenfield port at Bhavnapadu (now Mulapeta) in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. The port limits were fixed in 1979, considering the current requirements and phased development, the Director of APMB requested the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] to increase the port limits.{{sfn|Rao Kollu|2022|p=2}}

Former [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Jaganmohan Reddy]] laid the [[foundation stone]] of Mulapeta port in [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district on 19 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra CM lays foundation stone for Mulapeta Port in Srikakulam - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/andhra-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-mulapeta-port-in-srikakulam/99614705 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=ETInfra.com |location=Shrikakulam}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichenametla |first1=Prasad |title=Andhra CM lays foundation for Mulapeta port project |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andhra-cm-lays-foundation-for-mulapeta-port-project-1211244.html |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Port infrastructure ==
=== Harbour ===
The Mulapeta Port is located within an artificial harbour, which is protected by breakwaters. The maneuvering basin or turning circle, located in the middle of the harbour, is {{convert|18.40|m|ft}} deep (below CD). The harbour has sufficient draft to accommodate Cape-sized vessels, up to about 120,000 DWT vessels.{{sfn|Rao Kollu|2022|p=47}}

The harbour is protected by two breakwaters—the South Breakwater, {{convert|2855|m|ft}} long, and the North Breakwater, {{convert|580|m|ft}} long. For the north breakwater, the present bed level varies steeply along the alignment of the breakwater and ended up at a depth of {{convert|6|m|ft}} CD. In case of south breakwater, major portion is stretched diagonal to contour line and is located at a deeper depth around {{convert|9|m|ft}} to {{convert|12|m|ft}} CD contour line.{{sfn|Rao Kollu|2022|pp=49-50}}

=== Approach channel ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" align=right
|+ Water depth{{sfn|Rao Kollu|2022|p=49}}
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Depth
! colspan="3"| Channel and harbour basin
|-
! Approach Channel
! Turning Circle
! Berths
|-
! rowspan="2" | Natural
| [[Seabed]]<br/><small>(below CD)</small> || {{convert|7–19.20|m|ft}} || || {{convert|2–10|m|ft}}
|-
| Dredged || {{convert|19.20|m|ft}} || {{convert|18.40|m|ft}} || {{convert|15.5–17.60|m|ft}}
|}

An {{convert|2.2|km|mi}} long approach channel at open sea will be used for the movement of ships to the port's harbour. The approach channel has a depth of {{convert|19.20|m|ft}} below [[chart datum]] and {{convert|20.2|m|ft}} below [[Sea level]] (MSL), and a minimum width of {{convert|225|m|ft}}, allowing vessels with a draft of {{convert|16|m|ft}} to arrive and depart the harbour without tidal assistance.{{sfn|Rao Kollu|2022|p=49}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite report |first1=Upendar |last1= Rao Kollu |date=2022 |title=Development of Greenfield Bhavanapadu Port, Dist. Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh - Draft EIA Report|url=https://pcb.ap.gov.in/APPCBDOCS/Tenders_Noti//Draft%20EIA%20report%20-%20APMB.pdf |publisher= Voyants Solutions Private Limited |access-date=17 July 2024}}

* {{cite report |first1=Voyants |last1=Solutions |date=2021 |title=PRELIMINARY SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) REPORT|url=https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/EDS/0_0_29_Jul_2021_1633090501ADSBhavanapadu.pdf |access-date=17 July 2024}}

{{Ports in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh]]

Prataprao Jadhav

2026-04-16T07:20:32Z

Khalek Rahaman: added a biography

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav
| image = Prataprao Jadhav (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jadhav, {{circa|2024}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|25}}
| birth_place = [[Mehkar]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| office = [[Ministry of Ayush|Union Minister of State ''(Independent Charge)'' for AYUSH]]
| term_start = 10 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| office1 = [[Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]]
| alongside1 = [[Anupriya Patel]]
| minister1 = [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
| term_start1 = 10 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1995
| term_end3 = 2009
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2009
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana, Maharashtra]]
| party = [[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|25px]] [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rajshree Jadhav|1983}}
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/4373?from=members
| office4 = [[Minister of State]] in [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| term_start4 = 1997
| term_end4 = 1999
| predecessor3 = Subodh Keshav Saoji
| successor3 = [[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar]]
| constituency3 = [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname4 = Department
| 1namedata4 = [[Manohar Joshi]]<br/>[[Narayan Rane]]
| 2namedata4 = Irrigation, Sports & Youth Welfare
}}

'''Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav''' (born 25 November 1960) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 3rd [[Ministry of Ayush|Minister of Ayush]] since 2024. He is a member of the [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shinde's Shiv Sena]] and has been elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for four consecutive terms since 2009, representing the [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana constituency]] in [[Maharashtra]] .<ref name="prsindia">{{cite web |title=Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/jadhav-prataprao-ganpatrao |website=PRSIndia |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
Jadhav began his political career in 1986 and served three terms as a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from 1995 to 2009. During this period, he also held the position of minister of state for Sports, Youth Welfare, and Irrigation in the Shiv Sena-BJP government of Maharashtra from 1997 to 1999.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |title=Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/prataprao-ganpatrao-jadhav/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref> In addition to his political roles, Jadhav is actively involved in various community initiatives and social welfare programmes.<ref name="oneindia">{{cite web |title=Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav: Age, Biography, Education |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/jadhav-prataprao-ganpatrao-34330.html |website=Oneindia |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prataprao was born on 25 November 1960 in Mehkar, a town in the [[Buldhana district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="oneindia" /> He is the son of Ganpatrao Jadhav and Sindhutai Jadhav. Growing up in a family with a strong agricultural background, Jadhav developed an early connection to farming and rural development. He belongs to [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/10/bjps-maha-caste-regional-balance|title=BJP'S Maha caste regional balance|website=new Indian express|accessdate=10 June 2024}}</ref>

Jadhav studied at Shri Shivaji College in Chikhli, Buldhana, Maharashtra, where he did not graduate, completing up to the second year of a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) course in 1979.<ref name="digitalsansad">{{cite web |title=Shri Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/4373?from=members |website=Digital Sansad |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>

In addition to his studies, Jadhav was involved in various extracurricular activities, including sports such as Kabaddi and cricket, which he continues to enjoy in his personal time. His early life experiences in Mehkar and his engagement with the local community influenced his future political career.

==Political career==

Jadhav began his political journey in 1986 when he joined the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party.<ref name="indiatvnews">{{cite web |title=Political Profile of Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao, Shiv Sena Party, Buldhana, and Net Worth |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2024/maharashtra/buldhana-constituency/candidate-list/jadhav-prataprao-ganpatrao-lok-sabha-candidate |website=India TV News |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref> His early political career focused on strengthening the party's presence in the Buldhana district, an area traditionally dominated by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]].

In 1995, Jadhav won his first election to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar constituency]]. Following the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance's victory, he was appointed the Minister of State for Sports, Youth Welfare, and Irrigation under Chief Minister [[Manohar Joshi]].<ref name="indianexpress"/> Jadhav retained his seat in the 1999 and 2004 state assembly elections, completing three consecutive terms as an MLA.<ref name="timesofindiaprofile">{{cite web |title=Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao - Shiv Sena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/maharashtra/buldhana/candidateshow/jadhav-prataprao-ganpatrao-1681 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>

Jadhav transitioned to national politics in 2009 when he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana constituency]]. He secured consecutive victories in the 2014 and 2019 general elections, establishing himself as a prominent figure in Maharashtra politics.<ref name="prsindia"/> During his tenure as an MP, he has been actively involved in parliamentary activities, including asking 511 questions and participating in 19 debates.

In 2024, Jadhav was re-elected to the Lok Sabha for a fourth consecutive term. His loyalty to the Shiv Sena, particularly during the party's split, and his alignment with [[Eknath Shinde]]'s faction citing 'Hindutva ideology' further solidified his political standing. Following his re-election, Jadhav was appointed the [[Ministry of AYUSH|Minister of Ayush]] in the Union Cabinet.

Throughout his political career, Jadhav has focused on various developmental initiatives, including improving educational opportunities, especially for girls, and implementing economic welfare policies for farmers. He has also been actively involved in organising community events such as health and blood donation camps, yoga sessions, career guidance camps, and agricultural exhibitions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==Positions held==
Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav has held several significant positions throughout his political career:
* Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] (1995–2009)<ref name="indianexpress"/>
* Minister of State for Sports, Youth Welfare, and Irrigation, Government of Maharashtra (1997–1999)<ref name="pib">{{cite web |title=Shri Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav takes charge as Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2023988 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
* Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]] (2009–present)
* Chairperson, Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj<ref name="pib" />
* Chairperson, Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology<ref name="pib" />
* President, Central Rural Development Committee of India<ref name="oneindia"/>
* Union Minister of State (Independent Charge), Ministry of Ayush (2024–present)<ref name="indianpharmapost">{{cite web |title=Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav takes charge as Minister of State in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare |url=https://www.indianpharmapost.com/people/prataprao-ganpatrao-jadhav-takes-charge-as-minister-of-state-in-the-ministry-of-health-family-welfare-15754 |website=Indian Pharma Post |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
* Union Minister of State, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2024–present)<ref name="indianpharmapost" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shivsena.org/leadership/ Shiv Sena official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163032/https://shivsena.org/leadership/ |date=1 September 2020 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110703133449/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4373 Fifteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - Jadhav, Shri Prataprao Ganpatrao]
{{15th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{17th LS members from Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Prataprao Ganpatrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:People from Buldhana district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Kiran (typeface)

2026-04-16T06:50:34Z

Khalek Rahaman: New new post - done

{{Other uses of|Kiran|Kiran (disambiguation){{!}}Kiran}}
{{Infobox typeface
| name = Kiran
| image =
| sample =
| style = San-serif
| classifications = Non-Latin
| creator = Kiran Bhave
| releasedate = 1999
| based_on = Shivaji <ref name = MrTy/>
| license =
| devanagari = yes
| latin =
| cyrillic =
}}

'''Kiran''' ({{langx|mr|किरण}}) is a [[free software|free]] [[Devanagari]] [[typeface]] and a non-[[Unicode]] font created by Kiran Bhave first released in 1999.<ref name = "Kiranfont">{{Cite web|url = http://www.kiranfont.com/|title = Welcome to Kiranfont.com|date = 18 January 2012|accessdate = 30 November 2014|website = Kiran Fonts|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031154146/http://www.kiranfont.com/|archivedate=31 October 2014}}</ref>
==Description==
The [[keyboard layout]] is an enhanced version of the Shivaji typeface and have the same [[keyboard layout]].<ref name = MrTy>{{Cite web|url = http://marathi.indiatyping.com/index.php/marathi-keyboard|title = <nowiki>Marathi Typing Keyboard | Kiran | Inscript | Phonetic Keyboard.html</nowiki>|date = |accessdate = 2 December 2014|website = Marathi Typing|publisher = |last = |first = |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626192201/http://marathi.indiatyping.com/index.php/marathi-keyboard|archivedate=26 June 2014}}</ref> The typeface is used create websites using the Devanagari script.<ref name = "Kiranfont"/>

==Creator==
Kiran Bhave ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: किरण भावे) is from [[Sanpada]] (East), [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref name = "Kiranfont"/>
==Timeline==
* 1999: kiran.ttf was created
* 2000: The amruta.ttf and aarti.ttf fonts were created
* 2001: Website KiranFont.com was registered and made operational
* 2004: KF-Kiran.ttf, KF-Amruta.ttf, KF-Aarti.ttf, KF-Aditya.ttf, KF-Arun.ttf, KF-Mitra, KF-Ravi were made available for a fee
* 2006: The ability to pay using PayPal was added
* 2008: KF-Kiran.ttf, KF-Amruta.ttf, KF-Aarti.ttf became free. Support for kiran.ttf, amruta.ttf, and aarti.ttf was discontinued to provide a consistent keyboard layout for free and paid users
* 2010: A free tool to convert text from Unicode to the Kiran font was made available
* 2012: The Indian Rupee Currency Symbol was added in all the fonts. The character is mapped at ASCII 0226 (Alt+0226) and its official Unicode code point U+20b9
* 2012: KF-Prachi.ttf, KF-Jui.ttf were released as free fonts
* 2012: KF-Bhaskar.ttf was released for a fee
* 2013: An offline version of Unicode to KF conversion tool was released
* 2013: The enhanced conversion tool to convert TO and FRO KF - UNICODE was made available
*2018: 30 July: Created multiple packages including FREE version for different users need.
*2018: 30 July: Released 11th font KF-Laxman in the JUMBO pack
*2024: 27 February: Released economical version of Unicode conversion utilities

==See also==
* [[Indic computing]]
* [[Kruti Dev]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Devanagari typefaces]]
[[Category:Indic computing]]
[[Category:Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1999]]
[[Category:Clip fonts]]
[[Category:Typefaces]]

Barabanki Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:16Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up a entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
'''Barabanki''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Barabanki in the [[Barabanki district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barabanki
| constituency_no = 268
| map_image = 268-Barabanki.svg
| mla = [[Dharmraj Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,71,731 registered voters
| type= SLA
}}
Barabanki is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 268 amongst 403 constituencies.

According to data with the [[Election Commission of India]], Barabanki Assembly constituency has 3,71,731 registered voters. It comprises 2,00,150 male and 1,71,581 female registered voters.<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/barabanki.html|title=Barabanki Election and Results 2018|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Barabanki<ref name="election2022">{{cite news |title=Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: SP’s Dharmraj Singh Yadav leads with over 96,000 votes |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/barabanki-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810740/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Dharmraj Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:125500}}
|percentage = 47.11
|change = {{increase}}6.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Ramkumari Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:90450}}
|percentage = 33.95
|change = {{increase}}6.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Vivek Singh Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:42506}}
|percentage = 15.96
|change = {{decrease}}12.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mrs. Roohi Arshad
|votes = {{formatnum:4560}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1526}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{decrease}}0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35050}}
|percentage = 13.16
|change = {{increase}}1.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:266396}}
|percentage = 67.93
|change = {{increase}}1.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Dharamraj Singh Yadav''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Sangram Singh''' by a margin of 29,704 votes. The voter turnout was 64.25%.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/barabanki.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref>[http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/268_AC_Statistics_English.aspx Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh>Information and Statistics>AC's, PC's Booths>Assembly Constituencies>268-Barabanki]</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Barabank<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dharmraj Singh Yadav Urf Suresh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:99453}}
|percentage = 40.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:69748}}
|percentage = 28.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Har Govind Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:67112}}
|percentage = 27.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1622}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29705}}
|percentage = 12.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:245295}}
|percentage = 66.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Sitting and previous MLAs==
Below is the list of winners and runners-up in the Barabanki assembly elections conducted so far,
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! A C No. !! Constituency Name !! Category !! Winner !! Gender !! Party !! Votes !! Runner up !! Gender !! Party !! Votes
|-
| 2012 || 268 || Barabanki || GEN || Jaishiv tripathi || M || bjp || 82343 || Sangram Singh || M || BSP || 59573
|-
| 1957 || 284 || Barabanki || (SC) || Bhagavti Prasad || M || IND || 37921 || Nasirur Rahman || M || INC || 33648
|-
| 1957 || 284 || Barabanki || (SC) || Nattha Ram || M || IND || 35315 || Tula Ram Rawat || M || INC || 31594
|}

==See also==
*[[Barabanki (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|26.93|81.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-14T03:39:36Z

Khalek Rahaman: creating new entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Ujjain
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Ujjain.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
|reservation= SC
|assembly_cons = [[Nagada-Khachrod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagada-Khachrod]] <br /> [[Mahidpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahidpur]] <br /> [[Tarana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarana]] <br /> [[Ghatiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatiya]] <br /> [[Ujjain Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ujjain North]] <br /> [[Ujjain Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ujjain South]] <br /> [[Badnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badnagar]] <br /> [[Alot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alot]]
| mp = [[Anil Firojiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
}}
'''Ujjain''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It covers the entire [[Ujjain district]] and part of [[Ratlam district]]. This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the [[9th Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state. It has been reserved for candidates belonging to [[Dalit|scheduled castes]] since 1966.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|212
|[[Nagda-Khachrod Assembly constituency|Nagada-Khachrod]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
|Dr.Tejbahadur singh Chauhan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|213
|[[Mahidpur Assembly constituency|Mahidpur]]
|Dinesh Jain
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|214
|[[Tarana Assembly constituency|Tarana]] (SC)
|[[Mahesh Parmar]]
|-
|215
|[[Ghatiya Assembly constituency|Ghatiya]] (SC)
|Shatish Malaviya
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|216
|[[Ujjain North Assembly constituency|Ujjain North]]
|Anil Jain
|-
|217
|[[Ujjain South Assembly constituency|Ujjain South]]
|[[Mohan Yadav|Dr.Mohan Yadav]]
|-
|218
|[[Badnagar Assembly constituency|Badnagar]]
|[[Jitendra Pandya]]
|-
|223
|[[Alot Assembly constituency|Alot]] (SC)
|[[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
|[[Chintamani Malviya]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Radhelal Vyas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Hukam Chand Kachwai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Phool Chand Verma]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Hukam Chand Kachwai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Satyanarayan Pawar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=6 |[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Premchand Guddu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Chintamani Malviya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Anil Firojiya]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ujjain]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ujjain">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ujjain |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1222.htm |access-date=18 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818172701/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1222.htm |archive-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Anil Firojiya]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=8,36,104
|percentage=64.0
|change=+0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Mahesh Parmar]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=4,60,244
|percentage=35.2
|change=+1.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Advocate Prakash Chouhan
|votes =9,518
|percentage =0.72
|change =-0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,332
|percentage = 0.7
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =3,75,860
|percentage =28.8
|change =-0.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =13,28,580
|percentage =73.82
|change =-1.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ujjain]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anil Firojiya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,91,663
|percentage = 63.21
|change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babulal Malviya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,26,026
|percentage = 34.01
|change = +1.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satish Parmar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 10,698
|percentage = 0.85
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 10,197
|percentage = 0.81
|change = -0.40
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,65,637
|percentage = 29.20
|change = -1.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,53,063
|percentage = 75.43
|change = +8.80
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +0.14
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ujjain]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chintamani Malviya|Prof. Chintamani Malviya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,41,101
|percentage = 63.07
|change = +16.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Premchand Guddu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,31,438
|percentage = 32.61
|change = -16.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramprasad Jatwa
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 9,969
|percentage = 0.98
|change = -0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aneeta Hindoliya
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 5,917
|percentage = 0.58
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Anil Pale
|party = BASD
|votes = 4,439
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 12,287
|percentage = 1.21
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,09,663
|percentage = 30.46
|change = +28.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,16,405
|percentage = 66.63
|change = +13.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +14.10
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ujjain]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Premchand Guddu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =3,26,905
|percentage = 48.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Dr Satyanarayan Jatiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,11,064
|percentage =46.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Baboolal Thawaliya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 9,224
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,841
|percentage =2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,67,533
|percentage =53.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{City of Ujjain}}
{{coord|23.2|N|75.8|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Politics of Ujjain]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1951]]

Darsi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:19Z

Khalek Rahaman: New Initial Info Basic Info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Darsi
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (103-Darsi highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Darsi Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 214,233
| constituency_no = 103
| type = SLA
}}

'''Darsi Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 214,233 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Talluru]]
|-
| [[Kurichedu]]
|-
| [[Mundlamuru]]
|-
| [[Darsi]]
|-
| [[Donakonda]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Sanikommu Kasi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color| Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|rowspan=2 |Dirisala Venkata Ramana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Ravipati Mahananda
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Dirisala Raja Gopala Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Berre Gnana Prakasam
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Katuri Narayana Swamy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Narapusetty Sriramulu
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Sanikommu Pitchi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Narapusetty Sriramulu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1997
| Narapusetty Paparao
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Sanikommu Pitchi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Buchepalli Subba Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Sidda Raghava Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Maddisetty Venugopal]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]]
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanekomma Kasireddi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=18,703 |percentage=58.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ravipathi Mohanada|party=Krishikar Lok Party|votes=7,317|percentage=22.75%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Kotireddi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,139|percentage=19.09%|change=19.09%}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,386 |percentage=35.41% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=32,159|percentage=43.51%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,909 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Dirisala Venkata Ramana Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=14,980|percentage=53.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Singaraju Ramakrishnaiah ]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=12,775|percentage=46.03%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,205 |percentage=7.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=27,755|percentage=51.62%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,769 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dirisala Venkata Ramana Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=14,411 |percentage=35.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nusam Kasi Reddy]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=13,533|percentage=33.38%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=878 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=42,378|percentage=69.49%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,980 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Mahananda Ravipati]]|party= Swatantra Party |votes=32,931 |percentage=56.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=<nowiki>Dirisala Venkata Ramana Reddy</nowiki>|party=Indian National Congress|votes=24,885|percentage=43.04%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,046 |percentage=13.92% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,013|percentage=73.27%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,904 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Swantantra Party ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ D Raja Gopala Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=31,125 |percentage=52.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahananda Ravipati]]|party=Independent politician|votes=26,407|percentage=44.49%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,718 |percentage=7.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,886|percentage=69.89%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,117 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Swatantra Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Berre Gnana Prakasam]]|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=24,225 |percentage=34.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Muvvala Srihari Rao]]|party=Janata Party|votes=22,767|percentage=32.62%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,458 |percentage=2.09% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=71,391|percentage=65.09%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,673 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Katuri Narayana Swamy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=43,730 |percentage=59.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Dirisala Raja Gopala Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27,272|percentage=37.24%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,458 |percentage=22.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=74,484|percentage=63.34%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,585 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Narapusetty Sreeramulu]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=42,471 |percentage=49.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Sanikommu Pitchi Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42,193|percentage=48.69%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=278 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=87,885|percentage=65.19%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,806 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Sanikommu Pitchi Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=56,165 |percentage=49.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Veginati Kotaiah]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=54,879|percentage=48.38%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,286 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=116,409|percentage=67.53%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,389|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Narapasetty Sriramulu]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=50,769 |percentage=48.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Mohammed Ghouse Shaik]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,071|percentage=32.81%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,698 |percentage=16.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=106,251|percentage=65.42%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,407 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sanikommu Pitchi Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=70,387|percentage=54.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vema Venkata Subba Rao]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=57,209|percentage=44.38%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,178 |percentage=10.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=132,436|percentage=68.54%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,213|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Buchepalli Subba Reddy]]|votes=50,431|percentage=38.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kadiri Babu Rao]]|votes=48,021|percentage=36.62|change=-7.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sanikommu Pitchi Reddy ]]|votes=29,575|percentage=22.55|change=-20.41}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,410|percentage=1.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=131,125|percentage=72.26|change=+5.65}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]]|votes=66,418|percentage=42.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Mannam Venkata Ramana]]|votes=53,028|percentage=34.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Maddisetty Venugopal]]|votes=27,221|percentage=17.61|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,390|percentage=8.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=154,589|percentage=86.37|change=+14.11}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Raghava Rao Sidda]]|votes=88,821|percentage=49.00|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]]|votes=87,447|percentage=48.20|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,574|percentage=0.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=182,010|percentage=91.52|change=+5.15}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Maddisetty Venugopal]]
|votes = 1,11,914
|percentage = 57.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kadiri Babu Rao]]|votes=72,857|percentage=37.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Botuku Ramesh Babu]]|votes=3,828|percentage=2.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=39,057|percentage=19.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,95,348|percentage=91.52|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Darsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]]
|votes = 101889
|percentage = 49.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gottipati Lakshmi]]|votes=99,433|percentage=48.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Putluri Kondareddy|votes=1985|percentage=1.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,107|percentage=1.07|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,456|percentage=1.18|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 2,07,106|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Prakasam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.78|79.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Prakasam district]]

V. Chandran

2026-04-13T00:29:26Z

Khalek Rahaman: creating stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Chandran
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sivaganga
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| successor1 = [[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''V. Chandran''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from [[Sivaganga]] town in the [[Sivaganga district]]. Chandran, who studied up to the 10th standard in Sivaganga, belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). He contested and won the [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga assembly constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], becoming a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 593-595.</ref><ref>https://resultuniversity.com/election/sivaganga-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,708 |percentage=48.68% |change=+19.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Tha. Kiruttinan|Pasumpon Tha. Krishnan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,435 |percentage=44.65% |change=-15.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Jeyaraman |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,149 |percentage=2.96% |change=-3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. K. Joseph |party=Independent politician |votes=2,430 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Naina Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=670 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,273 |percentage=4.02% |change= -27.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,230 |percentage=57.80% |change= -5.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,912 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, V.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

S. P. Hosimin

2026-04-09T19:52:12Z

Khalek Rahaman: added a info

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S.P. Hosimin
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| yearsactive =
| spouse = {{marriage|Hema|2011}}
| children =
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Film producer|producer]]
| website =
}}

'''S.P. Hosimin''' is an Indian film director who works in Tamil-language films.

== Film career ==
He worked under director [[S. Shankar]] as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/february-14-review-tamil-movie-7441|title = February - 14 review. February - 14 Tamil movie review, story, rating}}</ref> He was initially supposed to debut with a bilingual [[romantic comedy]] titled ''Apple'' in Tamil and ''Premante Suluvu Kaadhura'' in Telugu, starring [[Uday Kiran]] as the lead, however, after 80 percent of the shoot, the film was dropped and ultimately shelved.<ref>https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/vianand-okkakshanam.html</ref> In 2005, Hosimin made his directorial debut with the romantic drama film ''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]'' starring Bharath. His second project, ''[[Aayiram Vilakku]],'' was released in 2011 and revolves around the bonding of a young guy and an old man portrayed by [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] and [[Sathyaraj]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-05/aayiram-vilakku-sathyaraj-santhanu-27-07-10.html|title=Aayiram Vilakku - Tamil Movie News - Aayiram Vilakku on August 9 - Aayiram Vilakku | Santhanu | Sathyaraj | Srikanth Deva - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

Currently, he is working on his upcoming release, ''Sumo'', an action comedy film produced by [[Ishari K. Ganesh]], set to be released in 2023, and featuring [[Rajiv Menon]] as the cinematographer. The film features a cast including [[Yoshinori Tashiro]] and [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3045618/japanese-sumo-wrestling-champion-walks-tamil-film-hilarity-ensues|title=A Japanese sumo champ walks into a Tamil film. Hilarity ensues|date=12 January 2020|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

He is also producing a movie titled ''Rainbow'', starring Niroop of Big Boss fame, under his own production company ''Hosimin Productions'' in collaboration with Sri Annamar Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/bigg-boss-niroop-acting-in-new-movie-rainbow-with-7-actress.html|title=bigg boss niroop acting in new movie Rainbow with 7 actress|date=15 July 2022|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hosimin married Hema in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-20 |title=Hosimin tied the knot with Hema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/hosimin-tied-the-knot-with-hema/articleshow/9671442.cms |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

;As director
*''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]'' (2005)
*''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]'' (2011)
*''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]'' (2025)

;As lyricist
*''Aedhu Nijam Enn Kannmani'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zcz6oezefjQ&list=PLqcLFB1UcrO_DMXeJbZRlVTgThdJyv_Gp&index=5 |title=AEDHU NIJAM ENN KANNMANI (TAMIL) {{!}} VIDEO SONG 4K {{!}} CHINMAYI SRIPADA {{!}} HARICHARAN {{!}} GIANT MUSIC INDIA |language=en |access-date=2024-04-07 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/directorhosimin/ Director Hosimin Instagram Profile]
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/hosimin-s-p-4229462a/ Hosimin Linkedin Profile]
* {{IMDb name|id=1898446}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hosimin, S. P.}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]

North Malegaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:25:10Z

Khalek Rahaman: added new details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = North Malegaon
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 58,680
| mla = Mohd. Sabir Abdul Sattar
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
<b>North Malegaon Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mohd. Sabir Abdul Sattar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : North Malegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mohd. Sabir Abdul Sattar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,925 |percentage = 38.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ansari Haroon Ahmed |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 10,694 |percentage = 31.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikam Rajaram Damodar |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 5,399 |percentage = 15.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fadal Sukdeo Vedu |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,762 |percentage = 11.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohd. Haroon Abdul Rehman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 3.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,231 |percentage = 6.59% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,857 |percentage = 57.70% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,857}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,680 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Nanaki Kaur Atariwala

2026-04-04T04:30:36Z

Khalek Rahaman: stub

{{Short description|Queen consort of the Sikh Empire}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Nanaki Kaur Atariwala
| consort = yes
| title = [[Maharani]] of [[Sikh Empire]] <br> Maharani [[Sahiba]]
| succession = [[Maharani]] consort of [[Sikh Empire|Punjab, Kashmir and Jammu]]
| reign = 5 October 1839 – 8 October 1839
| predecessor = [[Chand Kaur]]
| successor = [[Prem Kaur]]
| birth_date = 1823
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]], [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = November 1856
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[British India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nau Nihal Singh]]|1837}}
| issue = Bhagwan Singh (adopted)
| house = [[Sukerchakia]] (by marriage)
| father = [[Sham Singh Atariwala]]
| mother = Dasa Kaur
}}

'''Nanaki Kaur Atariwala''' (1823-1856) was the [[queen consort]] of [[Nau Nihal Singh|Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh]], the third Maharaja of the [[Sikh Empire]]. She was the daughter of the legendary general [[Sham Singh Atariwala]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020-09-24|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and marriage ==
Nanaki Kaur was born to Atariwala and his wife, Dasa Kaur. At the age of 14 she was married to 16 year-old Nau Nihal Singh who was second in [[line of succession]] to the throne of [[Sikh Empire|Punjab]]. He was the grandson of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and his queen consort, [[Maharani Datar Kaur]] and the son of [[Kharak Singh|Yuvraj Kharak Singh]] and [[Yuvaraja|Yuvarani]] [[Chand Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020-09-24|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1|language=en}}</ref> The wedding was planned by Nau Nihal Singh's grandmother, Datar Kaur, the occasion was marked by a display of extraordinary splendour and lavishness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020-11-01|title=Royals and Rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Maharani of the Sikh Empire ==
After the accession of Kharak Singh as the Maharaja, Kunwar Nau Nihal Singh became the [[Crown prince|Tikka Kanwar]] (Crown prince) making Nanaki the Tikka Rani Sahiba (Crown princess).<ref>UMDAT-UT-TAWARIKH Volume 4</ref>

The effect of Chet Singh Bajwa on Kharak Singh started to affect his relationship with the Lahore Darbar as well as his own son. It was decided to kill Chet Singh Bajwa and to divest the Maharaja of all powers and to entrust Sri Tikka Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh with the responsibility of running the administration.<ref>Pearse Hugh (ed.). Soldier and Traveller, London, 1898, p. 215; c£, Muhammad Latif, op. tit., p, 497.</ref> From October 8, 1839, Kharak Singh was deprived of all his administrative powers, and all authority passed to Nau Nihal Singh. Thus began his reign.<ref>Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs (1849), Delhi, 1955, p. 203; Ganesh Das Badehra, op. tit., p. 330; Muhammad Latif, op. tit, p. 498.</ref> Kharak Singh died on November 5, 1840, and Nau Nihal Singh met a fatal accident on the very day of his father's cremation and died.

During the reign of Nau Nihal Singh, the young couple adopted a son, Jaswinder Singh from the [[Kanhaiya Misl]] so when Nau Nihal proclaims himself the Maharaja they have someone in the line of succession.<ref>UMDAT-UT-TAWARIKH (DAFTAR IV)</ref>

Her official rule as the Maharani of the Sikh Empire lasted only a day.

After the coronation of [[Sher Singh]], as the fourth maharaja his first wife, [[Prem Kaur]] became the Maharani consort.

== Later life ==
After the death of Kharak Singh and Nau Nihal Singh, [[Chand Kaur]] claimed the throne as the second wife of Nau Nihal Singh, [[Sahib Kaur|Rani Sahib Kaur]], was pregnant. On 2 December 1840 Chand Kaur was proclaimed Maharani of the Punjab, with the title Malika Muqaddasa (Empress Immaculate) and became the only female ruler the Sikh Empire. Sher Singh whose claim to the throne was supported by [[Dhian Singh Dogra]] left the capital after she gained complete control of the administration together with her supporters. But Sher Singh still had the support of the army and in 1841 he arrived in Lahore and secured a ceasefire. She was persuaded to accept a jagir and relinquish her claim to the throne and retired to her late son's [[Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh|palace]] in Lahore. <ref>"Women in Power (1840-1870)". Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</ref> Sahib Kaur gave birth to a stillborn son who was named Jawahar Singh and passed away. This ended any justification for a renewed claim to the regency of Chand Kaur and she too was killed.

Sohan Lal Suri notes with great horror about how Sher Singh secretly ordered for ‘hot medicines’ to be administered to Nau Nihal Singh’s widows, to ensure that they miscarried any pregnancies to ensure the throne from himself.<ref>UMDAT-UT-TAWARIKH (DAFTAR IV)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020-09-24|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1|language=en}}</ref> Nanaki Kaur was also expecting hence was also given medicines to abort her pregnancy, like Sahib Kaur.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seetal|first=Sohan Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPLoZwEACAAJ|title=Sikh raj kiven bania|date=2000|publisher=Lahore Book Shop|isbn=978-81-7647-057-5|language=pa}}</ref>

The [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 and the assassinations' of [[Kharak Singh|Maharaja Kharak Singh]], [[Nau Nihal Singh|Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh]] and [[Sher Singh|Maharaja Sher Singh]] along with provocations by the British East India Company led to the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and deliberate treachery by [[Tej Singh]] and [[Lal Singh]], the commanders of the Sikh Army. Her father lead the Sikh Khalsa during the [[Battle of Sobraon]] and martyred.

Her jagirs along with those of [[Bibi Khem Kaur Dhillon]], second wife of [[Kharak Singh]] were reduced due to their roles in the war being perceived anti-British. Nanaki Kaur was given a pension of Rs. 4,600.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020-09-24|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1|language=en}}</ref> Nanaki Kaur oversaw the building of the samadhis of her mother-in-law, [[Chand Kaur|Maharani Chand Kaur]] and [[Sahib Kaur|Rani Sahib Kaur]] in The Royal Lahore Garden alongside the samadhi of [[Maharani Datar Kaur]], her grandmother-in-law who was lovingly called Mai Nakkain by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

== References ==
<references />

{{Sikh Empire}}

[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1856 deaths]]
[[Category:Women from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

Reservation policy in Bihar

2026-03-26T10:10:00Z

Khalek Rahaman: added article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Affirmative active system in Bihar, India}}

'''Reservation policy in Bihar''' is a system of affirmative action that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in education and employment. Reservations in the state rose from 60 percent in 2021 to 75 percent in 2023.<ref name="bihar75">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-notifies-increase-in-caste-based-quota-to-65-101700594677481.html|title=Bihar notifies increase in caste-based quota to 65%}}</ref> In June 2024, Patna High Court struck down the new reservation policy.<ref name="patnahighcourt"/>

== History ==
Bihar has long struggled for equal educational opportunities and government jobs. Reservation was especially believed by the oppressed classes as a successful mechanism for [[affirmative action]] against discrimination.{{citation needed|date= November 2023}}

In 1978, [[Karpoori Thakur]] introduced 26% [[reservation in India|reservation]] model in Bihar, for the backward classes in the Government jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/upper-caste-reservation-mungerilal-commission-bihar-politics-bjp-narendra-modi-dlop-1645586.html|title=जानिए, सवर्णों के दस फीसदी आरक्षण की चर्चा के बीच कैसे आ गया 'मुंगेरीलाल'|date=8 January 2019 }}</ref> In this layered reservation regime, [[Other Backward Class]] got 12%, Most Backward Class got 8%, women got 3%, and economically backward classes (EBWs) from among the upper castes got 3% reservation in state government jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-bihar-cm-socialist-icon-karpoori-thakur-bharat-ratna-9124253/|title=Two-time Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be conferred Bharat Ratna posthumously|date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/socialist-icon-karpoori-thakur-awarded-bharat-ratna-a-day-before-centenary/article67769726.ece|title=Socialist icon Karpoori Thakur awarded Bharat Ratna, a day before centenary|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 January 2024 }}</ref> Later, Bihar has a sub-quota within OBC quota of 18% for Extremely Backward Castes (EBCs) and 3% for Backward Caste women in government jobs and educational institutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html|title=203 castes in Bihar to choose from as 2nd leg of survey begins April 15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 January 2018|first=Madan|last=Kumar|title=EBC: Nitish bats for EBC quota in central jobs, varsities|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-bats-for-ebc-quota-in-central-jobs-varsities/articleshow/62641063.cms|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> EWS reservation was implemented in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2019-01-21|title=10% reservation for EWS will be implemented in Bihar too, says Nitish Kumar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/10-reservation-for-ews-will-be-implemented-in-bihar-too-says-nitish-kumar/article26049906.ece|access-date=2021-03-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The reservation in the State of Bihar was increased on 9 November 2023. With the existing 10% quota for [[Economically Weaker Section]] (EWS), the effective quota will be 75%.
The main beneficiaries are the EBCs and OBCs, whose quota is proposed to be raised from 12% to 25% and 8% to 18% respectively. According to [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey]], 36.01% of the population are EBCs, and 27.13% are OBCs.For SCs, the proposed new quota is 20%, up from the existing 14%. The SC population is estimated at 19.65%. The quota for STs, however, is proposed to be slashed from 10% to 2%. With most of the tribal areas going to Jharkhand after the bifurcation of Bihar in 2000, the tribal population in Bihar is less than 2%. Bihar Government issued gazette notifications for raising the quota to 75% after Governor [[Rajendra Arlekar]] gave his assent to two bills.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-governor-approves-bill-raising-reservation-quota-from-50-to-65/article67545405.ece|title=Bihar Governor approves Bill raising reservation from 50% to 65%|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 November 2023 |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath }}</ref> The two bills were notified as - The Bihar Reservation of Vacancies in Posts and Services (For Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes) (Amendment) Act 2023 <ref>{{Cite web| title=The Bihar Reservation of Vacancies in Posts and Services (for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes) (Amendment) Act, 2023 | url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2023/Act19of2023Bihar.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324061309/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2023/Act19of2023Bihar.pdf | archive-date=2024-03-24}}</ref> and The Bihar (In Admission in Educational Institutions) Reservation (Amendment) Act 2023.
<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Bihar (In admission in Educational Institutions) Reservation (Amendment) Act, 2023 | url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2023/Act18of2023Bihar.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324061307/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2023/Act18of2023Bihar.pdf | archive-date=2024-03-24}}</ref>

==Present reservation scheme details==
Below are the details of reservation followed in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIL challenges hike in Bihar quotas, JD(U) suspects 'BJP hand'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pil-challenges-hike-in-bihar-quotas-jdu-suspects-bjp-hand/articleshow/105540370.cms?from=mdr|date=2023-08-14 |website=Times of India|access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref> Reservation will increase up to 75% in Bihar, financial help will also be provided to 94 [[lakh]] poor people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=Reservation will increase up to 75% in Bihar, CM Nitish Kumar announced |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/nitish-kumar-announced-the-proposal-to-increase-the-scope-of-reservation-in-bihar-axs |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| radius =100
| thumb =right
| caption = Reservation in Bihar
| other =
| label1 = Backward Class (BC)
| value1 =18
| color1 = blue
| label2 =Extremely Backward Communities (EBC)
| value2 =25
| color2 = green
| label3 =Scheduled Castes (SC)
| value3 =20
| color3 = yellow
| label4 =Scheduled Tribes (ST)
| value4 =2
| color4 = red
| label5 = [[Economically Weaker Section]] (EWS)
| value5 =10
| color5 = pink
| label6 = General (without EWS)
| value6 =25
| color6 = grey }}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:; color:black;"| Main Category as per [[Government of Bihar]]
! style="background:; color:black;"| Reservation Percentage for each Main Category as per [[Government of Bihar]]
! style="background:; color:black;"| Category as per [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Backward Class (BC)]]
| 12%
| [[Backward Class]]
|-
|Extremely Backward Class (EBC)
| 18%
|[[Backward Class]]
|-
|[[Scheduled Castes]]
|16%
|Scheduled Castes (others)
|-
|[[Scheduled Tribes]]
|1%
|[[Scheduled Tribes]]
|-
|[[Economically Weaker Section]] (EWS)
|10%
|EWS
|-
!Total Reservation Percentage
!
!65%
|}

==Reservation in municipal bodies==
In 2022, [[Government of Bihar]] issued gazette notification for reserving seats for Other Backward Castes (‘OBC’) and Extremely Backward Classes (‘EBC’) for election to all municipal bodies in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hc-seeks-state-govts-reply-on-ebc-quota-in-municipal-polls/articleshow/94521957.cms|title=HC seeks Bihar govt's reply on EBC quota in municipal polls|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Women reservation in panchayat and government jobs==
In 2006, women were given 50% reservation in local bodies and panchayats in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/womens-reservation-bill-bihar-shows-the-way-claims-jdu/article67322785.ece|title=Bihar shows the way to Centre for women's reservation Bill, claims JD(U)|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 September 2023 |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath }}</ref> Also in 2006, Women are given 50 per cent reservation in primary teacher recruitment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-recounts-steps-taken-by-him-for-empowerment-of-women-in-bihar-seeks-caste-census/articleshow/103790076.cms|title=Nitish Kumar recounts steps taken by him for empowerment of women in Bihar, seeks caste census|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> Later in 2016, 35 per cent reservation was given to women in all government jobs in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-nitish-kumar-supports-womens-reservation-bill-but-argues-for-more-2439412-2023-09-23|title=Why Nitish Kumar supports women's reservation bill but argues for more|date=23 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/fathers-domicile-and-caste-will-decide-womans-job-quota-eligibility-bihar-govt-8137643/|title=Father's domicile and caste will decide woman's job quota eligibility: Bihar govt|date=8 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Legal battle==
In October 2022, [[Patna High Court]] declared the reservation for Other Backward Castes (‘OBC’) and Extremely Backward Classes (‘EBC’) for election to all municipal bodies in Bihar as ‘illegal’. The verdict was made on the basis of Supreme Court judgement in Krishna Murthy (Dr.) & Ors. Vs. Union of India and Anr. case that mandated that the elections to state municipalities should follow the triple test condition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-patna-high-court-declares-extremely-backward-castes-reservation-in-urban-local-bodies-polls-illegal/articleshow/94639419.cms|title=Bihar: Patna high court declares extremely backward castes reservation in urban local bodies polls 'illegal'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/news-analysis-judiciary-has-established-time-and-again-that-caste-surveys-conducted-by-states-are-not-enough-to-provide-reservation-in-local-body-elections/article66313786.ece|title=Judiciary has established time and again that caste surveys conducted by States are not enough to provide reservation in local body elections|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 2022 |last1=Lakshman |first1=Abhinay }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-municipal-polls-uncertainty-looms-after-sc-triple-test-order-on-quota-101643991874305.html|title=Bihar municipal polls: Uncertainty looms after SC 'triple test' order on quota}}</ref> On 27 November 2023, PIL was filed before [[Patna High Court]] against Bihar quota hike laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/public-interest-litigation-filed-before-patna-high-court-against-bihar-quota-hike-laws/cid/1983020|title=Public interest litigation filed before Patna High Court against Bihar quota hike laws}}</ref> On 20 June 2024, Patna High Court struck down 65 per cent reservation cap in government jobs and educational institutions.<ref name="patnahighcourt">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/patna-high-court-strikes-down-bihar-govts-65-reservation-in-jobs-education/articleshow/111131372.cms|title=Patna high court strikes down Bihar govt's 65% reservation in jobs, education|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/faizan-mustafa-patna-high-court-ruling-judiciary-anti-reservation-bias-9407216/|title=Faizan Mustafa writes on Patna High Court reservation ruling: An overemphasis on merit|date=21 June 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey]]
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]
* [[Court Cases Relating to India's Reservation System]]
* [[Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Caste politics in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Reservation in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bihar]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2023}}

Yaare Neenu Cheluve

2026-03-23T17:54:50Z

Khalek Rahaman: creating a entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Yaare Neenu Cheluve
|image = Yaare Neenu Cheluve.jpg
|caption = VCD cover
|director = [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
|producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
|writer = S V Prasad <small>(Dialogue)</small>
|screenplay = [[Agathiyan]]
|story = [[Agathiyan]]
|based_on = ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' (Tamil)
|narrator =
|starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]<br />[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]<br />[[Heera Rajagopal]]
|music = [[Hamsalekha]]
|cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
|editing = Shyam Yadav
|studio = Rockline Studios
|released = {{Film date|1998|04|22|df=yes}}
|runtime = 140 minutes
|country = [[India]]
|language = Kannada
|budget =
|gross =
}}
'''''Yaare Neenu Cheluve''''' ({{translation|Who Are You, Beauty?}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[D. Rajendra Babu]] and produced by [[Rockline Venkatesh]]. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] and [[Heera Rajagopal]] in the lead roles. [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/home.htm |title=Vishnuvardhan film list |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228201126/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/home.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Jaggesh]] and [[Prakash Raj]] are seen in special appearances.

The film was a remake<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120201203943/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/38433/sandalwood/remake-rajya-continues-in-kannada-news-details Remake Rajya continues in Kannada]}}</ref> of the 1996 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''. Heera reprised her role from the original. The film released in 1998 to generally positive reviews from critics. The songs composed by [[Hamsalekha]] were received well and stayed at the top of the charts for many weeks. [[Hamsalekha]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director (Kannada)|Best Music Director]] award at the 1998 [[Filmfare Awards South]].

== Plot ==
Kamali ([[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]), a graduate, lives with her sister, Malliga (Jyothi) and brother-in-law Shekar ([[Prakash Raj]]) in [[Kuduremukha]], and is searching for a job. While visiting [[Bangalore]], her purse is stolen and she fears she has lost her academic certificates. Surya ([[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]) an orphaned, carefree man who works in [[Jaipur]], finds the purse and sends it back to her. A love story develops between them through letters and phone calls. They agree that they love each other without meeting; she sews and sends him a gift pack containing a rose-embroidered woollen sweater for him to wear when they meet for real.

Surya soon shifts to Bangalore for work and stays with Shivu ([[Jaggesh]]). Kamali too comes to Bangalore to find a job and stays with her friend Mary ([[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]). Dayana ([[Heera Rajagopal]]), Surya's boss, is immediately smitten by him, but her repeated attempts at gaining his love and affections fail as he is staunch about his love for Kamali. In the meantime, Surya and Kamali run into each other without knowing who they really are, resulting in some misunderstandings.

Refusing a job offer which would move her to [[Singapore]], making it difficult for her to find Surya, Kamali moves back to her hometown in despair. Unable to withstand the advances of Dayana, Surya quits his job and gets sheltered by Vishnu ([[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]), who arranges an autorickshaw for him to drive and make a living.

Ramesh ([[Ramesh Aravind]]), a wealthy businessman expresses his interest to marry Kamali, but Kamali refuses. When she meets Shivu she shares her love for Surya and wants to go back and look for him one last time. Upon arriving in Bangalore, which is experiencing severe monsoons, Kamali finds out that Mary and other hostel mates are not in town. Boarding Surya's autorickshaw, without knowing that it is him, she searches for him desperately. At the end of the day, both of them get refreshed at his place, where he dons the sweater gifted by her, covering it with his uniform.

As Kamali plans to head home, depressed, Surya helps her to board the Davanagere Express. As the train departs, when Surya removes his shirt Kamali notices the sweater. The pair finally unite, as Vishnu and Mary look on and rejoice.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Surya
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Kamali
* [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]] as Diana
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Mary
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Shekar, Kamli's Brother-in-law
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as train passenger
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as train passenger
}}

===Special appearances===
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Vishnu
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh
* [[Jaggesh]] as Shivu

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Yaare Neenu Cheluve
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| label = Manoranjan Audio
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Andaman (1998 film)|Andaman]]
| prev_year = 1998
| year = 1998
| next_title = Dayadi
| next_year = 1998
| chronology = [[Hamsalekha]]
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bulbulki Gilgilki
| length1 = 4:55
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Shankar Shanbag
| title2 = Chinte Yaake Maaduteeya
| length2 = 5:01
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title3 = Priya Please Love Me
| length3 = 5:02
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title4 = Chakotha Chakotha
| length4 = 4:56
| extra4 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[B. Jayashree]]
| title5 = Dayaana Dayaana
| extra5 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length5 = 4:46
| title6 = Kushalave Kshemave
| length6 = 4:47
| extra6 = Srinivas, Anuradha Sriram
}}

==Reception==
''The Hindu'' wrote "Multiple starrers are almost unknown to Kannada cinema and the credit for introducing a galaxy of mega stars goes to Rockline Productions whose "Yaare Neenu Cheluve" has formidable names such as Vishnuvardhan, Ravichandran, Ramesh. Jaggesh and Prakash Rai, making it perhaps the first such star-studded venture. But the film's merit-worthiness stops here, the acting prowess of its stars notwithstanding. For, it is a straight remake of the Tamil hit "Kaadal Kottai" So, it comes a cipher where creativity and originality are concerned although Rajendra Babu can be credited as the captain for a film which is technically and musically superior."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/17B7D20F3058EB1C65256940004B7B84|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103021040/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/17B7D20F3058EB1C65256940004B7B84|archive-date = 3 January 2008|title = Yaare Neenu Cheluve - the Hindu}}</ref> In contrast, Deccan Herald wrote "The story just falls flat on its face and fails to live up to even half the expectations of its Tamil original."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1C00E8D8798D273065256940004E87CA |title=Cinema -- Reviews - Deccan Herald |website=www.cscsarchive.org:8081 |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323103634/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1C00E8D8798D273065256940004E87CA |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1998 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director (Kannada)|Filmfare Best Music Director]] - [[Hamsalekha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep262004/mr4.asp Deccan Herald review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429183025/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep262004/mr4.asp |date=29 April 2014 }}
{{D. Rajendra Babu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaare Neenu Cheluve}}
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Rajendra Babu]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]

Balbhadra Singh

2026-03-21T17:20:09Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balbhadra Singh
| native_name =
| honorific_prefix =[[Raja]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| image = Raja-Balbhadra-Singh-of-Raghogarh.jpg
| caption = Raja Balbhadra Singh of [[Raghogarh State|Raghogarh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|04|16}}
| death_date = 1967 (aged 50 or 51)
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Raghogarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghogarh]]
| term_start = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor =
| successor = Dulichand
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]] and Raja of Raghogarh
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| father =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Balbhadra Singh''' (April 16, 1916 – 1967) was the 12th ruler of the former [[princely state]] of [[Raghogarh State|Raghogarh]] in the present-day [[Guna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]], and a former elected member of the legislative assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/raj-of-the-royals-part-ii-the-madhya-pradesh-scions-who-continue-to-dictate-power/|title=Raj of the Royals (Part II): How the scions still dominate power in MP|date=27 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Digvijay Singh |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=16 October 2003 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Digvijay-Singh/Article1-8453.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004142008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Digvijay-Singh/Article1-8453.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2013 |accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref> He became a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) as independent candidate for the [[Raghogarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghogarh Vidhan Sabha constituency.]] He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] till 1947 but remained independent thereafter till his death in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Raghogarh |url=http://www.digvijayasingh.in/raghogarh.html |website=digvijayasingh.in}}</ref>

Balbhadra Singh was the father of two politician sons, [[Digvijaya Singh]] and [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]].<ref name="outlook">{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Debarshi|date=27 April 2009|title=Tornapartism: Families divided by party colours talk about living under one roof|publisher=Outlook|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?240313|accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Balbhadra}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:People from Guna district]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-politician-stub}}

Asim Bhaumik

2026-03-17T21:15:52Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up article

{{Short description|Indian researcher}}
'''Asim Bhaumik''' is an Indian chemist and materials scientist who has worked in the design of novel porous materials for energy and environmental applications.

== Education ==
In 1997, Bhaumik earned his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune, India. Upon completing his doctoral studies, he worked as a JSPS postdoctoral fellow at the [[University of Tokyo]], Japan between 1997 and 1999, and then served as an Associate Researcher at [[Toyota Central R&D Labs]], Japan from 1999 to 2001.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Asim Bhaumik; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science |url=https://www.rsc.org/people/asim-bhaumik?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=The Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref>

== Academic career and research ==
He later joined the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] in [[Kolkata]], where he currently serves as a senior professor. Within the Department of Materials Science, he served as Senior Lecturer from 2001 to 2005, Associate Professor from 2005 to 2009, and Professor from 2009 to 2014. From 2014 he is a Senior Professor.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Asim Bhaumik |url=https://iacs.res.in/athusers/index.php?navid=0&userid=IACS0014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321174744/https://iacs.res.in/athusers/index.php?navid=0&userid=IACS0014 |archive-date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=iacs.res.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2025, he was appointed Associate Editor of ''[[Green Chemistry (journal)|Green Chemistry]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojeda-Porras |first=Andrea Carolina |title=Introducing our new Associate Editor: Asim Bhaumik, Green Chemistry Blog |url=https://blogs.rsc.org/gc/2025/06/20/introducing-our-new-associate-editor-asim-bhaumik/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

His research focuses on developing novel organic, inorganic, and organic–inorganic hybrid porous materials for energy and environmental applications, creating heterogeneous catalysts for CO₂ fixation into fuels and fine chemicals, and advancing [[green hydrogen]] technologies. He has published over 540 research papers and filed 16 patents. Bhaumik's publications have received over 29,000 citations, with an [[h-index]] of 94 as of August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=l1XNgxoAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>

== Honors ==

* 2024: [[Materials Research Society]] of India annual prize winner<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Materials Research Society of India |url=https://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.mrsi.org.in}}</ref>
* 2012: Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2011: Materials Research Society of India medal<ref name=":1" />
* 2006: Ramanna Fellowship, DST-SERB<ref name=":2" />

== Selected publications ==

* Dutta, Saikat; Bhaumik, Asim; Wu, Kevin C.-W. (2014). "Hierarchically porous carbon derived from polymers and biomass: effect of interconnected pores on energy applications". ''Energy Environ''. Sci. 7 (11): 3574–3592. {{doi|10.1039/C4EE01075B}}.
* Chowdhury, Avik; Bhattacharjee, Sudip; Chatterjee, Rupak; Bhaumik, Asim (2022). "A new nitrogen rich porous organic polymer for ultra-high CO2 uptake and as an excellent organocatalyst for CO2 fixation reactions". ''Journal of CO2 Utilization''. 65, 102236. {{doi|10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102236}}.
* Bhaumik, Asim; Inagaki, Shinji (2001). "Mesoporous Titanium Phosphate Molecular Sieves with Ion-Exchange Capacity". ''Journal of the American Chemical Society''. 123 (4): 691–696. {{doi|10.1021/ja002481s}}.
* Bhattacharjee, Sudip; Tripathi, Anjana; Chatterjee, Rupak; Thapa, Ranjit; Mueller, Thomas E.; Bhaumik, Asim (2024). "N-Heterocyclic Carbene Moiety in Highly Porous Organic Hollow Nanofibers for Efficient CO2 Conversions: A Comparative Experimental and Theoretical Study". ''ACS Catalysis''. 14 (2): 718-727. {{doi|10.1021/acscatal.3c05576}}.
* Kumar, Rajiv; Bhaumik, Asim; Ahedi, Ranjeet Kaur; Ganapathy, Subramanian (1996). "Promoter-induced enhancement of the crystallization rate of zeolites and related molecular sieves". ''Nature''. 381 (6580): 298–300. {{doi|10.1038/381298a0}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=l1XNgxoAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar Profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaumik, Asim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tokyo]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Viramadeva

2026-03-17T16:30:49Z

Khalek Rahaman: updated details

{{Short description|King of Javalipura in 1311}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Viramadeva
| succession = King of [[Javalipura]]
| reign = 8–11 May 1311
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]
| predecessor = [[Kanhadadeva]]
| father = Kanhadadeva
}}

'''Viramadeva''' (died 11 May 1311<ref name="n301">{{cite web | last=Misra | first=S. C. | title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat | url=https://ia601902.us.archive.org/15/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.111119/2015.111119.The-Rise-Of-Muslim-Power-In-Gujarat_text.pdf | access-date=2 December 2025 | page=213}}</ref>) was the son of the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalore Chahamana]] king [[Kanhadadeva]]. He was crowned the king of Jalore during [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|Alauddin Khalji's invasion of Jalore]], and was killed in the conflict 2½ days later.

== Legend ==
<mapframe text="Location of Delhi and Jalore" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="74.93" latitude="27.00">
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"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "title": "[[Jalore]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.6253763, 25.344480] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "title": "[[Delhi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.2273958, 28.661898] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
Fictional{{sfn|Chimanlal Trivedi|1997|p=108}}{{sfn|Sujit Mukherjee|1998|p=164|ps=: "To the historical episode the poet has added the story of an imaginary romance between Viramdev and Firoza"}} legends in [[Padmanābha]]'s ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' (15th century) and ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'' (17th century) claim that a daughter of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] fell in love with Viramadeva ("Viramade"). The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' names the Delhi princess as Piroja, and mentions that Alauddin offered to marry her to the Viramadeva, stating the couple had also been married in several previous births.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=124}} However, Viramadeva rejected the offer, leading to Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=125}} Nainsi's ''Khyat'' claims that Viramadeva temporarily stayed at the court of Delhi, where Alauddin offered to marry his daughter to the Chahamana prince. Viramadeva did not want to marry the Khalji princess, but could not openly refuse the offer. He asked for Alauddin's permission to return to Jalore, promising to return with a marriage party. When he did not return, Alauddin invaded Jalore.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=44}} The legendary narrative about Piroja's love for Viramade is purely imaginary.{{sfn|Chimanlal Trivedi|1997|p=108}}

The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' states that the first army sent by Alauddin besieged Jalore for 7 days, but the [[sortie]]s led by Viramadeva and his uncle Maladeva foiled the invaders' attempt to capture the fort. On the 8th day, a severe thunderstorm forced the besiegers to retreat.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=50}} The Jalore forces launched an eight-pronged attack on one of the retreating detachments at Moklana, with Viramadeva leading one of the Jalore contingents.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=167}} The Delhi detachment's commander Shams Khan was captured along with his [[harem]], while the rest of his soldiers fled.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=51}}

After this setback, Alauddin dispatched a stronger army led by ''Malik'' [[Kamal al-Din Gurg|Kamaluddin]]. According to the ''Kanhadade Prabandha'', the Jalore contingents led by Maladeva and Viramadeva attacked the invading army on alternate days. Although they managed to slow down Kamaluddin's march, they were unable to stop his gradual advance towards Jalore.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=51}} Ultimately, Viramadeva, who was stationed at [[Bhadrajun]], was recalled to Jalore to help his father prepared for the impending siege. Maladeva was also recalled, but was re-sent to fight Kamaluddin once the invaders reached near Jalore.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=52}} Sometime after besieging the fort, Kamaluddin managed to breach it with the help of a traitor named Bika. Facing a certain defeat, the defenders prepared for a [[last stand]], and Viramadeva was crowned King. The women of the fort committed suicide by ''[[jauhar]]'' (mass self-immolation), while the men died fighting.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=53}} Viramadeva is said to have died two-and-a-half days after the coronation.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=169}}

The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' states that Viramadeva's head was brought to Alauddin. It miraculously turned away when the Sultan turned towards it. Piroja immolated herself while holding his head.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=125}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Sujit Mukherjee |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |year=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125014539 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA164 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }}
* {{cite book |author=Chimanlal Trivedi |editor=K. Ayyappa Paniker |editor-link=K. Ayyappa Paniker |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA108 |year=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |oclc=3624414 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chahamanas of Jalor}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1311 deaths]]
[[Category:Chahamana kings of Jalor]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]

Separate spheres

2026-03-09T14:17:50Z

Khalek Rahaman: improved article

{{Short description|Gendered separation of public and private spheres}}
[[File:Sinews of old england.jpg|thumb|''The Sinews of Old England'' (1857) by [[George Elgar Hicks]] shows a couple "on the threshold" between female and male spheres.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Barringer |first1= Tim |editor1-first= Moira |editor1-last= Donald |editor2-first= Linda | editor2-last= Hurcombe |title= Representations of gender from prehistory to the present |chapter = The Gendering of Artistic Labour in Mid-Victorian Britain | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Aot3GXO1UGQC&pg=PA154 |year= 2000 |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers]] |location= Basingstoke |isbn= 978-0-333-64331-0 | pages= 154–56}}</ref>]]

Terms such as '''separate spheres''' and '''domestic–public dichotomy''' refer to a [[social phenomenon]] within [[modern society|modern societies]] that feature, to some degree, an [[empirical]] separation between a [[private sphere|domestic or private sphere]] and a [[Public sphere|public or social sphere]]. This observation may be controversial and is often also seen as supporting [[Patriarchy|patriarchal ideologies]] that seek to ''create or strengthen'' any such separation between spheres and to confine women to the domestic/private sphere.

The patriarchal ideology of separate spheres, based primarily on notions of biologically determined gender roles and/or patriarchal religious doctrine, claims that women should avoid the public sphere – the domain of politics, paid work, commerce and law. Women's "proper sphere", according to the ideology, is the realm of domestic life, focused on childcare, housekeeping and religion.<ref name="kuersten"/><ref>{{cite book |last1= Ryle |first1= Robyn |title= Questioning gender: a sociological exploration |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CHHz_p-j9hMC&pg=PA342 |year= 2012 |publisher= SAGE/Pine Forge Press |location= Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn= 978-1-4129-6594-1 |pages= 342–43}}</ref>

In Europe and North America,<ref>{{cite book |last1= Warne |first1= Randi R. |editor1= Jensen, Tim |editor2=Rothstein, Mikael |chapter = Making the Gender-Critical Turn | title= Secular theories on religion: current perspectives |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oFCX113Zk94C&pg=PA255 |year= 2000 |publisher= [[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |location= Copenhagen, Denmark |isbn= 978-87-7289-572-7 |pages= 249–60}}</ref> the idealization of separate spheres emerged during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. As an observable phenomenon, however, the existence of separate spheres is much older.

==History==
The idea that women should inhabit a separate domestic sphere has appeared in [[Western thought]] for centuries, extending back to the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vickery |first1=Amanda |author-link1=Amanda Vickery |title=Golden age to separate spheres? A review of the categories and chronology of English women's history |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 1993 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=383–414 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X9300001X |doi-access= }}</ref> In ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]'', [[Aristotle]] described two separate spheres in Greek society, the home (''[[oikos]]'') and the city (''[[polis]]''). Some have interpreted his views as confining women to the private realm while men were supposed to occupy the public sphere of the ''polis''.<ref>{{cite book|last= Arendt |first= Hannah |author-link1= Hannah Arendt |title= The Human Condition |year= 1958 |publisher= [[University of Chicago Press]] |location= Chicago | isbn = 978-0-226-02592-6 | chapter = Chapter II: The Public and the Private Realm |pages= [https://archive.org/details/humancondition000aren/page/24 24], 72|title-link= The Human Condition (Arendt book) }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tétreault |first1=Mary Ann |title=Frontier Politics: Sex, Gender, and the Deconstruction of the Public Sphere |journal=Alternatives: Global, Local, Political |date=January 2001 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=53–72 |doi=10.1177/030437540102600103 |s2cid=141033858 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= May | first1= Ann Mari | title= The 'woman question' and higher education: perspectives on gender and knowledge production in America |chapter = Gender, biology and the incontrovertible logic of choice | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rhr12MIJ1fkC&pg=PA39 |year= 2008 |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |location= Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA |isbn= 978-1-84720-401-1 | page= 39}}</ref> Each sphere intermingled in different ways with the other.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Household as the Foundation of Aristotle's Polis|last=Nagle|first=D. Brendan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|pages=309}}</ref> Debates over the "proper" roles of women and men continued throughout antiquity.

The modern ideology of separate spheres emerged in the wake of the Industrial Revolution.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of feminist literary theory|last1=Wells|first1=Christopher|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-99802-4|editor1-last=Kowaleski-Wallace|editor1-first=Elizabeth|location=London, New York|page=519|chapter=Separate Spheres|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blI0_52wIwYC&pg=PA519}}</ref> Prior to the industrialization of the Western world, family members worked side by side and the workplace was located mostly in and around the home. With the shift from home-based to factory production, men left the home to sell their labor for wages while women stayed home to perform unpaid domestic work. The separate spheres ideology reflected and fueled these changes.<ref>{{cite book|title=The concise encyclopedia of sociology|last1=Adams|first1=Michele|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-8353-6|editor1-last=Ritzer|editor1-first=George|location=Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.; Malden, MA|pages=156–57|chapter=Divisions of household labor|editor2-last=Ryan|editor2-first=J. Michael|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&pg=PA156}}</ref> At the same time, [[Age of Enlightenment|the Enlightenment]] and the French Revolution helped spread the ideas of liberty, equality and political rights, but in practice such rights were denied to women, who were seen as belonging to a different social sphere. Feminist writers like [[Olympe de Gouges]], [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] and [[Lucy Stone]] demanded political equality for women as well as men and provided searing criticisms of the "separate sphere" ideals that confined women exclusively to the domestic sphere. Theorists such as [[Friedrich Engels]] and [[Karl Marx]] have argued that following the rise of capitalism, the home lost its control of the [[means of production]] and consequently became a private, separate sphere. As a result, Engels contended, women were excluded from participating directly in the production process and relegated to the subordinate domestic sphere.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Companion to 19th-Century America|last1=Edwards|first1=Laura F.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2001|isbn=978-0-631-20985-0|editor1-last=Barney|editor1-first=William L.|location=Malden, MA|pages=225–226|chapter=Gender and the Changing Roles of Women|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elgGfYla0hwC&pg=PA225}}</ref>

Another major commentator on the modern idea of "separate spheres" was the French political thinker [[Alexis de Tocqueville]].<ref name="kerber1988">{{cite journal |last1=Kerber |first1=Linda K. |title=Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History |journal=The Journal of American History |date=June 1988 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=9–39 |doi=10.2307/1889653 |jstor=1889653 |s2cid=162353067 }}</ref> In ''[[Democracy in America]]'' (1840), in a chapter entitled ''How the Americans understand the Equality of the sexes'', Tocqueville wrote: "In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other, but in two pathways that are always different."<ref>{{cite book|last= Tocqueville |first= Alexis de |author-link1= Alexis de Tocqueville |title= Democracy in America|year= 1840 |publisher= Saunders and Otley |location= London | chapter = Chapter XII: How the Americans understand the Equality of the sexes | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0EPSjMel_-kC&pg=PA101 |page= 101}}</ref> He observed that married women, in particular, were subject to many restrictions, noting that "the independence of woman is irrecoverably lost in the bonds of matrimony", adding that "in the United States the inexorable opinion of the public carefully circumscribes woman within the narrow circle of domestic interests and duties and forbids her to step beyond it."<ref>{{cite book|last= Tocqueville |first= Alexis de |title= Democracy in America|year= 1840 |publisher= Saunders and Otley |location= London | chapter = Chapter X: The young Woman in the Character of a Wife | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0EPSjMel_-kC&pg=PA79 |pages= 79–80}}</ref> Tocqueville considered the separate spheres of women and men a positive development,<ref name="kerber1988"/> arguing:<blockquote>although the women of the United States are confined within the narrow circle of domestic life and their situation is in some respects one of extreme dependence, I have nowhere seen women occupying a loftier position; and if I were asked...to what the singular prosperity and growing strength of that people ought mainly to be attributed, I should reply,—to the superiority of their women.<ref>{{cite book|last= Tocqueville |first= Alexis de |title= Democracy in America|year= 1840 |publisher= Saunders and Otley |location= London | chapter = Chapter XII: How the Americans understand the Equality of the sexes | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0EPSjMel_-kC&pg=PA106 |page= 106}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Betty Friedan]]'s ''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'' (1963) asserted that women were being forced to rely on their husbands and children as the sole sources of their identity by an historically constructed oppressive paradigm, not by any "intrinsic" predisposition. Drawing on Friedan, historian Barbara Welter identified a [[Cult of Domesticity|"Cult of True Womanhood"]], an ideal of [[femininity]] prevalent among the [[Upper class|upper]] and [[middle class]]es in the 19th century. "True women" were supposed to be pious, pure, submissive and domestic. Domesticity, in particular, was regarded as a laudable virtue as the home was considered a woman's proper sphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welter |first1=Barbara |title=The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860 |journal=American Quarterly |date=1966 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=151–174 |doi=10.2307/2711179 |jstor=2711179 }}</ref> Unlike Tocqueville, Welter and other 20th-century historians were critical of the separate spheres ideology, seeing it as a source of women's denigration.<ref name="kerber1988"/>

In [[Woman, Culture, and Society]] (1974), [[Michelle Rosaldo]] emphasizes the idea that these separate spheres can be explained in terms of a dichotomy, in the sense that these gender-oriented domains are viewed as so totally separate that it only reinforces the ideology of gender separation and inequality. Activities given to men, versus those assigned to women, were seen as having more value and contributing greatly to the society. Adversely, the woman's so-called simpler roles of housework and childrearing were held at a much lesser value. Rosaldo argues a "universal asymmetry" between the sexes that primarily caused these separations to arise. This model mainly focuses on the generational subordination of women in relation to men throughout history and across different cultures, defining the domestic and public spheres in very black and white terms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=no:00972854|title=Woman, culture and society|last1=Rosaldo|first1=Michelle Zimbalist|last2=Lamphere|first2=Louise|last3=Bamberger|first3=Joan|date=1974|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0804708500|language=en}}</ref>

This earlier model, has since been challenged by researchers in the field, claiming the spheres cannot be outlined in such simplistic terms. [[Woman, Culture, and Society]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=Gender in cross-cultural perspective|last1=Brettell|first1=Caroline|last2=Sargent|first2=Carolyn F|date=2016|publisher=Pearson |isbn=9780205247288|language=en|oclc = 951536398}}</ref> co-editor Louis Lamphere breaks down Rosaldo's model and discusses the spheres in different terms. Rather than assume universal asymmetry, Lamphere considers various societies worldwide. Even in some Middle Eastern cultures that place women in extreme positions of subordination, the model could not be so easily applied. This is because the domestic and public spheres are almost always overlapping in some way, regardless of a cultural female subservience or even egalitarianism. Women enter public spaces in order to fulfill duties that fall within their domestic responsibilities. Men must return to the private, or domestic, space eventually to bring home the spoils of labor from the public sphere. In this sense, there are two separate spheres created and enforced by gender ideologies; but they are not dichotomous. They, instead, form an integrated system of life in society, varying only in levels of intensities from culture to culture.<ref name="auto"/>

According to Cary Franklin, the women’s rights movements in the mid-1960s proposed that to achieve true equality between the sexes, it would be necessary for laws to be put in place to move past the simple separate spheres model and address the “interspherical impacts”. In 1966, the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) pushed for equality of women in society and in the workplace by means of changes in family regulation. NOW stressed the importance of focusing on structurally altering the family sphere to create gender equality in the education and workplace spheres. The family sphere acted as a catalyst, because: unless it changed, women would simply lack access to the opportunities already available to men. Franklin also pointed out that the gender inequality among the American population in the 60’s and 70’s was a major contributor to the civil rights statutes of the Second Reconstruction.<ref name=jstor506286>{{cite journal |last1=Rotman |first1=Deborah L. |title=Separate Spheres?: Beyond the Dichotomies of Domesticity |journal=Current Anthropology |date=August 2006 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=666–674 |doi=10.1086/506286 |jstor=506286 |s2cid=145576707 }}</ref>

Deborah Rotman, an anthropologist at Notre Dame, analyzed this concept of separate spheres among the people of [[Deerfield, Massachusetts]] in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In this community, there was a clear divide between men and women by means of a "proper allocation" in which females were given the domestic residence or sphere and the men were given the "economically productive agricultural land". Men would migrate away from the women if agriculture was depleting in their given agricultural space. As the men were moving to work outside the home, women began to acclimate to the economic atmosphere and gain more opportunities in the public sphere with all the men working elsewhere. These women soon had various roles in the public and private spheres in Deerfield. As equal rights became part of the ideological framework in Deerfield, women found themselves voting in school boards, working on municipal water projects and fundraising as men had done before them. Despite the traditional understanding of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century of completely separate public and private spheres, the Deerfield community challenged these "dichotomies of domesticity" and paved the way for equal rights for men and women.<ref name=jstor506286/>

==Influences==

===Biological determinism===
The separation between female and male spheres was heavily influenced by [[biological determinism]],<ref name="roy">{{cite book |last1= Roy |first1= Anupama |title= Gendered citizenship: historical and conceptual explorations | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko4sVA2JRJUC&pg=PA80|year= 2005 |publisher= [[Orient Longman]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-250-2797-3| page= 80–81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Grana |first1= Sheryl J. |title= Women and justice |chapter = 'Nature' and Biology | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5IKdJLjtbtoC&pg=PA20 |year= 2010 |publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location= Lanham |isbn= 978-0-7425-7002-3| page= 20}}</ref> the notion that women and men are naturally suitable for different social roles due to their biological and genetic makeup.<ref>{{cite book |last1= O'Brien |first1= Jodi |title= Encyclopedia of gender and society |volume= 2 | year= 2009 |publisher= SAGE Publications |location= Los Angeles |isbn= 978-1-4129-0916-7 |pages= 586, 602–603}}</ref> The idea of biological determinism was popular during the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and among such thinkers as [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] who argued that women were inherently different from men and should devote themselves to [[reproduction]] and domesticity.<ref name="roy"/> Women were considered passive, dependent on men and, due to their reproductive capacity, ill-suited for life outside the domestic realm.<ref name="kimmel">{{cite book |last1= Adams |first1= Michele | last2 = Coltrane | first2 = Scott | editor1-first= Michael S. |editor1-last= Kimmel |editor1-link= Michael Kimmel |editor2-first= Jeff | editor2-last= Hearn | editor3-last = Connell | editor3-first = Raewyn |title= Handbook of studies on men and masculinities |chapter = The Cultural Ideal of Separate Spheres| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UvAZD45BMDoC&pg=PA231 |year= 2005 |publisher= SAGE Publications |location= London |isbn= 978-0-7619-2369-5| pages= 231–32}}</ref> Rousseau described women's primary duties in ''[[Emile, or On Education]]'', stating that "women's entire education should be planned in relation to men. To please men, to be useful to them, to win their love and respect, to raise them as children, to care for them as adults, correct and console them, make their lives sweet and pleasant; these are women's duties in all ages and these are what they should be taught from childhood."<ref name="roy"/>

The popular beliefs about inherent sex differences remained deeply embedded in popular consciousness throughout the [[Progressive Era]].<ref name="rosenberg">{{cite book |title= Beyond separate spheres: intellectual roots of modern feminism |last= Rosenberg |first= Rosalind |author-link= Rosalind Rosenberg |year= 1982 |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |location= New Haven |isbn= 978-0-300-02695-5 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/beyondseparatesp00rosa/page/114 114], 207, 245–46 |url= https://archive.org/details/beyondseparatesp00rosa |url-access= registration }}</ref> By the early 20th century, however, [[dissident]] [[Anthropology|anthropologists]] and other [[Social science|social scientists]] began to challenge the biological determination of human behavior, revealing great similarities between men and women and suggesting that many sex differences were socially constructed.<ref name="rosenberg"/> Despite these new insights and social and economic changes such as women's entry into the labor force, the separate spheres ideology did not disappear.<ref name="kimmel"/><ref name="rosenberg"/>

===Other influences===
{{Quote box
|quote = "Woman has no call to the ballot-box, but she has a sphere of her own, of amazing responsibility and importance. She is the divinely appointed guardian of the home...She should more fully realize that her position as wife and mother and angel of the home, is the holiest, most responsible and queenlike assigned to mortals; and dismiss all ambition for anything higher, as there is nothing else here so high for mortals."
|source = — Rev. John Milton Williams, ''Woman Suffrage'', [[Bibliotheca Sacra]] (1893)<ref>Williams, John Milton (1893). [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bsac/1893_331_williams.pdf ''Article VII. "Woman Suffrage."''] Bibliotheca Sacra, pp. 331–43. Also available in DeBerg, Betty A. (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkRgooQLV0C&pg=PA43 Conservative Protestantism and the Separate Spheres]. ''Ungodly women: gender and the first wave of American fundamentalism''. Minneapolis: [[Augsburg Fortress]]. pp. 43–58. {{ISBN|978-0-8006-2439-2}}.</ref>
|width = 30%
|align = right}}

Women's confinement to the private sphere was reinforced by cultural and legal arrangements, such as the lack of [[women's suffrage]], legal prohibitions against women undertaking professions like medicine and law and discouragement from obtaining higher education.<ref name="kuersten">{{cite book | title= Women and the law: leaders, cases and documents |chapter = Separate Spheres Doctrine |last= Kuersten |first= Ashlyn K. |year= 2003 |publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]] |location= Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn= 978-0-87436-878-9 |pages= 16–17 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AnKGWlZG_ncC&pg=PA16}}</ref>

Strong support for the separation of spheres came from [[antisuffragist]]s who relied on the notion of inherent sexual differences to argue that women were unfit for political participation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Susan E. |title=In Defense of Separate Spheres: Class and Status Politics in the Antisuffrage Movement |journal=Social Forces |date=December 1986 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=327–351 |doi=10.1093/sf/65.2.327 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Hewitt |first1= Lyndi | last2 = McCammon | first2 = Holly J. | editor1-first= Hank |editor1-last= Johnston |editor2-first= John A. | editor2-last= Noakes |title= Frames of protest: social movements and the framing perspective |chapter = Explaining the suffrage mobilization: balance, neutralization and range in collective action frames | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iUZe1lLP-FcC&pg=PA39 |year= 2005 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |location= Lanham |isbn= 978-0-7425-3806-1| page= 39}}</ref> [[Antifeminism|Antifeminist]] men's groups in late 19th and early 20th century United States responded to the societal changes and shift in gender relations by advocating a return to a strict separation of spheres that would keep women from competing with men in the public sphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimmel |first1=Michael S. |title=Men's responses to feminism at the turn of the century |journal=Gender & Society |date=September 1987 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=261–283 |doi=10.1177/089124387001003003 |s2cid=145428652 }}</ref>

Similarly, [[Christian fundamentalism|Christian fundamentalists]] supported the separate spheres ideology and opposed women's suffrage as well as other attempts to broaden women's influence in the public sphere.<ref>{{cite book |chapter= Conservative Protestantism and the Separate Spheres |title= Ungodly women: gender and the first wave of American fundamentalism |last= DeBerg |first= Betty A. |year= 1990 |publisher= [[Augsburg Fortress]] |location= Minneapolis |isbn= 978-0-8006-2439-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/ungodlywomengend00debe/page/43 43–58] |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkRgooQLV0C&pg=PA43 |url= https://archive.org/details/ungodlywomengend00debe/page/43 }}</ref> Theological conservatism has been found to have a stable effect on the endorsement of separate spheres ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Bartkowski |first1= John P. | last2 = Xu | first2 = Xiaohe | editor1-first= Christopher G. |editor1-last= Ellison |editor2-first= Robert A. | editor2-last= Hummer |title= Religion, families and health: population-based research in the United States |chapter = Religion and Family Values Reconsidered: Gender Traditionalism among Conservative Protestants | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5rvZ4hnClO8C&pg=PA106 |year= 2010 |publisher= [[Rutgers University Press]] |location= New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn= 978-0-8135-4945-3| pages= 106–125}}</ref> Leading [[Evangelicalism|evangelicals]] propagated a view of womanhood which reinforced gendered division.<ref name="ross">{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Cathy |title=Separate Spheres or Shared Dominions? |journal=Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies |date=October 2006 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=228–235 |doi=10.1177/026537880602300406 |s2cid=152033474 }}</ref> [[Thomas Gisborne]]'s ''An Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex'' (1797) and [[Henry Venn (Clapham Sect)|Henry Venn]]'s ''The Complete Duty of Man'' (1763) were two popular evangelical texts which described proper behavior for men and women, arguing that a woman's primary duty was to care for those in her domestic circle and obey her husband.<ref name="ross"/>

==Effects==
In her paper "Separate Spheres or Shared Dominions", Cathy Ross suggests that the separate spheres ideology had ambiguous effects on women's lives.<ref name="ross"/> She argues that while it "was clear that women were supposed to be subordinate and that home and children were their sphere", the separation of spheres enabled women "to reach out to other women in sisterhood, in solidarity, on the common ground of domesticity".<ref name="ross"/>

The ideology of separate spheres contributed to resistance to [[coeducation]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Learning Together: A History of Coeducation in American Public Schools|first1=David|last1=Tyack|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Hansot|isbn=978-0-87154-888-7|year=1992|publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]]|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/learningtogether00tyac/page/4 4]|url=https://archive.org/details/learningtogether00tyac|url-access=registration}}</ref> and to the emergence of gendered educational institutions such as the [[female seminary]] and [[women's college]] in [[higher education]] and the [[woman's club]] in [[continuing education]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Women's club movement|first=Christine|last=Woyshner|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_w6z4/page/477 477]|title=Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States|editor-last=Eisenmann|editor-first=Linda|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn|isbn=978-0-313-29323-8|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_w6z4/page/477}}</ref> The rise of [[teaching]] as a woman's profession was also closely linked to the ideology of separate spheres, as women came to be regarded as uniquely skilled at [[classroom management]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Learning Together: A History of Coeducation in American Public Schools|first1=David|last1=Tyack|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Hansot|isbn=978-0-87154-888-7|year=1992|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/learningtogether00tyac/page/48 48], 68|url=https://archive.org/details/learningtogether00tyac|url-access=registration}}</ref> In coeducational universities in the late 19th century, the separation of spheres contributed to the emergence of [[home economics]] as a field of advanced study for the woman's sphere,<ref name="walker"/> and the [[dean of women]] as frequently the only high-ranking woman administrator in coeducational institutions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Robert Arthur |title=How Deans of Women Became Men |journal=The Review of Higher Education |date=1997 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=419–436 |doi=10.1353/rhe.1997.0011 |s2cid=145115891 }}</ref>

Although it created a space for women's academic and professional advancement, the separation of spheres also provided an excuse for keeping women out of fields not specifically marked as female.<ref>{{Cite book | last= Tolley | first= Kim | title= The Science Education of American Girls | year= 2003 | isbn=978-0-415-93472-5 | publisher= RoutledgeFalmer |location= New York| page=213}}</ref> Thus many talented women scientists were pushed into professorships in home economics rather than in their principal fields.<ref name="walker">{{Cite book|last=Walker|first=Melissa|title=Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States|editor-last=Eisenmann|editor-first=Linda|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn|isbn=978-0-313-29323-8|chapter=Home Economics|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_w6z4/page/205 205]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_w6z4/page/205}}</ref> Some women educators resisted this typecasting even while working within the framework of separation. [[Frances Shimer]], founder of [[Shimer College]], which was a woman's school from 1866 to 1950, insisted that she was "in favor of the co-education of the sexes" and that the education at her school was equal to what was given to young men.<ref>{{Cite journal|title='My whole ambition has ever been to do something smart': Frances Wood Shimer, Cinderella Gregory and the 1853 Founding of Shimer College|first=Doris |last=Malkmus|journal=Journal of Illinois History|volume=6|issue=3|pages=212–213|year=2003}}</ref> In the 21st century, the legacy of the separation of spheres has a lasting impact perpetuating the separation of various academic and professional fields into gendered areas.

== Recent commentary ==
A 2013 study by [[Jacqueline Henke]] from [[Arkansas State University]] explores the history of the separate spheres model in the United States. Henke points out that between 1820 and 1860 (a period sometimes called the dawn of separate spheres) three parenting models were common for two-parent, mother/father families:

#Parenting duties are wholly the responsibility of mothers
#Parenting duties are separated into fatherly responsibilities and motherly responsibilities
#Parenting duties are shared equally among mothers and fathers.

According to Henke, many parenting books from this era suggested that mothers should take primary responsibility for their children. Yet, some parenting books argued that mothers and fathers should have separate childrearing duties or a completely equal distribution of childrearing responsibilities. Henke argues that, even during the height of domestic ideology and the dawn of separate spheres, parenting advice was not monolithic. Furthermore, the lived realities parents and families during this era were more diverse than the ideals of parenting books.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Henke |first1=Jacqueline |title=Separate spheres or common domestic ground: Gender ideology in parenting manuals from 1820 to 1860 |year=2013 |id={{ProQuest|1418490551}} }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Agnotology]]
*[[Cult of Domesticity]]
*[[Gender binary]]
*[[Gender essentialism]]
*[[Gender polarization]]
*[[Gender role]]
*[[Hostile worlds]]
*''[[The Angel in the House]]''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nd.edu/~cvandenb/sepspheres.html ''Separate Spheres''], [[University of Notre Dame]], paintings which deal with the separate spheres ideology
* [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/g/gender-ideology-and-separate-spheres-19th-century/ ''Gender Ideology & Separate Spheres in the 19th Century''], [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], an analysis of the separate spheres doctrine in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Britain

[[Category:Ideologies]]
[[Category:Gender and society]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Dichotomies]]

Comedian Domnic

2026-03-08T05:11:10Z

Khalek Rahaman:

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Comedian Domnic
| image = Comedian Domnic at 125 years of Tiatr Celebrations (cropped).jpg
| caption = Coelho in 2016
| birth_name = Domingos Gabriel Coelho
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|3|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bandora, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| other_names = {{hlist|Domnic Coelho|Sir Domnic Coelho|Hoddo Bakru}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actor|singer|playwright|director}}
| years_active = 1986–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Maria da Costa|1989}}
| children = 2
| notable_works = ''[[Kantaar]]'' (2019)
| relatives = [[Luis Bachan]] (brother)
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/domnic.coelho.5}}
}}

'''Domingos Gabriel''' '''"Domnic"''' '''Coelho''' (born 24 March 1957), popularly known as '''Comedian Domnic''' or '''''Hoddo'' ''Bakru''''' ({{translation|Bald Landlord}}), is an Indian comedian, actor, singer, playwright, and theatre director known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Domingos Gabriel Coelho was born on 24 March 1957, in [[Bandora, Goa]]. At the time, Goa was part of [[Portuguese India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en}}</ref>

During his time as a school student, Coelho, in his theatrical premiere, assumed the primary comedic role in a [[one-act play]] entitled ''Pope Babli Mumbai''. After receiving a warm reception from the audience, he was motivated to extend his acting endeavors. Subsequently, he engaged in ''[[tiatr]]s'', a customary type of [[Goan]] theater, at the community level in nearby villages.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Coelho's entry into the professional ''[[tiatr]]'' theater scene occurred later in his career compared to many of his contemporaries. While the majority of ''[[tiatrist]]s'' embark on their stage careers during their youth, Coelho's initial performance on the professional ''tiatr'' stage occurred circa 1990 when he was 33 years old. During that era, the majority of ''tiatrs'' featured artists predominantly hailing from the regions of [[Bardez]] and [[Salcete]]. Prior to this professional debut, Coelho had participated in annual ''natak'' ([[drama]]tic performance) productions in the late 1970s. He subsequently shifted his focus to creating and overseeing the production of his own ''tiatrs'', which were showcased during the yearly celebration in his native village of Muxer-[[Bandora, Goa]] situated in the [[Ponda taluka]] area. Coelho's talent caught the eye of a relative named Jackferns, who was a ''tiatr'' contractor, promoter, and businessman based in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sequeira |first=Elvis |date=2010-10-22 |title=Comedian Dominic: A Performer Par Excellence |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/22_oct |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113427/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/22_oct |url-status=live }}</ref> Jackferns facilitated an introduction between Coelho and the established ''tiatrist'' Manuel Pereira, which resulted in Coelho securing a role in Pereira's 1986 ''tiatr'' production named ''Ghorabo'' (Family). Coelho engaged in two of Pereira's theatrical shows before assuming a role in [[Patrick Dourado]]'s 1988 ''tiatr'' production named ''Nomoskar'' (Greetings). In addition to his initial professional experiences, Coelho took on acting roles for well-known ''tiatrists'' like Anthony San. Following this, he initiated the production of his independent commercial ''tiatr'' shows, debuting with ''Tum Pasun'' (You Too) in the year 1992.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2016-04-01 |title=Comedian Domnic's pursuit of unity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/comedian-domnics-pursuit-of-unity/articleshow/51644417.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/comedian-domnics-pursuit-of-unity/articleshow/51644417.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Coelho had an extensive career in ''tiatr'' productions, in the post-1990s period, wherein he performed in ''tiatrs'' directed by some of the popular [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] directors, including [[Patrick Dourado]], [[Jose Rod]], [[Prince Jacob]], [[Roseferns]], Menino de Bandar, [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], Mariano Fernandes, and [[John D' Silva]], among others. Coelho's portrayal of the comedic character "''Hoddo Bakru''" in the ''tiatr Mauli'' (Gardener) directed by Jose Rod was particularly well received. The comedic persona, a thrifty [[landlord]] character known as a "''bhatcar''," typically seen seated in his [[Armchair (furniture)|armchair]] on his "''balcao''" or [[veranda]], is famous for engaging in frequent quarrels with neighbors over minor matters, had become so well known that the nickname 'Hoddo Bakru' is now a lasting [[moniker]] for Coelho. Coelho's artistic endeavors extend beyond the stage, encompassing roles in a variety of [[VCD]]s (video compact discs) and full-length feature films, apart from managing the production and direction of his personal VCDs. "Since 1999, he founded his own [[theatrical troupe|theatrical group]] where he has taken on roles as a playwright, director, and producer of ''tiatrs'' that frequently examine family themes and deliver strong messages to the audience," writes Elvis Sequeira of ''[[O Heraldo]]''. These productions are infused with humor, showcasing the lively on-stage chemistry between Coelho and his brother, [[Luis Bachan]], who is also a popular Konkani stage comedian.<ref name=":0" />

In October 2010, Coelho's ''[[tiatr]] Novo Suria Udetana'' was launched towards the end of the month. He has staged his [[theatrical production]]s both domestically and internationally over the course of his career. Coelho has performed his works extensively abroad, touring countries such as Portugal, Germany, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, and various nations in the [[Persian Gulf]] region on multiple occasions. Additionally, he has entertained audiences in various regions across multiple states in his homeland of India.<ref name=":0" /> In May 2016, Coelho collaborated with his brother Luis Bachan to debut a new ''tiatr'' called ''Ami Soglim Ek'' (We Are One). This theatrical presentation celebrated the roles of a housewife and a young girl child, a theme that marked a significant production in the ''tiatr'' oeuvre of Coelho, his 20th production.<ref name=":1" /> The [[ensemble cast]] included Priscilla as Joyce, portraying the housewife, Sonali as a childlike character, Olga as the village belle, Michael as the local administrative officer ([[Tehsildar|mamlatdar]]), Elias portrayed the character of the headstrong son, while Rons took on the role of a [[Central Vigilance Commission|vigilant]] officer. Anil Pednekar's portrayal brought to life the character of Pandurang, embodying the villainous essence of the role on stage, while Coelho and Luis Bachan brought to life a comedic pair of freeloaders in this performance. The siblings also contributed their vocal talents to the ''tiatr''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-05-18 |title=Ami Soglim Ek – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/18/magazines/buzz/ami-soglim-ek/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605174936/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/18/magazines/buzz/ami-soglim-ek/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the past, Coelho would typically produce and stage only a single ''tiatr'' per year. However, beginning in May 2016, the size and talent of the [[acting troupe]] assembled by Coelho enabled him to increase his annual ''tiatr'' output to two productions per year.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-05-29 |title='We need to get rid of enmity among us' Domnic Coelho – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times | Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/29/magazines/buzz/we-need-to-get-rid-of-enmity-among-us-domnic-coelho/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113428/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/29/magazines/buzz/we-need-to-get-rid-of-enmity-among-us-domnic-coelho/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Coelho has continued to write, direct, and star in new ''tiatr'' works. In December 2018, he released a ''tiatr'' titled ''Housewife'', in which he not only assumed a comedic role but also sang. He portrayed a comedic character alongside his sibling [[Luis Bachan]], with the [[comedy duo]] being assisted by up-and-coming amateur performers Avilla and Cassy. Coelho's comedic talents and stage presence in this production were noted by [[theatre critic]]s to evoke comparisons to the popular Konkani ''tiatr'' comedian [[Anthony Mendes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housewife: A tiatr with clean entertainment |url=https://www.thegoan.net//housewife-a-tiatr-with-clean-entertainment/47436.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113428/https://www.thegoan.net//housewife-a-tiatr-with-clean-entertainment/47436.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More recently, in November 2023, Coelho premiered a new ''tiatr'' called ''Flying Kiss''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The stage is set for exciting October tiatr releases |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-stage-is-set-for-exciting-October-tiatr-releases/211125 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113427/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-stage-is-set-for-exciting-October-tiatr-releases/211125 |url-status=live }}</ref> This theatrical work focused on themes of family relationships and the importance of mutual support within a family unit, including between in-laws. The cast featured both established ''tiatr'' performers as well as newer, up-and-coming artists. As with ''Housewife'', Coelho took on a key comedic role in the production, this time alongside other players. The ensemble featured performers such as Rosario Botelho, Priscilla, Manuel, Denzilia Menezes, Ubaldo, and Sonali Naik. Coelho took on the role of a comedian alongside Lino, Lanessa, and Joylan, as well as performing as a [[duo (music)|duo]] with Lino.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=2024-02-04 |title=Tiatr review: 'Flying Kiss' is about family, relationships |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-tiatr-flying-kiss |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Goa News in English on Gomantak Times |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113427/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-tiatr-flying-kiss |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Coelho's younger brother, Luis, known by his stage name [[Luis Bachan]], is also active in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] entertainment scene as a comedian.<ref name=":0" />

==Style==
Coelho's ''[[tiatr]]s'', traditional [[Konkani-language]] theater performances, typically center around subjects concerning family dynamics and interpersonal connections, steering clear of addressing political matters. In his capacity as a government employee, Coelho opts to steer away from incorporating contentious political themes in his ''tiatrs''. He abstains from [[Varieties of criticism#Public and private criticism|openly criticizing individuals]] during performances, opting to provide guidance in private if the situation necessitates it. In his ''tiatr'' writing process, Coelho first develops an outline or conceptual framework for a new work, which he then expands into a full script over the course of approximately 15 days.<ref name=":2" />

Coelho chooses to input the script directly by typing it rather than writing it by hand, citing increased efficiency as the rationale for this preference. Subsequently, his [[acting troupe]] engages in an intensive 10-day [[rehearsal]] period to prepare thoroughly for the new production. A distinguishing element of Coelho's directorial approach is his focus on incorporating and training young, amateur actors in his ''tiatrs''. He sees this as a significant challenge, as many aspiring performers, while possessing strong vocal abilities, lack experience in effective stage delivery and require guidance to develop their performance skills. Coelho demonstrates a preference for working with inexperienced young actors over established professionals, as he has found the latter to be more resistant to refining or altering their [[List of acting techniques|acting style]]s.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=15076704}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comedian Domnic}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

Matihani Assembly constituency

2026-03-04T03:46:39Z

Khalek Rahaman:

{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Matihani
|type= SLA
| map_image = 144-Matihani constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Narendra Kumar Singh
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district =[[Begusarai District|Begusarai]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|144]]
|established = 1977
| electors = 354,216
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
{{About|the assembly constituency|its eponymous village|Matihani, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''Matihani Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Begusarai district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 144 Matihani Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Matihani and Shambo Akha Kurha [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Kaithma, Laduwara, Bhairwar, Maniappa, Chilmil, Dumri, Ulao, Sighaul, Pachmba, Mahmadpur Raghunathpur, Mohan Eghu, Shahpur, Bishanpur, Dhabauli, Bindpur, Puspura, Bahadarpur, Amraur Kiratpur, Rachiyahi [[gram panchayat]]s of Begusarai CD Block; Barauni IOC Township (CT); and Keshawe, Noorpur, Mahna and Mosadpur gram panchayats of Barauni CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Matihani Assembly constituency is part of No. 24 [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name=commission/> and as per the delimitation in 2008, falls within [[Begusarai]] town.<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Matihani Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/matihani.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|Until 1977: Constituency did not exist}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sitaram Mishra
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|1979^
|Devkinandan Singh
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Pramod Kumar Sharma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |Rajendra Rajan
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="4" |Narendra Kumar Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]

|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajkumar Singh (politician)|Rajkumar Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| Narendra Kumar Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Matihani<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Matihani">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Matihani |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04144.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213144316/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04144.htm |archive-date=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:117789}}
|percentage = 47.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajkumar Singh (politician)|Rajkumar Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:112499}}
|percentage = 45.52
|change = +16.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arun Kumar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:6774}}
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikash Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2976}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4337}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change = -1.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5290}}
|percentage = 2.14
|change = +1.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:247152}}
|percentage = 69.77
|change = +8.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Matihani<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajkumar Singh (politician)|Rajkumar Singh]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61364}}
|percentage = 29.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narendra Kumar Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes={{formatnum:61031}}|percentage=29.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendra Prasad Singh|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:60599}}|percentage=29.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Amresh Ray|votes={{formatnum:4378}}|percentage=2.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Hemant Kumar|votes={{formatnum:3258}}|percentage=1.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Saurabh|votes={{formatnum:2500}}|percentage=1.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:6733}}|percentage=3.25|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:333}}|percentage=0.16|change=-12.28}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:207048}}|percentage=61.1|change=+1.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Matihani<ref name="Matihani Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Matihani Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/matihani |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220042316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/matihani |archive-date=20 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Singh
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:89297}}
|percentage = 48.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sarvesh Kumar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66609}}
|percentage = 36.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shobha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:11232}}
|percentage = 6.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pravin Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2311}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7067}}
|percentage = 3.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22688}}
|percentage = 12.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182354}}
|percentage = 59.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Narendra Kumar Singh of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] won the Matihani seat defeating his nearest rival Abhay Kumar Sarjan of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Narendra Kumar Singh, Independent, defeated Abhay Kumar Singh of Congress in Bihar Assembly Election, [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|October 2005]] and Rajendra Rajan of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Rajendra Rajan of CPI defeated Pramod Kumar Sharma of Congress in 2000, 1995 and 1990, Pramod Kumar Sharma of Congress/ Congress(I) defeated Deoki Nandan Singh of CPI in 1985 and 1980, Sitaram Mishra of CPI defeated Mithilesh Kumar Singh of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=Matihani Election Results since 1977 |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/matihani.php |access-date=2011-11-01 |publisher=Travel India Guide}}</ref><ref name="election2011">{{cite web |title=104 - Matihani Assembly Constituency |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp104.htm |access-date=2011-03-30 |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

===1957===
The first instance of [[booth capturing]] in India was recorded in 1957 in the [[1957 Indian general election|General Elections]] of that year in Rachiyahi, in Begusarai's Matihani assembly seat.<ref name="election2043">{{cite web |title=Where booth capturing was born |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In central Bihar, development runs into caste wall |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms}}</ref><ref name="election2015-1">{{cite web |title=Empty words in legend's forgotten village |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013155812/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The myth of history's first booth capturing taking place in Begusarai's Rachiyahi |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012142036/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Munger Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro

2026-03-03T23:47:41Z

Khalek Rahaman: added references

{{short description|1989 film by Saeed Akhtar Mirza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro
| image = Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| writer = Saeed Akhtar Mirza<br />Hriday Lani (dialogue)
| starring = [[Pavan Malhotra]]<br /> [[Makrand Deshpande]]<br /> [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
| music = Sharang Dev
| cinematography = [[Virendra Saini]]
| editing = Javed Sayyed
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|5|29}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro''''' ({{Translation|Don't Cry for Salim, the Lame}}) is a 1989 Indian film directed by [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]], with [[Pavan Malhotra]] as lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/966459/salim-langde-pe-mat-ro-revisited-a-timeless-tale-of-a-small-time-thug-dreaming-of-the-big-league|title='Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro' revisited: A timeless tale of a small-time thug dreaming of the big league|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|website=Scroll.in|date=7 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/apna-time-aayega-gully-boy-and-the-legacy-of-salim-langde-pe-mat-ro/article26951915.ece|title=Gully Boy and the legacy of Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro|first=Amaal|last=Akhtar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] at [[37th National Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
The film is set in the period of the 1980s. The story revolves around Salim Pasha, a man with a physical disability. He is involved in crimes like extortion and robbery with two of his friends Peera and Abdul. Salim is a carefree man. He lives with his parents and his younger sister.
Salim's younger brother Javed Pasha (who has been a hard-working student all his life) dies because of an electric shock. His parents are keen to get his younger sister married to a proofreader of an Urdu newspaper named Aslam.

After watching a documentary film made on the communal riots of Bhiwandi, Salim is shaken from within. He wants to give up everything he does and start life afresh. Salim tries to look for a job and ends up with a job at a garage with the help of a restaurant owner. Salim happily goes to Aslam to tell about the way he would start up his new life.
Salim is asked to stir up a riot for a huge sum of money. He refuses to do so and tells them how he is devastated since he has seen the outcome of Bhiwandi communal riots.
On the day of his younger sister's engagement with Aslam, Salim is seen happily dancing with his friends. During the celebrations of his sister's engagement ceremony, he is killed by one of his rivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/226833/Salim-Langde-Pe-Mat-Ro/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901201743/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/226833/Salim-Langde-Pe-Mat-Ro/overview |archive-date=2009-09-01 |title=Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com|date=1 September 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://nyuad.nyu.edu/filmfestival/films.9.html Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro (1989)]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} NYU, Abu Dhabi.</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Pavan Malhotra]] as Salim, the Lame (Langda)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pavan-malhotra-film-debut-salim-langde-pe-mat-ro-first-of-many-7996204/|title=First of Many: Pavan Malhotra revisits Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro|date=6 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Peera
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] as Abdul
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Aslam
* [[Neelima Azeem]] as Mumtaz
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Salim's father
* [[Surekha Sikri]] as Amina, Salim's mother
* [[Nishigandha Wad]] as Anees, Salim's Sister
* [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]] as Nathu Seth
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Rajan
* [[Tom Alter]] as Johan
* [[Ajit Vachani]] as Rafiq bhai
* [[Neeraj Vora]] as Churan miya
* Naresh Suri as police inspector
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Lala
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as Vilas Nakkashe

== Awards ==
* [[37th National Film Awards|National Film Awards–1989]]
**[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
**[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]: [[Virendra Saini]]
*1989
[[Tokyo International Film Festival]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0241914}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
[[Category:National Film Development Corporation of India films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Patanga (1949 film)

2026-03-03T23:11:04Z

Khalek Rahaman: Improved readability and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Patanga
| image =Patanga 1949.jpg
| caption =
| director =[[H. S. Rawail]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Rajendra Krishan]]
| screenplay = Anjana Rawail
| story = Anjana Rawail
| narrator =
| starring =[[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]]<br>[[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]]<br>[[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]<br>[[Gope (actor)|Gope]]
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| cinematography = Jamshed R. Irani
| editing = Prabhakar Gokhale
| studio = [[Varma Films]]
| distributor = Varma Films
| released = {{Film date|1949}}
| runtime = 143 mins.
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Patanga ''''' is a 1949 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language romantic comedy film. It was the first film produced ''and'' distributed by Varma Films;<ref>{{cite journal|title=Patanga|journal=Filmindia|date=May 1949|volume=15|issue=5|pages=312| url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194915unse/page/n312/mode/2up?view=theater&q=patanga|access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> and it was the seventh highest grossing Indian film of 1949.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1949|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=26 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016234445/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|archive-date=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was directed by [[H. S. Rawail]] based on a story written by his wife Anjana Rawail.<ref>{{IMDb name|id=0712540|name=Harnam Singh Rawail}}</ref> [[Rajendra Kumar]], who would become one of the leading actors in Indian cinema, worked in ''Patanga'' as an assistant to director H.S. Rawail <ref>[http://cineplot.com/rajendra-kumar-memories/ Rajendra Kumar – Memories]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212205/http://cineplot.com/rajendra-kumar-memories/|date=March 12, 2014}}</ref> and also had a cameo in the film.
A duet sung against the backdrop of WW2, "Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon", picturised on actor [[Gope (actor)|Gope]] and Mohana Cabral became popular.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-superhits-of-shamshad-begum/20130424.htm
|title= The Superhits of Shamshad Begum | publisher = rediff.com | date= 24 April 2013|access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> The playback singers for the song were [[C. Ramchandra]], who also composed the music for the film, and [[Shamshad Begum]].<ref name="Narwekar2012">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|access-date=28 August 2015|date=12 December 2012|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-2625-2|page=40|chapter=Lost In The Shadows}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/PATANGAMEREPIYAGAYERANGOON Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon (MP3)]</ref> The cast included [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], [[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], Randhir and Mohana.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Patanga|url=http://www.citwf.com/film264298.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot revolves around the life of Raja (Yakub), a traffic constable. One day, while on his job, he gets distracted by the song being sung by Rani (Nigar Sultana), a street singer, and leaves his traffic station. This led to a serious traffic accident and Raja is suspended from his job for a year without pay. Rani decides to help Raja and both of them find acting jobs at Gope Theater run by Natharam Gope (Gope).

All seems to be going well with Raja and Rani until Shyam (Shyam), the son of a wealthy Jagirdar (landlord) enters the picture. While watching Rani on stage, Shyam falls in love with her. So begins the classic love triangle that emerges when two men are in love with the same woman. What complicates this love triangle is that Raja just cannot get himself to let Rani know that he is in love with her and seeking more than a friendship. Further complicating this love triangle is that Shyam is already betrothed to Purnima (Purnima) and his love for Rani does not sit well with her. The film progresses with the resolution of the conflicts that arise in this complex love triangle.

==Cast==
* [[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]] as Shyam
* [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]] as Rani
* [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] as Raja
* [[Gope (actor)|Gope]] as Nathuram Gope
* [[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]] as Purnima
* [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] as Mali's Wife
* [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] as dancer
* [[Raj Mehra]] as watchman of Gope Theatre
* [[Iftekhar]] as Gardener
* Randhir as Shyam's friend
* Mohana as Jwala
* Ramesh Sinha
* Rajendra Kumar
* Khairati as Bhusham M.A

==Music==
"Mera Piya Gaye Rangoon" sung by [[Shamshad Begum]] and [[C Ramchandra]] under his playback name of Chitalkar became an evergreen hit.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "O Janewale"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Dil Se Bhula Do Tum"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kabhi Khamosh Ho Jana"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Pyar Ke Jahan Ki Nirali Sarkar Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon, Kiya Hai Wahan Se"
| [[C. Ramchandra]], [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Dil Ka Lagana Achha Hai Par Kabhi Kabhi"
| [[C. Ramchandra]], [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Bolo Ji Dil Loge To Kya Kya Doge"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Pehle To Ho Gayi Namaste Namaste, Phir Pyar Ho Gaya Hanste Hanste"
| [[C. Ramchandra]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Shamshad Begum]], Mohantara
|-
| "Gore Gore Mukhde Pe"
| [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Duniya Ko Pyare"
| [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt0266839|title=Patanga }}

[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:1949 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. S. Rawail]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1949 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Parijatham (2006 film)

2026-03-03T04:29:11Z

Khalek Rahaman: added details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Parijatham (2006 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| writer = Bhagyaraj
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]<br />[[Saranya Bhagyaraj]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]]<br />'''Score:''' [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cinematography = Venu Natraj<br />[[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]]
| editing =
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|06|09}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INRConvert|3|c}}<ref name="BO">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=14 July 2006 |title=Reign of the superstars |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/14/stories/2006071400710100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717114534/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/14/stories/2006071400710100.htm |archive-date=17 July 2006 |access-date=4 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Parijatham''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Bhagyaraj]]. The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Saranya Bhagyaraj]]. It was released to positive reviews and became a box office hit.

== Plot ==
Santhosh and Seetha have a son named Surendhar. Sumathi lived in a palatial house and enjoyed a luxurious life in her childhood. However, her father loses his textile business and sinks into poverty.

Seetha moves to the house opposite Sumathi's house. Her husband and son are still back in their city, waiting to finish training. Sumathi approaches her to work as a maid. Seetha becomes impressed at first sight by Sumathi's wise and sensible character and takes her as her maid. After a few days, Seetha learns that the house she has moved into was initially owned by Sumathi's family. She gets influenced by Sumathi's modesty, kindness, and good nature. Sumathi also had the habit of writing novels, one of which she shared with Seetha. Seetha imagined her son and Sumathi as the characters in the story (the characters are named Sridhar and Subhathra), which gave her the opportunity to react differently. Assuming her son and Sumathi are fictional characters in the story, she expresses her desire to make Sumathi her daughter-in-law. At first Sumathi is shocked, but she accepts her request happily.

Seetha communicates this arrangement over the phone to her husband and son that she has chosen her daughter-in-law. However, she did not reveal the name or identity of Sumathi, because she wants it to be a surprise when they meet her in person. Unfortunately, Seetha dies in an accident before her husband and son's arrival, which leaves a suspense as to who the daughter-in-law is.

After his mother's death, Surendhar vows to locate and marry a girl identified by his mother. Since Sumathi is a maid in the house and is much poorer compared to Seetha's family, she does not reveal she is the one. Sampooranam, Surendhar's close friend, moves into their house to snoop around and find out the girl identified by Seetha. As a father, Santhosh didn't have patience and wanted his son to have a good life. This led him choosing a rich girl, completely opposite of what Seetha would have chosen.

Past many twists and turns, Sampooranam succeeds in identifying that Sumathi was the girl Seetha chose. His main evidence was Sumathi's published novel, the one she shared to Seetha. Surendhar happily marries Sumathi with Santhosh and Sampooranam's blessings. The story ends with Sumathi remembering the words of Seetha, that she has always imagined Sumathi to be the wife of her son.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Surendhar / Sridhar
*[[Saranya Bhagyaraj]] as Sumathi / Subathra
*[[Bhagyaraj]] as Sampooranam
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Sundra Raja
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Santhosh, Surendhar's father
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Seetha, Surendhar's mother
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Subhadra, Sumathi's mother
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Saravana, Sumathi's father
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Thirumathi Ramaiah, Subathra's mother
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Muthu, Subathra's father
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Shenbagam, Sridhar's mother
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Shanmugavel, Sridhar's father
*[[Keerthana (Tamil actress)|Keerthana]] as Subathra's sister
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Sethuraman, Surendhar's uncle
*[[Nanditha Jennifer]] as Vasumathi
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Hemalatha]] as Subathra's friend
*Ammu Ramachandran as Vasanthi, Subathra's friend
*[[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Surendhar's co-worker
*[[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Nellai Siva]]
* [[Pei Krishnan]]
* Mippu
}}

== Production ==
[[Prashanth]] was initially expected to be play the role when the film was announced in August 2004, before he opted out and was replaced by Prithviraj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2004 |title=Prasanth is going to be no.1 in 2005! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/27082004-6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010074418/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/27082004-6.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2004 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2004 |title=One film- 4 Titles |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11122004-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204105758/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11122004-3.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of five songs composed by [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]]. Dharan used to participate in music programs in the college that director [[K. Bhagyaraj]]'s daughter [[Saranya Bhagyaraj|Saranya]] studied in. For the film, Saranya recommended Dharan as the film composer. The album became a chartbuster, with the song "Unnai Kandaene" being listed among the top ten songs of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2007 |title=Musical year this, in Kollywood |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28077.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119230320/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28077.html |archive-date=19 January 2007 |access-date=13 February 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Since Dharan was suffering from malaria, he could not handle background score; instead the score was completed by [[Sabesh–Murali]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 July 2006 |title=இளையராஜாதான் பெஸ்ட்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-07-02/page/16/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240329130659/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-07-02/page/16/mode/2up |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' in its review described Dharan's songs and background score as "a major highlight" of the film, which became a commercial successful as well.<ref name="BO" />

Song name – Singers – Lyricists:
*"Ennil Ennil Nee" – [[Haricharan]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]] – Rathnam
*"Oru Nodi Iru Nodi" – [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]], [[Shweta Mohan]] – Pa Vijay
*"Theme Music" – [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]]
*"Unnai Kandane" – Haricharan, Shruthi – Na Muthukumar
*"Yedho Nadakuthu" – Krithika Nelson, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] – Pa Vijay

== Reception and box office ==
Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote those who have the patience to watch mega serials with hundred episodes in a row can freely watch Parijatham with their family.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=25 June 2006 |title=பாரிஜாதம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-06-25/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240327154844/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-06-25/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |magazine=Kalki |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "The knots in a story line are like loose strands of hair and braiding it together into an effective screenplay is a work of art. Bhagyaraj must be credited for his admirable skill in weaving the screenplay of ‘Parijatham’ with twists, knots and sparkling humour in a pleasant dosage. By narrating story within a story, Bhagyaraj has made ‘Parijatham’ fragrant".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parijatham |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/parijadam.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018081945/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/parijadam.shtml |archive-date=18 October 2006 |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "His [Bhagyaraj] script here is cleverly etched with some twists and turns, the lines at times sparkling with humour, mercifully sans the double entendres he's famous for. The manner in which he has got his lead pair to enact two roles (it's not the conventional dual role) lends an innovative touch to the narration".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/06parijatham.asp|date=15 June 2006|website=Chennai Online|access-date=9 January 2026|title=Parijatham|first=Malini|last=Mannath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006222357/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/06parijatham.asp|archive-date=6 October 2006}}</ref>

The film was a commercial success.<ref name="BO" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2006 |title='Parijatham' is a hit! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parijatham-is-a-hit-news-tamil-kkfvjMibjifsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191340/http://www.sify.com/movies/parijatham-is-a-hit-news-tamil-kkfvjMibjifsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Bhagyaraj}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Cubicles (web series)

2026-02-28T04:15:41Z

Khalek Rahaman: New Basic Post W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Hindi-language web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=since first versions of article from January 2024; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2023-24 LLMs, etc}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Cubicles Poster.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| director = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum (Season 1-2,4)<br>Divyanshu Malhotra (Season 3)
| producer = Arunabh Kumar
| writer = Avinash Singh<br>Vijay Narayan Verma<br>Gaurav Sharma
| starring = Abhishek Chauhan <br> Badri Chavan <br> Ayushi Gupta
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes =
| editor =
| cinematography =
| runtime =
| network = [[YouTube]] (Season 1)<br>[[SonyLIV]] (Season 2-4)
| music =
| company =
| composer =
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|12|10|df=y}}-Present
| last_aired =
| released =
}}
'''''Cubicles''''' is an Indian Hindi-language web series created by [[The Viral Fever]], starring Abhishek Chauhan,<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Abhishek Chauhan on what made him say 'Yes' for the character in Cubicles, "To be honest I was not offered this role…" |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-abhishek-chauhan-what-made-him-say-yes-the-character-cubicles-be-honest-i-was-not |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> Arnav Bhasin, Shivankit Singh Parihar, and Badri Chavan,<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Badri Chavan on what new things are happening in Cubicles Season 3, "A lot of new things are happening" |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-badri-chavan-what-new-things-are-happening-cubicles-season-3-lot-of-new-things-are |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> among others. The show revolves around the relatable story of Piyush's everyday hustles in an IT company,<ref>{{cite news |title=Web show 'Cubicles' to present a realistic picture of IT industry |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/web-show-cubicles-to-present-a-realistic-picture-of-it-industry-588038 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=8 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> followed by friendships, relationships, keeping up with the work-life balance and at the same time, staying ahead of everyone on the corporate ladder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles S3 Trailer: Where And Where To Watch TVF's Office Drama Series Online; Check DEETS |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/ott/2023/cubicles-s3-where-and-where-to-watch-tvf-office-drama-series-online-abhishek-chauhan-379039.html |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=Filmibeat}}</ref>

Directed by Divyanshu Malhotra, the first season of Cubicles premiered on TVF Play App and YouTube on 10 December 2019,<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles By TVF Review (Initial): Will Take You On Nostalgic Trip Of First Job But Not That Effectively |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/cubicles-by-tvf-review-initial-will-take-you-on-nostalgic-trip-of-first-job-but-not-that-effectively/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=Koimoi}}</ref> and the second season on [[Sony LIV]] on 29 January 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles S2 Review: TVF series will make you miss working from office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/cubicles-s2-review-tvf-series-will-make-you-miss-working-from-office-1896953-2022-01-07 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The third season released on 5 January 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Trailer of 'Cubicles Season 3' unveiled, to stream from this date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/trailer-of-cubicles-season-3-unveiled-to-stream-from-this-date/articleshow/106297539.cms |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles Season 3 Trailer: Abhishek Chauhan And Badri Chavan Starrer Cubicles Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/cubicles-season-3-trailer-abhishek-chauhan-and-badri-chavan-starrer-cubicles-official-trailer/videoshow/106320293.cms |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and the fourth season on 20 December 2024 on Sony LIV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cubicles Season 4 Trailer Out: Chaos, Drama And Leadership Challenges Await |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/cubicles-season-4-trailer-out-chaos-drama-and-leadership-challenges-await-aa-9162981.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Abhishek Chauhan]] as Piyush Prajapati
* [[Badri Chavan]] as Gautam Batra
* [[Ayushi Gupta]] as Sunaina Chauhan
* [[Nidhi Bisht]] as Megha Asthana
* [[Shivankit Parihar]] as Angad Waghmare
* [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]] as Mahendra Dhume
* [[Niketan Sharma]] as Naveen Shetty
* [[Ketaki Kulkarni]] as Neha Kelkar
* [[Nimit Kapoor]] as Vikram Malhotra
* [[Khushbu Baid]] as Supriya

==Plot==

Cubicles follows Piyush Prajapati's journey in his first job at Synnotech Innovations, portraying the highs, lows, and the whirlwind of experiences as he navigates work-life balance, friendships, and challenges in the corporate world like every Indian IT employee.

===Season 1===
The 22-year-old techie, Piyush Prajapati, enters the corporate world at Synotech Innovations. As he grapples with the demands of his new job, the season unravels a series of episodes that delve into the daily challenges, friendships, and intricacies of the workplace. From navigating office politics to forging bonds with colleagues-turned-friends, Piyush's journey unfolds, showcasing the highs, lows, and humorous moments within the IT company's cubicles.

===Season 2===

Piyush's journey continues amidst the challenges and evolution within Synotech Innovations. From battling monotony and seeking change to confronting critical decisions between job opportunities, the season unravels the complexities of workplace dynamics. Piyush wrestles with personal growth, balancing loyalty to his current workplace against the allure of new opportunities, all while maneuvering through friendships, unexpected situations, and the ever-changing landscape of corporate life.

===Season 3===

After hustling to strive in the corporate world, Piyush is all set to take on new challenges as the Team Lead. Enthusiastic about this opportunity, Piyush constantly struggles between his boss's expectations and the chaos that unfolds behind the cubicles with his team - or rather, his best friends.

===Season 4===
Piyush has grown into a more confident and capable team lead, handling challenges with greater ease than before. The company, Synotech, is being acquired by PIC, leading to uncertainty among employees, some of whom begin applying for jobs elsewhere. Piyush and his team have their first interaction with the tough yet charismatic Tester, Colonel Dhwani, with whom Piyush gradually forms a connection. Amidst office dynamics, old tensions resurface, resulting in small quarrels within the team. In the season finale, Piyush receives an onsite offer for a position in the US. However, valuing his relationships with his friends and team, he decides to recommend his friend Kalpesh for the opportunity instead of accepting it himself, showcasing his loyalty to those around him.

== Series overview ==
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview

| color1 = #B11618
| episodes1 = 5
| start1 = {{Start date|2019|12|10}}
| end1 = {{End date|2020|01|07}}
| network1 = [[YouTube]]

| color2 = #099FDF
| episodes2 = 5
| released2 = {{End date|2022|01|07}}
| network2 = [[Sony LIV]]

| color3 = #006602
| episodes3 = 5
| start3 = {{Start date|2024|01|05}}
| released3 = {{End date|2024|01|05}}
| network3 = [[Sony LIV]]

| color4 = #FCBA03
| episodes4 = 5
| start4 = {{Start date|2024|12|20}}
| released4 = {{End date|2024|12|20}}
| network4 = [[Sony LIV]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Episodes==

===Season 1 (2019)===

{{Episode table |background=#B11618|overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Access Denied
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|10|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = Piyush is super excited for his first day at Synnotech Technologies. He believes that in order to ensure that this new chapter in his life is a memorable one, it is imperative to have a great first day. However, he finds out that it might not be in his control.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = CTC
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|17|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = The memory of what you did with your first official salary is something most, if not all, remember. Piyush explains it to Kalpesh, it's like losing your financial virginity so it has to be special. He has his eyes set on a special treat for himself. However, the best-laid plans often go awry.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Stand By
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|24|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = Nowadays, people may forget their own birthdays and anniversaries but a long weekend is something everyone has marked on their calendars right at the start of the year. Some have preset plans while others try to desperately figure something out at the last minute. Look at how Piyush plans for his perfect long weekend and what he actually ends up doing.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Reconfiguration
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|31|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = In offices, resources from teams are often exchanged on a temporary basis depending on project requirements. In one such transfer, Piyush is made to join a team on a different floor for a month.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = System Down
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = At the office, the internet goes down for the entire floor because of some construction work outside accidentally cutting off their fiber cable. Without the internet everything is at a standstill so the entire floor tries to pass time by playing games like dumb charades and Taboo etc. revealing some things about each person which otherwise would never be shared.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2022)===

{{Episode table |background=3251AE|overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Monday Blues
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Siddhartha Tiwari
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =Things are not so great with Piyush at Synnotech. Boredom, mundanity and Monday blues weigh him down. As the day goes by, Piyush sees it as an opportunity to change his status quo.
| LineColor = #3251AE
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Code Phat Gaya
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Siddhartha Tiwari
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =A distracted and insecure Piyush manages to goof up on an important project deliverable. In the process of fixing the code, Piyush figures that he needs to fix the code of his life.
| LineColor = #3251AE}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Bell Curve
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Siddhartha Tiwari
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =It is the day of Appraisal in the office but Piyush has bigger fish to fry, a do or die situation and worst of all Piyush needs to convince Angad to help him out.
| LineColor = #3251AE}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = The Pink Slip
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Siddhartha Tiwari
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =It's the D-Day as mass lay-offs are happening at Synnotech. One of the not-so-favorite employees, RDX has to go, but Piyush has a surprise planned for him.
| LineColor = #3251AE}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = From Cubicle To Cabin
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Amit Golani, Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Siddhartha Tiwari
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =Piyush has an interview lined up with an IT giant that is offering a huge pay jump. However, back at Synnotech, he is offered a nice promotion. Piyush has to pick one.
| LineColor = #3251AE}}
}}

===Season 3 (2024)===

{{Episode table |background=006602|overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = System Upgrade
| DirectedBy = Divyanshu Malhotra
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma, Gaurav Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =Piyush has been promoted to become a team lead and he is blessed to have his friends by his side. What’s even better is that in front of his boss - Vikram, the client - Jefferson - expresses confidence in Piyush. However, as he tries to find his place as a team lead, he realizes that he was excited for the change but not prepared for the challenges.
| LineColor = #006602}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Insert (New Value)
| DirectedBy = Divyanshu Malhotra
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma, Gaurav Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =After the initial debacle, Piyush makes a bold decision to hire a new resource in his team. After suffering a frustrating ordeal while interviewing a bunch of candidates, Piyush finally succeeds in finding the right fit. However, Piyush gets pushback from his team and it makes him question whether he made the right decision or not.
| LineColor = #006602}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Machine Learning
| DirectedBy = Divyanshu Malhotra
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma, Gaurav Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =Piyush gets a reality check upon receiving negative feedback from his team, and he decides on an aggressive approach that succeeds in the desired outcome but ends up sabotaging his relationship with his team. He tries to repair it with a team dinner but instead, everyone shows up at Khyati’s bash. Then the upset Piyush goes to his old friend Kalpesh for a heart-to-heart talk over drinks.
| LineColor = #006602}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Compilation Error
| DirectedBy = Divyanshu Malhotra
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma, Gaurav Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =Piyush needs to mend his relationship with his team. Meanwhile, the pressure of upcoming deliverables further complicates the situation. What follows is a shocking revelation: one of his team members has been moonlighting for another team during the time allocated for their project. Adding to that, his most trusted mates, Gautam and Gambhir, don't deliver on their modules. After a major debacle in the deliverables, Piyush rises to the occasion and takes a bullet for the team.
| LineColor = #006602}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = If/Else
| DirectedBy = Divyanshu Malhotra
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Narayan Verma, Gaurav Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =Just when Piyush has been able to win back the confidence of his team, he faces the hardest challenge as a team lead. He has to fire one of his teammates. To make matters worse, he has to come to a decision during the weekend trip with the team.
| LineColor = #006602}}
}}

===Season 4 (2024)===

{{Episode table |background=FCBA03|overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = 99.9%
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Adarsh Jaunpuri, Chetan Dange, and Anurag Shukla
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = -
| LineColor = #FCBA03}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Compliance
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Adarsh Jaunpuri, Chetan Dange, and Anurag Shukla
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = -
| LineColor = #FCBA03}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Firewall
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Adarsh Jaunpuri, Chetan Dange, and Anurag Shukla
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = -
| LineColor = #FCBA03}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Breach
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Adarsh Jaunpuri, Chetan Dange, and Anurag Shukla
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = -
| LineColor = #FCBA03}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Restart
| DirectedBy = Chaitanya Kumbhakonum
| WrittenBy = Avinash Singh, Vijay Verma, Adarsh Jaunpuri, Chetan Dange, and Anurag Shukla
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = -
| LineColor = #FCBA03}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mann Mein Shor
| lyrics1 = -
| extra1 = Karthik Rao, Noxious D
| length1 = 1:36
| title2 = Socha Na Tha
| lyrics2 = -
| extra2 = Karthik Rao, Shilpa Surroch
| length2 = 2:58
| title3 = Pal Wahi Hai
| lyrics3 = -
| extra3 = Karthik Rao, Noxious D
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = How Do You Know
| lyrics4 = -
| extra4 = Karthik Rao
| length4 = 1:25
| title5 = Main Kaun Hoon
| lyrics5 = -
| extra5 = Karthik Rao
| length5 = 2:44
| title6 = Murshid
| lyrics6 = -
| extra6 = Karthik Rao
| length6 = 2:44
| total_length = 16:01 <ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles (A TVF Original Series Soundtrack)|url=https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nQu1oOm1bferqqhr9QNh2YCVtyrlHnUkU|access-date=10 December 2019 |work= music.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref>
}}

===Season 2===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kahin Thor Dikhe Na
| lyrics1 = -
| extra1 = Anurag Saikia, Varun Jain
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Roothi Parchaiyaan
| lyrics2 = -
| extra2 = Anurag Saikia, Vivek Hariharan
| length2 = 3:01
| title3 = Eco
| lyrics3 = -
| extra3 = Anurag Saikia
| length3 = 1:47
| title4 = CMC
| lyrics4 = -
| extra4 = Anurag Saikia
| length4 = 1:39
| title5 = Saturday
| lyrics5 = -
| extra5 = Anurag Saikia
| length5 = 1:57
| title6 = A New Day
| lyrics6 = -
| extra6 = Anurag Saikia
| length6 = 1:27
| title7 = Its a Match
| lyrics7 = -
| extra7 = Anurag Saikia
| length7 = 1:36
| title8 = Hope
| lyrics8 = -
| extra8 = Anurag Saikia
| length8 = 1:16
| title9 = RDX Was Here
| lyrics9 = -
| extra9 = Anurag Saikia
| length9 = 1:25
| title10 = Greetings from Goa
| lyrics10 = -
| extra10 = Anurag Saikia
| length10 = 1:31
| title11 = Cabin vs Cubicle
| lyrics11 = -
| extra11 = Anurag Saikia
| length11 = 1:55
| title12 = Resignation Letter
| lyrics12 = -
| extra12 = Anurag Saikia
| length12 = 2:05
| title13 = Reflection
| lyrics13 = -
| extra13 = Anurag Saikia
| length13 = 1:44
| total_length = 25:31 <ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles: Season 2 (Soundtrack from the Series)|url=https://www.qobuz.com/us-en/album/cubicles-season-2-soundtrack-from-the-series-anurag-saikia/e91br1pdas7nc|access-date=1 June 2022 |work=www.qobuz.com|language=en}}</ref>
}}

=== Season 3 ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Daayein Baayein
| lyrics1 = -
| extra1 = Vivek Hariharan, Arabinda Neog, Dipakshi Kalita, Divyanshu Malhotra
| length1 = 2:59
| title2 = Chalo Chalein
| lyrics2 = -
| extra2 = Ankur Jyoti, Arabinda Neog, Bhargav Kateliya
| length2 = 2:25
| total_length = 5:24 <ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles: Season 3 (A TVF Original Series Soundtrack)|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/cubicles-season-3-a-tvf-original-series-soundtrack/BpHG69Nyxzg_|access-date=8 January 2024 |work= music.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== Reception ==
=== Season 1 ===
[[Film Companion]] wrote "This whole series is trying to put a gilded, almost floral filter on the corporate space, trying to show how people seek value from their work. But this value is not just satisfaction at the end of the day i.e. your job as your vocational soul-mate."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles Review: This TVF Series, A Narrative Twin of Kota Factory, Is Quite Endearing |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/cubicles-review-this-tvf-series-a-narrative-twin-of-kota-factory-is-quite-endearing |access-date=6 January 2020 |work=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Season 2 ===
[[Times of India]] wrote "Director & his team of writers successfully portray the little moments in the life of a corporate employee, from the Monday blues to bell curve gyaan on appraisal days to the pink slip, through the eyes of the protagonist." reviews are positive, with an average critics rating of 3.0/5.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles Season 2 Review: A Syrupy Take on Corporate Squabbles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/cubicles/season-2/seasonreview/88566151.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Season 3 ===
[[Times of India]] wrote "With its relatable humor, endearing characters, and heartwarming moments, 'Cubicles 3' offers a welcome escape from the mundane."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles Season 3 Review: This Season Balances Bytes And Bonds! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/cubicles/season-3/seasonreview/106341132.cms |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Season 4 ===
[[Times of India]] wrote "Cubicles S4 Introduces fresh conflicts and characters, these elements often feel underdeveloped. Issues are resolved too quickly, robbing them of emotional weight and leaving the narrative feeling convenient and stagnant compared to earlier seasons. This lack of progression prevents the show from reaching the dramatic heights it aspires to."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles Season 4 Review: Abhishek Chauhan And TVF Returns to Navigate the Highs and Lows of Corporate Chaos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/cubicles/cubicles-season-4/seasonreview/116429776.cms |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ananda Bazar Patrika]] wrote "If you've ever worked in an office environment, this series will speak to you on a personal level. It’s an honest and refreshing portrayal of workplace dynamics.."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles 4 Review: A Relatable Office Drama That Hits Close to Home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/cubicles/cubicles-season-4/seasonreview/116429776.cms |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Times Now News]] wrote "Cubicles 4 is like a perfectly brewed cup of chai during a work break. It is comforting, refreshing, and just what you need to get through the chaos of life. Whether you’ve been in the corporate world or just love a good laugh with relatable characters, this season will keep you hooked."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cubicles 4 Review: Abhishek Chauhan Is The Dream Team Lead Everyone Deserves |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/cubicles-4-review-abhishek-chauhan-is-the-dream-team-lead-everyone-deserves-review-116475523 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of productions by The Viral Fever]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11379698}}
* ''[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/cubicles-hindi-1700000817?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=WatchNow&utm_campaign=1700000817 Cubicles]'' on [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

All India Students' Association

2026-02-27T13:03:44Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up a details

{{short description|Indian students organisation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All India Students' Association
| logo = File:AISA symbol.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| logo_caption = Official symbol of AISA
| image = File:AISA flag.svg
| image_size = 120px
| caption = Official flag of AISA
| abbreviation = AISA
| formation = 9 August 1990
| type = Student organisation
| status = Active
| headquarters = India
| leader_title = National President
| leader_name = Neha
| leader_title2 = National General Secretary
| leader_name2 = Prasenjeet Kumar
| affiliations = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| website = [https://aisa.in aisa.in]
}}
'''All India Students' Association''' (AISA) is a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[student organisation]] in India. It describes itself as "the voice of the radical students' movement" and is affiliated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aisa.in/about/manifesto/ |title=AISA : Manifesto |work=AISA |accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> The association was previously affiliated with the [[Indian People's Front|IPF]].<ref name="ipf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930415-students-say-no-to-politics-of-communalism-810941-1993-04-15|title=Students say 'no' to politics of communalism|last1=Gupta|first1=J. S.|date=15 April 1993|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>

It was founded in [[Prayagraj]] on 9 August 1990 with the merger of several left-wing student organisations across India. AISA has an organisational presence in several states and union territories, including [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]], etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/four-year-undergraduate-programme-issue-protesting-students-detained/articleshow/37244571.cms|title=Four-year undergraduate programme issue: Protesting students detained|date=2014-06-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Subhash|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/left-is-right-in-uttar-pradesh-congress/articleshow/74606351.cms|title=Left is right in Uttar Pradesh Congress?|date=2020-03-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/assam-protests-akhil-gogoi-health|title=Assam Rocked by Statewide Protests Demanding Akhil Gogoi's Release|last1=Das|first1=Gaurav|date=12 March 2020|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/dist-wing-of-all-india-students-association-to-start-agitation-31352.html|title=Dist wing of All-India Students Association to start agitation|date=2013-12-24|website=The Statesman|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/students-of-calcutta-seek-help-for-delhi-riot-victims/cid/1753546|title=Students of Calcutta seek help for Delhi riot victims|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Subhankar|date=14 March 2020|website=The Telegraph (Kolkata)|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>

==Universities==
The students' association has a presence in various major [[institutions of higher education]] in India, such as [[Patna University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/117-remain-in-fray-for-pusu-polls/articleshow/72321619.cms|title=117 remain in fray for PUSU polls {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|last1=Mishra|first1=B. K.|date=9 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/pusu-polls-jap-rjd-end-abvp-dominance-jd-u-bites-the-dust/story-yvEFRTPNLt3UzwBBUOfYTP.html|title=PUSU polls result 2019: JAP, RJD end ABVP dominance, JD-U bites the dust|last1=Kumar|first1=Arun|date=2019-12-08|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[University of Allahabad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/uttar-pradesh-students-launch-protests-demand-action-after-murder-of-allahabad-university-law-student-4347467.html|title=Dalit law student murdered: Students of Allahabad University go on rampage, lay siege at DM's house|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=13 February 2018|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[Banaras Hindu University]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/21-arrested-in-connection-with-clash-following-anti-caa-protest-at-amu/articleshow/72742515.cms|title=Protests spread to BHU, Islamic seminary in Lucknow; 21 held in Aligarh|date=16 December 2019|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[Kumaun University]],<ref name="ipf" /> [[Jadavpur University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jadavpur-university-student-union-elections-held-after-3-years-results-to-be-announced-today-1648325-2020-02-20|title=Jadavpur University student union elections held after 3 years, results to be announced today|date=20 February 2020|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[University of Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/dusu-polls-2018-dusu-elections-2018-aap-cpm-student-wings-to-jointly-contest-delhi-university-polls-1908398|title=AAP, CPM Student Wings To Jointly Contest Delhi University Polls|date=30 August 2018|website=[[NDTV.com]]|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[University of Lucknow]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lucknow-university-teachers-attacked-varsity-closed/articleshow/64859113.cms|title=Lucknow University teachers attacked, varsity closed|date=4 July 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/tiss-students-protests-now-reach-power-corridors-in-new-delhi-against-withdrawal-of-financial-aid-for-scst-scholars-4369695.html|title=TISS students' protests now reach power corridors in New Delhi against withdrawal of financial aid for SC/ST scholars|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=27 February 2018|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/191218/hyderabad-more-students-join-hunger-strike-at-tiss.html|title=Hyderabad: More students join hunger strike at TISS|last1=Parasa|first1=Rejeswari|date=19 December 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/in-midnight-protest-at-jnu-hundreds-surround-vice-chancellor-over-missing-student-1476509|title=In Midnight Protest At JNU, Hundreds Surround Vice Chancellor Over Missing Student|last1=Sanyal|first1=Anindita|date=20 October 2016|website=[[NDTV.com]]|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> [[HNB Garhwal University]] and [[Ambedkar University, Delhi]], among others. A unit of AISA has also consistently won student union elections in Rikhnikhal Degree College, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, since 2017. From 2013 to 2019 AISA had significant presence in [[Visva-Bharati]] the only central university of West Bengal. Activist of AISA has led historical students movement in Visva-Bharati raising voice against gender based violence, Fee Hike, illegal suspension of students demanding campus democracy etc. AISA was the biggest student organisation of Visva-Bharati of the time with presence in more than 20 departments and institutes.

AISA has consistently won in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]] elections since 2006.<ref name="JNU2012">{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/231887/history-repeats-itself-aisa-wins.html | title=History repeats itself, AISA wins JNU polls | work=Deccan Herald | date=3 May 2012 | accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="JNU2013">{{cite news | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/aisa-sweeps-jnus-student-union-polls-wins-all-4-top-positions-639147.html | title=AISA sweeps JNU's student union polls, wins all 4 top positions | work=IBN Live | date=16 September 2013 | accessdate=29 May 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042942/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/aisa-sweeps-jnus-student-union-polls-wins-all-4-top-positions-639147.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JNU2014">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jnu-stays-with-aisa-strong-show-by-abvp/article1-1264036.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915114340/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jnu-stays-with-aisa-strong-show-by-abvp/article1-1264036.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 September 2014 | title=JNU: AISA wins polls, strong show by ABVP | work=Hindustan Times | date=15 September 2014 | accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> The victory of AISF in the 2015 JNUSU elections marked the occasion when AISA lost the presidency.<ref>{{cite news | title=JNUSU: AISF wins top post, ABVP makes a comeback after 14 years | work=The New Indian Express | date=13 September 2015 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/Sep/13/jnusu-aisf-wins-top-post-abvp-makes-a-comeback-after-14-years-814023.html | access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

Since 2013, AISA has been one of the major left forces in [[Delhi University Students' Union]] elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DUSU-elections-Stand-on-4-year-course-fuels-AISAs-rise/articleshow/22592256.cms | title=DUSU elections: Stand on 4-year course fuels AISA's rise | work=The Times of India | date=15 September 2013 | accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-beating-money-power-left-makes-a-mark-in-delhi-university-polls-1891257 | title=Beating money power, left makes a mark in Delhi University polls | work=DNA India | date=20 September 2013 | accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=http://www.tehelka.com/choice-based-credit-system-leaves-students-with-no-choice/2/ | title=Choice-Based Credit System Leaves Students With No Choice | publisher=Tehelka Magazine, Volume 12 Issue 14 | date=4 April 2015 | accessdate=29 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629101241/http://www.tehelka.com/choice-based-credit-system-leaves-students-with-no-choice/2/ | archive-date=29 June 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Officers ==
As of 7 October 2025, the national president of the All India Students' Association (AISA) is Neha, and the national general secretary is Prasenjeet Kumar.<ref name="OfficeBearers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aisa.in/about/office-bearers/|title=Office Bearers|website=All India Students' Association (AISA)|language=en-US|access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="8thConf">{{cite web|url=http://www.aisa.in/aisas-8th-national-conference-calls-for-nationwide-movement-against-common-central-university-bill-cbcs-rusa-binding-commitments-at-wto-and-attacks-on-campus-democracy/|title=AISA's 8th National Conference Calls for Nationwide Movement Against Common Central University Bill, CBCS, RUSA, 'Binding Commitments' at WTO, and Attacks on Campus Democracy!|date=16 May 2015|work=AISA|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Chandrashekhar Prasad]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Kant |first=Krishna |date=2017-04-01 |title=The Gun That Killed JNU's Chandrashekhar 20 Years Ago Was 'Secular' |url=https://thewire.in/politics/gun-killed-jnus-chandrashekhar-secular |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818232225/https://thewire.in/politics/gun-killed-jnus-chandrashekhar-secular |archive-date=2023-08-18 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>
* [[Sandeep Saurav]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Agnipath scheme: Violent protests continue in Bihar, 2 trains set on fire |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/agnipath-scheme-violent-protests-continue-in-bihar-2-trains-set-on-fire-122061700397_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818232440/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/agnipath-scheme-violent-protests-continue-in-bihar-2-trains-set-on-fire-122061700397_1.html |archive-date=2023-08-18 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>


== See also ==
* [[Revolutionary Youth Association]]
* [[All India Students Federation]]
* [[Students' Federation of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
[[Category:1990 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1990]]
[[Category:Student wings of communist parties of India]]

Bhag Singh Ahluwalia

2026-02-19T15:20:15Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up a bio

{{Short description|Misl Leader of the Ahluwalia Misl}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhag Singh Ahluwalia
| title = Misaldar
| image = File:Bhag Singh Ahluwalia.jpg
| caption =
| succession = [[Ahluwalia_(misl)#Dynasty|Misaldar]] of the [[Ahluwalia Misl]]
| reign = November, 1783 – July 10, 1801
| predecessor = [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]
| successor = [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]]
| birth_date = 1747
| birth_place =
| death_date = July 10, 1801
| death_place = [[Kapurthala]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse =
| issue = [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]]
| royal house = [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala Family]]
| dynasty =
| father = Ladha Singh
| mother =
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| signature =
}}
'''Bhag Singh Ahluwalia''' (or '''Bagh Singh Ahluwalia'''), was the chief of the [[Ahluwalia Misl]] from 1783 to 1801. He succeeded [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], following a disputed succession against Jassa Singh’s sons-in-law. Before his rule, he was a close associate and administrator under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He is noted for his military campaigns against the [[Nakai Misl|Nakkai]], [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]], and [[Ramgarhia Misl|Ramgarhia]] [[Misl|misls]], as well as his alliance with [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] and Raja [[Sansar Chand]] of Kangra.
==Early life and rise to leadership==
There was no male child born to Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. His two daughters were married to Mohar Singh and Mehar Singh, respectively. Raj Kaur, Jassa Singh's wife, had persuaded him to name one of their sons-in-law or her brother to replace him, but he refused as he didn't think any of them possessed the traits a monarch needed.{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=76}}

Jassa Singh and Diwan Burha Mai's close relative Bhag Singh had been efficiently assuming over the majority of the state's administrative responsibilities. According to Bhag Singh, the Diwan was not always honest and occasionally misused public money.{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=76}}{{sfn|Siṅgha|1993|p=70}}

There was a disagreement about Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's succession after his death in 1783 since both of his sons-in-law claimed the role. A coalition of Sikh officials determined that Mohan Singh, his older son-in-law, should succeed him during his cremation in Kapurthala.{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=76}} However, Bhag Singh's supporters Jai Singh Kanaihya's involvement helped to settle the issue in his favor. Bhag Singh therefore rose to become Kapurthala's leader.{{sfn|Siṅgha|1993|p=70}}

==Military campaigns==
At the time when Hari Singh [[Dallewalia Misl|Dallewalia]] mastered the [[Chamkaur]], he pushed the Sodhis family out of that place but then Bhag Singh came on the scene supporting the Sodhis, which compelled Hari Singh to evacuate Chamkaur and restoring [[Sodhi]] to their original status.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=44}}

In 1784, under the complaints of the residents of Salan, the territory under Sardar Gurbakhsh Singh was taken away from him. Bhag Singh captured the [[Sharak Pur Tehsil|Sharakpure]] from the Nakkais.{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=77}} He then joined ranks with other such leaders and came back to conquer [[Kasur]]. News of his son was in campaign, he named him Fateh Singh in victory of the birth at Kasur.{{sfn|Siṅgha|1993|p=70}}

In 1785, there was a battle in [[Amritsar]] between the [[Bhangi Misl]] and [[Maha Singh]] Sukerchakia. At that time, Maha Singh was surrounded without a route of escape. In that position, Bhag Singh helped him out by allowing him to pass through his katra (locality). The Bhangis followed Maha Singh and chased him up to Majitha, 20 kilometers away. As a counter, Bhag Singh deployed his men to fight against the Bhangis, ensuring Maha Singh's safety.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=45}}

Bhag Singh assisted the [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiyas]] in retaking [[Batala]] from the [[Ramgarhia Misl|Ramgarhias]] in 1789. Man Chand, the youngest brother of Raja [[Sansar Chand]] Katoch of Kangra, arrived to assist [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] at that time. There, Bhag Singh encountered Man Chand and repelled him.{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=77}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=45}} In 1792, Bhag Singh undertook a pilgrimage to [[Jawalamukhi]], where he met Raja Sansar Chand Katoch. As a symbol of their newfound brotherhood, both leaders exchanged turbans. To further cement the bond between their families, their sons, [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]] and Anurodh Chand, also exchanged turbans.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=45}}

Following that in 1793, Bhag Singh got into a fight with Gulab Singh Bhangi, the ruler of [[Amritsar]] and the surrounding regions, whose people had executed an Ahluwalia agent in Jhubal. Satisfied with his accomplishment, he retreated to Kapurthala after occupying [[Jandiala]] and [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]] without making any attempt to keep these gains.{{sfn|Siṅgha|1993|p=71}}

In 1796, he also helped Rani [[Sada Kaur]], mother-in-law of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], in her military incursion into the fort of Miani in the [[Jalandhar]] district against [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]]. The allied forces besieged the fort for a long period of time but suddenly a flood arrived in the Beas River which compelled both the parties to withdraw, both got heavy losses in terms of equipment during their retreat.{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=79}}

Raja Sansar Chand of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] joined the Ramgarhias in 1801, and Bhag Singh dispatched an army led by Hamir Singh to fight them. The Ahluwalias were obliterated and Hamir Singh suffered serious injuries.{{sfn|Siṅgha|1993|p=71}} When Bhag Singh learned of this setback, he gathered his surviving troops and marched against his adversaries as far as [[Phagwara]].{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=79}}
==Death==
At Phagwara, Bhag Singh fought [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]], Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's son. Bhag Singh had a foot injury that worsened over time after falling off his horse during the combat. As a result, he withdrew to [[Kapurthala]], where he died on July 10, 1801.{{sfn|Kaur|2019|p=79}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Works cited===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |date=1999 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers]] |isbn=9788121501651 |edition=3rd, illustrated |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. IV }}
* {{cite book |last=Siṅgha |first=Bhagata |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, [[Punjabi University]] |location=Punjab (India) |title=A History of the Sikh Misals }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Rubaljot |title=The Rise and Fall of Ahluwalia Misal |year=2019 |publisher=Department of History, University College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Guru Kashi University |location=Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, India |url=https://gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/English_Thesis_Papers/The.Rise.And.Fall.Of.Ahluwalia.Misal.(GurmatVeechar.com).pdf }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:1747 births]]
[[Category:1801 deaths]]

Samuel Barrett Miles

2026-02-11T06:57:10Z

Khalek Rahaman: refined content and updated info per standard format

{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samuel Barrett Miles
| image = Samuel Barrett Miles.png
| alt =
| caption = Photograph from the frontispiece of ''The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1838|10|02}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1914|08|28|1838|10|02}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Army officer
| known_for = Ethnographic and historical writings on Oman
}}
'''Samuel Barrett Miles''' (2 October 1838 – 28 August 1914) was a [[British Army]] officer who served as a diplomat in various Arabic-speaking countries, notably Oman, which he came to know better than any other European of the time. The notes that he made were published after his death as ''The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf''.

==Early years==

Samuel Barrett Miles was born on 2 October 1838, the son of Major-General Miles.{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=xix}}
His father was in the military service of the [[East India Company]].{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=vii}}
Miles was educated at [[Harrow School|Harrow]]. He joined the [[British Indian Army]] in 1857, the year of the [[Indian Mutiny]]. He entered the [[113th Infantry|7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry]] as an ensign, was promoted to lieutenant in 1860 and became regimental quarter-master in 1864. In November 1866 he moved with his regiment to [[Aden]]. The next year he was appointed Cantonment Magistrate and Assistant Resident at Aden.{{sfn|Al-Hajri|2006|p=162}}

==Political agent in the Gulf region==

The regiment returned to India in March 1869. Soon after, Miles applied for a transfer to the Political Service.
His first appointment was to [[Balochistan]], where he stayed on the [[Makran]] coast.{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=vii}}
Miles was appointed Political Agent and Consul at [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], in Oman, in October 1872.
He spent most of his subsequent career as a political agent in Oman.{{sfn|Al-Hajri|2006|p=162}}
Other appointments included Political Agent in Turkish Arabia, Consul-General of [[Baghdad]] (1879), Political Agent and Consul-General of [[Zanzibar]] (1881), Political Agent in the North West Province and Oudh (1885) and Political Resident in the [[Persian Gulf]].{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=xix}}{{sfn|Al-Hajri|2006|p=162}}{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=ix}}

Miles came to Oman during the reign of [[Turki bin Said]] (1871–1888), whom the British had assisted in ending the conservative religious revolution of [[Azzan bin Qais]].{{sfn|Al-Hajri|2006|p=162}}
Miles made several journeys from Muscat into the interior of the country to gain a better understanding of the people for diplomatic purposes. He was an Arabist and Orientalist, and developed a deep knowledge of the history and the people of the region, recording his findings in copious notes.{{sfn|Al-Hajri|2006|p=163}}
He described the country, architecture, local customs, social conditions, agriculture and fishing.
His erudition allowed him to detect echoes of the distant past in modern times.{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=viii}}
He noted that India and Arabia still used a measure of weight that had been used in ancient [[Nineveh]].{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=ix}}

==Later career==

Miles was acting Political Resident in the Gulf from 1885 until October 1886.{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=347}}
In 1887 he returned to India where he was promoted to Colonel. He was Political Resident at [[Mewar]] from 1887 to 1893, when he retired from the army and returned to England.{{sfn|Al-Hajri|2006|p=162}}
Miles wrote several papers that were published by the [[Royal Geographical Society]].
He married Ellen Marie Kay in 1877. They had one son, Harry William Miles, who was killed during [[World War I]] (1914–1918).{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=xix}}

Samuel Barrett Miles died on 28 August 1914 aged 75.{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=xix}}
He had intended to work up his notes into a book, but went blind several years before he died.
Five years later his widow published the work he had completed as ''The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf''.{{sfn|Miles|1919|p=vii}}

==Bibliography==
Published work by Samuel Barrett Miles include:
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|title=A brief Account of Four Arabian Works on the History and Geography of Arabia
|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=6|year=1873|pages=20–27|doi=10.1017/s0035869x00016129|s2cid=162959349 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2153752|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|title=On the route between Sohar and El-Bereymi in Oman, with a note on the Zatt, or gypsies in Arabia
|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1877}}
*{{cite journal |last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|title=Journal of an Excursion in Oman, in South-East Arabia
|journal=Geographical Journal|volume=7|year=1896|issue=5|pages=522–537|doi=10.2307/1773995|jstor=1773995|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449192}}
*{{cite journal |last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|title=Across the Green Mountain of Oman
|journal=Geographical Journal|volume=18|year=1901|issue=5|pages=465–478|doi=10.2307/1775021|jstor=1775021|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449228}}
*{{cite journal |last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|title=Memorandum on Geography of Oman
|journal=Persian Gulf Administration Reports|volume=1|location=Gerrards Cross|publisher=Archive Editions|year=1986|pages=117–119}}
*{{cite journal |last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|title=On the Border of the Great Desert: A Journey in Oman [part II]
|journal=Geographical Journal|volume=36|year=1910|pages=405–425|doi=10.2307/1777049|jstor=1777049|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|title=The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbsOoPpZiSEC&pg=xix|access-date=12 November 2013|year=1919|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|isbn=978-1-873938-56-0}}
*Tenets of the Ibadhi sect
*Outlines of the history of Oman, 1728–1883
*Note on the tribes of Oman
*Note on the sect of Ibadhiyah of Oman
{{refend}}

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}
'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Al-Hajri|first=Hilal|title=British Travel-writing on Oman: Orientalism Reappraised|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSNdL7_UHqEC&pg=PA162|access-date=12 November 2013
|year=2006|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03910-535-9|chapter=Samuel Barrett Miles, 1874}}
*{{cite book|last=Rahman|first=H.|title=The Making of the Gulf War: Origins of Kuwait's Long-standing Territorial Dispute with Iraq
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzrLF7KSAmAC&pg=PA347|access-date=12 November 2013
|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|isbn=978-0-86372-207-3}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miles, Samuel Barrett}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:British Arabists]]
[[Category:British orientalists]]
[[Category:History of Oman]]

Lassi

2026-02-11T03:36:37Z

Khalek Rahaman: expanded content

{{short description|Yogurt-based drink from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Lassie|Lasi dialect}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Lassi
| image = Salt lassi.jpg
| caption = A [[carafe]] and glass of lassi
| alternate_name =
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| associated_cuisine = [[Cuisine of Punjab|Punjabi]], [[Cuisine of India|Indian]], [[Cuisine of Pakistan|Pakistani]]
| creator =
| course =
| served = Chilled
| main_ingredient = Yogurt, water
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
| alt = A glass of Lassi
| type = Yogurt beverage
}}

'''Lassi''' ({{IPA|hns|ləsːi|pron}}) is a [[Dahi (curd)|yogurt]]–based beverage with a [[smoothie]]-like consistency.<ref name="milk">{{cite book |last=Kurlansky |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Kurlansky |date=2018 |title=Milk! A 10,000-Year Food Fracas |url={{Google books|6htCDwAAQBAJ|page=PA266|plainurl=yes}} |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1632863829 |page=266}}</ref><ref name="vijs">{{cite book |last1=Vij |first1=Vikram |author-link1=Vikram Vij |last2=Dhalwala |first2=Meeru |author-link2=Meeru Dhalwala |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=Vij's Elegant and Inspired Indian Cuisine |url={{Google books|K6HlMjCg9gUC|page=PA191|plainurl=yes}} |location=New York |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |isbn=978-1553651840 |oclc=865244252 |page=191}}</ref> The word 'lassi' means yogurt mixed with water in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]].<ref name="milk"/><ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|lassi}}</ref>

Lassi is prepared by blending yogurt, water, and spices. In Punjab where the drink originated,<ref name=:0/> the yogurt is traditionally made from [[Water buffalo#Dairy|water buffalo milk]].<ref name="knowledge">{{cite book|last=Semali|first=Ladislaus|date=2002|title=What is Indigenous Knowledge? Voices from the Academy|url={{Google books|XUuAAAAAQBAJ|page=PA173|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=173}}</ref> Variations of lassi exist, such as by adding salt, [[cumin]] or [[cardamom]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Siciliano-Rosen |first=Laura |title=Lassi |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/lassi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206163434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/lassi |archive-date=6 December 2017 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> Lassi is traditionally served in a clay cup known as ''[[kulhar]]''.<ref name=":0" /> In the 21st century, lassi is commonly consumed in many world regions.<ref name=:0/>

==Varieties==
===Namkin / Namkeen lassi===
Namkin or namkeen (salty) lassi is made by adding [[salt]], [[black pepper]], [[cumin]], and [[sugar]] to the yogurt-water mixture.<ref name="milk"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Vijayakar |first=Sunil |date=2016 |title=Indian Kitchen: Authentic Dishes from India |location=Bath |publisher=Paragon Books |isbn=978-1474815147 |page=217}}</ref>

===Lassi masalewal===
Lassi masalewal (spicy lassi) is made by adding ingredients such as [[almonds]], [[ginger]], [[green chilies]], and [[pistachios]] to namkin lassi.<ref name="milk"/>

===Meethi lassi===
Meethi (sweet) lassi is made by adding [[cardamom]], [[rosewater]], and [[saffron]] to the yogurt-water mixture.<ref name="milk"/><ref name="etiq">{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Niraalee|date= 2021|title=Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture|url={{Google books|7YdUEAAAQBAJ|page=PT289|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Notion Press|pages=289}}</ref>

===Bhang lassi===
Bhang lassi is a [[Cannabis edible#Drink|cannabis-infused drink]] that contains [[bhang]], a liquid derivative of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], which has effects similar to [[Cannabis edible|other eaten forms of cannabis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva/ |title=The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva |author=Staelens, Stefanie |website=Vice.com |date=10 March 2015 |access-date=2017-08-10 |archive-date=2017-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011827/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/kbx94a/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva |url-status=live }}</ref> It is legal in many parts of India and mainly sold during [[Holi]], when [[pakora]]s containing bhang are also sometimes eaten. [[Uttar Pradesh]] is known to have licensed bhang shops, and in many places, one can buy bhang products and drink bhang lassis.<ref>Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations Collection 2, Episode 5; Final Segment.</ref>

===Others===
Fruits such as [[mangos]] and [[strawberries]] may be added to the yogurt-water mixture to yield, for example, mango lassi and strawberry lassi.<ref name = "milk"/><ref name = "etiq"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Fatfreelassi.jpg|Lassi served in a restaurant.
File:Mint lassi.jpg|Mint lassi
File:Bhang lassi (3304878869).jpg|[[Bhang]] lassi
File:Patiyala Lassi.jpg|Lassi served in a brass cup in [[Patiala]]
File:Banaras-ki-Lassi.jpg|Benaras-ki-lassi, a style of lassi from [[Varanasi]] served in [[kulhar]]
File:Odia style Lassi-Puri-Odisha-IMG 9776.jpg|A style of lassi from [[Odisha]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{cookbook}}
{{Portal|India|Society|Drink|Food}}
* [[Smoothie]]
* [[List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages]]

==References==
<references />

{{Yogurts}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian dishes}}

[[Category:Yogurt-based drinks]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Pakistani drinks]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian dairy products]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi dairy products]]

Sohag Chand

2026-02-05T18:19:12Z

Khalek Rahaman: creating new post

{{Short description|2023 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = Ashranu Mitra
| screenplay = Camelia Banerjee<br/>Tapan Ganguly
| director = Subhendu Chakraborty, Victo, Monojit
| creative_director = Subhendu Chakraborty
| starring = Anwesha Mukhopadhyay <br/> Abhishek Veer Sharma
| opentheme = "Sohag Chand bodoni dhoni nacho to dekhi"
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer = [[Jeet Ganguly]]
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| executive_producer =
| producer = Surinder Singh <br/> Nispal Singh
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 711 
| list_episodes =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|11|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|11|07|df=y}}
| image_alt =
| network = [[Colors Bangla]]
| related = ''[[Sundara Manamadhe Bharli]]''
}}

'''''Sohag Chand''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] drama television series that released from 28 November 2022 on [[Colors Bangla]]. The series is produced under the banner of [[Surinder Films]]. It stars Anwesha Mukhopadhyay and Abhishek Veer Sharma in lead roles. It is an official remake of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] TV series ''[[Sundara Manamadhe Bharli]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/daily-soap-sohag-chand-completes-100-episodes-team-celebrates-the-milestone/articleshow/98468043.cms|title=Daily soap 'Sohag Chand' completes 100 episodes; team celebrates the milestone|website=The Times of India|date=7 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sohag-chand-tumpa-autowali-and-pherari-mon-gear-up-for-new-twists/articleshow/98661498.cms|title=Sohag Chand', 'Tumpa Autowali' and 'Pherari Mon' gear up for new twists|website=The Times of India|date=15 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/did-you-know-sohag-chand-is-the-remake-of-marathi-show-sundara-manamadhe-bharli/articleshow/98750982.cms|title=Did you know 'Sohag Chand' is the remake of Marathi show 'Sundara Manamadhe Bharli?'|website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/team-sohag-chand-in-varanasi-for-outdoor-shoot/articleshow/98854218.cms|title=Team 'Sohag Chand' in Varanasi for outdoor shoot|website=The Times of India|date=23 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-sohag-chand-to-launch-soon/articleshow/95117532.cms|title=New TV show Sohag Chand to launch soon|website=The Times of India|date=27 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/television/bengali-daily-serial-sohag-chand-new-update-of-the-story-190973.html|title=শেষ পর্যন্ত জিতবে সোহাগ চাঁদের দল! কোন দিকে মোড় নেবে ধারাবাহিকের গল্প?|website=Bengali One India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sohag-helps-chand-win-the-cricket-match/articleshow/100984113.cms|title=Durjoy and Chand to battle it out on the cricket field|website=The Times of India|date=14 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name="MSN 2024 a050">{{cite web | title=MSN | website=MSN | date=21 April 2024 | url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/health/wellness/exclusive-body-shaming-is-extremely-prevalent-in-our-society-irrespective-of-gender-says-anuradha-mukherjee/ar-AA1ndprn?ocid=weather-verthp-feeds | access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Goswami 2024 n559">{{cite web | last=Goswami | first=Ranita | title=৫০০ পর্ব পার, সোহাগ চাঁদের সেটে জমিয়ে হল পেটপুজো, কী ছিল মেনুতে? | website=Hindustantimes Bangla | date=11 April 2024 | url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bengali-tv-serial-sohag-chand-cross-500-episode-see-the-celebration-pic-31712830316289.html | language=bn | access-date=21 April 2024}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Ananda 2024 w451">{{cite web | last=Ananda | first=ABP | title='সোহাগ চাঁদ' পূর্ণ করল ৫০০ পর্ব, শ্যুটিং সেটেই হল জমাটি উদযাপন | website=Bengali News, Bangla News, Breaking News in Bangla, Latest Bangla News, বাংলা খবর, বাংলার আজকের খবর, ABP Bengali, এবিপি আনন্দ - ABP Ananda | date=11 April 2024 | url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/tv-serial-bangla-serial-update-sohag-chand-completes-500-episodes-celebration-on-set-1059447 | language=bn | access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ananda 2024 a693">{{cite web | last=Ananda | first=ABP | title='বাউন্সার' রূপে সোহাগের আগমন? 'সোহাগ চাঁদ' ধারাবাহিকে এবার নতুন চরিত্রের প্রবেশ | website=Bengali News, Bangla News, Breaking News in Bangla, Latest Bangla News, বাংলা খবর, বাংলার আজকের খবর, ABP Bengali, এবিপি আনন্দ - ABP Ananda | date=6 April 2024 | url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tv-serial/sohag-chand-daily-serial-update-sohag-takes-on-a-dual-role-neil-chatterjee-joins-the-cast-1058397 | language=bn | access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 2022 x698">{{cite web | last=Telegraph | first=The | title=New show Sohag Chand on Colors Bangla at 7pm shines a light on inner beauty | website=Telegraph India | date=28 November 2022 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/new-show-sohag-chand-on-colors-bangla-shines-a-light-on-inner-beauty/cid/1900566 | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bureau 2022 d154">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=MN4U | title=Colors Bangla brings an inspirational story of a plus size woman | website=MediaNews4U | date=23 November 2022 | url=https://www.medianews4u.com/colors-bangla-brings-an-inspirational-story-of-a-plus-size-woman/ | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bangla 2022 l566">{{cite web | last=Bangla | first=Aajtak | title=Sohag Chand: 'মৌ এর বাড়ি'-র পর নতুন রূপে, এবার সোহাগের 'চাঁদ' অভিষেক | website=Aaj Tak বাংলা | date=8 November 2022 | url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/sohag-chand-new-bangla-serial-abhishek-veer-sharma-mou-er-bari-fame-play-chand-opposite-anwesha-chakraborty-sohag-chand-serial-soc-467950-2022-11-08 | language=bn | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* Anwesha Mukhopadhyay as Sohag Banerjee (née Mitra)
* Abhishek Veer Sharma as Chandrashekhar Banerjee aka Chand

===Recurring===
* Rohit Mukherjee as Uttam Kumar Banerjee
* Tanuka Chatterjee as Indubala Banerjee aka Indu
* Poushmita Goswami as Piyali Banerjee aka Piya
* Shraboni Banik as Gangajyoti Mitra aka Ganga
* Mridul Majumdar as Tapan Mitra
* Satabdi Nag as Sucheta
* [[Soumi Banerjee]] as Kamalika Banerjee
* [[Debottam Majumdar|Debottam Majumder]] as Suryashekhar Banerjee aka Surya
* [[Ayendri Lavnia Roy]] as Mallika
* Suvajit Kar / Debopriyo Mukherjee as Durjoy Mondal
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Duryadhan Mondal
* Shovan Kamila as Ratan
* Anuradha Mukherjee as Khoyai Basu
* [[Neil Chatterjee (actor)|Neil Chatterjee]] asArno
* [[Samata Das]]
* Madhurima Basak
* Bhavana Banerjee
* Sutirtha Saha

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]

Women of the Indian independence movement

2026-01-27T06:10:15Z

Khalek Rahaman: made data...

{{Short description|none}} 
The [[Indian independence movement]] was a series of events aimed at ending the [[British Raj|British rule in India]], which lasted till 1947. Women played a significant and prominent role in the Indian independence movement. The participation of women in the movement started as early as the eighteenth century.

==Prominent women==
* [[Velu Nachiyar|Rani Velu Nachiya]] – The First Indian Queen to Fight the British. Rani Velu Nachiyar (3 January 1730 – 25 December 1796) was the queen of the Sivaganga estate in Tamil Nadu, ruling from around 1780 to 1790. She holds the historic distinction of being one of the earliest Indian monarchs to launch an armed resistance against the British East India Company, long before the Revolt of 1857.One of the most dramatic events during her campaign was when her commander '''Kuyili''', a close aide, '''performed a suicide attack''' by setting herself ablaze and destroying the British ammunition store. This act is believed to be '''the earliest known instance of a human bomb''' in recorded history. She is affectionately and reverently known in Tamil as '''"Veeramangai"''' (வீரமங்கை) — meaning '''"brave woman"'''.

* [[Anjana Devi Chaudhary]] (1897 – 27 April 1981) was an Indian [[freedom fighter]], [[writer]], and [[Activism|social activist]] from [[Sikar|Sikar, Rajasthan]]. She is recognised as the first woman from [[Rajasthan]] to be arrested by the britishers during the [[Indian independence movement]]. Her contributions to the independence movement and [[Women's empowerment|women’s empowerment]] remain significant in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjanadevi Chaudhary |url=https://www.ramnarayanchaudhary.org/books/anjanadevi-chaudhary-2/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Shri Ram Narayan Chaudhary - Indian Freedom Fighter, Social Worker and AuthorShri Ram Narayan Chaudhary - Indian Freedom Fighter, Social Worker and Author |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>नागोरी, डॉ. एस.एल. "खण्ड 3", ''स्वतंत्रता सेनानी कोश (गाँधीयुगीन)'', 2011 '''([[Hindi|हिन्दी]])''', भारतडिस्कवरी पुस्तकालय: गीतांजलि प्रकाशन, जयपुर, पृष्ठ सं 1।</ref> She was deeply involved with the [[Indian National Congress]] and became a key figure in the [[Civil disobedience|Civil Disobedience Movement]]. Between 1921 and 1924, she worked to raise political awareness among women. In 1930, she was jailed twice for her participation in the movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-06-12 |title=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav : राजस्थान में 500 महिलाओं के साथ मिलकर अंग्रेजों से किसानों को छुड़ा लाईं थीं अंजना देवी |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/anjana-devi-along-with-500-women-had-rescued-the-farmers-from-the-british-jail-au464-1263603.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Annie Besant]] (1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a British born [[socialist]], [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophist]], [[women's rights]] activist and campaigner for Indian nationalism.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC - History - Annie Besant|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/besant_annie.shtml|access-date=1 January 2023|work=BBC}}</ref> She was an ardent supporter of the Indian [[Self-governance|self-rule]] and became the first female president of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annie Besant, Making Britain|url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/annie-besant|access-date=1 January 2023|work=open.ac.uk|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203222839/https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/annie-besant|url-status=dead}}</ref> She and [[Henry Steel Olcott]] led the [[Theosophical Society Adyar]] based in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Venkatesh|date=19 May 2019|title=Annie Besant: Firebrand Marxist to 'Devi Vasanthe' of Theosophists|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/05/19072935/1118897/Annie-Besant-Firebrand-Marxist-to-Devi-Vasanthe-of-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073801/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/05/19072935/1118897/Annie-Besant-Firebrand-Marxist-to-Devi-Vasanthe-of-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=28 October 2020|work=dtNext.in}}</ref>

*[[Aruna Asaf Ali]] (16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996) was an educator, political activist, and publisher. An active participant in the [[Indian independence movement]], she is widely remembered for hoisting the [[Flag of India#History|Indian National flag]] at the [[Gowalia Tank|Gowalia Tank maidan]], [[Bombay]] during the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. Post-independence, she remained active in politics, becoming [[Delhi]]'s first Mayor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering the fearless freedom fighter|url=https://newsonair.com/2022/07/29/remembering-the-fearless-freedom-fighter-aruna-asaf-ali-on-her-death-anniversary/|access-date=1 December 2023|date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

*[[Avantibai]] (16 August 1831 – 20 March 1858) was a queen of the Ramgarh. An opponent of the [[British East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Avantibai led an army against the British in the battle near the village of Khairi near [[Mandla district|Mandla]], where she was able to defeat the British. However, following renewed attacks on Ramgarh, she moved to the hills of Devharigarh from where she fought a guerilla warfare later.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 'Mutiny' and 'Revolution,' 1857-1858|first=Biswamoy|last=Pati|date=29 September 2017|doi=10.1093/obo/9780199791279-0040|publisher=Oxford Bibliographies|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0040.xml#obo-9780199791279-0040-bibItem-0065}}</ref>

*[[Jhalkaribai]] (22 November 1830 – 5 April 1858) was a woman soldier who played an important role in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. She served in the women's army of [[Rani Lakshmibai]] of [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]] and eventually rose to a position of a prominent advisor to the queen, Rani of Jhansi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarala|first=Srikrishna|title=Indian revolutionaries: a comprehensive study, 1757–1961|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UggIjEuBaAC&pg=PT150|year=1999|volume=I|isbn=978-81-87100-16-4 }}</ref> At the height of the [[Rani of Jhansi#Siege of Jhansi|Siege of Jhansi]], she disguised herself as the queen and fought on her behalf, on the front, allowing the queen to escape safely out of the fort.<ref>{{cite book|last=Badri Narayan|title=Women heroes and Dalit assertion in north India: culture, identity and politics|publisher=SAGE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAQrpDW4-_YC&pg=PP1|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7619-3537-7 }}</ref> She died during the battle.<ref>{{cite book|title=Feminism and Literature: Text and Context|last=Vishwakarma|first=Sanjeev Kumar|publisher=Takhtotaaz|isbn=978-81-922645-6-1|location=Allahabad (India)|pages=132–139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Charu|date=2007|title=Dalit 'Viranganas' and Reinvention of 1857|jstor=4419579|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42|issue=19|pages=1739–1745}}</ref>

*[[Kasturba Gandhi]] (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944) was a social activist who often fought alongside her husband [[Gandhi]].<ref name="Gandhi">{{Cite web|title=Kasturba Gandhi {{!}} Indian political activist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kasturba-Gandhi|access-date=1 May 2021|publisher=Britannica|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612153754/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kasturba-Gandhi|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1904, Kasturba Gandhi began her work in politics and social activism in [[South Africa]] where she helped establish a settlement near [[Durban]], a cooperative village where residents shared chores and grew their own food. In 1913, she was arrested and sentenced to three months in prison for participating in a protest against the treatment of Indian immigrants in South Africa.<ref name="Gandhi"/> Upon return to India, Kasturba participated in numerous civil actions and protests, often taking her husband's place when he was in prison. In 1917, Kasturba worked to empower the lives of farmers in [[Champaran]], [[Bihar]]. In 1922, she participated in a nonviolent civil disobedience (''satyagraha'') movement in [[Gujarat]]. She participated in a number of civil disobedience campaigns in the early 1930s and was arrested and jailed several times.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tarlo|first=Emma|date=1 December 1997|title=Married to the Mahatma: The predicament of Kasturba Gandhi|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09574049708578316|journal=Women: A Cultural Review|volume=8|issue=3|pages=264–277|doi=10.1080/09574049708578316|issn=0957-4042|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806070536/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09574049708578316|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In early 1939, she participated in nonviolent protests against the British in [[Rajkot]] after which she was arrested and kept in solitary confinement, during which her health further deteriorated. In 1942, she was arrested again for participating in the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]] and was imprisoned in [[Pune]]. While in prison her chronic [[bronchitis]] worsened and she contracted [[pneumonia]] which led to her death in early 1944.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schraff|first=Anne|title=Mahatma Gandhi|publisher=Saddleback|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59905-248-9}}</ref>

*[[Kittur Chennamma]] (23 October 1778 – 21 February 1829) was a queen of [[Kittur]], a former princely state in present-day Karnataka.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944|title=Rani Chennamma of Kitturu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> In 1823-29, she led an [[armed resistance]] against the [[British East India Company]], in defiance of the [[Paramountcy]], in an attempt to retain control over her [[dominion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Asiatic Journal Vol.3|title=The Occurrences at Kittur in 1824|year=1830|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Co|location=London|pages=218–222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hELAQAAMAAJ&q=St+John+Thackeray+collector&pg=PA218}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=O'Malley|first=Lewis Sydney Steward|title=Indian civil service, 1601–1930.|year=1985|publisher=Frank Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-714-62023-7|pages=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI1gUGPKZGsC&q=St+John+Thackeray+Collector&pg=PA76}}</ref> She defeated the company forces in the first war in 1824 but died as a [[prisoner of war]] after the second rebellion in 1829.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Subramanian (Ed.)|title=The South Indian rebellions : before and after 1800|year=2007|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|location=Chennai|isbn=978-8-183-79500-5|pages=102–103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i81mLhBEBgQC&q=Kittur+Rani+Chennamma&pg=PA103|edition=1st}}</ref>

*[[Pritilata Waddedar]] (5 May 1911 – 24 September 1932) was an independence activist from [[East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Jhimli Mukherjee|date=22 March 2012|title=After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-80-yrs-posthumous-degrees-for-revolutionaries/articleshow/12364819.cms|access-date=1 May 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205175613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-80-yrs-posthumous-degrees-for-revolutionaries/articleshow/12364819.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Jhimli Mukherjee|date=22 March 2012|agency=TNN|title=After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-80-yrs-posthumous-degrees-for-revolutionaries/articleshow/12364819.cms|access-date=1 May 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205175613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-80-yrs-posthumous-degrees-for-revolutionaries/articleshow/12364819.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1932, she was part of a group of activists led by [[Surya Sen]] who went on an assault on the Pahartali European club at [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Roy Sanyal|first=Ratna|date=March 2012|title=Remembering Pritilata Waddedar : A Centenary Tribute|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3813/1/Karatoya%20vol%204%20Article%20No%203.pdf|journal=North Bengal University Journal of History|volume=5|pages=19–24|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204223348/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3813/1/Karatoya%20vol%204%20Article%20No%203.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the assault, she was shot and she committed suicide later to avoid getting captured.<ref>{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Geraldine|title=Women in Modern India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-521-65377-0|location=Cambridge, England}}</ref>

*[[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmibai]] (19 November 1828 — 18 June 1858) was the queen consort of [[Jhansi State]], a princely state of Jhansi in the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="Jhansi">{{cite web|title=Lakshmi Bai|publisher=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lakshmi-Bai|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127185408/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lakshmi-Bai|url-status=live}}</ref> When her husband [[Maharaja]] [[Gangadhar Rao]] died in 1853, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] under Governor-General [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]] refused to recognize the claim of his adopted heir and annexed Jhansi under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Prachi|date=August 2008|title=The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=67|issue=3|pages=855–879|doi=10.1017/S0021911808001186|s2cid=146225979|issn=1752-0401|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lakshmibai was unwilling to cede control of the territory and joined the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion against the British]] in 1857. She was proclaimed as the regent of Jhansi on behalf of her minor son and led the successful defense of Jhansi against the company and its allies.<ref name="Jhansi"/> She fought along with another rebel leader [[Tantia Tope]] before Jhansi fell to British forces under the command of Hugh Rose in early 1858. She managed to escape on a horseback and joined the rebel forces to attack and capture [[Gwalior]], where they proclaimed [[Nana Saheb]] as ''Peshwa'' of the revived Maratha Empire. She died in June 1858 after being mortally wounded during the British counterattack at Gwalior.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lebra-Chapman|first=Joyce|title=The Rani of Jhansi: A Study of Female Heroism in India|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1986|isbn=0-8248-0984-X|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|pages=1–4}}</ref>

*[[Rukmini Lakshmipathi]] (6 December 1892 – 6 August 1951) was an independence activist belonging to the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite book|title=Seminar on Uplift of Women in South India in 20th Century and Suggestions for 2000 A.D.|publisher=Mother Teresa Women's University, Dept. of Historical Studies|year=1987|series=Conferences, seminars, and workshops series|volume=5|pages=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0AqAAAAYAAJ&q=rukmini+lakshmipathi}}</ref> For her participation in the [[Vedaranyam march|Salt Satyagraha in Vedaranyam]] in 1930, she was jailed for a year, becoming the first female prisoner in the salt satyagraha movement.<ref>{{cite book|last= Roy|first=Kalpana|title=Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1999|volume=1|pages=30|isbn=978-81-261-0343-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0uFJjf6iVQwC&dq=rukmini+lakshmipathi&pg=PA30}}</ref> She was the first woman to be elected to the Madras Legislature in 1937 and the first woman to serve as a minister in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article244000.ece|title=Historic moments, historic personalities|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|date=13 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref>

*[[Sarojini Naidu]] (13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was a poet and an independence activist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarojini Naidu|publisher=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sarojini-Naidu|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003355/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sarojini-Naidu|url-status=live}}</ref> She was hailed as the "Nightingale of India" for her lyrical and oratory prowess.<ref name="Naidu">{{cite journal|last=Reddy|first=Sheshalatha|title=The Cosmopolitan Nationalism of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India|date=September 2010|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/victorian-literature-and-culture/article/abs/cosmopolitan-nationalism-of-sarojini-naidu-nightingale-of-india/908743DE668F776BC9726BDB6BAA0798|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|volume=38|issue=2|pages=571–589|doi=10.1017/S1060150310000173|s2cid=162597244|issn=1470-1553|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204223344/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/victorian-literature-and-culture/article/abs/cosmopolitan-nationalism-of-sarojini-naidu-nightingale-of-india/908743DE668F776BC9726BDB6BAA0798|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Naidu wrote poetry predominantly in English, which usually took the form of [[lyric poetry]] and known for her use of the depictions of India in her writings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Iyer|first=Sharada|title=Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2005|isbn=978-8-176-25574-5|location=India|pages=135}}</ref> After a three-year stint in England from 1895 to 1898, Naidu became involved in the Indian Independence movement and various women’s causes tied to the nationalist movement, such as women’s suffrage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Syed Akbar|date=7 January 2019|title=Nizam's kin pulls out 'firmans' showing last ruler's generosity|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-kin-pulls-out-firmans-showing-last-rulers-generosity/articleshow/67416257.cms|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806070519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-kin-pulls-out-firmans-showing-last-rulers-generosity/articleshow/67416257.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She spoke on its behalf in public forums around the world as an ambassador and spokeswoman of Indian nationalism.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Jodi|title=Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949), Encyclopedia of Gender and Society|date=2009|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/gender/n292.xml|page=589|place=Thousand Oaks|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412964517.n292|isbn=978-1-412-90916-7|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205175602/https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/gender/n292.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> Naidu also acted in an official capacity as the first female Indian president of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1925 and the appointed governor of the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] in 1947.<ref name="Naidu"/>

*[[Sucheta Kripalani]] (25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was a freedom fighter and politician, who was India's first female Chief Minister, serving as the head of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] from 1963 to 1967.<ref>{{cite book| year=2004| title = Eminent Indian Freedom Fighters| author=S K Sharma| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.| isbn=978-81-261-1890-8| page=560| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMfpg66gIREC&pg=PA560}}</ref> She came to the forefront during the [[Quit India Movement]] and was arrested by British. On 14 August 1947, she sang ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' in the Independence Session of the Constituent Assembly a few minutes before [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] delivered his famous "[[Tryst with Destiny]]" speech.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol5p1.htm| title=Constituent Assembly of India - Volume-V| date=14 August 1947| publisher=Parliament of India| access-date=18 January 2016| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904092038/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol5p1.htm| archive-date=4 September 2013| df=dmy-all }}</ref>

*[[Usha Mehta]] (25 March 1920 – 11 August 2000) was a [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] and [[Freedom fighters of India|freedom fighter]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Abdul|first=Geneva|date=2021-05-13|title=Overlooked No More: Usha Mehta, Freedom Fighter Against British Rule in India|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/obituaries/usha-mehta-overlooked.html|access-date=5 June 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She is known for organizing the [[Congress Radio]], an underground [[radio station]], which functioned during the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC News|title=The fiery Indian student who ran a secret radio station for independence|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53775313|access-date=3 October 2021|date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003175038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53775313|archive-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

Premchand

2026-01-26T07:20:49Z

Khalek Rahaman: added new data

{{short description|Indian Hindustani writer (1880–1936)}}
{{other uses}}
{{multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=August 2023}}
{{cleanup|rewrite|reason=Messy formatting, text written in unencyclopedic style.|date=August 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Premchand
| honorific_prefix = [[Munshi]]
| image = Photo of Premchand.webp
| birth_name = Dhanpat Rai Srivastava
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1880|07|31}}
| birth_place = [[Lamhi]], [[Benares State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1936|10|8|1880|07|31}}
| death_place = [[Benares]], Benares State, British India (present-day [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India)
| pseudonym = Premchand, Nawab Rai
| occupation = Novelist, short story writer
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| notableworks = ''[[Godaan]]'', ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn]]'', ''[[Karmabhoomi]]'', ''[[Shatranj ke Khiladi]]'', ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'', ''Mansarovar'', ''[[Idgah (short story)|Idgah]]''
| spouse = Unknown ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1895; divorced) {{marriage|Shivarani Devi|1906|1936|end=died}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Kuldeep|title=Not just Premchand's wife|date=6 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/not-just-premchands-wife/article30750280.ece |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref>
| children = [[Amrit Rai]]
| signature = Hastakshar premchand.jpg
| years_active = 1920–1936
}}
{{Hindustani_language}}
{{History of literature5}}
'''Dhanpat Rai Srivastava'''<ref name="firstbio">{{cite book |author1=Premchand |last2=Gopal |first2=Madan |title=My Life and Times, Premchand: An Autobiographical Narrative, Recreated from His Works |year=2006 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|page=1|isbn=978-81-7436-432-6|quote=I was called Dhanpat Rai.}}</ref> (31 July 1880 – 8 October 1936), better known as '''Munshi Premchand''' based on his [[pen name]] '''Premchand'''<ref name="sov">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Balin |first=V. I.|title=Premchand |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Premchand |encyclopedia=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] |edition=3rd |via=The Free Dictionary |year=1979|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Premchand {{!}} Indian author |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Premchand |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=27 July 2021|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> ({{IPA|hns|preːm t͡ʃənd̪|pron|Premchand.ogg}}), was an Indian writer famous for his modern [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] literature.

Premchand was a pioneer of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] social fiction. He was one of the first authors to write about caste hierarchies and the plight of women and labourers of the late 1880s.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=August 11, 2016 |title=Premchand, the man who wrote on women's plights and caste hierarchy ahead of its time|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/munshi-premchand-birth-anniversary-839029-2016-10-08|access-date=25 November 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He is one of the most celebrated writers of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008">{{cite book | editor-last1=Sollars |editor-first1=Michael D. |editor-last2=Jennings |editor-first2=Arbolina Llamas |title=The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present |year=2008 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6233-1 | pages=631–633}}</ref> and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindi writers of the early twentieth century.<ref name="swan">{{cite book |last=Swan|first=Robert O. |year=1969|title=Munshi Premchand of nami Village |publisher=Duke University Press}}</ref> His works include ''[[Godaan]]'', ''[[Karmabhoomi]]'', ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'', ''{{Interlanguage link|Mansarovar (book)|lt=Mansarovar|hi|मानसरोवर_(कथा_संग्रह)}}'', and ''[[Idgah (short story)|Idgah]]''. He published his first collection of five short stories in 1907 in a book called ''Soz-e-Watan'' (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more than a dozen novels, around 300 short stories, several essays and translations of a number of Indian and foreign literary works into Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munshi Premchand Death Anniversary: 5 Books By The 'Upanyas Samrat' That You Simply Cannot Miss |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/munshi-premchand-death-anniversary-5-books-by-the-upanyas-samrat-that-you-simply-cannot-miss |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===

Premchand was born on 31 July 1880 in [[Lamhi]], a village located near [[Banaras]], and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth"). His ancestors came from a large [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]] family, which owned eight to nine [[bigha]]s of land.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1998|p=7}}</ref> His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a [[patwari]] (village land record-keeper), and his father, Ajaib Lal, was a post office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni village, who probably was also his inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 7 }}</ref> Dhanpat Rai was the fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first two were girls who died as infants, and the third one was a girl named sama.<ref name="Sigi 2006 15">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 15}}</ref> His uncle, Mahabir, a rich landowner, nicknamed him "[[Nawab]]", meaning baron. "Nawab Rai" was the first pen name chosen by Dhanpat Rai.<ref name=amrit>{{cite book|last=Rai|first=Amrit |author-link=Amrit Rai |year=1982|title=Premchand: A Life|translator-last=Trivedi|translator-first=Harish |place=New Delhi|publisher=People's Publishing House}}</ref>

[[File:Lamhi, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|right|Munshi Premchand Memorial Gate, Lamhi, Varanasi]]

When he was seven years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a [[madrasa]] in Lalpur, [[Varanasi]], located near Lamhi.<ref name=" Sigi 2006 15"/> He learned Urdu and [[Persian language|Persian]] from a [[maulvi]] in the madrasa. When he was 8, his mother died after a long illness. His grandmother, who was responsible for raising him, died soon after.<ref name="pib_2001_great">{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f190720011.html | title = Munshi Premchand: The Great Novelist | access-date = 13 January 2012 | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India | archive-date = 28 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120228022503/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f190720011.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as his elder sister Suggi had already been married, and his father was always busy with work. His father, who was now posted at [[Gorakhpur]], remarried, but Premchand received little affection from his stepmother. The [[stepmother]] later became a recurring theme in Premchand's works.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 10 }}</ref>

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in [[fiction]] and developed a fascination for books. He heard the stories of the Persian-language fantasy epic ''Tilism-e-Hoshruba'' at a [[tobacconist]]'s shop. He took the job of selling books for a book wholesaler, thus getting the opportunity to read a lot of books.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 16}}</ref> He learnt English at a missionary school and studied several works of fiction, including [[George W. M. Reynolds]]'s eight-volume ''[[The Mysteries of the Court of London]]''.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/> He composed his first literary work at [[Gorakhpur]], which was never published and is now lost. It was a farce on a bachelor who falls in love with a low caste woman. The character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to scold him for being obsessed with reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge for this.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/>

After his father was posted to [[Zamania]] in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at the [[Queen's College Varanasi|Queen's College]] at [[Banaras]] as a [[day scholar]].<ref name="Gupta_1998_11">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 11 }}</ref><ref name="Sigi_2006_17">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 17}}</ref> In 1895, he was married at the age of 15, while still studying in the ninth grade. The match was [[arranged marriage|arranged]] by his maternal step-grandfather. The girl was from a rich landlord family and was older than Premchand, who found her quarrelsome and not good-looking.<ref name="Gupta_1998_11"/><ref name="Sigi_2006_17"/>

His father died in 1897 after a long illness. He managed to pass the [[matriculation exam]] with second division (below 60% marks). However, only the students with the first division were given fee concessions at the Queen's College. He then sought admission at the [[Central Hindu School]] but was unsuccessful because of his poor arithmetic skills.<ref name = "Gupta_1998_12">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 12 }}</ref> Thus, he had to discontinue his studies. He then obtained an assignment to coach an advocate's son in Banaras at a monthly salary of five rupees. He used to reside in a mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to send 60% of his salary back home.<ref name=" Gupta_1998_12"/> Premchand read a lot during these days. After racking up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookshop to sell one of his collected books. There, he met the headmaster of a missionary school at [[Chunar]], who offered him a job as a teacher at a monthly salary of {{₹|18}}.<ref name=" Gupta_1998_12"/> He also took up the job of tutoring a student at a monthly fee of {{₹|5}}.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job as an assistant teacher at the Government District School, [[Bahraich]], at a monthly salary of {{₹|20}}. Three months later, he was transferred to the District School in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow and tutored his son.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 20 }}</ref>

His first short novel was ''Asrar-e-Ma'abid'' ("Secrets of God's abode", ''Devasthan Rahasya'' in Hindi), which explores corruption among the [[mahant|temple priests]] and their sexual exploitation of poor women. The novel was published in a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly ''Awaz-e-Khalq'' from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 13 }}</ref> Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is quite evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and features stereotyped characters.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 16}}</ref> [[P. C. Gupta|Prakash Chandra Gupta]] calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black or white".<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

=== Stay at Kanpur ===
From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to [[Allahabad]] for training and subsequently posted at Kanpur in 1905. He stayed in Kanpur for around four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, he met [[Daya Narain Nigam|Munshi Daya Narain Nigam]], the editor of the Urdu magazine ''[[Zamana (magazine)|Zamana]]'', in which he later published several articles and stories.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation but did not find the stay enjoyable because of a number of reasons. He did not find the weather or the atmosphere conducive to writing. Moreover, he faced domestic trouble due to quarrels between his wife and his step-mother. Premchand angrily scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, and Premchand displayed no interest in bringing her back.<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 14 }}</ref> In 1906, Premchand married a child widow, Shivarani Devi, who was the daughter of a landlord from a village near [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]].<ref name="Gupta 1998 17">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2UnQES-79gC|access-date=17 May 2019|year=1984|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|pages=68–69}}</ref> The step was considered to be revolutionary at that time, and Premchand faced a lot of social opposition. After his death, Shivarani Devi wrote a book on him, titled ''Premchand Ghar Mein'' ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article on the Indian National Congress leader [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] in ''Zamana''. He criticised Gokhale's methods for achieving political freedom and instead recommended adoption of more extremist measures adopted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 24 }}</ref> Premchand's first published story was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Jewel in the World"), which appeared in ''Zamana'' in 1907.<ref name="Giriraj2001">{{cite book | last=Agarwal |first=Girirajsharan | title=Premchand: Karam Bhoomi (Abhyas Pustika) | year = 2001 | publisher=Diamond | isbn=978-81-7182-328-4 | language = hi | pages = 5–9 }}</ref> According to this story, the most precious 'jewel' was the last drop of blood necessary to attain independence.<ref name="Sigi_2006_25">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 25 }}</ref> Many of Premchand's early short stories had patriotic overtones, influenced by the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="pib_2001_great"/>

Premchand's second short novel ''Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab'' (''Prema'' in Hindi), published in 1907, was penned under the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi". It explores the issue of [[widow remarriage]] in the contemporary conservative society: the protagonist, Amrit Rai, overcomes social opposition to marrying the young widow, Poorna, giving up his rich and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his future greatness in many ways, the novel is still youthful and lacks the discipline which full maturity brings".<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

In 1907, another of Premchand's short novels, ''Kishna'' was published by the [[Medical Hall Press]] of Banaras. This 142-page work, which satirises women's fondness for jewellery, is now lost.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/> Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in ''Zamana'', calling it a mockery of the women's conditions.<ref name="Sigi_2006_26">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 26 }}</ref>

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel ''Roothi Rani'' was published in [[serial (literature)|serial form]] in ''Zamana''.<ref name="Sigi_2006_26"/> Also in 1907, the publishers of ''Zamana'' published Premchand's first short story collection, titled ''Soz-e-Watan''. The collection, which was later banned, contained four stories that sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for political freedom.<ref name="Mohan2006">{{cite book|last=Lal |first=Mohan | title=[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]: Sasay to Zorgot |volume=5 | year = 2006 | publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 | page=4149}}</ref>

==== Adoption of the name Premchand ====
In 1909, Premchand was transferred to [[Mahoba]] and later posted to [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] as the Sub-deputy Inspector of Schools.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 27 }}</ref> Around this time, ''Soz-e-Watan'' was noticed by British Government officials, who banned it as a seditious work. James Samuel Stevenson, the British [[District magistrate|collector]] of [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] ordered a raid on Premchand's house, where around five hundred copies of ''Soz-e-Watan'' were burnt.<ref name="SahniPaliwal1980">{{cite book | last1=Sahni |first1=Bhisham |author-link1=Bhisham Sahni|last2=Paliwal |first2=Om Prakash | title=Prem Chand: A Tribute | year=1980 | publisher=Premchand Centenary Celebrations Committee }}</ref> After this, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Urdu magazine ''Zamana'', who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised the pseudonym "Premchand". Dhanpat Rai stopped using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, he, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, edited the magazine Hans. The credit line read "Munshi, Premchand". He thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] are considered different [[register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of a single language [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], with Hindi drawing much of its vocabulary from [[Sanskrit]] and Urdu being more influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]]). By this time, he was already reputed as a fiction writer in Urdu.<ref name="pib_2001_great"/> [[Sumit Sarkar]] notes that the switch was prompted by the difficulty of finding publishers in Urdu.<ref name="Sarkar1983">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India, 1885–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1uBQgAACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|pages=85–86}}</ref> His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the magazine ''[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]'' in December 1915, and his first short story collection ''Sapta Saroj'' was published in June 1917.

=== Gorakhpur ===
[[File:Shilalekh.jpg|thumb|right|A plaque commemorating Munshi Premchand at the hut where he resided in [[Gorakhpur]] from 1916 to 1921.]]
In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at the Normal High School, [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name="Madan1964">{{cite book | last=Gopal |first=Madan | title=Munshi Premchand: A Literary Biography | year=1964 | publisher=Asia Pub. House | pages = 114–117 }}</ref>

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange for selling exam cram books at the school.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/> Premchand was an enthusiastic reader of classics in other languages and translated several of these works into Hindi.

By 1919, Premchand had published four novels of about a hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]]'' was published in Hindi. The novel was originally written in Urdu under the title ''Bazaar-e-Husn'' but was published in Hindi first by a [[Calcutta]]-based publisher, who offered Premchand {{₹|450}} for his work. The Urdu Publisher of [[Lahore]] published the novel later in 1924, paying Premchand {{₹|250}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Harish |title=The power of Premchand (Literary Review of The Oxford India Premchand) |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 May 2004 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200280400.htm }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The novel tells the story of an unhappy housewife, who first becomes a courtesan, and then manages an orphanage for the young daughters of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain wider recognition.

In 1919, Premchand obtained a BA degree from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]].<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 12}}</ref> By 1921, he had been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 February 1921, he attended a meeting in Gorakhpur, where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] asked people to resign from government jobs as part of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. Premchand, although physically unwell and with two kids and a pregnant wife to support, thought about it for five days and decided, with the consent of his wife, to resign from his government job.

=== Back to Banaras ===
After quitting his job, Premchand left Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided to focus on his literary career. Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial difficulties and chronic ill health.<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/>

In 1923, he established a printing press and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008"/> The year 1924 saw the publication of Premchand's ''[[Rangbhoomi]]'', which has a blind beggar called Surdas as its tragic hero. Schulz mentions that in ''Rangbhoomi'', Premchand comes across as a "superb social chronicler", and although the novel contains some "structural flaws" and "too many authorial explanations", it shows a "marked progress" in Premchand's writing style.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 17}}</ref> According to Schulz, it was in ''Nirmala'' (1925) and ''Pratigya'' (1927) that Premchand found his way to "a balanced, realistic level" that surpasses his earlier works and manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 18}}</ref> ''Nirmala'', a novel dealing with the [[dowry system in India]], was first serialised in the magazine ''Chand'' between November 1925 and November 1926, before being published as a novel.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1998|p=35}}</ref> ''Pratigya'' ("The Vow") dealt with the subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'' ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In March 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled ''Hans'', aimed at inspiring the Indians to mobilise against the British rule.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 53 }}</ref> The magazine, noted for its politically provocative views, failed to make a profit. Premchand then took over and edited another magazine called ''Jagaran,'' which, too, ran at a loss.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 75 }}</ref>

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur as a teacher at the Marwari College but had to leave because of differences with the college administration.<ref name="Giriraj2001"/> He then returned to Banaras and became the editor of the ''Maryada'' magazine. In 1932, he published another novel titled ''[[Karmabhoomi]]''. He briefly served as the headmaster of the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a local school. After the school's closure, he became the editor of the ''Madhuri'' magazine in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Giriraj2001"/>

=== Bombay ===
Premchand arrived in [[Bombay]] on 31 May 1934 to try his luck in the [[Hindi film industry]]. He had accepted a script writing job for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the yearly salary of {{₹|8000}} would help him overcome his financial troubles. He stayed in [[Dadar]], and wrote the script for the film ''Mazdoor'' ("The Labourer"). The film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor conditions of the labour class. Premchand himself did a [[cameo appearance|cameo]] as the leader of labourers in the film. Some influential businessmen managed to get a stay on its release in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and Delhi but was banned again after it inspired the mill workers to stand up against the owners.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75"/>

Ironically, the film inspired the workers of his own loss-making press in [[Banaras]] to launch a strike after they were not paid their salaries.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75"/> By 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt of {{₹|400}}, and Premchand was forced to discontinue the publication of ''Jagaran''. Meanwhile, Premchand was beginning to dislike the non-literary commercial environment of the Bombay film industry, and wanted to return to Banaras. However, he had signed a one-year contract with the production house. He ultimately left Bombay on 4 April 1935, before the completion of one year.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 77 }}</ref> [[Himanshu Rai|Himanshu Roy]], the founder of [[Bombay Talkies]], tried to convince Premchand to stay back but failed.

=== Last days ===
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}
After leaving Bombay, Premchand wanted to settle in [[Allahabad]], where his sons Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He also planned to publish ''Hans'' from there. However, owing to his financial situation and ill health, he had to hand over ''Hans'' to the Indian Literary Counsel and move to Banaras.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 76 }}</ref>

Premchand was elected as the first President of the [[Progressive Writers' Association]] in Lucknow in 1936.<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008"/><ref name=FLDEC2011>{{cite magazine|last=Mahaprashasta |first=Ajoy Ashirwad|title=Writers for change|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2826/stories/20111230282608900.htm|access-date=8 January 2013|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=28|issue=26 |date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110202606/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2826/stories/20111230282608900.htm|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> He died on 8 October 1936, after several days of sickness and while still in office.

''[[Godaan]]'' (''The Gift of a Cow'', 1936), Premchand's last completed work, is generally accepted as his best novel and is considered one of the finest Hindi novels.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deepak|first=Sunil|url=http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/phanishwarnath_renu.htm|title=Phanishwar Nath Renu|website=Kalpana.it|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=13 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313043341/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/phanishwarnath_renu.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The protagonist, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. According to Siegfried Schulz, "''Godān'' is a well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfils the literary requirements postulated by Western literary standards."<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | pp = 39–40}}</ref> Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Premchand was not appreciated much outside India. Schulz believes that the reason for this was the absence of good translations of his work. Also, unlike Tagore and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], Premchand never travelled outside India, studied abroad or mingled with renowned foreign literary figures.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 41}}</ref>

In 1936, Premchand also published "Kafan" ("[[Shroud]]"), in which a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife but spends it on food and drink. Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in ''Zamana'' in 1938, after his death.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 87 }}</ref>

== Style and influences ==
[[File:Munshi Premchand half bust statue.jpg|thumb|Bust of Premchand in [[Lamhi]]]]
Premchand is considered the first Hindi author whose writings prominently featured [[literary realism|realism]].<ref name="pib_2001_great"/> His novels describe the problems of the poor and the urban middle-class.<ref name="pib_2001_great"/> His works depict a rationalistic outlook, which views religious values as something that allows the powerful hypocrites to exploit the weak.<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> He used literature for the purpose of arousing public awareness about national and social issues and often wrote about topics related to [[corruption]], child widowhood, [[prostitution]], [[feudal system]], [[poverty]], [[colonialism]] and on the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India Heritage:Creative Arts:Literature {{!}} Premchand|url=http://indiaheritage.org/creative/litra/p_chand.htm|website=India Heritage: A Living Portrait of India|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516183153/http://indiaheritage.org/creative/litra/p_chand.htm|archive-date=16 May 2006}}</ref>

Premchand started taking an interest in political affairs while at Kanpur during the late 1900s, and this is reflected in his early works, which have patriotic overtones. His political thoughts were initially influenced by the moderate Indian National Congress leader [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], but later, he moved towards the more extremist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref name="Gupta 1998 17"/> He considered the [[Minto–Morley Reforms]] and the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] as inadequate, and supported greater political freedom.<ref name="Gupta 1998 17"/> Several of his early works, such as ''A Little Trick'' and ''A Moral Victory'', satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Government. He did not specifically mention the British in some of his stories because of strong government censorship but disguised his opposition in settings from the medieval era and foreign history.<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> He was also influenced by the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref name="Sigi_2006_25"/>

In the 1920s, he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and the accompanying struggle for social reform. During this period, his works dealt with social issues such as poverty, [[zamindar]]i exploitation (''Premashram'', 1922), dowry system (''Nirmala'', 1925), educational reform and political oppression (''Karmabhoomi'', 1931).<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> Premchand was focused on the economic liberalisation of the peasantry and the working class and opposed rapid industrialisation, which he felt would hurt the interests of the peasants and lead to the oppression of the workers.<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 6 }}</ref> This can be seen in works like ''Rangbhoomi'' (1924).

Premchand's influence on Indian literature cannot be overstated. As the late scholar [[David Rubin (writer)|David Rubin]] wrote in ''The World of Premchand'' (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction of creating the genre of the serious short story—and the serious novel as well—in both Hindi and Urdu. Virtually single-handed, he lifted fiction in these languages from a quagmire of aimless romantic chronicles to a high level of realistic narrative comparable to European fiction of the time; and in both languages, he has, in addition, remained an unsurpassed master."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rubin|first=David|year=1969|chapter=Introduction|title=The World of Premchand: Selected Stories of Premchand|series=UNESCO Asian Fiction Series: India |volume=3|place=Bloomington; London |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofpremchand0000unse_p0o9/page/n15/mode/2up 13]|isbn=0-253-19500-4}}</ref>

In his last days, he focused on village life as a stage for complex drama, as seen in the novel ''Godaan'' (1936) and the short-story collection ''Kafan'' (1936).<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/> Premchand believed that [[social realism]] was the way for [[Hindi literature]], as opposed to the "feminine quality", tenderness and emotion of the contemporary [[Bengali literature]].<ref name="Sheldon2003"/>

== Legacy ==
Premchand was commemorated with the issue of a special 30-paise postage stamp by [[India Post]] on 31 July 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Er. Aniruddha |url=https://www.istampgallery.com/prem-chand/|title = Prem Chand|date = 14 June 2016|website=iStampGallery.Com |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

Premchand's ancestral house in [[Lamhi]] is being restored by the state government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Monalisa |date=29 August 2015|title=How a Bengaluru professor and his students got the UP government to save Premchand's house|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-bengaluru-professor-and-his-students-got-government-save-premchands-house-33784|access-date=12 July 2021|website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> An institute has also been set up in Lamhi to study his work.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kapoor|first=Punkhuri|date=1 August 2016|title=Munshi Premchand Memorial Research Institute inaugurated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/munshi-premchand-memorial-research-institute-inaugurated/articleshow/53487193.cms|access-date=13 July 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network}}</ref> The [[Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya]] in [[Siliguri]] has been named after him.

An Archive Centre in the name of Munshi Premchand has been established at the Central University [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History - Jamia |url=https://jmi.ac.in/Jamias-Premchand-Archives-&-Literary-Centre/A-Brief-History |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=jmi.ac.in}}</ref> It came to store the legacy of Premchand's writings as his famous story 'Kafan' was written by him in Jamia itself and it was first published in '''Jamia ''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Vivek |date=2020-07-31 |title=Remembering Munshi Munshi Premchand on his 140th birth anniversary: The Jamia connection |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/remembering-munshi-premchand-on-his-140th-birth-anniversary-the-jamia-connection |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 July 2016, [[Google]] showed a [[Google Doodle]] in honouring the 136th birthday of Munshi Premchand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google doodle celebrates Munshi Premchand's Birth anniversary |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 July 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/Google-doodle-celebrates-Munshi-Premchand%E2%80%99s-Birth-anniversary/article14518405.ece |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

== List of works ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2012}}
Premchand wrote over three hundred short stories and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.<ref>{{cite book |translator-last=Lal|translator-first=Anupa |year=2008|orig-year=1995 |title=The Premchand Reader, Selected Stories 1 |publisher=Ratna Sagar |isbn=978-81-7070-213-9}}</ref> Many of Premchand's works were translated into English and Russian after his death.

=== Novels ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! Hindi title
! Urdu title
!English title
! Publisher
! Date
! Length (pages)
! Description
|-
| ''Devasthan Rahasya''
| ''Asrar-e-Ma'abid''
|''The Mystery of God's Abode''
| ''Awaz-e-Khalk'' (serial form)
| 8 October 1903 – February 1905
|116
|
|-
| ''[[Prema (novel)|Prema]]''
| ''Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab''
|
| Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House
| 1907
|
| Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to marrying the young widow, Poorna, giving up his rich and beautiful fiancé Prema. (Penned under the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi").
|-
| ''Kishna''
|
|
| Medical Hall Press, Banaras
| 1907
| 142
| Now lost; satirises women's fondness for jewellery.
|-
| ''Roothi Rani''
|
|
| ''Zamana'' (serial form)
| April–August 1907
|
|
|-
|
| ''Soz-e-Watan''
|
| Publishers of ''Zamana''
| 1907, 1909
|
| Banned by the British Government in 1909.
|-
| ''[[Vardan (novel)|Vardaan]]''
| ''Jalwa-e-Isar''
|''Boon''
| Granth Bhandar and Dhanju
| 1912
| 128
| About Pratap Chandra and Brij Rani, two childhood neighbours who like each other. Brij marries another man and becomes a famous poet after being widowed. Her friend Madhvi starts liking Pratap after hearing about him from Brij. Pratap becomes a sadhu, and Madhvi becomes his devotee.
|-
| ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]]''
| ''Bazaar-e-Husn''
|
| Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)
| 1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)
| 280
| An unhappy housewife first becomes a courtesan and then manages an orphanage for the young daughters of the courtesans.
|-
| ''Premashram''
| ''Gosha-e-Afiyat''
|
|
| 1922
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rangbhoomi]]''
| ''Chaugan-e-Hasti''
|''Playground''
| Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)
| 1924
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nirmala (novel)|Nirmala]]''
| ''Nirmala''
|''The Second Wife''
| Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu
| 1925
| 156
| About the dowry system in India (serialised in the magazine ''Chand'' between November 1921 and November 1926, before being published as a novel).
|-
| ''Kaayakalp''
| ''Parda-i-Majaz''
|
| Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu)
| 1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)
| 440
|
|-
| ''[[Pratigya (novel)|Pratigya]]''
| ''Bewa''
|
|
| 1927
|
| Deals with widow remarriage.
|-
| ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]''
| ''Ghaban''
|
| Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, [[Urdu Bazaar (Delhi)|Urdu Bazaar]]
| 1931
| 248
|Gaban is a novel that portrays the moral decline of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs to the temptation of embezzlement. The novel highlights themes of greed, morality, and societal expectations.
|-
| ''[[Karmabhoomi]]''
| ''Maidan-e-Amal''
|
| Maktaba Jamia, Delhi
| 1932
| 340
|Set in 1930, this masterpiece by Premchand talks about the unity of Hindus and Muslim and their exploitation by the British which eventually resulted in partition much later.
|-
| ''Manorama''
|
|
| 1934
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Godaan]]''
|
|''The Gift of a Cow''
| Saraswati Press
| 1936
| 344
| Themed around the socio-economic deprivation as well as the exploitation of the village poor.
|-
| ''Alankar''
|
|
| Unknown
|
|
|
|-
| ''Mangalsootra'' (incomplete)
|
|
| Hindustan Publishing House
| 1936
|
| Premchand completed only the first four chapters (around 70 pages) of this novel.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcQhAAAAMAAJ |title=Premchand, His Life and Work |last=Naravane |first=Vishwanath S. |publisher=Vikas |year=1980 |page=190 |isbn=978-0-7069-1091-9 }}</ref>
|}

=== Short stories ===
Several of Premchand's stories have been published in a number of collections, including the 8-volume ''[[Mansarovar book|Mansarovar]]'' (1900–1936). Some of his stories include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Publisher
! Date
! Description

|-
|"Jihad" (Hindi)
| premchand's story collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180<ref name="मानसरोवर भाग-7: Mansarovar Part 7(Premchand short stories)">{{cite book | title=Mansrovar - Part 7 |url=https://www.amazon.in/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97-7-Mansarovar-Premchand-Stories-ebook/dp/B07JJJ8T4W | access-date= | year=2018 | publisher=Amazon | asin=B07JJJ8T4W | page = 173}}</ref>
|
| A story on how extremist education destroys the harmony of society. A vivid description by Premchand of social issues in the 1920s
|-
|"Lekhak" (Hindi)
"Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)
|
|
| A story of a writer who wanted respect and recognition for his work but later realised that he is a candle that will have to burn, giving light to others.
|-
| "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"
| ''Zamana''
| 1907
| The title means "The Most Precious Jewel in the World", which, according to the story, is the drop of the blood necessary for the nation's independence.
|-
| "Bade Bhai Sahab"
| ''Zamana''
| 1910 (December)
| A story of two brothers, their conflict, resolution and understanding.
|-
| "Beti ka Dhan"
| ''Zamana''
| 1915 (November)
|It is the story about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a farmer who was helped by his daughter, Gangajali, by selling her jewellery to help her father pay his debts.
|-
| "Saut"
| ''Sarasvati'' (Vol. 16, Part 2, No. 6, 353–359)
| 1915 (December)
| The title means "Co-Wife".
|-
| "Sajjanata ka Dand"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1916 (March)
| The title means "The Penalty for Integrity".
|-
| [https://www.dainiksahitya.com/2021/07/blog-post_92.html "Panch Parameshvar"]
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1916 (June)
| A friendship is marred when one friend delivers a verdict against the other. The story narrates how they reunite as friends.
|-
| "Ishwariya Nyaya"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1917 (July)
| The title means "The Divine Law".
|-
| "Beton Wali Vidhwa"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1920 (July)
|
|-
| "Durga ka Mandir"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1917 (December)
| The title means "The Temple of [[Durga]]".
|-
| "Maa"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1921 (November)
|The title means "[[Mother]]".
|-
| "Ghar Jamai"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1933 (June)
|
|-
| "Dhikkar"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1925 (May)
|
|-
| "Dil ki Rani"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1926 (December)
|The title means "The Queen Of The Heart"
|-
| "Gulli Danda"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1925 (May)
|Gulli Danda was a very popular sport in rural India; it was played with a stick and a smaller 'puck' of stick', somewhat similar to cricket.
The story is about a man who goes back to his village and tries to play Gulli Danda with his old friends. However, the disparity between their economic and social status does not allow a fair game.
|-
| "Updesh"
|
| 1917
|
|-
| "Meri Pahli Rachna"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1930 (May)
|
|-
| "Lanchan"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1929 (May)
|
|-
| "Manovratti"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1932 (May)
|The title means "Attitude". In the story, various people misjudge the intentions of a young woman lying in the park. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices had completely failed them.
|-
| "Balidan"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1918 (May)
| The title means "Sacrifice".
|-
| "Putra Prem"
| ''Sarasvati''
| 1920 (July)
| The title means "Love of a Son".
|-
| "[[Boodhi Kaki]]"
| ''Hans''
| 1921
| The title means "The Old Aunt". A story of an old woman who craves love from her family.
|-
| "Pariksha"
| ''Chand''
| 1923 (January)
| The title means "The Test". Its background is the Nadir Shah's invasion and sack of Delhi.
|-
| "[[Shatranj ke Khiladi]]" (Hindi)<br/>"Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)
| ''Madhuri''
| October 1924
| Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali and Mir Roshan Ali—lived in the kingdom of Awadh during the times of the British Raj. Both of them are careless towards their duties and spend their days playing chess. Their love for the game is so immense that even when the ruler of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, is captured by the British, they continue playing chess. In the end, a move in the game sparks a verbal conflict between them, and they end up killing each other with their swords.
|-
| "Hinsa Parmo Dharma"
| ''Madhuri''
| 1926 (December)
|
|-
| "Ghasvali"
| ''Madhuri''
| 1929 (December)
|
|-
| "[[Idgah (short story)|Idgah]]"
| ''Chand''
| 1933 (August)
| A poor boy in India lives with his grandmother. On the festival day of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], the other kids buy themselves candies and toys. The poor boy, thinking of his grandmother, buys a pair of tongs to help her make [[roti]]s since she burns her hands trying to cook them bare-handed.
|-
| "Nashaa"
| ''Chand''
| 1934 (February)
| Two friends from different strata of society study away from their homes. The story explores class disparity and aspirations in their friendship. It has an autobiographical touch.
|-
| "Kafan"
| ''Jamia''
| 1936
| A low-caste father and his son are poor labourers in a village. An emergency occurs when the son's wife dies while giving birth to a child, and the family has no money to cremate the body of the dead woman. The lazy duo ask for money from the village Zamindar and other members of the society. However, they use the money they get on liquor and food instead.
|-
| "Cricket Match"
| ''Zamana''
| 1937
| Published posthumously.
|-
| "Gupt Dhan"
|
|
| Haridas, a man of character, owns a brick factory. He loses his character when he gets a map of a hereditary treasure of a worker, but eventually dies as a punishment of god.
|-
| "Mantra"
|
|
| The selfishness of a rich doctor named Chaddha results in the death of a patient. The same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's son when the doctor meets the same sort of situation.
|-
| "Namak ka Daroga"
|
| 1925 (May)
| The title means "The Salt Inspector". An idealist becomes a police officer and faces problems while performing his duties.
|-
| "Poos ki Raat"<ref name="The best of Premchand: a collection of 50 best short stories">{{cite book | title=The Best of Premchand: A Collection of 50 Best Short Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tr9jAAAAMAAJ | access-date=25 January 2013 | year=1997 | publisher=Cosmo Publications | isbn=978-81-7020-776-4 | page = xii}}</ref>
| ''Madhuri''
| 1930 (May)
| The title means "A night of the [[Pausha|Poos]] month (Winter)". A poor farmer stays out with his dog to protect his field on an extremely cold December night.
|-
| "[[Lottery (short story)|Lottery]]"
| ''Zamana''
|
| It is a story of an Indian family in which every member bought a ticket for a 1  million rupees worth lottery. After some time, they began to fight over what they would do if anyone won the lottery, but at last, neither from their home nor even town, state, or country won the lottery but someone from America did.
|-
| "Vidhwans"
|
|
|The title means "Catastrophe". An old widow with no children is engulfed in a fire caused by the owner of the village intentionally, and therefore, the pandit pays for the price.
|-
| "Kazaki"
|
|
| A story of love, adoration and friendship between a little boy and Kazaki, a poor but cheerful and jolly man who used to work under his father.
|}

Other stories include:

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* "Abhushan"
* "Agni Samadhi"
* "Alagyojha"
* "Amrit"
* "Atmaram"
* "Bade Ghar ki Beti" (1926)
* "Bhoot" (1926)
* "Chori"
* "Daroga Sahab"
* "Devi"
* "Dhaai ser Gehun"
* "Dikri ke Rupaye"
* "Do Bahanein"
* "Do Sakhiyan" (1926)
* "Do Bailon ki Katha"
* "Do Kabren" (1920)
* "Doodh ka Damm" (1910)
* "Gilli danda"
* "Grihaneeti"
* "Gurumantra" (1927)
* "Har ki Jeet" (1925)
* "Jail" (1931)
* "Jihad"
* "Juloos" (1930)
* "Jurmana"
* "Khudai Fauzdaar"
* "Mahatirtha"
* "Manushya ka Param Dharma" (March 1920)
* "Maryada ki Vedi"
* "Mukti Marg" (1922)
* "Muktidhan" (1921)
* "Mamta" (1928)
* "Mandir" (1927)
* "Nairashya"
* "Nimantran" (1926)
* "Pashu se Manushya"
* "Prayaschit"
* "Prem Purnima"
* "Prem ka Uday" (1923)
* "Prerna" (1925)
* "Ramleela" (1926)
* "Samar Yatra" (1930)
* "Sati" (1925)
* "Satyagraha" (1923)
* "Sawa ser Gehun" (1921)
* "Sewa Marg"
* "Subhagi"
* "Suhag ki Sari" (1923)
* "Sujan Bhagat"
* "Rani Sarndha" (1930)
* "Swatva Raksha"
* "Thakur ka Kuaan" (1924)
* "Thriya Charita"
* "Tagada" (1924)
* "Khoon Safed" (1923)
* "Udhar ki Ghadi"
* "Vajrpaat" (1922)
* "Raja Hardaul" (1925)
* "Vimata"
* "Hajje Akbar"
* "Sautele Maa"
* "Kajaki" (1921)
* "Ibrat"
* "Roshni"
* "Bhadde ka Tattu" (1922)
* "Nijat"
* "Mazdoor"
* "Kazaaki" (1921)
* "Mritak Bhoj" (1922)
}}

=== Translations ===
Premchand translated several non-Hindi works into Hindi. These included the writings of [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Charles Dickens]] (''The Story of Richard Doubledick''), [[Oscar Wilde]] (''Canterville''), [[John Galsworthy]] (''Strife''), [[Saadi Shirazi]], [[Guy de Maupassant]], [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] (''[[The Blind (play)|The Sightless]]'') and [[Hendrik Willem van Loon]] (''[[The Story of Mankind]]'').<ref name="Sheldon2003">{{cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon I. |author-link=Sheldon Pollock | title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia | url=https://archive.org/details/literarycultures00poll | url-access=limited | year=2003 | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/literarycultures00poll/page/n1047 1011] }}</ref><ref name="Narain1999">{{cite book | last=Narain |first=Govind | title=Premchand, Novelist and Thinker | year=1999 | publisher=Pragati Publications | isbn=978-81-7307-059-4 | page = 29 }}</ref>

Some of the translated titles include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Premchand's title
! Original
|-
| ''Ahankar''
| ''[[Thaïs (novel)|Thaïs]]'' by [[Anatole France]]<ref name="DavidRubin1994">{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=David |author-link=David Rubin (writer)|chapter=Short Stories of Premchand |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Barbara Stoler |editor-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |title=Masterworks of Asian Literature in Comparative Perspective: A Guide for Teaching |year=1994 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |isbn=978-1-56324-258-8 |pages=168–177}}</ref> ([[literary adaptation|adaptation]])
|-
| ''Azad Katha''
| ''[[Fasana-e-Azad]]'' (1880) by [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]]
|-
| ''Parvat Yatra''
| ''Sair-e-Kohsar'' (1890) by Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar
|-
| ''Chandi ki Dibiya''
| ''[[The Silver Box]]'' (1906) by [[John Galsworthy]]
|-
| ''Hartal''
| ''[[Strife (play)|Strife]]'' (1909) by John Galsworthy
|-
| ''Nyaya''
| ''[[Justice (play)|Justice]]'' (1910) by John Galsworthy
|-
| ''Sukhdas''
| ''[[Silas Marner]]'' by [[George Eliot]]<ref name="Nagendra1981">{{cite book | author=Nagendra | title=Premchand: An Anthology | year=1981|publisher=Bansal | oclc = 8668427 | page = 70 }}</ref> (adaptation)
|-
| ''Tolstoy ki Kahaniyan''
| Stories of [[Leo Tolstoy]]
|}

=== Other ===
'''Film script'''

* Mill (Mazdoor), (1934)
This is the only film written by the acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand in which he also played a cameo. The film courted controversy owing to its story of the prodigal son of a benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and proceeds to treat its workers with disdain.

'''Plays'''
* ''Karbala''
* ''Tajurba''
* ''Prem ki Vedi''
* ''Roohani Shadi''
* ''Sangram''

'''Essays'''
* ''Kuchh Vichar'' (two parts)
* ''Qalam Tyag aur Talwar''

'''Biographies'''
* ''Durgadas''
* ''Mahatma Sheikhsadi'' (biography of [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]])

'''Children's books'''
* ''Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn''
* ''Manmodak''
* ''Ram Charcha''

== Adaptations of Premchand's works ==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2013}}
''[[Sevasadanam]]'' (1938) was made into a film with [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] in the lead role. The novel is set in [[Varanasi]], the holy city of [[Hindu]]s. ''Sevasadan'' ("House of Service") is an institute built for the daughters of courtesans. The lead of the novel is a beautiful, intelligent and talented girl named Suman. She belongs to a high [[caste]]. She is married to a much older, tyrannical man. She realises that a loveless marriage is just like prostitution, except that there is only one client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside [[purdah]]" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes a successful entertainer of gentlemen. But after a brief period of success, she ends up as a victim of a political drama played out by self-righteous Hindu social reformers and moralists.

[[Gaban (film)|A film version]] of Premchand's novel, ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'', was released in 1966. [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] and [[Leela Mishra]] acted in the film and the music was scored by musician duo [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]. ''Heera Moti'', a 1959 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Krishan Chopra, was based on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heera Moti (1959)|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/heera-moti|access-date=22 January 2021|website=Cinemaazi}}</ref>

In 1977, [[Satyajit Ray]] made [[The Chess Players (film)|a film]] based on Premchand's short story "[[Shatranj ke Khiladi]]" ("The Chess Players"), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0076696|title=Shatranj Ke Khilari}}</ref> The film revolves around the decadence of [[nawab]]i [[Lucknow]], where the obsession with a game consumes the players, making them oblivious of their responsibilities in the midst of a crisis.

''[[Oka Oori Katha]]'' (''A Story of a Village'') is a 1977 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film directed by [[Mrinal Sen]]. It is based on the story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It is one of the few art films made in the Telugu language.

Indian film director [[Satyen Bose]] adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into the 1979 film ''[[Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin]]''. ''[[Bazaar E Husn]]'', a 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, was based on Premchand's novel of [[Bazaar E Husn|the same name]]. A 2019 Indian film, ''Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein'', was based on [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s "[[White Nights (short story)|White Nights]]" and "[[The Dream of a Ridiculous Man]]", and Premchand's "Bhoot".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Niraja |title='Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein' is an ode to love and alienation in small-town India |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/12/02/ek-betuke-aadmi-ki-afrah-raatein-review |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

At least three television series based on Premchand's works have been aired by the Indian national public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] on [[DD National]] which include ''Munshi Premchand's Guldasta'',<ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2009|title=Munshi Premchand's Collection of Short Stories - Guldasta Vol : 1, 2 & 3)|url=https://www.amazon.in/Munshi-Premchands-Collection-Short-Stories/dp/B002Y88GRU|website=[[amazon.in]]|publisher=[[Shemaroo]]|language=hi}}</ref> ''Munshi Premchand ki Kahani'',<ref>{{cite AV media|date=14 September 2019|title=Munshi Premchand ki Kahani - Bade Ghar Ki Beti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u9uOIgOwgQ|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> and ''Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040815/spectrum/main6.htm |title=Gulzar's vision of timeless classics|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=15 August 2004|access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> The television films ''[[Sadgati]]'' (based on a Premchand short story) and ''Seva Sadan'' (based on ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn]]'') were also aired by Doordarshan.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=26 October 2017|title=Munshi Premchand's Seva Sadan Part 01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArnBZm7YAjo|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last = Schulz
| first = Siegfried A.
| title = Premchand: A Western Appraisal
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.377180
| access-date = 27 August 2021
| year = 1981
| publisher = Indian Council for Cultural Relations
| oclc = 10062769
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gupta
| first = Prakash Chandra
| author-link = P. C. Gupta
| title = Prem Chand
| series = Makers of Indian Literature
| year = 1998
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| isbn = 978-81-260-0428-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last= Sigi
| first = Rekha
| title = Munshi Premchand
| series = A.H.W. Sameer Series
| year = 2006
| publisher = Diamond
| isbn = 978-81-288-1214-9
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Rai |first=Amrit |author-link=Amrit Rai |translator-last=Trivedi |translator-first=Harish | title=Premchand: His Life and Times | year = 1991 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-562894-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Orsini |first=Francesca | author-link=Francesca Orsini| title=The Oxford India Premchand | year = 2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-566501-7 | page = ix}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Premchand}}
{{wikiquote|Premchand}}
{{wikisource|works=or|Dhanpat Rai Srivastav}}
* [https://kavishala.in/sootradhar/premchand Kavishala Sootradhar | Munshi Premchand]
*{{IMDb name|0695919}}
* {{Librivox author|id=18764}}

{{Premchand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Premchand| ]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian magazine founders]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language short story writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Varanasi]]

Gunabai Gadekar

2026-01-21T09:43:57Z

Khalek Rahaman: New Basic Details From Scratch.

{{Short description|Indian social activist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{no footnotes|date=December 2021}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

'''Gunabai Ramchandra Gadekar''' (1906–1975) was an Indian [[social activist]], freedom fighter and one of the early women leaders of the depressed classes in 20th century. Under the leadership of Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]], she presided over the women council of All India Depressed Classes Association twice in 1930 and 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=आंबेडकरी चळवळीतील दुर्लक्षित महानायिका |url=https://www.loksatta.com/sampadkiya/features/savitribai-borade-and-gunabai-gadekar-neglected-in-ambedkar-movement-zws-70-3585386/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gunabai was born in 1906 in an erstwhile 'untouchable' [[Chamar]] family. She started her primary education as a child, but was married at the age of 12. Her husband died the same year and she continued with her education after his death. In 1930, she married Ramchandra Gadekar.

She was one of the earliest women from depressed classes to get formal education and went on to become first female headmaster from the community. She strongly advocated for women education and boarding facilities for women.

Gunabai also worked closely with [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]] and contested election as a member of [[Indian National Congress]] in 1957. She published her memoir by name ''Smritigandh (स्मृतिगंध)''.

She died at the age of 69 in [[Mumbai]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite encyclopedia |title= गुणाबाई रामचंद्र गाडेकर |encyclopedia= मराठी विश्वकोश |year= 2020 |last= Savarkar |first= Sunita |location= Mumbai |url= https://marathivishwakosh.org/37980/ |access-date= 2021-12-04 |lang=marathi}}
*{{cite book |last=Gadekar |first=Gunabai |location=Pune |publisher=Meherchandra Prakashan |language=marathi |year=1992 |title=Smrutigandha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadekar, Gunabai}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Dalit women writers]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women memoirists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian memoirists]]
{{India-writer-stub}}

ATMOS (festival)

2026-01-18T22:27:58Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up post

{{Short description|Techno-management festival of BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus}}
{{Other uses|Atmos (disambiguation){{!}}Atmos}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = ATMOS, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
| logo =
| filing = Non-Profit Student Organization
| genre = [[Technology|Techno]]-management festival
| founded = 2012
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| sponsor = [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]]
| prize_money = ₹ 10 Lakhs
| organiser = Student Union of [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]]
| free_label = Slogan
| free_text = A Neon Dystopia
| website = {{ubl|[https://atmos-bphc.com/ BITS Atmos]}}
| begins = 7 November 2025
| ends = 9 November 2025
| venue = [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|32|43.9|N|78|34|13.8|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''ATMOS''' is the annual techno-management festival of [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]], located in [[Hyderabad, India]]. It is known for a wide range of events, such as workshops, quizzes, lectures, technical exhibitions and competitions. Among the notable events conducted annually during it are the national level quiz Enigma and BITS MUN Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enigma Quiz organised|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/enigma-quiz-organised/article7750842.ece|website=The Hindu|date=11 October 2015 |accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Started in 2012, ATMOS aims at improving the technical culture among Indian colleges as well as providing a platform to showcase their abilities. In its fourteenth year now, ATMOS is growing rapidly with participation from students, academics, entrepreneurs and speakers from all over India.

In 2015, BITS MUN Hyderabad was organized alongside ATMOS as a collaboration and has witnessed wide engagement from students across the country. The annual Tech Expo was launched in the 5th edition of ATMOS, as a platform for innovators to showcase their projects to prospective sponsors and incubators. The current edition will be held from 18 to 20 October 2019.

== History ==

=== 2012 ===
The turnout for the festival in 2012 was about 200 colleges from all over India. The festival ran for three days from 25 to 27 October. Notable companies like [[Wikipedia]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]] conducted workshops, while other events included [[robotics]] and [[circuit Design]] competitions.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/BITS-Hyderabad-gears-up-for-tech-fest/articleshow/16842716.cms|title=BITS Hyderabad gears up for tech fest – The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 October 2012 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
ATMOS 2013 was organized from 10 to 13 October. Various events, workshops, and talks were hosted including a Raspberry Pi workshop and a Windows 8 Appfest. Enigma 2013 was organized too, with the finals at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/celebrating-technology/article5207671.ece|title=Celebrating technology|date=2013-10-07|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> BITS MUN Hyderabad 2013 was organized alongside ATMOS this year. ATMOS 2013 received a footfall of over 4000 in a period of 3 days.

=== 2014 ===
The festival ran from 9 to 12 October this year with growing focus on the management aspect of the festival, including several events based on finance and managing firms. The fest was graced by the presence of the Telangana IT minister, [[K. T. Rama Rao]]. This year's Enigma established it on the national scene with over 250 teams participating in the regional rounds and the finals conducted in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/quiz-at-bits-hyderabad/article6483583.ece|title=Quiz at BITS Hyderabad|date=2014-10-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> ATMOS 2014 registered a footfall of over 5000 over three days.

=== 2015 ===
The 2015 event was sponsored by a number of organizations, including [[Coca-Cola]], [[Uninor]], [[Hero MotoCorp]] and [[Redbull]]. Several workshops, competitions and talks were organized over three days, including a two-day hackathon organized by [[Microsoft]], and an Hackathon by [[Firefox OS|Firefox]]. Dr, G. Satheesh Reddy, the technological adviser to the Defence Minister and Director, Research Center Imarat (DRDO) and Justice Markandey Katju, retired Chief Justice of India and former Chairman of the Press Council of India were the guests of honor. The finals of Enigma were conducted by quizmaster Vikram Joshi, with the winners of eight regional rounds participating. BITS MUN Hyderabad 2015 was also organized with a pre-conference headliner event.<ref name=":0">{{cite AV media|title=BITS MUN Headliner|date=23 September 2015|publisher=ETV Rajasthan|medium=Television|location=Rajasthan}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite AV media|title=Freedom of speech in the Digital Age|date=23 September 2015|publisher=ETV Telugu|medium=Television|location=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite AV media|title=BITS MUN Headliner Event|date=23 September 2015|publisher=9TV|medium=Television|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> With a footfall of over 8000, ATMOS 2015 was the biggest to date.

===2016===
The fifth edition had as its title sponsor [[Cyient]] with Co-title sponsors being [[Prodigy Finance]] and [[WATConsult]], a part of the [[Dentsu Aegis Network]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pritha Mitra Dasgupta|title=Dentsu acquires WATConsult at a valuation Rs 180–200 crore|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/dentsu-acquires-watconsult-at-a-valuation-rs-180-200-crore/articleshow/46060836.cms|website=The Economic Times|date=30 January 2015 |accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> among others like [[State Bank of India]], [[Oracle Corporation]] etc. Mrs. Tessy Thomas, Project Director of [[Agni-V]] was present as the Chief Guest for the inauguration. A new event was introduced this year namely, Project JumpStart, where 4 prominent start-up founders had an interactive session with the audience. Various renowned speakers addressed at the ATMOS Conclave this year including Padma Bhushan winner and founder of [[Narayana Health]], [[Devi Prasad Shetty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=All About BITS Hyderabad|url=https://www.toppr.com/bytes/bits-hyderabad/|website=www.toppr.com|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Another new event set up by the Electrical engineering department was Quark Expo, which aims to provide an excellent platform for electrical enthusiasts to showcase their projects and talents and win prizes. The Finance and Investment club- Bulls and Bears conducted a first ever Case study event where participants had to showcase their skills and display a shrewd understanding of Finance and the Market, to be judged by a panel. [[Microsoft]] also hosted a Cloud Computing Workshop on [[Microsoft Azure|Azure]] Machine Learning, providing an opportunity to learn more about the field of data analytics. Another highlight of the fest was the Python '''PyBITS''' conference organized in association with [[Python Software Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Python PyBITS conference|url=https://www.thecollegefever.com/events/pybits-confernce|website=www.thecollegefever.com/|publisher=The College Fever|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> There was a workshop on Animated Film making conducted by [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] as well.

The headliner event being the '''Tech Expo''' aimed at providing a platform for thinkers and techies to showcase their projects to prospective sponsors, incubators and mentors. It witnessed wide participation from teams across the country, both independent and from various colleges like [[IIT Bombay]], [[IIT Kanpur]] etc. WATCounsult has established an innovation lab called INNOWAT at their Mumbai office, and the first of its projects received funding at this event.<ref>{{cite web|title=WATConsult launches innovation lab INNOWAT|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/digital/watconsult-launches-innovation-lab-innowat_66280.html|website=www.exchange4media.com|publisher=exchange4media|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
The sixth edition begun on 27 October and lasted 3 days with this year's theme "'''A Neon Dystopia'''". The fest had several new events and an even more bigger and extravagant show.

===2020 & 2021 ===
These were held virtually, owing to COVID-19 pandemic.

=== 2022 ===
Atmos was merged with Pearl, the campus's cultural fest, to create Orbe Novo, the largest and most extravagant event in BPHC history. Held over five days, Orbe Novo became a grand celebration of technology and culture, featuring an array of technical competitions, cultural performances, workshops, and exhibitions. With thousands of participants from across the country, the fest set new standards for campus festivals, combining the best of innovation, creativity, and entertainment in a single platform.

=== 2023 ===

=== 2024 ===

== Organisation ==
'''ATMOS''' is organized almost entirely by the students of BITS-Pilani Hyderabad campus. The administrative work is divided among various departments, with the heads of the departments comprising the Fest Organising Body, which is led by the President of the Students' Union. The workshops and events are organized by the Tech Senate, which comprises the associations and the technical societies and clubs. The Tech Senate is led by the Technical Convener. The departments, clubs, societies and associations work together under the supervision of the Technical Convener to ensure smooth functioning and streamlined management and administration.

== Events ==

=== Quizzes===
==== Enigma ====
Enigma is BITS Pilani, Hyderabad campus' annual national level general quiz. It consists of two rounds, a regional round and a national round.<ref name="newindianexpress2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Quiz-contest-at-BITS-Pilani-Hyderabad-campus/2013/10/12/article1832410.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230017/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Quiz-contest-at-BITS-Pilani-Hyderabad-campus/2013/10/12/article1832410.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Quiz contest at BITS Pilani, Hyderabad campus – The New Indian Express|publisher=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref> The regional rounds are conducted in various Indian cities, with the winners moving on to the finals in Hyderabad. It is a college level event, though high school students are allowed to participate too. Prominent quiz masters are invited to host the final rounds of the competition each year.

Other quizzes include the '''Midnight AV quiz''' and the '''SciTech quiz''' which is focused on testing your technical knowledge.

=== BITS MUN Hyderabad ===
BITS MUN Hyderabad is the Model United Nations Conference hosted by BITS Pilani, Hyderabad campus. Started in 2012, BITS MUN has collaborated with ATMOS since its inception. It has grown to become one of the largest and most competitive MUNs in the South Indian circuit. In 2015, BITS MUN hosted a panel discussion led by Justice R.S. Rathore on "Freedom of speech in the Digital Age" as a pre-conference headliner event.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

===Workshops===
A broad range of workshops ranging from a few hours to multiple days, in diverse disciplines like [[Computer Science]], [[Mechanical Engineering]], [[Industrial Engineering]], [[Electronics]], [[Filmmaking|Cinema]], [[Design]], [[Aerodynamics]], [[Economics]], [[Biology]] etc. is one of the highlights of the festival. They include, an [[Internet of Things|IOT]] Workshop, [[Augmented reality]] workshop, [[Cloud Computing]] workshop, [[Automation|Industrial Automation]] workshop, [[Petroleum refining processes|Petroleum Refining]] workshop, Workshops in [[Aerodynamics]], [[Filmmaking]], [[Electronics]] among others. Each new edition sees many newer and different workshops.

===Competitions===
==== Robowars ====
In this event, fighting robots constructed by teams participate in one-on-one fights, clearing various stages leading up to a final. Staged in a closed arena, Robowars is one of the most popular and thrilling events in the fest, attracting a large audience.

==== Quadcopter Challenge ====
Quadcopter Challenge is an event for quadcopters constructed by teams of students. In this event, the competitors build multi-coloured drones and fly them through obstacles of increasing difficulty, completing challenges with points being awarded for each round.

==== Mini GP ====
Mini GP is another team event, where teams have to construct and race remote-based [[internal combustion engine]] cars through tracks of increasing complexity, including Qualifiers and head-to-head races. Another crowd-puller, the rules for competition are based on real world racing events and attracts great participation as well.

==== Anatomy of Murder ====
This event is based on forensic skills and crime scene analysis. The first round is a written quiz testing knowledge of basic forensic skills. In the second round, three member teams gather evidence including blood samples and fingerprints and trace a killer.

=== Code Jam ===
'''Code Jam''' is '''ATMOS'''' headliner coding contest. Conducted in association with [[HackerEarth]], it aims to find the best coder present. Teams of two can participate and code in any language from the given options. Contestants are judged on mathematical ability and how well they implement algorithms. The competition consists of a set of challenging algorithmic problems which must be solved in a fixed amount of time. There are 2 rounds and the top 25 teams enter the finals, where the winners are given prize money.

Other coding competitions include the '''Reverse Coding challenge''', and '''Algomaniac''', which tests your analytical prowess along with pattern recognition skills.

===Exhibitions===

====Tech Expo====
The Tech Expo newly launched in the 5th edition-ATMOS 16' aims at providing a platform for thinkers and techies to showcase their projects to prospective sponsors, incubators and mentors. In its first edition itself, it witnessed wide participation from teams across the country, both independent and from various colleges like [[IIT Bombay]], [[IIT Kanpur]] etc.

=== Hackathon ===
'''ATMOS''' hosts at least one Hackathon, with the contest typically a day or more. It is a team event, with three or four programmers coming up with an idea and writing the rudimentary code for it. Hackathons test a programmer's ability to be creative and sustain concentration under pressure, making it a tough and enjoyable event to participate in. Prominent organizations like [[Microsoft]] and [[Mozilla Foundation|Firefox]] have organized Hackathons here previously.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150929/lifestyle-offbeat/article/hackathon-invasion|title=Hackathon invasion|date=30 September 2015 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

== Partners ==
ATMOS has consistently partnered with major firms over the years. ATMOS has also received patronage from the [[Government of India|Government]] initiative [[Make in India]]. The fest has gained extensive coverage over the years from Media partners such as [[Times of India]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[ETV Network|ETV]], [[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi]], [[6TV Telangana|6TV]] etc. ATMOS has associated with prominent organizations like [[Coca-Cola]], [[Red Bull]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[LG]], [[Comedy Central (India)|Comedy Central]], [[VH1 India]] [[State Bank of India]], [[State Bank of Hyderabad]], [[Atria Convergence Technologies|ACT Fibernet]], and [[FedEx]]. Automobile partners have included the likes of [[Hero MotoCorp]], [[KTM]], and [[Honda]], among others.

== See also ==
* [[Pearl (cultural festival)|Pearl (cultural festival of BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus)]]
* [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://atmos-bphc.com/}}

{{Birla Institute of Technology and Science}}

[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2011]]
[[Category:Technical festivals in India]]

Churu Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-12T16:05:41Z

Khalek Rahaman: New The Entry First Draft.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Churu
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1977
|reservation= None
| party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
| mp = [[Rahul Kaswan]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| assembly_cons =[[Nohar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nohar]]<br>[[Bhadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhadra]]<br>[[Sadulpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulpur]]<br>[[Taranagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Taranagar]]<br>[[Sardarshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarshahar]]<br>[[Churu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Churu]]<br>[[Ratangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ratangarh]]<br>[[Sujangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sujangarh]]
}}
'''Churu''' ({{IPA|hi|t͡ʃuːɾuː}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Churu Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|10
|[[Nohar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nohar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
|[[Amit Chachan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 11
|[[Bhadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhadra]]
|[[Sanjeev Beniwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|19
|[[Sadulpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulpur]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Churu district|Churu]]
|[[Manoj Nyangli]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|20
|[[Taranagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Taranagar]]
|[[Narendra Budania]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|21
|[[Sardarshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarshahar]]
|[[Anil Kumar Sharma (Rajasthan politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|22
|[[Churu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Churu]]
|[[Harlal Saharan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|23
|[[Ratangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ratangarh]]
|Poosaram Godara
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|24
|[[Sujangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sujangarh]] (SC)
|[[Manoj Meghwal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 1977 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Daulat Ram Saran]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Mohar Singh Rathore]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1985^
|[[Narendra Budania]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Daulat Ram Saran]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Narendra Budania]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rahul Kaswan]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Churu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Rahul Kaswan]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=728,211
|percentage=51.12
|change=+16.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Devendra Jhajharia]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,55,474|percentage=46.01|change=-13.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6656|percentage=0.79|change=+0.04}}
{{Election box majority||votes=72,737|percentage=5.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,07,716|percentage=63.61|change=-2.29}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
*the turnout does not include postal ballots

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Churu<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = BJP
|candidate = [[Rahul Kaswan]]
|votes = 7,92,999
|percentage = 59.69
|change ={{increase}}7.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rafique Mandelia
| votes = 4,58,597
| percentage = 34.52
| change = {{increase}}18.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Balwan Poonia]]
|votes = 25,090
|percentage = 1.89
|change = {{increase}}0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hari Singh
|votes = 16,116
|percentage = 1.21
|change = {{decrease}}25.38
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 9,978
|percentage = 0.75
|change = {{decrease}}0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,34,402
| percentage = 25.17
| change = {{decrease}}0.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,30,672
| percentage = 65.90
| change = {{increase}}1.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rahul Kaswan]]
|votes = 5,95,756
|percentage = 52.63
|change = {{increase}}5.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abhinesh Maharshi
|votes = 3,01,017
|percentage = 26.59
|change = {{increase}}23.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Pratap Singh
| votes = 1,76,912
| percentage = 15.63
| change = {{decrease}}29.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Krishan Kumar Saran
| votes = 13,977
| percentage = 1.23
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Indra Singh Jat
|votes = 10,778
|percentage = 0.95
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,293
|percentage = 1.00
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,94,739
| percentage = 26.04
| change = {{increase}}24.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,31,104
| percentage = 64.49
| change = {{increase}}12.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
|votes = 3,76,708
|percentage = 46.88
|change = {{decrease}}1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rafique Mandelia
|votes = 3,64,268
|percentage = 45.33
|change = {{increase}}0.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Budh Ram Saini
|votes = 25,690
|percentage = 3.20
|change = {{decrease}}0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate =Salim Gujar
|votes = 7,257
|percentage = 0.90
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,440
|percentage = 1.55
|change = {{decrease}}2.03
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,03,025
|percentage = 52.41
|change = {{decrease}}8.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
|votes = 400,718
|percentage = 48.05
|change = {{decrease}}3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balram Jakhar]]
|votes = 370,864
|percentage = 44.47
|change = {{decrease}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Daulataram Painsiya
|votes = 30,142
|percentage = 3.61
|change = {{increase}}2.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = Damodar Mishra
|votes = 10,132
|percentage = 1.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sufi Sultan
|votes = 8,594
|percentage = 1.03
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sabir Khan
|votes = 5,146
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjeet Rai
|votes = 3,773
|percentage = 0.45
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chimna Ram
|votes = 2,499
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohd. Iliyas Khichi
|votes = 2,108
|percentage = 0.25
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,854
|percentage = 3.58
|change = {{decrease}}3.30
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 833,976
|percentage = 60.84
|change = {{increase}}5.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}3.61
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Churu district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/rajasthan/churu/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Churu lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|28.3|75.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Churu (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Churu district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]

The Kerala State Biodiversity Board

2026-01-07T09:24:46Z

Khalek Rahaman: creating details.

{{Short description|Government body of Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Kerala State Biodiversity Board
| logo = 
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| formed = 
| jurisdiction = Government of Kerala
| headquarters = Kailasam, TC 24/3219, No. 43, Belhaven Gardens, Kowdiar P.O., Thiruvananthapuram – 695003, Kerala, India
| minister1_name = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Environment
| chief1_name = Dr. N. Anil Kumar
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = V. Balakrishnan
| chief2_position = Member Secretary
| parent_agency = [[Department of Environment (Kerala)|Government of Kerala]]
| website = https://www.keralabiodiversity.org
}}

'''Kerala State Biodiversity Board''' (KSBB) is one of the 28 state biodiversity boards set up by the [[National Biodiversity Authority]] in India. It is an autonomous body of the [[Government of Kerala]].

KSBB headquarters is located at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The board falls under the provision of the State Biodiversity Act set up in 2008 and the [[Biological Diversity Act, 2002]]. The Board is headed by a Chairman, a Member Secretary and followed by a team of expert Government officials, leading the board in its activities. Dr. C George Thomas is the Chairman and Dr. A V Santhoshkumar is the Member Secretary of KSBB.

On 21 May 2014, on the eve of [[International Day for Biological Diversity]] KSBB dedicated a project of establishing 'Shanthistals' (biodiversity hubs) to showcase the rich biodiversity of the state at universities and other institutions across the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/KSBB-shows-the-way-with-26-shanthisthals/articleshow/35444131.cms Shanthisthals or biodiversity hubs]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://keralabiodiversity.org/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala State Biodiversity Board}}

[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Environment of Kerala]]
[[Category:Biodiversity]]
[[Category:Nature conservation organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]

P. S. Manisundaram

2026-01-02T11:45:02Z

Khalek Rahaman: added a page

{{Short description|Indian educationist}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. S. Manisundaram
| title3 =
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]<br />Nova Scotia University
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2013|10|26 |1927|12|9 |df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|12|9|df=yes}}
| successor3 =
| predecessor3 =
| president3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start3 =
| order3 =
| image =
| successor2 =
| predecessor2 =
| term_end2 =
| term_start2 =
| order2 =
| title2 =
| predecessor =
| term_end = 1982
| term_start = 1964
| order =
| title = 1st Principal of the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''P. S. Manisundaram''' (9 December 1927 – 26 October 2013) was an Indian educationist and pioneer of computer science education.

== Early life and education ==
He was born in [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar]] (Burma). He graduated from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] (Madras), [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He did a master's degree in civil engineering at Nova Scotia University, [[Canada]], in 1958.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

== Career ==
After completing master's degree studies in civil engineering at Nova Scotia University, Canada, in 1958, he returned to Tamil Nadu and started his career as a lecturer at [[Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was the first principal of the Regional Engineering College (currently the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli|National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli]]), Tamil Nadu. He became the first vice chancellor of the [[Bharathidasan University]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], Tamil Nadu, when the university was created in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guindy |first=Alumni Association, College of Engineering |title=Distinguished Alumnus Awards -2013 (ECM) - AACEG |url=https://www.aaceg.org/page/Distinguished-Alumnus-Awards--2013-ECM.dz |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Alumni Association, College of Engineering Guindy |language=en}}</ref> Manisundaram was associated with many universities and educational institutions in India and around the world. He was conferred Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa) by [[Dalhousie University]] (Formerly Technical University of Nova Scotia), [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Canada in 1984. He died in [[Chennai]], India, on 26 October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=NIT-T pays tribute to its founder P S Mani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/NIT-T-pays-tribute-to-its-founder-P-S-Mani/articleshow/24903606.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=3 November 2013|date=30 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Principal |url=https://authorsupfront.com/product/the-first-principal/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Authorsupfront |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manisundaram, P. S.}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]

Nizam al-Din Ahmad al-Husayni

2025-12-20T19:34:19Z

Khalek Rahaman: added a stub

{{Short description|Former prime minister of the Sultanate of Golconda}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nizam al-Din Ahmad al-Husayni
| image = Portrait of Nizam al-Din Ahmad al-Husayni.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Nizam al-Din Ahmad al-Husayni, dated 1686. Stored in the [[Rijksmuseum]], Netherlands
| birth_date = 7 July 1618
| birth_place = [[Taif]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = May 1674 (aged 55)
| death_place = [[Sultanate of Golconda]]
| occupation =
| notable_works =
| relatives = [[Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki]] (ancestor)<br>Ibrahim ibn Salam Allah (great-grandfather)<br>Nasir al-Din (uncle)<br>Muhammad Ma'sum (father)<br> Ibn Ma'sum al-Madani (son)
}}
'''Nizam al-Din Ahmad al-Husayni''' ({{langx|ar|نظام الدين أحمد الحسيني}}: 7 July 1618 – May 1674) was the prime minister of the [[Sultanate of Golconda]] from 1656 to 1672.

Born to a ''[[sayyid]]'' family (descendants of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]) in [[Taif]] in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], his lineage traced back to prominent scholars and [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] royalty in Iran. Educated in ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic [[jurisprudence]]), [[hadith]], Arabic and [[logic]], he married the daughter of a distinguished Meccan jurist and later a daughter of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] ({{reign|1626|1672}}), the ruler of the Golconda. This second marriage facilitated his rise to prominence, and in 1656 he was appointed prime minister of Golconda. Following Abdullah Qutb Shah's death in 1672, Nizam al-Din Ahmad's influence waned, leading to his imprisonment and eventual death, likely by poisoning.

== Background and early life ==
He belonged to a ''[[sayyid]]'' family (descendants of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]) who had long settled in Iran. He was descended from the religious scholar and landowner [[Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki]] (died 1498), who financially supported the Islamic school Mansuriyya Madrasa in the Iranian city of [[Shiraz]]. Nizam al-Din Ahmad's great-grandfather Ibrahim ibn Salam Allah (died 1582/83) had married the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] princess Gawhar Shad Begum, the daughter of [[Ibrahim Mirza]]. A global network was established by the offspring of this union. Nizam al-Din Ahmad's father Muhammad Ma'sum (died 1622/23) and uncle Nasir al-Din (died 1614/15) left the country for [[Taif]] and [[Mecca]] in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], while another branch of the family stayed in the [[Fars province|Fars]] region in southern Iran.{{sfn|White|2023|p=6}} Surviving archival evidence, including letters and legal papers, demonstrate that Nizam al-Din Ahmad knew and used Persian, despite appearing to have written poetry only in Arabic.{{sfn|White|2023|p=25}}

Nizam al-Din Ahmad was born on 7 July 1618 in Taif. He was taught a variety of subjects, including ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic [[jurisprudence]]), [[hadith]], Arabic and [[logic]]. He reportedly had a great memory that enhanced his capacity to convey knowledge. He married the daughter of the distinguished Meccan jurist and merchant Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Manufi (died 1634/35), who had been supported by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Murad IV]] ({{reign|1623|1640}}).{{sfn|White|2023|p=6}}

== Career in the Sultanate of Golconda ==
In the 17th-century, an area of exchange emerged among the polities of the western [[Indian Ocean]], where mass migration was fueled by the interaction of religion, trade, and state-building. Journeys between the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, and [[Indian subcontinent|India]] became routine during this period. Since the start of the 17th-century, the [[Sultanate of Golconda]] was also home to immigrant Arabic scholars from Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Upon reaching the [[Deccan Plateau]] in 1645/6, Nizam al-Din Ahmad married a second wife, a daughter of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] ({{reign|1626|1672}}), the sultan of the Sultanate of Golconda.{{sfn|White|2023|p=7}}

The marriage paved the way for Nizam al-Din Ahmad's ascent to prominence, which in turn led to his patronage of Arabic literary culture. When the prime minister [[Mir Jumla II|Muhammad Sa'id Ardistani]] shifted allegiance to the [[Mughal Empire]] (India's leading power at the time) in 1656, Nizam al-Din Ahmad further solidified his authority,{{sfn|White|2023|p=7}} being appointed as the prime minister the same year.{{sfn|White|2023|p=3}} At the Golconda court, Nizam al-Din Ahmad became a leading figure, alongside Hayat Bakhshi Baygum (died 1667), the mother and regent of Abdullah Qutb Shah. Elevated to the role of ''ʿAyn al-Mulk'' ("Eye of the Kingdom"), his authority allegedly surpassed that of the other ministers.{{sfn|White|2023|p=7}}

According to reports from Golconda's capital [[Hyderabad]], he also had the role of a [[gatekeeper]], introducing foreign merchants to the sultan. The [[Golconda]] citadel, the seat of government and home of the ruling dynasty, served as the residence of Nizam al-Din Ahmad for a period. In 1658/59, he had a palace built for him in Hyderabad. Following Abdullah Qutb Shah's death in 1672 and the struggle for succession, Nizam al-Din Ahmad's authority diminished. He was subsequently imprisoned by Sayyid Muzaffar, a military commander who had immigrated from Iran. Nizam al-Din Ahmad was killed in May 1674,{{sfn|White|2023|p=73}} likely due to poisoning.{{sfn|White|2023|p=7}}

Nizam al-Din Ahmad made an effort to exploit his position of power in Golconda to increase his family's political and financial ties to the states bordering the [[Arabian Sea]]. During the zenith of his power, he was in contact with [[Khalifeh Soltan]] and [[Mirza Mohammad Karaki]], two of the leading religious statesmen in [[Safavid Iran]]. Several petitions were submitted by him, claiming ownership of landed property in Iran.{{sfn|White|2023|p=7}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | last = White | first = James | title = Persian and Arabic Literary Communities in the Seventeenth Century: Migrant Poets Between Arabia, Iran and India | publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]] | year = 2023 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJO6EAAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0755644568 }}

[[Category:1618 births]]
[[Category:1674 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Taif]]
[[Category:People from the Sultanate of Golconda]]
[[Category:17th-century Arabic-language poets]]

Philautus kempiae

2025-12-18T04:12:38Z

Khalek Rahaman: added new article

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Philautus kempiae'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T58860A166107275|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58860/166107275 |access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>
| taxon = Philautus kempiae
| authority = ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1919)
| synonyms = ''Ixalus kempiae'' <small>Boulenger, 1919</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Philautus kempiae''''' ('''Tura bubble-nest frog''', '''Kemp's bush frog''') is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]] (not to be confused with ''[[Philautus kempii]]''). Being only known from its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] near [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] in the [[Garo Hills]] in [[Meghalaya]], northeastern [[India]], it is an Indian [[endemic]].<ref name=Frost/> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''kempiae'' honours Agnes Kemp, wife of [[Stanley Wells Kemp]], an English zoologist and anthropologist.<ref name="Beolens et al. 2013"/> It is known only from the [[type specimen]], so very little is known about biology of this species. It is presumed to be a dweller of the undergrowth of moist evergreen forests.<ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022" />

This frog measures about 17 mm in [[snout-vent length]]. There is webbed skin on the hind feet only. There are large disks on the toes for climbing. There is a black intraorbital mark and another on the back. The belly is white with brown marks. This frog has a rounded snout.<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Boulenger, G. A. |year=1919 |title=Descriptions of three new batrachians from the Garo Hills, Assam. |journal=Records of the Indian Museum |volume=16 |pages=207–208|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.25921|url=https://biostor.org/reference/51713|type=Full text|access-date=January 3, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Beolens et al. 2013">{{cite book |last1 = Beolens | first1 = Bo | last2 = Watkins | first2 = Michael | last3 = Grayson | first3 = Michael |name-list-style=amp |title=The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |date=2013 |publisher=Pelagic Publishing |isbn=978-1-907807-42-8 |page=112}}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Philautus/Philautus-kempiae |title=''Philautus kempiae'' (Boulenger, 1919) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2714153}}

[[Category:Philautus|kempiae]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1919]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Hemidactylus hegdei

2025-12-16T04:00:45Z

Khalek Rahaman: New post - done

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = hegdei
| authority = Pal & Mirza, 2022
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemidactylus hegdei''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=hegdei}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113561050}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Durg

2025-12-03T20:42:25Z

Khalek Rahaman: expand content for clarity also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Durg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Rajendra park, durg.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rajendra Park in Durg
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.19|N|81.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Durg district|Durg]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1906
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Durg Municipal Corporation
| leader_title = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Alka Baghmar<ref>{{cite news |last1=सिकरवार |first1=आकाश |date=15 February 2025 |title=Durg Nikay Chunav Results Live: दुर्ग में बीजेपी की सुनामी, भूपेश बघेल के इलाके में ही हार गई कांग्रेस, अलका बाघमार होंगी नई मेयर |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/chhattisgarh-durg-nikay-chunav-result-2025-bjp-alka-baghmar-vs-congress-premlata-poshan-sahu-who-wins-in-durg-mayor-and-nagar-nigam-election-news/articleshow/118263557.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Vijay Baghel]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Gajendra Yadav]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title4 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name4 = Abhijit Singh (IAS)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 12 in state
| area_total_km2 = 182
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 289
| population_total = 268,679
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,064,077
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf |title=The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=2008 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172224/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act,_1957_no._5_of_1958,_date_24.01.1958.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 491001 (Durg)<ref>{{cite web |title=Durg Pin Code List |url=https://indiapincodes.net/Chhattisgarh/Durg/ |website=indiapincodes.net |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>
| area_code_type = 0788
| area_code = 0788
| registration_plate = CG-07
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 982 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|https://durg.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Durg''' is a city in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]], east of the [[Seonath River|Shivnath River]] and is part of the Durg-[[Bhilai]] urban agglomeration. With an urban population of 1,064,077, Durg-[[Bhilai]] is the second most populous urban area in Chhattisgarh after [[Raipur]]. It is the headquarters of [[Durg District]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://durg.gov.in/|title=Durg District Official website}}</ref>

==History==
The town was founded about the tenth century by a person named Jagpal, who originally came from Badhal Desh in [[Mirzapur]], and became treasury officer of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri king]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]. He was rewarded the land grant of Durg with 700 villages for his excellent services and later helped the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri king]] greatly in his conquests.<ref name="nelson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Nelson |editor1-first=A. E. |title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers: Drug District, Vol. A |date=1910 |publisher=The Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |pages=164–166 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/central-provinces-district-gazetteers-drug-district-vol |language=en}}</ref><ref name="durg">{{cite book |last1=Shukla |first1=Shyama Charan |last2=Nayak |first2=Rama Prasanna |last3=Sinh |first3=Raghubir |last4=Trivedi |first4=H.V. |last5=Krishnan |first5=V.S. |last6=Tripathi |first6=Sundarlal |last7=haterjee |first7=H.C. |last8=Pandey |first8=Rajbali |last9=Sinha |first9=R.M. |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Durg |date=1972 |publisher=Bhopal, Department of District Gazetteers |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08422/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>

The original name of the town was "Shiva Durg", literally meaning fort on the [[Shivnath River]].<ref name="nelson"/> Durg used to have a fort that was the headquarters of one of the 18 ''Garhs'' or districts under the administration of the medieval [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri kings]].<ref name="nelson"/>

[[Alexander Cunningham]], a prominent British archaeologist, thought Durg must have been a place of some importance in medieval times as it name literally means "fort".<ref name="ac">{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces and Lower Gangetic Doab in 1881-82, Vol. XVII |date=1884 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=4 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/archaeological-survey-india-report-tour-central-provinces-and-lower-gangetic |language=en}}</ref> When the [[Nagpur Kingdom|Marathas of Nagpur]] [[Siege of Ratanpur|invaded Chhattisgarh in 1741]], they occupied the old Kalachuri fort and made it their base of operations.<ref name="ac"/>
==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Durg (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 36.3
| Feb record high C = 39.3
| Mar record high C = 42.4
| Apr record high C = 45.3
| May record high C = 47.4
| Jun record high C = 46.2
| Jul record high C = 40.4
| Aug record high C = 35.4
| Sep record high C = 37.4
| Oct record high C = 38.0
| Nov record high C = 38.3
| Dec record high C = 34.4
|year record high C =
| Jan high C = 27.6
| Feb high C = 31.0
| Mar high C = 36.2
| Apr high C = 39.0
| May high C = 42.0
| Jun high C = 36.8
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 32.1
| Oct high C = 31.9
| Nov high C = 30.0
| Dec high C = 28.2
|year high C = 32.7
| Jan low C = 12.2
| Feb low C = 15.0
| Mar low C = 18.7
| Apr low C = 23.5
| May low C = 26.3
| Jun low C = 26.0
| Jul low C = 23.7
| Aug low C = 23.5
| Sep low C = 23.8
| Oct low C = 20.4
| Nov low C = 16.2
| Dec low C = 12.8
|year low C = 20.4
| Jan record low C = 6.0
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 12.0
| Apr record low C = 16.6
| May record low C = 19.7
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 19.7
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.0
| Oct record low C = 12.8
| Nov record low C = 9.0
| Dec record low C = 6.9
|year record low C =
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref>}}

==Demographics==
As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Durg had a population of 231,182. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. 12.8% of the population is in the 0 to 6 years age range. Durg had an effective literacy rate of 82.7% of the population 7 years and older in 2001.

In the 2011 [[Census of India|census]], Durg-Bhilainagar Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,064,077.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012 }}</ref> [[Bhilai|Durg-Bhilainagar]] Urban Agglomeration includes: Durg (M Corp.), Bhilai Nagar (M Corp.), [[Dumardih]] (part) (OG), [[Bhilai Charoda]] (M Corp), [[Jamul, Durg|Jamul]] (M), [[Kumhari]] (M) and Utai (NP).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 16 April 2012 }}</ref>

Durg Municipal Corporation had a total population of 268,679 in 2011, out of which 136,537 were males and 132,142 were females. Durg had a below six years population of 29,165. Durg had an effective literacy rate (7+ population) of 87.94 per cent, with male literacy of 93.72% and female literacy of 82.00. In 2011, the city had a sex ratio of 968.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Santosh Araswilli]], table tennis international medalist
* [[Bhupesh Baghel]], ex-Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
* [[Vijay Baghel]], MP, [[Durg Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Anurag Basu]], Indian film director
* [[Saba Anjum Karim]], former player, [[Indian women's national field hockey team]]
* [[Aakarshi Kashyap]], international badminton player
* [[Saroj Pandey]], mayor, MLA and MP
* [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]], former Home Minister of Chhattisgarh
* [[Amit Sana]], runner-up in ''[[Indian Idol|Indian Idol 1]]''
* [[Harpreet Singh (cricketer, born 1991)|Harpreet Singh]], [[IPL]] cricketer
* [[Arun Vora]], politician, former MLA [[Durg City Assembly constituency]]
* [[Motilal Vora]], Politician, [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Gajendra Yadav]], MLA, [[Durg City Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Durg}}
* [https://durg.gov.in/ Official web site of Durg District - https://durg.gov.in/]
{{Durg district}}

[[Category:Durg| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Chhattisgarh]]

Barkuriha

2025-11-28T00:15:48Z

Khalek Rahaman: Put up a entry

{{Short description|Village in Nalbari district, Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barkuriha
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3854|91.4652|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = Marowa
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2915
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781348 <ref>{{cite web |title=BARKURIHA Pin Code - 781348, Marowa All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search NALBARI Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/barkuriha-pincode-781348.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303864
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 179.5
}}
'''Barkuriha''' is a village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. As per [[2011 Census of India]], Barkuriha has a population of 2915 people with a literacy rate of 90.39%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barkuriha Population |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Nalbari/Barbhag/Barkuriha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714083750/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Nalbari/Barbhag/Barkuriha |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 July 2022 |website=indiagrowing.com |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>

Barkuriha village had a history of militancy affected area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |title=Human Rights : Principles, Practices, & Abuses |publisher=Omsons Publications |others=Naorem Sanajaoba |year=1994 |isbn=9788171171408 |location=New Delhi |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Nizamuddin East

2025-11-18T13:31:39Z

Khalek Rahaman: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nizamuddin East
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.59|N|77.25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = [[New Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Delhi Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110013
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Nizamuddin East
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Nizamuddin East
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Municipality]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nizamuddin East''' is an affluent residential colony in [[South Delhi|South East Delhi]], [[India]]. It is located on Mathura Road and is home to [[Humayun's Tomb]], as well as that of [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]]. There are several other monuments in the area. The colony has 286 houses, including Jaipur Estate, and 32 public parks.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

==Location==
[[File:Leafy street in Nizamuddin East.jpg|thumb|Arab Ki Sarai Road on the north periphery of Nizamuddin East]]
Nizamuddin, named after the 13th century Sufi saint, is a centrally located residential area within the ring road. Set in the backdrop of the spectacular Humayun's tomb, to its north and [[Khan Khana Tomb]] to its South.

==Notable residents==
*[[Manmath Nath Gupta]], (7 February 1908 – 26 October 2000) a great Freedom fighter who joined freedom struggle at the age of 14, and also participated with [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] and [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] in the famous [[Kakori conspiracy]]
*[[Hukumat Rai Gandhi]], first station master of Nizamuddin Railway Station which caused the founding of the colony and hence the first president of the resident welfare association
*[[Subramanian Swamy]], Former Cabinet Minister - Government of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/Swamy39/status/1793536597176332380 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
*[[Sheila Dikshit]], former Chief Minister of Delhi
*[[Navin Chawla]], election commissioner
*[[Anjolie Ela Menon]], artist
*[[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde]], artist
*[[Jatin Das (painter)|Jatin Das]], artist
*[[Nandita Das]], actress
*[[B. C. Sanyal]], artist
*[[Arpita Singh]], artist
*[[Dom Moraes]], writer
*[[Leela Naidu]], actress
*[[M. S. Gill]], member of parliament
*[[Arun Bhatnagar]], retired civil servant
*[[Aman Nath]], of the [[Neemrana Hotels]] chain
*[[Sandeep Dikshit]], former Member of parliament
*[[Ajay Jadeja]], cricket player
*[[Ratna Fabri]], museologist
*[[Dev Benegal]], filmmaker
*[[Shyam Benegal]], filmmaker
*[[Vinod Mehta]], journalist
*[[Mark Tully]], BBC journalist
*[[Ajit Bhattacharjea]], ''Indian Express'' editor
*[[Jawed Habib]], hairstylist and politician
*[[Vikram Seth]], novelist
*[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]], scholar and politician

==Transport==
*The [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station]].
*The Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses are also run to this suburb.

==See also==
* [[Nizamuddin West]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Urban/img/nizamuddin-east.jpg Map of Nizamuddin East]

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]