Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

V. Vigneswaran

2026-05-07T07:36:10Z

KevinArden: made new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Vigneswaran
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2026
| constituency = [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu (SC)]]
| predecessor = [[Chandira Priyanga]]
| party = Independent
| profession = Politician
}}

'''V. Vigneswaran''' is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu (SC)]] as an independent politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. V. Vigneswaran, NEDUNGADU (SC) constituency, IND, Puducherry Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Puducherry2026/dr-v-vigneswaran-103/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Vigneswaran won the [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu (SC)]] seat in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent candidate. He received 14,368 votes and defeated [[Chandira Priyanga]] of the [[All India N.R. Congress]] by a margin of 4,499 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Nedungadu (sc) (Puducherry) Assembly Election Result 2026: Dr. V. Vigneswaran of IND Wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nedungadu-election-result-live-updates-puducherry-assembly-election-results-winner-10668745/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nedungadu election result 2026: Independent candidate V Vigneswaran wins by 4,499 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nedungadu-election-result-2026/amp_articleshow/130577409.cms#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17781348591135&csi=1&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vigneswaran, V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

West Bengal Students' Union

2026-05-03T19:29:11Z

KevinArden: made a info

{{Infobox organization
| name = West Bengal Chhatra Parishad (CP)
| logo = File:Chhatra Parishad Logo.jpg
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Priyanka Choudhury
| parent_organization = [[National Student Union of India|NSUI]]
| affiliations = *[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee ]]
| formation = {{Start date|df=yes|1954|08|28}}
| founder = *[[Atulya Ghosh]]
*[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| type = Student Organization
| status = Active
| website = http://chhatraparishad.org/
| native_name = ([[West Bengal]] wing of the [[National Students Union of India]])
| abbreviation = CP
| headquarters = 104E, Dr Lal Mohan Bhattacharya Rd, Sealdah, Entally, [[Kolkata, West Bengal]] 700014
| location = [[West Bengal]]
}}

'''Chhatra Parishad''', popularly known as "CP", is the student wing of [[Indian National Congress]], a major [[political party]] of [[India]]. It is the [[West Bengal]] wing of [[National Students Union of India]] (NSUI)<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSUI: Latest News, Videos and NSUI Photos {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/NSUI|access-date=2021-06-15|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

CP is one of the major [[student organization]]s in [[West Bengal]], where it has won [[students' union|student union]] election in many colleges.

== About the Chhatra Parishad ==

{{Short description|Student wing of Indian National Congress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''West Bengal Chhatra Parishad''' (also known as Chhatra Parishad and West Bengal State Chhatra Parishad and abbreviated as CP) affiliated to NSUI is the students wing of [[Indian National Congress]] in the state of [[West Bengal]]. It was formed on 28 August 1954 in [[Kolkata]] under the guidance of [[Atulya Ghosh]] and [[Bidhan Chandra Ray]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress' student wing members stopped from marching to Bengal Assembly|url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/27/congress-student-wing-members-stopped-from-marching-to-bengal-assembly-2255726.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043248/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/27/congress-student-wing-members-stopped-from-marching-to-bengal-assembly-2255726.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2021|access-date=2021-06-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Chhatra Parishad is one of the main student organization in West Bengal. CP proposes the idea of [[student activism]] based on progressive thought, secular vision and democratic action.

== Flag ==
A flag with a tri-colour (saffron, white and green) horizontally in the left corner, on a white background and "Advancement of Learning", "Corporate Life" and "Patriotism" written one beneath the other in blue; the ratio of length and breadth of the flag being 3:2.

== Student leaders ==

* Bidhu Bhusan Ghosh
* Shyamal Bhattacharya
* Indu Bhusan Adhikary
* [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
* [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
* Kumud Bhattacharya
* [[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]
* [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
* Bibhas Chowdhury
* [[Tapas Roy]]
* [[Subhankar Sarkar]]
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (politician)|Sourav Chakraborty]]
* Rahul Ray
* Ashutosh Chatterjee
* Sourav Prasad
* Priyanka Choudhury

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/sfi-cp-tmcp-win-in-one-college-each-in-malda-36655.html]
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/27/congress-student-wing-members-stopped-from-marching-to-bengal-assembly-2255726.html]
* [https://www.firstpost.com/india/two-arrested-for-waving-black-flags-at-narendra-modis-convoy-in-kolkata-including-congress-student-wing-president-7896751.html]
* [https://www.briflynews.com/en/article/wb-youth-congress-protest-against-neet-jee-alleges-ruling-party-corruption?language=en]

[[Category:National Students' Union of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress of West Bengal]]

{{india-org-stub}}
{{WestBengal-stub}}

P. Mohan (Sankarapuram politician)

2026-05-01T22:14:54Z

KevinArden: creating some details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''P. Mohan''' is an Indian politician and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sankarapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarapuram constituency]]. He is Ex.Minister for Rural Industries ([[Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Tamil Nadu)|Rural Industries]] including [[Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi (Tamil Nadu)|Cottage Industries]] and [[Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Tamil Nadu)|Small Industries]]) of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Govt. of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers, Govt. of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_ministers.html|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> He represents the [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party

He is also cousin brother of DMK MLA T.Udhayasuriyan.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, P.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Basi Udawatan

2026-05-01T18:54:10Z

KevinArden: created a article with sources.

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basi Udawatan
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Basi Udawatan (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7576|N|73.7191|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 7.27
| population_total = 248
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Basi Udawatan''' is a small village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consists both irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census, conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 248, out of which 137 were males and 111 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Basi Udawatan village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69597-basi-udawatan-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 28.50%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Basi Udawatan village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Basi Udawatan Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Basi Udawatan village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=99|value2=1|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Basi Udawatan village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]}}

Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.

==Transportation==
Transport facilities in this village are good. This village is located 10 km away from [[State Highway 20 (Rajasthan)|SH-20]], and [[State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)|SH-20(B)]].<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sadhasar]]
*[[Jasrasar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Portia labiata

2026-04-25T20:14:19Z

KevinArden: creating the post v1

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Further|Portia (spider)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Portia labiata 76986320 cropped.jpg
| image_caption = ''P. labiata'' from [[India]]
| genus = Portia
| species = labiata
| authority = ([[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1887)<ref name=PlatnickEtcCatalPorLab />
| synonyms =
*{{nowrap|''Erasinus labiatus'' (Thorell, 1887)}}
*''Linus dentipalpis'' Thorell, 1890
*''Linus labiatus'' Thorell, 1887
*''Portia dentipalpis'' (Thorell, 1890)
}}

'''''Portia labiata''''' is a [[jumping spider]] ([[family (biology)|family]] Salticidae) found in [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], southern China, [[Burma]] (Myanmar), [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]] and the [[Philippines]]. In this medium-sized jumping spider, the front part is orange-brown and the back part is brownish. The conspicuous main eyes provide vision more acute than a [[cat]]'s during the day and 10 times more acute than a [[dragonfly|dragonfly's]],<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" /> and this is essential in ''P. labiata''′s navigation, hunting and mating.

The [[genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Portia (spider)|Portia]]'' has been called "eight-legged cats", as their hunting tactics are as versatile and adaptable as a [[lion]]'s. All members of ''Portia'' have instinctive hunting tactics for their most common prey, but often can improvise by [[trial and error]] against unfamiliar prey or in unfamiliar situations, and then remember the new approach.<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" /> While most jumping spiders prey mainly on insects and by active hunting, females of ''Portia'' also build [[Spider web|webs]] to catch prey directly and sometimes join their own webs on to those of web-based spiders. Both females and males prefer web spiders as prey, followed by other jumping spiders, and finally insects. In all cases females are more effective predators than males.

Populations from [[Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines|Los Baños]] and from [[Sagada, Mountain Province|Sagada]], both in the [[Philippines]], have slightly different hunting tactics. In laboratory tests, Los Baños ''P. labiata'' relies more on trial and error than Sagada ''P. labiata'' in finding ways to vibrate the prey's web and thus lure or distract the prey. Around Los Baños the web-building ''[[Scytodes]] pallida'', which preys on jumping spiders, is very abundant, and spits a sticky gum on prey and potential threats. A ''P. labiata'' from Los Baños instinctively detours round the back of ''S. pallida'' while with plucking the web in a way that makes the prey believe the threat is in front of it. In areas where ''S. pallida'' is absent, the local members of ''P. labiata'' do not use this combination of deception and detouring for a stab in the back. In a test to explore ''P. labiata''′s ability to solve a novel problem, a miniature lagoon was set up, and the spiders had to find the best way to cross it. Specimens from Sagada, in the mountains, almost always repeated the first option they tried, even when that was unsuccessful. When specimens from Los Baños, beside a lake, were unsuccessful the first time, about three quarters switched to another option.

Adults of ''P. labiata'' sometimes uses "propulsive displays", in which an individual threatens a rival of the same sex, and unreceptive females also threaten males in this way.{{ref label|c|c}} ''P. labiata'' females are extremely aggressive to other females, trying to invade and take over each other's webs, which often results in [[cannibalism]]. A test showed that they minimise the risk of confrontations by using [[Spider silk|silk]] draglines as [[Territory (animal)|territory]] marks. Another test showed that females can recognise the draglines of the most powerful fighters and prefer to move near the draglines of less powerful ones. Females try to kill and eat their mates during or after copulation, while males use tactics to survive copulation, but sometimes females outwit them. Before being mature enough to mate, juvenile females mimic adult females to attract males as prey. When hunting, ''P. labiata'' mature females emit olfactory signals that reduce the risk that any other females, males or juveniles of the same species may contend for the same prey.

== Body structure and appearance ==
[[File:Portia labiata 76986314.jpg|thumb|right|Dorsal view]]
As in most species of the [[genus (biology)|genus]], the bodies of ''Portia labiata'' females are 7 to 10 millimetres long{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=433}} and their carapaces are 2.8 to 3.8 millimetres long.{{r|Wanless1978RevisPortia|page=103-105}} Males' bodies are 5 to 7.5 millimetres long,{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=433}} with carapaces 2.4 to 3.3 millimetres long.{{r|Wanless1978RevisPortia|page=103-105}} The carapaces of females are orange-brown, slightly lighter around the eyes, where there are sooty streaks and sometimes a violet to green sheen in certain lights.{{r|Wanless1978RevisPortia|page=103-105}} There is a broad white moustache along the [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|clypeus]], and running back from each main eye is a ridge that looks like a horn.<ref name=ProszynskiDiagPortia /> Females' chelicerae are dark orange-brown and decorated with white hairs. The abdomens of females are mottled brown and black, and bear hairs of gold, white and black, and there are tufts consisting of brown hairs tipped with white. The carapaces of males are orange-brown, slightly lighter around the eyes, and have brown-black hairs lying on the surface but with a white wedge-shape stripe from the highest point down to the back, and white bands just above the legs. Males' chelicerae are also orange-brown with brown-black markings. The abdomens of males are brown with lighter markings and with brown-black hairs lying on the surface, and a short band of white hairs. The legs of both sexes are dark brown, with light markings in the [[Arthropod leg#Chelicerata|femora]] (the sections of the legs nearest the body).{{r|Wanless1978RevisPortia|page=103-105}} All species of the genus ''[[Portia (genus)|Portia]]'' have elastic abdomens, so that those of both sexes can become almost spherical when well fed, and females' can stretch as much when producing [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=495}}

== Senses ==
[[File:Jumping spider eyes layout 2.png|thumb|75px | right | "Squared-off" [[Glossary of spider terms#cephalothorax|cephalothorax]] and eye pattern of jumping spiders]]
Although other spiders can also jump, salticids including ''Portia fimbriata'' have significantly better vision than other spiders,{{r|JarmanJackson1986Taieria|page1=521}}<ref name=HoeflerEtc2006Biocontrol /> and their main eyes are more acute in daylight than a [[cat]]'s and 10 times more acute than a [[dragonfly]]'s.<ref name=HarlandJackson2000Cats /> [[Jumping spiders]] have eight eyes, the two large ones in the center-and-front position (the anterior-median eyes, also called "principal eyes"{{r|Forster1977SaltHunting|page1=51}}) housed in tubes in the head and providing acute vision. The other six are secondary eyes, positioned along the sides of the carapace and acting mainly as movement detectors.<ref name=HarlandJackson2000Cats />{{r|Hill2010Loc|page1=16}} In most jumping spiders, the middle pair of secondary eyes are very small and have no known function, but those of ''Portia'' species are relatively large, and function as well as those of the other secondary eyes.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=424}}{{r|Jackson1986VersEvol|page1=232}} The main eyes focus accurately on an object at distances from approximately 2 centimetres to infinity,{{r|Forster1977SaltHunting|page1=51}} and in practice can see up to about 75 centimetres.{{r|Forster1977SaltHunting|page1=53}} Like all jumping spiders, ''P. labiata'' can take in only a small visual field at one time,<ref name=Piper2007Portia /> as the most acute part of a main eye can see all of a circle up to 12 millimetres wide at 20 centimetres away, or up to 18 millimetres wide at 30 centimetres away.<ref name=JacksonBlest1982Dist />{{ref label|a|a}} Jumping spider's main eyes can see from red to [[ultraviolet]].<ref name=RichmanJackson1992Etho />

Generally the [[jumping spider]] subfamily [[Spartaeinae]], which includes the [[genus]] ''[[Portia (genus)|Portia]]'', cannot discriminate objects at such long distances as the members of subfamilies [[Salticinae]] or [[Lyssomaninae]] can. However, members of ''Portia'' have vision about as acute as the best of the [[jumping spiders]], for example: the salticine ''[[Mogrus neglectus]]'' can distinguish prey and conspecifics up to 320 millimetres away (42 times its own body length), while ''P. fimbriata'' can distinguish these up to 280 millimetres (47 times its own body length).<ref name=HarlandEtc1999VisDist /> The main eyes of a ''Portia'' can also identify features of the scenery up to 85 times its own body length, which helps the spider to find detours.{{r|HarlandJackson2004Umwelt|page1=21}}

However, a ''Portia'' takes a relatively long time to see objects, possibly because getting a good image out of such tiny eyes is a complex process and needs a lot of scanning.{{ref label|e|e}} This makes a ''Portia'' vulnerable to much larger predators such as [[bird]]s, [[frog]]s and [[mantis]]es, which a ''Portia'' often cannot identify because of the other predator's size.<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" />

Spiders, like other [[arthropod]]s, have sensors, often modified [[setae]] (bristles), for smell, taste, touch and vibration protruding through their [[cuticle]] ("skin").{{r|RFB2004ArthroSens|page1=532–533}} Unlike [[insects]], spiders and other chelicerates do not have [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].<ref name="RFB2004CheliGen" /><ref name="RFB2004ArachGen" /> A ''Portia'' can sense vibrations from surfaces, and use these for mating and for hunting other spiders in total darkness. It can use air- and surface "smells" to detect prey which it often meets, to identify members of the same species, to recognise familiar members, and to determine the sex of other member of the same species.{{r|HarlandJackson2004Umwelt|page1=13}}

== Hunting tactics ==

=== Tactics used by most jumping spiders and by most of genus ''Portia'' ===

Almost all jumping spiders are [[predator]]s,{{ref label|b|b}} mostly preying on insects, on other spiders, and on other arthropods.<ref name=HoeflerEtc2006Biocontrol /> The most common procedure is sighting the prey, stalking, fastening a [[Spider silk|silk]] safety line to the surface, using the two pairs of back legs to jump on the victim, and finally biting the prey.<ref name=Richman2008Ency /> Most jumping spiders walk throughout the day, so that they maximize their chances of a catch.<ref name=Forster1977Feed />

Members of the genus ''[[Portia (genus)|Portia]]'' have hunting tactics as versatile and adaptable as a lion's.<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" /> All members of ''Portia'' have instinctive tactics for their most common prey, but can improvise by [[trial and error]] against unfamiliar prey or in unfamiliar situations, and then remember the new approach. They can also make detours to find the best attack angle against dangerous prey, even when the best detour takes a ''Portia'' out of visual contact with the prey,<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" /> and sometimes the planned route leads to [[abseiling]] down a silk thread and biting the prey from behind. Such detours may take up to an hour,<ref name=WilcoxJackson2000Tricks /> and a ''Portia'' usually picks the best route even if it needs to walk past an incorrect route.{{r|WilcoxJackson1998Cogn|page1=422}} If a ''Portia'' makes a mistake while hunting another spider, it may itself be killed.<ref name=WilcoxJackson2000Tricks />

While most jumping spiders prey mainly on insects and by active hunting,{{r|JacksonPollard1997SexCann|page1=340}} females of ''Portia'' also build webs to catch prey directly.<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" /><ref name=WilcoxJackson2000Tricks /> These capture webs are funnel-shaped and widest at the top<ref name=RichmanJackson1992Etho />{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=513}} and are about 4,000 cubic centimetres in volume.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=429–431}} The web is initially built in about 2 hours, and then gradually made stronger.{{r|Jackson1986VersEvol|page1=239}} A ''Portia'' often joins her own web on to one of a web-based non-salticid spider.<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" />{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=432}} When not joined to another spiders', a ''P. labiata'' female's capture web may be suspended from rigid foundations such as boughs and rocks, or from pliant bases such as stems of shrubs.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=432}}

A web spider's web is an extension of the web spider's senses, informing the spider of vibrations that signal the arrival of prey and predators. If the intruder is another web spider, these vibrations vary widely depending on the new web spider's species, sex and experience. A ''Portia'' can pluck another spider's web with a virtually unlimited range of signals, either to lure the prey out into the open or calming the prey by monotonously repeating the same signal while the ''Portia'' walks slowly close enough to bite it.{{r|JacksonPollard1997SexCann|page1=340–341}} Such tactics enable ''Portia'' species to take web spiders, such as ''[[Holocnemus pluchei]],''<ref>Jackson, R. R.; Jakob, E. M.; Willey, M. B.; Campbell, G. E. (February 1993). "Anti-predator defences of a web-building spider, Holocnemus pluchei (Araneae, Pholcidae)". ''Journal of Zoology''. '''229''' (2): 347–352. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02641.x.</ref> from 10% to 200% of their size,<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats" /> and they hunt in all types of webs.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=491}} In contrast, other cursorial spiders generally have difficulty moving on webs, and web-building spiders find it difficult to move in webs unlike those they build: sticky webs adhere to cursorial spiders and to web-builders of non-sticky webs; builders of [[cribellum|cribellate]] webs have difficulty with non-cribellate webs, and vice versa.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=424}} Where the web is sparse, a ''Portia'' will use "rotary probing", in which it moves a free leg around until it meets a thread.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=433–434}} When hunting in another spider's web, a ''Portia''′s slow, choppy movement and the flaps on its legs make it resemble leaf detritus caught in the web and blown in a breeze.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=514}} ''P. labiata'' and some other ''Portia'' species use breezes and other disturbances as "smokescreens" in which these predators can approach web spiders more quickly, and revert to a more cautious approach when the disturbance disappears.{{r|WilcoxEtc1996Smokescreen|page1=313}} A few web spiders run far away when they sense the un-rhythmical gait of a ''Portia'' entering the web – a reaction Wilcox and Jackson call "''Portia'' panic".{{r|WilcoxJackson1998Cogn|page1=418}}

If a large insect is struggling in a web, ''Portia'' does not usually take the insect, but waits for up to a day until the insect stops struggling, even if the prey is thoroughly stuck.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=448}} When an insect stuck in a web owned by ''P. labiata'', ''[[Portia schultzi|P. schultzi]]'' or any regional variant of ''[[Portia fimbriata|P. fimbriata]]'', and next to a web spider's web, the web spider sometimes enters the ''Portia''′s web, and the ''Portia'' pursues and catches the web spider.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=440–441, 444}}

When catching an [[insect]] outside a web, a ''Portia'' sometimes lunges and sometimes uses a "pick up",{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=441}} in which it moves its fangs slowly into contact with the prey. In some pick ups, ''Portia'' first slowly uses its forelegs to manipulate the prey before biting.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=441}} ''P. labiata'' and ''P. schultzi'' also occasionally jump on an insect.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=448}} However, ''Portia'' species are not very good at catching moving insects{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=516}} and often ignore them,<ref name=JacksonBlest1982Dist /> while some other salticid genera, especially the quick, agile ''[[Brettus]]'' and ''[[Cyrba]]'', perform well against small insects.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=516}}

When a ''Portia'' stalks another jumping spider, the prey generally faces the ''Portia'' and then either runs away or displays as it does to another member of its own species.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=444}}{{ref label|d|d}}

The webs of spiders on which ''Portia'' species prey sometimes contain dead insects and other arthropods which are uneaten or partly eaten. ''P. labiata'' and some other ''Portia'' species such as ''P. fimbriata'' (in Queensland) and ''P. schultzi'' sometimes [[scavenge]] these corpses if the corpses are not obviously decayed.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=448}}

A ''Portia'' typically takes 3 to 5 minutes to pursue prey, but some pursuits can take much longer, and in extreme cases close to 10 hours when pursuing a web-based spider.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=439}}

All ''Portia'' species eat eggs of other spiders, including eggs of their own species and of other cursorial spiders, and can extract eggs from cases ranging from the flimsy ones of ''[[Pholcus]]'' to the tough papery ones of ''[[Philoponella]]''. While only ''P. fimbriata'' (in Queensland) captures cursorial spiders in their nests, all ''Portia'' species steal eggs from empty nests of cursorial spiders.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=448}}

The venom of ''Portia'' species is unusually powerful against spiders.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=491}} When a ''Portia'' stabs a small to medium spider (up to the ''Portia''′s weight{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=428}}), including another ''Portia'', the prey usually runs away for about 100 to 200 millimetres, enters convulsions, becomes paralysed after 10 to 30 seconds, and continues convulsing for 10 seconds to 4 minutes. ''Portia'' slowly approaches the prey and takes it.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=441–443}} ''Portia'' usually needs to inflict up to 15 stabbings to completely immobilise a larger spider(1.5 to 2 times to the ''Portia''′s weight{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=428}}), and then ''Portia'' may wait about 20 to 200 millimetres away for 15 to 30 minutes from seizing the prey.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=441–443}} Insects are usually not immobilised so quickly but continue to struggle, sometimes for several minutes. If ''Portia'' cannot make further contact, all types of prey usually recover, making sluggish movements several minutes after the stabbing but often starting normal movement only after an hour.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=441–443}}

Spiders have a narrow gut that can only cope with liquid food, and have two sets of filters to keep solids out. Some spiders pump digestive [[enzyme]]s from the midgut into the prey and then suck the liquified tissues of the prey into the gut, eventually leaving behind the empty husk of the prey. Others grind the prey to pulp using the fangs and the bases of the [[pedipalp]]s, while flooding it with enzymes; in these species the fangs and the bases of the pedipalps form a preoral cavity that holds the food they are processing.{{r|RFB2004Spiders|page1=576}}


Occasionally a ''Portia'' is killed or injured while pursuing prey up to twice ''Portia''′s size. ''P. labiata'' is killed in 2.1% of pursuits and injured but not killed in 3.9%, ''P. schultzi'' is killed in 1.7% and injured but not killed in 5.3%, and ''P. fimbriata'' in Queensland is killed in 0.06% of its pursuits and injured but not killed in another 0.06%. A ''Portia''′s especially tough skin often prevents injury, even when its body is caught in the other spider's fangs. When injured, ''Portia'' bleeds and may lose one or more legs. Spiders' palps and legs break off easily when attacked, 'the palps and legs of ''Portia'' species break off exceptionally easily, which may be a defence mechanism, and they are often seen with missing legs or palps, while other salticids in the same habitat are not seen with missing legs or palps.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=440–450}}

=== Tactics used by ''Portia labiata'' ===

All performance statistics summarise result of tests in a laboratory, using captive specimens.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=429–430}} {{anchor|TblDifferentTactics}}The following table shows the hunting performance of adult females. In addition to ''P. labiata'', the table shows for comparison the hunting performances of ''[[Portia africana|P. africana]]'', ''[[Portia schultzi|P. schultzi]]'' and three regional variants of ''[[Portia fimbriata|P. fimbriata]]''.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=424, 432, 434}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:-0.5em"
|+Differences in hunting tactics of females{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=434, 437, 439}}
|-
! align="left" | Prey !! align="left" | Performance !! ''P. labiata'' !! ''P. africana'' !! ''P. schultzi'' !! ''P. fimbriata'' (Q) !! ''P. fimbriata'' (NT) !! ''P. fimbriata'' (SL)
|-
! rowspan="2" align="left" bgcolor="white"| Salticid
| Tendency to pursue prey || align="center" | 63% || align="center" | 77% || align="center" | 58%|| align="center" | 87% || align="center" | 50% || align="center" | 94%
|-
| Efficiency in capturing prey || align="center" | 40% || align="center" | 29% || align="center" | 36% || align="center" | 93% || align="center" | 10% || align="center" | 45%
|- bgcolor="#f4f4ff"
! rowspan="2" align="left" | Web-building spider
| Tendency to pursue prey|| align="center" | 83% || align="center" | 74% || align="center" | 84%|| align="center" | 91% || align="center" | 94% || align="center" | 64%
|- bgcolor="#f4f4ff"
| Efficiency in capturing prey || align="center" | 79% || align="center" | 65% || align="center" | 72%|| align="center" | 92% || align="center" | 81% || align="center" | 83%
|-
! rowspan="2" align="left" bgcolor="white"| Insect
| Tendency to pursue prey || align="center" | 35% || align="center" | 48%|| align="center" | 52% || align="center" | 27% || align="center" | 30% || align="center" | 43%
|-
| Efficiency in capturing prey || align="center" | 71% || align="center" | 67% || align="center" | 69% || align="center" | 41% || align="center" | 83% || align="center" | 78%
|}
<div style="margin-top:-1.5em;">
Notes on this table:
<div style="margin-top:-1em">
* "Tendency to pursue prey" is the percentage of tests in which the subject pursues the potential prey, and a pursuit starts when the ''Portia'' either approaches the prey or shakes the prey's web.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=428–429}}
* "Efficiency in capturing prey" is the percentage of pursuits in which the subject captures the prey.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=428–429}}
* ''P. labiata'' specimens from [[Sri Lanka]] were used in this analysis.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=425}}
* "(Q)", "(NT)" and "(SL)" identify ''P. fimbriata'' from Queensland, Northern Territory and Sri Lanka.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=425}}
* The prey used was: unspecified jumping spiders; [[Amaurobiidae|amaurobiid]] and [[Theridiidae|theridiid]] web-based spiders; and [[housefly|houseflies]].{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=428}}
</div></div>

A female ''P. labiata'' often hangs a capture web from pliant stems and leaves of shrubs and lower branches of trees, rather than from rocks and tree trunks.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=432}} Males of ''Portia'' do not build capture webs.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=429}}

A female ''P. labiata'' more often pursues small jumping spiders and web spiders than larger prey. While it more often catches small jumping spiders than larger ones, it is about equally effective with all sizes of web spiders up to twice ''P. labiata''′s size.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=437–439}} A female ''P. labiata'' is effective against insects up to twice ''P. labiata''′s size when the insect is stuck in a non-salticid's web, and against insects not in webs and up to ''P. labiata''′s size, while ''P. labiata'' seldom pursues or catches a larger insect in the open. A female ''P. labiata'' very seldom pursues or catches a larger insect in her own web, and is slightly less effective against smaller insects in ''P. labiata''′s web than in other situations.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=439}} Males are less efficient in all cases.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=436}}

A test in 1997 showed that ''P. labiata'' from the [[Philippines]] and from Sri Lanka have similar preferences for different types of prey, and that the order of preference is: web spiders; jumping spiders; and insects.{{r|LiEtcPreyPref|page1=337–339}} These preferences apply to both live prey and motionless lures, and to ''P. labiata'' specimens without prey for 7 days ("well-fed"{{r|LiEtcPreyPref|page1=335}}) and without prey for 14 days ("starved"{{r|LiEtcPreyPref|page1=335}}). ''P. labiata'' specimens without prey for 21 days ("extra-starved") showed no preference for different types of prey.{{r|LiEtcPreyPref|page1=339}} The test included as prey several species of web spiders and jumping spiders, and the selection of the prey species showed no evidence of affecting the results.{{r|LiEtcPreyPref|page1=337–339}} Insects were represented by the house fly ''[[Musca domestica]]''.{{r|LiEtcPreyPref|page1=335}}

Unlike the Queensland variant of ''P. frimbriata'', ''P. labiata'' has no special tactics when hunting other jumping spiders.{{r|LiEtcPreyPref|page1=343}}

''P. labiata'' does not prey on [[ant]]s,{{r|NelsonEtc2004AntsSalt|page1=45–46}} but is preyed on by the ants ''[[Oecophylla smaragdina]]'' and ''[[Odontomachus]]'' sp. (species uncertain).{{r|NelsonEtc2004AntsSalt|page1=47}}

''P. labiata'' will sometimes approach a translucent nest containing another spider, and will usually wait facing the prey for up to several hours. Occasionally ''P. labiata'' leaps at the prey in the nest, but this is ineffective.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=447}}

Populations from [[Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines|Los Baños]] and from [[Sagada, Mountain Province|Sagada]], both in the [[Philippines]], have slightly different hunting tactics, and Los Baños has some very dangerous prey spiders. In laboratory tests, Los Baños ''P. labiata'' relies more on trial and error than Sagada ''P. labiata'' in finding ways to vibrate the prey's web and thus lure or distract the prey.{{r|JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb|page1=283–284}} Around Los Baños the web-building ''[[Scytodes]] pallida'', which preys on jumping spiders, is very abundant. All members of the genus ''[[Scytodes]]'' spit a sticky gum on prey and potential threats, and this can immobilise a ''Portia'' long enough for the ''Scytodes'' to wrap the ''Portia'' in silk and then bite it. Around Los Baños, ''P. labiata'' instinctively detours round the back of ''S. pallida'' that is not carrying [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] while with plucking the web in a way that makes ''S. pallida'' believe the threat is in front of it. ''P. labiata'' prefers to stalk a female ''S. pallida'' carrying eggs, as then ''S. pallida'' is reluctant to drop the eggs in order to spit, and in this case ''P. labiata'' sometimes uses a direct attack. In areas where ''S. pallida'' is absent, the local members of ''P. labiata'' do not use this combination of plucking other spiders' webs to deceive the prey and detouring for a stab in the back.<ref name=NelsonJackson2011Flex />

A test in 2001 showed that four jumping species take [[nectar]], either by sucking it from the surface of flowers or biting the flowers with their fangs. The spiders fed in cycles of two to four minutes, then groomed, especially their chelicerae, before another cycle. A more formal part of the test showed that 90 juvenile jumping spiders, including ''P. labiata'', generally prefer to suck from blotting soaked with a 30% solution of sugar in water rather than paper soaked with pure water. The authors suggest that, in the wild, nectar may be a frequent, convenient way to get some nutrients, as it would avoid the work, risks and costs (such as making venom). Jumping spiders can benefit from [[amino acids]], [[lipids]], [[vitamin]]s and minerals normally found in nectar.<ref name=JacksonEtc2001Nectar />

<div style="float:right; border: solid 1px silver; padding:3px; margin-left:5px; margin-bottom:5px">The spiders were divided into four groups:
* Rewarded only, if:
** Jumped and then swam
** Swam without jumping
* Penalised only, if:
** Jumped and then swam
** Swam without jumping</div>
A test in a deliberately artificial environment explored ''P. labiata''′s ability to solve a novel problem by trial and error. A little island was set up in the middle of a miniature atoll, and the space between with them was filled with water. The gap was too wide for the spiders to jump all the way, and the spiders' options were to leap and then swim or to swim only. The testers encouraged some specimens by using a small scoop to make waves toward the atoll when the spiders chose the option the testers preferred (leap and then swim for some spiders, and swim only for others), and discouraged some specimens by making waves back toward the island when the spiders chose the option the testers did not want – in other words, the testers "rewarded" one group for "successful" behaviour and "penalised" the other group for "unwanted" behaviour.{{r|JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb|page1=284–286}} Specimens from Sagada almost always repeated the first option they tried, even when that was unsuccessful. When specimens from Los Baños were unsuccessful the first time, about three quarters switched to the other option, irrespective of whether the first attempt was by leaping and then swimming or by swimming only.{{r|JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb|page1=287–288}}

== Reproduction and lifecycle ==
Before [[courtship display|courtship]], a male ''Portia'' spins a small web between boughs or twigs, and he hangs under that and [[ejaculate]]s on to it.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=467}} He then soaks the semen into reservoirs on his [[pedipalp]]s, {{r|RFB2004Spiders|page1=581–583}} which are larger than those of females.{{r|RFB2004Spiders|page1=572–573}}

Females of many spider species, including ''P. labiata'',{{r|Gaskett2007SpidSexPher|page1=33}}{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=517}} emit volatile [[pheromone]]s into the air, and these generally attract males from a distance.{{r|Gaskett2007SpidSexPher|page1=36}} The silk draglines of female jumping spiders also contain pheromones, which stimulate males to court females and may give information about each female's status, for example whether the female is juvenile, subadult or mature.{{r|Gaskett2007SpidSexPher|page1=43}}
Pheromones may help to find jumping spiders' nests, which are usually hidden under rocks or in rolled leaves, making them difficult to be seen.{{r|Gaskett2007SpidSexPher|page1=36}}

''Portia'' species sometimes use "propulsive displays", with which a member threatens a rival of the same species and sex, and unreceptive females also threaten males in this way.{{r|JacksonPollard1997SexCann|page1=343}} A propulsive display is a series of sudden, quick movements including striking, charging, ramming and leaps.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=455}}

A laboratory test showed how males of ''P. labiata'' minimise the risk of meeting each other, by recognising fresh pieces with blotting paper, some containing their own silk draglines and some containing another male's. Males also were attracted by fresh blotting paper containing females' draglines, while females do not response to fresh blotting paper containing males' draglines. This suggested that the males usually search for females, rather than vice versa. Neither sex responded to one week-old blotting paper, irrespective of whether it contained males' or females' draglines. A similar series of tests showed that ''P. fimbriata'' from Queensland showed the same patterns of responses between the sexes.<ref name=ClarkJackson1995DragPlPfMF />

Among ''P. labiata'' and some other ''Portia'' species, when adults of the same species but opposite sexes recognise each other, they display at 10 to 30 centimetres. Males usually wait for 2 to 15 minutes before starting a display, but sometimes a female starts a display first.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=461}}

A female ''P. labiata'' that sees a male may approach slowly or wait. The male then walks with erect and displaying by waving his legs and palps. If the female does not run away, she gives a propulsive display first. If the male stands his ground and she does not ran away or repeat the propulsive display, he approaches and, if she is mature, they copulate.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=461–464}} If the female is sub-adult (one moult from maturity), a male may cohabit in the female's capture web.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=467}} ''Portia'' species usually mate on a web or on a dragline made by the female.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=518}} ''P. labiata'' typically copulates for about 100 seconds,{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=465}} while other genera can take several minutes or even several hours.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=518}}{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=465}}

Females of ''P. labiata'' and ''[[Portia schultzi|P. schultzi]]'' try to kill and eat their mates during or after copulation, by twisting and lunging. The males wait until the females have hunched their legs, making this attack less likely. Males also try to [[abseil]] from a silk thread to approach from above, but females may manoeuvre to get the higher position. If the female moves at all, the male leaps and runs away.{{r|JacksonPollard1997SexCann|page1=343}}

Before being mature enough to mate, females of ''P. labiata'' and also ''P. schultzi'' mimic adult females to attract males as prey.<ref name=RobertsEtc2003EarlyWolf />

''P. labiata'' females are extremely aggressive to other females, trying to invade and take over each other's webs, which often results in [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. A laboratory test showed how they minimise the risk of meeting each other, by recognising pieces with blotting paper containing their own silk draglines and pieces contain other ''P. labiata'' females' draglines. If obstacles make it impossible to see whether the other is physically present, she avoids blotting paper containing the other's draglines, but moves with no constraint if she can see that the other female is not around. Draglines seem to act as [[Territory (animal)|territory]] marks, much as many mammals identify conspecifics by [[scent marking]].<ref name=ClarkJackson1994DragPlFF /> ''P. labiata'' females also avoid rival females of higher fighting ability and spend more time around less powerful fighters. A laboratory test collected samples of the draglines of equal-sized females and then pitted some of them in contests. Other females avoided the draglines of the victors, and spent the majority of their time on draglines of the losers. Similar tests showed that females of ''[[Portia fimbriata|P. fimbriata]]'' from Australia and ''[[Portia schultzi|P. schultzi]]'' from Kenya do not avoid draglines of a powerful fighter.{{r|ClarkEtc1999DragFightAbility|page1=753}}

In ''P. labiata'' and in some other species, contests between males usually last only 5 to 10 seconds, and only their legs make contact.
{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=466}} Contests between ''Portia'' females are violent{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=518}} and embraces in ''P. labiata'' typically take 20 to 60 seconds. These occasionally include grappling that sometimes breaks a leg, but more usually one female lunges at the other. Sometimes one knocks the other on her back and the other may be killed and eaten if she does not right herself quickly and run away. If the loser has a nest, the winner takes over and eats any eggs there.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=466–467}}

When hunting, mature females of ''P. labiata'', ''P. africana'', ''P. fimbriata'' and ''P. schultzi'' emit olfactory signals that reduce the risk that any other females, males or juveniles of the same species may contend for the same prey. The effect inhibits [[aggressive mimicry]] against a prey spider even if the prey spider is visible, and also if the prey is inhabiting any part of a web. If a female of one of these ''Portia'' species smells a male of the same species, the female stimulates the males to court. These ''Portia'' species do not show this behaviour when they receive olfactory signals from members of other ''Portia'' species.<ref name=WilleyJackson1993Olfactory />

''P. labiata'' usually lays eggs on dead, brown leaves about 20 millimetres long, suspended near the top of its capture web, and then covers the eggs with a sheet of silk. If there is no dead leaf available, the female will make a small horizontal silk platform in the capture web, lay the eggs on it, and then cover the eggs.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=434–435}}

''Portia'' females have never been seen eating their own eggs, but in nature females with eggs of their own have been seen eating eggs of other females of the same species. In a test, ''P. labiata'' females did not eat their eggs if the testers put them in other female's nests, showing that the test females could identify their own eggs, possibly by chemical means. When the test females and their eggs were restored to their own nests and other females' eggs were also placed in the same nest, the test females ate neither their own eggs nor the "foreign" ones. In nature a female is unlikely to find foreign eggs in her nest, and it might be safest for females to avoid any eggs in their own nests.<ref name=ClarkJacksonLabEggSac />

For [[moult]]ing, all species of ''Portia'' spin a horizontal web whose diameter is about twice the spider's body length and is suspended only 1 to 4 millimetres below a leaf. The spider lies head down, and often slides down 20 to 30 millimetres during moulting.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=496}} ''Portia'' species spin a similar temporary web for resting.{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=513}}


== Taxonomy ==

''P. labiata'' is one of 17 species in the genus ''[[Portia (genus)|Portia]]'' as of May 2011.<ref name=PlatnickEtcCatalPortia /> This species has been named ''Sinis fimbriatus'' (Hasselt, 1882; misidentification), ''Linus labiatus'' (Thorell, 1887), ''Linus dentipalpis'' (Thorell, 1890), ''Erasinus dentipalpis'' (Thorell, 1892), ''Erasinus labiatus'' (Simon, 1903) and ''Portia labiata'' (Wanless, 1978), and the last name has been used since then.<ref name=PlatnickEtcCatalPorLab />

''Portia'' is in the subfamily [[Spartaeinae]],<ref name=BarrionLitsinger1995Riceland /> which is thought to be [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|primitive]].{{r|JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa|page1=491}} [[Molecular phylogeny]], a technique that compares the [[DNA]] of organisms to reconstruct the [[Tree of life (biology)|tree of life]], indicates that ''Portia'' is a member of the [[clade]] Spartaeinae, that Spartaeinae is basal (quite similar to the ancestors of all jumping spiders), that ''Portia''′s closest relative is the genus ''[[Spartaeus]]'', and that the next closest are ''[[Phaeacius]]'' and ''[[Holcolaetis]]''.{{r|MaddisonEtc2008SaltPhylRev|page1=53}}

== Ecology ==
''P. labiata'' is found in [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], southern [[China]], [[Burma]] (Myanmar), [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]] and the [[Philippines]].
{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=425}}{{r|Wanless1978RevisPortia|page=103-105}}<ref name=ProszynskiCatPortia />

The populations of ''P. labiata'' in [[Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines|Los Baños]] and in [[Sagada, Mountain Province|Sagada]], both in the Philippines, have different environments: Los Baños is a low-lying [[tropical]] [[rainforest]] where there are many species of spiders, some of which are especially dangerous to ''P. labiata''; and Sagada is at higher altitude, with pine-forest and fewer species of spiders, none of which are as dangerous to ''P. labiata''. The Los Baños variant has a slightly wider repertoire of tactics.<ref name=NelsonJackson2011Flex />{{r|JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb|page1=283–284}}

In the Philippines, ''P. labiata'' does not prey on [[ant]]s,{{r|NelsonEtc2004AntsSalt|page1=45–46}} but is preyed on by the ants ''[[Oecophylla smaragdina]]'' and ''[[Odontomachus]]'' sp. (species uncertain),{{r|NelsonEtc2004AntsSalt|page1=47}} and a solitary ''Odontomachus'' has been seen attacking a ''P. labiata''.{{r|NelsonEtc2004AntsSalt|page1=50}} In a test the ant ''[[Diacamma]] vagans'' usually killed single-handed a ''P. labiata''.{{r|NelsonEtc2004AntsSalt|page1=52}}

== In popular culture ==
''P. labiata'' features prominently in the science fiction [[Children of Time (novel)|''Children of Time'']] series by [[Adrian Tchaikovsky]].

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
:a: {{note|a}}Jackson and Blest (1982) say, "The resolution of the receptor mosaic of Layer I in the central retina was estimated to be a visual angle of 2.4 arc min, corresponding to 0–12 mm at 20 cm in front of the spider, or 0–18 mm at 30 cm."<ref name=JacksonBlest1982Dist />
:b: {{note|b}}Several species of cursorial spiders drink [[nectar]] as an occasional supplement their diet, and juveniles of some orb-web spiders digest [[pollen]] while re-cycling their webs.<ref name=ChenEtc2010Nectar /> One jumping spider (as of 2010), ''[[Bagheera kiplingi]]'', is almost totally [[herbivorous]].<ref name=MeehanEtc2009Bagh />
:c: {{note|c}}"Propulsive displays" are sudden, quick movements including striking, charging, ramming and leaps.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=455}}
:d: {{note|d}}Except that the Queensland variant of ''Portia fimbriata'' generally uses a "cryptic stalking" technique which makes most salticids unaware of this predator.{{r|JacksonHallas1986Comp|page1=444}}
:e: {{note|e}}The retina is at the end of a tube. The inner end of the tube moves from side to side in one to two cycles per second, and twists 50° in a cycle that takes 10 seconds.{{r|LandNilsson2006Vision|page1=180–181}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=BarrionLitsinger1995Riceland>{{cite book|last=Barrion|first=A.T.
| title=Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia | year=1995
| publisher=International Rice Research Institute / C.A.B. International
| isbn=978-0-85198-967-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7SDg3X9frYC&q=phaeacius+spider&pg=PA45
|author2=J.A. Litsinger | page=45 | access-date=19 Oct 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=ChenEtc2010Nectar>{{cite journal | last=Chen | first=Xiaoqiong
|author2=Yuanchun Chen |author3=Lingbing Wu |author4=Yu Peng |author5=Jian Chen |author6=Fengxiang Liu
| title=A survey of nectar feeding by spiders in three different habitats
| journal=Bulletin of Insectology | year=2010 | volume=63 | issue=2 | pages=203–208
| url=http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol63-2010-203-208chen.pdf
| access-date=20 May 2011 | issn=1721-8861}}</ref>
<ref name=ClarkEtc1999DragFightAbility>{{cite journal | last=Clark | first=Robert J.
|author2=Robert R. Jackson |author3=Joseph R. Waas
| title=Draglines and Assessment of Fighting Ability in Cannibalistic Jumping Spiders
| journal=Journal of Insect Behavior | year=1999 | volume=12 | issue=6 | pages=753–766
| doi=10.1023/A:1020900925863 | s2cid=24436961
}}</ref>
<ref name=ClarkJackson1994DragPlFF>{{cite journal | last=Clark | first=R.J. |author2=R.R. Jackson
| title=Self recognition in a jumping spider: ''Portia labiata'' females discriminate between their own draglines and those of conspecifics
| journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution | year=1994 | volume=6 | issue=3 | pages=371–375
| url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/22/3485.full.pdf | access-date=16 Oct 2011 | doi=10.1080/08927014.1994.9522987}}</ref>
<ref name=ClarkJackson1995DragPlPfMF>{{cite journal | last=Clark | first=R.J.
|author2=R.R. Jackson
| title=Dragline-mediated sex recognition in two species of jumping spiders (Araneae Salticidae), ''Portia labiata'' and ''P. fimbriata''
| journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution | year=1995 | volume=7 | pages=73–77
| url=http://www.fupress.net/index.php/eee/article/viewFile/685/631 | access-date=13 June 2011 | doi=10.1080/08927014.1995.9522970}}</ref>
<ref name=ClarkJacksonLabEggSac>{{cite journal | last=Clark |first=Robert J.
|author2=Robert R. Jackson
| title=''Portia labiata'', a cannibalistic jumping spider, discriminates between own and foreign eggsacs
| journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology | year=1994 | volume=7 | issue=1
| url=https://archive.org/stream/internationaljouv7no1newy/internationaljouv7no1newy_djvu.txt
| pages=38–43 | access-date=19 June 2011 | issn=0889-3667}}</ref>
<ref name=Forster1977Feed>{{cite journal | last=Forster | first=Lyn M.
| title=Some factors affecting feeding behaviour in young ''Trite auricoma'' spiderlings (Araneae: Salticidae)
| journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |date=Nov 1977 | volume=4
| issue=4
| pages=435–442
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWznrYjY53cC&q=%22Phidippus+clarus%22&pg=PA435
| access-date=24 April 2011 | doi=10.1080/03014223.1977.9517967| doi-access=free
}}</ref>
<ref name=Forster1977SaltHunting>{{cite journal | last=Forster | first=Lyndsay M.
| title=A qualitative analysis of hunting behaviour in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
| journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology | year=1977 | volume=4 | pages=51–62
| doi=10.1080/03014223.1977.9517936| doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=Gaskett2007SpidSexPher>{{cite journal | last=Gaskett | first=A.C.
| title=Spider sex pheromones: emission, reception, structures, and functions
| journal=Biological Reviews | year=2007 | volume=82 | issue=1
| pages=27–48 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2006.00002.x
| url=
| pmid=17313523| s2cid=42321798
}}</ref><ref name=HarlandEtc1999VisDist>{{cite journal | last=Harland | first=Duane P.
|author2=Robert R. Jackson |author3=Aynsley M. Macnab
| title=Distances at which jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) distinguish between prey and conspecific rivals
| journal=Journal of Zoology |date=March 1999 | volume=247 | issue=3
| pages=357–364 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00998.x}}</ref>
<ref name="HarlandJackson2000Cats">{{Cite journal
| author1=Harland, D.P.
| author2=Jackson, R.R.
| name-list-style=amp
| year=2000
| title="Eight-legged cats" and how they see – a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
| journal=Cimbebasia
| volume=16
| pages=231–240
| url=http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/research/groups/ccnr/Papers/Downloads/Harland_Cimb2000.pdf
| access-date=16 Oct 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318020510/http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/research/groups/ccnr/Papers/Downloads/Harland_Cimb2000.pdf
| archive-date=18 March 2009
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=HarlandJackson2004Umwelt>{{cite book | last=Harland | first=Duane P.
| title=Complex worlds from simpler nervous systems | year=2004 | publisher=MIT Press
|isbn=978-0-262-66174-4 | pages=5–40
| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9cOblnpEoC&q=%22jumping+spider%22+salticidae&pg=PA380
|author2=Robert R. Jackson | editor=Frederick R. Prete |access-date=12 April 2011
| chapter=''Portia'' Perceptions: The ''Umwelt'' of an Aranephagic Jumping Spider}}</ref>
<ref name=Hill2010Loc>{{cite journal | last=Hill | first=David Edwin
| title=Use of location (relative direction and distance) information by jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, ''Phidippus'') during movement toward prey and other sighted objectives
| journal=Peckhamia |date=October 2010 | volume=83 | issue=1 | pages=1–103
| url=http://peckhamia.com/peckhamia/PECKHAMIA%2083.1.pdf | access-date=12 April 2011
| issn=1944-8120}}</ref>
<ref name=HoeflerEtc2006Biocontrol>{{cite journal | last=Hoefler | first=Chad D. | author2=Andy Chen | author3=Elizabeth M. Jakob | title=The Potential of a Jumping Spider, ''Phidippus clarus'', as a Biocontrol Agent | journal=J. Econ. Entomol. | year=2006 | volume=99 | issue=2 | pages=432–436 | url=http://people.umass.edu/ejakob/publications/HoefleretalJEconEnt.pdf | doi=10.1603/0022-0493-99.2.432 | pmid=16686143 | s2cid=198126575 | access-date=25 April 2011 | issn=0022-0493 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614051354/http://people.umass.edu/ejakob/publications/HoefleretalJEconEnt.pdf | archive-date=14 June 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name=LandNilsson2006Vision>{{cite book | last=Land | first=Michael F.
| title=Invertebrate vision | year=2006 | publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=978-0-521-83088-1
| chapter-url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/1798/1/Backascog_chapter_2006.pdf
|author2=Dan-Eric Nilsson | editor=Eric Warrant |editor2=Dan-Eric Nilsson
| access-date=21 June 2011 | pages=167–210
| chapter=General-purpose and special-purpose visual systems}}</ref>
<ref name=Jackson1986VersEvol>{{cite book | last=Jackson | first=Robert R. | title=Spiders – webs, behavior, and evolution | year=1986 | publisher=Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/spiderswebsbehav00shea/page/492 492] | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&q=%22portia+fimbriata%22+%22northern+territory%22&pg=PA232 | editor=William A. Shear | access-date=22 May 2011 | chapter=Web Building, Predatory Versatility, and the Evolution of the Salticidae | url=https://archive.org/details/spiderswebsbehav00shea/page/492 }}</ref>
<ref name=JacksonBlest1982Dist>{{cite journal | last=Jackson| first=R.R.|author2=A.D. Blest
| title=The distances at which a primitive jumping spider, ''Portia fimbriata'', makes visual discriminations
| journal=Journal of Experimental Biology | year=1982 | volume=97 | pages=441–445
| url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/97/1/441.2.full.pdf | access-date=12 May 2011 | issue=1| doi=10.1242/jeb.97.1.441a}}</ref>
<ref name=JacksonEtc2001Nectar>{{cite journal | last=Jackson | first=Robert R.
|author2=Simon D. Pollard |author3=Ximena J. Nelson |author4=G. B. Edwards |author5=Alberto T. Barrion
| title=Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar | doi = 10.1017/s095283690100108x
| journal=Journal of Zoology | year=2001 | volume=255 | pages=25–29  }}</ref>
<ref name=JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb>{{cite journal | last=Jackson | first=Robert R.
|author2=Fiona R. Cross |author3=Chris M. Carter
| title=Geographic Variation in a Spider's Ability to Solve a Confinement Problem by Trial and Error
| journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology | year=2006 | volume=19 | pages=282–296
| url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/53c3x1w9;jsessionid=34833B994B69E2CA4DA97613EA34F531#page-1
| access-date=8 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=JacksonHallas1986Comp>{{cite journal | last=Jackson | first=Robert R.
|author2=Susan E. A. Hallas | title=Comparative biology of jumping spiders ''Portia africana'', ''P. albimana'', ''P. fimbriata'', ''P. labiata'' and ''P. schultzi'', areanophagic, web-building jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) utilisation of webs, predatory versatility, and intraspecfic interactions
| journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology | year=1986 | volume=13 | issue=4
| pages=423–489
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2bPJBvXq-kC&q=portia+fimbriata%22+%22Northern+Territory%22&pg=PA432
| access-date=17 May 2011 | issn=0301-4223 | doi=10.1080/03014223.1986.10422978| doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa>{{cite journal | last=Jackson | first=Robert R.
|author2=Susan E.A. Hallas
| title=Predatory versatility and intraspecies interactions of spartaeine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae): ''Brettus adonis'', ''B. cingulata'', ''Cyrba algerina'', and ''Phaeacius'' sp. indet.
| journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology | year=1986 | volume=13 | issue=4
| pages=491–520
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2bPJBvXq-kC&q=%22jumping+spider%22+Salticidae&pg=PA519
| access-date=1 April 2011 |issn=0301-4223 | doi=10.1080/03014223.1986.10422979| doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=JacksonPollard1997SexCann>{{cite book | last=Jackson |first=Robert R.
| title=The Evolution of Mating Systems in Insects and Arachnids | year=1997
| chapter=Jumping spiders mating strategies: sex among cannibals in and out of webs | pages=340–351
| publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-58976-5
| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veUNID4Ag88C&q=%22The+Evolution+of+Mating+Systems+in+Insects+and+Arachnids%22
|author2=Simon D. Pollard | editor=Jae C. Choe |editor2=Bernard J. Crespi
| access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=JarmanJackson1986Taieria>{{cite journal | last=Jarman | first=Elizabeth A.R.
|author2=Robert R. Jackson
| title=The biology of ''Taieria erebus'' (Araneae, Gnaphosidae), an araneophagic spider from New New Zealand: silk utilisation and predatory versatility
| journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology | year=1986 | volume=13 | issue=4
| pages=521–540
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2bPJBvXq-kC&q=%22jumping+spider%22+Salticidae&pg=PA519
| access-date=1 April 2011 | issn=0301-4223 | doi=10.1080/03014223.1986.10422980| doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=LiEtcPreyPref>{{cite journal | last=Li | first=Daiqin
|author2=Robert R. Jackson |author3=Alberto Barrion
| title=Prey preferences of ''Portia labiata'', ''P. africana'', and ''P. schultzi'', araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Uganda
| journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology | year=1997 | volume=24 | issue=4 | pages=333–349
| doi=10.1080/03014223.1997.9518129
| doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=MaddisonEtc2008SaltPhylRev>{{cite journal | last=Maddison | first=Wayne P.
|author2=Melissa R. Bodner |author3=Karen M. Needham
| title=Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)
| journal=Zootaxa | year=2008 | volume=1893 | pages=49–64
| url=http://salticidae.org/wpm/wayne/reprints/2008MaddisonBodnerNeedhamAstioda.pdf
| access-date=14 June 2011 | issn=1175-5334| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1893.1.3
}}</ref>
<ref name=MeehanEtc2009Bagh>{{cite journal | last=Meehan|first=Christopher J.
|author2=Eric J. Olson |author3=Matthew W. Reudink |author4=T. Kurt Kyser |author5=Robert L. Curry
| title=Herbivory in a spider through exploitation of an ant–plant mutualism
| journal=Current Biology | date=13 October 2009 | volume=19 | issue=19 | pages=R892–R893
| doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.049 | pmid=19825348|s2cid=27885893
| doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=NelsonJackson2011Flex>{{cite book | last=Nelson | first=Ximena J.
| title=Spider Behaviour: Flexibility and Versatility | year=2011
| publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-74927-5
| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEPKNVCdsD8C&q=%22Portia+labiata%22&pg=PA45
|author2=Robert R. Jackson | editor=Marie Elisabeth Herberstein | access-date=29 May 2011
| pages=45–47 |chapter=Flexibility in the foraging strategies of spiders}}</ref>
<ref name=NelsonEtc2004AntsSalt>{{cite journal | last=Nelson | first=Ximena J. |author2=Robert R. Jackson |author3=Simon D. Pollard |author4=G.B. Edwards |author5=Alberto T. Barrion
|title=Predation by ants on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in the Philippines
| journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology | year=2004 | volume=31 | pages=45–56
| url=http://ximenanelson.weebly.com/uploads/4/5/4/9/4549707/nelson_et_al_2004.pdf
| access-date=13 June 2011 | issn=0301-4223 | doi=10.1080/03014223.2004.9518358| s2cid=86279283 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=PlatnickEtcCatalPorLab>{{cite web| last=Platnick | first=Norman I.
| title=World Spider Catalog – ''Portia labiata''
| url=http://research.amnh.org/oonopidae/catalog/references.php?id=35716
| publisher=The American Museum of Natural History | access-date=21 June 2011
|author2=Robert Raven |author3=Toby Schuh |author4=Ryan Choi | year=2011}}</ref>
<ref name=PlatnickEtcCatalPortia>{{cite web| last=Platnick | first=Norman I.
| title=World Spider Catalog – Genus ''Portia''
| url=http://research.amnh.org/oonopidae/catalog/names.php?genus=Portia
| publisher=The American Museum of Natural History | access-date=4 May 2011
|author2=Robert Raven |author3=Toby Schuh |author4=Ryan Choi | year=2011}}</ref>
<ref name=Piper2007Portia>{{cite book | last=Piper | first=Ross | year=2007 | title=Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals | publisher=Greenwood Press | location=Westport, CT 06881 | isbn=978-0-313-33922-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe/page/98 98–100] | access-date=31 March 2011 | chapter-url=http://www.marefa.org/images/e/ea/Piper_Extraordinary_Animals-An_Encyclopedia_.pdf | chapter=The Quest for Food: ''Portia'' spider | url=https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe/page/98 }}</ref>
<ref name=ProszynskiCatPortia>{{cite web | last=Proszynski | first=Jerzy
| title=Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae): ''Portia labiata'' (Thorell, 1887)
| url=http://www.miiz.waw.pl/salticid/catalog/portia.htm
| work=Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae)
| publisher=Museum and Institute of Zoology | access-date=21 June 2011 | location=[[Warsaw]]}}</ref>
<ref name=ProszynskiDiagPortia>{{cite web | last=Proszynski | first=Jerzy | title=''Portia''
| url=http://salticidae.org/salticid/diagnost/portia/portia.htm
| work=Catalogue of Salticidae (Araneae)
| publisher=Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| access-date=2 July 2011 | location=[[Warsaw]]}} – see [http://salticidae.org/salticid/diagnost/title-pg.htm site's Title Page]</ref>
<ref name="RFB2004ArachGen">{{cite book | author=Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. | title=Invertebrate Zoology | publisher=Brooks / Cole | edition=7 | isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 | year=2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/559 559–564] | chapter=Chelicerata: Arachnida | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/559 }}</ref>
<ref name="RFB2004ArthroSens">{{cite book | author=Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. | title=Invertebrate Zoology | publisher=Brooks / Cole | edition=7 | isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 | year=2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/532 532–537] | chapter=Arthropoda: Sense organs | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/532 }}</ref>

<ref name=RFB2004CheliGen>{{cite book | author=Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S. and Barnes, R.D. | title=Invertebrate Zoology | publisher=Brooks / Cole | edition=7 | isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 | year=2004 | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/555 555] | chapter=Chelicerata: Form | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/555 }}</ref>
<ref name=RFB2004Spiders>{{cite book | author=Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. | title=Invertebrate Zoology | publisher=Brooks / Cole | edition=7 | isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 | year=2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/571 571–584] | chapter=Chelicerata: Araneae | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/571 }}</ref>
<ref name=Richman2008Ency>{{cite book | last=Richman | first=David B.
| title=Encyclopedia of entomology | year=2008 | publisher=Springer| isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1
| pages=2066–2068
| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&q=%22jumping+spider%22+salticidae&pg=PA2068
| editor=John L. Capinera | access-date=11 April 2011
| chapter=Jumping Spiders (Class Arachnidae, Order Araneae, Family Salticidae)}}</ref>
<ref name=RichmanJackson1992Etho>{{cite journal| last=Richman | first=David B. |author2=Robert R. Jackson
| title=A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
| journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnology Society | year=1992 | volume=9 | issue=2
| pages=33–37
| url=http://www.peckhamia.com/hosted/Richman%20Jackson%201992%20A%20review%20of%20the%20ethology%20of%20jumping%20spiders.pdf
| access-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=RobertsEtc2003EarlyWolf>{{cite journal | last=Roberts|first=J. Andrew
|author2=Phillip W. Taylor |author3=George W. Uetz
| title=Kinship and food availability influence cannibalism tendency in early-instar wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)
| journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | year=2003 | volume=54 |issue=4
| pages=416–422
| doi=10.1007/s00265-003-0646-8
|s2cid=1168990
| url=http://www1.newark.ohio-state.edu/Professional/UndergraduateResearch/Roberts/Roberts%20et%20al%20BES%202003.pdf
| access-date=18 June 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name=Wanless1978RevisPortia>{{cite journal | last=Wanless | first=F.R. | title=A revision of the spider genus ''Portia'' (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology | year=1978 | volume=34 | issue=3 | pages=83–124 | url=http://biostor.org/cache/pdf/60/75/0f/60750f08638e742db46401f5fff01ce4.pdf | access-date=14 June 2011 | archive-date=12 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812130656/http://biostor.org/cache/pdf/60/75/0f/60750f08638e742db46401f5fff01ce4.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=WilcoxEtc1996Smokescreen>{{cite journal | last=Wilcox | first=R. Stimson
|author2=Robert R. Jackson |author3=Kristen Gentile
| title=Spiderweb smokescreens: spider trickster uses background noise to mask stalking movements
| journal=Animal Behaviour | year=1996 | volume=51 | issue=2
| pages=313–326
| url=http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/group/cosco/Teaching/CoscoSeminar/spring2007/articles/wilcox-1996.pdf
| access-date=23 May 2011 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0031| citeseerx=10.1.1.583.2268
| s2cid=53159894
}}</ref>
<ref name=WilcoxJackson1998Cogn>{{cite book | last=Wilcox | first=R. Stimson
| title=Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field
| year=1998 | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=978-0-12-077030-4
| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=504iRS01AK0C&q=%22portia+fimbriata%22+%22sri+lanka%22&pg=PA411
|author2=Robert R. Jackson
| editor=Russell P. Balda |editor2=[[Irene Pepperberg|Irene Maxine Pepperberg]] |editor3=Alan C. Kamil|chapter=Cognitive Abilities of Araneophagic Jumping Spiders
| access-date=19 Oct 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name=WilcoxJackson2000Tricks>{{Cite book |author1=Wilcox, S. |author2=Jackson, R.
|name-list-style=amp | chapter=Jumping Spider Tricksters | pages=27–34
| title=The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition
| editor=Bekoff, M. |editor2=Allen, C. |editor3=Burghardt, G.M. | publisher=MIT Press
| year=2002 | isbn=978-0-262-52322-6
| chapter-url=http://colinallen.dnsalias.org/Secure/TCA/wilcox-final.pdf | access-date=12 May 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name=WilleyJackson1993Olfactory>{{cite journal | last=Willey | first=Marianne B.
|author2=Robert R. Jackson
| title=Olfactory cues from conspecifics inhibit the web-invasion behavior of ''Portia'', web-invading araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
| journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology | year=1993 | volume=71 | issue=7 | pages=1415–1420
| doi=10.1139/z93-195}}</ref>


}}

== External links ==
* [http://salticidae.org/salticid/diagnost/portia/labiata.htm Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library - Portia labiata] by Jerzy Proszynski
*[http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/spiders/text/Portia_labiata.htm Guide to common Singapore spiders]

{{Commons category}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1313544}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1887]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Tamerlan Thorell]]

Ganda Mane Makkalu

2026-04-23T02:54:34Z

KevinArden: new - done

{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[T. P. Gajendran]]
| screenplay = T. P. Gajendran
| story = T. Durairaj
| producer = [[Dwarakish]]
| starring = {{ubl | [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]|[[Vanisri]]|[[Sudha Rani]]|[[Ramesh Aravind]]}}
| cinematography = R Deviprasad
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| music = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
| studio = Dwaraka Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|07|04|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/ganda-mane-makkalu-1988|title=Ganda Mane Makkalu (ಗಂಡ ಮನೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳು)|work=Chiloka|access-date=17 April 2026}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Ganda Mane Makkalu''''' ({{Translation|Husband, home, children}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] co-written and directed by [[T. P. Gajendran]] and produced by [[Dwarakish]]. The film stars [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Vanisri]], [[Sudha Rani]], and [[Ramesh Aravind]]. The film is a remake of the director's ''[[Veedu Manaivi Makkal]]''.<ref name="KMI">{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/ganda-mane-makkalu-1988/|title=Ganda Mane Makkalu – ಗಂಡ ಮನೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳು (1988/೧೯೮೮)|date=6 April 2013|work=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=17 April 2026}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Dwarakish]]
*[[Vanisri]]
*[[Sudha Rani]]
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
*P Vadiraj
*Ananda Babu
*B M Venkatesh
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]]
*Jr Narasimharaju
*[[Sathyabhama (actress)|Sathyabhama]]
*[[Vanitha Vasu]]
}}

== Production ==
[[Dwarakish]] decided to make this film when [[Vinod Raj]] and [[Sudha Rani]] were feeling ill for a two month period during the making of ''[[Krishna Nee Kunidaga]]''. The film marked the return of [[Vanisri]] after a hiatus of around ten years and she was paired opposite Srinath.<ref name="P">{{cite web | url=https://www.prajavani.net/old-columns/belli-tereya-hinde/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE-1973660 | title=ಕರಗಿತು ಐಷಾರಾಮ |work=[[Prajavani]]|language=kn|date=2 February 2013|author=Dwarakish|author-link=Dwarakish|access-date=17 April 2026|trans-title=Evaporation of wealth}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]].<ref name="KMI"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Illi Nodu Kuniyuva Bombe
| lyrics1 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title2 = Sarasavo Saligeyo
| lyrics2 = [[Chi. Udayashankar]]
| extra2 = Mano, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| title3 = Namma Hosa Maneyantha
| lyrics3 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra3 = Manohar, Dwarakish, Manjula Gururaj, Usha Ganesh
| title4 = Kattu Mane Kattu
| lyrics4 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra4 = Mano, Jyothi
| title5 = Ganda Mane Makkalu
| lyrics5 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra5 = Mano
}}

== Release ==
The movie under-performed at the box-office similar to many of Dwarakish's productions at the time.<ref name="P"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29256623}}

{{T. P. Gajendran}}
{{Dwarakish}}

[[Category:Films directed by T. P. Gajendran]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Kannada-language films]]

Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-21T02:03:02Z

KevinArden:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mayurbhanj (ST) {{Small|OD-5}}
| state = [[Odisha]]
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Mayurbhanj.map
|type2=line|id2=Q1914546|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#ff0000|title2=Mayurbhanj district}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = ST
| electors = 15,46,274{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Naba Charan Majhi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur]] [[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]] [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi]] [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala]] [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]] [[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]
}}

'''Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Odisha, India|Odisha]] state in Eastern [[India]].

==Assembly Segments==
Following the 2008 delimitation, presently this constituency comprises the following legislative assembly segments:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|26
|[[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur]] (ST)
| rowspan="7" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|[[Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia|Ganesh Ram Khuntia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|27
|[[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]] (ST)
|[[Bhadav Hansdah]]
|-
|28
|[[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] (ST)
|[[Jalen Naik]]
|-
|29
|[[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi]] (ST)
|[[Sanjali Murmu]]
|-
|31
|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala]] (ST)
|[[Bhaskar Madhei]]
|-
|33
|[[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]] (ST)
|[[Prakash Soren]]
|-
|34
|[[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]
|[[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]]
|}

Before [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, legislative assembly segments which constituted this parliamentary constituency were: [[Jashipur]], [[Bahalda]], [[Rairangpur]], [[Bangriposi]], Kuliana, [[Baripada]] and [[Udala]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|accessdate=2008-09-20
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archivedate=March 4, 2009
}}</ref>

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.91}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.01}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|29.66}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|21.87}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|37.43}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.97}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.09}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.89}}
{{bar percent|1993 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.02}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Independent}}|36.06}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|46.48}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.25}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|56.12}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|47.91}}
{{bar percent|1972 (bypoll)|{{party color|Utkal Congress}}|42.53}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.82}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 20 elections have been held till date including two bypoll in 1972 and 1993.

List of members elected from Mayurbhanj constituency are

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[R. C. Majhi|Ram Chandra Majhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Maheswar Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Mahendra Majhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Manmohan Tudu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1972 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of [[Manmohan Tudu]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandra Mohan Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Manmohan Tudu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Sidha Lal Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagey Gobardhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|1993 (bypoll){{efn|Death of [[Bhagey Gobardhan]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Sushila Tiriya]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Salkhan Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Sudam Marndi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Mayurbhanj 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/mayurbhanj/7462/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/mayurbhanj/7462/6/15 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Laxman Tudu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Mayurbhanj 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2014/orissa/mayurbhanj/8044/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2014/orissa/mayurbhanj/8044/6/16 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Rama Chandra Hansdah]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Lok Sabha 2019 constituency: BJD will aim to retain Odisha's Mayurbhanj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lok-sabha-2019-constituency-bjd-will-aim-to-retain-odisha-s-mayurbhanj/story-hpqN7rpldohzM0h4J7EuRP.html |accessdate=18 April 2019 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>
|[[Bishweswar Tudu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Mayurbhanj lok sabha election results 2024: Mayurbhanj Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/mayurbhanj-constituency-result-18505 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Naba Charan Majhi]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Naba Charan Majhi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sudam Marndi]] by margin of 2,19,334 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mayurbhanj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naba Charan Majhi]]
|votes = 5,85,971
|percentage = 49.91
|change = {{increase}}7.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sudam Marndi]]
|votes = 3,66,637
|percentage = 31.23
|change = {{decrease}}8.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Anjani Shibu Soren
|votes = 1,35,399
|percentage = 11.53
|change = {{decrease}}0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 19,953
|percentage = 1.70
|change = {{decrease}}0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,19,334
|percentage = 18.68
|change = {{increase}}16.48
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,78,141
|percentage = 76.19
|change = {{decrease}}0.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bishweswar Tudu]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Debashis Marndi by margin of 25,256 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mayurbhanj]]<ref name="FP Par Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-IV) (PC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase4/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%284th%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019 candidate list for Odisha |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |accessdate=18 April 2019 |work=Business Insider India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bishweswar Tudu]]
|votes = 4,83,812
|percentage = 42.06
|change = {{increase}}16.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Debashis Marndi
|votes = 4,58,556
|percentage = 39.86
|change = {{increase}}1.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Anjani Shibu Soren
|votes = 1,35,552
|percentage = 11.78
|change = {{decrease}}18.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 21,357
|percentage = 1.86
|change = {{decrease}}0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Parbati Purty
|votes = 13,937
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,256
|percentage = 2.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,51,693
|percentage = 77.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = {{increase}}7.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rama Chandra Hansdah]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Nepol Raghu Murmu by a margin of 1,22,866 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mayurbhanj]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rama Chandra Hansdah]]
|votes = 3,93,779
|percentage = 37.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nepole Raghu Murmu|votes=2,70,913|percentage=25.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Debashish Marandi|votes=1,72,984|percentage=16.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shyam Sundar Hansdah|votes=1,42,165|percentage=13.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=23,517|percentage=2.23|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aama Odisha Party|candidate=Prabhudan Marandi|votes=14,632|percentage=1.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dasmat Soren|votes=12,041|percentage=1.14|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,22,866|percentage=11.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,54,555|percentage=79.44|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Laxman Tudu]] defeated [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate [[Sudam Marndi]] by a margin of 66,178 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mayurbhanj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Laxman Tudu]]
|votes = 256,648
|percentage = 31.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = [[Sudam Marndi]]
|votes = 190,470
|percentage = 23.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|votes = 150,827
|percentage = 18.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Laxman Majhi
|votes = 140,770
|percentage = 17.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rameswar Majhi
|votes = 25,603
|percentage = 3.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 66,178
|percentage = 8.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 824,754
|percentage = 70.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
}}
{{Election box end}}
==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==See also==
* [[Mayurbhanj district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}
{{coord |21.929411|86.744454|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Mayurbhanj district]]

Administrative divisions of Bengaluru

2026-04-17T09:36:55Z

KevinArden: created basic entry and citations.

{{short description|Sub-divisions in Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
In 2007, for administrative purposes, the city of [[Bangalore]] was divided into nine zones, which were further subdivided into a total of 198 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] administered by the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP).<ref name="vigeyegpms">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&action=wards|publisher=vigeyegpms.in|title=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palika|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref> After delimitation in 2023, BBMP increased the number of wards to 225.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title=BBMP ward delimitation maps posted on website |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-ward-delimitation-maps-posted-on-website/articleshow/104096646.cms |access-date=2023-12-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ward No.
! rowspan="2" |Ward Name
! rowspan="2" |Taluk<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nadakacheri.karnataka.gov.in/AJSK/Assets/Documents/Ward_No_Details_Bangalore_Dist.pdf |title=Taluk and Hobli Details of Wards |publisher=karnataka.gov.in |date= |access-date=2020-06-09 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019074203/https://nadakacheri.karnataka.gov.in/AJSK/Assets/Documents/Ward_No_Details_Bangalore_Dist.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Hobli
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
Constituency<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Details%20of%20wards%20and%20assembly%20constituencies%20in%20BBMP%20area.pdf |title=Details of Wards |publisher=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |date= |access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Lok Sabha
Constituency<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/parliament-constituency-assembly-constituency-ward-bangalore-6230|title=Which Parliament Constituency does your ward fall in? ||date=12 March 2014}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Area
(km²)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/460906/BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring+03-08-2015.pdf/89caf820-58a7-4d73-a785-7082f250d7d7|title=BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162612/http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/460906/BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring+03-08-2015.pdf/89caf820-58a7-4d73-a785-7082f250d7d7|archive-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |Population (2011)
! rowspan="2" |Population density
! rowspan="2" |Map
! rowspan="2" |Alternate Name / Remarks
<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-06-09 |title=History revisits in new ward names |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/jul/20/history-revisits-in-new-ward-names-69186.html |accessdate=2020-06-09 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2023 |title=Name-change odyssey: Bengaluru gears up for elections |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/name-change-odyssey-bengaluru-gears-up-for-elections/articleshow/103969472.cms |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|1
| [[Kempegowda Ward|Kempegowda]]
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|Yelahanka-1
| [[Yelahanka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|14.51
|42913
|22239
|20674
|2957
|
|Yelahanka
|-
|2
| [[Chowdeshwari Ward|Chowdeshwari]]
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|
| [[Yelahanka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|3.37
|42775
|22369
|20406
|12693
|
|Puttenahalli
|-
|3
| [[Attur Ward|Atturu]]
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|
| [[Yelahanka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|8.27
|42569
|22772
|19797
|5147
|
|
|-
|4
| Yelahanka Satellite Town
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|Yelahanka-1
| [[Yelahanka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|4.69
|43243
|22475
|20768
|9220
|
|
|-
|5
| Kogilu
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|Yelahanka-2
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|17.2
|40396
|21229
|19167
|2349
|
|
|-
|6
| Jakkuru
|
|
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|10.65
|38616
|19937
|18679
|3626
|
|
|-
|7
| Thanisandra
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|5.89
|37308
|19765
|17543
|6334
|
|
|-
|8
| Amrutahalli
|
|
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|3.57
|36446
|19192
|17254
|10209
|
|
|-
|9
| Hebbal Kempapura
|
|
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|6.34
|38273
|20086
|18187
|6037
|
|
|-
|10
| Byatarayanapura
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|9.04
|37010
|19068
|17942
|4094
|
|
|-
|11
| Kodigehalli
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|Yelahanka-3
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.34
|40183
|21283
|18900
|17172
|
|
|-
|12
| Dodda Bommasandra
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|4.19
|38279
|21130
|17149
|9136
|
|
|-
|13
| Vidyaranyapura
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.29
|35174
|17812
|17362
|15360
|
|
|-
|14
| Kuvempu Nagar
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|
| [[Byatarayanapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|7.14
|32614
|16744
|15870
|4568
|
|
|-
|15
| Kammagondanahalli
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|5.72
|42954
|22445
|20509
|7509
|
|
|-
|16
| Mallasandra
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|3.44
|42930
|22818
|20112
|12480
|
|
|-
|17
| Chikkasandra
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|3.96
|37486
|19694
|17792
|9466
|
|
|-
|18
| Bagalakunte
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.76
|42171
|22101
|20070
|23961
|
|
|-
|19
| T Dasarahalli
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.22
|39062
|20874
|18188
|32018
|
|
|-
|20
| Nalagadarenahalli
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-2
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|3
|42194
|23223
|18971
|14065
|
|
|-
|21
| Chokkasandra
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.97
|41904
|23117
|18787
|21271
|
|Nagasandra
|-
|22
| Peenya Industrial Area
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|4.51
|41867
|23097
|18770
|9283
|
|
|-
|23
| Rajagopal Nagar
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.97
|42081
|22640
|19441
|43382
|
|
|-
|24
| Hegganahalli
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.65
|39277
|21111
|18166
|23804
|
|
|-
|25
| Sunkadakatte
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-2
| [[Dasarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.17
|37573
|20294
|17279
|32114
|
|
|-
|26
| Dodda Bidarakallu
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-2
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|8.02
|36430
|19378
|17052
|4542
|
|
|-
|27
| Lingadheeranahalli
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-2
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|5.4
|41562
|21890
|19672
|7697
|
|Byadrahalli
|-
|28
| Herohalli
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-2
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|4.14
|37996
|20048
|17948
|9178
|
|
|-
|29
| Ullalu
|
|
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|6.91
|33366
|17484
|15882
|4829
|
|
|-
|30
| Nagadevanahalli
|Bangalore South
|Kengeri
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|3.55
|33053
|17117
|15936
|9311
|
|
|-
|31
| Bande Mutt
|Bangalore South
|Kengeri
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|6.52
|32762
|16807
|15955
|5025
|
|
|-
|32
| Kengeri
|Bangalore South
|Kengeri
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|5.21
|34251
|17831
|16420
|6574
|
|
|-
|33
| Hemmigepura
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|31.1
|36490
|19350
|17140
|1173
|
|
|-
|34
| JP Park
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|1.07
|42026
|21754
|20272
|39277
|
|
|-
|35
| Yeshwanthpura
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|1.54
|39295
|20171
|19124
|25516
|
|Yesvanthpur
|-
|36
| Jalahalli
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|5.17
|37959
|20285
|17674
|7342
|
|Boundary unchanged (Ward 16 in [[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|2009 delimitation]])
|-
|37
| Peenya
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|5.18
|35826
|18528
|17298
|6916
|
|
|-
|38
| Laxmidevi Nagar
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|1.54
|41919
|22080
|19839
|27220
|
|Lakshmi Devi Nagar (Goraguntepalya)
|-
|39
| Laggere
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-1
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|0.95
|38489
|20169
|18320
|40515
|
|
|-
|40
| Chowdeshwari Nagar
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|1.11
|34976
|18268
|16708
|31510
|
|
|-
|41
| Kottegepalya
|Bangalore North
|Yeshwanthpura-2
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|3.28
|32666
|17253
|15413
|9959
|
|
|-
|42
| Srigandhadakaval
|
|
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|3.36
|41260
|21647
|19613
|12280
|
|
|-
|43
| Malathalli
|Bangalore South
|Kengeri
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|4.22
|37700
|19690
|18010
|8934
|
|
|-
|44
| Jnana Bharathi
|
|
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|9.71
|35459
|18254
|17205
|3652
|
|Bangalore University
|-
|45
| Rajarajeshwari Nagar
|Bangalore South
|Kengeri
| [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|7.91
|40360
|20693
|19667
|5102
|
|
|-
|46
| Rajiv Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.49
|33852
|17446
|16406
|22719
|
|Marappanahalli
|-
|47
| Dr. Puneet Rajkumar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.97
|35944
|18654
|17290
|37056
|
|Nandini layout
|-
|48
| Mahalakshmipuram
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.85
|42461
|21890
|20571
|49954
|
|Mahalakshmi Layout
|-
|49
| Nagapura
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.53
|43143
|21892
|21251
|17053
|
|
|-
|50
| Nalvadi Krishna Raja Wadiyar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.86
|42759
|22287
|20472
|49720
|
|Kurubarahalli
|-
|51
| Shankar Matt
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.68
|34993
|18045
|16948
|51460
|
|
|-
|52
| Shakthi Ganapathi Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.74
|37861
|19623
|18238
|51164
|
|
|-
|53
| Vrisabhavathi Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.85
|43059
|22877
|20182
|50658
|
|Vrushabhavathi Valley / Vrishabhavathinagar
|-
|54
| Mattikere
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Malleshwaram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.88
|33878
|18001
|15877
|38498
|
|Mattikere
|-
|55
| Malleswaram
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Malleshwaram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.8
|38120
|19676
|18444
|47650
|
|
|-
|56
| Aramane Nagara
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Malleshwaram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|7.47
|34185
|17400
|16785
|4576
|
|Sadashivanagar
|-
|57
| Rajamahal Guttahalli
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Malleshwaram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.77
|34092
|16990
|17102
|44275
|
|
|-
|58
| Kadu Malleshwara
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Malleshwaram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.64
|33214
|16216
|16998
|12581
|
|
|-
|59
| Subramanya Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Malleshwaram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.65
|36860
|18670
|18190
|56708
|
|
|-
|60
| Gayithri Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Malleshwaram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.65
|33236
|16934
|16302
|51132
|
|Boundary unchanged (Ward 76 in [[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|2009 delimitation]])
|-
|61
| Radhakrishna Temple
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.07
|36921
|18993
|17928
|17836
|
|RMV II Stage
|-
|62
| Sanjaya Nagar
|
|
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.98
|34465
|17710
|16755
|11565
|
|
|-
|63
| Hebbala
|
|
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.33
|37550
|19302
|18248
|28233
|
|
|-
|64
| Vishwanath Nagenahalli
|
|
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.09
|32259
|17051
|15208
|29595
|
|Kanakanagar
|-
|65
| Manorayanapalya
|
|
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.72
|32275
|16673
|15602
|44826
|
|
|-
|66
| Chamundi Nagara
|Bangalore South
|Tavarekere
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.68
|40675
|20949
|19726
|59816
|
|
|-
|67
| Ganga Nagar
|
|
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.97
|35373
|18041
|17332
|36467
|
|
|-
|68
| Jayachamarajendra Nagar
|
|
| [[Hebbal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.43
|33247
|16963
|16284
|23250
|
|JC Nagar
|-
|69
| Kaval Bairasandra
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.62
|40682
|20582
|20100
|25112
|
|
|-
|70
| Kushal Nagar
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|City Circle
| [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.55
|35194
|17879
|17315
|63989
|
|Kadugondanahalli
|-
|71
| Muneshwara Nagar
|
|
| [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.5
|37624
|19161
|18463
|75248
|
|
|-
|72
| Devara Jeevanahalli
|Bangalore North
|Kasaba-1
| [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.52
|38522
|19706
|18816
|74081
|
|
|-
|73
| S K Garden
|
|
| [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.76
|36225
|18938
|17287
|20582
|
|
|-
|74
| Sagayarapuram
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|City Circle
| [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|0.8
|36876
|18342
|18534
|46095
|
|
|-
|75
| Pulikeshinagar
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|City Circle
| [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.14
|36315
|18137
|18178
|16970
|
|Fraser Town / Frazer Town
|-
|76
| Hennur
|Bangalore North
|Kasaba-1
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|3.49
|36081
|18612
|17469
|10338
|
|
|-
|77
| Nagavara
|Bangalore North
|Kasaba-1
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.51
|42383
|21747
|20636
|28068
|
|
|-
|78
| HBR Layout
|Bangalore North
|Kasaba-1
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.48
|42386
|21569
|20817
|28639
|
|HRBR Layout
|-
|79
| Kadugondanahalli
|Bangalore North
|Kasaba-1
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.58
|37866
|19152
|18714
|65286
|
|Venkateshpura
|-
|80
| Kacharkanahalli
|Bangalore North
|Kasaba-1
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.77
|33881
|16936
|16945
|19142
|
|
|-
|81
| Kammanahalli
|
|
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.52
|36282
|18235
|18047
|23870
|
|Ramaswamy Palya
|-
|82
| Banasavadi
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|2.43
|33446
|17002
|16444
|13764
|
|
|-
|83
| Subbayyanapalya
|
|
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.73
|35961
|18204
|17757
|49262
|
|KSFC Layout / Subbannapalya
|-
|84
| Lingarajapura
|
|
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.13
|37322
|18487
|18835
|33028
|
|
|-
|85
| Maruthi Seva Nagar
|
|
| [[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|2.18
|39837
|19804
|20033
|18274
|
|
|-
|86
| Challakere
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|4.12
|37600
|19453
|18147
|9126
|
|
|-
|87
| Horamavu
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|13.11
|37824
|19806
|18018
|2885
|
|
|-
|88
| Kalkere
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|6.93
|42910
|22138
|20772
|6192
|
|
|-
|89
| Vijinapura
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.57
|37238
|19238
|18000
|14489
|
|
|-
|90
| Ramamurthy Nagar
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|1.76
|41393
|21197
|20196
|23519
|
|Kalkere
|-
|91
| K R Puram
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|4.61
|41709
|21410
|20299
|9048
|
|
|-
|92
| Basavanapura
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|6.02
|42178
|21883
|20295
|7006
|
|
|-
|93
| Devasandra
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|3.64
|42538
|22772
|19766
|11686
|
|
|-
|94
| A. Narayanapura
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|3.62
|43076
|22491
|20585
|11899
|
|
|-
|95
| Vijnana Nagar
|Bangalore East
|
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
|[[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|2.65
|39954
|20919
|19035
|15077
|
|
|-
|96
| HAL Airport
|Bangalore East
|
| [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|7.22
|40595
|21101
|19494
|5623
|
|Ramesh Nagar
|-
|97
| Kadugodi
|Bangalore East
|
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|10.24
|43039
|23064
|19975
|4203
|
|
|-
|98
| Hudi
|Bangalore East
|
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|12.46
|37426
|21084
|16342
|3004
|
|Old Name: Bellatur
|-
|99
| Byrathi
|Bangalore East
|Whitefield
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|11.92
|37902
|20990
|16912
|3180
|
|Old Name: Hudi
|-
|100
| Garudachar Palya
|Bangalore East
|
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|4.68
|37813
|21092
|16721
|8080
|
|
|-
|101
| Dodda Nekkundi
|Bangalore East
|Varthur
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|4.35
|35998
|19129
|16869
|8275
|
|
|-
|102
| AECS Layout
|Bangalore East
|
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|6.16
|35972
|18596
|17376
|5840
|
|
|-
|103
| White Field
|Bangalore East
|
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|8.15
|40876
|21282
|19594
|5015
|
|
|-
|104
| Varthuru
|Bangalore East
|Varthur
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|28.41
|39085
|20076
|19009
|1376
|
|
|-
|105
| Munekollal
|Bangalore East
|Varthur
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|8.48
|40571
|22949
|17622
|4784
|
|
|-
|106
| Marathahalli
|Bangalore East
|
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|9.94
|40767
|23779
|16988
|4101
|
|
|-
|107
| Bellanduru
|Bangalore East
|Varthur
| [[Mahadevapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|10.4
|42527
|22504
|20023
|4089
|
|
|-
|108
| Cox Town
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|4.01
|41979
|21250
|20729
|10469
|
|Sarvagnanagar / New Byapanahalli
|-
|109
| Benniganahalli
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|3.76
|32869
|18013
|14856
|8742
|
|
|-
|110
| C V Raman Nagar
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|2.86
|38318
|20100
|18218
|13398
|
|
|-
|111
| Kaggadasanapura
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.65
|33145
|17110
|16035
|20088
|
|
|-
|112
| New Tippasandara
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|3.22
|42872
|22211
|20661
|13314
|
|
|-
|113
| Hoysala Nagar
|Bangalore East
|Krishnarajapuram
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|2.05
|35228
|17474
|17754
|17184
|
|
|-
|114
| Jeevanbhima Nagar
|Bangalore East
|Varthur
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.85
|33649
|17114
|16535
|18189
|
|
|-
|115
| Konena Agrahara
|
|
| [[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|2.16
|42710
|22306
|20404
|19773
|
|Murugeshpalya
|-
|116
| Ramaswamypalya
|Bangalore North (Additional)
|City Circle
| [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.83
|34394
|17305
|17089
|41439
|
|
|-
|117
| Vasanthnagar
|
|
| [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|4.36
|37267
|18190
|19077
|8547
|
|
|-
|118
| Sampangiram Nagar
|
|
| [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|3.97
|36827
|18714
|18113
|9276
|
|
|-
|119
| Shivaji Nagar
|
|
| [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.14
|34087
|17359
|16728
|29901
|
|
|-
|120
| Bharathi Nagar
|
|
| [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.63
|33808
|17190
|16618
|53663
|
|
|-
|121
| Ulsoor
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.81
|35343
|19749
|15594
|19527
|
|Halasuru
|-
|122
| Dattatreya Temple
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.79
|37419
|19148
|18271
|47366
|
|
|-
|123
| Gandhinagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.95
|32319
|17899
|14420
|16574
|
|
|-
|124
| Subhash Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.24
|33719
|17295
|16424
|27193
|
|
|-
|125
| Okalipuram
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.77
|34164
|17484
|16680
|44369
|
|
|-
|126
| Binnipete
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.81
|40033
|20517
|19516
|49423
|
|Binnypet
|-
|127
| Cottonpete
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.75
|37500
|19256
|18244
|50000
|
|
|-
|128
| Chickpete
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.71
|33292
|17629
|15663
|46890
|
|Chikkapete. Boundary unchanged (Ward 109 in [[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|2009 delimitation]])
|-
|129
| Dayananda Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Rajaji Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajaji Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.55
|42587
|21728
|20859
|77431
|
|
|-
|130
| Sriramamandir
|Bangalore North
|
| [[Rajaji Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajaji Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.99
|40645
|20674
|19971
|41056
|
|Shree Ramamandira / Prakash Nagar
|-
|131
| Shivanagara
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Rajaji Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajaji Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.95
|36054
|18623
|17431
|37952
|
|Old Name: Sriramamandir<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explainer: Changes in the 225 BBMP wards between the proposed and final delimitations |url=https://opencity.in/explainer/explainer-changes-in-the-225-bbmp-wards-between-the-proposed-and-final-delimitations/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=OpenCity |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|132
| Rajaji Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Rajaji Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajaji Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.09
|42987
|22043
|20944
|39438
|
|Industrial Town Rajaji Nagar
|-
|133
| Basaveshwara Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Rajaji Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajaji Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.73
|33122
|17204
|15918
|45373
|
|
|-
|134
| Kamakshipalya
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Rajaji Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajaji Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.16
|37034
|19207
|17827
|31926
|
|
|-
|135
| Dr. Raj Kumar Agrahara Dasarahalli
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.22
|38772
|20073
|18699
|31780
|
|
|-
|136
| Govindaraja Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.1
|35632
|18382
|17250
|32393
|
|
|-
|137
| Marenahalli
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1
|32005
|16399
|15606
|32005
|
|
|-
|138
| Kaveripura
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.29
|35628
|19334
|16294
|27619
|
|
|-
|139
| Mudalapalya
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.67
|32137
|16719
|15418
|47966
|
|
|-
|140
| Maruthi Mandir ward
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.78
|32510
|16952
|15558
|41679
|
|
|-
|141
| Nagarabhavi
|
|
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|2.17
|33584
|17168
|16416
|15476
|
|
|-
|142
| Chandralayout
|
|
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.86
|32840
|16772
|16068
|38186
|
|
|-
|143
| Nayandahalli
|Bangalore South
|Kengeri
| [[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.24
|32617
|16856
|15761
|26304
|
|
|-
|144
| Kempapura Agrahara
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.34
|36710
|18704
|18006
|107971
|
|
|-
|145
| Vijayanagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.63
|35209
|18264
|16945
|55887
|
|Vijaynagara
|-
|146
| Hosahalli
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.77
|39400
|20046
|19354
|51169
|
|
|-
|147
| Hampi Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.18
|34725
|17664
|17061
|29428
|
|
|-
|148
| New Guddadahalli
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.7
|33516
|17496
|16020
|47880
|
|
|-
|149
| Gali Anjaneya Temple
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.66
|34112
|17585
|16527
|51685
|
|Ghali Anjaneyaswamy Temple
|-
|150
| Attiguppe
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.18
|37120
|19150
|17970
|31458
|
|
|-
|151
| Deepanjali Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.91
|34862
|18290
|16572
|18252
|
|
|-
|152
| Avalahalli
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1
|38721
|20108
|18613
|38721
|
|
|-
|153
| Padarayanapura
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chamrajpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.28
|33665
|17354
|16311
|120232
|
|
|-
|154
| Rayapuram
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chamrajpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.31
|34303
|17386
|16917
|110655
|
|
|-
|155
| Devaraj Urs Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chamrajpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.62
|36799
|18847
|17952
|59353
|
|
|-
|156
| Chalavadipalya
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chamrajpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.59
|32311
|16402
|15909
|54764
|
|
|-
|157
| K R Market
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chamrajpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.9
|32311
|16607
|15704
|35901
|
|Sir Krishnarajendra Market
|-
|158
| Chamrajapet
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chamrajpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.01
|33626
|17186
|16440
|33293
|
|Chamrajpete
|-
|159
| Azad Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chamrajpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.61
|34445
|17561
|16884
|56467
|
|
|-
|160
| Dharmaraya Swamy Temple
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chickpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.37
|39056
|20229
|18827
|28508
|
|Kalasipalya
|-
|161
| Silver Jublee Park
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chickpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.36
|33453
|17067
|16386
|24598
|
|
|-
|162
| Sunkenahalli
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chickpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|2.29
|42697
|21705
|20992
|18645
|
|Kempegowdanagar
|-
|163
| Vishveshwara Puram
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chickpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|2.95
|39543
|19779
|19764
|13404
|
|
|-
|164
| Hombegowda Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chickpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.21
|42905
|21796
|21109
|35459
|
|
|-
|165
| B Venkata Reddy Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Chickpet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.45
|36673
|18741
|17932
|25292
|
|Someshwara Nagar
|-
|166
| Shanthi Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanthinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.36
|33300
|16917
|16383
|24485
|
|Richmond Town
|-
|167
| Ashok Nagar
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanthinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|4.77
|32658
|16340
|16318
|6847
|
|Shantala Nagar
|-
|168
| Nilasandra
|Bangalore North
|City Circle
| [[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanthinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|0.43
|39112
|21365
|17747
|90958
|
|
|-
|169
| Vannarpet
|
|
| [[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanthinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.27
|32865
|19347
|13518
|25878
|
|
|-
|170
| Jogupalya
|
|
| [[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanthinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|1.86
|41298
|20518
|20780
|22203
|
|
|-
|171
| Domlur
|
|
| [[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanthinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|2.02
|39954
|20254
|19700
|19779
|
|
|-
|172
| Agaram
|
|
| [[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanthinagar]]
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
|9.9
|32844
|16767
|16077
|3318
|
|
|-
|173
| Ejipura
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.06
|40397
|21344
|19053
|38110
|
|
|-
|174
| Koramangala
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|2.95
|36254
|18539
|17715
|12289
|
|
|-
|175
| Jakkasandra
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|2.06
|41738
|22368
|19370
|20261
|
|
|-
|176
| Adugodi
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|2.63
|34751
|17589
|17162
|13213
|
|
|-
|177
| Lakkasandra
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.29
|30667
|15786
|14881
|23773
|
|Boundary unchanged (Ward 146 in [[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|2009 delimitation]])
|-
|178
| Suddagunte Palya
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.65
|37333
|20375
|16958
|22626
|
|
|-
|179
| Madivala
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.64
|32659
|18072
|14587
|51030
|
|
|-
|180
| Someswara Temple
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.71
|32375
|16685
|15690
|18933
|
|
|-
|181
| BTM Layout
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1
|32504
|17875
|14629
|32504
|
|
|-
|182
| Byrasandra
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.1
|39796
|20237
|19559
|36178
|
|
|-
|183
| Gurappanapalya
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.9
|40817
|20858
|19959
|45352
|
|
|-
|184
| Jayanagar East
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.8
|33353
|17257
|16096
|41691
|
|Jayanagar Ninth Block
|-
|185
| J P Nagar
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.76
|33556
|16848
|16708
|19066
|
|Jayaprakash Nagar
|-
|186
| Shakambari Nagar
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|2.95
|40716
|20526
|20190
|13802
|
|
|-
|187
| Sarakki
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
| [[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.78
|41590
|21441
|20149
|23365
|
|
|-
|188
| Yediyur
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.91
|35798
|17928
|17870
|18742
|
|Yadiyuru
|-
|189
| Ganesh Mandir
|Bangalore South
|City Circle
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.69
|41923
|20905
|21018
|24807
|
|
|-
|190
| Devagiri Temple
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.14
|34546
|17524
|17022
|30304
|
|
|-
|191
| Banashankari Temple
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.7
|33264
|16942
|16322
|47520
|
|
|-
|192
| Kumaraswamy Layout
|Bangalore South
|Begur
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.54
|39477
|20445
|19032
|25634
|
|
|-
|193
| Padmanabha Nagar
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.48
|39418
|20208
|19210
|26634
|
|
|-
|194
| Chikkalsandra
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.94
|40297
|20936
|19361
|42869
|
|
|-
|195
| Hosakerehalli
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
| [[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.23
|41630
|22419
|19211
|33846
|
|
|-
|196
| Gavi Gangadhareshwara
|Bangalore South
|City Circle
| [[Basavanagudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.88
|36487
|18664
|17823
|41463
|
|Gavipuram / Hanumanthanagar
|-
|197
| Srinagar
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Basavanagudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.56
|36078
|18691
|17387
|64425
|
|
|-
|198
| Dodda Ganapati
|Bangalore South
|
| [[Basavanagudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]]
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.62
|42285
|21320
|20965
|26102
|
|Basavanagudi
|-
|199
|Vidyapeeta
|Bangalore South
|
|[[Basavanagudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.87
|42631
|21792
|20839
|49001
|
|Ashoknagar
|-
|200
|Swamy Vivekananda
|Bangalore South
|
|[[Basavanagudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.34
|42797
|21641
|21156
|31938
|
|Girinagar
|-
|201
|Katriguppe
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Basavanagudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.8
|42973
|21935
|21038
|23874
|
|
|-
|202
|Uttarahalli
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|1.82
|39370
|20354
|19016
|21632
|
|
|-
|203
|Subrahmanyapura
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|9.19
|37014
|19356
|17658
|4028
|
|
|-
|204
|Vasanthpura
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|3.35
|35615
|18734
|16881
|10631
|
|
|-
|205
|Yelchenahalli
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|1.16
|42186
|22019
|20167
|36367
|
|
|-
|206
|Konanakunte
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|3.21
|41028
|21453
|19575
|12781
|
|
|-
|207
|RBI layout
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|3.48
|42074
|21352
|20722
|12090
|
|
|-
|208
|Anjanapura
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|11.04
|40478
|20785
|19693
|3666
|
|
|-
|209
|Gottigere
|Bangalore South
|
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|6.29
|41688
|21670
|20018
|6628
|
|
|-
|210
|Kalena Agrahara
|Bangalore South
|
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|10.62
|38932
|20336
|18596
|3666
|
|
|-
|211
|Begur
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|6.74
|35004
|18388
|16616
|5193
|
|
|-
|212
|Naganathapura
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bangalore South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|5.26
|34452
|20622
|13830
|6550
|
|
|-
|213
|Jaraganahalli
|Bangalore South
|Uttarahalli
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.28
|37963
|19788
|18175
|29659
|
|
|-
|214
|Puttenahalli
|Bangalore South
|
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.72
|42149
|21940
|20209
|24505
|
|
|-
|215
|Bilekhalli
|Bangalore South
|
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|3.38
|42179
|22189
|19990
|12479
|
|
|-
|216
|Hulimavu
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|5.63
|42690
|22446
|20244
|7583
|
|
|-
|217
|Kodichikkanahalli
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|3.46
|37559
|19809
|17750
|10855
|
|
|-
|218
|Bommanahalli
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.31
|35206
|18401
|16805
|26875
|
|
|-
|219
|Hongasandra
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|0.93
|38184
|20587
|17597
|41058
|
|
|-
|220
|Gharebhavipalya
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.8
|40896
|22121
|18775
|22720
|
|
|-
|221
|HSR Layout
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|4.22
|38763
|20138
|18625
|9186
|
|
|-
|222
|Ibluru
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|3.7151
|33851
|17764
|16087
|9112
|
|
|-
|223
|Mangammanapalya
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|1.66
|40149
|21038
|19111
|24186
|
|
|-
|224
|Hosa Road
|Bangalore South
|Begur
|[[Bommanahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
|3.27
|33979
|18432
|15547
|10391
|
|
|-
|225
|Kudlu
|Anekal
|Sarjapura
|[[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]]
|[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
|3.33
|16757
|9054
|7703
|5032
|
|
|}

==See also==
* [[2010 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike election]]
* [[2015 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike election]]
* [[List of wards in Bangalore (2010–2023)]]
* [[List of wards in Bangalore (1995-2006)]]
* [[List of wards in Bangalore (1989-1995)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150927064806/http://bbmp.gov.in/en/ward-info BBMP ward information]
* [http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&action=wards BBMP wards list]
*[http://opencity.in/data/bbmp-wards BBMP Wards Mapview OpenCity]

{{Bangalore topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wards in Bangalore}}
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists]]
[[Category:Municipal wards of Bengaluru]]

Mutty Lall Seal

2026-04-14T17:37:16Z

KevinArden: started basic info needs work

{{Short description|Indian merchant and philanthropist (1792–1854)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mutty Lall Seal
|native_name =
| image = Mutty_Lal_Seal.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Portrait of Mutty Lall Seal
| birth_date = 1792
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal, [[Company rule in India]]
| death_date = 20 May 1854
| death_place = Calcutta, [[Bengal Presidency]]
| occupation = Businessman
| spouse =
}}

'''Mutty Lall Seal''' (also written as '''Mutty Loll Seal''', '''Mati Lall Seal''', or '''Motilal Seal''') (1792 – 20 May 1854) was a businessman and philanthropist from India. Seal began his life as a bottle and cork dealer and became wealthy. He donated large sums of his wealth to charity and education. Seal and [[Ramdulal Sarkar]], another shipping owner, became part of Bengali folklore as merchant princes.<ref>Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi, ''Traders and Trades in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, p 209.</ref>

== Career ==

===Business activities===
[[File:Sketch of Mutty Lal Seal's residential house at Colootola.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of Mutty Lall Seal's residential house at Colootola]]
Seal started his business career by selling bottles and corks to a Mr. Hudson, one of the most extensive importers of beer in those days.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Macdonald Stephenson|first1=R.|last2=Loll Seal|first2=Mutty|date=January 1974|title=Copy of Mutty Lall Seal's letter to Stephenson|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=11|issue=1|pages=108|doi=10.1177/001946467401100106|issn=0019-4646}}</ref> Hudson traded in [[cowhide]]s and was the founder and promoter of the first indigo market, which was established under the name of M/s. Moore, Hickey & Co. English merchants hired Seal for his sound judgement on indigo, silk, sugar, rice, saltpeter, and other goods. He was appointed as "Banian" to around twenty first class agency houses out of around fifty or sixty such houses in Calcutta. Later he became a landed property speculator and merchant, successively in partnership with Fergusson Brothers & Co., Oswald Seal & Co. and Tulloh & Co. In these three firms he was said to have lost some thirty [[Lakh]] of [[rupee]]s. He was involved in exporting indigo, silk, sugar, rice, and saltpeter to Europe, and importing iron and cotton-piece goods from England.<ref>Chakrabarty, Dipesh, ''The Colonial context of the Bengal Renaissance: A Note On Early Railway Thinking In Bengal'', in ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'', Vol. XI, No. 1, March 1974</ref>

The first to use steamships for internal trade in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], he prospered in competition with Europeans. He owned around thirteen trade ships including a steam tug named ''Banian''. He made a fortune in a single generation through money-dealing, which includes lending, bill counting and other banking business. There was scarcely a speculation into which he did not enter, and for which he did not supply a portion of funds. From dealings in internal exchanges to contracts for station-building, for the erection of new bazaars, to the revival of transit companies, rare was an undertaking in which he was not an important, though quiet, shareholder. He funded every promising enterprise he found and made profits in the shape of interest.<ref>''Allen's Indian Mail, And Register Of Intelligence For British And Foreign India, China, And All Parts Of The East'', Vol XII, January–December 1854, p 382</ref> At one point he was in complete control over the market dealing in company papers.<ref>Sastri, Sivanath, ''[[Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj]]'', p 71</ref>

Under his influence, the European-created Oriental Life Insurance Company (later reconstructed as New Oriental Insurance Company in 1834) began to underwrite Indian lives,<ref>Rungta, Radhe Shyam ''Rise of Business Corporations in India 1851–1900'', p 12-13</ref> which was the first life insurance company on Indian soil. He was among the founders of the Bank of India, and was on the board of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India.<ref>''Parbury's Oriental Herald And Colonial Intelligencer'', Vol II, July–December 1838, p 28</ref><ref>''The Calcutta Monthly Journal And General Register of Occurrences Throughout The British Dominions in the East Forming An Epitome of the Indian Press'', For The Year 1836, Calcutta, p 204</ref> In time, he amassed as much wealth as [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] and Rustomjee Cowasjee. In 1878, Kishori Chand Mitra delivered a lecture on the life of Seal calling him the "[[Mayer Amschel Rothschild|Rothschild]] of Calcutta".<ref>Sarkar, Tanika, ''Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation'', p 34</ref>

===Philanthropy===
As a philanthropist, in 1841, Seal founded an alms house at [[Belgharia]] (in the suburbs of Calcutta) where 500 people were fed daily on average.<ref>Banerjee, Prajnananda, ''Calcutta and Its Hinterland: A Study in Economic History of India, 1833–1900'', p 144
</ref>

He donated of an extensive tract of land, which at the time was valued at Rs. 12,000,<ref>''Third Report of the Committee Appointed by the Right Honourable The Governour of Bengal for the Establishment of a Fever Hospital And For Inquiring into Local Management And Taxation in Calcutta, Calcutta: Bishop's College Press, 1847,'' p 35</ref> to the then British Government on which the [[Calcutta Medical College]] was built. The Government of Bengal recognized his liberality by naming a ward in his honor, ''The Mutty Lall Seal Ward'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalcollegekolkata.org/personalities.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511234715/http://www.medicalcollegekolkata.org/personalities.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-11|title=Medical College Hospital Kolkata West Bengal India|date=2008-05-11|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> for native male patients. Seal subsequently supplemented this gift by a donation of a lac of rupees for the establishment of a female (lying in) hospital which started functioning in 1838.<ref>''Missionary And Religious Intelligence'', in ''The Calcutta Christian Observer'', Vol. I, New Series, January–December 1840, p 171</ref>

[[File:Mutty Lall Seal's Shrine - Belgharia - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9732.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Mutty Lall Seal's shrine and almshouse on B T road]]

On Wednesday, 1 March 1842, a gathering of respectable people took place at his house for the formal opening of the Mutty Lall Seal's Free College. Among those present were Sir Lawrence Peel, the Chief Justice, Sir [[John Peter Grant]], Mr. Lyall, the Advocate-General, Mr. Leith, and the other principal members of the Calcutta Bar, Captain Birch, Superintendent of the Police, George Thompson, Right Reverend Dr. Carew, Baboo [[Dwarkanath Tagore]], Baboo [[Ramkamal Sen]], Baboo [[Mathurmohan Biswas]], Baboo Russomoy Dutt and Revd. [[Krishna Mohan Banerjee]]. The Catholic Bishop and all the clergy of the Catholic Cathedral, as well as all the Professors of [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta|St. Xavier's College]], were likewise present. Nearly the whole of the dissenting ministers and missionaries of Calcutta and its neighbourhood also attended.<ref>''The Catholic Cabinet, And Chronicle of Religious Intelligence, Containing Original And Selected Articles, A Monthly Periodical'', Volume I, 1843, p 187</ref> George Thompson said he was "a Hindu gentleman, who had nobly resolved to consecrate a large portion of the substances he had acquired by honorable exertion, to the intellectual improvement of the youth of his own nation to transmute his money into mind"''.<ref>Mullick, Promatha Nath, ''History of Vaisyas of Bengal'', p 136-139</ref>''

Mutty Lall Seal's Free College (later renamed Mutty Lall Seal's Free School and College) was to provide for the education of Hindus to enable them to occupy posts of trust and emolument in their own country. This education included [[English literature]], history, [[geography]], [[elocution]], writing, [[arithmetic]], [[algebra]], philosophical sciences, [[Further Mathematics|higher mathematics]] and the practical application of mathematics. The institution was opened free of cost, but only one rupee was charged per month to cover expenses such as books, stationery, and the surplus being expended towards furnishing the school with mathematical instruments. The number of students receiving education at one time was to be limited to 500. The institute was initially under the management of the Directors of the parent college of [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta|St. F. Xavier]], Chowringhee, Calcutta, who furnished teachers to further the cause of [[secular education]].<ref>''Goethals News'', Vol. IV, No. 3 Bulletin, July – September 2001</ref>

Although [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] had the responsibility of imparting education, the conductors had pledged themselves to withhold all Christian instruction from the pupils.<ref>''The Calcutta Review'', Vol. II, October–December 1844, p 73</ref> However, later Seal dissolved the connection between his college and the Jesuits over a dispute that in violation of their pledge, so viands were distributed among the Hindu boys contrary to their religious sentiments. The institute was then placed under Revd. [[Krishna Mohan Banerjee]].<ref>''The Indian Mail, A Monthly Register For British & Foreign India, China, & Australasia'', Vol. I, May–December 1843, p 614-615</ref> A sum of Rs. 12,000 was spent yearly for the upkeep of the college from his trust. The college stood in high estimation of the public and competed successfully with the Government and Missionary Colleges in the university examinations ([[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] and [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Swami Prabhupada]] were some students of the college). The college initially started functioning at Seal's house and was later shifted to the present building on [[Chittaranjan Avenue]] where it still exists.

The other charities which have made his name known to the public are contained in a deed of trust; by which he donated a considerable portion of his property (amounting to several [[Lakh]] of rupees) for the good of the public. A net yearly income of Rs. 36,000 derived from those properties were spent for various charitable purposes. Apart from running and maintaining the college, about Rs. 4,000 was spent on helping poor widows and orphans every year and for running and maintaining two alms houses for the poor and underprivileged.<ref>''The Calcutta Review'', Vol. CXI, Calcutta, 1900, p 86-88</ref> He extended financial support and co-operation for the establishment of the Hindu Charitable Institution and Hindu Metropolitan College. Seal's Free School, Hindu Metropolitan College and some of the other institutions of the time were calculated to offset the 'ill effects' of the liberal education offered at the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Hindu College]].<ref>Majumdar, Swapan, ''Literature and Literary Life in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, p 110.</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Mutty Lal Seal's devalaya at Belghoria.jpg|Devalaya at Mutty Lall Seal's Belghoria alms house
Image:Mutty Lal Seal's guest house at Behala.jpg|Mutty Lall Seal's guest house at Behala
Image:Mutty Lal Seal's bathing ghat.jpg|Mutty Lall Seal's bathing ghat on the bank of river Hooghly
Image:Mutty Lal Seal's Free School.jpg|Mutty Lall Seal's Free School & College - Estd. 1842
</gallery>

==Later life==
When he was alive, the native society of Kolkata was divided into two parts. One was the reformist section led by [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohun Roy]] and the other was the conservative section led by [[Radhakanta Deb|Radha Kanta Deb]]. Most of the rich people of Kolkata were in the latter group. Deb strongly opposed both the move to ban sati and efforts for remarriage of widows, many of whom were child-widows. Although Seal was a conservative, he was in favor of Roy's efforts of banning sati, supported the cause of women's education as well as remarriage of widows. He made a public offer for a dowry of 1000 rupees to the person who should have the courage to break through the prejudices of caste and marry a widow.<ref>Ripley, George, Dana, Charles A.,''The New American Encyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary Of General Knowledge'', Vol. II, 1859, p 443</ref> When Seal died on 20 May 1854, his obituary in the ''Hindu Intelligence'' described him as the "richest and most virtuous [[Babu (title)|Babu]] of Calcutta."<ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History Of The Bengali Speaking People'', p 259-260</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Nath Dr Sankar Kumar ''Danbir Muttylall Seal Jiban Kirti O Samakal (in Bengali) Sahitya Samsad, 2024''

==Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Chaudhuri
| given1 = Sukanta (Ed)
| year = 1995
| title = Calcutta: The Living City
| edition =
| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
| isbn = 0-19-563698-8
}}
* Sastri, Sivanath, ''Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Banga Samaj'' in Bengali (1903/2001), p 48, New Age Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
* Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (Ed), ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) in Bengali (1976/1998), p 391, Sahitya Sansad. {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528210256/http://www.abasar.net/bk_main.asp?what=B00663 Biography] (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] information website Abasar)

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seal, Mutty Lall}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1792 births]]
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from British India]]

B. Veera Reddy

2026-04-14T11:06:23Z

KevinArden: created the post more to come

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{One source|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B. Veera Reddy
| image = Bijivemula Veera Reddy.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1978
| constituency = [[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]
| predecessor = Vaddamani Chidanandam
| successor = Vaddemanu Sivaramakrishna Rao
| term_start1 = 1983
| term_end1 = 1989
| constituency1 = [[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]
| predecessor1 = Vaddemanu Sivaramakrishna Rao
| successor1 = Vaddemanu Sivaramakrishna Rao
| term_start2 = 1994
| term_end2 = 2001
| constituency2 = [[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]
| predecessor2 = Vaddemanu Sivaramakrishna Rao
| successor2 = Konireddy Vijayamma
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Bijivemula Veera Reddy''' was an Indian politician from [[Badvel]], [[Kadapa District]].

Reddy was associated with [[Telugu Desam Party]] and served in various capacities from [[Sarpanch]]to a Cabinet Minister. Reddy played key role Kadapa District [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]activities until his death in the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/12/26/stories/04262017.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Marketing Minister dies of heart attack |date=2000-12-26 |access-date=2018-04-14}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Reddy was a Six term Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijivemula, Veera Reddy}}
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya

2026-03-31T12:53:48Z

KevinArden: Put up a post with sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya
| image = Hamne Gandhi Ko maar Diya.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Naeem A. Siddiqui
| producer = Naeem A. Siddiqui
| story = Naeem A. Siddiqui
| screenplay = Sanjay Rai
| starring = [[Pratima Kazmi]] [[Subrat Dutta]] [[Samiksha Bhatnagar]] Jatin Goswami
| music = Anjani Kumar Tiwari Ubaid Azam Azmi A M Turaz Rana
| cinematography = Shanti Bhushan Roy
| editing = Nilesh Mulye
| studio = Touchwood Multimedia Creations
| distributor =Indian Film Studios (Utpal Acharya)
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|3|2}}
}}

'''''Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya''''' is a Hindi movie produced and directed by Naeem A. Siddqui. It was released on 2 March 2018 all over India, this movie is inspired by non-violence movements taken by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi) during his struggle for Independent India from 1915 to 1947.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/non-violence-inspires-latest-gandhi-film/article22611050.ece | title=Non-violence inspires latest Gandhi film |place=Mumbai | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The film was originally titled as ''Hey Ram Humne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya'', but the name was snipped by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/humne-gandhi-ko-maar-diya-film-based-on-gandhian-ideology-gets-u-certificate-title-modified-4370537.html|title=Humne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya: Film based on Gandhian ideology gets 'U' certificate; title modified|date=28 February 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/hamne-gandhi-ko-maar-diya/movie-review/63138657.cms|title=Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hamne-gandhi-ko-maar-diya-an-ode-to-mahatma-gandhi-ians-review-rating-1-2-118030100791_1.html|title='Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya': An ode to Mahatma Gandhi (IANS Review, Rating: **1/2)|date=1 March 2018|website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Plot==
This is a story of two completely opposite ideologies, revolving around two strangers who met during a train journey on 28 January 1948. Amidst an atmosphere of terror, communal riots, and fear, we find Kailash (Jatin Goswami) travelling from [[Calcutta]] to [[Sasaram]] with his wife, Sudha (Sameeksha Bhatnager), and their daughter to meet his mother, Savitri (Pratima Kazmi). On the other side is Divakar (Subrat Dutta), who is returning to his village to assume the responsibility of a teacher.

Kailash has lost everything during the "[[Direct Action Day]]" riots in Calcutta and harbours a strong belief that [[Gandhi]] was responsible for the [[partition of India]]. Conversely, Divakar holds his own views and believes in [[Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi's philosophy]] of non-violence, tolerance, and the embracing of all religions. The events that unfold during their two-day journey have a significant impact on both individuals, prompting them to reflect on who is right and who is wrong.

As they reach their destination and conclude their journey, they discover that [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi has been assassinated]]. The assassination of Gandhi and the subsequent events serve as a reflection of these two differing ideologies.

==Cast==
* [[Pratima Kazmi]]
* [[Subrat Dutta]]
* [[Samikssha Batnagar|Samikssha Bhatnagar]] as Sudha Singh
* Jatin Goswami

==Release==
The new poster was unveiled on 31 January 2018, coinciding with the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/jan/31/new-poster-of-hey-ram-unveiled-on-mahatmas-death-anniversary-1766076.html | title=New poster of 'Hey Ram' unveiled on Mahatma's death anniversary |place=Mumbai | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The official trailer of the film was released by Touchwood Multimedia Creations on 5 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=UcTjBlz2-SY|title=Hey Ram, Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya - Official Trailer - Produced and Directed by Naeem A Siddiqui|publisher=Touchwood Multimedia Creations|website=YouTube|date=5 February 2018}}</ref> The theatrical trailer of the film was released by Touchwood Multimedia Creations on 23 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=x-b_uTmHvpE|title=Theatrical Trailer - Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya - by Naeem A Siddiqui|publisher=Touchwood Multimedia Creations|website=YouTube|date=23 February 2018}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 2 March 2018.<ref name="Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya review: An ode to Mahatma Gandhi">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Hamne Gandhi Ko Maar Diya review: An ode to Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Mar/02/hamne-gandhi-ko-maar-diya-review-an-ode-to-mahatma-gandhi-1781009.html |access-date=31 March 2026 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331124749/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Mar/02/hamne-gandhi-ko-maar-diya-review-an-ode-to-mahatma-gandhi-1781009.html |archive-date=31 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7972674}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Works about the Mahatma Gandhi assassination]]
[[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1948]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Bhaagamathie

2026-03-30T14:42:23Z

KevinArden: created basic stub v1.

{{short description|2018 Indian thriller film by G. Ashok}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhaagamathie
| image = Bhaagamathie poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Telugu version release poster
| director = [[G. Ashok]]
| producer = V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy Pramod Uppalapati
| writer = G. Ashok
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = R. Santhosh (Tamil) Ravindra Madhava (Tamil)
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Anushka Shetty]]
*[[Unni Mukundan]]
*[[Murali Sharma]]
*[[Asha Sarath]]
*[[Jayaram]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = UV Creations
| distributor = Studio Green
| released = {{Film date|2018|01|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Telugu|Tamil}}
| budget = {{INR|25}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2017 |title=First look of Anushka's 'Bhaagamathie' out, goes viral |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-anushkas-bhaagamathie-out-goes-viral-71257 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|67.20}} crore<ref name="ibt">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2018 |title=Tollywood box office report of 2018: highest grossing Telugu movies of year; List of hits and flops |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/2018s-tollywood-movies-box-office-collection-list-highest-grossing-telugu-films-year-780150 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bhaagamathie''''' is a 2018 Indian [[horror thriller]] film written and directed by [[G. Ashok]]. The film stars [[Anushka Shetty]] in the title role with [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Jayaram]] (in his Telugu debut), [[Murali Sharma]], and [[Asha Sarath]] play other pivotal roles. Produced in [[Telugu cinema]], it was shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the film revolves around a former district collector imprisoned in a haunted house. At the same time, she is interrogated by law enforcers investigating a politician they suspect of corruption.

[[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2016 in [[Hyderabad]], and the film was released on 26 January 2018 in Telugu and Tamil along with a dubbed Malayalam version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHAAGAMATHIE - British Board of Film Classification |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/bhaagamathie-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185215/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/bhaagamathie-2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Bhagmati">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/030616/anushka-shetty-sheds-18-kilos-for-her-upcoming-film.html "Anushka Shetty sheds 18 kilos for her upcoming film"]</ref> The film became a hit, grossing around {{INR|67.20 [[crore]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-08 |title=Bhaagamathie (Telugu) - Box Office Collection, Budget & Reviews |url=https://bestoftheyear.in/movie/bhaagamathie/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=BOTY |language=en-US}}</ref> With ''Bhaagamathie'', Anushka Shetty emerged as the second Indian actress after Sridevi and the first South Indian actress to have a $1 million grossed at the US box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=With Bhaagamathie, Anushka Shetty emerges the second Indian actress after Sridevi to set this unique record |url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/with-bhaagamathie-anushka-shetty-emerges-the-second-indian-actress-after-sridevi-to-set-this-unique-record-98117.html |access-date=7 February 2018 |work=CatchNews.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''[[Durgamati]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2020 |title=Durgamati Stays Faithful To The Original, Yet Does Not Hold Up |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/durgamati-the-myth-review-amazon-prime-video-stays-faithful-to-the-original-yet-does-not-hold-up-bhumi-pednekar-mahie-gill-jisshu-sengupta/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=Film Companion}}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[Hyderabad]], [[Home Minister]] Eshwar Prasad vows to resign from his post if the government fails to recover idols that were stolen over a period of six months. This troubles his political rivals, who forge a plan to destroy his credibility with the help of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Joint Director Vaishnavi Natarajan and [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Sampath. The two plan to interrogate [[District Collector|DC]] and Eshwar's close confidate Chanchala Reddy, who is in jail for murdering her husband Shakthi, Sampath's brother. To avoid attention, they shift her to Bhaagamathie bungalow, a dilapidated, supposedly haunted house on the outskirts of a village which was ruled by a Queen named Bhaagamathie before [[Independence Day (India)|independence]], for the interrogation. Vaishnavi interrogates Chanchala to get some clues against Eshwar, but she repeats that they are doubting his integrity without any proof in a cryptic but leading manner.

Later that night, Bhaagamathie's spirit, takes control of Chanchala. The CBI team calls upon a [[psychiatrist]] to investigating the matter, who concludes that Chanchala must be schizophrenic as she seems to take on a different persona and narrate some story from a book as if it were her own. As the story goes, Queen Bhaagamathie was the princess who fought the [[Nawab]] when the Dynasty of king Devraj had no sons and was invaded by the Nawabs. She came across Chandrasenan, a man who pretended to be nice and was given the position of general by the people. He showed his true colours when he got the post. He looted money, land and even god. He then spread rumors that Bhaagamathie was mad and made her a prisoner in her own chamber. Unable to bear this, Bhaagamathie committed suicide. The psychiatrist suggests that the CBI commit her to an asylum.

However, Sampath suspects that this might be a ploy by her to escape and arranges for a spiritual guru to find out if there is [[paranormal activity]]. The guru suggests a few indicators. Later, Sampath discovers that those indicators to indicate the presence of ghosts in the bungalow. He also finds Chanchala hurting herself under the influence of the ghost. This leads to Sampath taking Chanchala to a [[mental asylum]]. Eshwar visits her at the mental asylum, where it is revealed that Chanchala had planned the entire thing to escape the CBI in return for {{INRConvert|300|c}} kickback from Eshwar. It is also revealed that Eshwar had forced Chanchala to kill Shakthi, threatening to kill the villagers involved in a welfare project to hide his scam.

Meanwhile, Vaishnavi realizes that Chanchala was trying to convey the truth of Eshwar's crimes using the story of Queen Bhaagamathie, which she came across from the various writings and artifacts that she had discovered in the bungalow. She also finds evidence of Eshwar's misdeeds and the site where he hid the villagers after killing Shakthi. When Eshwar finds out that he is exposed, he is killed by Sampath, who discovered the truth that Chanchala didn't murder Shakthi. Thus vindicated, Chanchala is seen running a charity organization in Shakthi's memory. Vaishnavi tells her that they thought they knew everything about her but never knew that she was a great magician in her childhood and that she knew [[Arabic]]. Chanchala replies by saying that she does not know Arabic, which shocks them, hinting that there was actual paranormal activity in the house.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Bhaagamathie / Chanchala G. [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Sanchala G. [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] in Tamil)
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Shakthi, Chanchala's love interest-turned-fiancé
*[[Jayaram]] as [[Home Minister]] Eshwar Prasad
* [[Asha Sarath]] as Vaishnavi Natarajan, Joint Director, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]
* [[Murali Sharma]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Sampath [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Shakthi's elder brother
* [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]] as Lingamurthy
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Subba Reddy
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Psychiatrist
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Police Sub-Inspector
* [[Nagineedu]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer
* [[Madhunandan]] as CBI Officer
* [[Devadarshini]] as Kanchana
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as CBI Officer
* Ravi Raja Maguluri as Ajay
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Corporate CEO
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Jose
* [[Kalpa Latha]]
{{colend}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
[[G. Ashok]], who had previously worked on ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' (2011) and ''[[Sukumarudu]]'' (2013), readied the ''Bhaagamathie'' script in 2012 and had written it keeping [[Anushka Shetty]] in mind. In late 2012, the team approached Anushka, and the actress liked the script but was not able to immediately commit to the film, as she had pending projects such as ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' (2015), where she also played warrior princesses. The film was later delayed when Anushka chose to star in ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014), attempt an ambitious size-shifting role in ''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]'' (2015) and complete her portions for ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' (2017). Ashok subsequently chose to wait for her, rather than cast a new actress and refined the script during the waiting period. Early media reports claimed that the film would be based on the queen [[Bhagmati]], but the makers denied this and revealed that the film would be a "social drama".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2013 |title=A change for Anushka Shetty |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131205/entertainment-tollywood/article/change-anushka-shetty |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Anushka to reprise the role of queen Bhagmati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Anushka-to-reprise-the-role-of-queen-Bhagmati/articleshow/27112831.cms |access-date=31 January 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2016 in [[Hyderabad]]. The film's title is derived from the Bagmati river that flows through Nepal, while Ashok also stated that the titled was also inspired by the fact that [[Hyderabad]] was formed in the name of Bhagamathi or Bhagi Nagara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=20 January 2018 |title=This will be the best performance of Anushka Shetty's career: G Ashok on 'Bhaagamathie' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/865481/this-will-be-the-best-performance-of-anushka-shettys-career-g-ashok-on-bhaagamathie |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Once she began working on the film in 2016, she shed 20 kilograms through a rigorous diet plan to portray her character of an IAS Officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=Bhaagamathie: Anushka Shetty says UV Creations waited for four years to start shooting since they trusted her with the character - Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bhaagamathie-anushka-shetty-says-uv-creations-waited-for-four-years-to-start-shooting-since-they-trusted-her-with-the-character-4308035.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=Anushka Shetty: Bhaagamathie was very challenging |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bhaagamathie-was-very-challenging-says-anushka-shetty-5030266/ |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Produced by UV Creations in Telugu and released by [[Studio Green]] in Tamil. A dubbed Malayalam version of the film was also prepared to have a simultaneous release with the other two versions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2018 |title=Somehow, I end up playing murderous characters: Anushka Shetty |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/jan/17/somehow-i-end-up-playing-murderous-characters-anushka-shetty-4088.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhaagamathie
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| border =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2016|12|5}} (Jukebox)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = RFC (Hyderabad) YRF (Mumbai) Music lounge (Chennai) V studios (Chennai)
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]], [[Romance (music)|Romantic]]
| length = {{Duration|m=9|s=56}}
| language = Telugu, Tamil
| label = Mango Music
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Achari America Yatra]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Tholi Prema (2018 film)|Tholi Prema]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|JTBh-TZxqxs|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The film's music was composed by [[S. Thaman]].

The song "Mandaara" was released as single from the album of ''Bhaagamathie'' on 19 December 2016 on the [[YouTube]] page of Mango Music, UV Creations. The song was sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]. The music video of the track features [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Unni Mukundan]]. On the same day of release, it was made available for online streaming at [[Saavn]],<ref name="Mandaara Saavn">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2018 |title=Mandaara on Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/telugu/Mandaara-From-Bhaagamathie/Mandaara/KhA8WRhZGgI |access-date=24 June 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref> [[Gaana]]<ref name="Mandaara Gaana">{{Cite web |title=Gaana Online Straming: Mandaara |url=https://gaana.com/song/mandaara |access-date=24 June 2018 |publisher=[[Gaana]]}}</ref> and [[iTunes]].<ref name="Mandaara iTunes">{{Cite web |title=Mandaara on iTunes |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mandaara-from-bhaagamathie-single/1336395082 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624093253/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mandaara-from-bhaagamathie-single/1336395082 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |access-date=24 June 2018 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> The Tamil version of the song, lyrics by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and sung by [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]], was released at a function held by [[Studio Green]] in Chennai, which marked four significant events for the producers — the audio launch of ''Bhaagamathie'', a single launch of ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018), a single launch of ''[[Ghajinikanth]]'' (2018) and the success meet for ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bhaagamathie' audio launch in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaagamathie-audio-launch-in-chennai-imagegallery-kollywood-sbsksSbcahbga.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118082135/http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaagamathie-audio-launch-in-chennai-imagegallery-kollywood-sbsksSbcahbga.html |archive-date=18 January 2018 |access-date=24 June 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=Anushka Shetty talks at Bhaagamathie audio launch |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/anushka-shetty-talks-at-bhaagamathie-audio-launch.html |access-date=24 June 2018 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref>

;Telugu
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=9|s=56}}
| title1 = Mandaara Mandaara
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics1 = Sreejo
| length1 = 4:52
| title2 = Theme Song
| extra2 = [[Suchitra]]
| title3 =
| length3 =
| title4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| lyrics2 = [[Suchitra]]
| length2 = 5:04
}}
;Tamil
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=9|s=56}}
| title1 = Manthaara
| extra1 = [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| length1 = 4:52
| title2 = Theme Song
| extra2 = [[Suchitra]]
| title3 =
| length3 =
| title4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| lyrics2 = [[Suchitra]]
| length2 = 5:04
}}

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=83|count=6|average=5.8|ref=yes}}

''Firstpost'' rated the film 3.5/5, stating "''Bhaagamathie'' is an impressive outing for the whole cast and crew, and it's also a reminder for us that there are plenty of ways to narrate a story despite having a dilapidated house, a ghost, a hapless young woman, and a gut-wrenching backstory. A big thumbs up for the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=Bhaagamathie movie review: Anushka Shetty shines in this horror-thriller that owes a lot to its technicians |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhaagamathie-movie-review-anushka-shetty-shines-in-this-horror-thriller-that-owes-a-lot-to-its-technicians-4321151.html |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>

''Bollywood Life'' also rated it 3.5/5 and stated, "This is definitely worth a watch. For Anushka Shetty. For the story. and for the two combined."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raveendran |first=Karthika |date=26 January 2018 |title=Bhaagamathie movie review: While Anushka Shetty steals the show, the other hero is the engrossing story |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bhaagamathie-movie-review-while-anushka-shetty-steals-the-show-the-other-hero-is-the-engrossing-story/ |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>

''123Telugu'' rated it 3.25/5, writing "On the whole, ''Bhaagamathie'' is an engaging thriller with good horror and interesting twists at regular intervals. Anushka leads from the front and will surely pull the crowds with her standout performance. The film is made on a lavish scale, and because of this, the thrills look quite good on screen. But the story is familiar, and the first half gets a bit slow. If you ignore these aspects, ''Bhaagamathie'' ends up a pretty decent watch this weekend. Go for it."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2018 |title=Review : Bhaagamathie – Horror meets Crime |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/bhaagamathie-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=www.123telugu.com}}</ref>

''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated it 3/5, writing, "Bhaagamathie is a kind of film that’s difficult make and difficult to position in Telugu market. Director and production house have packaged the film in such a way that it partly satisfies the people who look for horror elements and the audiences who seek a thrill. Despite having a complicated screenplay, Bhaagamathie tries to give something for everybody. Plus points of the film are Anushka, screenplay and background music. On the flip side, the narration should have been true to its genre. On the whole, ''Bhaagamathie'' is a well-packaged thriller."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaagamathie review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Anushka and Unni Mukundan |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/bhaagamathie.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also rated it 3/5 and wrote, "The film draws inspiration from history and adds a dash of supernatural to serve us a crime thriller. After the trailer, many believed that this could be a redux of Anushka’s claim to fame, ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]''. Instead, G Ashok turns it into a riveting thriller that works wonders despite its flaws. You are on the edge of your seat through most of the film, trying to understand if Chanchala is possessed or not."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=Bhaagamathie movie review: Anushka Shetty owns this edge-of-the-seat thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bhaagamathie-movie-review-anushka-shetty-owns-this-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/story-1A3A9T335QH2exiDTQQVgL.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected close to {{INRConvert|50|c}} at the worldwide box office. It collected {{INRConvert|36|c}} in the first weekend and {{INRConvert|15.50|c}} on the weekdays at the worldwide box office. The film collected {{INRConvert|51.50|c}} at first week.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|6 January 2019
| rowspan="3"|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu|3rd Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
| Best Actress In A Leading Role
| rowspan="2"|[[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Tollywood's first and biggest Awards event of the Year on Zee Telugu. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| Favorite Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Asha Sharath]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 17 February 2019
| [[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] National Film Awards
| Best Actress – Telugu
| rowspan="2"|Anushka Shetty
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2019 |title=Balakrishna, Nagarjuna and Keerthy Suresh among TSR-TV9 film award winners |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishna-nagarjuna-and-keerthy-suresh-among-tsr-tv9-film-award-winners-96844 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"|1 March 2019
| rowspan="6"|[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Cine Awards Telugu
| Best Heroine
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2019 |title=Ram Charan, Keerthy Suresh, Sukumar, crowned as winners of City Cine Awards Telugu Season 2 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ram-charan-keerthy-suresh-sukumar-crowned-as-winners-of-city-cine-awards-telugu-season-2/20500160 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=Mid day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio City Cine Awards Telugu |url=https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131301/https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards |archive-date=15 May 2021 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=Radio City}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| Asha Sharath
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| [[Jayaram]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| rowspan="2"|[[S. Thaman]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|15 August 2019
| rowspan="4"|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actress – Telugu
| rowspan="2"|Anushka Shetty
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress Critics – Telugu
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)]]
| Asha Sharath
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu
| Jayaram
| {{nom}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| 21 December 2019
| rowspan="3"| [[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| Anushka Shetty
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| Asha Sharath
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| Shreya Ghoshal
| {{won}}
|-
|29 September 2019
|[[17th Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
|[[Anushka Shetty]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6727296}}
*{{Facebook|Bhaagamathie}}

[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian action horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:2010s action horror films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:UV Creations films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Supernatural films]]
[[Category:Paranormal films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Studio Green]]

Aanchal Munjal

2026-03-21T20:58:02Z

KevinArden: expand intro to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aanchal Munjal
| image = Aanchal Munjal - Ghayal Once Again.jpg
| caption = Munjal in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|4|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006–present

}}

'''Aanchal Munjal''' is an Indian film and television actress, acting in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanchal Munjal, the new girl in town |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/nov/21/aanchal-munjal-8876.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124151241/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/nov/21/aanchal-munjal-8876.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Munjal started acting as a child. Munjal's first television role was as Sameera in ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]'' in 2008.<ref name="Chakraborty">{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debasish |title=Aanchal Munjal photos: These clicks of the Ghayal Once Again actress speak volume of the fashionista in her |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/aanchal-munjal-photos-these-clicks-of-the-ghayal-once-again-actress-speak-volume-of-the-fashionista-in-her/415769 |website=[[Times Now]] |accessdate=21 January 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121020050/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/aanchal-munjal-photos-these-clicks-of-the-ghayal-once-again-actress-speak-volume-of-the-fashionista-in-her/415769 |archivedate=21 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Her breakthrough performance was in 2010's ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'', based on the 1998 Hollywood film ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]''.<ref name="Chakraborty"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Mom-Stepmom Two Step |author=Rachel Saltz |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/movies/06weare.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 September 2010 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625232922/http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/movies/06weare.html |url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, she appeared as Chunni in ''Ghost Bana Dost'' and Muniya S. Yadav in Hindi film ''[[Aarakshan]]''.<ref name="Chakraborty"/><ref name=itoday>{{cite web |title=Face-Off: Aanchal Munjal excited teri next release 'Aarakshan' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20110704-aanchal-munjal-aanchal-khurana-bollywood-stints-746612-2011-06-24 |date=24 June 2011 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |access-date=20 January 2012 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118033517/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aanchal-munjal-aanchal-khurana-bollywood-stints/1/142618.html |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2011 until 2013, she played Raavi Ahuja in ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''.<ref name="Chakraborty"/>

She appeared in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' for the 2013 season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bade-acche-lagte-hain-to-take-sevenyear-leap/1166274/ |title=Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain to take seven-year leap - ''Indian Express'' |access-date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307091100/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bade-acche-lagte-hain-to-take-sevenyear-leap/1166274 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2010
|''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]''
|Aaliya<ref name="Chakraborty"/>
|Debut film
|-
|2011
|''[[Aarakshan]]''
|Muniya S. Yadav<ref name="Chakraborty"/>
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Ghayal Once Again]]''<ref name="Chakraborty"/>
| Anushka Mehra
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Sei (film)|Sei]]''<ref name="Chakraborty"/>
|Neena
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|2023
|''[[Mandali (film)|Mandali]]''
| Puru's love interest
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Hameed's girlfriend
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2007
|''Dhoom Machao Dhoom''
|Sameera<ref name="Chakraborty" />
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai]]''
|Niharika
|
|-
|2010
|''Ghost Bana Dost''<ref name="Chakraborty" />
|Chunni
|
|-
|2011–13
|''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maniesh Paul, Aanchal Munjal and other TV celebs wish Akshay Kumar on his birthday; call him 'OG Khiladi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maniesh-paul-aanchal-munjal-and-other-tv-celebs-wish-akshay-kumar-on-his-birthday-call-him-og-khiladi/articleshow/78020383.cms |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=9 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|Raavi Jeet Ahuja<ref name="Chakraborty" />
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''<ref name="Chakraborty" />
|Anjali Dobriyal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''<ref name="Chakraborty" />
|Herself
|
|-
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''<ref name="Chakraborty" />
|Pihu Ram Kapoor
|
|-
|2014
|''Ek Boond Ishq''<ref name="Chakraborty" />
|Radha Verma
|
|-
|2017
|''Dil Buffering''
|Abby
|
|-
|2023
|''Pret Boys''
|Eisha
|Amazon Mini TV Series
|}

===Short film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2025
| ''Bhojpuri Star Mahua Singh Chale Hollywood''
| Riya
| Released on [[YouTube]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
*2012 [[Indian Telly Awards]] for [[Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste - Female]] for Raavi Ahuja in ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]'' (Won)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |title=Winners |publisher=The Eleventh Indian Telly Awards |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2012 [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] for Most Promising Child Star as Anjali Dobrial in ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' (Nominated)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=70 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2012, Top-4 Jury |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=13 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213071205/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=70 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Facebook}}
* [https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/aanchal-munjal-want-play-every-possible-character-earth-1502508663.html "Aanchal Munjal: Want to play every possible character on earth"] from ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munjal, Aanchal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:People from Hisar (city)]]

Heartbeats (TV series)

2026-03-16T11:43:02Z

KevinArden: Put up new info w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{about|the Indian Hindi-language series|the Indian Tamil-language series|Heart Beat (TV series){{!}}''Heart Beat'' (TV series)|other similarly-named series|Heartbeat#Television}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Heartbeats (TV series).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Medical drama]]|[[Romantic drama]]}}
| writer = Alka Shukla Abhinav Vaidya Charul Prabhakar
| director = Vikram Rai
| starring = {{ubl|Harsh Beniwal|[[Shivangi Joshi]]|[[Nishant Singh Malkani]]}}
| narrated =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi and English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 19
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|Arif Shaikh|Dhingraa Neerajh}}
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|Ajinkya Pandit|Rajiv Singh}}
| editor = Jay Prakash Mukhiya
| runtime = 22-25 minutes
| company =
| network = [[MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|11|29}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Heartbeats: Pyaar aur Armaan''''' ({{Translation|''Heartbeats: Love and Desires''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[medical drama]] series which premiered on 29 November 2024 on [[MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Shivangi Joshi's Heartbeats To Dulquer Salmaan's Lucky Bhaskar: Top OTT Releases This Week |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/from-shivangi-joshis-heartbeats-to-dulquer-salmaans-lucky-bhaskar-top-ott-releases-this-week/2024/11/27 |website=IWMBuzz|date=27 November 2024 }}</ref> It focuses on the personal and professional lives of surgical interns.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/harsh-beniwal-shivangi-joshi-to-star-in-amazon-mx-player-series-heartbeats-trailer-out/cid/2066672|newspaper=Telegraph India|title=Harsh Beniwal, Shivangi Joshi to star in Amazon MX Player series Heartbeats; trailer out|date=28 November 2024|access-date=9 December 2024|archive-date=18 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218132456/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/harsh-beniwal-shivangi-joshi-to-star-in-amazon-mx-player-series-heartbeats-trailer-out/cid/2066672|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is written by Alka Shukla and directed by Vikram Rai. The star cast includes Harsh Beniwal and [[Shivangi Joshi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shivangi-joshi-harsh-beniwals-heartbeats-trailer-delves-into-lives-of-young-medical-interns-article-115733957|newspaper=Times Now|title=Shivangi Joshi, Harsh Beniwal's Heartbeats Trailer Delves Into Lives Of Young Medical Interns|date=27 November 2024|access-date=8 December 2024|archive-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209185952/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shivangi-joshi-harsh-beniwals-heartbeats-trailer-delves-into-lives-of-young-medical-interns-article-115733957|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Heartbeats is a hospital drama that follows Akshat (Harsh Beniwal) as he pursues his dream of becoming a [[Neurosurgeon]] while navigating a budding romance with Sanjh ([[Shivangi Joshi]]), a "nepo kid" from a family of doctors.

==Cast==
* Harsh Beniwal as Akshat Yadav
* [[Shivangi Joshi]] as Saanjh Arora
* [[Nishant Singh Malkani]] as Dr. Sandeep
* Yuvraj Dua as Rishi
* Shreya Kalra as Dr. Chetna
* Tasneem Khan as Ruchi
* Anmol Kajani as Pulkit

==Production==
The series was announced by the cast members of the show in their [[Instagram|Social Media]] which consisting of nineteen episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Barsaatein, actor Shivangi Joshi to star in Heartbeats with Harsh Beniwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/shivangi-joshi-harsh-beniwal-heartbeats-trailer-2641174-2024-11-27 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=India Today|date=27 November 2024 }}</ref> Harsh Beniwal, [[Shivangi Joshi]], [[Nishant Singh Malkani]] and Yuvraj Dua were cast to appear in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Shivangi Joshi make your Heartbeats go faster? She is doing a new OTT series by the same name!|url=https://www.justshowbiz.net/will-shivangi-joshi-make-your-heartbeats-go-faster-she-is-doing-a-new-ott-series-by-the-same-name/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=JustShowBiz|date=28 November 2024 }}</ref>

The trailer of the series was released in November 2024.

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background= |overall= |title= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Pehla Case, Pehla Pyaar, Pehla Siyappa
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Dengue and Heartache
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Doctorgiri vs Herogiri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Toughest Call
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = You Look Handsome
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Accidental Date
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Moral Compass
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Supply Room
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Confusion and Chaos
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Struggle Ki Aaadat
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Chalaang
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Meri Selection Ho Gai
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Triple Date
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Anxiety
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Time Kam Hai, Worth It Bana
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = The Sabotage
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Life or Death
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Press Pause
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = The Breaking Point
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = {{duration|m=3|s=0}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Na Mujhko Pata
| extra1 = Rito Riba, Aroob Khan
| length1 = 3:00
}}

== Reception ==
A reviewer for ''[[ABP News]]'' noted, "The show is a Fresh And Captivating Take On Medical Student Life."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/heartbeats-pyaar-aur-armaan-review-a-fresh-and-captivating-take-on-medical-student-life-1736356|title=Heartbeats: Pyaar aur Armaan Review A Fresh And Captivating Take On Medical Student Life|newspaper=ABP News|date=30 November 2024|access-date=9 December 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208152137/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/heartbeats-pyaar-aur-armaan-review-a-fresh-and-captivating-take-on-medical-student-life-1736356|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt34748043}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Uniara Jagir

2026-03-15T07:21:58Z

KevinArden: made a entry

{{Short description|Jagir under Jaipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = उनियारा
| conventional_long_name = Uniara Jagir
| common_name = Uniara
| nation = [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| subdivision = [[Jagir]]
| era =
| year_start = 1638
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| event1 =
| capital = [[Uniara]]
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| stat_area1 = 971.246
| stat_year1 = 1935
| stat_pop1 = 88782
| today = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Uniara''' was a [[jagir]] under [[princely state]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].
==Area==
The area of Uniara was approximately 375 square miles (971.246 km²).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kesharlal Ajmera |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66091/ |title=The Jaipur Album Or All About Jaipur |date=1935 |pages=53–55}}</ref> It comprised 177 villages.<ref name=":0" /> It was originally a small estate, but over the years, it was enlarged through subsequent grants.<ref name=":3" />

==Geography==
It was located approximately 70 miles south of [[Jaipur]], between latitudes 25°40′ and 26°30′, and longitudes 75°30′ and 76°10′.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba/ |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=74–76}}</ref> It was bounded to the north and north-west by [[Tonk State|Tonk]], to the south by [[Bundi State|Bundi]], to the east by [[Tonk State|Tonk]], and to the west by [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] and [[Bundi State|Bundi]].<ref name=":0" />

==Administration==
The estate was divided into four tehsils, seven talukas, five police stations, and seven outposts for administrative purposes.<ref name=":0" /> It maintained its own contingent of 327 personnel and a police force of 192.<ref name=":0" /> The seat of administration was at [[Uniara]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==
Bar Singh, the eldest son of Udaikaran and heir to the throne of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], took offense when his father became interested in a woman Bar Singh was meant to marry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Powlett |first=P. W. (Percy William) |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofulwur00powliala/ |title=Gazetteer of Ulwur |date=1878 |publisher=London : Trübner & co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=13}}</ref> He asked his father to marry her instead and relinquished his claim to the throne in favor of any offspring from that union.<ref name=":1" /> Narsingh, the son born from that marriage, succeeded to the throne of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] after Udaikaran's death, while Bar Singh received an estate of 84 villages as his patrimony.<ref name=":1" /> Bar Singh’s son, Mairaj, was once in possession of [[Amber, India|Amber]].<ref name=":1" /> However, his son, Naru, did not retain it.<ref name=":1" /> When Naru was supplanted by Chandra Sen in 1527, he returned to Mozabad.<ref name=":1" /> He had five sons: Dasa, Lala, Tejsi, Jeta, and Chitar.<ref name=":1" /> His descendants became known as the Naruka.<ref name=":1" /> Dasa was the eldest son of Naru.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Lala Chiranji Lal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116043/ |title=Status Of Uniara |pages=10}}</ref> The descendants of Dasa are called the Dasawat and the [[Rao Raja]] of Uniara claims descent from him.<ref name=":1" />

In the 14th or 15th century, the Uniara was under the control of the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodias]], from whom the ancestor of the family took it through war.<ref name=":2" /> In 1638, [[Shah Jahan]] confirmed Chandrabhan's possession of Uniara.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-11 |title=UNIARA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/uniara.html |access-date=2025-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111111843/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/uniara.html |archive-date=11 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2021-07-20 |title=Alwar (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/alwar/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> Uniara's ongoing disputes with the neighboring state of [[Tonk State|Tonk]] necessitated the maintenance of a strong military force.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.536468/ |title=Batra H. C. |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand and Co. |pages=7}}</ref> Uniara maintained fifteen forts, which were equipped with up to six large guns, seventeen small guns, and a garrison of 995 soldiers.<ref name=":4" /> Of all the feudatories of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], it had the largest army, consisting of 3,183 men.<ref name=":4" />

==Revenue==
The annual revenue of the estate was about Rs. 300,000 in 1935, out of which Rs. 38,440 was paid annually as tribute to [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":0" />

==Rulers==
[[Rao Raja]] of Uniara belongs to the [[Kachhwaha]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and is the head of the [[Naruka]] branch of the family settled in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layall |first=K. C. B. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117113 |title=Rajputana And Ajmer List Of Ruling Princes, Chiefs And Leading Personages Seventh Edition |date=1938 |pages=82}}</ref> Like the [[Maharaja]] of [[Alwar State|Alwar]] and the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Lawa Thikana|Lawa]], the [[Rao Raja]] claims descent from Naru, a great-grandson of Udaikaran, the ruler of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hendley |first=Thomas Holbein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LuLCP-2-KeIC |title=Ulwar and Its Art Treasures |date=1888 |publisher=W. Griggs |language=en}}</ref> [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]] conferred the title of [[Rao (title)|Rao]] and [[Madho Singh I]] that of [[Raja]] on the rulers of Uniara.<ref name=":4" />

Succession was governed by the rule of lineal primogeniture.<ref name=":3" /> Upon the ruler's death, the eldest son would inherit the estate, and suitable provisions would be made for the younger sons.<ref name=":3" /> If the ruler left no heirs, the nearest relative in the line of succession would take his place.<ref name=":3" />

=== List of rulers ===
Rulers were:<ref name=":5" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|Chandrabhan
|1638
|1660
|-
|Harji
|
|
|-
|Fateh Singh
|
|
|-
|Sangram Singh
|
|
|-
|Ajit Singh
|
|
|-
|Sardar Singh I
|
|1778
|-
|Bishan Singh
|
|
|-
|Bhim Singh
|
|
|-
|Fateh Singh
|
|
|-
|Sangram Singh
|
|1886
|-
|Guman Singh
|1886
|1913
|-
|[[Sardar Singh II]]
|1913
|1947
|}

=== Titular rulers ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|[[Sardar Singh II]]
|1947
|1969
|-
|Rajendra Singh
|1969
|
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Rao Raja Bishan Singh Ji of Uniara Listening to Musicians, Honolulu Museum of Art, 10802.1.JPG|Rao Raja Bishan Singh of Uniara listening to musicians.
File:Uniara painting 1.jpg|Rao Raja Sardar Singh of Uniara worshiping Lord Krishna.
File:Rao Raja of Uniara with his son.jpg|Rao Raja Rajendra Singh of Uniara with his son and successor Dalpat Singh.
File:MET DP156131.jpg|Rao Raja Bishan Singh of Uniara.
</gallery>

==References==
<references />

[[Category: History of Jaipur]]
[[Category: Former principalities]]

Sundar Menon

2026-03-13T21:14:19Z

KevinArden: made article

{{Short description|Indian Entrepreneur and Philanthropist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=February 2026}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sundar Menon
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|03|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = [[Businessperson]]
| known_for = Founder & CEO of Sun Group International
| spouse =
| children = 2
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Sundar Menon''' (born 1962) is a [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]]-based Indian entrepreneur, and the founder of The Sun Group International.

== Early life and education ==
Sundar Menon was born in 1962. He graduated in economics, and further completed an MBA. The European Continental University (EUC-USA) awarded him with an Honorary Doctorate in 2015 for his contributions towards the economic development of the GCC.<ref name="Honorary Doctorate">{{cite web |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/09/02/2015/honorary-doctorate-9 |title=Honorary doctorate |date= 9 February 2015 |publisher=The Peninsula}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sundar Menon arrived in [[Qatar]] in 1986, and worked for various firms. In the early 1990s, he had joined a British Oil Field Service Company based in [[Doha]] as a business executive.

He founded the Sun Group International in 1999, with its first company in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. The group has operations in the UAE, Qatar, Panama and India. The main business interests of the subsidiaries of Sun group include petrochemicals, natural resources, transportation and real estate.<ref name="Padmashri Dr. Sundar Menon">{{cite web |url=https://uae.malayali.directory/special-pages/dr-sundar-menon/ |title= Padmashri Dr. Sundar Menon is a prominent figure among the NRI businessmen in the Gulf region |date= 18 November 2015 |publisher=UAE malayali Directory}}</ref>

He was honored with [[Padma Shri|Padmashri]] award by the Government of [[India]] in the year 2016, for his contribution in the field of Social Work.<ref name="Indian Eagle">{{cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=UAE |title=Kerala-born NRI Businessman Dr Sundar Menon Receives Padma Shri for Social Work |work=Indian Eagle |date=17 July 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=UAE |title= Padma Awards 2016, UAE |work=Ministry of Home Affairs |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/indian-expat-awarded-padma-shri-for-social-work-1.1661977 |title= Indian Expat Awarded Padma Shri For Social Work |date= 28 January 2016 |publisher=The Gulf News}}</ref> He has been arrested by the Kerala police for financial fraud.<ref name="Padma Shri awardee Sundar C Menon arrested for cheating investors of Rs 7.7 cr in Thrissur">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri awardee Sundar C Menon arrested for cheating investors of Rs 7.7 cr in Thrissur |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/06/padma-shri-awardee-sundar-menon-arrested-financial-fraud-thrissur.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> At present, he has 18 cases pending against him.<ref name="Padma Shri awardee Sundar C Menon arrested for cheating investors of Rs 7.7 cr in Thrissur"/> It has been reported that he has cheated 7.7 millions of rupees from different people.<ref name="Padma Shri awardee Sundar Menon arrested for ‘Rs 7-crore investment fraud’">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Padma Shri awardee Sundar Menon arrested for 'Rs 7-crore investment fraud' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-shri-awardee-sundar-menon-arrested-investment-fraud-9496493/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
*[[Padma Shri|Padma Shri Award]] by the [[Government of India]] on 31 March 2016<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=UAE |title= Padma Awards 2016, UAE |work=Ministry of Home Affairs |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
* Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Award in 2015<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-2015-uae-winners/
|title=Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Award
|publisher=asianentrepreneur.org}}</ref>
*Forbes Top 100 Indian Business Leaders in the Arab World 2013 Arabian Business Magazine<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/list/the-top-indian-business-leaders-in-the-arab-world-2016-owners/
|title=Forbes Top 100 Indian Business Leaders in the Arab World
|work=Forbes Middle East}}</ref>
*100 most powerful Indians in the Gulf 2012<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/list/100-most-powerful-indians-in-gulf-475970-html
|title=100 most powerful Indians in the Gulf 2012
|publisher=Arabian Business}}</ref>
*Indo British Business Excellence Award<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/m-k-muneer-ptm-sunish-bag-indo-british-award-516517-2015-11-20
|title=M K Muneer, PTM Sunish bag Indo-British award
|date=20 November 2015
|author=PTI
|newspaper=India Today
|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Forbes]] magazine Top Indian leaders in the Middle East and UAE<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pname/sundar-menon/pid/78790/
|title=profile section
|publisher=forbesmiddleeast.com}}</ref>
*TGM Award for Maritime Solutions and Philanthropy-AMMA Award 2015<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ammafoundation.com.my/
|title=AMMA Award 2015
|publisher=ammafoundation.com.my}}</ref>
*Arabian Business Award in 2012<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-indians-in-gulf-476064.html
|title=REVEALED: The Gulf's 100 most powerful Indians
|publisher=arabianbusiness.com}}</ref>
*Kerala State Vyapari Vyavasayi Samithi Business Excellence Award<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://uae.malayali.directory/special-pages/dr-sundar-menon/
|title=Padmashri Dr. Sundar Menon
|date=18 November 2015
|publisher=uae.malayali.directory}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sundarmenon.com Official website]
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Sundar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Qatar]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Vijaya Lalitha

2026-03-07T11:29:13Z

KevinArden: typo fix

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijayalalitha
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Anaparthy, East Godavari District, Andhrapradesh,[[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 1962-1997
| height =
| death_date =
}}
[[File:Rajanala_Duet_Song.jpg | thumb | right | Vijaya Lalitha with Rajanala]]
'''Vijayalalitha''' or '''Vijaya Lalitha''' was an Indian actress who appeared in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] films in the 1960s and 1970s. She is best known for her appearances in ''[[Rani Mera Naam]]'' (1972), ''Baazigar'' (1972) and ''[[Sakshi (1967 film)|Saakshi]]'' (1967). She is also the aunt of [[Vijayashanti]], Telugu [[superstar]] actress turned politician.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=சரோஜினி |date=2019-06-19 |title=லேடி ஜேம்ஸ்பாண்ட் விஜயலலிதா இப்போது என்ன செய்து கொண்டிருக்கிறார்?! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2019/Jun/19/do-you-remember-lady-james-bond-vijayalalitha-3174784.html |language=ta}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Vijayalalitha is a relative to actress [[Vijayashanti]]. Vijayashanti is the daughter of Vijayalalitha's elder sister. Vijaya Lalitha has acted in 860 movies.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Career==
Lalitha starred in many Telugu films in the 1960s and 1970s. She also starred in Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and a few Hindi movies, such as ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'', ''[[Rani Mera Naam]]'' and ''[[Haathkadi (1995 film)|Hathkadi]]''. She was well known as the "Female James Bond" in the Tamil and Telugu industries and was frequently paired with "South India James Bond" actor [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] in many Tamil movies. Her dance and song sequence "Palinginal Oru Maalikai" from ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'' is known as an evergreen until now. Some of her memorable Tamil movies together with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] are ''[[Neelagiri Express]]'', ''Kannan Varuvan'', ''[[Kalam Vellum]]'', ''Mappilai Azhaippu'', ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'', ''[[Nil Gavani Kadhali]]'', ''[[Akka Thangai]]'', ''[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]'', ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'', ''Ner Vazhi'', ''Delhi To Madras'' and more. She acted in several female-oriented movies and is known for her punctuality in film sets. She regularly acted with N. T. Rama Rao and Akkeneni Nageswara Rao in Telugu movies. She produced the Telugu movie, ''[[Oka Nari Vanda Thupakulu|Oka Naari Vanda Thupaakulu]]'' (1973) and cast herself as the heroine as well. She was very famous at her career peak in 1977 to 1981, receiving more movies. Within a short period, she created sensation as an action heroine. In some of the Tamil movies she appeared in arrogant and negative roles. She acted opposite [[Nagesh]] in ''[[Then Kinnam]]'', ''Hello Partner'' and with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in ''[[Kadhal Vaaganam]]''. She portrayed "Sheela", an arrogant girl in ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]''. Throughout 3 decades, Vijayalalitha has acted in 860 movies majoring all 4 South Indian and Hindi languages as well.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}. Vijayalalitha is more known in Kannada cinema as the bar dancer in the song "Jokae Nannu Balliya Minchu" from the film ''[[Paropakari]]''.

==Selected filmography==
In order of languages in which she acted the most to fewest films.

===Telugu===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Bheemanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Aggi Dora]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Devuni Gelichina Manavudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devuni Gelichina Manavudu (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ALLN |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1967) as Mitravinda
# ''[[Gudachari 116]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Peddakkayya]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Premalo Pramaadam]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Private Master]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Raktha Sindhooram]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Sakshi (1967 film)|Saakshi]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Aggi Dora]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggi Dora (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MHM |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1967) as Chitra
# ''[[Veera Pooja]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Aggi Meeda Guggilam]]'' (1968) as Aruna
# ''[[Amayakudu]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Bangaru Sankellu]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Bhale Monagadu]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Bharya (1968 film)|Bharya]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Devudichina Bhartha]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Kalisochina Adrushtam]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Kumkuma Barani]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Nadamanthrapu Siri]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Nindu Samsaram]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Ninne Pellaaduthaa]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Pedaraasi Peddamma katha]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Talli Tandrulu]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Vintha Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintha Kapuram Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/vintha-kapuram-1968#overview}}</ref> (1968) as Kalpana
# ''[[Sri Rama Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NQE |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969)
# ''[[Devudichina Bhartha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devudichina Bhartha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NIE |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969) as Mayawati
# ''[[Adrustavanthulu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Aggi Veerudu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Bhale Rangadu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Jarigina Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarigina Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NJU |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969) as Manjula
# ''[[Bommalu Cheppina Katha]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Gandara Gandadu]]'' (1969) as Manjari
# ''[[Jagath Kilaadeelu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Mathru Devatha]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Akka Chellelu]]'' (1969) as Asha, dancer
# ''[[Panchakalyani Dongala Rani]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Sattekaalapu Satteyya]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Koothuru Kodalu]]''
# ''[[Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Aasthulu Anthasthulu]]''(1969)
# ''[[Basti Kilaadeelu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Bhale Ettu Chivaraku Chithu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Jagath Jetteelu]]'' (1970) as Julie
# ''[[Basti Kilaadeelu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Pasidi Manasulu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Maa Naanna Nirdhoshi]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Merupu Veerudu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Pacchani Samsaram]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Paga Saadhistaa]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Pasidi Manasulu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Pettandarulu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Suguna Sundari Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suguna Sundari Katha |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/suguna-sundari-katha/cast/2000129873/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=TV Guide |language=en}}</ref> (1970) as [[Tilottama]]/Swarna Manjari
# ''[[Vidhi Vilasam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidhi Vilasam (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OEQ |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1970) as Lalitha
# ''[[Thaali Bottu]]'' (1970) as Lalitha
# ''[[Yamalokapu Goodhachari]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Ukku Pidugu]]''
# ''[[Sapthaswaralu]]''
# ''[[Andariki Monagaadu]]'' (1971)
# ''Andam Kosam Pandem'' (1971) as Himani
# ''[[Anuradha telugu film|Anuradha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuradha 1971 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Anuradha Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/anuradha-1164/cast-crew |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref> (1971) as Vijaya
# ''[[Chalaki Rani Kilaadi Raja]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Rowdeelaku Rowdeelu]]'' (1971) as Vijaya
# ''James Bond 777'' (1971)
# ''[[Kathiki Kankanam]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Basti Bulbul]]'' (1971) as Pratima
# ''[[Revolver Rani (1971 film)|Revolver Rani]]'' (1971) as Rani
# ''[[Bullemma Bullodu]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Nijam Nirupistha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nijam Nirupistha (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PEX |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1972) as Lalitha
# ''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' (1972) as Jaya, wife of Krishnam Raju
# ''[[Manuvu Manasu]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Nindu Kutumbam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nindu Kutumbam on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/nindu-kutumbam |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref> (1973) as Radha
# ''[[Oka Nari Vanda Thupakulu]]'' (1973) - producer as well
# ''[[Mallamma Katha]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Doctor Babu]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Palleturi Chinnodu]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Uttama Illalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttama Illalu (1974) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QPG |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1974) as Latha
# ''[[Manushullo Devudu]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Chairman Chalamayya]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Mooga Prema]]'' (1975)
# ''[[Aradhana (1976 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1976)
# ''Aalu Magalu'' (1977)
# ''[[Seetha Rama Vanavasam]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Kollimalai Kumarigal]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Kamalamma Kamatham]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Andadu Aagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhadu Aagadu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AMIP |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1979) as Menaka
# ''[[Devudu Mamayya]]'' (1981)
# ''Prathikaram'' (1982)
# ''[[Aadadaani Sawaal]]'' (1983)
# ''Railu Dopidi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railu Dopidi on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/railu-dopidi |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref> (1984) as Rani
# ''[[Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam Full Length Movie {{!}}{{!}} Super Star Krishna, Keerthi | date=9 December 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIlQzaweMiE |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> (1986) as Himabindu
# ''Hanthakudi Veta'' (1987)
# ''[[Aarthanadham]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Aarthanadam Telugu Full Movie {{!}} Rajasekhar, Seetha, Chandra Mohan | date=16 September 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzuN4hhK87A |access-date=23 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> (1989) as Neelaveni
# ''[[Intinta Deepavali]]'' (1990)
# ''[[Mama Alludu]]'' (1991)
# ''[[Naa Pellaam Naa Ishtam]]'' (1991)
# ''[[Pandirimancham]]'' (1991)
# ''[[Chinna Rayudu]]'' (1992) as Kameswari
# ''[[Mother India (1992 film)|Mother India]]'' (1992)
# ''Naga Jyothi'' (1993)
# ''[[Jailor Gari Abbayi]]'' (1994)
# ''[[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]'' (1996) as Mantrala Maanchaala
{{div col end}}

===Tamil===
''This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.''
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Valli Vara Pora]]'' (1995)
# ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' (1989)
# ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' (1988)
# ''[[Visha Kanni]]'' (1985)
# ''[[Thunichalkari]]'' (1982)
# ''[[CID Vijaya]]'' (1980)
# ''[[Nallathoru Kudumbam]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Suprabatham]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Ungalil Oruthi]]'' (1976)
# ''[[Jai Balaji (film)|Jai Balaji]]'' (1976)
# ''[[Hotel Sorgam]]'' (1975)
# ''[[Kai Niraya Kaasu]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Enna Muthalali Soukkiyama]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Delhi To Madras]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Mappilai Azhaippu]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Kannan Varuvan (1970 film)|Kannan Varuvan]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Savaluku Saval]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Hello Partner]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Gun Fight Kanchana]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Nangu Suvargal]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Then Kinnam]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Meendum Vazhven]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Ethiroli]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Kalyana Oorvalam]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Kalam Vellum]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Namma Veettu Deivam]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Patham Pasali]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Revolver Reeta]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Sorgam]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Thirudan]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Nil Gavani Kadhali]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Anjal Petti 520]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Akka Thangai]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Ner Vazhi]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Kadhal Vaaganam]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Neelagiri Express]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Ethirigal Jakkirathai]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Kathal Paduthum Padu]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Kaattumaina]]'' (1963)
{{div col end}}

===Malayalam===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Eettappuli]]'' (1983)
# ''[[Sanchari]]'' (1981)
# ''[[Iniyum Kaanaam]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Vijayam Nammude Senani]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Ponnil Kulicha Rathri]]'' (1979)
# ''Avalude Prathikaram'' (1979)
# ''[[Ithaanente Vazhi]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Thacholi Ambu]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Black Belt (1978 film)|Black Belt]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Aalmaaraattam]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Ashokavanam]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Society Lady]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Puthariyankam]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Snehikkan Samayamilla]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Paavaadakkaari]]'' (1978)
# ''[[Pattalam Janaki]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Penpuli]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Kannappanunni]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Alibabayum 41 Kallanmaarum]]'' (1975)
# ''[[Pennpada]]'' (1975) as Sreedevi & Geetha (Double Role)
# ''[[Arakkallan Mukkalkkallan]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Vrindavanam (1974 film)|Vrindavanam]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Saraswathi (film)|Saraswathi]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Mister Kerala]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Viplavakarikal]]'' (1968) as Radha
# ''[[Cochin Express]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Sheelavathi]]'' (1967)
{{div col end}}

===Kannada===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Parvathi Kalyana]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Devara Gedda Manava]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Jedara Bale]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Bangalore Mail]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Choori Chikkanna]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Chikkamma]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Paropakari]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Rangamahal Rahasya]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Modala Rathri]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Bidugade]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Viplava Vanithe]]'' (1975)
# ''[[Kalla Kulla]]'' (1975)
# ''[[Banashankari (film)|Banashankari]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Sose Tanda Soubhagya]] '' (First cinema scope Kannada film 1977)
# ''[[Bhoolokadalli Yamaraja]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Mallige Hoove]]'' (1992)
{{div col end}}

===Hindi===
# ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitan]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Rani Mera Naam]]'' (1972) as Rani
# ''[[Baazigar (1972 film)|Baazigar]] '' (1972)
# ''[[Lok Parlok]]'' (1979)
# ''[[Haathkadi (1995 film)|Hathkadi]]'' (1995) as Latha (Major's wife)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0897211}}
* [https://m3db.com/films-acted/23779 Vijayalalitha-M3db]
* [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/specials/movies-music/madhu80/--1.211429 മധുവിന്റെ പ്രമുഖ നായികമാർ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606132654/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/specials/movies-music/madhu80/--1.211429 |date=6 June 2019 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHeZrT5peoM Roudeelaku Roudeelu Full Movie in YouTube]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalitha, Vijaya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada

2026-03-07T08:45:47Z

KevinArden:

{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tula Shikvin Changalach Dhada ZM.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Ericon Telefilms
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|05|25|df=yes}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|13|df=yes}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 736
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer = [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]]
| producer = [[Sharmishtha Raut]] Tejas Desai
| country = India
| director = Chandrakant Gaikwad
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada''''' ({{translation|I will teach you a good lesson}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shivani Rangole and Hrishikesh Shelar starrer new TV show 'Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada' to premiere soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shivani-rangole-and-hrishikesh-shelar-starrer-new-tv-show-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/97681824.cms|access-date=2023-02-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Hrishikesh Shelar, [[Kavita Lad]] and Shivani Rangole in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada to air 'Jejuri' special episode of Akshara and Adhipati - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-to-air-jejuri-special-episode-of-akshara-and-adhipati/articleshow/104531749.cms|access-date=2023-10-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced by [[Sharmishtha Raut]] and Tejas Desai under the banner of ''Ericon Telefilms''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akshara and Adhipati to get engaged - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-akshara-and-adhipati-to-get-engaged/articleshow/103304486.cms|access-date=2023-09-02|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The series premiered from 13 March 2023 and ended on 25 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akshara to find out a person who is giving a wrong treatment to Charuhaas - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-akshara-to-find-out-a-person-who-is-giving-a-wrong-treatment-to-charuhaas/articleshow/105558925.cms|access-date=2023-11-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is directed by Chandrakant Gaikwad and written by [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharmishtha Raut turns producer for Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada; says, "Starting a new journey with the support of my husband Tejas" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sharmishtha-raut-turns-producer-for-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-says-starting-a-new-journey-with-the-support-of-my-husband-tejas/articleshow/97727026.cms|access-date=2023-02-08|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Having contrasting mindsets, sparks fly when Akshara, a teacher who values education encounters Bhuvaneshwari, a rich woman for whom money means everything.<ref>{{Cite web|title=तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट, भुवनेश्वरीची घरात एन्ट्री, अधिपतीने धरले पाय|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-new-promo-bhuvneshwari-entry-new-promo-see-the-details/|access-date=2024-09-24|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Shivani Rangole as Akshara Jaideo Aamonkar / Akshara Adhipati Suryavanshi<ref>{{Cite web|title=अखेर अक्षराला समजलं भुवनेश्वरीचं सत्य! अधिपतीची खरी आई कोण? ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’ मालिकेत नवीन ट्विस्ट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-akshara-will-get-to-know-the-truth-of-bhuvaneshwari-watch-new-promo-sva-00-4152443/|access-date=2024-01-11|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Hrishikesh Shelar as Adhipati Charuhas Suryavanshi<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षरासमोर येणार भुवनेश्वरीचा भूतकाळ; चारुहास सुनेला सांगणार सत्य? ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’ मालिकेत मोठा ट्विस्ट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-new-twist-charuhas-reveals-truth-of-bhuvneshwari-sva-00-4148738/|access-date=2024-01-09|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Suryavanshi family
* [[Kavita Lad]] as Bhuvaneshwari Charuhas Suryavanshi (Charulata)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Char Divas Sasuche fame Kavita Lad Medhekar to play a negative role in 'Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/char-divas-sasuche-fame-kavita-lad-medhekar-to-play-a-negative-role-in-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada/articleshow/98045094.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Swapnil Rajshekhar]] as Charuhas Suryavanshi<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षराचा जीव धोक्यात! अधिपती कशी करणार बायकोची मदत? ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’मध्ये येणार मोठा ट्विस्ट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-new-twist-akshara-attacked-by-unknown-person-sva-00-4088316/|access-date=2023-12-07|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Sandhya Mhatre as Aaji<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षरा-अधिपतीच्या मधुचंद्रात भुवनेश्वरी टाकणार मिठाचा खडा|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/bhuvneshwari-will-spoil-akshara-adhipatis-honeymoon-night-in-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-kds07|access-date=2024-06-15|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Dipti Sonawane as Durgeshwari Vichare<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tujhyat Jeev Rangla gave me an identity: Dipti Sonawane - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tujhyat-jeev-rangla-gave-me-an-identity-dipti-sonawane/articleshow/101941376.cms|access-date=2023-07-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Virisha Naik as Chanchala Vichare<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada is my second TV show, and I am trying to learn many things from my co-actors, says Virisha Naik - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-is-my-second-tv-show-and-i-am-trying-to-learn-many-things-from-my-co-actors-says-virish-naik/articleshow/102009106.cms|access-date=2023-07-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

;Aamonkar family
* Devendra Deo as Jaideo Aamonkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपती-अक्षरा यांच्या प्रेमाची होते आहे नवीन सुरुवात, पण भुवनेश्वरी आणणार दोघांत अडथळा, दोघांचे प्रेम बहरणार का?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-update-new-twist-of-love-between-adhipati-and-akshara/|access-date=2024-05-19|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Ruta Kale as Ira Jaideo Aamonkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपती अक्षराच्या प्रेमात बेधुंद, मास्तरीणबाई देतील का प्रेमाची कबुली?, दोघांमधील प्रेम फुलणार का?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-promo-akshara-and-adhipati-romantic-moment/|access-date=2024-05-17|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Ruplaxmi Shinde as Vidya Jaideo Aamonkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतींच्या आयुष्यातील सरगमची ढवळाढवळ अक्षराला सहन होईना, समजही दिली अन्…; प्रोमो पाहून उत्सुकता शिगेला|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-sargams-interference-in-the-adhipatis-life-not-tolerated-by-akshara/|access-date=2024-05-10|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>

;Others
* [[Vijay Gokhale]] as Satyabodh Phulpagare<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षरा-अधिपतीचं वटपौर्णिमा स्पेशल भन्नाट गाणं, नवऱ्यासाठी घातली डिझाइनर नथ, मास्तरीण बाईंच्या दिलखेच अदावर सगळेच फिदा|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-adhipati-and-aksharas-vatpaurnima-special-video-shared-on-social-media/|access-date=2024-06-19|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Akshay Vinchurkar as Kamal Kanfade<ref>{{Cite web|title=अखेर अक्षराने अधिपतीला म्हटलं आय लव्ह यु, दोघांमध्ये बहरणार प्रेम, पण भुवनेश्वरी नवा डाव खेळणार का?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-promo-akshara-confess-her-love-front-of-adhipati-video-viral/|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Pranita Salunkhe as Meena Mohite<ref>{{Cite web|title=पैसे कमावण्यासाठी अधिपतीचा कुस्ती खेळण्याचा निर्णय, अक्षराला नवऱ्याला साथ देणार का?, दोघांचंही बदलणार आयुष्य|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-new-promo-adhipati-will-be-wrestling-for-money/|access-date=2024-06-28|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Saniya Chaudhari as Sargam<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतीच्या आयुष्यात दुसऱ्या मास्तरीणबाईंची एण्ट्री, अक्षराला होईल का प्रेमाची जाणीव?|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/tula-shikwin-changlach-dhada-new-promo-viral-on-zee-marathi-insta-page-sanniya-chaudhari-entry/articleshow/109720992.cms|access-date=2024-04-30|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Tejas Barve as Madan<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा' मालिकेत दिसणार 'हा' लोकप्रिय अभिनेता; 'झी मराठी'सोबत आहे खास कनेक्शन|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/marathi-actor-tejas-barve-entry-in-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-new-promo-viral-a-a991/|access-date=2025-01-24|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Mayur More as Nikhil<ref>{{Cite web|title=तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा: अक्षरा-अधिपतीच्या नात्यात भुवनेश्वरी आणणार दुरावा, काय असेल तिचा नवीन कट? पाहा प्रोमो|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-new-promo-bhuvneshwari-creates-new-plan-for-akshara-and-adhipati-sva-00-4424022/|access-date=2024-06-12|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Gauri Sonar as Shivani<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षरा व चंचला एकाच स्पर्धेमध्ये होणार सहभागी, भुवनेश्वरी सूनबाईंना हरवण्यासाठी खेळणार नवी खेळी, अधिपतीचा पाठिंबा कोणाला?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-new-video-out-on-social-media/|access-date=2024-04-12|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Om Rane as Omkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’ मालिकेत प्रेमाच्या परीक्षेत मिळेल अधिपतीला अक्षराची साथ?|url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-will-akshara-help-the-ruler-in-the-test-of-love/711922/|access-date=2024-02-24|website=My Mahanagar|language=mr}}</ref>
* Pankaj Panchariya as Ravya<ref>{{Cite web|title=चारुलता की भुवनेश्वरी? अधिपतीची जन्मदात्री आणि अक्षराची भेट; मालिकेला पुन्हा नवं वळण|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-update-zee-marathi-serial-television-news-in-marathi-1303938|access-date=2024-08-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Pravin Prabhakar as Pavya<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा'मध्ये नवा ट्विस्ट, अक्षरा आणि भुवनेश्वरीच्या नात्यामध्ये बदल होणार?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/a-new-twist-in-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-akshara-and-bhuvaneshwaris-relationship-will-change-a-a603/|access-date=2024-04-16|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Nikhil Rajeshirke as Sarvadnya<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतीचा संसार मोडण्यासाठी भुवनेश्वरीने गाणं शिकवणाऱ्या मुलीला दिले पैसे, अक्षरापासून कायमचा दूर होणार का?, नवं वादळ|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-update-new-promo/|access-date=2024-05-07|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Rucha Modak as Sumati<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतीला गाणं शिकवणारी शिक्षिका भुवनेश्वरीच्या सांगण्यावरुन त्याच्या प्रेमात पडणार का? ‘ते’ दृश्य पाहून अक्षराने नवऱ्याला खडसावलं, प्रेमाचा नवीन ट्विस्ट|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-upadte-new-twist/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Prajakta Dhere as Mitali<ref>{{Cite web|title=“आईचा बैल आणि आता…”, अक्षरा-अधिपतीचा नवा रोमँटिक प्रोमो पाहून प्रेक्षक भडकले, म्हणाले, “मालिका फ्लॉप, तिला बाहेर काढलं आणि…”|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-new-promo-out-netizens-have-made-negative-comments-on-the-new-video/|access-date=2024-02-15|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
* Ravindra Kulkarni<ref>{{Cite web|title=“हनिमूनवरुन आल्यावर राडा होणार”, अक्षरा-अधिपतीचा हनिमून व्हिडीओ पाहून प्रेक्षकांच्या कमेंट, म्हणाले, “दोघांचं नातं…”|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-honeymoon-special-video-netizens-expressed-their-mixed-reactions-know-more/|access-date=2024-07-24|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="9"|2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/zee-marathi-award-2023-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-won-best-serial-best-hero-and-best-heroin-award-check-list-here/articleshow/104978073.cms|title=सर्वोत्कृष्ट नायक, नायिका ते बेस्ट सीरियल... झी मराठी अवॉर्ड सोहळ्यात या मालिकेचीच हवा|access-date=2023-11-05|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|Best Actor
|rowspan="2"|Hrishikesh Shelar
|rowspan="2"|Adhipati Suryavanshi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतीच्या खऱ्या आईचा घरात प्रवेश, तर चारूहास त्याचवेळी आत्महत्या करण्यास गेले अन्…; भुवनेश्वरीची खेळी की आणखी काही?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-zee-marathi-serial-update-charulata-enter-in-suryawanshi-house-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/|access-date=2024-08-14|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Son-in-law
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=भुवनेश्वरी आणि चारुलताच्या गोंधळात अक्षराच वेडी ठरणार; नेटकरी म्हणाले, “शिक्षिका असून सुद्धा…”|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/bhuvaneshwari-and-charulatas-confusion-everyone-will-doubt-akshara-new-promo-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-netizens-reacts-nsp-98-4701513/|access-date=2024-11-10|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Female
|rowspan="2"|[[Kavita Lad]]
|rowspan="2"|Bhuvaneshwari Suryavanshi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=दहीहंडी फोडताना अधिपतीला मारण्याचा प्रयत्न, नवऱ्याला वाचवण्यासाठी अक्षराचं मोठं पाऊल, काय घडणार?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-new-promo-adhipati-and-akshara-dahihandi-special-video/|access-date=2024-08-27|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Negative Actress
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा मालिकेत भुवनेश्वरीची एन्ट्री, अक्षराला सासूबाई दिसली अन्…; नवीन प्रोमोने वेधलं लक्ष|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changalach-dhada-marathi-serial-update-bhuvaneshwaris-entry-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/|access-date=2024-11-02|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|Shivani Rangole
|Akshara Suryavanshi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा मालिकेत सुरु होणार नवा अध्याय, अक्षरा होणार आई, प्रोमो व्हायरल|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-update-new-twist-akshara-is-pregnant-promo-viral-on-social-media/|access-date=2024-12-20|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Couple
|Shivani Rangole-Hrishikesh Shelar
|Akshara-Adhipati
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=भुवनेश्वरीच चारुलता असल्याचे सत्य अक्षरासमोर येणार, ‘त्या’ कृतीमुळे मास्तरीण बाईंनी अचूक ओळखलं, नवं वळण|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changalach-dhada-serial-updates-akshara-realizes-that-charulata-is-bhuvaneshwari-new-promo-viral/|access-date=2024-11-06|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedy Male
|[[Vijay Gokhale]]
|Satyabodh Phulpagare
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षराने उधळला सासूच्या लग्नाचा डाव, भुवनेश्वरीने हात जोडत मागितली माफी, चारुहास-अधिपती माफ करणार का?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-updates-akshara-brought-to-the-fore-the-fact-that-bhuvaneswari-is-charulata/|access-date=2024-11-27|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Grandmother
|Sandhya Mhatre
|Aaji
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=एकीकडे चारुलताचे लग्न, दुसरीकडे अक्षरा संकटात, अधिपती वाचवणार का?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-update-new-promo-that-akshara-will-be-in-crisis-will-the-adhipati-protect-his-wife/|access-date=2024-11-14|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Series
|[[Sharmishtha Raut]]
|Producer
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतीच्या गैरसमजामुळे अक्षरा घर सोडणार?, भुवनेश्वरीची चाल यशस्वी, मालिकेत मोठा ट्विस्ट|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changalach-dhada-promo-akshara-will-leave-the-house-due-to-the-misunderstanding-of-the-adhipati/|access-date=2024-12-12|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aj-from-navari-mile-hitlerla-won-best-son-in-law-and-best-serial-award-goes-to-paaru-read-zee-marathi-award-2024-winners-list-here-psn14|title='या' मालिकेने जिंकले सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार तर अक्षरा अधिपतीचा झाला हिरमोड, वाचा 'झी मराठी अवॉर्ड २०२४ 'च्या विजेत्यांची नावं|website=[[Sakal]]|access-date=2024-10-28|language=mr}}</ref>
|Best Son
|Hrishikesh Shelar
|Adhipati Suryavanshi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=हनिमूनवरुन घरी परतले अधिपती-अक्षरा, भूवनेश्वरीला घराबाहेर काढल्याचे सत्य समजताच वडिलांची कॉलर पकडली अन्…|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-adhipati-akshara-marathi-serial-new-promo-entertainment-news/|access-date=2024-08-02|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Negative Actress
|[[Kavita Lad]]
|Bhuvaneshwari Suryavanshi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतीनेच अक्षराला काढलं घराबाहेर, भुवनेश्वरीचा प्लॅन यशस्वी, मोठा ट्विस्ट|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changalach-dhada-promo-adhipati-took-akshara-out-of-the-house-bhuvaneswari-plan-was-successful-big-twist/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==
=== Mahasangam ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Series !! Ref.
|-
|20–26 November 2023
|''[[Saara Kahi Tichyasathi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपतीकडूनच अक्षराचा सर्वात मोठा विश्वासघात, भुवनेश्वरीच्या प्लॅनमध्ये सहभाग; आता नेमकं कोणतं वळण येणार?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tula-shikvin-changalach-dhada-zee-marathi-serial-episode-highlights-television-marathi-news-1329981/amp|access-date=2024-11-30|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Special episode ===
==== 1 hour ====
# 11 June 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा' मालिकेत मोठा ट्विस्ट, भर लग्नातून अधिपती आणि अक्षरा झाले गायब|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/tula-shikvin-changalach-dhada-marathi-serial-episodic-a-a592/|access-date=2023-06-07|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 9 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=नवरा मुलगा पोहोचलाय दारात अक्षरा अडकली संकटात; मास्तरीण बाईंना संकटातून सोडवणार अधिपती...|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tula-shikvin-changalach-dhada-marathi-serial-latest-update-know-details-1183098|access-date=2023-06-10|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 30 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title='माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ' पाठोपाठ झी मराठीवरील आणखी एक प्रसिद्ध मालिका घेणार प्रेक्षकांचा निरोप|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/after-mazhi-tuzhi-reshimgath-on-zee-marathi-this-serial-goes-off-air-soon-a592/|access-date=2023-03-04|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 20 August 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा' मालिकेत घटस्थापनेच्या दिवशी दुर्गेश्वरीनं रचलं कारस्थान; प्रोमो पाहून नेटकरी म्हणाले, “हाकलून द्या…”|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dahda-marathi-serial-new-promo-netizens-react-on-social-media-nsp-98-4623105/|access-date=2024-09-29|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 3 September 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=रिअल नव्हे तर रील लाइफमध्ये शिवानी रांगोळेने केला थाटामाटात साखरपुडा, अक्षरा-अधिपतीच्या साखरपुड्याचे फोटो आले समोर|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-akshara-and-adhipati-engagement-photos-viral-on-social-media-sva-00-3884477/|access-date=2023-08-30|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 19 November 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/akshara-adhipati-first-night-after-marriage-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-new-promo-pps-98-4029227/|title=अक्षरा-अधिपतीच्या लग्नानंतरच्या पहिल्या रात्रीत काय घडणार?, पाहा प्रोमो|access-date=2023-11-05|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 7 January 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘या’ कारणासाठी अधिपती उचलणार मास्तरीण बाईवर हात; ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’ मध्ये होणार आजवरचा सर्वात मोठा खुलासा|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/new-twist-in-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-bhuvaneshwari-when-akshara-exposes-bhuvaneshwari-truth-to-adhipati-pps-98-4153572/|access-date=2024-01-12|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 28 January 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपती मास्तरीणबाईंना काढणार घराबाहेर! ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’ मालिकेत भुवनेश्वरीमुळे येणार मोठा ट्विस्ट, पाहा प्रोमो|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-new-twist-adhipati-will-throw-wife-akshara-out-of-the-house-watch-new-promo-sva-00-4161583/|access-date=2024-01-16|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 4 February 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा' मालिकेत अक्षराचे भुवनेश्वरी विरोधात बंड|url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-update-new-twist-in-aksharas-role-article-107012804|access-date=2024-01-29|website=[[Times Now]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 3 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=लग्नानंतरची पहिली दिवाळी साजरी करताना अक्षरा-अधिपतीमध्ये नेमकं काय घडणार? जाणून घ्या…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/what-will-actually-happen-between-akshara-and-adhipati-while-celebrating-the-first-diwali-after-marriage-in-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-pps-98-4044001/|access-date=2023-11-14|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 30 March 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=चारुलता की भुवनेश्वरी? अक्षरा पडली संभ्रमात; ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’ मालिकेचा जबरदस्त प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-new-twist-what-is-the-truth-about-charulata-and-bhuvaneshvari-watch-promo-nsp-98-4680305/|access-date=2024-10-29|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 6 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षरा घरी परतल्यानंतर भुवनेश्वरीचा पुन्हा तिला बाहेर काढण्याचा प्रयत्न, सूनेने चांगलेच सुनावले खडेबोल, अधिपती काय निर्णय घेणार?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-daily-updates-akshara-entry-in-suryavanshi-home-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/|access-date=2025-01-17|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
# 27 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title="बंद करा ही मालिका" चारूहास भुवनेश्वरीशी लग्नाला तयार झालेला पाहून प्रेक्षक संतापले ; म्हणाले..|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/charuhas-propose-bhuvneshwari-for-marriage-with-condition-to-bring-akshara-back-to-home-in-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-zee-marathi-entertainment-news-kds07|access-date=2025-04-10|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr}}</ref>
# 25 May 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=भुवनेश्वरीचं सत्य समोर आणण्याचा अक्षराचा अजुनही प्रयत्न, अधिपतीला जाळ्यात ओढण्यासाठी आईचा नवा डाव, गोंधळ उडणार|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-update-akshara-will-bring-the-truth-of-bhuvaneshwari-with-the-help-of-bajrang/|access-date=2024-12-04|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>

==== 2 hours ====
* 1 October 2023 (Adhipati-Akshara's marriage)<ref>{{Cite web|title=अक्षराला घेऊन अधिपती चढणार जेजुरीचा गड, सुरू होणार मास्तरीण बाईंचा संसार, पाहा नवा प्रोमो|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-new-promo-akshara-and-adhipati-visit-jejuri-for-taking-blessings-sva-00-3986966/|access-date=2023-10-15|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Airing history ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Airing Date !! Days !! Time (IST)
|-
| 1 || 13 March 2023 – 22 December 2024 || rowspan="4"| Mon-Sat (sometimes Sun) || 8 pm
|-
| 2 || 23 December 2024 – 15 February 2025 || 10.30 pm<ref>{{Cite news |title=२३ डिसेंबरपासून ‘झी मराठी’वर होणार मोठा बदल! ३ मालिकांच्या वेळा बदलल्या, ‘ही’ सिरीयल होणार बंद, तर नवीन मालिका…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-three-serial-time-slot-change-and-one-serial-going-to-off-air-sva-00-4771289/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 17 February – 14 March 2025 || 11 pm<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-twist-bhuvaneshwaris-intrigues-will-fail-akshara-adhipati-will-meet-emotional-couple-will-express-love-watch-promo-nsp-98-4890503/|title=“मी तुम्हाला सोडून…”, भुवनेश्वरीच्या कारस्थानांना अपयश येणार, अक्षरा-अधिपतीची भेट होणार! ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’मध्ये ट्विस्ट|access-date=2025-02-14|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 17 March – 25 May 2025 || 6 pm<ref>{{Cite news |title=झी मराठीच्या या ३ मालिकांच्या वेळेत बदल, कारण आहे खास?
|url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/changes-in-three-serials-timing-of-zee-marathi-for-chal-bhava-cityt-reality-show-article-151260392 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=[[Times Now]] News |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original Release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Ref.
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada'' तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा
|13 March 2023
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|25 May 2025
|Original
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=चारुलताचा घर सोडण्याचा निर्णय, मात्र अक्षरा तिचं पुन्हा लग्न लावण्याच्या तयारीत, नवा ट्विस्ट|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-marathi-serial-update-new-promo-charulata-will-left-suryawanshi-house/|access-date=2024-10-04|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''Main Teri Parchhai'' मैं तेरी परछाई
|21 July 2025
|[[Zee TV]]
|1 September 2025
|Dubbed
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=झी मराठीची ‘तुला शिकवीन चांगलाच धडा’ मालिका ‘या’ भाषेत झाली प्रदर्शित; केव्हा, कुठे पाहायची? घ्या जाणून…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathis-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-released-in-hindi-language-know-when-and-where-to-watch-nsp-98-5245339/|access-date=2025-07-22|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Jodi Hakki'' ಜೋಡಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
|25 August 2025
|[[Zee Picchar|Zee Power]]
|13 February 2026
|Remake
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिपती-अक्षरामध्ये खुललं प्रेम, परदेशात हनिमून करत आहेत एन्जॉय, रोमँटिक व्हिडीओ समोर|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-serial-update-adhipati-and-akshara-get-to-see-romantic-moments-in-the/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=Its Majja|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29888335}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada/0-6-4z5324079 ''Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Mediterranean Sea

2026-03-04T09:01:35Z

KevinArden: refined citations per sources and added references

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Sea between Africa, Asia, and Europe}}
{{About|the sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia|the term in general|Mediterranean seas}}
{{Redirect2|Mediterranean|Méditerranée|other uses|Mediterranean (disambiguation)|and|Méditerranée (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Mediterranean Sea
| image = Mediterranean Sea 16.61811E 38.99124N.jpg
| caption = The Mediterranean Sea
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = {{Plainlist|
* [[North Africa]]
* [[Southern Europe]]
* [[West Asia]]
}}
| coords = {{Coord|35|N|18|E|region:XZ_type:waterbody_scale:25000000|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Sea]]
| inflow = [[Gulf of Cádiz]], [[Sea of Marmara]], [[Nile]], [[Ebro]], [[Rhône]], [[Chelif River|Chelif]], [[Po (river)|Po]]
| outflow = [[Strait of Gibraltar]], [[Dardanelles]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = {{hidden | fw1=normal | headerstyle=text-align:left
| header = Coastal countries:
| content = {{flatlist}}
* [[Albania]]
* [[Algeria]]
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Croatia]]
* [[Cyprus]]
* [[Egypt]]
* [[France]]
* [[Greece]]
* [[Israel]]
* [[Italy]]
* [[Lebanon]]
* [[Libya]]
* [[Malta]]
* [[Monaco]]
* [[Montenegro]]
* [[Morocco]]
* ''[[Northern Cyprus]]'' {{small|(recognised only by [[Turkey]], see: [[Cyprus problem]])}}
* [[Palestine]] ([[Gaza Strip]])
* [[Slovenia]]
* [[Spain]]
* [[Syria]]
* [[Tunisia]]
* [[Turkey]]
* [[United Kingdom]] ([[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], and [[Gibraltar]])
For other countries, [[#Hydrography|click here]].
{{endflatlist}}
}}
| length =
| width =
| area = {{cvt|2500000|km2|sqmi}}
| depth = {{cvt|1500|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{cvt|5109|m|ft}} ±{{cvt|1|m|ft|0}}
| volume = {{cvt|3750000|km3|cumi}}
| residence_time = 80–100 years<ref name="Water Flow in Semienclosed Seaways">{{cite periodical|title=Invitation to Oceanography |journal=Paleoceanography |volume=30 |issue=5 |first=Paul R. |last=Pinet |page=220 |publisher=Jones & Barlett Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7637-5993-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TCm8Xy-sLUC&pg=PA220}}</ref>
| shore =
| temperature_high = {{cvt|28|C|F}}
| temperature_low = {{cvt|12|C|F}}
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands = [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|3300+]]
| cities = [[List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea|Full list]]
| reference =
| mapframe-zoom = 3
}}

The '''Mediterranean Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|d|ɪ|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|i|ən}} {{respell|MED|ih|tə|RAY|nee|ən}}) is an intercontinental [[sea]] situated between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean basin]] and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the [[Levant]] in [[West Asia]], on the north by [[Anatolia]] in [[West Asia]] and [[Southern Europe]], and on the south by [[North Africa]]. To its west it is connected to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] via the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] that separates the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in [[Europe]] from [[Morocco]] in [[Africa]] by only {{convert|14|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}; additionally, it is connected to the [[Black Sea]] through the [[Bosporus]] strait that intersects Turkey in the northeast and the [[Red Sea]] via the [[Suez Canal]] in the southeast.

The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about {{convert|2500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="britannica">{{Britannica URL|author=Boxer, Baruch |title=Mediterranean Sea |url=place/Mediterranean-Sea }}</ref> representing 0.7% of the global [[ocean]] surface; it includes fifteen [[marginal sea]]s, including the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]], [[Tyrrhenian Sea|Tyrrhenian]], and [[Marmara sea|Marmara]]. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely [[desiccation|desiccated]] over a period of some 600,000 years during the [[Messinian salinity crisis]] before being refilled by the [[Zanclean flood]] about 5.3 million years ago.

The [[history of the Mediterranean region]] is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies; it is sometimes described as an "incubator of [[Western civilization]]". and saw the emergence of some of the earliest and most advanced civilisations, including those of [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], and the [[Fertile Crescent]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Mediterranean Sea {{!}} Facts, History, Islands, & Countries {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Levant in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] was among the first regions in the world to display permanent human habitation as early as 12,000 BC. The Mediterranean Sea was an important route for [[merchant]]s, travellers, and migrants in antiquity, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between various peoples as well as colonisation and conquest. The [[Roman Empire]] maintained [[Mare Nostrum|nautical hegemony]] over the sea for centuries and is the only state to have ever controlled all of its coast.

The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the deepest recorded point is {{Convert|5109|±|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the [[Calypso Deep]] in the [[Ionian Sea]]. It lies between latitudes [[30th parallel north|30°]] and [[46th parallel north|46° N]] and longitudes [[6th meridian west|6° W]] and [[36th meridian east|36° E]]. Its west–east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the [[Gulf of Alexandretta]], on the southeastern coast of [[Turkey]], is about {{Convert|4000|km||abbr=}}. The north–south length varies greatly between different shorelines and whether only straight routes are considered. Also including longitudinal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational [[Gulf of Trieste]] and the Libyan coastline of the [[Gulf of Sidra]] is about {{Convert|1900|km||abbr=}}. The water temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer and give name to the [[Mediterranean climate]] type due to the majority of precipitation falling in the cooler months. Its southern and eastern coastlines are lined with hot deserts not far inland, but the immediate coastline on all sides of the Mediterranean tends to have strong maritime moderation.

The countries surrounding the Mediterranean and its marginal seas in clockwise order are [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine]] ([[Gaza Strip]]), [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]], and [[Morocco]]; [[Cyprus]] and [[Malta]] are [[island country|island countries]] in the sea. In addition, [[Northern Cyprus]] ([[list of states with limited recognition|de facto state]]) and two [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territories]] of the [[United Kingdom]] ([[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], and [[Gibraltar]]) also have [[coast]]lines along the Mediterranean Sea. The drainage basin encompasses a large number of other countries, the [[Nile]] being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nile-river |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Education {{!}} National Geographic Society |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308110451/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nile-river/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mediterranean Sea encompasses [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|a vast number of islands]], some of them of volcanic origin. The two largest islands, in both area and population, are [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]].

==Names and etymology==
[[File:Greece Orbit Photo 1989 by Atlas STS-34.jpg|thumb|With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, [[Greece]] has the longest Mediterranean coastline.]]
[[File:Eastern Mediterranean in Katip Çelebi 1656 Mediterranean Sea map from Asfar il-bihar (cropped).jpg|thumb|Eastern Mediterranean in Katip Çelebi's map ({{lang|ota|ﺁق دكز}})]]
{{hiero|[[Wadj-Wer]], or Wadj-Ur, ancient Egyptian name of the Mediterranean Sea|{{center|<hiero>M14-wr-mw</hiero>}}|align=right|era=egypt}}
*[[Roman people|Romans]] called the Mediterranean ''Mare Magnum'' ("Great Sea") or ''Mare Internum'' ("Internal Sea") and, starting with the [[Roman Empire]], ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' ("Our Sea"). The term ''Mare Mediterrāneum'' appears later: [[Gaius Julius Solinus|Solinus]] apparently used this in the 3rd century, but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century,<ref name="Seirinidou2017">Vaso Seirinidou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c53vDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 "The Mediterranean"] in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, ''European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History'', series ''European Conceptual History'' '''3''', {{isbn|1-78533-585-5}}, 2017, p. 80</ref> in [[Isidore of Seville]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Geoffrey |last=Rickman |chapter=The creation of ''Mare Nostrum'': 300 BC – 500 AD |editor=David Abulafia |title=The Mediterranean in History |isbn=978-1-60606-057-5 |year=2011 |page=133|publisher=Getty Publications }}</ref><ref name="seirinidou" /> It means 'in the middle of land, inland' in [[Latin language|Latin]], a compound of {{lang|la|medius}} ('middle'), {{lang|la|terra}} ('land, earth'), and {{lang|la|-āneus}} ('having the nature of').{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} The Latin word is a [[calque]] of Greek {{lang|grc|μεσόγειος}} ({{Transliteration|el|mesógeios}}; 'inland'), from {{lang|grc|μέσος}} ({{Transliteration|el|mésos}}, 'in the middle') and {{lang|grc|γήινος}} ({{Transliteration|el|gḗinos}}, 'of the earth'), from {{lang|grc|γῆ}} ({{Transliteration|el|gê}}, 'land, earth'). The original meaning may have been 'the sea in the middle of the earth', rather than 'the sea enclosed by land'.<ref>{{cite web |title=entry μεσόγαιος |url=http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202133428/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D |archive-date=2 December 2009 |publisher=[[Liddell & Scott]]}}</ref><ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 3rd ed, 2001, [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115766 ''s.v.'']</ref>
*In [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Arabic]], it is known as {{Transliteration|ar|ALA|al-Baḥr [al-Abyaḍ] al-Mutawassiṭ}} ({{lang|ar|البحر [الأبيض] المتوسط}}) 'the [White] Middle Sea'. In Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was {{Transliteration|ar|Baḥr al-Rūm(ī)}} ({{lang|ar|بحر الروم}} or {{lang|ar|بحر الرومي}}) 'the Sea of the Romans' or 'the Roman Sea'. At first, that name referred to only the Eastern Mediterranean, but it was later extended to the whole Mediterranean. Other Arabic names were {{Transliteration|ar|Baḥr al-šām(ī)}} ({{lang|ar|بحر الشام}}) ("the Sea of Syria") and {{Transliteration|ar|Baḥr al-Maghrib}} ({{lang|ar|بحر المغرب}}) ("the Sea of the West").<ref name="eoi">{{EI2|title=Baḥr al-Rūm|volume=1}}</ref><ref name="seirinidou">Vaso Seirinidou, "The Mediterranean" in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, ''European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History'', series ''European Conceptual History'' '''3''', {{isbn|1-78533-585-5}}, 2017, p. 80</ref>
*The [[Ancient Egyptians]] called the Mediterranean [[Wadj-Wer|''Wadj-wr''/''Wadj-Wer''/''Wadj-Ur'']]. This term ({{lit.|great green}}) was the name given by the Ancient Egyptians to the semi-solid, semi-aquatic region characterized by papyrus forests to the north of the cultivated [[Nile Delta]], and, by extension, the sea beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golvin |first1=Jean-Claude |title=L'Égypte restituée, Tome 3 |year=1991 |publisher=Éditions Errance |location=Paris |isbn=2-87772-148-5 |page=273}}</ref>
*The [[Carthaginians]] called it the "Syrian Sea". In ancient [[Syriac language|Syriac]] texts, [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] epics and in the Hebrew [[Bible]], it was primarily known as the "Great Sea", {{lang|he|הים הגדול}}, {{Transliteration|he|HaYam HaGadol}}, ([[Book of Numbers|Numbers]]; [[Book of Joshua]]; [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]) or simply as "The Sea" ([[Books of Kings|1 Kings]]). However, it has also been called the "Hinder Sea" because of its location on the west coast of the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]] or the [[Holy Land]] (and therefore behind a person facing the east), which is sometimes translated as "Western Sea". Another name was the "Sea of the [[Philistines]]", ([[Book of Exodus]]). In [[Modern Hebrew]], it is called {{lang|he|הים התיכון}} {{Transliteration|he|HaYam HaTikhon}}, 'the Middle Sea'.<ref name="melitensia" />
*The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] called the Mediterranean simply {{lang|grc|ἡ θάλασσα}} ('the Sea') or sometimes {{lang|grc|ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα}} ('the Great Sea'), {{lang|grc|ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα}} ('Our Sea'), or {{lang|grc|ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ'ἡμᾶς}} ('the sea around us').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Slootjes |first1=Daniëlle |last2=Peachin |first2=M.|title=Rome and the Worlds beyond its Frontier |year=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004325616 |page=28 | url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37958/9789004326750_webready_content_text.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishkova |first1=Diana |last2=Trencsényi|first2=Balázs |title=European Regions and Boundaries A Conceptual History |year=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-584-6 |page=80 | url=https://www.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/OpenAccess/MishkovaEuropean/MishkovaEuropean_04.pdf}}</ref> According to Johann Knobloch, in [[classical antiquity]], cultures in the [[Levant]] used colors to refer to the cardinal points: black referred to the north (explaining the name [[Black Sea]]), yellow or blue to east, red to south (e.g., the [[Red Sea]]), and white to west. This would explain the Greek {{Transliteration|el|Áspri Thálassa}}, the [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] {{Transliteration|bg|Byalo More}}, the Turkish {{lang|tr|Akdeniz}}, and the Arab nomenclature described above, {{Abbr|lit.|literal translation}} "White Sea".<ref>Johann Knoblock. ''Sprache und Religion'', Vol. 1 (Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1979), 18; cf. {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=4|fascicle=3|title=Black Sea|first=Rüdiger|last=Schmitt|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea|pages=310–313}}</ref>
*The [[Old English]] name for the Mediterranean was the ''Wendel-sæ'', or "Vandal Sea", after the [[Vandals]] who had occupied the shores of North Africa in the [[Migration Period]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Mediterranean" on Etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Mediterranean |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
*One name for the Mediterranean in [[Old Norse|Old (West) Norse]] appears to have been ''Jórsalahaf'', the "Sea of Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Old Norwegian Language |url=https://old-norwegian-dictionary.vercel.app/word/jorsalahaf |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> The "Hreiðsea", ''Hreiðmarar'', mentioned on the [[Rök runestone]] might also refer to the Mediterranean.
*[[Ancient Iranian peoples|Ancient Iranians]] called it the "Roman Sea", in Classic Persian texts was called {{Transliteration|fa|Daryāy-e Rōm}} ({{lang|fa|دریای روم}}) which may be from [[Middle Persian]] form, {{Transliteration|pal|Zrēh ī Hrōm}} ({{lang|pal|𐭦𐭫𐭩𐭤 𐭩 𐭤𐭫𐭥𐭬}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dehkhoda |first=Ali Akbar |title="دریای روم" entry |url=https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247689/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%85 |website=Parsi Wiki}}</ref> In [[Persian language|Classic Persian]] texts it was called {{Transliteration|fa|Daryāy-e Šām}} {{lang|fa|دریای شام}}) "The Western Sea" or "Syrian Sea".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dehkhoda |first=Ali Akabar |title="دریای شام" entry |url=https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247707/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85 |website=Parsi Wiki}}</ref>
*In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is the {{lang|tr|Akdeniz}} 'the White Sea'; in Ottoman, {{lang|ota|ﺁق دكز}}, which sometimes means only the [[Aegean Sea]].<ref>Diran Kélékian, ''Dictionnaire Turc-Français'', Constantinople, 1911</ref> The name is thought to be coming from the [[Cardinal direction#Northern Eurasia|colors associated with the cardinal directions]] in [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tradition, where "Ak" (white) stands for the west. It may be to contrast with the [[Black Sea]].<ref name="eoi"/><ref name="melitensia">{{cite journal|journal=Hyphen|last=Vella|first=Andrew P.|date=1985|title=Mediterranean Malta|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204(1985)5/02.pdf|volume=4|issue=5|pages=469–472|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329163002/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204%281985%295/02.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>[[Özhan Öztürk]] claims that in Old Turkish ''ak'' also means "west" and that {{lang|tr|Akdeniz}} hence means "West Sea" and that {{lang|tr|Karadeniz}} (Black Sea) means "North Sea". [[Özhan Öztürk]]. {{cite book|url=http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm |title=Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları |place=Ankara |year=2011 |pages=5–9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915062836/http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> In Persian, the name was translated as {{Transliteration|fa|Baḥr-i Safīd}}, which was also used in later [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]. It is probably the origin of the colloquial Greek phrase {{langx|grc|Άσπρη Θάλασσα|Áspri Thálassa|White Sea|label=none}}.<ref name="eoi"/>

==History==
{{Main|History of the Mediterranean region}}

===Ancient civilizations===
[[File:AntikeGriechen1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow) [[colonies in antiquity]] c. the 6th century BC]]
[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|upright=1.75|{{legend|#b23938|The [[Roman Empire]] at its farthest extent in AD 117}}]]

Major ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean. The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Abulafia|title=The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011}}</ref> The earliest advanced civilizations in the Mediterranean were the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and the [[Minoan civilization|Minoans]], who traded extensively with each other.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}{{original research inline|date=July 2025}} Around 1200 BC the eastern Mediterranean was greatly affected by the [[Bronze Age Collapse]], which resulted in the destruction of many cities and trade routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Bronze Age collapse {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/anthropology/late-bronze-age-collapse |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref>

Two other notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity are the [[Greece|Greek]] [[city-state]]s and [[Phoenicia]]ns, both of whom extensively colonized the coastlines of the Mediterranean.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA |url=https://issuu.com/vikingcruisesau/docs/vikingexplorersn_issue15_mar22_v2/s/15494487 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Issuu |language=en}}</ref>

[[Darius I of Persia]], who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the [[Red Sea]] to the Nile, and thus the Mediterranean. Darius's canal was wide enough for two [[trireme]]s to pass each other with oars extended and required four days to traverse.<ref>Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248–257 ([https://archive.org/stream/historyofegyptch12masp#page/248/mode/2up online]). London: The Grolier Society.</ref>

Following the [[Punic Wars]] in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the [[Roman Republic]] defeated the [[Carthaginians]] to become the preeminent power in the Western Mediterranean region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qutub |first=Hamzah |date=2024-02-08 |title=How the Punic Wars Changed the Course of History |url=https://www.culturefrontier.com/punic-wars/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.culturefrontier.com |language=en-US}}</ref> When [[Augustus]] founded the [[Roman Empire]], the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' ("Our Sea").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romans called the Mediterranean "Mare Nostrum" - meaning what? |url=https://brainly.com/question/43233424 |access-date=June 17, 2025 |website=Brainly}}</ref> For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant,<ref name=":3" /> giving the lake the nickname "Roman Lake".<ref>{{Cite web |title=[FREE] What did Rome turn into a "Roman lake"? - brainly.com |url=https://brainly.com/question/17540945 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=brainly.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Middle Ages and empires===
The [[Western Roman Empire]] collapsed around 476 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MD |first=Gerti Tashko |date=2025-05-19 |title=The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE) |url=https://gertitashkomd.com/the-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire-476-ce/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=GT health |language=en-US}}</ref> The east was again dominant as Roman power still existed on in the [[Byzantine Empire]] formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaudio |first=Andrew |title=Research Guides: Byzantine Empire: A Resource Guide: Introduction |url=https://guides.loc.gov/byzantine-empire/introduction |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en}}</ref> During that time, another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of [[Islam]], which soon swept across from the east; at its greatest extent,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Cynthia |last2=Parkinson |first2=Brian |date=2023-08-16 |title=Islam – Rise of the Religion and Empires |url=https://pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu/honcchist151/chapter/9-islam-and-islamic-empires/ |journal=Pressbooks |language=en}}</ref> the Arabs, under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], controlled the [[Iberian Peninsula]], making a new phase of art and culture in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Spanish Umayyads (711–1031) |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:The port and fleet of Genoa, early 14th century.jpg|thumb|right|The port and fleet of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] in the early 14th century, by [[Quinto Cenni]]]]
A variety of foodstuffs, spices and crops were introduced to the western Mediterranean's Spain and [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily]] during Arab rule, via the commercial networks of the Islamic world. These include sugarcane,<ref name="spanish-food.org">{{Cite web |title=Arab Influence {{!}} Spanish-food.org |url=https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-arab-influence.html |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.spanish-food.org}}</ref> rice,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crist |first=Raymond E. |date=1957 |title=Rice Culture in Spain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-monthly_1957-02_84_2/page/66 |journal=The Scientific Monthly |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=66–74 |bibcode=1957SciMo..84...66C |issn=0096-3771 |jstor=21775}}</ref> cotton, alfalfa, oranges,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The story of Andalusian Oranges in Spain |url=http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/the-story-of-andalusian-oranges-in-spain/6-579841 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.ft.lk |language=en}}</ref> lemons,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nibble: Lemon History |url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/fruits/lemon-types.asp |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.thenibble.com}}</ref> apricots,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Denker |first1=Joel |date=14 June 2016 |title='Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/14/481932829/moon-of-the-faith-a-history-of-the-apricot-and-its-many-pleasures |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=NPR |language=en}}</ref> spinach,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Stephen |date=28 February 2014 |title=History of Spinach {{!}} Terroir Seeds |url=https://underwoodgardens.com/history-spinach/ |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Terroir Seeds {{!}} Underwood Gardens |language=en}}</ref> eggplants,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marie-Christine Daunay and Jules Janick |date=2007 |title=History and Iconography of Eggplant |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/chronicaeggplant.pdf |journal=Chronica Horticulturae |volume=47 |pages=16–22}}</ref> carrots,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Carrots{{Snd}} A brief summary and timeline |url=http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728070445/http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=www.carrotmuseum.co.uk}}</ref> [[saffron]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=The history of saffron |url=https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707215152/https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Saffron |language=en-US}}</ref> and bananas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bananas: an American History |url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=1560989661&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=www.worldcat.org}}</ref> The Arabs also continued extensive cultivation and production of olive oil (the Spanish words for 'oil' and 'olive'—''aceite'' and ''aceituna'', respectively—are derived from the Arabic ''al-zait'', meaning 'olive juice'),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn All About Spanish Olive Oil |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/grades-of-spanish-olive-oil-3082923 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref> and pomegranates (the heraldic symbol of Granada) from classical [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] times.

The [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab invasions]] disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while disrupting trade routes with Eastern Asian Empires. This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting trade across the [[Caspian Sea]]. The export of grains from [[Egypt]] was re-routed towards the [[Eastern world]]. Products from East Asian empires, like silk and spices, were carried from Egypt to ports like [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Constantinople]] by sailors and Jewish merchants. The [[Viking expansion|Viking raids]] further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. However, the [[Norsemen]] developed the trade from Norway to the [[White Sea]], while also trading in luxury goods from [[Al-Andalus|Spain]] and the Mediterranean. The [[Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty|Byzantines in the mid-8th century]] retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of Asian goods in Venice.<ref>{{cite book|last=Couper |first=Alastair |title=The Geography of Sea Transport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFVACwAAQBAJ&q=The+Geography+of+Sea+Transport&pg=PA37|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-35150-4|pages=33–37|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>[[File:Battle of Lepanto 1571.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Battle of Lepanto]], 1571, ended in victory for the European [[Holy League (1571)|Holy League]] against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].]]
The [[Fatimids]] maintained trade relations with the [[Italian city-states]] like [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfi]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] before the Crusades, according to the [[Cairo Geniza]] documents. A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in [[Cairo]]. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with [[Alexandria]]. The caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah|al-Mustansir]] had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in [[Jerusalem]] about 1060 in place of the Latin [[hospice]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Balard|first=Michel|editor-first1=Marcus Graham|editor-last1=Bull|editor-last2=Edbury|editor-first2=Peter|editor-last3=Phillips|editor-first3=Jonathan|title=The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 – Defining the Crusader Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-78151-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEN-0A3icQUC&q=amalfi+cairo&pg=PA233|pages=23–35|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145302/https://books.google.com/books?id=JEN-0A3icQUC&q=amalfi+cairo&pg=PA233#v=snippet&q=amalfi%20cairo&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Crusades]] led to the flourishing of trade between Europe and the ''[[outremer]]'' region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Housley|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Housley|title=Contesting the Crusades|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4051-1189-8|pages=152–54}}</ref> Genoa, Venice and [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Brundage|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1-135-94880-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=through+all+these+military+triumphs+and+reverses,+italian+merchants+constituted+the+mainstay&pg=PT303|page=273|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=through+all+these+military+triumphs+and+reverses,+italian+merchants+constituted+the+mainstay&pg=PT303#v=snippet&q=through%20all%20these%20military%20triumphs%20and%20reverses%2C%20italian%20merchants%20constituted%20the%20mainstay&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe started to revive, however, when there was gradual centralization of state power in the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=University |first=Utah Valley |title=The Twelfth Century |url=https://uen.pressbooks.pub/worldhistory1/chapter/the-twelfth-century-in-western-europe/ |journal=World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:De Engels-Nederlandse vloot in de Baai van Algiers ter ondersteuning van het ultimatum tot vrijlating van blanke slaven, 26 augustus 1816. Rijksmuseum SK-A-1377.jpeg|thumb|The [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|bombardment of Algiers]] by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release [[Barbary slave trade|European slaves]], August 1816]]

[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] power based in Anatolia continued to grow, and in 1453 extinguished the Byzantine Empire with the [[Conquest of Constantinople]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=Ottoman Empire - WWI, Decline & Definition |url=https://www.history.com/articles/ottoman-empire |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], the Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the [[Battle of Preveza]] (1538), opening up [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and the eastern Mediterranean to Ottoman rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Pirate to Admiral: The Tale of Barbarossa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/from-pirate-to-admiral-the-tale-of-barbarossa |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> As the naval prowess of the European powers increased, they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571) damaging the power of the [[Ottoman Navy]]. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between [[galley]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Lepanto {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/battle-lepanto |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Barbary pirates]] of [[Northwest Africa]] preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392 |url-access=registration |title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 |author=Robert Davis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=5 December 2003|access-date=17 January 2013|isbn=978-0-333-71966-4}}</ref> According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |title=British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 January 2013 |archive-date=8 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208143435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Once, most of the trade between Western Europe and the East was [[Indo-Mediterranean|passing through the region]], but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian [[Spice trade|spices]] and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.<ref>C.I. Gable – [http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029132035/http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html |date=29 October 2014}} – '' Boglewood Timeline'' – 1998 – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html "History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018040430/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html |date=18 October 2014}} – ''Sephardic Studies and Culture'' – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref>Robert Guisepi – {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150311160503/http://history-world.org/ottoman%20empire.htm The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders]}} – 1992 – ''History World International'' – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref>
[[File:Cena da Batalha do Nilo, 1 a 3 de Agosto de 1798 (escola europeia, séc. XIX).png|thumb|[[Battle of the Nile]] during the [[French invasion of Egypt and Syria|French campaign in Egypt]], August 1798]]
The sea remained strategically important. British mastery of [[Gibraltar]] ensured their influence in Africa and Southwest Asia. Especially after the naval battles of Abukir (1799, [[Battle of the Nile]]) and [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]] (1805), the British had for a long time strengthened their dominance in the Mediterranean.<ref>See: Brian Lavery "Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815" (2013).</ref> Wars included [[Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Theater, Naval Operations / 1.0 / encyclopedic |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/mediterranean-theater-naval-operations/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> and [[Mediterranean theatre of World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=The 1941 Battle of Cape Matapan Between Britain and Italy |url=http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2024/9/18/the-1941-battle-of-cape-matapan-between-britain-and-italy |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books {{!}} Modern International and American history |language=en-US}}</ref>

With the opening of the lockless [[Suez Canal]] in 1869, the flow of trade between Europe and Asia changed fundamentally. The fastest route now led through the Mediterranean towards East Africa and Asia. This led to a preference for the Mediterranean countries and their ports like [[Trieste]] with direct connections to Central and Eastern Europe experienced a rapid economic rise. In the 20th century, the 1st and 2nd World Wars as well as the [[Suez Crisis]] and the [[Cold War]] led to a shift of trade routes to the European northern ports, which changed again towards the southern ports through European integration, the activation of the [[Silk Road]] and free world trade.<ref>Mary Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3 July 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal – die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkämpft" In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.</ref>

===21st century and migrations===
{{Further|2015 European migrant crisis|List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea|Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis}}{{CSS image crop
|Image = BlackMarble20161km.jpg
|bSize = 2200
|cWidth = 270
|cHeight = 110
|oLeft = 1055
|oTop = 265
|Description = [[Satellite imagery|Satellite image]] of the Mediterranean Sea at night
|Alt =
}}
In 2013, the [[Malta|Maltese]] president described the Mediterranean Sea as a "cemetery" due to the large number of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/10/13/migrant-deaths-prompt-calls-for-eu-action/|website=Al Jazeera – English|access-date=14 March 2022|date=13 October 2013|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314151430/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/10/13/migrant-deaths-prompt-calls-for-eu-action/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[European Parliament]] president [[Martin Schulz]] said in 2014 that Europe's migration policy "turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard", referring to the number of drowned refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard'|url=http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894|website=EUobserver|access-date=12 December 2014|date=24 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029130716/http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894|url-status=live}}</ref> An Azerbaijani official described the sea as "a burial ground ... where people die".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://topnews.az/en/news/148766/Novruz-Mammadov-The-Mediterranean-become-a-burial-ground.html|title=Novruz Mammadov: The Mediterranean become a burial ground|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095650/http://topnews.az/en/news/148766/Novruz-Mammadov-The-Mediterranean-become-a-burial-ground.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck]], the [[Letta Cabinet|Italian government]] decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorizing "[[Operation Mare Nostrum]]", a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants. In 2015, more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html |website=UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency |date=30 December 2015 |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224084500/http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Italy was particularly affected by the [[European migrant crisis]]. Between 2013 and 2018, over 700,000 migrants landed in Italy,<ref>{{cite news |title=What will Italy's new government mean for migrants? |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants |newspaper=The Local Italy |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231010/https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants |url-status=live }}</ref> mainly sub-Saharan Africans.<ref>{{cite news |title=African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402002627/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{main|List of islands in the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{multiple image
| width = 180
| footer =
| image1 = STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea. The [[Strait of Gibraltar]] appears in the bottom left (north-west) quarter of the image; to its left is the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in [[Europe]], and to its right, the [[Maghreb]] in [[Africa]].
| image2 = Gallipoli peninsula from space.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = The [[Dardanelles]] [[Turkish Straits|strait]] in [[Turkey]]. The north (upper) side forms part of [[Europe]] (the [[Gelibolu Peninsula]] in the [[Thrace]] region); on the south (lower) side is [[Anatolia]] in [[Asia]].
}}
The Mediterranean Sea connects
* to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] (known as the "[[Pillars of Hercules]]") in the west. This also separates Europe from Africa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallianatos |first=Evaggelos |date=2013-10-08 |title=Is Western Civilization Becoming Criminal? The Case of the Mediterranean |url=https://truthout.org/articles/is-western-civilization-becoming-criminal-the-case-of-the-mediterranean/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref>
* to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and the [[Black Sea]], by the Straits of the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus]] respectively, in the east. This separated Europe from Asia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Sea |url=https://dlab.epfl.ch/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/m/Mediterranean_Sea.htm |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=dlab.epfl.ch}}</ref>

The [[coastline length]] is about {{convert|46,000|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="britannica" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mediterranean – a sea surrounded by land | WWF |url=https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/mediterranean/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907160225/https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/mediterranean/ |archive-date=7 September 2020 |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mediterranean coast |url=http://www.fao.org/3/W4347E/w4347e0s.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907160227/http://www.fao.org/3/W4347E/w4347e0s.htm |archive-date=7 September 2020 |access-date=15 September 2020 |publisher=FAO}}</ref>

The {{convert|163|km|mi|abbr= on}} long artificial [[Suez Canal]] in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the [[Red Sea]] without ship lock, because the water level is essentially the same. This separated Africa and Asia.<ref name="melitensia"/><ref>Harald Krachler "Alois Negrelli, der Suezkanalplaner" In: Wiener Zeitung 18 January 1999.</ref>

===Marginal seas===
[[File:Lopud island, Croatia (48612709613).jpg|thumb|The [[Elaphiti Islands]] off the coast of Croatia; the Adriatic Sea contains over [[List of islands in the Adriatic|1200 islands and islets]].]]
[[File:Illots d'Eivissa (Pitiüses) 12. Es Malvins.jpg|thumb|Es Malvins, [[Balearic Sea]]]]
[[File:Ionian sea islands, pic1.JPG|thumb|The Ionian Sea, view from the island [[Lefkada]], Greece]]

The Mediterranean Sea includes 15 [[marginal seas]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Yan |last2=He |first2=Xianqiang |last3=Yu |first3=Shujie |last4=Chen |first4=Chen-Tung |date=28 February 2018 |title=Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.3390/su10030635 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018Sust...10..635B }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2023}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2|Number
!rowspan=2|Sea
!colspan=2|Area
!rowspan=2|Marginal countries and territories
|-
!km2
!sq mi
|-
| align=center|1 || '''[[Libyan Sea]]''' || {{convert|350,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Libya]], [[Greece]], [[Malta]], [[Italy]]
|-
| align=center|2 || '''[[Levantine Sea]]''' || {{convert|320,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], [[Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Akrotiri & Dhekelia]]
|-
| align=center|3 || '''[[Tyrrhenian Sea]]''' || {{convert|275,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Italy]], [[France]]
|-
| align=center|4 || '''[[Aegean Sea]]''' || {{convert|214,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Greece]], [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|5 || '''[[Icarian Sea]]''' || colspan=2 align=center | (Part of Aegean) || [[Greece]], [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|6 || '''[[Myrtoan Sea]]''' || colspan=2 align=center | (Part of Aegean) || [[Greece]]
|-
| align=center|7 || '''[[Thracian Sea]]''' || colspan=2 align=center | (Part of Aegean) || [[Greece]], [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|8 || '''[[Ionian Sea]]''' || {{convert|169,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Greece]], [[Albania]], [[Italy]]
|-
| align=center|9 || '''[[Balearic Sea]]''' || {{convert|150,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Spain]]
|-
| align=center|10 || '''[[Adriatic Sea]]''' || {{convert|138,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Italy]], [[Montenegro]], [[Slovenia]]
|-
| align=center|11 || '''[[Sea of Sardinia]]''' || {{convert|120,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Italy]], [[Spain]]
|-
| align=center|12 || '''[[Sea of Crete]]''' || {{convert|95,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} (Part of Aegean) || [[Greece]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Crete |title=Sea of Crete | sea, Greece |website=Britannica |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032903/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Crete |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align=center|13 || '''[[Ligurian Sea]]''' || {{convert|80,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Italy]], [[France]]
|-
| align=center|14 || '''[[Alboran Sea]]''' || {{convert|53,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Spain]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Gibraltar]]
|-
| align=center|15 || '''[[Sea of Marmara]]''' || {{convert|11,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || [[Turkey]]
|-
| align=center|– || '''Other''' || ~{{convert|500,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || Consists of gulfs, straits, channels and other parts that do not have the name of a specific sea.
|-
!Total!!Mediterranean Sea!!~{{convert|2,500,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
!
|}Note 1: The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the area as generic Mediterranean Sea, in the Western Basin. It does not recognize the label [[Sea of Sardinia]].<ref name="IHO" />

Note 2: [[Thracian Sea]], [[Icarian Sea]], [[Sea of Crete]] and [[Myrtoan Sea]] are [[seas]] that are part of the [[Aegean Sea]].

Note 3: The [[Black Sea]] is not considered part of it.

===Extent===
{{See also|List of drainage basins by area}}
[[File:Locatie Middellandse Zee.PNG|thumb|Borders of the Mediterranean Sea]]

The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows:<ref name="IHO">{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> Stretching from the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] in the west to the entrances to the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Suez Canal]] in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa, and Asia and is divided into two deep basins:
* Western Basin:
** On the west: A line joining the extremities of [[Cape Trafalgar]] (Spain) and [[Cape Spartel]] (Africa)
** On the northeast: The west coast of Italy. In the [[Strait of Messina]], a line joining the north extreme of Cape Paci (15°42′E) with [[Cape Peloro]], the east extreme of the Island of [[Sicily]]. The north coast of Sicily
** On the east: A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily ({{coord|37|47|N|12|22|E|display=inline}}), through the Adventure Bank to [[Cape Bon]] (Tunisia)
* Eastern Basin:
** On the west: The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin
** On the northeast: A line joining [[Kumkale, Çanakkale|Kum Kale]] (26°11′E) and [[Cape Helles]], the western entrance to the Dardanelles
** On the southeast: The entrance to the [[Suez Canal]]
** On the east: The coasts of [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]], and [[Palestine]] (through the [[Gaza Strip]])

===Hydrography===

[[File:Mediterranean Basin.png|thumb|Approximate extent of the Mediterranean drainage basin (dark green). [[Nile]] basin only partially shown]]

The [[drainage basin]] of the Mediterranean Sea is particularly heterogeneous and extends much further than the Mediterranean region.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2u4HMfAMXoC |title=The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |author=Lionello, P. |year=2012 |page=lxii |isbn=978-0-12-391477-4 |quote=Geographically, the Mediterranean catchment is extremely large and heterogeneous, covering an area of approximately 5 millions km2. It extends from the equator, where the springs of the White Nile River are located, to the source of the Rhone River at approximately 48°N. In longitude, it spans about 40°, from the middle of the Iberian peninsula, at 4°W, towards southern Turkey and the Middle East coasts facing the Mediterranean Sea (35°E). |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=a2u4HMfAMXoC |url-status=live }}</ref> Its size has been estimated between {{convert|4000000|and|5500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},{{NoteTag|Not including the area of the Mediterranean Sea}} depending on whether non-active parts (deserts) are included or not.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226665381 |title=Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment |chapter=An insight to the fluvial characteristics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea watersheds |page=191 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |author=Poulos, Serafeim |year=2011 |quote=The drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea, accounting for some 4,184 103 km2 (including the R. Nile)}}</ref><ref name="Margat 2004 p4">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ |title=Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |author=Margat, Jean F. |year=2004 |page=4 |isbn=978-2-9517181-5-9 |quote=A basin of varied geometry: Area of the entire Mediterranean Basin, including the whole of the Nile Basin = 4,562,480 km2; Area of the 'conventional' Mediterranean Basin (i.e. counting only part of the Nile Basin in Egypt) = 1,836,480 km2 [...] There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m3/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po. |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system |author=García-García, D. |journal=[[Climate Dynamics]] |year=2022 |volume=59 |issue=7–8 |pages=1919–1938 |doi=10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2 |bibcode=2022ClDy...59.1919G |s2cid=247013753 |quote=In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 106 and 2.43 × 106 km2, respectively |doi-access=free|hdl=10045/121760 |hdl-access=free |issn=0930-7575}}</ref> The longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea is the [[Nile]], which takes its sources in equatorial Africa. The basin of the Nile constitutes about two-thirds of the Mediterranean drainage basin<ref name="Margat 2004 p4" /> and encompasses areas as high as the [[Ruwenzori Mountains]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |author=Gupta, Avijit |year=2008 |page=275 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5 |quote=The highest point in the Nile basin is Mount Stanley (5109 m) in the Ruwenzori Mountain range between Lake Edward and Lake Albert |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC |url-status=live }}</ref> Among other important rivers in Africa, are the [[Moulouya River|Moulouya]] and the [[Chelif River|Chelif]], both on the north side of the [[Atlas Mountains]]. In Asia, are the [[Ceyhan River|Ceyhan]] and [[Seyhan River|Seyhan]], both on the south side of the [[Taurus Mountains]].<ref name="UNEP">{{cite web |url=https://www.medqsr.org/mediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment |title=The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting. |publisher=Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP) |access-date=16 April 2022 |quote=The Mediterranean is an area of transition between a temperate Europe with relatively abundant and consistent water resources, and the arid African and Arabian deserts that are very short of water. |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024184710/https://www.medqsr.org/mediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Europe, the largest basins are those of the [[Rhône]], [[Ebro]], [[Po (river)|Po]], and [[Maritsa]].<ref name="UNECE">{{cite book |url=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm |title=Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders: First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters |publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] |year=2007 |chapter=Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea |pages=154–181 |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415181121/https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The basin of the Rhône is the largest and extends up as far north as the [[Jura Mountains]], encompassing areas even on the north side of the [[Alps]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZiKCgAAQBAJ |title=The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |author=Maier, Andreas |year=2015 |page=187 |isbn=978-94-017-7206-8 |quote=The major geographic features characterizing the landscape are the Rhône-Saône valley, the Jura Mountains, the Molasse basin and the northwestern slopes of the Alps. |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145419/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZiKCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The basins of the Ebro, Po, and Maritsa, are respectively south of the [[Pyrenees]], Alps, and [[Balkan Mountains]], which are the major ranges bordering Southern Europe.

Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. As a consequence, the [[Discharge (hydrology)|river discharges]] of the Rhône and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin.<ref name="UNEP" /> These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over {{convert|1000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Margat 2004 p4"/> Among large natural fresh bodies of water are [[Lake Victoria]] (Nile basin), [[Lake Geneva]] (Rhône), and the [[Italian Lakes]] (Po). While the Mediterranean watershed is bordered by other river basins in Europe, it is essentially bordered by [[endorheic basin]]s or deserts elsewhere.

The following countries are in the Mediterranean drainage basin while ''not'' having a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea:

* In Europe, through various rivers:<ref name="UNECE"/> [[Andorra]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Ebro]]}} [[Bulgaria]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Struma (river)|Struma]], [[Maritsa]] and [[Nestos (river)|Nestos]], see [[Geography of Bulgaria#Hydrography]]}} [[Kosovo]],{{Notetag|Through the [[Drin (river)|Drin]]}} [[North Macedonia]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Drin (river)|Drin]] and [[Vardar]]}} [[San Marino]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Marecchia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Marino-republic-Europe |title=San Marino |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503170939/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521449/San-Marino |url-status=live }}</ref>}} [[Serbia]],{{NoteTag|Through the [[Struma (river)|Struma]]}} and [[Switzerland]].{{NoteTag|Through the [[Rhône]], [[Po (river)|Po]] and [[Adige]], see [[Hydrology of Switzerland]]}}
* In Africa, through the Nile:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rti.org/impact/nile-river-basin-initiative |title=The Nile River Basin Initiative |date=23 May 2018 |publisher=[[RTI International]] |access-date=14 March 2022 |quote=The longest river in the world, the Nile spans 35 degrees of latitude, drains three million square kilometers of land (one-tenth of the total surface area of Africa), and runs through 11 countries whose combined population totals over 300 million people: Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Nile's primary water source, Lake Victoria, is the world's second-largest body of fresh water, and the Nile Delta in northern Egypt covers over 150 miles of the Mediterranean coastline. |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321232928/https://www.rti.org/impact/nile-river-basin-initiative |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Burundi]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]].

===Coastal countries===
{{Main list|List of Mediterranean countries
}}
[[File:Area of the Mediterranean.jpg|thumb|Map of the Mediterranean Sea from open Natural Earth data, 2020]]

The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea:<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jun 20, 2023 |title=Mediterranean Sea |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/mediterranean-sea/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Vajiram & Ravi |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* '''European''': [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Monaco]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], and [[Greece]]
* '''Middle Eastern''': [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine]], and the island of [[Cyprus]]
* '''North African''': [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Libya]], [[Egypt]]

===Exclusive economic zone===
[[Exclusive economic zones]] in Mediterranean Sea:<ref name="Sea Around Us">{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=seaaroundus.org |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/793?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|title=Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/793?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
!rowspan=2 width=75|Number
!rowspan=2 width=250|Country
!colspan=2 width=200|Area
|-
!width=100|km2
!width=100|sq mi
|-
| align=center|1 || '''{{ITA}}''' || {{convert|541,915|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|2 || '''{{GRE}}''' || {{convert|493,708|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|3 || '''{{LBA}}''' || {{convert|355,604|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|4 || '''{{ESP}}''' || {{convert|260,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|5 || '''{{EGY}}''' || {{convert|169,125|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|6 || '''{{ALG}}''' || {{convert|128,843|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|7 || '''{{TUN}}''' || {{convert|102,047|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|8 || '''{{FRA}}''' || {{convert|88,389|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|9 || '''{{CYP}}''' || {{convert|80,412|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|10 || '''{{TUR}}''' || {{convert|72,195|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|11|| '''{{CRO}}''' || {{convert|59,032|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|12|| '''{{MLT}}''' || {{convert|55,542|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|13 || '''{{ISR}}''' || {{convert|25,139|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|14 || '''{{LBN}}''' || {{convert|19,265|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|15 || '''{{MAR}}''' || {{convert|18,302|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|16 || '''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''' || {{convert|17,676|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|17 || '''{{ALB}}''' || {{convert|13,691|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|18 || '''{{SYR}}''' || {{convert|10,189|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|19 || '''{{MNE}}''' || {{convert|7,745|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|20 || '''{{PLE}}''' || {{convert|2,591|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|21 || '''{{MON}}''' || {{convert|288|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|22 || '''{{SLO}}''' || {{convert|220|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|23 || '''{{BIH}}''' || {{convert|50|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|-
| align=center|24 || '''{{GBR}}''' || {{convert|6.8 |km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!Total
|'''Mediterranean Sea''' || {{convert|2,500,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|}

===Subdivisions===
[[File:Bucht & Straße von Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|Africa (left, on horizon) and Europe (right), as seen from Gibraltar]]

The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east):<ref name="IHO"/>
* the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]
* the [[Alboran Sea]], between Spain and [[Morocco]]
* the [[Balearic Sea]], between mainland Spain and its [[Balearic Islands]]
* the [[Ligurian Sea]] between [[Corsica]] and [[Liguria]] (Italy)
* the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] enclosed by [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[Italian peninsula]] and [[Sicily]]
* the [[Ionian Sea]] between Italy, [[Albania]] and Greece
* the [[Adriatic Sea]] between Italy, [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Albania]]
* the [[Aegean Sea]] between Greece and Turkey

===Largest islands===
{{Main|List of islands in the Mediterranean}}

[[File:Tunisia - Sicily - South Italy.jpg|thumb|The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean: [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]] (Italy)]]
[[File:The Tower of Porto Giunco Beach (Spiaggia Torre Porto Giunco) with a view to the beach and the lake Stagno di Notteri in Sardinia, Italy (48402759012).jpg|thumb|16th century [[watchtower]] on the coast of Sardinia]]

The Mediterranean Sea encompasses about 10,000 islands and islets, of which about 250 are permanently inhabited.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e799DwAAQBAJ |title=The Mediterranean region under climate change: A scientific update |publisher=[[Institut de recherche pour le développement]] |author=Moatti, Jean-Paul |author2=Thiébault, Stéphane |year=2018 |page=363 |isbn=978-2-7099-2220-3 |quote=With about 10,000 islands and islets (approx. 250 inhabited by humans), the Mediterranean Sea can be considered as one of the largest archipelagos in the world. |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=e799DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the table below are listed the ten largest by population.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!rowspan=2|Country
!rowspan=2|Island
!colspan=2|Area
!rowspan=2|Population
|-
!km2
!sq mi
|-
|Italy
|[[Sicily]]
|{{convert|25,460|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|5,048,995
|-
|Italy
|[[Sardinia]]
|{{convert|23,821|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|1,672,804
|-
|Cyprus
|[[Cyprus]]
|{{convert|9,251|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|1,088,503
|-
|Spain
|[[Mallorca]]
|{{convert|3,640|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|869,067
|-
|Greece
|[[Crete]]
|{{convert|8,336|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|623,666
|-
|France
|[[Corsica]]
|{{convert|8,680|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|299,209
|-
|Greece
|[[Euboea]]
|{{convert|3,655|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|218,000
|-
|Tunisia
|[[Djerba]]
|{{convert|514|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|182,911
|-
|Spain
|[[Ibiza]]
|{{convert|572|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|159,180
|-
|Greece
|[[Rhodes]]
|{{convert|1,400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|117,007
|-
|Greece
|[[Corfu]]
|{{convert|641|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|101,600
|-
|Spain
|[[Menorca]]
|{{convert|696|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|99,005
|-
|Greece
|[[Lesbos]]
|{{convert|1,632|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|90,643
|-
|Greece
|[[Chios]]
|{{convert|842|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|51,936
|}

===Climate===
Much of the Mediterranean coast has a [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|hot-summer Mediterranean climate]]. The Mediterranean basin has a climate characterised by mild<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Urdiales-Flores |first1=Diego |last2=Zittis |first2=George |last3=Hadjinicolaou |first3=Panos |last4=Cherchi |first4=Annalisa |last5=Alessandri |first5=Andrea |last6=Peleg |first6=Nadav |last7=Lelieveld |first7=Jos |date=2024 |title=A Global Analysis of Historical and Future Changes in Mediterranean Climate-Type Regions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.8655 |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=15 |pages=5607–5620 |doi=10.1002/joc.8655 |bibcode=2024IJCli..44.5607U |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> wet winters,<ref name=":7" /> and calm, dry and hot summers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=Mediterranean climate {{!}} Definition, Region, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Mediterranean-climate |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Although they are rare, [[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone|tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea]], typically in September–November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicane |url=https://resources.eumetrain.org/satmanu/CMs/Medicane/navmenu.php?page=2.0.0 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=resources.eumetrain.org}}</ref>

{{wide image|Koppen World Map (Mediterranean Sea area only).png|769px|Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]}}

====Sea temperature====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mean sea temperature in °C (°F)
|-
!
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!Year

|-
|[[Málaga]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather2visit.com/europe/spain/malaga.htm|title=Malaga Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Costa del Sol|website=Weather2Visit.com|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104190643/https://www.weather2visit.com/europe/spain/malaga.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|18.6|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Barcelona]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/barcelona.php|title=Barcelona Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Spain|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718005932/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/barcelona.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|12|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|17.8|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Marseille]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/france/marseille.php|title=Marseille Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – France|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=16 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916025328/http://weather2travel.com/climate-guides/france/marseille.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|16.6|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Naples]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/neapolitan-riviera/naples.php|title=Naples Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Neapolitan Riviera|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065556/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/neapolitan-riviera/naples.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|27|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|19.3|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/valletta.php|title=Valletta Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Malta – Malta|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=3 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003085828/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/valletta.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|19.9|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Venice]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/venetian-riviera/venice.php|title=Venice Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Venetian Riviera|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-date=16 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616170441/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/venetian-riviera/venice.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|11|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|10|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|11|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|13|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|14|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|17.4|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Athens]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/athens.php|title=Athens Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Greece – Greece|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=27 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527035347/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/athens.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|19.3|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Heraklion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/crete/iraklion.php|title=Iraklion Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Crete – Crete|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026150816/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/crete/iraklion.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|15|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|19.7|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Antalya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather2travel.com/antalya-coast/antalya/climate/|title=Antalya: Monthly Weather Averages – Antalya Coast – Turkey|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008080543/https://www.weather2travel.com/antalya-coast/antalya/climate/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|16|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|27|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|29|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|27|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|21.8|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Limassol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/limassol.php|title=Limassol Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Cyprus|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529205915/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/limassol.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|28|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|27|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|21.7|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Mersin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/turkey/mercin.htm|title=Mercin (alternate names – Mersin, Mersina, Mersine): Monthly Weather Averages – Turkey|last=Seatemperature.org|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008193335/https://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/turkey/mercin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|28|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|29|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|28|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|19|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|22.3|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Tel Aviv]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/tel-aviv.php|title=Tel Aviv Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Israel|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527183424/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/tel-aviv.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|21|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|27|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|28|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|28|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|22.3|C|F|abbr=values}}
|-
|[[Alexandria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seatemperature.org/africa/egypt/alexandria.htm|title=Alexandria Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Egypt|last=Seatemperature.org|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120342/https://www.seatemperature.org/africa/egypt/alexandria.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|17|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|18|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|23|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|26|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|25|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|22|C|F|abbr=values}}
|{{convert|20|C|F|abbr=values}}
!{{convert|21.4|C|F|abbr=values}}
|}

== Seabed ==
The Mediterranean Sea has numerous [[Underwater environment|underwater]] [[Geology|geological]] features formed by the [[subduction]] of the [[African plate|African Plate]] beneath the [[Eurasian plate|Eurasian Plate]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tugend |first1=J. |last2=Chamot-Rooke |first2=N. |last3=Arsenikos |first3=S. |last4=Blanpied |first4=C. |last5=Frizon de Lamotte |first5=D. |date=2019 |title=Geology of the Ionian Basin and Margins: A Key to the East Mediterranean Geodynamics |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018TC005472 |journal=Tectonics |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=2668–2702 |doi=10.1029/2018TC005472 |bibcode=2019Tecto..38.2668T |issn=1944-9194}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-Seismotectonic-map-of-the-Central-Mediterranean-area-Topography-and-bathymetry-are_fig1_234072715 |page=29, Figure 1 |first1=Flora |last1=Gallais |first2=Marc-Andre |last2=Gutscher |first3=Dirk |last3=Klaeschen |first4=David |last4=Graindorge |date=2012 |title=Two-stage growth of the Calabrian accretionary wedge in the Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean): Constraints from depth-migrated multichannel seismic data |journal=Marine Geology |volume=326-328 |issue=28–45 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2012.08.006|bibcode=2012MGeol.326...28G }}</ref> The sea is divided naturally into western and [[Eastern Mediterranean|eastern]] regions by the [[Malta Escarpment]] that runs from the island of [[Sicily]] to the [[Africa]]n coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia |date=3 January 2025 |title=Mediterranean Sea - Geology, Climate, Biodiversity {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea/Physiographic-and-geologic-features |access-date=5 January 2025 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |edition=Online}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Vanney |first1=JR. |last2=Gennesseaux |first2=M. |date=1985 |chapter=Mediterranean Seafloor Features: Overview and Assessment |editor-last1=Stanley |editor-first1=D. J. |editor-last2=Wezel |editor-first2=FC |title=Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin |publisher=Springer |location=New York, NY |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/261914.pdf |pages=3–32}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Mascle |first1=Jean |last2=Chaumillon |first2=Eric |date=1998 |title=An overview of Mediterranean Ridge collisional accretionary complex as deduced from multichannel seismic data |journal=Geo-Marine Letters |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1007/s003670050056 |bibcode=1998GML....18...81M |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225774193}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Morpho-structural-map-of-the-Calabrian-accretionary-wedge-and-its-adjacent-regions-Black_fig11_234072715 |first1=Flora |last1=Gallais |first2=Marc-Andre |last2=Gutscher |first3=Dirk |last3=Klaeschen |first4=David |last4=Graindorge |date=2012 |title=Two-stage growth of the Calabrian accretionary wedge in the Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean): Constraints from depth-migrated multichannel seismic data |journal=Marine Geology |volume=326-328 |issue=28–45 |page=31, Figure 3 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2012.08.006|bibcode=2012MGeol.326...28G }}</ref>

The '''western Mediterranean region''' may be separated into three main underwater basins:<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-structural-map-of-the-western-Mediterranean-region-showing-the-main-orogenic_fig1_359801917 |title=Palaeostrait tectono-sedimentary facies during late Cenozoic microplate rifting and dispersal in the western Mediterranean |last1=Cavazza |first1=William |last2=Longhitano |first2=Sergio |date=2022 |journal=Geological Society Special Publications |volume=523 |issue=1 |page=2, Figure 1 |doi=10.1144/SP523-2021-95|hdl=11563/196876 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

* the '''[[Alboran Sea|Alboran]] Basin''' lies between the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] and [[Spain|Spanish]] coasts, east of [[Gibraltar]], west of [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]], which acts as a gateway between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the Mediterranean Sea and is a [[biodiversity hotspot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Protected Areas and key biodiversity areas of the Alboran Sea and adjacent areas |url=https://europe.oceana.org/reports/marine-protected-areas-and-key-biodiversity-areas-of-the-alboran-sea-and-adjacent-areas/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Oceana Europe |language=en-US}}</ref>
* the '''Algerian Basin''' stretches from the [[Algeria]]n coast to the [[France|French]] coast, and includes depths of up to {{convert|2800|m}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bouyahiaoui |first1=B. |last2=Sage |first2=F. |last3=Abtout |first3=A. |last4=Klingelhoefer |first4=F. |last5=Yelles-Chaouche |first5=K. |last6=Schnürle |first6=P. |last7=Marok |first7=A. |last8=Déverchère |first8=J. |last9=Arab |first9=M. |last10=Galve |first10=A. |last11=Collot |first11=J.Y. |date=1 June 2015 |title=Crustal structure of the eastern Algerian continental margin and adjacent deep basin: implications for late Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/201/3/1912/771442 |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=201 |issue=3 |pages=1912–1938 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggv102 |doi-access=free |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> There has been significant [[hydrocarbon exploration]], particularly off the coasts of Algeria, [[Libya]], and [[Tunisia]];<ref>{{cite report |vauthors=Smith, CJ, Dailianis, T, Papadopoulou, K-N, Gerovasileiou, V, Sevastou, K, Grehan, A, Billett, B, McOwen, C, Amaro, T, Bakran-Petricioli, T, Bekkby, T, Bilan, M, Boström, C, Carriero-Silva, M, Carugati, L, Cebrian, E, Cerrano, C, Christie, H, Danovaro, R, Eronat, EGT, Fiorentino, D, Fraschetti, S, Gagnon, K, Gambi, C, Hereu, B, Kipson, S, Kotta, J, Linares, C, Morato, T, Ojaveer, H, Orav-Kotta, H, Pham, CK, Rinde, E, Sarà, A, Scrimgeour, R |date=2017 |title=Current marine pressures and mechanisms driving changes in marine habitats |page=64 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322226825}}</ref> The [[Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia|Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia]] is a field of [[submarine volcano]]es located about {{convert|40|km}} southwest of Sicily very close to [[sea level]] and which temporarily emerge above sea level during significant [[Types of volcanic eruptions|eruptions]]. These include [[Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)|Ferdinandea]], also known as [[Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)|Graham Island]], and [[Empedocles (volcano)|Empedocles]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211070 |access-date=9 January 2025 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>
* the '''Tyrrhenian Basin''', also referred to as the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], between [[Italy]] and the islands of Sardinia and Corsica.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The basin includes [[Marsili]], a large [[undersea volcano]] in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about {{convert|175|km}} south of [[Naples]], and the [[Palinuro Seamount]], one of the largest in the Tyrrhenian Sea and lies about {{convert|30|km}} northeast from Marsili. Marsili is one of the largest volcanoes in [[Europe]], with a length of {{convert|70|km}} and a width of 30 kilometres, larger than [[Mount Etna]] and part of the [[Aeolian Islands]] [[volcanic arc]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Marsili |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211080 |access-date=9 January 2025 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>

The '''[[eastern Mediterranean]]''' region may also be subdivided into the following underwater basins:

* the '''Ionian Basin''', which is a deep and narrow oceanic basin, stretches south of [[Italy]], [[Albania]], and [[Greece]] and contains the [[Calypso Deep]], also known as the Oinousses or Vavilov Deep, featuring the deepest point in the Mediterranean Sea, located in the [[Hellenic Trench]], {{convert|62.6|km}} southwest of [[Pylos]], Greece, with a maximum depth of approximately {{convert|16000|ft|m|order=flip}};<ref name=":0" />
* the '''[[Levantine Sea|Levantine Basin]]''' to the south of [[Anatolia]] separated from the Ionian Basin by the [[Mediterranean Ridge]]. The {{convert|1300|km|adj=on|}}-long [[Mid-ocean ridge|submarine ridge]] running from [[Calabria]] along the south of [[Crete]], to the southwest corner of [[Turkey]] is a {{convert|150|to|300|km|adj=on}}-wide curved feature, which is also known for its [[mud volcano]]es and dome-like structures and has been the subject of studies on the [[Messinian salinity crisis]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Eratosthenes Seamount]], a [[Carbonate platform|carbonate]] [[seamount]] is found in the Levantine basin about {{convert|100|km}} south of western [[Cyprus]].
* the island of Crete delineates the Levantine Basin from the '''Aegean Sea''', which is that portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Crete and is bordered on the east by the coast of Turkey and on the west and north by the coast of Greece. Numerous [[List of islands of Greece|Greek islands]] and seamounts are located in the [[Aegean Sea]];<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sakellariou |first1=Dimitris |last2=Drakopoulou |first2=Paraskevi |last3=Rousakis |first3=Grigoris |last4=Livanos |first4=Isidoros |last5=Loukaidi |first5=Vassiliki |last6=Kyriakidou |first6=Chara |last7=Morfis |first7=Ioannis |last8=Panagiotopoulos |first8=Ioannis |last9=Tsampouraki-Kraounaki |first9=Konstantina |last10=Manta |first10=Kyriaki |last11=Leontopoulou |first11=Georgia |date=2022 |chapter=Geomorphological Features |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-the-seamount-areas-in-the-South-Aegean-Sea-discussed-in-this-chapter_fig5_360554511 |title=Deep-sea Atlas of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea - Current Knowledge |publisher=IUCN |location=Gland, Switzerland |page=51, Figure 2.21}}</ref> and
* the '''Adriatic Sea''', which is northwest of the eastern Mediterranean Sea's main body, is bordered to the east by [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], and Albania, and to the west and north by Italy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Until the 1960s, the Mediterranean was believed to be the primary remaining portion of the earlier (200 million years old) [[Mesozoic]] [[Tethys Ocean]], which once encircled the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. However, since the late 20th century, research using the theory of seafloor spreading has indicated that most of the current Mediterranean seafloor is not a portion of the Tethys sea floor.<ref name=":0" /> Some researchers consider the Ionian Basin, to the east of the Malta Escarpment, to be the remnant of the Tethys Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Micallef |first1=Aaron |last2=Camerlenghi |first2=Angelo |last3=Georgiopoulou |first3=Aggeliki |last4=Garcia-Castellanos |first4=Daniel |last5=Gutscher |first5=Marc-André |last6=Lo Iacono |first6=Claudio |last7=AI Huvenne |first7=Veerle |last8=Mountjoy |first8=Joshu J. |last9=Paull |first9=Charles K. |last10=Le Bas |first10=Timothy |last11=Spatola |first11=Daniele |last12=Facchin |first12=Lorenzo |last13=Accettella |first13=Daniela |date=2019 |title=Geomorphic evolution of the Malta Escarpment and implications for the Messinian evaporative drawdown in the eastern Mediterranean Sea |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/48710/7/Micallef%20et%20al.%20preprint.pdf |journal=Geomorphology |language=en |volume=327 |issue=327 |pages=264–283 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.11.012|hdl=10261/172776 }}</ref> Over the course of the last 44 million years, the continental plates of Africa and [[Eurasia]] have converged and receded, resulting in the current tectonically active basin and its surrounding mountain chains. According to the interpretation of geologic data, there are currently several major places where Africa and Eurasia collide, causing land submergence, mountain building, and volcanism.<ref name=":0" />

[[Sediment core]]s drilled in 1970 and 1975 led to theories that about 6 million years ago, the Mediterranean was around {{convert|10000|ft|m|order=flip}} below the current sea level and included arid deserts blanketed with evaporite salts. It was thought that Gibraltar's high ridges prevented Atlantic waters from entering until roughly 5.5 million years ago, when they broke through and flooded the Mediterranean. According to more recent seismic and microfossil research, the seafloor was never entirely dry. Rather, approximately 5 million years ago, the seafloor was made up of many basins with varying topography and sizes, spanning in depth from {{convert|650|to|5000|ft|order=flip}}. Salts were likely accumulated on the bottom of highly salinised waters of widely differing depths. The uncertainty of the timing and nature of sea-bottom salt formation and evidence from later seismic research and [[core sample]]s has been the subject of intense scientific debate.<ref name=":0" />

=== Malta Escarpment ===
The [[Malta Escarpment]] is a {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} [[Underwater environment|undersea]] [[limestone]] [[escarpment]] that stretches south from Sicily's eastern coast to the [[Malta|Maltese islands]]' eastern coast and beyond, primarily formed due to tectonic activities.<ref name=":0" /> There are more than 500 undersea canyons along the cliffs, which can reach heights of {{convert|3.5|km}} in some locations. Rich biological communities may be found in the canyons, which also serve as channels for contaminants and nutrients due to underwater currents. These deep valleys are special due to the fact that they were not carved out by surface rivers. Underwater [[landslide]]s are among the natural hazards found on the Malta Escarpment. The [[University of Malta]], [[National Oceanography Centre Southampton|UK National Oceanography Centre]], [[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]], [[University College Dublin]] and [[National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics|Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica]] collaborated on a recent study financed by the [[European Union]] that focused on the Escarpment.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malta |first=Times of |date=14 September 2014 |title=Massive canyon found in Mediterranean sea cliff |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/Massive-canyon-found-in-Mediterranean-sea-cliff.535575 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Oceanography==
[[File:MEDCURR.GIF|thumb|upright=1.65|Predominant surface currents for June]]

[[Evaporation]] greatly exceeds [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pinet|first=Paul R.|year=1996|title=Invitation to Oceanography|location=St Paul, Minnesota|publisher=West Publishing Co.|isbn=978-0-314-06339-7|edition=3rd|page=202}}</ref> Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and [[salinity]] to increase eastward.{{sfn|Pinet|1996|p=206}} The average salinity in the basin is 38 [[Salinity|PSU]] at {{Convert|5|m|abbr=on}} depth.<ref name="tempandsal">{{cite journal |year=2000 |title=Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios |citeseerx=10.1.1.378.4964 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=158 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00053-5 |last1=Emeis |first1=Kay-Christian |last2=Struck |first2=Ulrich |last3=Schulz |first3=Hans-Martin |last4=Rosenberg |first4=Reinhild |last5=Bernasconi |first5=Stefano |last6=Erlenkeuser |first6=Helmut |last7=Sakamoto |first7=Tatsuhiko |last8=Martinez-Ruiz |first8=Francisca |bibcode=2000PPP...158..259E |display-authors=4}}</ref>

The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is {{convert|13.2|°C}}.<ref name="tempandsal" />

The net water influx from the Atlantic Ocean is ca. {{Convert|70,000|m3/s|e6cuft/s|abbr=unit}} or {{convert|2.2e12|m3/a|cuft/a|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ellenberg | first=L. | title=Die Meerenge von Gibraltar : Küstenmorphologie zwischen Mittelmeer und Atlantik | journal=Geographica Helvetica | volume=36 | issue=3 | date=30 September 1981 | issn=2194-8798 | doi=10.5194/gh-36-109-1981 | doi-access=free | pages=109–120}}</ref> Without this Atlantic water, the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea would fall at a rate of about {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} per year.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hofrichter | first=R. | title=Das Mittelmeer: Geschichte und Zukunft eines ökologisch sensiblen Raums | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | year=2020 | isbn=978-3-662-58929-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1vrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA530 | language=de | page=530 | access-date=1 May 2024 | archive-date=1 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501210608/https://books.google.com/books?id=u1vrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA530 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[oceanography]], it is sometimes called the ''Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea'', the ''European Mediterranean Sea'' or the ''African Mediterranean Sea'' to distinguish it from [[mediterranean sea (oceanography)|mediterranean seas]] elsewhere,<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.ifremer.fr/lobtln/OTHER/ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf|title=Recent results and new ideas about the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea. Outlook on the similarities and differences with the Asian Mediterranean Sea |first1=Isabelle |last1=TAUPIER-LETAGE |first2=Claude |last2=MILLOT|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180948/http://www.ifremer.fr/lobtln/OTHER/ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> like the [[Baltic Sea]], and the North-east Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Regional seas around Europe - version 2, Oct. 2022 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/regional-seas-around-europe-version |access-date=June 20, 2025 |website=EEA}}</ref>

===General circulation===
[[Water circulation]] in the Mediterranean can be attributed to the surface waters entering from the [[Atlantic]] through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] (and also low salinity water entering the Mediterranean from the Black Sea through the [[Bosphorus]]). The cool and relatively low-salinity Atlantic water circulates eastwards along the [[North Africa#Countries and territories|North African coasts]]. A part of the surface water does not pass the [[Strait of Sicily]], but deviates towards [[Corsica]] before [[Strait of Gibraltar#Inflow and outflow|exiting the Mediterranean]]. The surface waters entering the [[Mediterranean basin|eastern Mediterranean Basin]] circulate along the Libyan and Israeli coasts. Upon reaching the [[Levantine Sea]], the surface water, having warmed and increased its salinity from its initial [[Atlantic]] state, is now denser and sinks to form the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW). Most of the water found anywhere between {{Convert|50 and 600|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} deep in the Mediterranean originates from the LIW.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/b107143 |chapter=Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea |title=The Mediterranean Sea |volume=5K |pages=29–66 |series=Handbook of Environmental Chemistry |year=2005 |last1=Millot |first1=Claude |last2=Taupier-Letage |first2=Isabelle |isbn=978-3-540-25018-0 |s2cid=55831361 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01191856 |chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191856/file/Millot_Taupier-Letage_Circulation_Med_Handbook_2005_HAL%20%281%29.pdf |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216184420/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191856/file/Millot_Taupier-Letage_Circulation_Med_Handbook_2005_HAL%20%281%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

LIW are formed along the coasts of Turkey and circulate westwards along the Greek and [[Geography of Italy#Boundaries|south Italian coasts]]. LIW are the only waters passing the Sicily Strait westwards. After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep water in the Mediterranean originates from three main areas: the [[Adriatic Sea]], from which most of the deep water in the eastern Mediterranean originates, the [[Aegean Sea]], and the [[Gulf of Lion]]. Deep water formation in the Mediterranean is triggered by strong winter [[convection]] fuelled by intense cold winds like [[Bora (wind)|Bora]] and [[Mistral (wind)|Mistral]].
When new deep water is formed, the older waters mix with the overlaying intermediate waters and eventually exit the Mediterranean. The [[Water cycle#Residence times|residence time of water]] in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to [[climate change]] (see [[#climate change|below]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millot |first1=C. |year=1989 |title=La Circulation Générale En Méditerranée Occidentale : Aperçu De Nos Connaissances Et Projets D'études |trans-title=General Circulation in the Western Mediterranean: Overview of Our Knowledge and Study Projects |language=fr |journal=[[Annales de Géographie]] |volume=98 |issue=549 |pages=497–515 |jstor=23452851 |doi=10.3406/geo.1989.20925}}</ref>

===Other events affecting water circulation===
Being a semi-enclosed basin, the Mediterranean experiences transitory events that can affect the water circulation on short time scales. In the mid-1990s, the Aegean Sea became the main area for deep water formation in the eastern Mediterranean after particularly cold winter conditions. This transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gasparini |first1=G.P. |last2=Ortona |first2=A. |last3=Budillon |first3=G. |last4=Astraldi |first4=M. |last5=Sansone |first5=E. |title=The effect of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the hydrographic characteristics in the Strait of Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian Sea |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |date=June 2005 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=915–935 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.001 |bibcode=2005DSRI...52..915G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lascaratos |first1=Alex |last2=Roether |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Nittis |first3=Kostas |last4=Klein |first4=Birgit |title=Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review |journal=Progress in Oceanography |date=August 1999 |volume=44 |issue=1–3 |pages=5–36 |doi=10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00019-1 |bibcode=1999PrOce..44....5L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theocharis |first1=Alexander |last2=Nittis |first2=Kostas |last3=Kontoyiannis |first3=Harilaos |last4=Papageorgiou |first4=Emanuel |last5=Balopoulos |first5=Efstathios |title=Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986–1997) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=1 June 1999 |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1617–1620 |doi=10.1029/1999GL900320 |bibcode=1999GeoRL..26.1617T |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Another example of a transient event affecting the Mediterranean circulation is the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre, which is an [[Anticyclonic rotation|anticyclonic]] [[ocean gyre]] observed in the northern part of the [[Ionian Sea]], off the Greek coast. The transition from anticyclonic to cyclonic rotation of this gyre changes the origin of the waters fuelling it; when the circulation is anticyclonic (most common), the waters of the gyre originate from the Adriatic Sea. When the circulation is cyclonic, the waters originate from the [[Levantine Sea]]. These waters have different physical and chemical characteristics, and the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre (called Bimodal Oscillating System or BiOS) changes the Mediterranean circulation and biogeochemistry around the Adriatic and Levantine regions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Civitarese | first1=G. | last2=Gačić | first2=M. | last3=Lipizer | first3=M. | last4=Eusebi Borzelli | first4=G. L. | title=On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean) | journal=Biogeosciences | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=7 | issue=12 | date=15 December 2010 | issn=1726-4189 | doi=10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010 | doi-access=free | pages=3987–3997| bibcode=2010BGeo....7.3987C }}</ref>

===Climate change===
Because of the short residence time of its waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change records,<ref name="Giorgi, F. 2006">{{cite journal | last=Giorgi | first=F. | title=Climate change hot-spots | journal=Geophysical Research Letters | volume=33 | issue=8 | date=2006 | issn=0094-8276 | doi=10.1029/2006GL025734 | article-number=2006GL025734 | bibcode=2006GeoRL..33.8707G }}</ref> registering indeed marked increases in temperature across the entire water column since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bethoux | first1=J. P. | last2=Gentili | first2=B. | last3=Raunet | first3=J. | last4=Tailliez | first4=D. | title=Warming trend in the western Mediterranean deep water | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=347 | issue=6294 | year=1990 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/347660a0 | pages=660–662| bibcode=1990Natur.347..660B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Climate warming and related changes in Mediterranean marine biota - an overview |journal=CIESM Monographs |date=2008 |volume=35 |pages=5–21 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233883451}}</ref> According to climate projections, the decrease in precipitation over the region will lead to more evaporation, ultimately increasing marine salinity.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Adloff | first1=Fanny | last2=Somot | first2=Samuel | last3=Sevault | first3=Florence | last4=Jordà | first4=Gabriel | last5=Aznar | first5=Roland | last6=Déqué | first6=Michel | last7=Herrmann | first7=Marine | last8=Marcos | first8=Marta | last9=Dubois | first9=Clotilde | last10=Padorno | first10=Elena | last11=Alvarez-Fanjul | first11=Enrique | last12=Gomis | first12=Damià | title=Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios | journal=Climate Dynamics | volume=45 | issue=9–10 | date=2015 | issn=0930-7575 | doi=10.1007/s00382-015-2507-3 | pages=2775–2802 | bibcode=2015ClDy...45.2775A |display-authors=4| hdl=10261/132771 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> As a result of both temperature and salinity increases, the Mediterranean Sea is likely to become more stratified by the end of the 21st century, with notable consequences on water circulation and [[biogeochemistry]]. The stratification and warming have already led the eastern Mediterranean to become a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sisma-Ventura |first1=Guy |last2=Bialik |first2=Or M. |last3=Yam |first3=Ruth |last4=Herut |first4=Barak |last5=Silverman |first5=Jacob |title=p CO 2 variability in the surface waters of the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Sea: Exploring the air–sea CO 2 fluxes in a fast warming region |journal=Marine Chemistry |date=November 2017 |volume=196 |pages=13–23 |doi=10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.006|bibcode=2017MarCh.196...13S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wimart-Rousseau |first1=Cathy |last2=Wagener |first2=Thibaut |last3=Álvarez |first3=Marta |last4=Moutin |first4=Thierry |last5=Fourrier |first5=Marine |last6=Coppola |first6=Laurent |last7=Niclas-Chirurgien |first7=Laure |last8=Raimbault |first8=Patrick |last9=D'Ortenzio |first9=Fabrizio |last10=Durrieu de Madron |first10=Xavier |last11=Taillandier |first11=Vincent |last12=Dumas |first12=Franck |last13=Conan |first13=Pascal |last14=Pujo-Pay |first14=Mireille |last15=Lefèvre |first15=Dominique |title=Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the {{CO2}} System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin |journal= Frontiers in Marine Science|date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.649246 |issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021FrMaS...849246W |display-authors=4 |article-number=649246 }}</ref>

Human-induced climate change appears to play a growing role in the development of [[marine heatwaves]] that have become a prominent subject of research in recent years, particularly in the Mediterranean where a number of areas in both western and eastern sub-basins now experience peaks of temperatures, along with more frequent, more intense, more prolonged warming events than ever seen on record. These events, mainly driven by a combination of oceanic and atmospheric factors, are often triggered by high pressure systems that will reduce cloud cover and increase solar absorption by the sea surface. Their impacts on marine ecosystems, such as mass mortality in benthic communities, coral bleaching events, disruptions in fishery catches and shifts in species distributions, can be devastating.<ref>Marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea and beyond - an overview. 2024. pp. 5–24 in ''CIESM Monograph 51'' (F. Briand, Ed.) ISSN 1726-5886 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384727584]</ref> Extreme warming can lead to [[biodiversity loss]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verdura |first1=Jana |last2=Linares |first2=Cristina |last3=Ballesteros |first3=Enric |last4=Coma |first4=Rafel |last5=Uriz |first5=María J. |last6=Bensoussan |first6=Nathaniel |last7=Cebrian |first7=Emma |title=Biodiversity loss in a Mediterranean ecosystem due to an extreme warming event unveils the role of an engineering gorgonian species |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=5911 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41929-0|pmid=30976028 |pmc=6459914 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.5911V |s2cid=108292968|display-authors=4}}</ref> and presents an existential threat to some habitats<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jordà |first1=Gabriel |last2=Marbà |first2=Núria |last3=Duarte |first3=Carlos M. |title=Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=November 2012 |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=821–824 |doi=10.1038/nclimate1533|bibcode=2012NatCC...2..821J}}</ref> while making conditions more hospitable to invasive tropical species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grossowicz |first1=Michal |last2=Bialik |first2=Or M. |last3=Shemesh |first3=Eli |last4=Tchernov |first4=Dan |last5=Vonhof |first5=Hubert B. |last6=Sisma-Ventura |first6=Guy |title=Ocean warming is the key filter for successful colonization of the migrant octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea |journal=PeerJ |date=24 June 2020 |volume=8 |article-number=e9355 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9355|pmid=32612887 |pmc=7320722 |doi-access=free |display-authors=4}}</ref>

==Biogeochemistry==
[[File:Cycling of marine phytoplankton.png|thumb|alt=A detailed description of the cycling of marine phytoplankton in the ocean's photic zone. Phytoplankton's role in photosynthesis, oxygen production, and marine food webs highlighted.|Cycling of marine phytoplankton]]
In spite of its great [[biodiversity]], concentrations of [[chlorophyll]] and nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea are very low, making it one of the most [[oligotrophic]] ocean regions in the world. The Mediterranean Sea is commonly referred to as an [[Low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region|LNLC (Low-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) area]]. The Mediterranean Sea fits the definition of a [[desert]] in which its nutrient contents are low, making it difficult for plants and animals to develop.

There are steep gradients in nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity in the Mediterranean. Nutrient concentrations in the western part of the basin are about double the concentrations in the eastern basin. The [[Alboran Sea]], close to the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], has a daily [[primary productivity]] of about 0.25 g C (grams of carbon) m−2 day−1 whereas the eastern basin has an average daily productivity of 0.16 g C m−2 day−1.<ref name="Uitz Stramski Gentili DOrtenzio 2012 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Uitz | first1=Julia | last2=Stramski | first2=Dariusz | last3=Gentili | first3=Bernard | last4=D'Ortenzio | first4=Fabrizio | last5=Claustre | first5=Hervé | title=Estimates of phytoplankton class-specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color observations | journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles | volume=26 | issue=2 | date=2012 | issn=0886-6236 | doi=10.1029/2011GB004055 | article-number=2011GB004055 | bibcode=2012GBioC..26.2024U }}</ref> For this reason, the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is termed "ultraoligotrophic". The productive areas of the Mediterranean Sea are few and small. High (i.e. more than 0.5 grams of [[chlorophyll a|Chlorophyll ''a'']] per cubic metre) productivity occurs in coastal areas, close to the river mouths which are the primary suppliers of dissolved nutrients. The [[Gulf of Lion]] has a relatively high productivity because it is an area of high vertical mixing, bringing nutrients to the surface waters that can be used by [[phytoplankton]] to produce Chlorophyll ''a''.<ref name="Bosc, E. 2004">{{cite journal | last1=Bosc | first1=E. | last2=Bricaud | first2=A. | last3=Antoine | first3=D. | title=Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations | journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles | volume=18 | issue=1 | date=2004 | issn=0886-6236 | doi=10.1029/2003GB002034 | article-number=2003GB002034 | bibcode=2004GBioC..18.1005B }}</ref>

Primary productivity in the Mediterranean is also marked by an intense seasonal variability. In winter, the strong winds and precipitation over the basin generate [[Convective mixing|vertical mixing]], bringing nutrients from the deep waters to the surface, where phytoplankton can convert it into [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lebeaupin Brossier | first1=Cindy | last2=Béranger | first2=Karine | last3=Deltel | first3=Charles | last4=Drobinski | first4=Philippe | title=The Mediterranean response to different space–time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations | journal=Ocean Modelling | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=36 | issue=1–2 | year=2011 | issn=1463-5003 | doi=10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.10.008 | pages=1–25| bibcode=2011OcMod..36....1L }}</ref> However, in winter, light may be the limiting factor for primary productivity. Between March and April, spring offers the ideal trade-off between light intensity and nutrient concentrations in surface for a [[spring bloom]] to occur. In summer, high atmospheric temperatures lead to the warming of the surface waters. The resulting [[density]] difference virtually isolates the surface waters from the rest of the water column and nutrient exchanges are limited. As a consequence, primary productivity is very low between June and October.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=D'Ortenzio | first1=F. | last2=Ribera d'Alcalà | first2=M. | title=On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis | journal=Biogeosciences | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=6 | issue=2 | date=5 February 2009 | issn=1726-4189 | doi=10.5194/bg-6-139-2009 | doi-access=free | pages=139–148| bibcode=2009BGeo....6..139D }}</ref><ref name="Bosc, E. 2004"/>

Oceanographic expeditions uncovered a characteristic feature of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry: most of the chlorophyll production does not occur on the surface, but in sub-surface waters between 80 and 200 metres deep.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Moutin | first1=T. | last2=Van Wambeke | first2=F. | last3=Prieur | first3=L. | title=Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment | journal=Biogeosciences | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=9 | issue=10 | date=8 October 2012 | issn=1726-4189 | doi=10.5194/bg-9-3817-2012 | doi-access=free | pages=3817–3825| bibcode=2012BGeo....9.3817M }}</ref> Another key characteristic of the Mediterranean is its high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N:P). [[Alfred C. Redfield|Redfield]] demonstrated that most of the world's oceans have an average N:P ratio around 16. However, the Mediterranean Sea has an average N:P between 24 and 29, which translates a widespread phosphorus limitation.{{clarify|date=August 2019}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Berland | first1=Br | last2=Bonin | first2=Dj | last3=Maestrini | first3=Sy | title=Azote ou phosphore ? Considérations sur le paradoxe nutritionnel de la mer méditerranée | journal=Oceanologica Acta | publisher=Gauthier-Villars | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=1 January 1980 | issn=0399-1784 | pages=135–141 | url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00121/23257/ | language=fr | access-date=1 May 2024 | archive-date=1 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501212014/https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00121/23257/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bethoux | first1=J.P. | last2=Morin | first2=P. | last3=Madec | first3=C. | last4=Gentili | first4=B. | title=Phosphorus and nitrogen behaviour in the Mediterranean Sea | journal=Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=39 | issue=9 | year=1992 | issn=0198-0149 | doi=10.1016/0198-0149(92)90053-v | pages=1641–1654| bibcode=1992DSRA...39.1641B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kress | first1=Nurit | last2=Herut | first2=Barak | title=Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N:P ratios | journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=48 | issue=11 | year=2001 | issn=0967-0637 | doi=10.1016/s0967-0637(01)00022-x | pages=2347–2372| bibcode=2001DSRI...48.2347K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Krom | first1=M.D. | last2=Thingstad | first2=T.F. | last3=Brenner | first3=S. | last4=Carbo | first4=P. | last5=Drakopoulos | first5=P. | last6=Fileman | first6=T.W. | last7=Flaten | first7=G.A.F. | last8=Groom | first8=S. | last9=Herut | first9=B. | last10=Kitidis | first10=V. | last11=Kress | first11=N. | last12=Law | first12=C.S. | last13=Liddicoat | first13=M.I. | last14=Mantoura | first14=R.F.C. | last15=Pasternak | first15=A. | last16=Pitta | first16=P. | last17=Polychronaki | first17=T. | last18=Psarra | first18=S. | last19=Rassoulzadegan | first19=F. | last20=Skjoldal | first20=E.F. | last21=Spyres | first21=G. | last22=Tanaka | first22=T. | last23=Tselepides | first23=A. | last24=Wassmann | first24=P. | last25=Wexels Riser | first25=C. | last26=Woodward | first26=E.M.S. | last27=Zodiatis | first27=G. | last28=Zohary | first28=T. | title=Summary and overview of the CYCLOPS P addition Lagrangian experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean | journal=Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=52 | issue=22–23 | year=2005 | issn=0967-0645 | doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.018 | pages=3090–3108 | bibcode=2005DSRII..52.3090K |display-authors=4}}.</ref>

Because of its low productivity, plankton assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea are dominated by small organisms such as [[picophytoplankton]] and [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sammartino | first1=M. | last2=Di Cicco | first2=A. | last3=Marullo | first3=S. | last4=Santoleri | first4=R. | title=Spatio-temporal variability of micro-, nano- and pico-phytoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean colour data of SeaWiFS | journal=Ocean Science | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=11 | issue=5 | date=25 September 2015 | issn=1812-0792 | doi=10.5194/os-11-759-2015 | doi-access=free | pages=759–778| bibcode=2015OcSci..11..759S }}</ref><ref name="Uitz Stramski Gentili DOrtenzio 2012 p."/>

==Geology==
{{see also|Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin}}
[[File:Vrulja kod Omiša.jpg|thumb|A submarine [[karst spring]], called ''vrulja'', near [[Omiš]]; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface.]]

The [[geology|geologic history]] of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by [[oceanic crust]], the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient [[Tethys Ocean]]; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the [[Neotethys]], which was first formed by the convergence of the [[African Plate]] and [[Eurasian Plate]] during the Late [[Triassic]] and Early [[Jurassic]]. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of [[evaporites]]. The [[Messinian salinity crisis]] started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres—in some places more than three kilometres thick.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01031.x |title=Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis |journal=Sedimentology |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=95–136 |year=2009 |last1=Ryan |first1=William B. F. |bibcode=2009Sedim..56...95R |s2cid=52266741}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=William Ryan|title=Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis|journal=Stratigraphy|date=2008|volume=5|issue=3–4|page=229|doi=10.29041/strat.05.3.02 |bibcode=2008Strat...5..227R |url=http://eesc.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Ryan_Messinian_Stratigraphy_2008.pdf|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093103/http://eesc.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Ryan_Messinian_Stratigraphy_2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the [[Zanclean flood]]. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the [[Amazon River]].<ref name="GCetal2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature08555 |pmid=20010684 |title=Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis |journal=Nature |volume=462 |issue=7274 |pages=778–781 |year=2009 |last1=Garcia-Castellanos |first1=D. |last2=Estrada |first2=F. |last3=Jiménez-Munt |first3=I. |last4=Gorini |first4=C. |last5=Fernàndez |first5=M. |last6=Vergés |first6=J. |last7=De Vicente |first7=R. |bibcode=2009Natur.462..778G |s2cid=205218854|display-authors=4|hdl=10261/19509 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the deepest recorded point is {{convert|5267|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Calypso Deep]] in the [[Ionian Sea]]. The coastline extends for {{convert|46000|km|mi|abbr=on}}. A shallow submarine ridge (the [[Strait of Sicily]]) between the island of [[Sicily]] and the coast of [[Tunisia]] divides the sea in two main subregions: the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about {{convert|850,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about {{convert|1.65|e6km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}}. Coastal areas have submarine [[karst spring]]s or {{lang|hr|vrulja}}s, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.<ref name="LaMoreaux2001">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C&pg=PA58 |chapter=Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs |page=57 |title=Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use |first=Philip |last=Elmer LaMoreaux |year=2001 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-61841-6 |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Geografski_obzornik/go_2004_2.pdf|journal=Geografski Obzornik|year=2004|volume=51|issue=2|issn=0016-7274|language=sl|first=Jože|last=Žumer|title=Odkritje podmorskih termalnih izvirov|trans-title=Discovery of submarine thermal springs|pages=11–17|access-date=4 May 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001643/http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Geografski_obzornik/go_2004_2.pdf|url-status=live}} {{in lang|sl}}</ref>

=== Messinian salinity crisis ===

[[File:Etapa3muda.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Messinian salinity crisis before the [[Zanclean flood]]]]
[[File:Crisis salina del Messiniense.ogv|thumb|upright=1.2|Animation: Messinian salinity crisis]]During [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic-Rif [[mountain belt]]s across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. There the development of the intramontane Betic and Rif basins created two roughly parallel marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Dubbed the [[Betic corridor|Betic]] and Rifian corridors, they gradually closed during the middle and late Miocene: perhaps several times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de la Vara |first1=Alba |last2=Topper |first2=Robin P.M. |last3=Meijer |first3=Paul Th. |last4=Kouwenhoven |first4=Tanja J. |year=2015 |title=Water exchange through the Betic and Rifian corridors prior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis: A model study |journal=Paleoceanography |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=548–557 |doi=10.1002/2014PA002719 |bibcode=2015PalOc..30..548D |hdl=1874/326590 |s2cid=134905445 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In the late Miocene the closure of the [[Betic Corridor]] triggered the so-called "[[Messinian salinity crisis]]" (MSC), characterised by the deposition of a thick evaporitic sequence – with salt deposits up to 2 km thick in the Levantine sea – and by a massive drop in water level in much of the Basin. This event was for long the subject of acute scientific controversy, now much appeased,<ref>Briand, F. (ed.) (2008). The Messinian Salinity Crisis Mega-Deposits to Microbiology – A consensus report. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. 168 p.[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240612581]</ref> regarding its sequence, geographic range, processes leading to evaporite facies and salt deposits. The start of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya, and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya;<ref>{{cite journal |title=Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity |year=2001 |doi=10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00171-8 |first1=W. |last1=Krijgsman |first2=A.R. |last2=Fortuin |first3=F.J. |last3=Hilgen |first4=F.J. |last4=Sierro |journal=[[Sedimentary Geology (journal)|Sedimentary Geology]] |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=43–60 |bibcode=2001SedG..140...43K |hdl=1874/1632 |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/1632/1/Krijgsman01.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101150300/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/1632/Krijgsman01.pdf;jsessionid=EB9895C5447EC3BC0694C40094EE6BBE?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis, at right.

After the initial drawdown{{clarify|date=August 2019}} and re-flooding, there followed more episodes—the total number is debated—of sea drawdowns and re-floodings for the duration of the MSC. It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basin—creating the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and causing the [[Zanclean flood]]—at the end of the Miocene (5.33 mya). Some research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding-desiccation cycle may have repeated several times, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gargani J., Rigollet C.|title=Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=2007|volume=34|issue=L10405|page=L10405|article-number=2007GL029885 |doi=10.1029/2007GL029885|bibcode=2007GeoRL..3410405G|s2cid=128771539|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gargani J.|author2=Moretti I.|author3=Letouzey J.|title=Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis: The Suez Rift Case.|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=2008|volume=35|issue=2|page=L02401|doi=10.1029/2007gl032494|bibcode=2008GeoRL..35.2401G|s2cid=129573384|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00357241/file/2007GL032494.pdf|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122326/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00357241/file/2007GL032494.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a [[geodynamic]] point of view.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Govers |first1=Rob |title=Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis |journal=Geology |date=February 2009 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=167–170 |doi=10.1130/G25141A.1 |bibcode=2009Geo....37..167G |s2cid=34247931 }}</ref><ref name=GCV>{{cite journal |last1=Garcia-Castellanos |first1=D. |last2=Villaseñor |first2=A. |title=Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar arc |journal=Nature |date=15 December 2011 |volume=480 |issue=7377 |pages=359–363 |doi=10.1038/nature10651 |pmid=22170684 |bibcode=2011Natur.480..359G |s2cid=205227033}}</ref>

=== Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna ===
{{See also|Pleistocene megafauna|Dwarf elephant}}
The present-day Atlantic gateway, the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], originated in the early Pliocene via the [[Zanclean Flood]]. As mentioned, there were two earlier gateways: the [[Betic Corridor]] across southern Spain and the Rifian Corridor across northern Morocco. The Betic closed about 6 mya, causing the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC); the Rifian or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier [[Tortonian]] times, causing a "Tortonian salinity crisis" (from 11.6 to 7.2 mya), long before the MSC and lasting much longer. Both "crises" resulted in broad connections between the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which allowed migrations of flora and fauna—especially large mammals including primates—between the two continents. The [[Vallesian|Vallesian crisis]] indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Agusti | first1 = J
| last2 = Moya-Sola | first2 = S
| title = Mammal extinctions in the Vallesian (Upper Miocene)
| volume = 30 | year = 1990 | pages = 425–432
| issn = 1613-2580 | doi = 10.1007/BFb0011163
| series = Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences
| isbn = 978-3-540-52605-6
}} (Abstract)</ref>

Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic—so much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow [[Strait of Gibraltar#Inflow and outflow|''submarine current'']] of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. In the 1920s, Herman Sörgel proposed the building of a hydroelectric dam (the [[Atlantropa]] project) across the Straits, using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy. The underlying energy grid was also intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Maghreb part of Africa (compare [[Eurafrique|Eurafrika]] for the later impact and [[Desertec]] for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid).<ref>Politische Geographien Europas: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strüver, LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, p. 43</ref>

==Paleoclimate==
Because of its latitude and its landlocked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is subject to the deposition of [[eolian dust]] from the [[Sahara]] during dry periods, whereas riverine [[detritus (geology)|detrital]] input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranean marine [[sapropel]]-bearing sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth's history, helping to constrain the time of past [[geomagnetic reversal]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=F.J. Hilgen |title=Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=104 |year=1991 |issue=2–4 |pages=226–244 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(91)90206-W |bibcode=1991E&PSL.104..226H |hdl=1874/19041 |url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2007-0119-200857/hilgen_91_astronomical.pdf |access-date=4 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171928/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2007-0119-200857/hilgen_91_astronomical.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
[[File:Eunicella.jpg|thumb|Soft coral ''[[Eunicella cavolini]]'']]
Unlike the vast multidirectional [[ocean current]]s in open [[ocean]]s within their respective [[oceanic zone]]s; [[Marine ecosystem|biodiversity]] in the Mediterranean Sea is stable due to the subtle but strong locked nature of [[Ocean current|currents]] which is favourable to life, even the smallest macroscopic type of [[Hydrothermal vent|volcanic life form]]. The stable [[marine ecosystem]] of the Mediterranean Sea and [[Sea surface temperature|sea temperature]] provides a nourishing environment for [[Marine biology|life in the deep sea]] to flourish while assuring a balanced [[aquatic ecosystem]] excluded from any external [[Deep sea|deep]] [[Ocean|oceanic factors]]. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 [[Marine life|marine species]] in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine [[biodiversity]] in [[Coast|coastal areas]], [[Continental shelf|continental shelves]], and decreases with depth.<ref>Coll, Marta, et al., "The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats". ''PLOS ONE 5.8'', 2010.</ref>

As a result of the drying of the sea during the [[Messinian salinity crisis]],<ref>[[Kenneth J. Hsu|Hsu K.J.]], "When the Mediterranean Dried Up" ''Scientific American'', Vol. '''227''', December 1972, p. 32</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=7 Facts You Didn't Know About Mediterranean |url=https://www.maritimebusinessworld.com/7-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mediterranean-1462h.htm |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Maritime Business World |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Sea Ecosystem {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/science/mediterranean-sea-ecosystem |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref> the marine biota of the Mediterranean is derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded later.<ref name=":4" />

The [[Alboran Sea]] is a transition zone between the two seas, containing a mix of Mediterranean and Atlantic species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cristina |first1=Ruiz |last2=Domingo |first2=Samo |last3=José Luís |first3=Ruiz |last4=Cristina |first4=Ciércoles |last5=Luís |first5=Simarro |title=Exploring diversity and distribution of demersal fish species from the Northern Alboran Sea and Gulf of Vera (Western Mediterranean Sea) |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2016 |volume=3 |page=107 |doi=10.3389/conf.fmars.2016.05.00107 |bibcode=2016FrMaS...3Q.107C |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Mediterranean monk seal]]s live in the Aegean Sea in Greece.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Dendrinos |first1=Panagiotis |title=The Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) in the Aegean Sea. "The Living Myth of the Sirens" |date=2024 |work=The Aegean Sea Environment: The Biodiversity of the Natural System |pages=211–233 |editor-last=Anagnostou |editor-first=Christos L. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2022_897 |access-date=2025-06-20 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/698_2022_897 |isbn=978-3-031-59415-1 |last2=Adamantopoulou |first2=Styliani |last3=Tounta |first3=Eleni |last4=Koemtzopoulos |first4=Kimon |last5=Karamanlidis |first5=Alexandros A. |editor2-last=Kostianoy |editor2-first=Andrey G. |editor3-last=Mariolakos |editor3-first=Ilias D. |editor4-last=Panayotidis |editor4-first=Panayotis|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

There was a resident population of [[orca]]s in the Mediterranean until the 1980s, when they went extinct, probably due to long-term PCB exposure. There are still annual sightings of orca vagrants.<ref>Carrington, Damian. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/14/uks-last-resident-killer-whales-doomed-to-extinction "UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003210/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/14/uks-last-resident-killer-whales-doomed-to-extinction |date=20 February 2019}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 14 January 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</ref>

{{See also|Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance|List of fishes of the Mediterranean Sea|List of fishes of the Black Sea}}

==Environmental issues==
For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate. The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean paradise on Earth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations, dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations, [[floodplain]] sediments, [[pollen]], tree-ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies, [[Alfred Thomas Grove]]'s and [[Oliver Rackham]]'s work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement. The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the [[classics]] as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref name="Yale" />

[[File:Palomares H-Bomb Incident.jpg|thumb|The [[thermonuclear bomb]] that fell into the sea recovered off [[Palomares, Almería]], 1966]]
The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises such as the [[Latifundium|latifundia]] took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. The major deforestation might have taken place in modern times—the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually been unstable and there is evidence of various ancient and modern "[[Little Ice Age]]s",<ref>Jean M. Grove (2004). ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern''. Taylor & Francis.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2023}} and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient to various patterns of human activity.<ref name="Yale" />

Even Grove considered that human activity could be the cause of climate change. Modern science has been able to provide clear evidence of this. The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related to human usage patterns.<ref name="Yale" /> The diversity range{{clarify|date=August 2019}} was enhanced by the widespread exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after [[World War II]], in line with the "1950s syndrome"<ref>Christian Pfister (editor), ''Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft'', Berne 1995</ref> as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents{{clarify|date=August 2019}} for tourism. This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations.{{Fix|text=of what?}} Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations.<ref name="Yale" >The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, by Alfred Thomas Grove, Oliver Rackham, Yale University Press, 2003, [http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300100556 review at Yale university press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140735/http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300100556 |date=6 October 2014}} [https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/v032/32.3fagan.pdfThe Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073018/https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_interdisciplinary_history%2Fv032%2F32.3fagan.pdfThe |date=6 October 2014}}, [[Brian M. Fagan]], Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 32, Number 3, Winter 2002, pp. 454–455</ref>

===Natural hazards===
[[File:Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Stromboli]] volcano in Italy]]
The Mediterranean region is one of the most geologically active maritime areas of the globe, sitting on a complex tectonic boundary zone between the European and African plates. The geology of the region, with the presence of plate boundaries and active faults, makes it prone to quite frequent earthquakes, tsunamis and submarine landslides with can have devastating consequences in densely populated coastal areas. In addition climate change now intensifies the frequency and impacts of storm surges and coastal flooding, putting additional human lives and property at risk.<ref>Marine hazards and coastal vulnerabilities in the Mediterranean - realities and perceptions. 2024. pp. 5–25 in ’’ CIESM Monograph 52’’ (F. Briand, Ed.) ISSN 1726-5886 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388029017]</ref>

[[Earthquakes]] are relatively frequent in the Mediterranean Basin, starting in the Mediterranean 70 million years ago. They are still ongoing. From the boundary of tectonic plates, the Mediterranean territory is called two distinct parts: the Eastern Mediterranean (from Italy to Turkey), which is characterised by intense seismicity with earthquakes whose magnitude can rise to 7.5 Richter with more than 350 recorded tsunamis, and the Western Mediterranean. During the 20th century, 198,548 earthquake victims were recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural hazards in the Mediterranean Basin |url=https://www.mededuc.eu/en/resource-center/pedagogical-reference/22-natural-hazards-in-the-mediterranean-basin.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.mededuc.eu}}</ref>

[[Volcanic eruptions]] are not uncommon either and left their mark in historical and archaeological records. The largest include the [[Thera eruption]], dated around 1600 BC, and the eruptions of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 217 BC and AD 79 - the latter famously known for the destruction and the burying of the ancient cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].<ref name=mcguire2003>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=McGuire|title=In the shadow of the volcano|date=16 October 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/16/research.highereducation2|access-date=8 May 2010|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041053/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/16/research.highereducation2|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same region the [[Phlegraean Fields]] west of Naples constitute one of the most significant volcanic systems in the world, still very active. In the same general area, volcanoes like Mt. Etna and Stromboli are considered in a state of permanent activity, with frequent eruptions and lava emissions through the past 1500 years.

[[Tsunamis]], usually triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and submarine landslides, have caused a number of documented disasters in the Mediterranean Basin in the past 2500 years. Historical examples include the 365 and 1303 tsunamis in the Hellenic Arc, more recently the disastrous 1908 event that destroyed the cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria, and the large tsunami that occurred off the Algerian margin in 2003.

On the diplomatic front, the experience of coastal countries and regional authorities is leading to exchange{{Fix|text=of what?}} at the international level with the cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipal authorities.<ref name=evch>{{cite web|url=http://www.infopuntveiligheid.nl/Infopuntdocumenten/7._Eric_van_der_Horst.pdf|title=Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205041217/http://www.infopuntveiligheid.nl/Infopuntdocumenten/7._Eric_van_der_Horst.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy]] is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations between traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in İzmit and Athens in 1999. The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|title=Press corner|website=European Commission|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825095835/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest amount of funding requests in the EU relates to [[forest fire]]s, followed by floods and earthquakes. Forest fires, whether human-made or natural, are a frequent and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranean region.<ref name=evch/> [[Tsunami]]s are also an often-underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the [[1908 Messina earthquake]] and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe.

===Invasive species===
[[File:Himantura uarnak egypt.jpg|thumb|The [[reticulate whipray]] is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the [[Suez Canal]] as part of the ongoing [[Lessepsian migration]].]]

Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering a number of local and [[endemism|endemic]] Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of marine species shows that over 70% of exotic [[Decapoda|decapod]]s<ref name="Briand">{{cite book |editor-last1=Briand |editor-first1=Frederic |last1=Galil |first1=Bella |last2=Froglia |first2=Carlo |last3=Noël |first3=Pierre |title=CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean: Vol 2 Crustaceans |date=2002 |publisher=CIESM Publishers |location=Paris, Monaco |isbn=978-92-990003-2-8 |page=192 |url=https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2002 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223120847/https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2002 |url-status=live }}</ref> and some 2/3 of exotic fishes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.issg.org/infpaper_invasive.pdf |title=IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species |access-date=11 August 2009 |year=2000 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115235640/http://www.issg.org/infpaper_invasive.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref> found in the Mediterranean are of [[Indo-Pacific]] origin, [[introduced species|introduced]] from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of [[Introduced species|alien]] species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of some Lessepsian species have proven to be considerable, mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a familiar sight.

According to definitions by the [[Mediterranean Science Commission]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], and to [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD) and [[Ramsar Convention]] terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and are found outside their normal, non-adjacent area of distribution. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea, compete with and begin to replace native species they are "Alien Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (human-made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the Canal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt to deepen, widen Suez Canal after blockage |website=Al-Monitor |date=21 May 2021 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/05/egypt-deepen-widen-suez-canal-after-blockage |access-date=12 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712155837/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/05/egypt-deepen-widen-suez-canal-after-blockage |url-status=live }}</ref> raised concerns from [[marine biologist]]s, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, and lead to even more species passing through the Canal.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Galil | first1=Bella S. | last2=Zenetos | first2=Argyro | title=Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management | chapter=A Sea Change — Exotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea | publisher=Springer Netherlands | publication-place=Dordrecht | date=2002 | isbn=978-90-481-6111-9 | doi=10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_33 | pages=325–336}}</ref>

====Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species====
In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become noticeable. In many cases this reflects an expansion – favoured by a warming trend of sub-tropical Atlantic waters, and also by a fast-growing maritime traffic – of the natural range of species that now enter the Mediterranean through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. While not as intense as [[Lessepsian migration]], the process is of importance and is therefore receiving increased levels of scientific coverage.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Golani | first1=Daniel | last2=Azzurro | first2=Ernesto | last3=Dulčić | first3=Jakov | last4=Massutí | first4=Enric | last5=Briand | first5=Frederic | title=Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea |edition=2nd | publisher=CIESM publishers | series=CIESM Atlases | year=2021 | isbn=978-92-990003-5-9 | page=}}</ref>

===Sea-level rise===
By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between {{convert|3|and|61|cm|1|abbr=on}} as a result of the [[effects of global warming|effects of climate change]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090303084057.htm|website=[[Science Daily]]|date=3 March 2009|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623133113/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090303084057.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranean:
* Rising sea levels will submerge parts of [[Malta]]. Rising sea levels will also mean rising salt water levels in Malta's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water.<ref>{{cite news|title=Briny future for vulnerable Malta|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6525069.stm|date=4 April 2007|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 November 2011|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523094353/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6525069.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} rise in sea level would flood {{convert|200|km2|0|abbr=out}} of the [[Nile Delta]], displacing over 500,000 [[Egyptians]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change |url=http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html |date=28 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209093815/http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html |archive-date=9 February 2011}}</ref>
* [[Cyprus]] wetlands are also in danger of being destroyed by the rising temperatures and sea levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyprus wetlands in danger of being destroyed by climate change|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/11/08/cyprus-wetlands-in-danger-of-being-destroyed-by-climate-change/|website=cyprus-mail.com|date=8 November 2019|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224181517/https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/11/08/cyprus-wetlands-in-danger-of-being-destroyed-by-climate-change/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Coastal ecosystems also appear to be threatened by [[sea level rise]], especially enclosed seas such as the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These seas have only small and primarily east–west movement [[Habitat corridor|corridors]], which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas.<ref>Nicholls, R.J.; Klein, R.J.T. (2005). Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. et al. (Ed.) (2005). Managing European coasts: past, present and future. pp. 199–226.</ref> Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between {{convert|30|and|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} and temperature shifts of a mere {{convert|0.05–0.1|C-change||2}} in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.<ref name="greenpeace.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/marine-reserves/the-mediterranean/mediterranean-other-threats|title=Other threats in the Mediterranean | Greenpeace International|publisher=Greenpeace|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416071023/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/marine-reserves/the-mediterranean/mediterranean-other-threats|archive-date=16 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Pollution===
[[Marine pollution|Pollution]] in this region has been extremely high in recent years.{{When|date=May 2012}} The [[United Nations Environment Programme]] has estimated that {{convert|650000000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[sewage]], {{convert|129000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[mineral oil]], {{convert|60000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of mercury, {{convert|3800|t|ST|abbr=on}} of lead and {{convert|36000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[phosphate]]s are dumped into the Mediterranean each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.explorecrete.com/nature/mediterranean.html|title=Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental issues|publisher=Explore Crete|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113033738/http://explorecrete.com/nature/mediterranean.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Barcelona Convention]] aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm |title=EUROPA |publisher=Europa |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409220807/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm |archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref>

Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea's pollution. One of them is the [[Mediterranean monk seal]] which is considered to be among the world's most [[endangered]] [[marine mammal]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm|title=Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview|publisher=Monachus-guardian.org|date=5 May 1978|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=12 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912082329/https://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Mediterranean is also plagued by [[marine debris]]. A 1994 study of the [[seabed]] using [[trawl net]]s around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km2 ({{convert|1,935|/km2|disp=out}}).<ref name="nep.org/regionalseas/ma">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf |title=Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview |access-date=1 August 2008 |year=2005 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |archive-date=17 July 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070717141400/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Shipping===
{{Location map+
| Mediterranean
| width = 700
| float = right
| border =
| caption = Largest ports of the Mediterranean area per total vessel traffic as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/508771540319329808/pdf/131217-PUB-PUBLIC-publication-date-is-10-23-18.pdf|last1=Arvis|first1=Jean-François|first2=Vincent|last2=Vesin|first3=Robin|last3=Carruthers|page=41|first4=César|last4=Ducruet|first5=Peter|last5=de Langen|year=2019|title=Maritime Networks, Port Efficiency, and Hinterland Connectivity in the Mediterranean. International Development in Focus|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[World Bank]]|isbn=978-1-4648-1274-3|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-1274-3|hdl=10398/08c83467-00f6-4f56-9833-1beda9f7734f|s2cid=134161640|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613085117/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/508771540319329808/pdf/131217-PUB-PUBLIC-publication-date-is-10-23-18.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alt =
| relief =
| AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Mediterranean Sea.png
| overlay_image =
| places =
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Valencia|Valencia]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 39 | lat_min = 26 | lat_sec = 39 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 0 | lon_min = 19 | long_sec = 48 | lon_dir = W
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 41 | lat_min = 20 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 2 | lon_min = 9 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Genoa|Genoa]]
| position = left
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 44 | lat_min = 24 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 8 | lon_min = 55 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Ambarlı|Ambarlı]]
| position = top
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 40 | lat_min = 58 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 28 | lon_min = 40 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Piraeus|Piraeus]]
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 37 | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 23 | lon_min = 38 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Limassol|Limassol]]
| position = Top
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 34 | lat_min = 39 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 33 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Marseille-Fos Port|Fos]]
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 43 | lat_min = 12 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 5 | lon_min = 12 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Malta Freeport|Marsaxlokk]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 35 | lat_min = 49 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 14 | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of La Spezia|La Spezia]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 44 | lat_min = 6 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 9 | lon_min = 51 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Algeciras|Algeciras]]
| position = top
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 36 | lat_min = 9 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 5 | lon_min = 26 | lon_dir = W
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Gioia Tauro|Gioia Tauro]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 38 | lat_min = 26 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 15 | lon_min = 54 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Tanger-Med]]
| position = right
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 35 | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 5 | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = W
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Livorno|Leghorn]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 43 | lat_min = 34 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 10 | lon_min = 18 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Evyapport|Evyap]]
| position = right
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 40 | lat_min = 47 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 29 | lon_min = 42 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Mersin|Mersin]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 36 | lat_min = 48 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 38 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Haifa|Haifa]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 49 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 35 | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Ashdod|Ashdod]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 31 | lat_min = 49 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 39 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Beirut|Beirut]]
| position =
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 33 | lat_min = 54 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 35 | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Gemlik|Gemlik]]
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 40 | lat_min = 25 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 29 | lon_min = 5 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Mediterranean
| label = [[Port of Nemrut Bay|Nemrut Bay]]
| position = right
| background =
| mark = Legenda port.svg
| marksize = 12
| link =
| lat_deg = 38 | lat_min = 26 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 26 | lon_min = 55 | lon_dir = E
}}
}}
Approximately {{convert|370000000|t|LT|abbr=on}} of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250–300 [[oil tanker]]s crossing the sea every day. An important destination is the [[Port of Trieste]], the starting point of the [[Transalpine Pipeline]], which covers 40% of Germany's oil demand (100% of the federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), 90% of Austria and 50% of the Czech Republic.<ref>Thomas Fromm "Pipeline durch die Alpen: Alles im Fluss" In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 26 December 2019.</ref> Accidental [[oil spill]]s happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per year. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean.<ref name="greenpeace.org"/>
[[File:Portacontainer MSC in navigazione nello stretto di Messina.jpg|thumb|A cargo ship cruises towards the [[Strait of Messina]]]]
[[File:Porto nuovo di Trieste 1.4.2012.jpg|thumb|Port of [[Trieste]]]]

===Tourism===
[[File:Kemer beach, Antalya.jpg|thumb|[[Kemer]] Beach in [[Antalya]] on the [[Turkish Riviera|Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast)]]. In 2019, Turkey [[World Tourism rankings#Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals|ranked sixth in the world]] in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.<ref name="WTO Tourism Highlights 2019 Edition">{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2019 Edition {{!}} World Tourism Organization|year=2019|doi=10.18111/9789284421152|isbn=978-92-844-2115-2|s2cid=240665765}}</ref>]]
The coast of the Mediterranean has been used for tourism since ancient times, as the Roman villa buildings on the [[Amalfi Coast]] or in [[Barcola]] show. From the end of the 19th century, in particular, the beaches became places of longing for many Europeans and travellers. From then on, and especially after World War II, [[mass tourism]] to the Mediterranean began with all its advantages and disadvantages. While initially, the journey was by train and later by bus or car, today the plane is increasingly used.<ref>Rüdiger Hachtmann "Tourismus-Geschichte". (2007); Attilio Brilli "Quando viaggiare era un'arte. Il romanzo del grand tour." (1995).</ref>

Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the human-made geopolitical conflicts{{clarify|date=August 2019}} in the region. The countries have tried to extinguish rising human-made chaotic zones{{clarify|date=August 2019}} that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring coastal countries, and [[shipping route]]s. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be among the best{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} due to the rapid cooperation between various [[List of fleets|naval fleets]]. Unlike the vast open oceans, the sea's closed position facilitates effective naval and rescue missions{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}, considered the safest{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} and regardless of{{clarify|date=August 2019}} any human-made or [[natural disaster]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cor.europa.eu/en/engage/studies/Documents/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean.pdf#:~:text=Within%20the%20wider%20Mediterranean%20region%2C%20the%20Mediterranean%20countries,is%20likely%20to%20resume%20when%20the%20situation%20stabilises. |title=Sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301224423/https://cor.europa.eu/en/engage/studies/Documents/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean/sustainable-tourism-mediterranean.pdf#:~:text=Within%20the%20wider%20Mediterranean%20region%2C%20the%20Mediterranean%20countries,is%20likely%20to%20resume%20when%20the%20situation%20stabilises. |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tourism is a source of income for small coastal communities, including islands, independent of urban centres. However, tourism has also played a major role in the [[environmental degradation|degradation]] of the coastal and [[marine environment]]. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region, but this has caused serious disturbance to [[marine habitat]]s by erosion and [[#Pollution|pollution]] in many places along the Mediterranean coasts.

Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth{{clarify|date=August 2019}}, causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered species such as [[sea turtle]]s and [[monk seal]]s. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce the incentive for tourists to visit.<ref name="greenpeace.org"/>

{{see also|Environmental impact of tourism}}

===Overfishing===
{{main|Overfishing}}

[[Fish stocks|Fish stock]] levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CORDIS |title=The worrying state of Mediterranean fish stocks |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-04-state-mediterranean-fish-stocks.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> The European Environment Agency says that more than 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits. Some of the most important fisheries are threatened.{{date missing}} There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many areas, larger and longer-lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2014 |title=Factors affecting the fishing impact on cartilaginous fishes in southeastern Spain (western Mediterranean Sea) |doi=10.3989/SCIMAR.04025.21A |s2cid=39347699 |last1=Mendoza |first1=Manuel |last2=Garrido |first2=Diego |last3=Bellido |first3=Jose M. |journal=Scientia Marina |volume=78 |issue=S1 |pages=67–76 |bibcode=2014ScMar..78S..67M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Marine heatwaves===
{{Main|Marine heatwave}}

A study showed that [[Effects of climate change on oceans|climate change-related]] exceptional [[marine heatwave]]s in the Mediterranean Sea during 2015–2019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/marine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820164944/https://interestingengineering.com/science/marine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garrabou |first1=Joaquim |last2=Gómez-Gras |first2=Daniel |last3=Medrano |first3=Alba |last4=Cerrano |first4=Carlo |last5=Ponti |first5=Massimo |last6=Schlegel |first6=Robert |last7=Bensoussan |first7=Nathaniel |last8=Turicchia |first8=Eva |last9=Sini |first9=Maria |last10=Gerovasileiou |first10=Vasilis |title=Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea |journal=Global Change Biology |date=18 July 2022 |volume=28 |issue=19 |pages=5708–5725 |doi=10.1111/gcb.16301 |pmid=35848527 |pmc=9543131 |bibcode=2022GCBio..28.5708G |hdl=10754/679702 |s2cid=250622761 |language=en |issn=1354-1013|display-authors=4}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px" style="text-align:center">
File:Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg|[[Europa Point]], Gibraltar
File:ForbysIbizaTown 02.jpg|Old city of [[Ibiza Town]], Spain
File:Monaco City 001.jpg|Panoramic view of [[La Condamine]], Monaco
File:Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg|The beach of la Courtade in the [[Îles d'Hyères]], France
File:Chia beach, Sardinia, Italy.jpg|[[Sardinia]]'s south coast, Italy
File:Panagiotis wreck.jpg|[[Navagio]], Greece
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq il-Bajja s-Sabiha + Pretty Bay + Gnien Mons. Guzeppi Minuti 03 ies.jpg|Pretty Bay in [[Birżebbuġa]], Malta
File:Piran Stadtpanorama.jpg|Panoramic view of [[Piran]], Slovenia
File:Cavtat Croatia 2008-10-07.JPG|Panoramic view of [[Cavtat]], Croatia
File:Neum02451.JPG|View of [[Neum]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
File:svetistefan1756.JPG|A view of [[Sveti Stefan]], Montenegro
File:Ksamill-1.jpg|[[Ksamil Islands]], Albania
File:Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg|[[Ölüdeniz]], [[Turkish Riviera|Turquoise Coast]], Turkey
File:Petra tou romiou beach.jpg|[[Paphos]], Cyprus
File:Burjeslam.jpg|[[Burj Islam]] Beach, [[Latakia]], Syria
File:BeirutRaouche1.jpg|A view of [[Raouché]] off the coast of [[Beirut]], Lebanon
File:Bat Galim neighborhood and Haifa Bay.jpg|A view of [[Haifa]], Israel
File:شاطئ دير البلح horizon adjusted.jpg|Sunset at the [[Deir al-Balah]] beach, Gaza Strip, Palestine
File:Coast of Alexandria, A view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt.jpg|Coast of [[Alexandria]], view From [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]], Egypt
File:Ras Elhilal Coast Sea Cave's.jpg|Ras El Hilal sea caves, Libya
File:Hammametgolf.jpg|Beach of [[Hammamet, Tunisia|Hammamet]], Tunisia
File:Les Aiguades.jpg|Les Aiguades near [[Béjaïa]], Algeria
File:EL Jebha1.jpg|El Jebha, a port town in Morocco
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Oceans}}
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Aegean dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Atlantropa}}
* {{annotated link|Babelmed}}, the site of the Mediterranean cultures
* {{annotated link|Cyprus dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Eastern Mediterranean}}
* {{annotated link|Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly}}
* {{annotated link|Exclusive economic zone of Greece}}
* {{annotated link|Familial Mediterranean fever}}
* {{annotated link|History of the Mediterranean region}}
* {{annotated link|Holy League (1571)}}
* {{annotated link|Libya–Turkey maritime deal}}
* {{annotated link|List of islands in the Mediterranean}}
* {{annotated link|List of Mediterranean countries}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean diet}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean Games}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean race}}
* {{annotated link|Mediterranean sea (oceanography)}}
* {{annotated link|Piri Reis}} – Early cartographer of the Mediterranean
* {{annotated link|Qattara Depression Project}}
* {{annotated link|Seto Inland Sea}} – also known as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73849 The Mediterranean: Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers] (1911), by [[Karl Baedeker]]
* {{annotated link|Tyrrhenian Basin}}
* {{annotated link|Union for the Mediterranean}}
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mediterranean Sea |volume=18 |last1=Dickson |first1=Henry Newton |author1-link=Henry Newton Dickson |pages=67–69 |short=1}}
* [http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?area=Mediterranean+Sea&aktion=suche Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142659/http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?area=Mediterranean+Sea&aktion=suche |date=11 May 2011 }}
* [http://med-lter.haifa.ac.il/index.php/about Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184556/http://med-lter.haifa.ac.il/index.php/about |date=5 February 2018 }}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73849 The Mediterranean : Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers]. Written and published in Leipzig by Karl Baedeker in 1911.

{{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean}}
{{Regions of the world}}

{{subject bar|portal3=Geography |voy=y |commons=y |wikt=y |n=y |q=y |s=y|v=y}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mediterranean|*]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Sea| ]]
[[Category:Marine ecoregions]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Geography of North Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia]]
[[Category:Natural history of Europe]]
[[Category:European seas]]
[[Category:Seas of Albania]]
[[Category:Seas of Africa]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Seas of France]]
[[Category:Seas of Greece]]
[[Category:Seas of Italy]]
[[Category:Seas of Spain]]
[[Category:Seas of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Africa]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Asia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Europe]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Style (2001 film)

2026-03-03T12:04:21Z

KevinArden: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{short description|2001 Hindi comedy suspense thriller film directed by N. Chandra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Style
| image = Style film poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[N. Chandra]]
| writer = N. Chandra
| producer = N. Chandra
| starring = [[Sahil Khan]] [[Sharman Joshi]] [[Riya Sen]] [[Shillpi Sharma]]
| cinematography = Manoj Gupta
| editing = Prashant Khedekar
| music = [[Sanjeev Darshan]]
| studio = N . Chandra Global Infotainment Limited
| distributor = [[B4U (network)|B4U Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|12|28}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}2.5{{nbsp}}[[crore]]<ref name="boxofficeindia1">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=683|title=Style - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}8.84{{nbsp}}crore<ref name="boxofficeindia1" />
}}
'''''Style''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[comedy|buddy comedy thriller]] film directed by [[N. Chandra]].<ref name="Www.rediff.com">{{cite interview |last=Chandra |first=N. |subject-link=N. Chandra |interviewer=Vivek Fernandes |title=Style makes a statement |work=Quote Martial |date=6 September 2001|publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/06chand.htm |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> The film stars [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Sahil Khan]], [[Riya Sen]], and [[Shilpi Sharma (actress)|Shilpi Sharma]]. The film was released on 28 December 2001, and was a [[sleeper hit]], earning {{Indian rupee}}8.84 crore at the box-office against its budget of {{Indian rupee}}2.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Style - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=683 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2001-12-28 |title=Style Review 1/5 {{!}} Style Movie Review {{!}} Style 2001 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/style/critic-review/style-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |language=en}}</ref>

A sequel titled ''[[Xcuse Me]]'' was released in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2003-09-26 |title=Excuse Me Review 1.5/5 {{!}} Excuse Me Movie Review {{!}} Excuse Me 2003 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/excuse-me/critic-review/excuse-me-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around two slap-happy college students, Bantu/Nehal and Chantu/Amit, who stand out in the college for their expertise in ragging and playing pranks, and their ability to outfox others.
As their college life nears an end, the duo begins to realize that they need to start getting more serious about their life and career. Realising that they are not cut out for a life of struggle and hard work, Bantu comes up with an idea to trick two rich girls into marrying them so that they can spend their lives comfortably which leads them to focus their attention on rich teenyboppers Sheena and Rani and set about wooing the two girls to win their love and ultimately the key to becoming rich. A mysterious woman named Nikki Malhotra enters the scene, and pretty soon Chantu and Bantu get embroiled in a murder mystery.

== Cast ==
*[[Sahil Khan]] as Amit Kharbanda (Chantu)
*[[Sharman Joshi]] as Nehal Satpute (Bantu)
*[[Riya Sen]] as Sheena
*[[Shillpi Sharma]] as Rani
*[[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Inspector
*[[Tara Deshpande]] as Nikki Malhotra
*[[Darshan Jariwala]] as Principal Sardesai
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Suresh Bhagwat
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Nayansukh
*[[Neelu Kohli]] as Bantu's Mother
*[[Atul Parchure]] as Manager
*[[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Dinesh
*[[Rajkumar Kanojia]] as Sharad Kandi Bhagwat
*[[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]] as Hostel Manager
*Puneet Vashisht as Vicky
*Rinke Ali Khan as Savitri

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sanjeev Darshan]]. The lyrics are written by Nitin Raikwar, Tejpal Kaur and Abbas Katka.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics
|-
| "Excuse Me"
| Nitin Raikwar, Nisha, Simmi
| Nitin Raikwar
|-
| "Jaan Meri Jaan Hai Tu"
| [[Sapna Mukherjee]], Mohini
| Abbas Katka
|-
| "Miss Dil And Mister Dil"
| [[Hema Sardesai]], [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| Nitin Raikwar
|-
| "Mohabbat Ho Na Jaye"
| Hema Sardesai, [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Udit Narayan
| Abbas Katka
|-
| "Ye Hai Style"
| Abhijeet, KK
| Tejpal Kaur
|-
| "Mohabbat Ho Na Jaye (II)"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| Abbas Katka
|-
| "Style Mein Rehne Ka"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Vinod Rathod]]
| Nitin Raikwar
|-
| "Theme Music (Instrumental)"
|
|
|}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing, "Performance-wise, Sharman Joshi is likeable and delivers a convincing performance. Saahil Khan makes a decent debut. Riya Sen looks like a doll looks, but needs to brush up her acting skills. Shilpi Mudgal is not up to the mark. Varsha Usgaonker is okay in a brief role. Tara Deshpande overacts. Shakti Kapoor is wasted in a brief role. On the whole, STYLE is just about an average fare."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/style/critic-review/style-movie-review/|title=Style Review 1/5 &#124; Style Movie Review &#124; Style 2001 Public Review &#124; Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=28 December 2001}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
A sequel ''[[Xcuse Me]]'' was released in 2003.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0306855}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Chandra]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Culture of Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-02T02:24:56Z

KevinArden: quick fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{lead too short|date=February 2017}}
{{Expand Telugu|తెలుగు సంస్కృతి|date=February 2017}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}

[[File:Hanuman and Ravana in Tholu Bommalata, the shadow puppet tradition of Andhra Pradesh, India.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Hanuman]] and [[Ravana]] in ''[[tholu bommalata]]'', the [[shadow puppet]] tradition of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India]]

The '''culture of Andhra Pradesh''' embodies some very exclusive and special entities.

Women wear Venkatagiri, Pedana, Bandarulanka, Uppada, Mangalagiri, Dharmavaram sarees. The exclusive metal ware, brass, stone and wood carving from Budithi in Srikakulam District and Veenas from Bobbili and colourful toys from Etikoppaka and Kondapalli highlight the immense talent of the Andhra Pradeshi's.

==Religion and philosophy==
Andhra Pradesh is home to [[Hindu saints]] of all castes. An important figure is Saint Yogi Potuluri Veerabrahmam, who was a Viswa Brahmin who even had Brahmin, Shudra [[Dalit#Harijan|Harijan]] and Muslim disciples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mihira.com/wisdommasters/veerabrahmam.htm |title=Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami |access-date=2008-11-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120050546/http://www.mihira.com/wisdommasters/veerabrahmam.htm |archive-date=2008-11-20 }}</ref> Fisherman Raghu was also a Shudra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugubhakti.com/telugupages/Monthly/Bhaktas/content1.htm|title=Stories of Bhaktas - Fisherman Raghu - www.telugubhakti.com}}</ref>

Several important Hindu modern-day saints are from Andhra Pradesh. These include [[Nimbarka]] who founded [[Dvaitadvaita]], Mother Meera who advocated the [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence]] and Aurobindo Mission, [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Sathya Sai Baba]] and Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji.

===Pilgrimage places===
[[File:TirumalTemple.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sacred Tirumala Temple]]

*[[Annavaram]], where the main temple is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu|Satyanarayana]].
*[[Draksharamam|Daksharamam]], where the main temple is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]].
*[[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirupati or Tirumala]], where the main temple is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Venkateswara]].
*[[Simhachalam]] is said in mythology to be the abode of the saviour-god [[Narasimha]], who rescued [[Prahlada]] from abusive father [[Hiranyakasipu]].
*[[Srisailam]] is dedicated mainly to [[Shiva]]. It is one of the locations of the various [[Jyotirlingam]]s.
*[[Srikalahasti]] is also dedicated to [[Shiva]]. It is one of the panchalingam.
*[[Kanipakam]] is a famous temple dedicated to [[Ganesha]].
*[[Kanaka Durga Temple]] in [[Vijayawada]] is a temple dedicated to Goddess [[Durga]].

===Annual festivals===
{{See also|List of festivals in Andhra Pradesh}}
* [[Makara Sankranti]]/[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] in January. ''Makara'' is the name of one of the twelve astrological signs (in Telugu they say ''Raasi'') resembling a crocodile in shape, which means that the Sun entering northern direction in that particular ''Raasi''.
* [[Maha Shivaratri]] in February/March.
* [[Ugadi]] or the Telugu New Year in March/April.
* [[Sri Rama Navami]] celebrated in March/April 9 days after Ugadi.
* [[Varalakshmi Vratam]] in August.
* [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chaviti]] in August.
* [[Navaratri|Dasara]] in September/October.
* [[Bathukamma]] in September/October (some parts of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Diwali|Deepavali]] in October/November.
* [[Karthika Deepothsavam]] during the [[Diwali|Deepavali]] season.

===Vodi Biyyam===
''Vodi Biyyam'' (Vodi means the Womb and Biyyam means rice grains) is a traditional ceremony performed for married couples in some communities. The ceremony starts before the marriage. After marriage, the ceremony is performed at least once in three years, wherein the parents or the brother(s) of the married woman invite all the relatives for the ceremony celebration.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kiranreddys.com/telugu/culture.php | title=Telugu Culture}}</ref>

====The Process====
The parents of the married woman give money to buy clothes for the ceremony. A good quantity of rice is mixed with turmeric, dried coconut core and other ingredients. Five married women (not widowed) come one after another and put rice in a cloth wrapped around the neck and spread out in the front. There is another food item which is hot chilli powder and rice.

==Cultural institutions==
Andhra Pradesh has many museums, including the Archaeological Museum at [[Amaravati Stupa]] near Guntur City that features relics of nearby ancient sites; the Visakha Museum in [[Visakhapatnam]], which displays the history of the pre-Independence [[Madras Presidency]] in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow; and [[Victoria Jubilee Museum]] in [[Vijayawada]], which has a collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, and inscriptions.

==Other cultural elements==
[[File:Kondapalli toys at a house in Vijayawada.jpg|thumb|200px|Kondapalli toys at a house in Vijayawada]]
Other elements that have long defined Telugu culture include [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]'s paintings, [[Nanduri Subbarao]]'s ''Yenki Paatalu'' (Songs on/by a washerwoman called Yenki), the mischievous ''Budugu'' (a character by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Mullapudi]]), [[Annamacharya|Annamayya]]'s songs, [[Aavakaaya]] (a variant of [[mango]] pickle in which the kernel of the mango is retained), [[Gongura]] (a [[chutney]] from the Roselle plant), ''Atla Taddi'' (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), the banks of the river Godavari, and ''Dudu basavanna'' (the ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival [[Sankranti]]). The village of [[Durgi, Palnadu district|Durgi]] is known for originating stone craft, carvings of [[cult image|idols]] in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering.

==Architecture==
{{anchor | AAP | Architecture of AP | Architecture of Andhra Pradesh }}
{{see also | Architecture of India#State | l1= Architecture of India by state | Indian vernacular architecture }}

There are two distinct architectural traditions in Andhra Pradesh. The first traces back to the building of the city of Amaravati under Satavahanas. This unique style of architecture emphasises the use of intricate and abstract sculpture with inspiration from religious themes. The second tradition draws on the enormous granite and limestone reserves of the region and is reflected in the various temples and forts built over a very long period of time.

==Literature==
{{main|Telugu literature}}
As an ancient language, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] has a rich and deep literary culture. [[Nannaya]], [[Tikkana]], [[Yerrapragada]], [[Srinatha]], [[Molla (poet)|Molla]], and [[Tarikonda Venkamamba]] made the Telugu language alluring- a lingua franca for religion, musical composition and philosophy. The contributions of [[Charles Phillip Brown]], [[Vemana]], [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] and [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] made Telugu a vibrant and evolving modern language. The contributions of various Telugu/Tamil/Sanskrit grammarians to the formalisation of English grammar gave Telugu literary traditions a truly global reach.

Telugu literature is highly influenced by Sanskrit literature and Hindu scriptures. [[Nannayya]], [[Tikkana]], and [[Yerrapragada]] form the trinity who translated the great epic ''[[Mahabharatha]]'' into Telugu. Bammera [[Potana]] is another great poet from Vontimitta (Kadapa district), famous for his great classic Sri ''Madandhra Maha Bhagavatamu'', a Telugu translation of ''Sri Bhagavatam'' (authored by Veda Vyasa in [[Sanskrit]]). Nannayya derived the present Telugu script (''lipi'') from the old [[Telugu-Kannada script]]. Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]] wrote and also made the famous statement: "''Desha Bhashalandu Telugu lessa''" meaning "Telugu is the sweetest among all Indian languages". Famous Tamil poet Mahakavi Bharathiyar wrote "Sundhara telungunil paatisaithu", which literally means "create songs in beautiful Telugu". Philosophical poems by Yogi-Vemana are quite famous. Modern writers include [[Jnanpith Award]] winner [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana|Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana]]. Revolutionary poets like SriSri and Joshua are popular.

==Cuisine==
{{main|Andhra cuisine}}
[[File:Mango Pickle Home Made Style.JPG|thumb|200px|Mango pickle]]
The Andhra Pradesh cuisine includes bandar laddu, avakaya, gongura, pulusu, pappucharu, jonna kudu, bobbattu, kaja, and arisa. It uses spices, fruit and vegetable harvests of the region.

[[Rice]] is the [[staple food]] and is used in a wide variety of ways. Typically, rice is either boiled and eaten with curry, or made into a batter for use in a [[crepe]]-like dish called attu (pesarattu) or [[Dosa (food)|dosa]]s. The rice is usually eaten with pappu, a simple curry. Pesarattu is different from attu and dosas; it has sprouts ground into the batter, making it green.

[[Meat]], [[vegetable]]s, and [[greens (vegetable)|greens]] are prepared with different masalas into a variety of strongly flavored dishes.

==Performing arts==
The influential musical contributions of [[Annamacharya]] and [[Tyagaraja]] to the "grammar of sound" made the Telugu language the preferred language of composition for [[Carnatic music]]. Their influence not only on Carnatic but global classical music and the organisation of sound as a medium of emotional resonance is unparalleled. [[Kuchipudi]], as a refinement of the ancient art of [[Bharatanatyam]], and in the context of the unique religious and cultural traditions of Andhra Pradesh, stands on par with all the great global traditions of classical dance.

===Dance===
{{Main| Kuchipudi}}
[[File:Kuchipudi Performer DS.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Kuchipudi]], a traditional dance of Andhra Pradesh]]
Jayapa Senani ([[Jayapa Nayudu]]) was the first known author to write about the dance forms prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugupeople.com/discussion/article.asp?id=111 |title=Nitya Ratnavali |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222745/http://www.telugupeople.com/discussion/article.asp?id=111 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both Desi and Margi forms of dance have been included in his Sanskrit treatise ''Nritya Ratnavali'', which contains eight chapters. Folk dance forms like Perani, Prenkhana, Suddha Nartana, Carcari, Rasaka, Danda Rasaka, Shiva Priya, Kanduka Nartana, Bhandika Nrityam, Carana Nrityam, Chindu, Gondali and Kolatam are described. In the first chapter the author discusses the differences between Marga and Desi, Tandava and Lasya, Natya and Nritta. In the second and third chapters, he deals with Angi-Kabhinaya, Caris, Sthanakas and Mandalas. In the fourth chapter, Karnas, Angaharas and Recakas are described. In the following chapters, he describes local dance forms, e.g., Desi Nritya. In the last chapter, he deals with the art and practice of dance.

Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; nowadays, women tend to learn it more often. Traditionally it was done by men and female temple dancers. Women did not dance it in public, and men played female parts in Kuchipudi ballets. As time went by, women began to learn it as an art as well. This started when women danced in kings' courts. [[Kuchipudi]] is the best-known classical [[dance forms of Andhra Pradesh|dance form of Andhra Pradesh]]. The various dance forms that existed through the state's history are Chenchu Bhagotam, Kuchipudi, [[Bhamakalapam]], [[Burra katha|Burrakatha]], [[Veeranatyam]], [[Butta bommalu]], [[Dappu]], [[Tappeta Gullu]], [[Dhimsa]], and [[Kolaatam]].

===Music===
{{main|Music of Andhra Pradesh}}
The state has a rich musical heritage. Many legends of the [[Carnatic music]], including two among the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]] ([[Thyagaraja]] and [[Syama Sastri]]), were of Telugu descent. Other composers include Annamacharya, [[Kshetrayya]], and Bhadrachala [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu|Ramadasu]]. Folk songs are also popular in the rural areas of the state.

===Movies===
{{main|Telugu cinema}}

==Costume==
Andhra Pradesh is home to some of the finest historical cloth-making, fashion and dying traditions of the world. Its rich cotton production, with its innovative plant dye extraction history stand next to its diamond mining, [[pearl]] harvesting and jewelry traditions to form an impressive fashion tradition that has stood the test of time. The ancient Kollur mine is the mother of the numerous legendary gems such as the [[Koh-i-Noor]] and [[Hope Diamond]]. Andhra Pradesh had a virtual monopoly in the global jewelry industry till 1826 (founding of the diamond mines in Rhodesia, Africa) and eight of the ten most valuable jewelry pieces on earth today trace their history back to Andhra Pradesh. Langa-Voni (Half saree), Sarees made in Kalamkari, Venkatagiri are the result of this 3000-year-old fashion tradition. Vaddaanam, Aravanke, Kashulahaaram, Buttalu and various standard gold jewelry designs are fine examples of this continuously evolving ancient tradition.

== See also ==
* [[Epic of Katamaraju]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh| ]]

Brijendra Kumar Rao

2026-02-24T08:36:36Z

KevinArden: general rework page based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian anesthesiologist (born 1954)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=October 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ml|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brijendra Kumar Rao
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|3|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rewari]], [[List of people from Haryana|Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Anesthesiologist Critical care specialist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Anesthesiology Medical administration
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)|Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Brijendra Kumar Rao''' (born 23 March 1954) is an Indian anesthesiologist, critical care specialist, medical administrator and the chairman of the Board of Management of [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]], New Delhi.<ref name="Sir Ganga Ram Hospital">{{cite web | url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/institutedetail/ndtv/iid/00178/Sir_Ganga_Ram_Hospital.html | title=Sir Ganga Ram Hospital | publisher=ND TV | date=2016 | access-date=2 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518213950/http://doctor.ndtv.com/institutedetail/ndtv/iid/00178/Sir_Ganga_Ram_Hospital.html | archive-date=18 May 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Critical Care Medicine">{{cite web | url=http://www.sgrh.com/departments/details/24/51 | title=Critical Care Medicine | publisher=Sir Ganga Ram Hospital | date=2016 | access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> He heads the department of critical care medicine and anesthesiology at the hospital<ref name="Introduction">{{cite web | url=http://iyadav.com/other-fields/dr-brijendra-kumar-rao/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705102142/http://iyadav.com/other-fields/dr-brijendra-kumar-rao/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=5 July 2013 | title=Introduction | publisher=iYadav | date=2016 | access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> and is a member of the Board of Governors of the [[Medical Council of India]].<ref name="Minutes of the meeting">{{cite web | url=http://www.mciindia.org/meetings/BOG/2013/August/Minutes_BOG_6-7.08.2013.pdf | title=Minutes of the meeting | publisher=Medical Council of India | date=2013 | access-date=2 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520044938/http://www.mciindia.org/meetings/BOG/2013/August/Minutes_BOG_6-7.08.2013.pdf | archive-date=20 May 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has attended several medical conferences to deliver keynote addresses.<ref name="Mechanical Ventilation, ABG Analysis and Hemodynamic Monitoring">{{cite web | url=http://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=9276 | title=Mechanical Ventilation, ABG Analysis and Hemodynamic Monitoring | publisher=Aligarh Muslim University | date=2013 | access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Address by Chief Guest">{{cite web | url=http://www.comnetconferences.com/Speaker-profile2011.pdf | title=Address by Chief Guest | publisher=Comnet Conferences | date=2011 | access-date=2 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828181037/http://www.comnetconferences.com/Speaker-profile2011.pdf | archive-date=28 August 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Honours==
The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2009, for his contributions to medical science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Dr. B.K. Rao was born in village Majra Gurdas, [[Rewari district]], [[List of people from Haryana|Haryana]], India on 23 March 1954 in [[yadav]]{{cn|date=May 2019}} family. He obtained [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] and [[Doctor of Medicine#India|MD]] degrees from [[Maulana Azad Medical College]], Delhi. He married his classmate, Dr. Manju Mehra, who retired as Dy. MS of G.B. Pant Hospital, Delhi.

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://archivehealthcare.financialexpress.com/200811/delhincr01.shtml | title=Sir Ganga Ram Hospital | publisher=Express Healthcare | work=Web feature | date=2016 | access-date=2 July 2016}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Brijendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian anaesthesiologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War

2026-02-17T19:31:16Z

KevinArden: minor rework section per sources further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Pakistani atrocities during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Lead extra info|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Rape}}
During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971, members of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] and [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakar]] paramilitary force raped between 200,000 and 400,000 [[Bengalis|Bengali]] women and girls in a systematic campaign of [[genocidal rape]].{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}}{{sfn|Ghadbian|2002|p=111}}{{sfn|Mookherjee|2012|p=68}} Some of these women died in captivity or committed suicide, while others moved from [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) to India.

Both [[Bengali Muslim]] and [[Bengali Hindu]] women were targeted for rape.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2021|p=594}} [[West Pakistani]] men wanted to cleanse a nation corrupted by the presence of Hindus and believed that the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed; Bengali women were thus viewed as Hindu or Hindu-like.{{sfn|Saikia|2011a|p=52}} These rapes apparently caused thousands of pregnancies, births of [[war babies]], abortions, infanticide, suicide, and ostracism of the victims. This is often asserted to be one of the severest occurrences of [[wartime sexual violence]].{{sfn|Shafqat|2007|p=593|ps=: "The Bangladesh liberation war is often asserted to be one of the most grievous examples of wartime rape".}} The atrocities ended after [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|the December 1971 surrender]] of the Pakistani military and supporting Razakar militias.{{sfn|Kabia|2008|p=13}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2000|p=13}}

During the war, Bengali nationalists also committed mass rape of ethnic [[Bihari Muslims|Bihari Muslim]] women, since the Bihari Muslim community was accused of being supportive of Pakistan.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=104}}{{Failed verification|reason=D'Costa page 104 only says "According to my interview with the doctor Geoffrey Davis, Bihari women were also kidnapped as retaliation for the wartime abductions of Bengali women during the war." Might be in the source on a different page.|date=October 2024}} Bengali Muslim men were targets of rape by West Pakistani soldiers as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Branche |first1=R. |last2=Virgili |first2=F. |title=Rape in Wartime |date=26 October 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-28339-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5Jw9LE8rgIC&dq=%22Bengali+Muslim+men+were+raped+by+West+Pakistani+troops%22&pg=PT73 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, almost 40 years after the events of 1971, a report published by the [[War Crimes Fact Finding Committee]] of Bangladesh accused 1,597 people of war crimes, including rape. Since 2010, the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] (ICT) has indicted, tried, and sentenced several people to life imprisonment or death for their actions during the conflict. The stories of the rape victims have been told in movies and literature, and depicted in art. The term ''[[Birangana]]'' was first introduced in 1971 by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] to refer to victims of rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War, in an attempt to prevent them from being outcast by the society.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |date=June 2006 |title='Remembering to forget': public secrecy and memory of sexual violence in the Bangladesh war of 1971 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00299.x |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=433–450 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00299.x |issn=1359-0987 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Since 1972, victims of rape during the war have been recognised as ''Birangona,'' or "war heroines", by the government of Bangladesh.<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
[[File:21 Feb 1953 Dhaka University female students procession.png|thumb|left|250px|Female students of [[Dacca University]] marching on Language Movement Day, 21 February 1953]]
Following the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, the [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan|West]] wings were separated not only geographically but also culturally. The authorities of the west viewed the [[Bengali Muslims]] in the East as "too [[Bengalis|Bengali]]" and their application of Islam as "inferior and impure", and this made them unreliable. To this extent, the West began a strategy to forcibly assimilate the Bengalis culturally.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009|p=51}} The Bengalis of East Pakistan were chiefly Muslim, but their numbers were interspersed with a significant Hindu minority. Very few spoke Urdu, which in 1948 had been declared the national language of Pakistan.{{sfn|Thompson|2007|p=42}} To express their opposition, activists in East Pakistan founded the [[Bengali language movement]]. Earlier in 1949, other activists had founded the [[Awami League]] as an alternative to the ruling [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] in West Pakistan.{{sfn|Molla|2004|p=217}} In the next decade and a half, Bengalis became gradually disenchanted with the balance of power in Pakistan, which was under military rule during much of this time; eventually some began to call for secession.{{sfn|Hossain|Tollefson|2006|p=345}}{{sfn|Riedel|2011|p=9}} By the late 1960s, a perception had emerged that the people of East Pakistan were second-class citizens. It did not help that General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A. A. K. Niazi]], head of Pakistani Forces in East Pakistan, called East Pakistan a "low-lying land of low, lying people".{{sfn|Jones|2010|pp=227–228}}

There had been opposition to military rule in West Pakistan as well. Eventually the military relented, and in December 1970 [[1970 Pakistani general election|elections]] were held. To the surprise of many, East Pakistan's Awami League, headed by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], won a clear majority. The West Pakistani establishment was displeased with the results.{{sfn|Roy|2010b|p=102}} In Dacca, following the election, a general said, "Don't worry, we will not allow these black bastards to rule over us".{{sfn|Midlarsky|2011|p=257}}{{sfn|Murphy|2012|p=71}} Soon President [[Yahya Khan]] banned the Awami League and declared martial law in East Pakistan.{{sfn|Sisson|Rose|1992|p=141}}{{sfn|Hagerty|Ganguly|2005|p=31}}

With the goal of putting down [[Bengali nationalism]], the Pakistan Army launched [[Operation Searchlight]] on 25 March 1971.{{sfn|Southwick|2011|p=119}} The Pakistani forces targeted both Bengali Muslims and Hindus.{{sfn|Heinze|2009|p=79}} In the ensuing [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]], the army caused the deaths of up to 3 million people, created up to 10 million refugees who fled to India, and displaced a further 30 million within East Pakistan.{{sfn|Totten|Bartrop|Jacobs|1998|p=34}}

[[Rounaq Jahan]] alleges elements of racism in the Pakistan army, who he says considered the Bengalis "racially inferior—a non-martial and physically weak race", and has accused the army of using organised rape as a weapon of war.{{sfn|Jahan|2008|p=248}}{{sfn|Jahan|2008|p=250}} According to the political scientist [[R. J. Rummel]], the Pakistani army looked upon the Bengalis as "subhuman" and viewed the Hindus "as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that best be exterminated".{{sfn|Rummel|1997|p=335}} This racism was then expressed in that the Bengalis, being inferior, must have their gene pool "fixed" through forcible impregnation.{{sfn|Mohaiemen|2011|p=47}} Belén Martín Lucas has described the rapes as "ethnically motivated".{{sfn|Martin-Lucas|2010|p=158}}

== Pakistani Army actions ==
The attacks were led by General [[Tikka Khan]], who was the architect of Operation Searchlight and was given the name the "butcher of Bengal" by the Bengalis for his actions. Khan said—when reminded on 27 March 1971 that he was in charge of a majority province—"I will reduce this majority to a minority".{{sfn|Chalk|Jonassohn|1990|p=369}}{{sfn|Gotam|1971|p=26}} [[Bina D'Costa]] believes an anecdote used by Khan is significant, in that it provides proof of the mass rapes being a deliberate strategy. In [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], while speaking with a group of journalists, Khan was reported to have said, ''"Pehle inko Mussalman karo"'' ({{lit|First, make them Muslims}}). D'Costa argues that this shows that in the highest echelons of the armed forces, the Bengalis were perceived as being disloyal Muslims and unpatriotic Pakistanis.{{sfn|D'Costa|2008}}

Both Muslim and Hindu women were targeted for rape.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2021|p=594}} West Pakistani men wanted to cleanse a nation corrupted by the presence of Hindus and believed that the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed; Bengali women were thus viewed as Hindu or Hindu-like.{{sfn|Saikia|2011a|p=52}} Imams, mullahs, and a fatwa from West Pakistan declared that Bengali women could be handled as {{translit|bn|gonimoter maal}} ("war booty" or "public property").{{sfn|Siddiqi|1998|pp=208–209}}{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} [[Susan Brownmiller]] wrote that 80 percent of raped women were Muslims, matching the demographics of Bangladesh,{{sfn|Brownmiller|1975|p=80}} although [[Christian Gerlach]] stated that this "has no clear basis".{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=154}} According to D'Costa, Bengali women were indiscriminately raped by the army, though Muslim women were forcibly impregnated while Hindu women were often killed after being raped.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|pp=102, 139}} [[Salil Tripathi]] wrote that almost all of the rape victims he interviewed were Muslim, contrary to claims that Hindu women were especially targeted.{{sfn|Tripathi|2016|p=195}} Lisa Sharlach wrote that rape victims were primarily Bengali women "of all castes and religions", but that girls may have been spared if they could recite Muslim prayers.{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=94–95}} M. Rafiqul Islam described Hindu women and girls as the main targets for rape and sexual violence.{{sfn|Islam|2019|p=175}}

The perpetrators conducted nighttime raids, assaulting women in their villages,{{sfn|Thomas|Ralph|1998|p=204}} often in front of their families, as part of the terror campaign.{{sfn|Thomas|Ralph|1994|pp=82–99}} Victims were also kidnapped and held in [[Rape camp|special camps]] where they were repeatedly assaulted. Many of those held in the camps were murdered or committed suicide,{{sfn|Jahan|2004|pp=147–148}}{{sfn|Brownmiller|1975|p=82}} with some taking their own lives by using their hair to hang themselves; the soldiers responded to these suicides by cutting the women's hair off.{{sfn|D'Costa|2008}} ''Time'' magazine reported on 563 girls who had been kidnapped and held by the military; all of them were between three and five months pregnant when the military began to release them.{{sfn|Coggin|1971|p=157}} Some women were forcibly used as [[Forced prostitution|prostitutes]].{{sfn|Brownmiller|1975|p=83}} While the Pakistani government estimated the number of rapes in the hundreds,{{sfn|Rahman|2007|pp=29, 41}} other estimates range between 200,000{{sfn|Saikia|2011b|p=157}} and 400,000.{{sfn|Riedel|2011|p=10}} The Pakistani government had tried to censor reports coming out of the region, but media reports on the atrocities did reach the public worldwide, and gave rise to widespread international public support for the liberation movement.{{sfn|Dixit|2002|p=183}}

In what has been described by Jenneke Arens as a deliberate attempt to destroy an ethnic group, many of those assaulted were raped, murdered, and then bayoneted in the genitalia.{{sfn|Arens|2010|p=128}} [[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]], a political scientist, has said that one of the reasons for the mass rapes was to undermine Bengali society through the "dishonoring" of Bengali women and that some women were raped until they died or were killed following repeated attacks.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=343}}{{sfn|Mookherjee|2012|pp=73–74}} The [[International Commission of Jurists]] concluded that the atrocities carried out by the Pakistani armed forces "were part of a deliberate policy by a disciplined force".{{sfn|Linton|2010|pp=191–311}} The writer [[Mulk Raj Anand]] said the rapes were too widespread and systematic to be anything but conscious military policy, "planned by the West Pakistanis in a deliberate effort to create a new race" or to undermine Bengali separatism.{{sfn|Brownmiller|1975|p=85}} [[Amita Malik]], reporting from Bangladesh following the Pakistan armed forces surrender, wrote that one West Pakistani soldier said, "We are going. But we are leaving our seed behind".{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|p=95}}

Not all Pakistani military personnel supported the violence: General [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] and [[Zafar Masud (air commodore)|Mitty Masud]], who advised the president against military action,{{sfn|Friend|2011|p=62}} and Major [[Ikram Sehgal]], had all resigned in protest. Former [[Air Marshal Asghar Khan]], a [[Pashtun]] politician and leader of the [[Tehreek-e-Istiqlal]]; [[Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo]], a Balochi politician; and [[Khan Abdul Wali Khan]], leader of the [[National Awami Party]], protested over the actions of the armed forces. Those imprisoned for their dissenting views on the violence included [[Sabihuddin Ghausi]] and I. A. Rahman, who were both journalists; the Sindhi leader [[G. M. Syed]]; the poet [[Ahmad Salim]]; Anwar Pirzado, who was a member of the air force; Professor M. R. Hassan; Tahera Mazhar; and Imtiaz Ahmed.{{sfn|Mohaiemen|2011|p=42}} Malik Ghulam Jilani, who was also arrested, had openly opposed the armed action in the East; a letter he had written to Yahya Khan was widely publicised. Altaf Hussain Gauhar, the editor of the ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' newspaper, was also imprisoned.{{sfn|Newberg|2002|p=120}} In 2013 Jilani and [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], a poet, were honoured by the Bangladeshi government for their actions.{{sfn|Dawn|2013}}

=== Militias ===
According to [[Peter Tomsen]], a political scientist, Pakistan's secret service, the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence]], in conjunction with the political party [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]], formed militias such as [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] ("the moon") and the [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)|Al-Shams]] ("the sun") to conduct operations against the nationalist movement.{{sfn|Schmid|2011|p=600}}{{sfn|Tomsen|2011|p=240}} These militias targeted non-combatants and committed rapes as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011a|p=3}} Local [[Collaborationism|collaborators]] known as [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] also took part in the atrocities. The term has since become a [[pejorative]] akin to the Western term "[[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]".{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009a|p=49}}

Members of the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]], such as [[Nizam-e-Islam]], Jamaat-e-Islami, and Jamiat Ulema Pakistan, who had lost the election, collaborated with the military and acted as an intelligence organisation for them.{{sfn|Ḥaqqānī|2005|p=77}} Members of Jamaat-e-Islami and some of its leaders collaborated with the Pakistani forces in rapes and targeted killings.{{sfn|Shehabuddin|2010|p=93}} The atrocities by Al-Badr and the Al-Shams garnered worldwide attention from news agencies; accounts of massacres and rapes were widely reported.{{sfn|Tomsen|2011|p=240}}

== International reaction ==

[[File:Blood telegram.png|thumb|The [[Blood telegram]], sent on 6 April 1971]]

There is an academic consensus that the events of the nine-month conflict were a [[genocide]].{{sfn|Payaslian}}{{sfn|Simms|2011|p=17}} The atrocities in East Pakistan were the first instances of [[war rape]] to attract international media attention,{{sfn|Scholz|2006|p=277}} and Sally J. Scholz has written that this was the first genocide to capture the interest of the mass media.{{sfn|Scholz|2011|p=388}} The women's human rights organisation [[Bangladesh Mahila Parishat]] took part in the war by publicising the atrocities being carried out by the Pakistani army.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2008|p=202}}

Owing to the scale of the atrocities, US embassy staff had sent telegrams indicating that a genocide was occurring. One, which became known as the [[Blood telegram]], was sent by [[Archer Blood]], the US Consul General in Dhaka, and was signed by him as well as US officials from USAID and USIS who at the time were serving in Dhaka. In it, the signatories denounced American "complicity in [[Genocide]]".{{sfn|Khondker|2006|p=244}}{{sfn|Biswas|2012|p=163}} In an interview in 1972, [[Indira Gandhi]], the Indian prime minister, justified the use of military intervention, saying, "Shall we sit and watch their women get raped?"{{sfn|Mookherjee|2006|p=73}} The events were discussed extensively in the [[British House of Commons]]. [[John Stonehouse]] proposed a motion supported by a further 200 members of parliament condemning the atrocities being carried out by the Pakistani armed forces.{{sfn|Hansard|1971|p=819}} Although this motion was presented twice before parliament, the government did not find time to debate it.{{sfn|Smith|2010|pp=85–86}}

Before the end of the war, the international community had begun to provide aid in large quantities to the refugees living in India. Although humanitarian aid was given, there was little support for the war crimes trials that Bangladesh proposed at the end of the war.{{sfn|Jahan|2004|p=150}} Critics of the United Nations have used the atrocities of 1971 to argue that military intervention was the only thing to stop the mass murder.{{sfn|Ball|2011|p=46}} Writing to ''[[The New York Times]]'', a group of women said in response to women being shunned by family and husbands, "It is unthinkable that innocent wives whose lives were virtually destroyed by war are now being totally destroyed by their own husbands". International aid was also forthcoming owing to the issue of war rape.{{sfn|Brownmiller|2007|p=89}}

== Aftermath ==
In the immediate aftermath of the war, one pressing problem was the very high number of unwanted pregnancies of rape victims. Estimates of the number of pregnancies resulting in births range from 25,000{{sfn|Scholz|2006|p=277}} to the Bangladeshi government's figure of 70,000,{{sfn|Debnath|2009|p=49}} while one publication by the Centre for Reproductive Law and Policy gave a total of 250,000.{{sfn|Enloe|2000|p=340}} A government-mandated victim relief programme was set up with the support of the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]], among whose goals it was to organise abortion facilities to help rape victims terminate unwanted pregnancies. A doctor at a rehabilitation centre in Dhaka reported 170,000 abortions of pregnancies caused by the rapes, and the births of 30,000 [[War children|war babies]] during the first three months of 1972.{{sfn|Mohsin|2005|p=223}} [[Geoffrey Davis (doctor)|Dr. Geoffrey Davis]], an Australian doctor and abortion specialist who worked for the programme, estimated that there had been about 5,000 cases of [[self-induced abortion]]s.{{sfn|Brownmiller|2007|p=92}} He also said that during his work he heard of numerous [[infanticide]]s and suicides by victims. His estimate of the total number of rape victims was 400,000, twice as high as the official estimate of 200,000 cited by the Bangladeshi government.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2012|p=77}} Most of the victims also contracted sexual infections.{{sfn|D'Costa|2010a}} Many suffered from feelings of intense shame and humiliation, and a number were ostracised by their families and communities or committed suicide.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2008|p=202}}

The feminist writer [[Cynthia Enloe]] has written that some pregnancies were intended by the soldiers and perhaps their officers as well.{{sfn|Enloe|2000|p=340}} A report from the [[International Commission of Jurists]] said, "Whatever the precise numbers, the teams of American and British surgeons carrying out abortions and the widespread government efforts to persuade people to accept these girls into the community, testify to the scale on which raping occurred".{{sfn|International Commission of Jurists |1972|pp=40–41}} The commission also said that Pakistani officers not only allowed their men to rape, but enslaved women themselves.{{sfn|Ghadbian|2002|p=112}}

Following the conflict, the rape victims were seen as a symbol of "social pollution" and shame. Few were able to return to families or old homes because of this.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1998|p=209}} Sheikh [[Mujibur Rahman]] called the victims ''[[birangona]]'' ("heroine"), but this served as a reminder that these women were now deemed socially unacceptable as they were "dishonored",{{efn|"Rape can be especially effective as a tactic of genocide when used against females of communities that cast shame upon the rape victim rather than the rapist. In such communities, the rape forever damages the social standing of the survivor. Bengali girls and women who endured the genocidal rape had to cope not only with their physical injuries and trauma, but with a society hostile to violated women. The blame for loss of honour falls not upon the rapist, but upon the raped.".{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|p=95}} }}{{sfn|Siddiqi|1998|p=209}} and the term became associated with ''barangona'' ("prostitute").{{sfn|Roy|2010c|p=37}} The official strategy of marrying the women off and encouraging them to be seen as war heroines failed as few men came forward, and those who did expected the state to provide a large [[dowry]].{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=157}} Those women who did marry were usually mistreated, and the majority of men, once having received a dowry, abandoned their wives.{{sfn|Saikia|2011a|p=57}}

On 18 February 1972, the state formed the Bangladesh Women's Rehabilitation Board, which was tasked with helping the victims of rape and helping with the adoption programme.{{sfn|Rahman|Baxter|2002|p=52}} Several international agencies took part in the adoption programme, such as [[Mother Teresa]]'s [[Sisters of Charity]]. The majority of the war babies were adopted in the Netherlands and Canada, as the state wished to remove the reminders of Pakistan from the newly formed nation.{{sfn|Saikia|2011a|p=260}} However, not all women wanted their child taken, and some were forcibly removed and sent for adoption, a practice that was encouraged by Rahman, who said, "I do not want those polluted blood [sic] in this country".{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|pp=157–158}} While many women were glad for the abortion programme, as they did not have to bear a child conceived of rape, others had to go full term, filled with hatred towards the child they carried. Others, who had their children adopted out so as to return to "mainstream life", would not look at their newborn as it was taken from them.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2007|p=344}} In the 1990s, many of these children returned to Bangladesh to search for their birth mothers.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2007|pp=344–345}} In 2008, D'Costa attempted to find those who had been adopted, however very few responded. One who did said, "I hated being a kid, and I am angry at Bangladesh for not taking care of me when I needed it most. I don't have any roots and that makes me cry. So that is why I am trying to learn more about where I was born."{{sfn|D'Costa|2008}}

Forty years after the war, two sisters who had been raped were interviewed by [[Deutsche Welle]]. Aleya stated she had been taken by the Pakistani army when she was thirteen, and was gang raped repeatedly for seven months. She states she was tortured and was five months pregnant when she returned to her home. Her sister, Laily, says she was pregnant when she was taken by the armed forces, and lost the child. Later she fought alongside the Mukti Bahini. Both say that the state has failed the ''birangona'', and that all they received was "humiliation, insults, hatred, and ostracism."{{sfn|Das|2011}}

=== Pakistani government reaction ===
After the conflict, the Pakistani government decided on a policy of silence regarding the rapes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011b|p=157}} They set up the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]], a judicial commission to prepare an account of the circumstances surrounding Pakistan's loss of the 1971 war. The commission was highly critical of the army.{{sfn|Jones|2003|p=266}} The chiefs of staff of the army and the [[Pakistan Air Force]] were removed from their positions for attempting to interfere with the commission.{{sfn|Malik|2010|p=90}} The commission based its reports on interviews with politicians, officers, and senior commanders. The final reports were submitted in July 1972, but all were subsequently destroyed except for one held by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], the Pakistani president. The findings were never made public.{{sfn|Saikia|2011a|p=63}}

In 1974, the commission was reopened and issued a supplementary report, which remained classified for 25 years until published by the magazine ''[[India Today]]''.{{sfn|Wynbrandt|2009|p=203}} The report said that 26,000 people were killed, rapes numbered in the hundreds, and the Mukti Bahini rebels engaged in widespread rape and other human rights abuses.{{sfn|Rahman|2007|pp=29, 41}} [[Sumit Ganguly]], a political scientist, believes that the Pakistani establishment has yet to come to terms with the atrocities carried out, saying that, in a visit to Bangladesh in 2002, [[Pervez Musharraf]] expressed regret for the atrocities rather than accepting responsibility.{{sfn|Ganguly|2010|p=93}}

=== War Crimes prosecutions ===
[[File:Bangladesh War Crimes Protest in Manchester.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] in Manchester, in the United Kingdom, expressing solidarity with the [[2013 Shahbagh Protest]], which is demanding more rigorous punishment for those convicted of war crimes in 1971.]]

In 2008, after a 17-year investigation, the War Crimes Fact Finding Committee released documentation identifying 1,597 people who had taken part in the atrocities. The list included members of the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh|Jamaat-e-Islami]] and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]], a political group founded in 1978.{{sfn|Alffram|2009|p=11}} In 2010 the government of Bangladesh set up the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] (ICT) to investigate the atrocities of that era. While [[Human Rights Watch]] has been supportive of the tribunal,{{sfn|Adams|2011a}} it has also been critical of reported harassment of lawyers representing the accused. [[Brad Adams]], director of the Asia branch of Human Rights Watch, has said that those accused must be given the full protection of the law to avoid the risk of the trials not being taken seriously,{{sfn|Adams|2011b}} and [[Irene Khan]], a human rights activist, has expressed doubt about whether the mass rapes and killings of women will be addressed.{{sfn|Roy|2010a}} Khan has said of her government's reaction:

{{blockquote
| A conservative Muslim society has preferred to throw a veil of negligence and denial on the issue, allowed those who committed or colluded with gender violence to thrive, and left the women victims to struggle in anonymity and shame and without much state or community support.{{sfn|Roy|2010a}}
}}

The deputy leader of Jamaat-e-Islami, [[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]], the first person to face charges related to the conflict, was indicted by the ICT on twenty counts of war crimes, which included murder, rape, and arson. He denied all charges.{{sfn|Huq|2011|p=463}} On 28 February 2013, Sayeedi was found guilty of genocide, rape, and religious persecution, and was sentenced to death by hanging.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2013}} Four other members of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, including [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]], have also been indicted for war crimes.{{sfn|Huq|2011|p=463}} [[Abul Kalam Azad (Bachchu)|Abul Kalam Azad]], a member of the Razakars, was the first person to be sentenced for crimes during the war. He was found guilty of murder and rape in absentia, and was sentenced to death.{{sfn|Minegar|2013}}{{sfn|Mustafa|2013}} [[Muhammad Kamaruzzaman]], senior assistant secretary general of [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]], faced seven charges of war crimes, including planning and advising on the rape of women in the village of Shohaghpur on 25 July 1971.{{sfn|BD News 24|2013}} The ICT sentenced him to death by hanging on 9 May 2013.{{sfn|Ahmed|Haq|Niloy|Dhrubo|2013}} In July 2013, [[Ghulam Azam]] was given a ninety-year sentence for rape and mass murder during the conflict.{{sfn|Sadique|2013}} [[Abdul Quader Molla]], a member of the [[Razakars (Bangladesh)|Razakar]] militia during the war, was charged with abetting the Pakistani army and actively participating in the [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]]: rape (including the [[Child rape|rape of minors]]) and [[mass murder]] of Bangladeshis in the [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]] area of [[Dhaka]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news | title = Shahbag protesters versus the Butcher of Mirpur | author = Tahmima Anam | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | date = 13 February 2013 | quote = "Mollah smiled because for him, a man convicted of beheading a poet, raping an 11-year-old girl and shooting 344 people during the 1971 Bangladesh war of independence – charges that have earned him the nickname the Butcher of Mirpur | access-date = 26 February 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131206145334/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah | archive-date = 6 December 2013 | url-status = live}}</ref> After the government had amended the war crimes law to allow a sentence to be appealed based on leniency of punishment, prosecutors appealed to the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]] and asked for it to upgrade Molla's sentence from life in prison to death.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite news | url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/bangladesh-islamist-given-last-minute-stay-of-execution-457153 | title = Bangladesh Islamist given last-minute stay of execution | publisher = NDTV | access-date = 28 August 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110051/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/bangladesh-islamist-given-last-minute-stay-of-execution-457153 | archive-date = 3 September 2014 | url-status = live}}</ref> On 17 September 2013, the Supreme Court accepted the appeal and sentenced Molla to death.<ref name="death sentence">{{cite web | url = https://www.supremecourt.gov.bd/web/case_history/case_history.php?div_id=1&case_type_id=39&case_number=24&year=2013&tender_no= | title = Case Number : Criminal Appeal(A) 24 / 2013 | publisher = Supreme Court | access-date = 12 December 2013}}</ref> Finally he was hanged in [[Dhaka Central Jail]] on 12 December 2013 at 22:01.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/southasia/2013/12/bangladesh-politician-be-executed-20131212622649656.html | title = Bangladesh executes opposition leader | publisher = Al Jazeera | date = 12 December 2013 | access-date = 12 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212172603/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/southasia/2013/12/bangladesh-politician-be-executed-20131212622649656.html | archive-date = 12 December 2013 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/quader-molla-hangs-finally-for-war-crimes | title = Quader Molla hangs, finally, for war crimes | work = bdnews24.com | date = 12 December 2013 | access-date = 12 December 2013}}</ref>

== In literature and media ==
[[File:Naib Uddin Ahmed Brave Shamed Woman.jpg|thumb|alt=Shamed Woman / Brave Woman|A photograph taken during the conflict of a woman who had been assaulted featured in an exhibition in London. Titled ''Shamed Woman'', but also called ''Brave Woman'', the image was taken by a Bangladeshi photographer, [[Naib Uddin Ahmed]]. The image is considered by John Tulloch to be as "classical a pose as any [[Madonna and Child]]".{{sfn|Tulloch|Blood|2010|p=513}} One of the more emotive photographs at the exhibition, the woman has her hands clenched, her face completely covered by her hair. Tulloch describes the image as having the "Capability to reveal or suggest what is unsayable".{{sfn|Tulloch|Blood|2012|pp=54–55}}]]

''Orunodoyer Ognishakhi'' (''Pledge to a New Dawn''), the first film about the war, was screened in 1972 on the first [[Bangladeshi Independence Day]] celebration.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009a|pp=48–49}} It draws on the experiences of an actor called Altaf. While trying to reach safe haven in Calcutta, he encounters women who have been raped. The images of these ''birangona'', stripped and vacant-eyed from the trauma, are used as testimony to the assault. Other victims Altaf meets are shown committing suicide or having lost their minds.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2006|p=80}}

In 1995 [[Gita Sahgal]] produced the documentary ''War Crimes File'', which was screened on [[Channel 4]].{{sfn|Sahgal|2011}} In 2011 the film ''[[Meherjaan]]'' was shown at the Guwahati International Film Festival. It explores the war from two perspectives: that of a woman who loved a Pakistani soldier and that of a person born from rape.{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2011}}

In 1994, the book [[Ami Birangana Bolchi]] (''The Voices of War Heroines'') by [[Nilima Ibrahim]] was released. It is a collection of eyewitness testimony from seven rape victims, which Ibrahim documented while working in rehabilitation centres.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009b|p=78}} The narratives of the survivors in this work are heavily critical of post-war Bangladeshi society's failure to support the victims of rape.{{sfn|Saikia|2011a|p=56}}

Published in 2012, the book ''Rising from the Ashes: Women's Narratives of 1971'' includes oral testimonies of women affected by the Liberation War. As well as an account from [[Taramon Bibi]], who fought and was awarded the [[Bir Protik]] (Symbol of Valour) for her actions, there are nine interviews with women who were raped. The book's publication in English at the time of the fortieth anniversary of the war was noted in ''The New York Times'' as an "important oral history".{{sfn|Roy|2010a}}

The 2014 film ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'' portrays sexual violence during the war. The film by Mrityunjay Devvrat, starring [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Raima Sen]], among others, is meant to "send shivers down the viewers' spine. We want to make it so repulsive that no one even entertains the thought of pardoning rapists, let alone commit the crime. The shoot took its toll on all of us."<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Rape-shoot-leaves-Raima-and-Tillotama-tormented/articleshow/34833856.cms | title = 1971 rapes | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 11 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140511082352/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Rape-shoot-leaves-Raima-and-Tillotama-tormented/articleshow/34833856.cms | archive-date = 11 May 2014 | url-status = live}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |last=Adams |first=Brad |title=Letter to the Bangladesh Prime Minister regarding the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/18/letter-bangladesh-prime-minister-regarding-international-crimes-tribunals-act |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=12 August 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Adams|2011a}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Adams |first=Brad |title=Bangladesh: Stop Harassment of Defense at War Tribunal |url=http://news.trust.org//item/20111102225600-n9wvz/ |work=Thomson Reuters Foundation |date=2 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311233904/http://news.trust.org//item/20111102225600-n9wvz/ |archive-date=11 March 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Adams|2011b}}}}
* {{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Tanim |last2=Haq |first2=Quazi Shahreen |first3=Suliman |last3=Niloy |last4=Dhrubo |first4=Golam Muztaba |title=Kamaruzzaman to hang |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/kamaruzzaman-to-hang |newspaper=BD News 24 |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Alffram |first=Henrik |title=Ignoring Executions and Torture: Impunity for Bangladesh's Security Forces |year=2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-483-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Arens |first=Jenneke |editor1=Samuel Totten |editor2=Robert K. Hitchcock |title=Genocide of Indigenous Peoples |chapter=Genocide in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/genocidecritical0000unse/page/117 117–142] |year=2010 |publisher=Transaction |isbn=978-1-4128-1495-9 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/genocidecritical0000unse/page/117}}
* {{cite book |last=Ball |first=Howard |title=Genocide: A Reference Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidereferenc0000ball |url-access=registration |year=2011 |publisher=ABC Clio |isbn=978-1-59884-488-7}}
* {{cite news |title=Bangla movie Meherjan to be screened today |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1112/city07 |newspaper=Assam Tribune |date=10 February 2011 |access-date=13 August 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Assam Tribune|2011}} |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401062053/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1112%2Fcity07 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |title=Bangladesh Jamaat leader sentenced to death |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/02/201322865638456746.html%7Caccessdate=28%20February%202013%7Cnewspaper=Al%20Jazeera%7Cdate=28%20February%202013 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=28 February 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Al Jazeera|2013}} |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706160501/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/02/201322865638456746.html |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bartrop |first1=Paul R. |last2=Jacobs |first2=Steven Leonard |title=Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4UBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1866 |year=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-364-6 |pages=1866–}}
* {{cite book |last=Biswas |first=Rajiv |title=Future Asia: The New Gold Rush in the East |year=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-02721-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Brownmiller |first=Susan |title=The Phenomenon of Torture: Readings and Commentary |chapter=Against our will |pages=88–94 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1982-1 |editor1=William F. Schulz}}
* {{cite book |last=Brownmiller |first=Susan |title=Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape |year=1975 |publisher=Ballantine |isbn=978-0-449-90820-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chalk |first1=Frank |last2=Jonassohn |first2=Kurt |title=The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal |edition=3rd |year=1990 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-04446-1}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Coggin |first=Dan |title=East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep |magazine=Time |date=25 October 1971 |volume=98 |page=157 |url=https://time.com/archive/6815021/the-world-east-pakistan-even-the-skies-weep/}}
* {{cite news |last=Das |first=Bijoyeta |title=Rape victims or war heroes: war women in Bangladesh |url=http://www.dw.de/rape-victims-or-war-heroes-war-women-in-bangladesh/a-6556207 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=28 June 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA102 |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0}}
* {{cite news |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |title=Victory's silence |url=http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/3660-victorys-silence.html |newspaper=Himal Magazine |date=December 2008 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019055809/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/3660-victorys-silence.html |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA108 |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0}}
* {{cite news |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |title=1971: Rape and its Consequences |work=bdnews24.com |date=15 December 2010 |type=Opinion |access-date=22 July 2012 |url=https://opinion.bdnews24.com/2010/12/15/1971-rape-and-its-consequences/ |ref={{sfnRef|D'Costa|2010a}} |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802193935/https://opinion.bdnews24.com/2010/12/15/1971-rape-and-its-consequences/ |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Debnath |first=Angela |editor1=Samuel Totten |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |chapter=The Bangladesh genocide: The plight of women |pages=[https://archive.org/details/genocidecritical0000unse/page/47 47–66] |year=2009 |publisher=Transaction |isbn=978-1-4128-0827-9 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/genocidecritical0000unse/page/47}}
* {{cite news |title=BD award for Faiz, Malik Jilani |url=http://dawn.com/news/791607/bd-award-for-faiz-malik-jilani |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |date=9 March 2013 |ref={{sfnref|Dawn|2013}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Dixit |first=Jyotindra Nath |title=India-Pakistan in War and Peace |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30472-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Enloe |first=Cynthia H. |title=Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives |year=2000 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22071-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Woman, Man, and God in Modern Islam |year=2011 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6673-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |editor1=Jacques Bertrand |editor2=André Laliberté |title=Multination States in Asia: Accommodation or Resistance |chapter=Pakistan: Neither state nor nation |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-14363-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Christian |title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA155 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70681-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghadbian |first=Najib |editor1=Kent Worcester |editor2=Sally A. Bermanzohn |editor3=Mark Ungar |title=Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox |chapter=Political Islam: Inclusion or violence? |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93111-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Gotam |first=Nachiketa |title=The Traitors of Pakistan |year=1971 |publisher=Press & Publication Agency |oclc=657534665}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hagerty |first1=Devin T. |last2=Ganguly |first2=Šumit |title=Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons |year=2005 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98635-7}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1971/jun/17/business-of-the-house |title=Business of the House |date=17 June 1971 |journal=Hansard |volume=819 |publisher=House of Commons |access-date=24 February 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Hansard|1971}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Ḥaqqānī |first=Ḥusain |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |year=2005 |publisher=Carnegie |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq}}
* {{cite book |last=Heinze |first=Eric |title=Waging Humanitarian War |pages=350–358 |year=2009 |publisher=SUNY |isbn=978-0-7914-7695-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Tania |last2=Tollefson |first2=James W. |editor1=Amy Tsui |editor2=James W. Tollefson |title=Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts |chapter=Language policy in education in Bangladesh |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8058-5693-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Huq |first=M. Zahurul |editor1=Michael N. Schmitt |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=T. McCormack |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – 2010: 13 |chapter=Case against Delwar Hossain Sayeedi |pages=462 f |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-6704-810-1}}
* {{cite book |author=International Commission of Jurists |title=The Events in East Pakistan, 1971: A Legal Study |year=1972 |publisher=Secretariat of the International Commission of Jurists Geneva |oclc=842410}}
* {{cite book |last=Islam |first=M. Rafiqul |title=National Trials of International Crimes in Bangladesh: Transitional Justice as Reflected in Judgments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |year=2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-38938-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Jahan |first=Rounaq |editor1=Samuel Totten |title=Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources |chapter=The Bangladesh Genocide |year=2004 |publisher=Information Age |isbn=978-1-59311-074-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Jahan |first=Rounaq |editor1=Samuel Totten |editor2=William S. Parsons |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |chapter=Genocide in Bangladesh |edition=3rd |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-99084-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |year=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-48618-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |author-link=Owen Bennett-Jones |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |year=2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |edition=2nd revised}}
* {{cite book |last=Kabia |first=John M. |title=Humanitarian Intervention and Conflict Resolution in West Africa: From ECOMOG to ECOMIL |year=2008 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-7444-3}}
* {{cite news |title=Kamaruzzaman: The Charges |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/kamaruzzaman-the-charges |newspaper=BD News 24 |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|BD News 24|2013}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Khondker |first=Habibul Haque |editor1=Hadiz |editor-first=Vedi R. |editor-link=Vedi R. Hadiz |title=Empire And Neoliberalism in Asia |chapter=US imperialism and Bengali nationalism |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-39080-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=Steven P. |title=Ethics and War: An Introduction |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-72757-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Linton |first=Suzannah |title=Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation |journal=Criminal Law Forum |year=2010 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–311 |doi=10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8 |hdl=10722/124770 |s2cid=143939929 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Malik |first=Anas |title=Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77924-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin-Lucas |first=Belen |title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-80608-4 |editor1=Sorcha Gunne |editor2=Zoë Brigley |chapter=Mum is the Word}}
* {{cite book |last=Midlarsky |first=Manus I. |title=Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87708-4}}
* {{cite news |last=Minegar |first=Benjamin |title=Bangladesh war crimes tribunal sentences Jamaat-e-Islami member to death |url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/01/bangladesh-war-crimes-tribunal-sentences-jamaat-e-islami-member-to-death.php |newspaper=Jurist |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |editor1=Navnita Chadha Behera |title=Gender, Conflict and Migration |chapter=Muktir Gaan, the raped woman and migrant identities of the Bangladesh war |year=2006 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-7619-3455-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |title=Available Motherhood: Legal technologies, 'state of exception' and the dekinning of 'war-babies' in Bangladesh |journal=Childhood |year=2007 |volume=14 |issue=339 |pages=339–355 |doi=10.1177/0907568207079213 |s2cid=144568760 |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1511818}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |title=Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building |year=2009 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4213-3 |editor1=Sharika Thiranagama |editor2=Tobias Kelly |chapter=Denunciatory Practices and the Constitutive Role of Collaboration in the Bangladesh War}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mohaiemen |first=Naeem |title=Flying Blind: Waiting for a Real Reckoning on 1971 |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |year=2011 |volume=XLVI |issue=36 |pages=40–52}}
* {{cite book |last=Mohsin |first=Amena |editor1=Samir Kumar Das |title=Peace Processes and Peace Accords |chapter=Gendered nation, gendered peace: A study of Bangladesh |year=2005 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-7619-3391-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Molla |first=Gyasuddin |editor1=Mike Enskat |editor2=Subrata K. Mitra, Clemens Spiess |title=Political Parties in South Asia |chapter=The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party |year=2004 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |title=Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building |editor1=Sharika Thiranagama |editor2=Tobias Kelly |chapter=Denunciatory practices and the constitutive role of collaboration in the Bangladesh War |year=2009a |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4213-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |editor1=Heidi Armbruster |editor2=Anna Laerke |title=Taking Sides: Ethics, Politics, and Fieldwork in Anthropology |chapter=Friendships and Encounters on the Political Left in Bangladesh |year=2009b |publisher=Berghahn |isbn=978-1-84545-701-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |editor1=Raphaelle Branche |editor2=Fabrice Virgili |title=Rape in Wartime |chapter=Mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971 |year=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-36399-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |date=2 November 2021 |title=Historicising the Birangona : Interrogating the Politics of Commemorating the Wartime Rape of 1971 in the Context of the 50 th Anniversary of Bangladesh |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=588–597 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2021.2009663 |issn=0970-0161 |s2cid=246760529 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Eamon |title=The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and social roots of extremism |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56526-4}}
* {{cite news |last=Mustafa |first=Sabir |title=Bangladesh's watershed war crimes moment |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21133320 |work=BBC News |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Narine |first=Shaun |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Political Leadership |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-7182-4 |pages=335–357 |editor1=Joseph Masciulli |editor2=Mikhail A. Molchanov |editor3=W. Andy Knight |chapter=International Human Rights}}
* {{cite book |last=Newberg |first=Paula R. |title=Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89440-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Payaslian |first=Simon |title=20th Century Genocides |url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml |journal=Oxford Bibliographies |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199743292-0105 |access-date=21 October 2013 |quote=A consensus has formed among scholars that genocides in the 20th century encompassed (although were not limited to) the following cases: Herero in 1904–1907, the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915–1923, the Holodomor in the former Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933, the Jewish Holocaust in 1938–1945, Bangladesh in 1971, Cambodia in 1975–1979, East Timor in 1975–1999, Bosnia in 1991–1995, and Rwanda in 1994. |ref={{sfnRef|Payaslian}} |year=2012 |isbn=9780199743292 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Hamoodur |title=Hamoodur Rahman Commission of Inquiry into the 1971 India-Pakistan War, Supplementary Report |publisher=Arc Manor |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-60450-020-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Syedur |last2=Baxter |first2=Craig |author2-link=Craig Baxter |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7094-588-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Riedel |first=Bruce O. |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |year=2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |isbn=978-0-8157-0557-4}}
* {{cite news |last=Roy |first=Nilanjana S. |title=Bangladesh War's Toll on Women Still Undiscussed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/world/asia/25iht-letter.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=12 August 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Roy|2010a}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Rituparna |title=South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh |edition=1st |year=2010b |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-245-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Srila |editor1=Hannah Bradby |editor2=Gillian Lewando Hundt |title=Global Perspectives on War, Gender and Health |chapter=Wounds and Cures in South Asian Gender and Memory Politics |year=2010c |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-7523-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Rummel |first=R.J. |title=Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 |year=1997 |publisher=Transaction |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6}}
* {{cite news |last=Sadique |first=Mahfuz |title=Bangladesh Islamist Ghulam Azam found guilty of war crimes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23310518 |work=BBC News |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013}}
* {{cite news |last=Sahgal |first=Gita |title=Dead Reckoning: Disappearing stories and evidence |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-214510 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=18 December 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Shafqat |first=Sahar |editor1-last=DeRouen |editor1-first=Karl Jr. |editor2-last=Heo |editor2-first=Uk |year=2007 |chapter=Pakistan (1971) |title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II |volume=II |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=584–599 |isbn=978-1-85109-919-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Saikia |first=Yasmin |year=2011a |title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5038-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Saikia |first=Yasmin |editor1=Elizabeth D. Heineman |chapter=War as history, humanity in violence: Women, men and memories of 1971, East Pakistan/Bangladesh |pages=152–170 |title=Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones: From the Ancient World to the Era of Human Rights |year=2011b |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4318-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Tazreena |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2009 |chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women |editor1=Samuel Totten |editor-link=Samuel Totten |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9 |pages=219–248}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Schmid |editor-first=Alex |title=The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41157-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Scholz |first=Sally J. |editor1=Steven Lee |title=Intervention, Terrorism, and Torture: Contemporary Challenges to Just War Theory |chapter=War rape's challenge to just war theory |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-4677-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Scholz |first=Sally J. |editor1=Deen K. Chatterjee |title=Encyclopedia of Global Justice |chapter=Genocide |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9159-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharlach |first=Lisa |title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda |journal=New Political Science |year=2000 |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/713687893 |pages=89–102 |s2cid=144966485}}
* {{cite book |last=Shehabuddin |first=Elora |editor1-last=Riaz |editor1-first=Ali |editor1-link=Ali Riaz |editor2-last=Fair |editor2-first=C. Christine |title=Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh |chapter=Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-57673-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Dina M. |title=Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity |year=1998 |publisher=Lynne Rienner |isbn=978-1-55587-578-7 |editor1=Herbert L. Bodman |editor2=Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi |chapter=Taslima Nasreen and Others: The Contest over Gender in Bangladesh |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninmuslimsoc0000unse}}
* {{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Dina M. |title=Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/201 201 f] |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514890-9 |volume=1 |editor1=Bonnie G. Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/201}}
* {{cite book |last=Simms |first=Brendan |editor1=Brendan Simms |editor2=D. J. B. Trim |title=Humanitarian Intervention: A History |chapter=Towards a history of humanitarian intervention |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19027-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Karen E. |title=Genocide and the Europeans |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-13329-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Southwick |first=Katherine |editor1=Brad K. Blitz |editor2=Maureen Jessica Lynch |title=Statelessness and Citizenship: A Comparative Study on the Benefits of Nationality |chapter=The Urdu-speakers of Bangladesh: an unfinished story of enforcing citizenship rights |pages=115–141 |year=2011 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78195-215-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Dorothy Q. |last2=Ralph |first2=Regan E. |title=Rape in War: Challenging the Tradition of Impunity |journal=SAIS Review |year=1994 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=82–99 |doi=10.1353/sais.1994.0019 |s2cid=154604295}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Dorothy Q. |last2=Ralph |first2=Reagan E. |editor=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Gender Politics in the Western Balkans: Women and Society in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Successor States |chapter=Rape in War: The case of Bosnia |year=1998 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |isbn=978-0-271-01802-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Hanne-Ruth |editor1=Andrew Simpson |title=Language and National Identity in Asia |chapter=Bangladesh |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926748-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Tomsen |first=Peter |title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers |year=2011 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-763-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |last2=Bartrop |first2=Paul Robert |last3=Jacobs |first3=Steven L. |title=Dictionary of Genocide: A-L |year=1998 |volume=1 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32967-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Salil |title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy |year=2016 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-21818-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tulloch |first1=John |last2=Blood |first2=Richard Warwick |editor1=Stuart Allan |title=The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism |chapter=Iconic photojournalism and absent images: Democratization and memories of terror |pages=507–519 |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-415-66953-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tulloch |first1=John |last2=Blood |first2=Richard Warwick |title=Icons of War and Terror: Media Images in an Age of International Risk |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-69804-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Weiss |first=Thomas George |year=2005 |title=Military-Civilian Interactions: Humanitarian Crises and the Responsibility to Protect |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-8746-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/militarycivilian00weis}}
* {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Nicholas J. |title=Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-829621-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb |url-access=registration |year=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |edition=1st}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615111931/http://nsm1.nsm.iup.edu/sanwar/Bangladesh%20Genocide.htm Report from the International Commission of Jurists]

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}

[[Category:Sexual violence in the Bangladesh Liberation War| ]]
[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Genocidal rape|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:Pakistan military scandals]]

Jeraigaon

2026-02-14T09:20:40Z

KevinArden: Put up initial details basic info.

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jeraigaon
| other_name = Jerai Gaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|27.5094|95.24473|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chabua]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1664
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 786183
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Dibrugarh district
| area_total_ha = 365.16
| official_name =
}}

'''Jeraigaon''' aso known as '''Jerai Gaon''' is a census village under [[Chabua]] in [[Dibrugarh district]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Assam Gazette |date=April 1963 |publisher=[[University of California]] |page=1405 |language=en}}</ref> As per [[2011 Census of India]], Jeragigaon has population of 1,664 people out of which 852 are males and 812 are females.<ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Dibrugarh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40989/download/44620/PCA_CDB-1811-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]}}</ref>

Jeraigaon is famous as the birthplace of [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]] leader [[Paresh Baruah]] and [[Anup Chetia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maitra |first1=Kiran Shankar |title=The Noxious Web: Insurgency in the North-East |date=2001 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers, Distributors |location=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-7391-379-2 |page=115 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jeraigaon peace push |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/jeraigaon-peace-push/cid/666915 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Chandrima |title=Fear of citizenship bill haunts Ulfa nursery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/fear-of-citizenship-bill-haunts-ulfa-nursery/articleshow/68604249.cms |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2019}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dibrugarh district]]

Shamiana

2026-02-13T22:20:10Z

KevinArden: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Tent or place for function or event}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{one source|date=September 2011}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Eid_Prayers_in_Rajarbagh,_Dhaka_on_6_October_2014.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bengali culture|Traditional]] Shamiana decorated in the occasion of [[Eid prayers]] and [[Islamic holidays|Celebration]] in [[Bangladesh]]]]

A '''''shamiana''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: শামিয়ানা, [[Urdu]]: شامیانہ) is a South Asian ceremonial tent, shelter or [[awning]], commonly used for outdoor parties, weddings, feasts etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861727492_1861727492/nextpage.html |title=shamiana definition |publisher=Encarta.msn.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111004518/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861727492_1861727492/nextpage.html |archive-date=11 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its side walls are removable. The external fabric can be plain, multicolored or patterned. The four corners are supported by wooden poles. The history of the ''shamiana'' dates back to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era.

As per [[Government of India]] service tax rules under the Finance Act 1997, the definition of a ''shamiana'' is given under clause 77A of section 65: "pandaal or shamiana means a place specially prepared or arranged for organizing an official, social or business function".
[[File:Diwan-i-Khas, Red Fort, Delhi with red awnings or shamianas, in 1817.jpg|thumb|Red ''shamiana'' awnings on the ''[[Diwan-i-Khas]]'', [[Red Fort]], Delhi, in 1817]]

== See also ==
* [[Pandal]], Indian and Hindu counterpart

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Camping equipment]]
[[Category:Indian wedding]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

Subrat Kumar Panda

2026-02-12T02:55:39Z

KevinArden: made bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Subrat Kumar Panda
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|06|01}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Virology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[AIIMS Delhi]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Utkal University]] | [[AIIMS Delhi]] | [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | Arie Zuckerman }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Viral hepatitis]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1995 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Subrat Kumar Panda''' (born 1954) is an Indian [[virologist]], professor and Head Department of Pathology at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]].<ref name="70 apply for AIIMS director’s post">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/70-apply-for-aiims-directors-post/article5158401.ece |title=70 apply for AIIMS director's post |date=23 September 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-12-11-07-19-53/pathology_faculty.html |title=Faculty |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS Delhi}}</ref> Known for his researches in [[viral hepatitis]],<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=222 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> Panda is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Panda,_Dr_Subrat_Kumar |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow - S K Panda">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P10-1521 |title=Indian fellow - S K Panda |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227093903/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P10-1521 |date=27 February 2020 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select P and click on SK Panda to see details}} and the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name="NAMS Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf |title=NAMS Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1995.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Utkal University Main Gate.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Utkal University]]
Born on 18 November 1954 in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], S. K. Panda graduated in medicine from [[SCB Medical College, Cuttack]] in 1977 and earned an MD from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] in 1981.<ref name="Expert Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/9/Dr_SK_Panda.html |title=Expert Profile |date=2017 |publisher=ND TV}}</ref> Subsequently, he moved to the UK where he did his post-doctoral studies at the laboratory of Arie Zuckerman of [[London School of Tropical Medicine]] which he completed in 1987. Returning to India, he joined AIIMS Delhi as a member of faculty at the department of pathology and serves as the professor and head of the department.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/departments-and-centers/departments.html?id=1215 |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS Delhi}}</ref>

Panda is married to Gita Satpathy, a professor of microbiology at AIIMS, Delhi and the family lives in AIIMS campus.<ref name="At AIIMS, docs lose sleep as burglars strike at will">{{Cite web |url=https://metronow.wordpress.com/2008/12/16/at-aiims-docs-lose-sleep-as-burglars-strike-at-will/ |title=At AIIMS, docs lose sleep as burglars strike at will |date=16 December 2008 |publisher=Delhi Talking}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Panda, whose researches covered the fields of Molecular Virology and Liver Pathology, is known to have contributed to the wider understanding of [[viral hepatitis]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |page=71 |date=1999}}</ref> He carried out extensive researches on various types of hepatitis virus such a [[Hepatitis B virus|B]], [[Hepatitis C virus|C]] and [[Hepatitis E virus|E]] and elucidated the replication and transcription processes of [[Hepatitis E virus]].<ref name="Summary of achievements">{{Cite web |url=http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_Subrat_Kumar_Panda.pdf |title=Summary of achievements |date=2017 |publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board}}</ref> These studies, based on [[Rhesus monkeys]], demonstrated the relationship of the virus with liver diseases and protracted [[viremia]]. His researches have been documented by way of several articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Panda=3ASubrat_Kumar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and online article repositories like [[Google Scholar]]<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=Kkfu21oAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]] have listed a number of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Subrat_Panda2 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1995.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow the same year, followed by the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<ref name="State wise fellows list">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/Delhi_State_wise_Fellow_list_Complete-5.pdf |title=State wise fellows list |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2010.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Hazari, Sidhartha |author2=Panda, Subrat Kumar |author3=Datta Gupta, Siddharth |author4=Batra, Yogesh |author5=Singh, Rajbir |author6=Acharya, Subrat Kumar |title=Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in patients of northern India |journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology |date=2004 |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1058–1065 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03405.x|pmid=15304125 |s2cid=21140515 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Sengupta, Sonali |author2=Rehman, Shagufta |author3=Durgapal, Hemlata |author4=Acharya, Subrat Kumar |author5=Panda, Subrat Kumar |title=Role of surface promoter mutations in hepatitis B surface antigen production and secretion in occult hepatitis B virus infection |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |date=2007 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=220–228 |doi=10.1002/jmv.20790|pmid=17245717 |s2cid=25783893 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Bhatia, Vikram |author2=Singhal, Amit |author3=Panda, Subrat Kumar |author4=Acharya, Subrat Kumar |title=A 20-year single-center experience with acute liver failure during pregnancy: is the prognosis really worse? |journal=Hepatology |date=2008 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1577–1585 |doi=10.1002/hep.22493|pmid=18925633 |s2cid=9830303 |doi-access= }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kumar, Amit |author2=Panda, Subrat Kumar |author3=Durgapal, Hemlata |author4=Acharya, Subrat Kumar |author5=Rehman, Shagufta |author6=Kar, Upendra K. |title=Inhibition of Hepatitis E virus replication using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) |journal=Antiviral Research |date=2010 |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=541–550 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.01.005|pmid=20105445 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Prabhu, S. B. |author2=Gupta, P. |author3=Durgapal, H. |author4=Rath, S. |author5=Gupta, S. D. |author6=Acharya, S. K. |author7=Panda, Subrat Kumar |title=Study of cellular immune response against Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) |journal=Journal of Viral Hepatitis |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=587–594 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01338.x|pmid=20579277 |s2cid=45382363 }}

== See also ==
* [[Herpes simplex]]
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Dr.S.K. Panda on Sehat |url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-sk-panda-pathologist-delhi |date=2017 |publisher=Sehat |work=Doctor profile}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panda, Subrat Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kallanai Dam

2026-02-10T15:33:31Z

KevinArden: small changes

{{Short description|Dam in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kallanai Dam
| image = Grand Anicut, Kallanai (11876067114).jpg
| construction_began = c.150 BC
| location = Thanjavur
district, Tamil Nadu, India
| image_caption = Kallanai Dam with its floodgates open
| purpose = [[Irrigation]]
| status = Operational
| builder = ''[[Karikala|Karikala cholan]]'' of [[Chola dynasty]]
| dam_type = [[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]
| dam_crosses = [[Kaveri|River]]
| dam_height_foundation = {{convert|5.4|m|ft}}
| dam_length = {{convert|329|m|ft}}
| dam_width_base = {{convert|20|m|ft}}
| operator = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''Kallanai''' (literally “stone dam”, also known as the '''Grand Anicut''') is an ancient [[dam]] built by [[Karikala]] of [[Chola dynasty]] in 150 CE. It was built (in running water) across the [[Kaveri]] river flowing from [[Tiruchirapalli District]] to [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The dam is located in Thanjavur district,<ref name="tngis.tnega.org">{{Cite web | title=TNGIS - Map Editor | url=https://tngis.tnega.org/generic_viewer/ | access-date=2025-11-15 | website=tngis.tnega.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Flowing waters for fertile fields|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2408778.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 August 2011|location=India}}</ref><ref name="kallanai_googlebook">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Vijay P.|author2=Ram Narayan Yadava|title=Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&dq=kallanai&pg=PA508|isbn=81-7764-548-X|page=508}}</ref> 15 km from [[Tiruchirapalli]] and 45 km from [[Thanjavur]].<ref name="Saqaf" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/incredible-india-2000-year-old-functional-dam-india-today-175057-2013-08-26|title=Incredible India! A 2,000-year-old functional dam|date=August 26, 2013 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Karikalan-cholan-memorial-inaugurated/articleshow/30300318.cms|title=Karikalan cholan memorial inaugurated - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 February 2014 |access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> It is the fourth oldest water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world and the oldest in India that is still in use.<ref name="Hill2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher V. Hill|title=South Asia: An Environmental History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA33|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-925-2|pages=33–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kallanai Dam {{!}}{{!}} Thanjavur Tourism |url=http://www.thanjavurtourism.com/kallanai-dam.html |website=www.thanjavurtourism.com |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009222808/http://www.thanjavurtourism.com/kallanai-dam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The dam was originally built by King [[Karikalan]] of the Chola Dynasty in {{Circa|100 |150 CE}}. It is located on the river in [[Thanjavur district]],<ref name="tngis.tnega.org"/> exactly 14 km from the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]] and 45 km from the city of Thanjavur. The idea behind the construction of the dam was to divert the river to the [[Cauvery Delta|delta districts]] thereby boosting irrigation.<ref name="Saqaf">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-rock-solid-dam-that-has-survived-1800-years/article4494161.ece|title=A rock solid dam that has survived 2000 years|author=Syed Muthahar Saqaf|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This dam was re-modeled by the [[British Raj|British]] during the 19th century. In 1804, Captain Caldwell, a military engineer, was appointed by the British to make a study on the Kaveri river and promote irrigation for the delta region.{{Sfn|Skempton|2002|p=114}} He found that a large amount of water passed onto the Kollidam leaving behind a small volume for irrigation purposes.{{Sfn|Skempton|2002|p=114}} Caldwell initially proposed a solution by raising the dam and hence raised the dam stones to a height of {{convert|69|cm|in}}, thus increasing the capacity of the dam.<ref name=Saqaf /> Following this, Major Sim proposed the idea of [[Sluice|undersluices]] across the river with outlets leading to the [[Kollidam River]] (Coleroon) thus preventing formation of silt.<ref name=Saqaf /> The [[Lower Anaicut]] built by [[Sir Arthur Cotton]] in the 19th century across Coleroon, the major tributary of Cauvery is said to be a replicated structure of Kallanai.<ref name=Saqaf />

==Geography==
The [[Kaveri]] river splits into two at a point {{Convert|20|mi|km}} west of Kallanai. The two rivers form the [[Srirangam Island|island of Srirangam]] before joining at Kallanai. The northern channel is called the [[Kollidam River|Kollidam]] (Coleroon); the other retains the name Kaveri, and empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]] at [[Poompuhar]]. On the seaward face of its delta are the seaports of [[Nagapattinam]] and [[Karaikal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=14861 |title=Dikes and Dams, Thick with Politics |author=Wiebe E. Bijker |date=19 September 2006 |publisher=Maastricht University |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425145013/http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=14861 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Description==
The purpose of the Kallanai was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile [[River delta|delta]] region for irrigation via canals and to its northern delta branch Kollidam/Coleroon. Downstream of the barrage, the river Kaveri splits into four streams known as Kollidam Aru, Kaveri, Vennaru and [[Grand Anicut Canal System|Puthu Aru]]. However, the flood waters can be allowed, by opening the barrage/anaicut gates, to pass through the other three delta branches also to join the sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Grand_Anicut_A00677 |title=Grand Anicut A00677 |publisher=WRIS, India |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810070947/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Grand_Anicut_A00677 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is constructed from unhewn stone spanning the Kaveri and is {{convert|329|m|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|5.4|m|abbr=on}} high.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimtrichy.ac.in/home/students/places_to_visit |title=Places to visit |publisher=IIM-Trichy, India |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219124955/http://www.iimtrichy.ac.in/home/students/places_to_visit/ |archive-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dam is still in excellent condition, and supplied a model to later engineers, including Sir [[Arthur Cotton]]'s 19th-century dam across the Kollidam, the major distributary of the Kaveri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawlibrary.unm.edu/nrj/48/3/03_agoramoorthy_indian.pdf |title=The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages |author1=Govindasamy Agoramoorthy |author2=Sunitha chaudhary |author3=Minna J. HSU |publisher=Law library — University of New Mexico |access-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720143611/http://lawlibrary.unm.edu/nrj/48/3/03_agoramoorthy_indian.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2013 }}</ref> The area irrigated by the ancient irrigation network is about {{convert|69000|acre|abbr=on|lk=out}}. By the early 20th century, the irrigated area had been increased to about one million acres (400,000 ha).<ref>{{cite news|title=Fit case for World Heritage status|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/10/stories/2007091058970400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914051504/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/10/stories/2007091058970400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2007|date=10 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Trichy, India}}</ref>

The delta farmers of Tamil Nadu have demanded the Tamil Nadu government to honor [[Karikala Chola]]n, who built this dam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM's word on Karikalan memorial cheers farmers in Cauvery Delta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/jan/17/cms-word-on-karikalan-memorial-cheers-farmers-in-cauvery-delta-443732.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kallanai Name Inscription.jpg|Plaque bearing the dam's name
File:Kallanai.jpg|Engineering wonder of Karikalan's period
File:Fishing Kallanai.jpg|Fishing in the sluices, Kallanai dam, Thanjavur
File:Kallanai 2.jpg|Another view, Kallanai dam
File:Kallanai 3.jpg|Kallanai dam
File:Water flowing out of grand anaicut.webm|Water being discharged from Kallanai in August 2018 witnessing beauty of kallanai in river Kauvery
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Tamil language]]
* [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Sangam period]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Commons category|Grand Anicut}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Skempton|first=A. W.|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500-1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeOMfpYMOtYC|year=2002|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-2939-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Rita|title=Inventive Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKssaSLqBBsC|year=2011|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80658-03-2}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Abdur|author2=Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture|title=History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture: Ad 1000-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bnaAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press India|isbn=978-0-19-564652-8}}
{{refend}}

{{Kaveri River}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century]]
[[Category:Dams in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dams on the Kaveri River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Multiple-arch dams]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]

Sarbloh Granth

2026-01-25T17:28:15Z

KevinArden: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Tertiary scripture of Sikhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious text
|religion=[[Sikhism]]
|name=Sarbloh Granth ਸਰਬਲੋਹ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ
|author=[[Guru Gobind Singh]] (disputed)
|language=[[Sant Bhasha]] (mainly influenced by [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]])
|image=Weapons drawn and inscribed with martial hymns eulogizing them, from the Rasaaval Stanza of the Bachitar Natak, on an illustrated folio of a Sarbloh Granth manuscript.jpg
|caption=Weapons drawn and inscribed with martial hymns eulogizing them on an illustrated folio of a Sarbloh Granth manuscript
|chapters=5|orig_lang_code=pa|title_orig=ਸਰਬਲੋਹ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ}}
{{Sikh scriptures}}
The '''Sarbloh Granth''' or '''Sarabloh Granth''' ({{langx|pa|ਸਰਬਲੋਹ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ}}, ''{{IAST|sarabalōha grantha}}'', literally 'Scripture of Pure Iron'{{Refn|The name 'Sarbloh Granth' can also be translated as meaning "book of all-iron", "all-sword book", or "scripture of wrought iron".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nihang |first1=Nidar Singh |title=In the master's presence : the Sikhs of Hazoor Sahib |date=2008 |publisher=Kashi House |location=London |isbn=9780956016805 |page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1= Hinnells|first2= Richard|last2= King |title=Religion and Violence in South Asia: Theory and Practice |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134192199 |pages=124–25}}</ref>|group=note}}),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nabha|first=Kahn Singh|encyclopedia=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahankosh|title=ਸਰਬਲੋਹ|language=pa|publisher=Sudarshan Press|quote=''ਸੰ. ਸਰ੍ਵਲੋਹ. ਵਿ- ਸਾਰਾ ਲੋਹੇ ਦਾ''}}</ref> also called '''Manglacharan Puran<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |title=A dictionary of Indian literature |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-1453-5 |volume=1 |location=Hyderabad |pages=351 |oclc=42718918}}</ref>''' or '''Sri Manglacharan Ji''', is a voluminous scripture, composed of more than 6,500 poetic stanzas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann|first=JaGurinder Singh nak |date=Mar 1, 2007|title=El sijismo|publisher=[[Ediciones Akal]] |page=76 }}</ref> It is traditionally attributed as being the work of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh guru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=Patiala and East Panjab States Union: Historical Background |publisher=Archives Department, Government of the Patiala and E.P.S. Union |year=1951 |series=Patiala archives publication |pages=22 |issue=1}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Scholars, on the other hand, attribute the work to after the Guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |others=W. H. McLeod |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |location=Lanham |pages=182 |oclc=435778610}}</ref> The work is mostly revered by the Nihang sect.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |quote=The Nihangs' focus on the traditions of Guru Gobind Singh carry over to his writings as well. They hold the Guru's Dasam Granth in the same regard as Guru Granth Sahib and draw inspiration from its vividly heroic stories. Additionally, Nihangs hold the Sarab Loh Granth in equal esteem. The Sarab Loh Granth is attributed to Guru Gobind Singh and narrates more stories about the conflict between moral gods and evil demons. The drawn-out conflict comes to a head with god taking the incarnate form known as Sarab Loh (all-steel) who was able to overwhelm Brijnad, the demon king, with its martial prowess. The purity of steel, its resolve and durability, all serve as analogies for Akal Purakh's righteousness to which the Nihangs' aspire. Their devotion to the all-steel incarnation is demonstrated via the many steel weapons with which they train and adorn themselves, as well as through their insistence on even their cookware and utensils being made of steel.}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Traditional narrative ===
As per the traditions of the Nihang Sikhs, the Sarbloh Granth was written at the Sarbloh Bunga (now called the Langar Sahib) at Takht Abachal Nagar, Hazur Sahib in Nanded, India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Hazura |url=https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/sikh/Loh%20Prakash%20-%20Kamalroop%20Singh.pdf |title=Loh Prakāsh |last2=Singh |first2=Partap |last3=Singh |first3=Sundar |date=2012 |orig-date=1925 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Kaur |location=Amritsar |translator-last= |translator-first= |chapter=Foreword |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Kamalroop}}</ref> They believe the work derives from Sanskrit [[Sutra|sutras]] that were preserved by a group of [[Sadhu|sadhus]], with these sutras ultimately originating from a previous incarnation of Guru Gobind Singh known as [[rishi]] ''Dusht Daman''.<ref name=":4" /> It is further believed that [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] heard the last verses of the work.<ref name=":4" /> It is claimed that the Sanskrit sutras the Sarbloh Granth is based on is still kept in a private familial collection.<ref name=":4" />

=== Authorship ===
[[File:Sarabloh Granth manuscript that contains a depiction of Guru Gobind Singh.jpg|thumb|Sarabloh Granth manuscript that contains a depiction of Guru Gobind Singh, whom is traditionally ascribed as the author of the work]]
Very little can be ascertained regarding the authorship, compilation, or nature of the contents within the scripture.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |date=2008 |title=Sources for the Study of Guru Gobind Singh's Life and Times |url=https://giss.org/pdf/GGS.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=254–58, 275, 279–281 |quote= |via=Global Institute for Sikh Studies}}</ref> There is a high degree of controversy among various scholars on the issue of the authorship of the Granth.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sikhs across borders : transnational practices of European Sikhs |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury |others=Knut A. Jacobsen, Kristina Myrvold |isbn=978-1-4411-7087-3 |location=London |pages=128–29 |oclc=820011179}}</ref> The following are some of the view points of prominent figures:
* According to [[Pundit Tara Singh]], ''Sarabloh Granth'' was composed by Bhai Sukha Singh, a Granthi of [[Patna]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Nabha
|first=Kahn Singh
|encyclopedia=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahankosh
|title=ਸਰਬਲੋਹ
|language=pa
|publisher=Sudarshan Press
|quote=''ਪੰਡਿਤ ਤਾਰਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦੀ ਖੋਜ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਸਰਬਲੋਹ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਭਾਈ ਸੁੱਖਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਪਟਨੇ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਾ ਗ੍ਰੰਥੀ ਸੀ. ਉਸ ਨੇ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਿ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇਹ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਜਗੰਨਾਥ ਦੀ ਝਾੜੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਇੱਕ ਅਵਧੂਤ ਉਦਾਸੀ ਤੋਂ ਮਿਲਿਆ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕਲਗੀਧਰ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ ਹੈ''
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |volume=4 |location=Patiala |pages=57–58 |oclc=29703420}}</ref>
* According to Bhai [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Sarabloh Granth'' was not written by Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Mahima appeared in it is out of context to the main storyline.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Nabha
|first=Kahn Singh
|encyclopedia=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahankosh
|title=ਸਰਬਲੋਹ
|language=pa
|publisher=Sudarshan Press
|quote=''ਅਸੀਂ ਭੀ ਸਰਬਲੋਹ ਨੂੰ ਦਸ਼ਮੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ ਮੰਨਣ ਲਈ ਤਿਆਰ ਨਹੀਂ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੂਪਦੀਪ ਭਾਸ ਪਿੰਗਲ ਦਾ ਜਿਕਰ ਆਇਆ ਹੈ. ਰੂਪਦੀਪ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ ਸੰਮਤ ੧੭੭੬ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਕਲਗੀਧਰ ਸੰਮਤ ੧੭੬੫ ਵਿੱਚ ਜੋਤੀਜੋਤਿ ਸਮਾਏ ਹਨ, ਅਤੇ ਜੇ ਇਹ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਅਮ੍ਰਿਤ ਸੰਸਕਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਹੈ, ਤਦ ਖਾਲਸੇ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਸੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਪੰਥ ਨੂੰ ਗੁਰੁਤਾ ਦਾ ਜਿਕਰ ਕਿਸ ਤਰਾਂ ਆ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ? ਜੇ ਅਮ੍ਰਿਤਸੰਸਕਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਪਿੱਛੋਂ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ ਹੈ, ਤਦ ਦਾਸ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ, ਸ਼ਾਹ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਆਦਿਕ ਨਾਮ ਕਿਉਂ? ਸਰਬਲੋਹ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਿਨਾ ਹੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਰਣ ਖਾਲਸਾ- ਧਰਮ ਸੰਬੰਧੀ ਭੀ ਕਈ ਲੇਖ ਆਏ ਹਨ.''
}}</ref>
* According to Santa Singh Nihang, ''Sarabloh Granth'' was written by Guru Gobind Singh and was completed in [[Nanded]].<ref name="smpooran">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Dayal |title=Sarabloh Granth Steek |publisher=Buddha Dal Panjvaan Takht Printing Press, Bagheechi Baba Bamba Singh Ji, Lower Mall Road, Patiala |page=Intro-ਠ}}</ref>
* A meeting of Sikh scholars and saints determined that Sarbloh Granth is the writings of Guru Gobind Singh and that the Sarbloh Granth was finalised at [[Nanded]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santa |first=Singh |title=Sarbloh Granth Steek |publisher=Budha Dal Printing Press |pages=ਖ |language=Punjabi}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable as Santa Singh is a Nihang, a sect which reveres the scripture. Please cite a reliable source outside of Nihang publications that states the scripture is the work of the tenth Sikh guru. ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2023}}
One narrative claims that the scripture is the result of the writings of the tenth Guru being combined, after [[Joti Jot|his passing]] in 1708, by his followers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sikhs in Ontario |date=1993 |publisher=Ontario Council of Sikhs |others=Judith Bali |isbn=0-9695994-5-5 |location=Toronto, Ont. |pages=72 |oclc=32458938}}</ref> According to Harnam Das Udasi, a [[Sikh Studies|Sikh scholar]] who prepared an annotated edition of the scripture, the text was authored by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":32" /> However, Harnam Das Udasi claims that Guru Gobind Singh accepted the work of [[Kavi Darbar|some poets]] to form parts of the scripture, just like how Guru Arjan accepted the works written by [[Bhagat|Bhagats]], [[Bhatra Sikhs|Bhatts]], and [[Sufism|Sufi]] ''[[Fakir|fakirs]]'' when he compiled the Adi Granth.<ref name=":4" /> However, other analysts date the text to the late 18th-century.<ref name=":32" />

Gurinder Singh Mann argues that the Sarbloh Granth was produced within the courtly setting of [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] in the late 17th-century (specifically the 1690's) by various [[Kavi Darbar|courtly poets]] (most of whose names are not known).<ref name=":32" />

{{Quote|text="In my view, the Dasam Granth and Sri Sarab Loh Granth are markers of the aura of royalty that the Sikhs attempted to create at Anandpur. The poets gathered there drew upon a shared reservoir of themes, literary forms, metaphors and images to create their songs. With the emergence of Sikh power, some poets who were resident in the broader region moved to Anandpur. A cursory look at their compositions shows the structural changes that had to be made to adjust these works to the needs of the new situation. The statements at the closing of the two longest compositions, the Krishan Avatar and Ram Avatar, carry thundering assertions of the futility of, worshipping Krishan and Ram. I can only explain them as addenda having been required to make these texts presentable at Anandpur."|author=Gurinder Singh Mann|title=Sources for the Study of Guru Gobind Singh's Life and Times|source=page 256}}The scripture is largely revered by the [[Nihang]] sect of Sikhs with many non-Nihang Sikhs rejecting it as an authentic work of the tenth guru, especially amongst Sikh academics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975506-6 |location=New York |pages=36 |oclc=606234922 |quote=A text called the Sarabloh Granth, revered by Nihang Sikhs, which narrates some of the same events as Chandi Charitra, has been attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, though most Sikh scholars do not believe he was in fact the author (see Gurmukh Singh 1998a).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Journal of Sikh Studies |publisher=Guru Nanak University - Department of Guru Nanak Studies |year=2014 |volume=38 |quote=As for the Sarabloh Granth, only the Nihangs, a sect among the Sikhs, accept it as the authentic work of the Guru while the Sikh scholarship has universally rejected it.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies |date=2016 |others=Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |location=Oxford |pages=117 |oclc=874522334 |quote=Outside the Dasam Granth, numerous other writings of similar character are also associated with Guru Gobind Singh, but of these only the large Sarabloh Granth continus to enjoy a canonical status which is restricted to the Nihang Sikhs.}}</ref><ref name=":022" /> According to Gurmukh Singh, the authenticity of the work is rejected on the grounds of its writing style and mastery of poetry not matching up with Guru Gobind Singh's ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' work.<ref name=":0" /> Also, the text makes mention of a work composed in 1719, much after the death of the Guru.<ref name=":0" /> [[W. H. McLeod]] dates the work to the late 18th century and believes it was authored by an unknown poet and was mistakenly attributed to the tenth Guru.<ref name=":2" />

=== Manuscripts ===
[[File:Folio of a Sarbloh Granth manuscript that bears the year 1698 as its date of writing 1.jpg|thumb|Folio of a Sarbloh Granth manuscript that bears the year 1698 as its date of writing.]]
Gurinder Singh Mann claims to have come across a manuscript of the scripture that dates to the late 17th-century, specifically the year 1698.{{Efn|The manuscript bears a recorded Indic date of Samat 1755, miti Bisakh sudi 5 (corresponding to the year 1698 in the Gregorian calendar) as their date of writing, on folios 1 and 2b.|group=note}}<ref name=":32" /> Additionally, Harnam Das Udasi claims to have encountered a manuscript of the scripture that bears the same date for its year of compilation (1698), while he was examining twenty-four extant manuscripts of the text as part of his research activities to produce an annotated edition of the scripture.<ref name=":32" /> In these two early manuscripts of the scripture, the first contains the Bachittar Natak Granth on folios 1 to 350 and then continues with the text of the Sarbloh Granth-proper for the remainder of the folios (folios 351 to 702).<ref name=":32" /> For the second early manuscript, it only contains the text of the Sarbloh Granth-proper and there is no inclusion of external texts, unlike the other manuscript.<ref name=":32" /> However, the second manuscript's pagination begins with folio 351 and ends with folio 747.<ref name=":32" /> All together, three early manuscripts of the scripture bear their year 1698.<ref name=":32" /> However, it can be argued that these manuscripts were a later copy of an original from 1698 and this date was copied as well from the original in all three later copies by their respective scribes.<ref name=":32" /> Many early manuscripts of the scripture contain an inscription by [[Bhai Gurdas Singh|Gurdas Singh]] which goes as: "''Sambat satra sai bhae barakh satvanja jan. Gurdas Singh puran kio sri mukh granth parmanh.''"<ref name=":32" /> An inscription sourced from this scripture can be found in the seal of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] and on coins minted during the reign of [[Misl|later Sikh polities]].<ref name=":32" />

According to Kamalroop Singh, there are a number of early manuscripts of the Sarbloh Granth dating to the late 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name=":4" /> Kamaroop Singh believes the manuscriptural evidence points to the year 1698 in [[Anandpur Sahib]] as when the majority of the work of the Sarbloh Granth was commenced, being finalized in 1708 at Hazur Sahib.<ref name=":4" />

==== List of earliest manuscripts ====
Kamalroop Singh lists manuscripts of the Sarbloh Granth with a 1698 CE (1755 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]) colophon as follows:<ref name=":4" />

* ''Nabho Katho vālī bīṛ'' at Hazur Sahib, which bears a colophon of 1698.<ref name=":4" /> This manuscript was studied by Harnam Singh Udasi.<ref name=":4" />
* A manuscript kept at the ''Chhauṇī'' (cantonment) of [[Mata Sahib Devan|Mata Sahib Kaur]]<ref name=":4" />
* A manuscript is preserved by the [[Udasi]] ''[[Sampradaya|Sampradāvāṅ]]'' at [[Sadh Belo|Bhankandi]]<ref name=":4" />
* A manuscript held at [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar Sahib]]<ref name=":4" />

=== Present ===
The [[2021 Singhu border lynching|2021 Singhu border incident]] involved the desecration of a manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth, which angered a group of [[Nihang]]s who killed the perpetrator of the sacrilege.<ref>{{Cite book |title=AGRARIAN REFORM AND FARMER RESISTANCE IN PUNJAB mobilisation and. |date=2022 |publisher=ROUTLEDGE |others=Shinder S. Thandi |isbn=978-1-000-81630-3 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1349274680 |quote=In yet another incident, reiterating the peaceful nature of the farmers' protest, SKM condemned the barbaric killing of a farm labourer, Lakhbir Singh from Cheema Khurd village in Tarn Taran district of Punjab, on October 15, 2021, by a group of Nihangs (a Sikh order, distinguished by their blue robes and traditional weapons) at a farmers' protest site at Kundli on the Delhi-Haryana border. The SKM disassociated itself from them (Shaurya, 2021). Lakhbir Singh had reached the protest site at the Delhi border a week earlier before the unfortunate incident and was staying with a group of Nihangs who allegedly found him desecrating the Sarbloh Granth (sacred scripture) and consequently chopped off his left wrist and a foot, and broke his legs (Team TOL, 2021; The Quint, 2021).}}</ref>

== Description==

=== Role ===
The Sarabloh Granth is a separate religious text from the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and [[Dasam Granth]], and no hymn or composition of this granth is used in daily Sikh liturgy or [[Amrit Sanchar]]. Nihang Sikhs hold the scripture in reverence, as they attribute its authorship to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":32" /> Nihang Sikhs place the Sarbloh Granth on the left-side of the Guru Granth Sahib (with the Dasam Granth being placed on the right-side) in their public worship arrangement.<ref name=":32" />

=== Structure and contents ===
[[File:Illuminated folio of the Shahidi Bagh manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth, kept in the collection of Gurdwara Shahidi Bagh, Anandpur Sahib.jpg|thumb|Illuminated folio of the Shahidi Bagh manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth, kept in the collection of Gurdwara Shahidi Bagh, Anandpur Sahib]]
Sarbloh Granth is separated into 5 chapters known as ''adhiyas''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santa |title=Sarbloh Granth Steek |publisher=Budha Dal Printing Press |pages=Introduction 1 |language=Punjabi}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> There are 4,361 ''padd'' ([[Stanza|stanzas]]) in-total across the five chapters.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Abinash |title=An Analytical Research on Sri Sarbloh Granth (A Journey from the Unexplored to Explored) |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi Global Foundation (Odisha Chapter) |year=2021 |pages=18–25 |chapter=5: The Cultural Aspects of Sri Sarbloh Bani}}</ref> The scripture itself is 1665 pages in-length total and comprises three volumes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagjit |title=In the Caravan of Revolution: Another Perspective View of the Sikh Revolution |publisher=Lokgeet Parkashan |year=1988 |pages=58}}</ref> A printed version released by Santa Singh is 862 pages in-length.<ref name=":0" /> At the end of the five chapters is an appendment containing information on Vishnu's incarnations.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Sarbloh Guru Granth Sahib - Sarbloh |url=https://manglacharan.com/Sarbloh+Guru+Granth+Sahib/Sarbloh |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=Manglacharan}}</ref>

The first four chapters are similar in narrative, focusing on Indic mythological wars between the [[devi]]-[[Devata|devta]] coalition against [[Rakshasa|demons]], focusing on the message of ''Bir-Rās'' (warrior spirit) to engrain the ''[[Sant Sipahi|Sant-Sipahi]]'' teaching of Sikhism.<ref name=":8" /> The Indic deities are chronologically described as being manifestations of the ''[[hukam]]'' (command) of the [[God in Sikhism|Divine]], and are not eternal beings although they were bestowed with powers, despite perhaps believing themselves to be supreme, with a focus on their futility.<ref name=":8" /> Many Shaktist terminology is employed in these chapters, such as [[Chandi]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhagavati|Bhagauti]], whose meanings differ by interpretation, with some viewing these as references to the literal namesake [[Devi|deity]] whilst others view them as references to metaphysical concepts.<ref name=":8" /> According to Abinash Mahapatra, the term ''Bhavani'' refers to "the germinating power of this universe" whilst ''Bhagauti'' refers to a dual [[leitmotif]] consisting of weaponry and true supplication to the Divine.<ref name=":8" /> Meanwhile, ''Chandi'' refers to ''Kaal'' (temporality) rather than ''Akaal'' (eternality), it can also be interpreted as referring to [[Sikh feminism|female-empowerment]], and the [[Trimurti|creative, preservative, and destructive powers]], thus responsible for the tricks of rituals (''[[tantra]]''), supernaturality (''[[siddhi]]''), and hypocrisy (''pakhand'').<ref name=":8" />

The first chapter contains praise and invocations to various ''[[devi]]s'' (goddesses).<ref name=":0" /> The second chapter covers [[Vishnu]] as an incarnation of the supreme God.<ref name=":0" /> Chapter five, which is also the longest chapter,<ref name=":3" /> concludes that the various gods and goddesses mentioned formerly are incarnations of ''Sarabloh'' (literally meaning "all-iron"), which itself is an incarnation of ''[[Mahakala|Mahakal]]'', a term used by Guru Gobind Singh to refer to the all-mighty divine being.<ref name=":0" />

==== Chapter One ====
The first chapter, or ''Pahila Adhiya'' ({{Langx|pa|ਪਹਿਲਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ|lit=First chapter|translit=Pahilā adhayāya|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}), contains praises toward ''Maha Maya'' and ''Maha Kala''.<ref name=":6" /> The Indic [[Hindu deities|demi-gods]] (''devte'') lose a battle to demons, and request the devi, Chandi, to assist them.<ref name=":6" /> Chandi then defeats the demoniacal army and their leader, Bhimnad.<ref name=":6" />

==== Chapter Two ====
In the second chapter, or ''Duja Adhiya'' ({{Langx|pa|ਦੂਜਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ|lit=Second chapter|translit=Dūjā adhayāya|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}), the wife of the defeated Bhimnad commits [[Sati (practice)|sati]].<ref name=":6" /> Bhimnad's brother, Brijnad, prepares for revenge by starting another war against the demi-gods.<ref name=":6" /> The deity Indra writes letters to all the demi-gods asking for their help in the upcoming war.<ref name=":6" />

==== Chapter Three ====
In the third chapter, or ''Tija Adhiya'' ({{Langx|pa|ਤੀਜਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ|lit=Third chapter|translit=Tījā adhayāya|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}), the demons are winning against the demi-gods, thus Vishnu sends [[Narada]] to serve as their representative to Brijnad.<ref name=":6" /> However, Brijnad would not negotiate and hostilities resumed.<ref name=":6" /> In the beginning of the unsuing battle, eleven armies of Brijnad that were on-foot were destroyed.<ref name=":6" />

==== Chapter Four ====
In the fourth chapter, or ''Cautha Adhiya'' ({{Langx|pa|ਚੌਥਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ|lit=Fourth chapter|translit=Cauthā adhayāya|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}), a great battle is being waged.<ref name=":6" /> Vishnu gives ''[[Amrita|amrit]]'' (ambrosial nectar) to the demi-gods, reinvigorating them.<ref name=":6" /> Indra captures the demons, yet Brijnad gains the upper-hand and attains victory in the battle, with Indra being captured by the demonic force.<ref name=":6" />

==== Chapter Five ====
In the fifth chapter, or ''Panjva Adhiya'' ({{Langx|pa|ਪੰਜਵਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ|lit=Fifth chapter|translit=Pajavā adhayāya|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}), the aftermath of the demi-gods losing to the demons results in the demi-gods appealing to [[Akal Purakh]] for divine help.<ref name=":6" /> Thus, Akal Purakh incarnates as ''Sarbloh Avtar'' ("all-iron incarnation").<ref name=":6" /> The demi-god Ganesha is appointed as Sarbloh Avtar's ambassador to Brijnad.<ref name=":6" /> However, Brijnad does not listen to Ganesha and wages another war.<ref name=":6" /> The demi-gods team-up with Sarbloh Avtar against the Indic demons.<ref name=":6" /> The demons and Brijnad are then "immersed in bliss" after attainting ''[[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]]'' (auspicious sight) of Sarbloh Avtar, with Brijnad praising Sarbloh Avtar.<ref name=":6" /> Sarbloh Avtar then takes on a terrifying form and annihilates all of the demons, including Brijnad in a final battle.<ref name=":6" />

In the chapter, the Sarbloh Avtar is revealed at [[Jagannath Puri]] in [[Odisha]].<ref name=":8" /> The traditional Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) are described as bowing to Sarbloh Avtar, as does the entire Universe.<ref name=":8" /> The avtar destroys all the evil forces acting upon the divine hukam of Waheguru, with its hairs and organs being described as martial weapons and equipment.<ref name=":8" /> In the concluding sections, verses dicussing the importance of the Waheguru [[Mantra|Mantar]], the [[Khalsa]], the [[Guru Gaddi|Gur-Gaddi]], can be found, with a section praising Guru Nanak.<ref name=":8" />

==== Appendment on Vishnu's Avatars ====
After the conclusion of the fifth chapter, there is another section narrating incarnations of Vishnu.<ref name=":6" /> A list of the avatars of Vishnu discussed in this part includes the following:<ref name=":6" />

* [[Matsya|Mach Avtar]] – fish incarnation<ref name=":6" />
* [[Kurma|Kach Avtar]] – tortoise incarnation<ref name=":6" />
* [[Varaha|Barhā Avtar]] – wild-boar incarnation<ref name=":6" />
* [[Narasimha|Nar Singh Avtar]] – half-man and half-lion incarnation<ref name=":6" />
* [[Parashurama|Purshraam Avtar]] – Parashurama<ref name=":6" />
* [[Rama|Ram Avtar]], called 'Bīj Ramaein' – Rama<ref name=":6" />
* [[Krishna|Krishan Avtar]], called "Dasam Sakand" (tenth chapter of [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagvad Purana]]) – Krishna<ref name=":6" />

=== Themes ===
[[File:Detail of a page of a manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth showing verses of the Akal Ustat composition.jpg|thumb|Detail of a page of a manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth showing verses of the ''[[Akal Ustat]]'' composition]]
The scripture deals largely on the [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|art of warfare]] from a Sikh perspective.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Nihang |first1=Nidar Singh |title=In the master's presence : the Sikhs of Hazoor Sahib |date=2008 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=9780956016805 |location=London |page=33}}</ref> Within the scripture is contained the ''Das grāhī-Das tiāgī'' (ten virtues to hold – ten vices to renounce) for the Khalsa, as narrated by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":5" /> All the [[Names of God in Sikhism|names]] employed by Guru Gobind Singh in the ''[[Jaap Sahib]]'' to describe the divine find mention in the Sarbloh Granth.<ref name=":4" /> The scripture promotes the idea that the ''[[Waheguru]] mantar'' ([[mantra]]) is the only one capable of shedding ''[[haumai]]'' (ego) if chanted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=104 |oclc=243621542 |quote=To wean the followers away from Hindu system of incantations, Sikhism advised them to use 'Waheguru' as the only incantation. 'Waheguru is the only incantation repeating which one sheds one's ego.' Waheguru gurmantar hai jap haumai kho-ai (Vars of Gurdas). Sarbloh Granth also reinforces the same idea: 'Sar mantar charon ka char Waheguru mantar nirdhar.'}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

==== Indic mythological wars ====
[[File:Manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth, attributed to Bhai Daya Singh.png|thumb|Manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth, attributed to Bhai Daya Singh]]
The work contains stories related to [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]], specifically the [[Hindu mythological wars|battles between gods and goddesses against demonic forces of evil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niraṅkārī |first=Māna Siṅgha |title=Sikhism, a perspective |date=2008 |publisher=Unistar Books |others=Neelam Man Singh Chowdhry |isbn=978-81-7142-621-8 |location=Chandigarh |pages=119 |oclc=289070938}}</ref> The plot of the book is very similar to the ''[[Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas|Chandi Charitar]]'' stories found within the Dasam Granth.<ref name=":0" /> Some [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]] mentioned in the composition are [[Lakshmi]], [[Bhavani]], Durga, Jvala, Kali (Kalika), Chandi, Hari, Gopal, Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, and Indra.<ref name=":0" /> Indic demons, such as Bhiminad and Viryanad, are also involved in the text's story-line.<ref name=":0" /> The text also narrates the story of an incarnation of the divine known as 'Sarab Loh' ("all-steel") who defeats the king of the demons, Brijnad.<ref name=":022" /> According to [[Gurinder Singh Mann]], the scripture's main theme is the annihilation of demons and evil by an incarnation of the divine known as 'Mahakal' or 'Shiva', he links this theme to a similar one that is presented in the [[Bachitra Natak#Bachittar Natak Granth|Bachittar Natak Granth]], which is part of the Dasam Granth collection of texts.<ref name=":32" />

==== Khalsa Panth ====
The scripture discusses the Sikh concept of the ''Khalsa'' in-depth and in-detail.<ref name=":32" /> The text iterates that the Khalsa Panth is the form of Guru Gobind Singh himself and there is no difference between the Khalsa and the Guru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |title=A complete guide to Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=978-81-7142-754-3 |location=Chandigarh, India |pages=64 |oclc=319683249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh gurus retold |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0859-2 |volume=2 |location=New Delhi |pages=800–801 |oclc=190873070}}</ref> The text states that the Khalsa was not created by the Guru out of any rage but rather it was created as the image of the Guru, for balancing reasons, and for the pleasure of the divine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guranāma Kaura |title=Studies in Sikhism : its institutions and its scripture in global context |date=2013 |isbn=978-93-5113-018-5 |location=Chandigarh |pages=43 |oclc=840597999}}</ref> Furthermore, the concept of "[[Raj Karega Khalsa|''Khalsa Raj'']]" ('Khalsa-rule') is presented in the text.<ref name=":32" /> Furthermore, the text presents a concise history of the [[Sikh gurus|ten human gurus]] of Sikhism.<ref name=":32" /> The Sarbloh Granth narrates that the [[Guru Gaddi|guruship]] was passed by Guru Gobind Singh not only on the Guru Granth Sahib, but also the Guru Khalsa Panth.<ref name=":4" /> It also goes over the purpose, duties, and responsibilities of the [[Khalsa|Khalsa Panth]], describing the Khalsa as an "army of God".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kharak |title=Guru Granth-Guru Panth |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |year=2004 |location=Chandigarh, India |pages=21}}</ref> The scripture further states the qualities that members of the Khalsa must possess, such as high moral standards, fervently spiritual, and heroic.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |others=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=2 |location=Patiala |pages=474 |oclc=29703420}}</ref> According to Trilochan Singh, all of the [[The Five Ks|5Ks]] are mentioned in the text, however [[Jaswant Singh Neki]] states only three of them are mentioned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Anne |title=The materiality of the past : history and representation in Sikh tradition |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-991627-6 |location=New York |pages=58 |oclc=864902695}}</ref>

According to Hazura Singh in his commentary on the scripture, the Khalsa is the liberated form of ''[[Nirankar]]'' (''Prāpati Niraṅkarī sivrūp mahānaṅ''), not of the Indic deity [[Shiva]], as some [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatanist]] revivalists interpret.<ref name=":4" />

===== Khalsa Mahima within the Sarbloh Granth =====
[[Khalsa Mahima]] is present in this granth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=Sikhs of the Khalsa : a history of the Khalsa rahit |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565916-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=138, 325, 431 |oclc=51545471}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Janak |title=World Religions and the New Era of Science |date=Jul 22, 2010 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}} The Khalsa Mahima is a short-hymn by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur |title=The birth of the Khalsa : a feminist re-memory of Sikh identity |date=2005 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=1-4237-4852-2 |location=Albany |pages=xxiv |oclc=63161582}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="The Khalsa is exactly like me, I ever abide in the Khalsa : The Khalsa is my body and soul, The Khalsa is the life of my life"|author=Guru Gobind Singh (claimed)|title=Sarbloh Granth|source=page 531<ref name="Sanbun Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Dhanoa |first1=Surain Singh |title=Raj Karega Khalsa: Articles on Sikh Religion and Politics - A Gurbani Perspective |date=2005 |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |page=76}}</ref>}}
[[File:Beginning verses of the Khalsa Mehima from a 1878 CE Sarbloh Granth Manuscript.png|thumb|Beginning verses of the Khalsa Mehima from a 1878 CE Sarbloh Granth Manuscript]]
In this composition, the Guru states that only by the Khalsa keeping its distinct identity can it be successful with his blessing but this blessing would be revoked if the Khalsa loses its unique identity, psyche, and separation from the rest of humanity.<ref name="Sanbun Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Dhanoa |first1=Surain Singh |title=Raj Karega Khalsa: Articles on Sikh Religion and Politics - A Gurbani Perspective |date=2005 |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |page=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Preetam |first=Singh |title=Baisakhi of the Khalsa Panth |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2003 |isbn=9788170103271 |pages=33}}</ref>

A translation of the verses is as follows:<ref name=":4" />

{{Verse translation|Ātam ras jo jānahī so hai Khālsā dev. Prabh mai mo mai tās mai raṅchak nāhin bhev. Khālsā mero rūp hai khās. Khālse meṅ hau karo niwās. Khālsā Akāl Purakh kī Phauj. Pragaṭio Khālsā Paramātam ki mauj.|Khalsa is the one who experience the bliss of the Super-Soul. There is no difference between God, me (Guru Gobind Singh) and him. The Khalsa is my special form. I reside in the Khalsa. Khalsa is God’s own legion. The Khalsa is manifest due to the Supreme-Soul’s own wish.|head1=Sarbloh Granth|attr1=Guru Gobind SIngh|attr2=Kamalroop Singh}}

=== Language ===
The work is primarily in [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] with influences of other languages as well, making it challenging for readers to comprehend.<ref name=":3" /> Other languages found in the scripture include Sanskrit, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pashto, Persian, and others.<ref name=":8" />

=== Musicology ===
Similar to the Guru Granth Sahib, the verses found within the Sarbloh Granth are set to [[Indian classical music|Indic classical music]], known as ''[[Sikh music|gurmat sangeet]]'', specifically ''[[Raga|raags]]'' and ''[[Chhand|chhands]]''. All-together, a total of 174 raags are employed in the Sarbloh Granth, compared to the 21 found in the Dasam Granth and the 62 found in the Guru Granth Sahib (which also contains 17 ''[[Tala (music)|taals]]'').<ref name=":8" />

== Commentary ==
There is only one complete commentary and [[exegesis]] of this granth available, as it is still in research and remains little studied by academic circles so-far.<ref name="smpooran" /><ref name=":2" /> The existing commentary was published by [[Akali Santa Singh|Santa Singh]] of the Budha Dal, an organization of Nihangs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh history |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-753287-4 |location=New York |pages=184 |chapter=Notes |oclc=1157751641}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Another commentary of the work by Giani Naurang Singh is also extant.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anshu |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |last2=Mir |first2=Farina |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780199088775}}</ref> An annotated edition (''[[Steek (Sikh literature)|ṭīkā]]''; commentary) of the Sarbloh Granth was produced by Harnam Das Udasi in the late 1980's under the title ''Sri Sarab Loh Granth Sahib Ji'', however its circulation has been restricted.<ref name=":32" /> In 1925, an exegesis of the Sarbloh Granth was written by Akali Hazura Singh, then head-granthi of Takht Hazur Sahib (with its foreword written by Akali Kaur Singh).<ref name=":4" /> Jathedar Joginder Singh 'Muni' wrote a description of the traditional exegesis (''[[Katha (storytelling format)#In Sikhism|kathā]]'') of the Sarbloh Granth at Hazur Sahib in his work ''Hazūrī Maryādā Prabodh''.<ref name=":4" />

== Printing ==
In 1925, [[Akali Kaur Singh Nihang|Akali Kaur Singh]] wrote that there were only around ten manuscripts of the Sarbloh Granth scattered in private collections across India.<ref name=":4" /> He urged that a wealthy or royal Sikh should take up the cause of printing the scripture.<ref name=":4" /> The mass-printing of the scripture was finally printed undertaken by [[Akali Santa Singh|Santa Singh]] of the Budha Dal.<ref name=":4" />

Printing of the Sarbloh Granth is carried out by the Chatar Singh Jiwan Singh printing house based in Amritsar for distribution to Nihang-operated [[Gurdwara|gurdwaras]].<ref name=":32" /> The standard, printed edition contains 1216 pages.<ref name=":32" />

== Translation ==
A full translation to English of the entire Sarbloh Granth had not been done for a long time until Kamalroop Singh’s translation that was released in June 2025.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Kamalroop |date=June 2025 |title=Sarbloh Granth Sahib |url=https://www.kamalroop.com/sarbloh-granth-sahib |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=kamalroop.com}}</ref> Translations of select verses can be found on ''Manglacharan.com''.<ref name=":6" />

The first English translation of the Sarbloh Granth by Kamalroop Singh was published and released online on 6 June 2025.<ref name=":7" /> Kamalroop Singh first encountered the Sarbloh Granth in circa 2005 in the form of the handwritten manuscript housed at [[Mai Bhago|Mai Bhago's]] ''chhauni''.<ref name=":7" /> After coming across the scripture, he had a desire to share it with the wider Sikh community in an accessible English translation.<ref name=":7" /> However, he struggled early-on with textual variations of the scripture, unreliable OCR technology, and a lack of a standardized unicode for Gurmukhi.<ref name=":7" /> He researched various manuscripts of the work, such as the one at Khalsa College in Amritsar, two at Sangrur, Mai Bhago's manuscript held at Hazur Sahib, and various others.<ref name=":7" /> Kamalroop Singh utilized original manuscripts, published commentaries, Braj, Sanskrit, and Punjabi dictionaries, readers, linguistic workers, and grammar-books, to prepare the transliteration and translation.<ref name=":7" /> After years of work, an English translation accompanying a transliteration of the scripture was prepared.<ref name=":7" />

==See also==
* [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
* [[Dasam Granth]]
* [[Sikhism]]
* [[Sikh gurus]]
* [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|Dharamyudh]]
* [[Khalsa Fauj]]
* [[Raj Karega Khalsa]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

=== English translation ===
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kamalroop |url=https://www.kamalroop.com/_files/ugd/5688b9_6825c480cb814dd28ef056f2570f661c.pdf |title=Sri Sarbloh Granth Sahib Ji: Composed by Guru Gobind Singh |year=2025 |edition=1st}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}

[[Category:Sikh scripture]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Konkani

2026-01-11T20:45:58Z

KevinArden: started new post added tags

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp | title=..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize :: }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|References
|-
| 1990 || [[Ravindra Kelekar]] || ''Ani Tankan Manshant Hadle'' || ''Mansaeena Diva'' || Gujarati || Novel || [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] ||
|-
| 1991 || Raghunath Krishna Rao || ''Don Dangali Bhat'' || ''[[Randidangazhi]]'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] ||
|-
| 1993 || [[Olivinho Gomes]] || ''Anandamath'' || ''[[Anandamath]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] || <ref name="GunajiDesai">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmtgoa.org/bmt-arena/creative-time/69-humble-tribute-to-prof-dr-olivinho-gomes-on-his-seventieth-birthday|title=Humble Tribute to Prof. Dr. Olivinho Gomes on his Seventieth Birthday|first=|last=|website=www.bmtgoa.org}}</ref>
|-
| 1994 || Prakash G. Thali || ''Sanskar'' || ''Samskara'' || Kannada || Novel || [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] ||
|-
| 1997 || Yeshwant Palekar || ''Matyecho Mog'' || ''[[Marali Mannige]]'' || Kannada || Novel || [[K. Shivaram Karanth]] ||
|-
| 1998 || [[Madhavi Sardesai]] || ''Eka Vicharachi Jivit-Katha'' || ''Mahatma Gandhi: Ek Jeevani'' || Hindi || Biography || [[Ravindra Kelekar]] || <ref> {{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45609778.cms |title=Sahitya Akademi winner Madhavi Sardesai passes away - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-11-20 }}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || [[Suresh Amonkar (writer)|Suresh G. Amonkar]] || ''Dhammapad'' || ''[[Dhammapada]]'' || Pali || Buddhist Classic || ||
|-
| 2000 || H. Nagvenkar || ''Shejari'' || ''Ayalkar'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[P. Kesavadev]] ||
|-
| 2001 || [[Chandrakant Keni]] || ''Sat Pawala Malbant'' || ''Saat Paglan Aakashman'' || Gujarati || Novel || [[Kundanika Kapadia]] ||
|-
| 2002 || [[Gokuldas Prabhu]] || ''Chavki'' || ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]]'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] ||
|-
| 2003 || [[R. S. Bhaskar]] || ''Mhaja Aajak Eki Hasti Aashilli'' || ''[[Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu]]'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] ||
|-
| 2004 || [[Madhav Borkar]] || ''Ekshe Ek Kavita'' || ''Collection'' || Bengali || Poetry || [[Rabindranath Tagore]] || <ref name="Sahitya">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/madhav_borcar.pdf|title=Meet the Author: Madhav Borcar|website=Sahitya Akademi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703221031/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/madhav_borcar.pdf#|archive-date=2018-07-03|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || Ramesh Lad || ''Motveo Katha'' || ''Sanna Kathegalu'' || Kannada || Short Stories || [[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]] ||
|-
| 2006 || Nishat Ansari || ''Dr. Zakir Husain'' || ''Dr. Zakir Hussain'' || English || Biography || [[Mohammad Mujeeb]] ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Sheela Kolambkar]] || ''Bhangrachem Suknnem'' || Collection || Dogri || Short stories || || <ref name="SahityaAkademiIntro">{{cite report |last= |first= |date=27 August 2015 |title=Meet the Author: Sheela Kolambkar |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/sheela_kolambkar.pdf |website=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Institute Menezes Braganza]] |docket= |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || [[Narayana Purushothama Mallaya]] || ''Tirukkural'' || ''[[Kural|Tirukkural]]'' || Tamil || Poetry || [[Thiruvalluvar]] ||
|-
| 2009 || Kasturi Desai || ''Adhikar Aranyacho'' || ''[[Aranyer Adhikar]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Mahasweta Devi]] ||
|-
| 2010 || Alka Sinai Assoldekar || ''Sheem Hupatana'' || ''[[Daatu]]'' || Kannada || Novel || [[S. L. Bhyrappa]] ||
|-
| 2011 || L. Sunitha Bai || ''Mahakavi Govinda Pai'' || ''Maha Kavi Govinda Pai'' || Kannada || Biography || [[Kayyar Kinhanna Rai]] ||
|-
| 2012 || [[Gurunath Kelekar]]|| ''Satyache Prayog Va Atmakatha'' || ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]'' || English || Autobiography || [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gadnhi]] ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Hema Naik]] || ''Kali-Katha: Via Bypass'' || ''[[Alka Saraogi#Kalikatha: Via Bypass|Kali Katha: Via Bypass]]'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Alka Saraogi]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Hema-Naik-wins-Sahitya-Akademi-prize/articleshow/31811297.cms|title=Hema Naik wins Sahitya Akademi prize|date=11 March 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter|date= 22 August 2014|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Pandurang K. Gaude || ''Uchalya'' || ''Uchalya'' || Marathi || Biography || [[Laxman Gaikwad]] ||
|-
| 2015 || Jaymala Danayat || ''Rag Darbari'' || ''[[Raag Darbari (novel)|Raag Darbaari]]'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Sri Lal Sukla]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Meena Kakodkar]] || ''Savlyan Rego'' || ''[[The Shadow Lines]]'' || English || Novel || [[Amitav Ghosh]] ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Prashanti Talpankar]] || Dirgh Moun Te || That Long Silence || Tamil || Novel || [[Shashi Deshpande]] || <ref name="GoanSahityaAward"> {{Cite news |url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=39453 |title=Jog, Talpankar selected for Sahitya Awards
|date=22 Dec 2017 |website=The Goan |access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Narayan Bhaskar Desai || ''Rajwade Lekhsangraha'' || ''Rajwade Lekh Sangraha'' || Marathi || Essays || [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |website=Sahitya Akademi |accessdate=20 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || [[Jayanti Naik]] || ''Zindaginama-Jeevo Rukh'' || ''Zindaginama'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Krishna Sobti]] || <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Jayashree Shanbhag || ''Swapna Saraswat'' || ''[[Swapna Saraswata]]'' || Kannada || Poetry || [[Gopalakrishna Pai]] || <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Geetha Shenoy || ''Bahujihwa Bharathik Ikyatachaya Aarathi'' || ''Vichara Krantige Ahvana'' || Kannada || Collection of Essays || [[Kuvempu|K.V. Puttappa]] || <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || [[Manikrao Ram Nayak Gaunekar]] || ''Sri Ramakrishna Amrutwani'' (Volume 1 & 2 in 3 parts each) || ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita'' || Bengali || Essays || [[Mahendranath Gupta]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf |title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2022|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |publisher=Sahitya-Akademi National Academy of Letters |access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Sunetra Jog]] || ''Astavyasta Bayalo'' || ''Disorderly Women'' || English || Novel || [[Malathi Rao]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || [[Milind Mhamal]] || ''Bhartiya Tathvagineanachi Ruprekha'' || ''Outline of Indian Philosophy'' || English || Philosophy || [[M. Hiriyanna]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Konkani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#KONKANI Akademi Translation Prizes For Konkani Language]

{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}
{{Konkani language topics}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Konkani]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]

Good Glamm Group

2026-01-10T15:58:56Z

KevinArden: done

{{Short description|Beauty conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025|cs1-dates=ly}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Good Glamm Group
| logo =
| former_name =
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| industry = Cosmetics & personal care, media, influencers
| founded = September 2021
| founder =
| num_locations =
| area_served = [[Asia]], [[Middle East]]
| key_people = [[Darpan Sanghvi]] (Group founder & [[CEO]]) Priyanka Gill (Co-founder) Naiyya Saggi (Co-founder)
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|252.7|c}} (FY22)
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRconvert|-273|c}} (FY22)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sil |first1=Debarghya |title=The Good Glamm Group's FY22 Loss Surges 6.2X To INR 273 Cr, Sales Jump To INR 240 Cr |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/the-good-glamm-groups-fy22-loss-surges-6-2x-to-inr-273-cr-sales-jump-to-inr-240-cr/?_gl=1*mk0dcb*_ga*OTY5MTkyNjk4LjE2ODA3NjYxNzE.*_ga_67F2T4M6Z5*MTY4MjUxMzEyMS41LjEuMTY4MjUxMzE2NS4xNi4wLjA |website=Inc42 Media |language=en |date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
| website =
}}

The '''Good Glamm Group''' is a content-to-commerce company that produces and sells personal care and cosmetic products,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's powering Good Glamm Group's buying spree? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/the-good-glamm-group-is-on-an-acquisition-spree-to-power-its-content-to-commerce-playbook-will-it-work/articleshow/89369307.cms |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> with operations in India, Dubai,<ref name="Business Today 2022">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Content-to-commerce unicorn Good Glamm eyes IPO in 2024, aims to replicate Nykaa's success |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/content-to-commerce-unicorn-good-glamm-eyes-ipo-in-2024-aims-to-replicate-nykaas-success-345999-2022-08-30 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Singapore, and the USA.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2022 |title=Good Glamm Group restructures business, announces international division |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/good-glamm-group-restructures-business-announces-international-division/article65608311.ece |access-date=2023-04-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The company achieved unicorn status in 2021 after a $150 million Series D funding round at a valuation of $1.2 billion.<ref name="Sharma 2022">{{Cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Samidha |last2=Mishra |first2=Digbijay |date=6 September 2022 |title=Wary investors walk away from large-funding deals at unicorns citing tech turbulence |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/wary-investors-walk-away-from-large-funding-deals-citing-tech-turbulence/articleshow/94011689.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="Bhandari 2023">{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Kabir Singh |date=8 March 2023 |title=Women's Day 2023: How The Women Of The Good Glamm Group Are Redefining The Start Up Space |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/women-entrepreneur/womens-day-2023-how-the-women-of-the-good-glamm-group-are/447055 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Aayush |date=18 January 2023 |title=US$1.2B Good Glamm's acquisition spree is a tale of user growth and retention challenge |url=https://the-ken.com/story/us1-2b-good-glamms-acquisition-spree-is-a-tale-of-user-growth-and-retention-challenge/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=The Ken |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MyGlamm parent becomes unicorn with $1.2 bn valuation after Warburg-led funding |url=https://www.vccircle.com/myglamm-parent-becomes-unicorn-with-1-2-bn-valuation-after-warburg-led-funding |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> The group announced plans to launch an [[Initial public offering|IPO]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Want to list in 2023 at $10 billion valuation: Good Glamm's Darpan Sanghvi |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/want-to-list-in-2023-at-10-billion-valuation-good-glamms-darpan-sanghvi-7555071.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title=Good Glamm Group eyes profitability ahead of IPO |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/good-glamm-group-eyes-public-listing-within-2-years-prioritizes-bottomline-profitability-and-consolidation-post-acquisitions-says-co-founder-priyanka-gill-11682256846263.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> on 30 August 2022.<ref name="Business Today 2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Pallavi |date=7 December 2022 |title=India's public markets are our natural destination, Say Good Glamm Group's co-founders |url=https://startup.outlookindia.com/sector/e-commerce/india-s-public-markets-are-our-natural-destination-news-6837 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Outlook |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Meanwhile, in 2013, Priyanka Gill founded POPxo, a digital community platform for millennial women that later launched its [[e-commerce]] division selling POPxo beauty products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaker |first=Naini |date=31 March 2021 |title=Personal Care Brands See Wind In Their Sales |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/covid19-one-year-after/personal-care-brands-see-wind-in-their-sales/67225/1 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Sanghvi teamed up with Gill and purchased POPxo for an undisclosed sum. MyGlamm then went on to acquire BabyChakra, a content and community platform for young mothers set up in August 2021 by Naiyya Saggi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanthi |first=S. |date=5 May 2022 |title=Good Glamm Group: When Beauty Meets Brains |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/good-glamm-group-when-beauty-meets-brains/426866 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Thaker 2022">{{Cite web |last=Thaker |first=Naini |date=14 July 2022 |title=How The Good Glamm Group Is Building A Content-to-commerce Behemoth |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-the-good-glamm-group-is-building-a-contenttocommerce-behemoth/78101/1 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanthi |first=S. |date=14 January 2022 |title=The Genesis and Vision Of Good Glamm Group |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/the-genesis-and-vision-of-good-glamm-group/413201 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2021, MyGlamm secured 530 [[Indian rupee|INR]] [[crore]] in a Series C funding round with [[Accel (company)|Accel]] and existing investors in July.<ref>{{cite web |title=Good Glamm Group will be first global beauty company out of India in coming years: founder and CEO Darpan Sanghvi |website=The Economic Times |date=25 May 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/good-glamm-group-will-be-first-global-beauty-company-out-of-india-in-coming-years-founder-and-ceo-darpan-sanghvi/articleshow/100497588.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref> In September, the merger of all three companies, MyGlamm, POPxo, and BabyChakra, formed of the Good Glamm Group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=20 March 2023 |title=The Good Glamm Group's FY22 Loss Surges 6.2X To INR 273 Cr, Sales Jump To INR 240 Cr |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/the-good-glamm-groups-fy22-loss-surges-6-2x-to-inr-273-cr-sales-jump-to-inr-240-cr/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ScoopWhoop, The Moms Co. in bag... inside Good Glamm's acquisition binge |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/scoopwhoop-the-moms-co-in-bag-inside-good-glamms-acquisition-binge/106110 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=fortuneindia.com |date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In November, the Good Glamm Group became India's first beauty commerce [[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]] after receiving 150 million USD in a Series D funding round led by Prosus Ventures and Warburg Pincus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaki |first=Deborshi |date=26 May 2022 |title=Good Glamm plans $250 mn fundraise |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/good-glamm-plans-250-mn-fundraise-11653504647859.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Investors include [[L'Occitane en Provence|L'Occitane]], [[Bessemer Venture Partners]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Ascent Capital Group|Ascent Capital]], [[Warburg Pincus]], and others.<ref name="Shanthi 2022">{{Cite web |last=Shanthi |first=S. |date=9 August 2022 |title=Darpan Sanghvi: The Makeover Man |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/darpan-sanghvi-the-makeover-man/433029 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

By July 2022, the Good Glamm Group had acquired 11 companies and raised 250 million USD in digital media, influencer marketing, and beauty & personal care brands.<ref name="Moneycontrol">{{Cite web |title=How the Good Glamm group is fashioning a content-to-commerce conglomerate |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/how-the-good-glamm-group-is-fashioning-a-content-to-commerce-conglomerate-8906771.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Thaker 2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhargava |first=Yuthika |date=27 September 2021 |title=The Good Glamm Group goes an acquisition spree with a ₹750-cr. budget |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/the-good-glamm-group-goes-an-acquisition-spree-with-a-750-cr-budget/article36702723.ece |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 12 December 2023, the Good Glamm Group became a direct seller on [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]] (ONDC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=The Good Glamm Group joins ONDC network |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/health-and-beauty/the-good-glamm-group-joins-ondc-network/105938453 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2024, the group expanded its operations to the United States through a joint venture with tennis player [[Serena Williams]] and launched the brand ''Wyn Beauty by Serena Williams''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2024 |title=The Good Glamm Group forms JV with Serena Williams to launch beauty brand in US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/the-good-glamm-group-forms-jv-with-serena-williams-to-launch-beauty-brand-in-us/articleshow/109065919.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It also partnered with production house [[Dharma Productions]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Ratna |date=22 January 2024 |title=Good Glamm Group inks three-year exclusive brand partnership deal with Dharma Productions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/good-glamm-group-inks-three-year-exclusive-brand-partnership-deal-with-dharma-productions/articleshow/107057746.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and [[Pooja Entertainment]] to become the beauty partner for the Bollywood film ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Good Glamm Group inks brand partnership with Pooja Entertainment |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/good-glamm-group-inks-brand-partneship-with-pooja-entertainment/article67967913.ece |access-date= |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Financials ==
In 2020–21, the group recorded consolidated revenue from operations at over Rs 49 crore along with a net loss of Rs 43.6 crore, while it registered a loss of Rs 272.9 crore in the financial year 2022–23.<ref name="Sharma 2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Glamm Group's losses grow due to rising acquisition costs |url=https://www.vccircle.com/goodglamm-group-s-losses-grow-due-to-rising-acquisition-costs |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> Its current revenue run rate is $41 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Unicorn Good Glamm Group eyes international expansion and IPO |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/nov/11/new-unicorn-good-glamm-groupeyes-international-expansion-and-ipo-2382098.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

== Business divisions ==
The Good Glamm Group has four divisions: Good Brands Co, Good Media Co, Good Creator Co, and Good Community. Good Brands Co includes brands like MyGlamm, The Moms Co, Sirona, St. Botanica, and Organic Harvest. Good Media Co includes digital media companies like POPxo, ScoopWhoop, Tweak, MissMalini, and BabyChakra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Harsh |date=16 March 2023 |title=The Good Glamm Group's topline crossed Rs 250 Cr in FY22, losses up 6X |url=https://entrackr.com/2023/03/the-good-glamm-groups-topline-crossed-rs-250-cr-in-fy22-losses-up-6x/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Entrackr |language=en-US}}</ref> Good Creator Co includes influencer companies like Plixxo, Winkl, Vidooly, Bulbul, and MissMalini's influencer and talent management division and launched the Good Creator Co (GCC) App in March 2023.<ref name="Moneycontrol" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |date=6 July 2022 |title=Good Glamm Group forms 3 divisions; eyes foreign foray |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/good-glamm-group-forms-3-divisions-eyes-foreign-foray-11657049405726.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bhandari 2023" />

== Accolades ==
The Good Glamm Group has won several awards including five at [[Forbes]] DTC Awards in 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India |url=https://www.d2cdisruptors.com/winners.php |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=d2cdisruptors.com}}</ref> featured in [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'s Employer of the Future list,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortune's 2023 100 Best Companies to Work For boast productivity growth that dwarfs the averages |url=https://fortune.com/2023/04/04/fortunes-2023-100-best-companies-to-work-for-list-is-out-ceo-daily/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> [[LinkedIn]]'s top 10 Startups,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=CRED, upGrad & Groww feature among top startups in India. Check full LinkedIn list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/cred-upgrad-groww-feature-among-top-startups-in-india-check-full-linkedin-list-101664423337137.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and Beauty Matters List of future 50 beauty companies in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=The BeautyMatter FUTURE50 – Beauty Businesses That Matter Now |language=en |work=BeautyMatter |url=https://beautymatter.com/articles/the-beautymatter-future-50}}</ref> [[Harvard Business School]] did a case study on the acquisition of BabyChakra<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ambwani |first=Meenakshi Verma |date=29 August 2022 |title=BabyChakra is now the focus of a Harvard Business School case study |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/babychakra-is-now-focus-of-a-harvard-business-school-case-study/article65826455.ece |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Business Line |language=en}}</ref> and their brands won awards from [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Vogue Beauty Awards 2021: At Home With VBF |url=https://www.vogue.in/beauty/content/vogue-beauty-awards-2021-at-home-with-vbf |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> and [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Four Best Liquid Eyeliners of 2019 – Beauty, Cosmopolitan India |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/beauty/features/a17742/four-best-liquid-eyeliners-2019 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Cosmopolitan India |language=en}}</ref>

== CSR activities ==
Good Glamm Group, through its subsidiaries, works on various social initiatives to address societal challenges. These initiatives cover different sectors and regions.

=== Sirona Hygiene Foundation ===
The Sirona Hygiene Foundation, the social responsibility arm of Sirona, an [[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]] brand owned by the Good Glamm Group, works to reduce period poverty and promote gender equality. It conducts educational programs across rural areas in India and distributes [[menstrual cup]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Sirona Hygiene Mulls Inorganic Growth Through Acquisitions To Touch Rs 150 Crore Revenue This Fiscal |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/sector/e-commerce/sirona-hygiene-mulls-inorganic-growth-through-acquisitions-to-touch-rs-150-crore-revenue-this-fiscal-news-10597 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, the foundation partnered with a [[Uttarakhand]]-based DivIn Pro to launch a menstrual cup awareness campaign for 3,100 individuals in the region. These sessions were conducted for women and healthcare workers across 25 villages and 3 districts in Uttarakhand through partnerships with various organizations, including the Uttarakhand Police Wives Welfare Association, the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies in [[Dehradun]], the Department of Women Empowerment and Child Development in [[Uttarkashi]], and the Mount Valley Development Association in [[New Tehri|Tehri]]. The initiative is part of Project Lakhon Khwahishen, which has educated over 100,000 girls on menstrual hygiene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirona Hygiene's fight to reduce period poverty in India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/sirona-hygienes-fight-to-reduce-period-poverty-in-india-745486 |website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=Good Glamm Group acquires Sirona Hygiene for ₹450 crores in all-cash deal – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/good-glamm-group-acquires-sirona-hygiene-for-rs-450-crores-in-all-cash-deal-19491004.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Moms. Co. Mompreneur Show ===
In 2023, The Moms Co., a subsidiary of the Good Glamm Group, launched its first reality show, ''The Mompreneurs Show''. The show provides mentoring and a platform to help mom micro-entrepreneurs grow their businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shruti |date=3 August 2023 |title=The Moms Co unveils 'The Mompreneurs Show' to support mom-entrepreneurs |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/the-moms-co-unveils-the-mompreneurs-show-to-support-mom-entrepreneurs-17429271.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Project Naveli ===
In 2022, the group partnered with Project Naveli and Workverse to launch the second cohort of the Nimaya program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Good Glamm Partners with Project Naveli and Workverse – Brand License |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/brandlicense/archives/news/good-glamm-partners-project-naveli-and-workverse |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=License India |language=en}}</ref> This initiative helps girls from underserved backgrounds by providing skills training, mentorship, and career guidance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Glamm Group partners with with[sic] Project Naveli and Workverse to uplift women |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Good-glamm-group-partners-with-with-project-naveli-and-workverse-to-uplift-women,1453819.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== BabyChakra x Cry ===
In October 2022, BabyChakra, part of the Good Glamm Group, teamed up with CRY, an NGO for underserved children, for the Ek Tyohaar Aisa Bhi – Jahan Sapno Ko Milein Pankh campaign. On [[Children's Day]], BabyChakra and The Moms Co. launched #MomsTalk, a community for mothers to connect and share experiences while supporting CRY kids.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2022 |title=BabyChakra partners with C.R.Y to ensure safer, healthier childhoods – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/babychakra-partners-with-cry-to-ensure-safer-healthier-childhoods-123167.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2022, BabyChakra and The Moms Co. released the second edition of the ChangeMakers list. This list honored ten inspiring women including Masoom Minawala Mehta, Meeta Sharma Gupta, Chaitra Chidanand, Susmitha Lakkakula, [[Faye D'Souza]], [[Dia Mirza]] Rekhi, [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Neha Dhupia]], and [[Sonali Bendre]] Behl for their contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2022 |title=Alia Bhatt, Masoom Minawala to Dia Mirza, Sonali Bendre: Baby Chakra-The Moms Co are celebrating 12 game-changing mothers |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-alia-bhatt-masoom-minawala-to-dia-mirza-sonali-bendre-baby-chakra-the-moms-co-are-celebrating-12-game-changing-mothers-2928589/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Label Padho Moms ===
In 2022, BabyChakra launched the #LabelPadhoMoms campaign, which involved over 8,000 mothers and 2,000 doctors. The campaign aimed to raise awareness among parents about harmful ingredients in baby products. BabyChakra also released a list of toxins commonly found in baby products.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Dia Mirza invests in parenting community & babycare DTC brand, BabyChakra – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/dia-mirzainvests-in-parenting-community-babycare-dtc-brand-babychakra-17896321.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|goodglamm.com}}

[[Category:Cosmetics brands]]
[[Category:Cosmetics companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Personal care brands]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]

Morning Star College

2026-01-02T21:25:58Z

KevinArden: expanded section to improve readability

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Morning Star College
| image_name =
| established = 1971
| type = Undergraduate college, [[Private university|Private]]
| principal = Fr Peter Lingdamoo.
| language = English
| city = [[Barrackpore]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 700121
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.7658457|N|88.3991305|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[West Bengal State University]]
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Morning Star College''', established in 1971, is a private general degree college and seminary in [[Barrackpore]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University |url=http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029065002/http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |archivedate=2012-10-29 }}</ref>

==Departments==

===Arts===
*English
*History
*Environmental Studies
*Philosophy

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of colleges in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.morningstarcollege.in/ Morning Star College]

{{West Bengal State University}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Tamburo (film)

2025-12-29T03:26:25Z

KevinArden: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tamburo
| director = Shailesh Shankar
| producer = Rohit Shetty Shailesh Sanghvi S3
| screenplay = Sumit Bonkar Rahul Yashod
| starring = [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] [[Bharat Chawda]] Pratik Gandhi [[Rita Bhaduri]] Ojas Rawal Jayesh More Hemang Dave [[Prasad Barve]] Ayush Jadeja [[Janki Bodiwala]]
| music = Shailes Dharmik Mehul (Sdm)
| editing = Pankaj Hurne
| studio = AUROUS AVATAR ENTERTAINMENT
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| released = {{film date|df=y|2017|08|18}}
}}

'''''Tamburo''''' is an Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] comedy film directed by Shailesh Shankar. It stars Bollywood veteran actor [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], and [[Pratik Gandhi]], with [[Bharat Chawda]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patel|first1=Piyush|title=The cast and crew of Gujarati Film 'Tamburo' were in the city on Wednesday.|url=http://epaper.navgujaratsamay.com/paper/3-10@9-27@07@2017-1001.html|accessdate=10 August 2017|agency=DNA|issue=Ahmedabad|publisher=Divya Bhaskar|date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=We Need Theatres Releasing Gujarati Films Only - Manoj Joshi|url=http://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-citybhaskar/44/27072017/0/1/|accessdate=11 August 2017|agency=Divya Bhaskar|issue=Ahmedabad City Bhaskar|publisher=Divya Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shah|first1=Purvi|title=Acting is my passion. It never bores me. - Manoj Joshi|url=http://epaper.navgujaratsamay.com/paper/3-10@9-27@07@2017-1001.html|accessdate=11 August 2017|agency=NavGujarat Samay|issue=Ahmedabad Samay|publisher=Times Of India|date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Do you like 'Tamburo'?|url=http://epaper.navgujaratsamay.com/details/20782-40593-1.html|accessdate=11 August 2017|agency=NavGujarat Samay|issue=Ahmedabad Samay|publisher=Times Of India|date=27 July 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot revolves around three P’s – Paisa, Property & Pyaar. Hardik and Bhavik, friends for life are ambitious young men who dream of becoming wealthy quickly and effortlessly. In their quest for easy money, a twist of fate ensures that the duo find themselves embroiled in a situation that sets a chain reaction where the Mafia, the Police and the Gamblers are all on a hilarious chase after them.

==Cast==
*[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Kirit Bhai
*[[Bharat Chawda]] as Hardik
* [[Pratik Gandhi]] as Bhavik
* Ojas Rawal as Sultan
* Jayesh More as Sanjay Hegde
* Hemang Dave as Kalpesh
* [[Prasad Barve]] as Chirag
* Ayush Jadeja as Manya
* [[Janki Bodiwala]] as Dimple
* Priiya Nair as Nidhi

==Track listing==
The Soundtrack was released by Red Ribbon Entertainment.
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer !! Music !! Length
|-
| 1 || Tamburo || [[Arvind Vegda]] || Shailesh Suvarna and Monty Khattar || 2:22
|-
| 2 || Aa Che Party || Freedom Sharma and Mohit Pathak || Vishal J Singh and Shailesh Suvarna || 2:08
|-
| 3 || No Control || Srishti Bhandari || Dharmik Samani || 2:50
|-
| 4 || Unbreakable || [[Hariharan (singer)]] and Shannon Donald || Sameer Saptiskar
|| 4:01
|}

==Release==
The film was released in Gujarat and Maharashtra on 18 August 2017.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2017 comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]

OPJS University

2025-12-18T23:09:50Z

KevinArden: slightly fixed section as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{short description|State university in Rajasthan, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| image =
| name = OPJS University
| motto = Wisdom
| established = 2013
| type = [[Private university|UGC Private]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| chairman = Rakesh Sehrawat
| chancellor = Rakesh Sehrawat
| city = [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coor =
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| administrative_staff = 120
| website = {{URL|http://www.opjsuniversity.edu.in}}
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
}}
'''OPJS University''' is a Private University located in [[Churu district|Churu]] District of Rajasthan, India. It is accredited by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] U/S 2 of 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=Private Universities in Rajasthan|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=29&Unitype=3|access-date=20 October 2007|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]]}}</ref> University offers courses<ref>{{Cite web|title=OPJS University's Nishant Dalal won silver medal in Inter-University competition 2019|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/opjs-universitys-nishant-dalal-won-silver-medal-in-inter-university-competition-201920191209190241/|access-date=2020-06-05|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> in the fields of engineering, pharmacy, law, business education, and agriculture.<ref name="Jani 2021">{{cite web | last=Jani | first=Ayurvedacharya Dr.Hitesh | title=OPJS University gets approval from PCI for more Pharmacy seats | website=APN News | date=6 Aug 2021 | url=https://www.apnnews.com/opjs-university-gets-approval-from-pci-for-more-pharmacy-seats/ | access-date=18 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Gaikwad 2019">{{cite web | last=Gaikwad | first=Rahi | title=College head files FIR against university | website=Mumbai Mirror | date=21 Oct 2019 | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/college-head-files-fir-against-university/articleshow/71678788.cms | access-date=18 Mar 2023}}</ref> The university was debarred from enrolling Ph.D. scholars and named as 'unrecognized' as it failed to provide information regarding Ph.D. degrees awarded in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University offers 'invalid' PhD degrees, commission issues warning |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/ugc-flags-university-offering-invalid-phd-degrees-issues-alert-2481852-2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2023 |title=Debar the OPJS University, Rawatsar Kunjla, Near Sankhu Fort, Rajgarh |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/2402263_Public-Notice-regarding-OPJS-University,-Rajasthan_0001.pdf |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=University Grants Commission}}</ref> The university was declared defaulter by UGC in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=UGC declares 54 state private universities defaulters, highest count in MP. Check full list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ugc-declares-54-state-private-universities-as-defaulters-full-list-below-101759390038045.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
According to OPJS University's trust before making the university it was started as a Primary school and the school '''Arya Pathshala''' established 1922 by late Shri Sanwaliaram. After India Independence and demise of Sanwaliaram his son, Om Parkash made a school trust board. At last  Om Parkash's son, Jogender Singh<ref name="Zee News 2023">{{cite web | title=Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar Awards Prominent Educator And OPJS University Trustee Dr Jogender Singh For His Exceptional Contributions | website=Zee News | date=1 Mar 2023 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/chief-minister-manohar-lal-khattar-awards-prominent-educator-and-opjs-university-trustee-dr-jogender-singh-for-his-exceptional-contributions-2578472.html | access-date=18 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OPJS University Trust Details|url=https://www.opjsuniversity.edu.in/the-trust|access-date=2020-06-05|website=www.opjsuniversity.edu.in}}</ref> founded the university. After getting permission from [[University Grants Commission (India)]], the founder named the university name on his as well as his father's name as 'Om Parkash Jogender Singh University'. The university is simply as known as OPJS University.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=digitalLEARNING|title=Universities Ranking 2019 – West|date=27 March 2019|url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2019/03/universities-ranking-2019-west/|access-date=2020-06-05|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:OPJS University Campus.gif|thumb|OPJS University Campus Photo]]

== Accreditation ==
[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] (University Grants Commission)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=29&Unitype=3 |title=University |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133622/https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=29&Unitype=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] (All India Council for Technical Education)
NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education)
BCI (Bar Council of India)
PCI (Pharmacy Council of India)
COA (Council of Architecture)
Government of Rajasthan.
===Allegations and UGC ban===
The university was under investigation for allegedly issuing 43,409 fake and backdated degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=43,000 Degrees From This Private Rajasthan University Under Investigation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/43-000-degrees-from-this-private-rajasthan-university-under-investigation-6091083 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> On 6th of November 2024, UGC banned new admission in OPJS University starting from the session 2024-2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OPJS University barred from new admissions, degrees under review: UGC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/opjs-university-barred-from-new-admissions-degrees-under-review-ugc/articleshow/117137172.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.opjsuniversity.edu.in/}}

{{Universities in Rajasthan}}
{{coord|28.3905|75.3448|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Private universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Churu district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

Moirang phee

2025-12-16T10:02:35Z

KevinArden: started a data w/ refs

{{Short description|Textile fabric}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Moirang Phee
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = Textile fabric design
| type = Cotton or silk
| area = Manipur
| country = India
| registered = 19 December 2011
| material = Cotton
| official website =
}}
'''Moirang Phee''' is a textile fabric which has a specific design called the "MoirangPheejin" which is woven sequentially on both longitudinal edges of the fabric and oriented towards the center of the cloth, with cotton or silk threads.<ref name=Weft>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_55.pdf|title=Moirang Phee|date=29 November 2013|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=15 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802121108/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_55.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a product which is protected under the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|GI registration]] and is made throughout the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Manipur]]. It was originally a product of Moirang village.<ref name=Weft/><ref name=Phee>{{Cite web|url=http://dcimanipur.gov.in/Handloom/GI-373-Moirang%20Phee.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531071324/http://dcimanipur.gov.in/Handloom/GI-373-Moirang%20Phee.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2014|title=Moirang Phee:Geographical Indication Registry|accessdate=7 May 2016|publisher=Government of Manipur}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
The fabric has been registered for protection under the Geographical indication of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. It was registered as '''Moirang Phee''' under the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999|Geographical Indications Act 1999]] of the Government of India, with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under Class – 25 – Clothing vide application number 373 dated 19 December 2011,<ref name=Weft/><ref name=Phee/> and also for [[Wangkhei Phee]] (GI no.372) and [[Shaphee Lanphee]] (GI no.371). The [[Government of Manipur]] was expected to register 1,000 weavers in respect of Moirang Phee within six months from the date of registration as per decision of the Consultative Committee meeting.<ref name=Manipur>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipurtimes.com/gi-registration-for-shaphee-lanphee-moirang-phee-wangkhei-phee-officially-handed-over-to-the-state|title=GI registration for Shaphee Lanphee, Moirang phee, Wangkhei Phee officially handed over to the state|date=30 May 2014|accessdate=7 May 2016|publisher=Manipur Times}}</ref>

==History==
Moirang village where the Moirang Phee was initially made is a historical location in the Bishnupur District. Mythologically the village is linked to the mythical "Khamba" of the "''Moirang Kangleirol''" epic. Historically, according to the manuscript titled ''Loiyumba Silyen'', [[Ningthouja dynasty|King Meidingu Loiyumba]] (1074–1122) assigned the task of weaving of ‘''Yarongphi'' (local name for Moirang Phee) to Moirang villagers It was made by the villagers to gift the designed fabric as a tribute to the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] rulers, the then royal family of Manipur. It is also the historic place where [[Indian National Army|INA]] flag was unfurled in 1944. The village is located {{Convert|46|km}} from [[Imphal]], the capital of Manipur.<ref name=Weft/>

==Details of the product==
The "MoirangPheejin" design, known in local language as ''Yarongphi'' ('ya' means "tooth", 'rong' means "long" and 'longba' means "pronged"), which is weaved over the Moirang Phee fabric is stated to represent the thin and pointed teeth of the "Pakhangba", the [[Pythonidae|Pythonic]] god in Manipur mythology. This motif, arranged in varying steps, on the longitudinal border of the main fabric woven during the first stage, has a sharp edge at the top and is woven sequentially to give an aesthetic appearance to the fabric. The triangular shaped design elongates on odd numbers of steps (such as 3, 5, 9, 11 and so forth) towards the center of the cloth on which it is woven, and is parallel to weft threads. This design is made to suit the fabric such as a [[sari]], stole, [[sarong]], school uniforms, [[lungi]], [[skirts]] and half sari. The count of the weft of cotton or silk yarn used varies from 2/40S to 2/80S. The fabric is woven by women, and is used by them during marriages and other festivities.<ref name=Weft/>

The fibre used to make the yarn is a derivative of “Lashing” (Cotton ball) and “Kabrang” ([[Mulberry]] [[Pupa#Cocoon|cocoon]]). It is also extracted from the bark of the tree species, locally called as "Santhak" (''[[Urtica pilulifera|Urtica sp.]]''). The local fibre is spun into threads and then dyed using plants and bark. The dyed yarn is subject to sizing by applying starch made of rice, and then stretched across using a bamboo rod, which is followed by winding into [[bobbin]].<ref name=Weft/>

The fabric woven in two stages is made using loin loom or throw shuttle and fly shuttle loom; the throw shuttle loom is considered the most suitable.<ref name=Weft/>

According to the GI registration stipulations for the fabric, an inspection agency, comprising nine officials from the government, societies and the craftsmen, has been instituted to check the quality of the product made by weavers.<ref name=Weft/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Manipur]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in India]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]

Laibi Oinam

2025-11-22T22:31:03Z

KevinArden: Put up the page initial version.

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Laibi Oinam''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ}}, also known as ''Eche Laibi Oinam''<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Laibi Oinam Lady Auto Driver with a golden heart By Ringo Pebam|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Laibi_Oinam_Lady_Auto_Driver_with_a_golden_heart_By_Ringo_Pebam.html..|access-date=2025-11-03|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>) is an auto-rickshaw driver from [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India. She is known as the first woman auto driver in [[Manipur]]. She became widely recognized during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020 for driving a recovered patient from Imphal to [[Kamjong district]] when no other driver was willing to do so.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Bahn|first=Divya|date=2020-06-12|title=Lady auto driver's 8-hour night trip to ferry nurse wins laurels, Rs 1 lakh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2020/Jun/12/lady-auto-drivers-8-hour-night-trip-to-ferry-nurse-wins-laurels-rs-1-lakh-2155788.html|access-date=2025-11-03|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==

Laibi Oinam lives in Pangei Bazaar, [[Imphal East]], Manipur. She is married to Oinam Rajendro Singh, who suffers from diabetes, and they have two sons. Laibi became the sole breadwinner of her family after her husband's illness.
Before driving an auto-rickshaw, she worked as a laborer in a [[Brick#Kilns|brick kiln]] and sold vegetables and smoked fish to earn a living.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2025-01-28|title=Imphal police replaces auto hood for Manipur's first woman driver|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/imphal-police-replaces-auto-hood-for-manipurs-first-woman-driver-1162169-2025-01-28|access-date=2025-11-03|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

=== Career as an auto driver ===

Laibi became Manipur's first woman commercial auto driver. Her entry into this male-dominated profession faced ridicule and criticism, but she continued her work to support her family.
She drives passengers around Imphal city and nearby areas and is known for her dedication and hard work.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== COVID-19 incident ===

On the night of May 31, 2020, Laibi volunteered to drive Somichon Chithung, a young nurse who had recovered from COVID-19, from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences]] (JNIMS) in Imphal to her home in Kamjong district, about 140 km away.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=A Covid-19 Trip That Turned Manipur's First Female Autorickshaw Driver Into A Hero|work=NDTV.com|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/a-covid-19-trip-that-turned-manipurs-first-female-autorickshaw-driver-into-a-hero-2347155|access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The hospital ambulance service had refused to take the nurse home because it was outside their district. Many taxi drivers were also unwilling to travel because of the fear of infection. Seeing the woman in distress, Laibi offered help and decided to make the journey in her own auto-rickshaw, accompanied by her husband.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

The journey lasted for about eight hours, from 6 p.m. to 2:30 a.m., through hilly terrain and cold weather. After reaching [[Kamjong]], the couple were placed in quarantine as a safety measure.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

== Recognition and awards ==

[[Manipur Chief Minister]] [[N. Biren Singh]] awarded Laibi Oinam a cash prize of ₹1,10,000 for her service, along with a traditional Manipuri muffler. The award money was contributed by Manipuri entrepreneurs and expatriates from countries such as [[Meitei people in the United States|the United States]], [[Meitei people in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], [[Meitei people in Canada|Canada]], and Singapore.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=140 km, 8 hours… how a woman drove a Covid-19 survivor home when no one else would|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/facebook-stories-of-strength-2020/covid-19-fighters/woman-auto-driver-covid-19-survivor-manipur-6492563/|access-date=2025-11-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Manipur Woman Auto Driver Awarded For Ferrying COVID-19 Survivor|language=en|work=www.ndtv.com|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-india-manipur-woman-auto-driver-laibi-oinam-awarded-for-ferrying-covid-19-survivor-2244833|access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref>

The Chief Minister praised her for her example of "service above self." The Imphal East Traffic Officer-in-Charge also fulfilled a promise to replace the hood of her auto-rickshaw as a gesture of appreciation.<ref name=":3" />

An NGO, Little Drops of Ukhrul, gave her an additional ₹5,000 as a token of gratitude.<ref name=":5" />

Her act received wide praise from the public, including musicians, filmmakers, and social media users. Many people across Manipur described her as a symbol of compassion, courage, and women's empowerment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Documentary film ==

A documentary film titled ''[[Auto Driver (2015 film)|Auto Driver]]'', directed by [[Meena Longjam]], is based on Laibi Oinam's life. The film won the Best Social Issue Film (non-feature category) at the [[63rd National Film Awards]] in 2015 and the Best Short Documentary (Audience Choice) at the 2017 Women's Voices Now Film Festival.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=The Indian|date=2023-12-14|title=Meena Longjam: Bringing Manipur's untold stories to the forefront|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2023/12/15/meena-longjam-bringing-manipurs-untold-stories-to-the-forefront/|access-date=2025-11-03|website=The Indian Sun|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=S|first=Vangamla Salle K.|date=2020-06-03|title=Meet the Manipur woman auto driver with heart of 'Jhansi ki Rani'|url=http://eastmojo.com/news/2020/06/03/meet-the-manipur-woman-auto-driver-with-heart-of-jhansi-ki-rani/|access-date=2025-11-03|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The film portrays Laibi's struggles and achievements as Manipur's first woman auto driver.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==

Laibi Oinam is regarded as a symbol of resilience and women's empowerment in Manipur. Her courage during the COVID-19 pandemic brought her national attention.
Her story continues to inspire others to break social barriers and pursue their dreams despite hardships.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

== Related pages ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oinam, Laibi}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Carriage drivers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ayyappancoil

2025-11-18T06:16:41Z

KevinArden: quick update

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ayyappancoil
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Hanging Bridge Ayyappancoil Idukki Kerala May22 A7C 01983.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Suspension bridge at Ayyappancoil
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|42|57|N|77|02|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Ayyappancoil suspension bridge and old Sastha temple
| government_type = [[Panchayath]]
| governing_body = Ayyappancoil Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 85.73
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 34,267
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English <ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =92%
| website = [http://lsgkerala.in/ayyappancoilpanchayat/]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ayyappancoil''', also spelt '''Ayyappankovil''' is a village in newly formed Idukki taluk in [[Idukki district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=2008-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> The place is popular for having a suspension bridge with a length of 200 meters and an old historic [[Sastha]] temple on the banks of [[Periyar river]].

Ayyappancoil is {{cvt|15|km}} far from [[Kattappana]], which is a nearby major town. Ayyappancoil is located {{cvt|45|km|mi}} from District headquarters [[Painavu]] and {{cvt|230|km|mi}} from its State capital city [[Thiruvananthapuram]] .
Ayyappancoil was a big township in early 1960s. During the construction of Idukki hydro-electric project, the township was evacuated by the [[Kerala government]].

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Ayyappancoil village had population of 34,267 of which 16,943 are males while 17,324 are females. Ayyappancoil village spreads over an area of {{cvt|85.73|km2}} with 8,736 families residing in it. In Ayyappancoil, 9.3% of the population was under 6 years of age. Ayyappancoil had an average literacy of 93.5% higher than the national average of 74% and lower than state average of 94%: male literacy was 95.4% and female literacy was 91.7%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=58,59 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
Ayyappancoil is predominantly an agrarian based economy. Cash crops like [[cardamom]], [[Black pepper|pepper]] and [[tea]] are widely cultivated here.

==Administration==
[[File:Old Periyar Bridge Ayyappancoil Idukki Kerala May22 A7C 01994.jpg|thumb|Road bridge usable only for 6 months in the year (ca. May '22)]]
Ayyappancoil panchayath was formed in 1977 and it spreads over an area of about 42.68 km2. It is divided into 13 wards for administrative convenience. It is surrounded by [[Kanchiyar]] panchayath in north, [[Kumily]] in east, [[Upputhara]] in west and [[Elappara]] in south.

===Wards in Ayyappancoil panchayath===
* Ayyappancoil
* Aanakuzhi
* Mattukatta
* Chembalam
* Dorland
* Palanikkavu
* Sulthaniya
* Pachakadu
* Heavenvalley
*[[K. Chappathu]]
* Aalady
* Poovanthikudi
* [[Marykulam]]

==Places of interest==
===Ayyappancoil suspension (hanging) bridge===
[[File:Hanging Bridge Panorama Ayyappancoil Idukki Kerala May22 A7C 01990-93.jpg|thumb|500px|Ayyappancoil suspension bridge (ca. May '22)]]
Ayyappancoil hanging (Suspension) bridge is built across the [[Periyar River]], connecting the Ayyappancoil Grama panchayath and Kanchiyar Grama Panchayath in Idukki district, Kerala. The older road bridge over the Periyar River is submerged by the waters of the Idukki Reservoir for about 6 months in the year. The suspension bridge gives year round pedestrian access. This bridge is the longest hanging suspension bridge in the district. The suspension bridge draws a lot of tourists owing to its picturesque scenery.<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-05-10 |title=Vital Link |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/vital-link/article4701713.ece}}</ref>

===Ayyappancoil Sastha Temple===
[[File:Ayyappankovil Sastha temple.jpg|thumb|Front view of Ayyappancoil Sastha temple]]
The old temple dedicated to [[Shasta (deity)|Sastha]] which is on the banks of Periyar river is a main landmark of Ayyappancoil. The idol here is believed to consecrated by sage [[Parashurama]] himself. The temple is submerged when the water level in [[Idukki dam|Idukki reservoir]] rises during the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|Southwest monsoon]] from June onwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/remains-of-an-ancient-culture-submerged-by-dam-waters/article870053.ece|title=Remains of an ancient culture submerged by dam waters|newspaper=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2016-11-25|date=2010-11-05}}</ref> The temple was later shifted to Thoppipala, which is on the Kattappana - [[Kuttikkanam]] state highway. However, local people prefer to worship at the original temple. The sreekovil has been raised so that it is above the water when the temple is submerged. Pilgrims reach the temple across the Idukki reservoir via small canoes. A bamboo bridge is made by tribals from the shore to the temple for access during major festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Special Correspondent |date=1 Aug 2018 |title=Submerged Ayyappancoil getting ready for Vavubali |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/submerged-ayyappancoil-getting-ready-for-vavubali/article24575800.ece |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Ayyappancoil Hanging Bridge}}
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

Ajijesh Pachat

2025-11-05T23:37:10Z

KevinArden: rework citations per standard format and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ajijesh Pachat
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]]
| occupation = Novelist, [[short story writer]], columnist
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| alma_mater = VPKMMHSS Puthur Pallikkal
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| children =
| notableworks = Kisebi, Daivakkali, Athirazhisootram, Ezhampathippinte Adyaprathi
| awards =
| yearsactive = 2014 – present
}}

'''Ajijesh Pachat''' is a [[Malayalam]] [[novelist]], [[short story]] writer and [[columnist]] from [[Malappuram]] district of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He has won numerous awards, including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Geetha Hiranyan Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajijesh Pachatt- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –{{!}} Keralaliteraturefestival.com |url=https://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MjAxMQ== |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=keralaliteraturefestival.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ajijesh Pachat was born as the son of Krishnan and Shobana in Pallikkal, [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഇറച്ചിക്കലപ്പ, അജിജേഷ് പച്ചാട്ട് എഴുതിയ കഥ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/literature-magazine/irachi-kalappa-short-story-by-ajijesh-pachat-pviet6|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.asianetnews.com}}</ref> His story ''Theevrashapam'' (''The extreme curse'') was published in the magazine [[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]. In 2006, he won second place in short story contest conducted by Samakalika Malayalam weekly for his story ''To X-ray under 16''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=\\\'Be a Roamer to Offer Best Writings\\\' - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/jan/19/Be-a-Roamer-to-Offer-Best-Writings-565717.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715040747/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/jan/19/Be-a-Roamer-to-Offer-Best-Writings-565717.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2021|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Pachat published his first collection of stories, ''Kisebi'' in 2016
.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 July 2020|title=അജിജേഷ് പച്ചാട്ടിന്റെ പുതിയ നോവല്‍ അതിരഴിസൂത്രം; ട്രെയിലര്‍ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/ajijesh-pachat-new-novel-malayalam-trailer-1.4902218|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Mathrubhumi|language=ml}}</ref> His ''Daivakkali'' (''God's game''), short stories collection, won the Geetha Hiranyan Endowment by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=വിപിന്‍|date=|title=അതിരഴികളുടെ സൂത്രോപനിഷദ്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/book-reviews/athirazhisoothram-malayalam-novel-by-ajijesh-pachat-book-review-1.4972261|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928215445/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/book-reviews/athirazhisoothram-malayalam-novel-by-ajijesh-pachat-book-review-1.4972261|archive-date=28 September 2020|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Mathrubhumi|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Daivakkali; Book by Ajijesh Pachat|url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/daivakkali|access-date=2020-12-30|website=dcbookstore.com}}</ref> His first novel ''Ezhampathippinte Adya Prathi ( The first copy of the seventh edition)'' was published in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=സാറേ, സാറിന്റെ ചുണ്ടിനെന്താ പറ്റീത്?... {{!}} Ajijesh Pachat {{!}} Kisebi {{!}} Daivakkali {{!}} കിസേബി {{!}} ദൈവക്കളി {{!}} Literature {{!}} Manorama Online {{!}} Published Stories {{!}} മലയാളം സാഹിത്യം {{!}} Malayalam Literature {{!}} Manorama Online|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/your-creatives/2018/02/22/chundorangal-memory-note-by-ajijesh-pachat.amp.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> He has also wrote for [[The Indian Express]], [[Madhyamam]] and [[Deshabhimani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajijesh Pachat, Author at Indian Express Malayalam|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/author/ajijesh-pachat/|access-date=2020-12-30|language=ml}}</ref>

== List of works ==
=== Collection of short stories===
* Kisebi
* Daivakkali
* Koovalkkinarugal
* Ponmoorcha
* Thakkolulla Kutti
* Radclifinte Katrika
* Pedippathipp
* Pashumathigal
* Castrolsavashesham
* Ma Enna Carnivalile Nayakanum Nayikayum
* Oru Rajesh Meshari Nirmithi
* Irachikkalappa
* Ara Manikkoor Dairgyam Ulla Chodyappeppar
* Koova
* Peda
* Paralux

=== Novels ===
* Athirazhisootram
* Ezhampathippinte Adyaprathi

=== Other works ===
* Orankutti vangiya aarthavappoometha (Memoir)
* Kayal Kandam Route(Novella)
'''Source''':<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ഒരു ശരാശരി ഗ്രാമീണൻ വായനക്കാരനാകുന്ന വിധം {{!}} Ajijesh Pachat {{!}} Reading Day|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/indepth/readers-day/2018/06/19/reading-memories-ajijesh-pachat.amp.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.manoramaonline.com|language=ml}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==

* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Geetha Hiranyan Endowment
* Anganam [[T. V. Kochubava|TV Kochubava]] award
* [[P. N. Panicker|PN Panicker]] Story Award
* Keli Short Story Award
*[[Kalakaumudi|Kalakaumudy]] - [[K. Sukumaran (journalist)|K. Sukumaran]] Story Award
*[[M. P. Narayana Pillai]] Story Award
*K. S Bimal Story Award
*Chembil John Award
'''Source''':<ref>{{Cite web|title=A novel that speaks up truth; Benyamin releases 'Athirazhisoothram' by Ajijesh Pachat|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/a-novel-that-speaks-up-truth-benyamin-releases-athirazhisoothram-by-ajijesh-pachat-1.4946448|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028033942/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/a-novel-that-speaks-up-truth-benyamin-releases-athirazhisoothram-by-ajijesh-pachat-1.4946448|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pachat, Ajijesh}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

State Museum, Lucknow

2025-10-28T14:07:47Z

KevinArden: made pg

{{Short description|Museum in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = State Museum Lucknow
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = State Museum Lucknow.png
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = State Museum, Lucknow (exterior)
| map_type = India
| map_relief = yes
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|50|43|N|80|57|17|E|display=inline, title}}
| former_name =
| established = {{start date and age|1863}}
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = State museum
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections = [[Archeology]], [[Painting]], [[Manuscripts]], [[Numismatic]], [[Decorative Arts]]
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| architect =
| historian =
| owner = [[Uttar Pradesh Government]]
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| parking =
| network =
| website = 
| embedded =
}}

'''State Museum, Lucknow''' is a prominent museum located in the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, India. The museum is in the [[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah Zoological Garden]]s, Banarasi Bagh, Lucknow. The museum was established in 1863 from the collection of Colonel [[Saunders Alexius Abbott]], and was given the status of ‘Provincial Museum’ before being renamed the ‘State Museum’ in 1950.

The collection housed in the museum consists of objects from the prehistoric period, Bronze Age, plaster casts of famous figurines from the Indus Valley Civilization, as well as a rich collection of numismatics, paintings, manuscripts and textiles....

== History ==
The museum began in 1863 with a collection of artifacts that were housed in the building of the [[Chattar Manzil|Choti Chattar Manzil]] in [[Qaisar Bagh]] by the then commissioner of Lucknow, [https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/138980/felice-beato-lieutenant-colonel-abbott-commissioner-of-lucknow-english-1858-1859/ Colonel Abbott]. This repository functioned as a municipal institution in its early days until 1883, when it was given the status of a ‘Provincial Museum’. The museum was shifted to a larger space in the erstwhile coronation hall of the Nawabs of Awadh, Lal Baradari in June, 1884.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Rajya Sangrahalaya, Lucknow – Ek Parichay|last=Trivedi|first=S.D.|publisher=Sanskritik Karya Vibhag|year=1994|location=Uttar Pradesh, Auto Printers}}</ref>

[[File:Bara_Chattar_Manzil_and_Farhat_Bakhsh_-_view_from_the_south_-_Lucknow_in_1862.jpg|thumb|left|Building of the [[Chattar Manzil|Choti Chattar Manzil]], initial location of the Lucknow Provincial Museum.]]
A special Archeological section for the museum was established in 1909 in the premises of the old Canning College in Qaiser Bagh. The museum was formally organized in the same year with the constitution of a Management Committee.

Some important figures who also contributed to the formation of the museum from the colonial period include Mr. A.O. Hume, who was an important member of the management committee. In 1867 the first superintendent of the museum was [[Emanuel Bonavia]], a surgeon. The first curator of the museum, archeologist [[Alois Anton Führer|Dr. A.A. Fuhrer]] was appointed on 30 March 1885. Fuhrer's expertise and interest in the field of archeology was reflected in his first contribution to the collection of the museum, excavation at Kankali Mound at Mathura in three consecutive periods— 1888–89, 1889–90 and 1890–91. All the excavated antiquities recovered from the site were relocated to the erstwhile Provincial Museum.

The museum undertook other important excavations including one at Ahichchatra in 1891–92, the 1912–12 at Kasia and subsequent excavations at Indor Khera, Sankisa, Unchgaon and Astabhuja.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A Guide Book to the Archaeological Section of the State Museum, Lucknow|last=Trivedi|first=S.D.|publisher=State Museum, Lucknow|year=1997|location=Shivam Arts, Lucknow}}</ref> These excavations and subsequent collections from the same contributed to the important Archeological section of the museum.

The museum was renamed the ‘State Museum’ in 1950, with an expanded collection that necessitated better organization and a separate space. The museum was eventually shifted to an independent building in Banarasibagh. The building is located in the middle of the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah Zoological Gardens (formerly the Prince of Wales Zoological Gardens) and the new museum premises were inaugurated by the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1963.<ref name=":0" />

== Collection ==
[[File:Mankuwar Buddha with background.jpg|thumb|The Mankuwar Buddha, with inscribed date "year 129 in the reign of Maharaja [[Kumaragupta I|Kumaragupta]]", hence 448 CE, is an important chronological marker for [[Gupta art]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n52 47] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254}}</ref> Mankuwar, District of [[Allahabad]]. [[Lucknow Museum]].<ref>Mookerji, 143</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mankuwar Buddha Image Inscription of the Time of Kumaragupta I siddham |url=http://siddham.uk/inscription/in00029 |website=siddham.uk}}</ref>]]
The museum has a varied collection ranging from archeological to painting and a rich numismatic collection.<ref name=":0" /> These items are housed in specialized galleries based on the type of collection and display a select few objects. The history of the museum is rooted in practices of colonial collecting, with the vast number of archeological expeditions that had been undertaken by the museum corresponding to the primary collection of the institution. The archeological gallery therefore becomes an important part of the museum and is highlighted as a result of it being a primary and vast collection.

=== Archeological Collection ===
Source:<ref name=":1" />

The archeological collection is considered to be the central most in the museum. It consists of antiquities from the prehistoric period, the Bronze Age, plaster casts of famous figurines from the Indus Valley, clay seals, inscriptions, pottery and other miscellaneous objects including bricks and weights. This collection is divided into two galleries, with the first containing early, medieval and late Stone Age implements from the Uttar Pradesh and Sindh area. The first archeological gallery includes objects of the [[Bronze Age]] from the [[Doaba|Doab]] area, Mathura grey schist sculptures and friezes as well as sandstone sculptures, sculptures from the Mauryan dynasty and [[Shunga Empire|Sunga]] dynasty, [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] period terracotta sculptures, [[Gupta art|terracottas from the Gupta]] period with significant objects being the inscribed clay tablets of [[Shravasti]] and [[Bhitargaon]].

The second archeological gallery includes Buddhist sculptures, narrative friezes, decapitated images of [[Bodhisattva]], and an inscription bearing Buddhist sculpture from Shravasti. It displays examples of [[Gandhara Art|Gandharan art]], such as a frieze of Buddha giving a sermon, and the head of Buddha.

The gallery also houses images of Hindu gods such as Lakshmi and Shiva. It houses art of the medieval period including Pala art, as well as the Gajalakshmi from Bhitri, Durga from Sultanpur, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lion. Dr. N.P Joshi<ref>{{Cite book|title=Brahmanical Sculptures in the State Museum, Lucknow|last=Joshi|first=N.P.|year=1989}}</ref> highlights the Brahmanical sculptures in the museum in a two volume work and their importance in studying iconographic representations. Joshi was also the former director of the museum in the 1970s and uses this expertise and access to write two academically significant volumes specifically detailing the sculptural works of the museum.

The museum guide<ref name=":1" /> mentions a reserve collection of stone and terracotta images, plaster casts, copper plates and royal inscriptions. The reserve collection houses some important and notable items including the Bhitri seal, [[Hadahade|Hadaha]] inscription, as well as more than four hundred metal sculptures with Jain, Buddhist and Hindu affiliations. These objects, however, are part of the museum collection but not regularly displayed in the museum.

=== Numismatics ===
The State Museum of Lucknow also contains the Uttar Pradesh Coin Committee's headquarters, and the director of the museum is the ex-officio secretary of this committee. Therefore, the museum collection houses a vast number of coins,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Antique-coins-multiply-in-Lucknow-museum/articleshow/48273790.cms|title=Antique coins multiply in Lucknow museum|date=30 July 2015|first=Shailvee|last=Sharda|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> with most of them in the reserve collection. The collection is divided into three chronological sections— the first section containing coins between the 8th century BC to 2nd century AD, the second containing coins from the Mughal period and the last section displaying military medals awarded to British soldiers sent on missions. Coins from [[Panchala|Panchal]], [[Ayodhya]] as well as Indo-Greek kingdoms along with Indo-Parthian, Kushana and Gupta coins can be found in this collection. Coins from the [[Dutch East India Company]], the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] and the Provincial states of Awadh and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] are part of this collection.

=== Paintings ===
The museum contains a large number of miniatures and paintings from various schools of the early medieval period. Some notable objects include a Jain Kalpasutra manuscript from the 15th – 16th centuries, Mughal miniature paintings bearing court and battle scenes, [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] miniatures, Tangka and [[Thanjavur painting|Tanjore]] paintings. The manuscript collection of the museum includes notable objects such as the 1593 ''[[Padmavat]]'' written by Jayasi and an Akbari period ''[[Harivamsa]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Masterpieces in the State Museum, Lucknow|last=Trivedi|first=S.D.|publisher=State Museum, Lucknow|year=1989|location=Raj Press, Lucknow}}</ref>

=== Weapons, Decorative Arts and Musical Instruments ===
Source:<ref name=":2" />

Decorative arts are included separately in the Awadh gallery and are housed in the museum collection with objects including Jade items, wooden cabinets, embroidered or jewel encrusted garments and jewelry.

Weapons housed in the museum's collection include objects from the 16th to the 19th centuries including guns, canons, bow and arrow sets. The musical instruments is a relatively small collection with string instruments such as the veena, sarangi and muraina as well as percussion instruments like tabla, dholak, nagara and damroo, and wind instruments including the flute, conch shell and algoza.

=== The Awadh Gallery ===
This gallery houses items from the culturally unique phase that had been introduced during the reign of nawabs in Lucknow. The gallery is a precipitate of a temporary exhibition from 1985,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> and houses cultural objects from the area produced during the rule of Nawab Asif-ud-Daula and his successors. This section includes Bidri work objects such as hookah, spittoon, boxes and plates, gold and silver inlay works, ivory carving, glass work and samples of Chikan and Jamdani work.This section also includes miniature paintings from the Awadh school and oil paintings.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Glimpses of the Arts of Awadh – a guide to the Awadh Gallery|last=Khan|first=Ashfaq Ahmed|publisher=State Museum Lucknow|year=1989|location=Nichal Printing Press, Lucknow}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg|A [[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa|Kankali Tila plate]], with an inscription mentioning the year 42 of the reign of [[Northern Satraps]] ruler [[Sodasa]]
File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|[[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], [[Mathura art]], {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}}
File:Buddha of Yashavihar, detail.jpg|[[Buddha]], 5th century
File:Vishnu of Mathura, 5th century.jpg|[[Vishnu]], 5th century
File:Drummers, terracota.jpg|Terrocota drummers, 6th century
File:Lucknow Museum-Tirthankar.jpg|[[Tirthankar]]
</gallery>

== Educational programs ==
The museum's organizing committee consists of the museum director at the apex and two deputy directors. The deputy directors also function as members of the Academic branch because of their qualification as scholars, different from officials in the administrative branch. The deputy directors are in charge of museum collection, its expansion, rotation of exhibits and special programs of the museum. The Academic branch is located in the museum premises itself, allowing for those in charge to be in proximity to the museum's collections as well as facilitating the day to day pedagogic functioning of the museum.

The primary vision of the museum as defined by its academic branch is for educating the public.<ref name=":0" /> This goal of public oriented education drives the primary educational functions in the museum, including a highly popular annual [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/Straight-answers/articleshow/39515687.cms Art Appreciation course] where scholars are invited to lecture on different themes each year, often corresponding with the museum's collections. The museum also organizes the ''V.S. Agarwala Memorial Lecture'' and the director and assistant directors also impart lectures in the museum, although the art appreciation course enjoys a wider popularity and garners larger audiences in attendance. The museum's [[Museum|primary function as imparting knowledge to the public]] around and about the collection it houses and preserves corresponds with their efforts to engage the public "from all walks of life" to participate in the same. The museum's primary visitor, however, is the tourist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uptourism.gov.in/post/state-museum|title=State Museum|website=uptourism.gov.in|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> or casual recreational visitor to the zoo premises, tying the role of this museum tightly with the recreational mode associated with a visit to a tourist attraction.

== Facilities ==
The museum houses a library that is accessible on special request by scholars affiliated to educational institutions. The personal libraries of [[Baij Nath Puri|Prof. B.N. Puri]] and Dr. C.D. Chaterji are a part of the museum library.

The Conservation Cell of the museum houses facilities of chemical treatment and restoration of stone, ceramic, terracotta, metal, wood, coins and ivory objects, The photographic library contains black and white and colour prints documenting objects in the museum.

The publications counter of the museum contains catalogues and brochures of the museum, as well as research publications on specific collections.

The auditorium of the museum is located on the ground floor, haring the capacity to house around two hundred people and its used most often to deliver lectures by scholars invited by the museum.

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=Dr. R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }}
{{Commons category|State Museum Lucknow}}

 
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Lucknow]]
[[Category:State museums in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lucknow]]
[[Category:1863 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1863]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Uttar Pradesh]]

1990 elections in India

2025-10-14T14:30:07Z

KevinArden: general expand structure to improve readability also and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1989 elections in India
| previous_year = 1989
| election_date = 1990
| next_election = 1991 elections in India
| next_year = 1991
}}
{{Politics of India}}

==Overall result==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date(s)
!State
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
!Elected Chief Minister
!Maps
|-
|
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| [[Chimanbhai Patel]]
| [[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hari Dev Joshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| [[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shyama Charan Shukla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Raj Kumar Jaichandra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Manipur People's Party}}
| [[Raj Kumar Ranbir Singh]]
|[[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Pondicherry]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
|[[File:IN-PY.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
| [[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|[[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gegong Apang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gegong Apang]]
|[[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==

===[[Arunachal Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=8|[[File:India Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|-
|'''NATIONAL PARTIES'''
|'''CONTESTED'''
|'''WON'''
|'''FD'''
|'''VOTES'''
|'''%'''
|'''SEATS'''
|-
|1. '''INC'''
|59
|37
|0
|154463
|44.25%
|44.85%
|-
|2. '''JD'''
|52
|11
|1
|116383
|33.34%
|36.21%
|-
|3. '''JNP(JP)'''
|7
|1
|4
|7952
|2.28%
|14.77%
|-
|'''INDEPENDENTS'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|4. '''IND'''
|52
|11
|21
|70300
|20.14%
|32.72%
|-
|'''Grand Total :'''
|'''170'''
|'''60'''
|'''26'''
|'''349098'''
|
|
|}

===[[Pondicherry]]===
{{Main|1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=105207|seats1=11|sc1={{decrease}}4
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=101127|seats2=9|sc2={{increase}}4
|party3=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes3=76337|seats3=3|sc3={{decrease}}3
|party4=[[Janata Dal]]|votes4=38145|seats4=4|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=21323|seats5=2|sc5={{increase}}2
|party20=Others|votes20=44475|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=33557|seats21=1|sc21={{decrease}}1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=3416
|electorate=585194
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

===[[Bihar]]===
{{Main|1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Party !! Seats contested !! Seats !! Seat change !! Popular vote !! Percentage
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[Janata Dal]]
| align="right"|276
| align="right"|122
| align="right"|''New Party''
| align="right"|8,212,666
| align="right"|25.61%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| align="right"|323
| align="right"|71
| align="right"|{{decrease}} 125
| align="right"|7,946,635
| align="right"|24.78%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="right"|237
| align="right"|39
| align="right"|{{increase}} 23
| align="right"|3,721,392
| align="right"|11.61%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| align="right"|109
| align="right"|23
| align="right"|{{increase}} 11
| align="right"|2,112,887
| align="right"|6.59%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| align="right"|82
| align="right"|19
| align="right"|{{increase}} 10
| align="right"|1,008,174
| align="right"|3.14%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
| [[Indian People's Front]]
| align="right"|82
| align="right"|7
| align="right"|''New Party''
| align="right"|889,068
| align="right"|2.77%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| align="right"|31
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|{{increase}} 5
| align="right"|427,214
| align="right"|1.33%
|-
| |
| Janata Party (JP)
| align="right"|158
| align="right"|3
| align="right"|''New Party''
| align="right"|494,717
| align="right"|1.54%
|-
| |
| Marxist Co-ordination
| align="right"|11
| align="right"|2
| align="right"|''New Party''
| align="right"|70,365
| align="right"|0.22%
|-
| |
| Jharkhand Dal
| align="right"|28
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|''New Party''
| align="right"|134,827
| align="right"|0.42%
|-
| |
| Socialist Party (Lohia)
| align="right"|47
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|''New Party''
| align="right"|109,871
| align="right"|0.34%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| align="right"|4320
| align="right"|30
| align="right"|{{increase}} 1
| align="right"|5,907,134
| align="right"|18.42%
|-
||
| '''Total'''
| align="right"|6629
| align="right"|324
|
| align="right"|32,063,793
|
|-
|}
Source:<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Stat_Rep_BH_90.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1990 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR]''</ref>

===[[Gujarat]]===
{{Main|1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="2" | Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|-
! width="70"| Votes
! width="45"| %
! width="30"| Won
! width="30"| +/−
|-
| align="left" | Janata Dal
|3,725,148
| 29.36
| 70||+70
|-
| align="left" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|3,386,256
|26.69
| 67||+56
|-
| align="left" | [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 3,899,159||30.74
|33
| −116
|-
|Yuva Vikas Party (YVP)
|1,07,220
|2.47
|1
| +1
|-
|JNP
|69,829
|0.55
|0
|0
|-
|CPM
|37,436
|0.30
|0
|0
|-
|CPI
|11,377
|0.09
|0
|0
|-
| align="left" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 4,565||0.04
|0
|0
|-
| align="left" | [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 1,323,790|| 10.44
| 11||
|-
| colspan="5" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|Total
| 12,685,977 || 100
| 182 || ±0
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
|Valid votes
| align="right" |12,685,977
| align="right" |98.03
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|-
|Invalid votes
| align="right" |2,69,244
| align="right" |1.97
|-
|'''Votes cast / turnout'''
| align="right" |12,955,221
| align="right" |52.20
|-
|'''Registered voters'''
| align="right" | 24,820,379
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}

===[[Himachal Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|party1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes1=858518|seats1=46|sc1=+39
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=750885|seats2=9|sc2=–49
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=222542|seats3=11|sc3=New
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=42393|seats4=1|sc4=+1
|party20=Others|votes20=55139|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=125421|seats21=1|sc21=–1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=16625
|electorate=2993699
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3807-himachal-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===[[Madhya Pradesh]]===
{{Main|1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1990/Stat_Rept_MP_90.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- "
! SN
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|- style="background:#90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 269
| 220
| +162
| 39.14%
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 318
| 56
| -194
| 33.38%
|-
| 3
| [[Janata Dal]]
| 115
| 28
| N/A
| 7.71%
|-
| 4
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 183
| 3
| N/A
| 1.25%
|-
| 5
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 63
| 2
| N/A
| 3.54%
|-
| 6
| Krantikari Samajwadi Manch
| 20
| +1
|
| 0.40%
|-
| 7
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 320
| 10
| +4
| 12.31%
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''320'''
|
|
|}

===[[Maharashtra]]===
{{Main|1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election}}
{|class="wikitable"
!Political Party
!No. of candidates
!No. of elected
!Votes polled
!Votes (%)
!Seat change
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|276
|141
|11,334,773
|38.17%
|{{decrease}} 20
|-
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|183
|52
|4,733,834
|15.94%
|{{increase}} 52
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|104
|42
|3,180,482
|10.71%
|{{increase}} 26
|-
|[[Janata Dal]]
|214
|24
|3,776,737
|12.72%
|{{increase}} 24
|-
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|40
|8
|719,807
|2.42%
|{{decrease}} 5
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|13
|3
|258,433
|0.87%
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|16
|2
|219,080
|0.74%
|{{nochange}}
|-
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
|71
|1
|290,503
|0.98%
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|2286
|13
|4,036,403
|13.59%
|{{decrease}} 7
|-
|}

===[[Manipur]]===
{{Main|1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=333765|seats1=24|sc1=–6
|party2=[[Janata Dal]]|votes2=196207|seats2=11|sc2=New
|party3=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes3=192075|seats3=9|sc3=+6
|party4=[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]|votes4=122829|seats4=4|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=41012|seats5=3|sc5=+2
|party6=[[Kuki National Assembly]]|votes6=25867|seats6=2|sc6=+1
|party7=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes7=18549|seats7=0|sc7=0
|party8=Manipur Hill People's Council|votes8=8820|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=[[National People's Party (India)]]|votes9=7762|seats9=1|sc9=New
|party11=Independents|votes11=43101|seats11=0|sc11=–21
|total_sc=–6
|invalid=10997
|electorate=1112853
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3707-manipur-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

===[[Odisha]]===
{{Main|1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|party1=[[Janata Dal]]|votes1=5884443|seats1=123|sc1=+102
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=3264000|seats2=10|sc2=–107
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=390060|seats3=2|sc3=+1
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=326364|seats4=5|sc4=+4
|party5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes5=91767|seats5=1|sc5=0
|party20=Others|votes20=196953|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=807000|seats21=6|sc21=–1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=221565
|electorate=19745549
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3626-orissa-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===[[Rajasthan]]===
{{Main|1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=4988699|seats1=50|sc1=–63
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=3744945|seats2=85|sc2=+46
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=3200662|seats3=55|sc3=+45
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=152555|seats4=1|sc4=+1
|party20=Others|votes20=539733|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=2202088|seats21=9|sc21=–1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=245106
|electorate=26405624
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-rajasthan-1990/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1990 elections in India]]
[[Category:1990 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1990 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Arayoor

2025-10-05T01:37:40Z

KevinArden: created the data first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

'''Arayoor''' is a small village in Neyyattinkara Taluk in Thiruvananthapuram District, India. It comes under Chenkal Panchayath.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It belongs to South Kerala Division. Arayoor is located 5 km from Parassala, 6 km from Neyyattinkara and 30 km from [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The village has a post office. The Arayoor pin code is 695122.

Arayoor has gained recognition for the great saint of Abhedashrama, Swami Abhedanandhiji. Writer [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] and Travancore General officer commanding Maj Gen [[V. N. Parameswaran Pillai]] (Kuttan Pillai) were born in Arayoor.

Udiyankulangara, Neyyattinkara, Parassala are close. Dhanuvachapuram and Parassala are nearby railway stations. Malayalam is the local language and agriculture is the main occupation of the people. A large proportion of them work outside India, mainly in the Middle East. There is a cashew nut factory in the village. A village contains many man made ponds and is surrounded by agricultural land. The major crops cultivated include Banana, Tapioca, and cucumber(seasonal).

==Famous persons==
* [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] - Novelist, playwright, journalist, social activist
* [[V. N. Parameswaran Pillai|Maj Gen V.N. Parameswaran Pillai]] – the last General officer commanding of the Travancore Nair Army
* Most Rev Dr Vincent Samuel - Archbishop of Neyyattinkara

== Temple ==
[[Arayoor Sree Mahadevar|Arayoor Major Sree Mahadeva Temple]]

Aarayoor Major Sree Mahadevar temple is a major place of worship in Arayoor. People worship the deity Lord Mahadeva there. Arayoor Shiva is fondly called '''Arayoorappan'''. The Upaprathistas here are Sree Ganesh, Durga, Murugan, Nandikesan, Lord Ayyappa, Bhoothathan, Nagaraja, Yakshiyamma etc.

== Churches ==
* C.S.I
* St. Elizabeth Church
* India Assemblies of God
* Bible Faith Mission

== Others ==
* P.R.D.S

== Schools ==
* Govt. L.V.H.S.S. Arayoor.
* L.M.S.L.P.S. Arayoor.
* Fathima Public School, Arayoor http://www.fps.edu.in/

== Banks ==
* Arayoor Service Co. Bank Ltd.

== Offices ==
* KELPALM, Kerala State Palmyrah Products development Welfare Corporation Ltd, Kelpalm Facility Centre, Kottamam, Arayoor P.O

==Library==
* C.V. Raman Pillai Memorial Library

== Arts and sports clubs ==
* C.V.R. Arts
* Arayoor Grama Seva Samithi
* ASVAS
* Chaithram
* Friends

== Studios ==
* Pranavam

== Nearby places ==
* Udiyankulangara
* Kottamam
* Puthukulam
* Ponvila
* Pottayilkada
* Plamoottukada
* Thottinkara
* Abhedananda Nagar
* Mariyapuram
* Kochottukonam

== Local places ==
* Mathrakkal
* CVR Nagar
* Punnathanam
* Ponnankara
* Elluvila
* Vattavila
* Mannamkulam
* Nachuvilakam
* Kanjamvila
* Vaniyankala
* Pottakkal
* Ambalathuvila
* Pavarathuvila
* Kalppakaseri
* Kambrakkara
* Enthikkala
* Nandavanathu
* Manaluvila
* Cherukara
* Clavarakkal
* Puliyarakkal
* Deviyarakkal
* Chavalloor Potta
* Koditharakuzhi
* Oottamkulam
* Kannankara
* Muttattukonam
* Kulachavilakam
* Kuttivelil
* Naduvila
* Painkara
* Kumbamvila
* Kalayil
* Kuruvikkadu
* Alathara
* Charakkal
* Pulimoottil
* Arappura
* Pallam
* Machingavilakam
* Varyaveettu vilakam
* Keeramparakkal
* Thoppil
* Kalivilakam
* Kalathuvila
* Vettampalli
* Thottathuvila
* Edatharavila

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Arayoor}}

* [https://archive.today/20141123112001/http://indiankshetras.com/aarayoor-major-sree-mahadevar-temple-Thiruvananthapuram-kerala-indiankshetra-360degree-photography-panorama?filter_name=arayoor]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20150403222049/http://ambalangal.com/Thiruvananthapuram.asp?PageNum=4&place=Thiruvananthapuram&district=
* [[:ml:ആറയൂർ ശ്രീ മഹാദേവക്ഷേത്രം|ആറയൂർ ശ്രീ മഹാദേവക്ഷേത്രം]]

{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram district settlements}}
[[Category:Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

Pondavakkam

2025-09-18T12:56:57Z

KevinArden:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pondavakkam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.3152412|N|79.8884819|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Uthukottai taluk|Uthukottai]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 49
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1556
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628571
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pondavakkam''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Uthukottai taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Pondavakkam has 401 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 59.39%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |access-date=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1556 || 749 || 807
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 172 || 84 || 88
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1009 || 497 || 512
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 165 || 80 || 85
|-
| Literates || 822 || 450 || 372
|-
| Workers (all) || 639 || 463 || 176
|-
| Main workers (total) || 322 || 226 || 96
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 36 || 32 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 188 || 112 || 76
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 97 || 81 || 16
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 317 || 237 || 80
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 47 || 45 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 234 || 163 || 71
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 34 || 28 || 6
|-
| Non-workers || 917 || 286 || 631
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy

2025-08-12T17:20:27Z

KevinArden: improved page further and updated info

{{short description|Indian Kannada poet (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy
| image = Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 22 September 1954<ref>{{cite web|title= साहित्य 75 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/festival/pdf/News-11-03-2023.pdf |website=Sahitya Akademi|access-date=1 July 2025|page=5, English version|date=11–16 March 2023| quote=Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy is a distinguished Kannada writer, poet, playwright and translator. He was born on 22 September 1954 at Mudnakudu, Chamarajanagar, Karnataka.}}</ref>
| birth_place = Mudnakudu, [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]], [[Karnataka]],<ref name="Sayeed" /> India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|poet|}}
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Bahutvada Bhaaratha Mattu Bouddha Thaatvikate''
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]] (2009)<ref name="Sayeed" />
* [[Rajyotsava Awards (2014)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|title=Profile of Rajyotsava Award Recipients(Year-Wise)|website=karnataka.gov|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2022)
}}
| website =
|
}}

'''Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy''' (22 September 1954) is an Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada–language]] poet, playwright and essayist.<ref>{{cite magazine | title=They Lit The Torch, Caste Aside Darkness | magazine=[[Outlook India]] | date=15 April 2021 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/opinion/india-news-they-lit-the-torch-caste-aside-darkness-news-304454 | access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> He authored over 50 works and has received recognitions<ref name="Sayeed">{{cite web | last=Sayeed | first=Vikhar Ahmed | title=Vedic religion in its original form was barbaric: Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy | website=Frontline | date=25 March 2025 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/mudnakudu-chinnaswamy-interview-dalit-literature-kannada-milk-of-equality-soured-buddha-basava-ambedkar/article69374189.ece | ref={{sfnref|Sayeed|2025}}| access-date=30 June 2025|quote=..hails from Mudnakudu village of Chamarajanagar district in southern Karnataka..His prodigious corpus of 50 books (..) ..Chinnaswamy has been awarded the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award (2009), the Karnataka State Award for Lifetime Achievement (2014), and the Sahitya Akademi Award (2022).}}</ref> including [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada|Kendra Sahitya Academy award]] in 2022, for his work "Bahutvada Bhaaratha Mattu Bouddha Thaatvikate".<ref>{{cite web | title=Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy gets Sahitya Akademi award | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=22 December 2022 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mudnakudu-chinnaswamy-gets-sahitya-akademi-award/article66293104.ece | access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

In 2016, his collection of poems was compiled as ''Before It Rains Again'' and translated into English by [[Rowena Hill]], a poet and translator living in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Chinnaswamy | first=Mudnakudu | last2=Hill | first2=Rowena | title=Poet and translator: A dialogue between Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy and Rowena Hill | journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature | volume=54 | issue=1 | date=2019 | issn=0021-9894 | doi=10.1177/0021989417717295 | pages=105–115 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021989417717295 | access-date=30 June 2025| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Before it Rains Again |url=https://www.erbacce-press.co.uk/BookStore/Before-it-Rains-Again-p358637689 |access-date=24 May 2025|website=Book Store |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
*[[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada|Kendra Sahitya Academy award]] in 2022, for his work "Bahutvada Bhaaratha mattu Bouddha Thaatvikate".<ref>{{cite web | title=Kannada writer Moodnakudu Chinnaswamy bags Sahitya Akademi award | website=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=22 December 2022 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-writer-moodnakudu-chinnaswamy-bags-sahitya-akademi-award-1174164.html | access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://mudnakudu.com/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinnaswamy, Mudnakudu}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]

Zai, Palghar

2025-07-18T03:49:40Z

KevinArden: made a info

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1322414|N|72.7385323|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 11
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4571
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551558
| footnotes =
}}
'''Zai''' is a town in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Zai has 905 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 74.94%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 4571 || 2299 || 2272
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 477 || 245 || 232
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2304 || 1128 || 1176
|-
| Literates || 3068 || 1700 || 1368
|-
| Workers (all) || 1942 || 1193 || 749
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1897 || 1176 || 721
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 125 || 87 || 38
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 652 || 270 || 382
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 248 || 127 || 121
|-
| Main workers: Other || 872 || 692 || 180
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 45 || 17 || 28
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 10 || 4 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 7 || 2 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 0 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 23 || 11 || 12
|-
| Non-workers || 2629 || 1106 || 1523
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

Rishimala River

2025-04-26T04:15:58Z

KevinArden: improved article

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
The '''Rishimala River''' (ഋഷി നദി) is a river of south-western [[India]], flowing through [[Kerala]] state into the larger [[Achankovil River]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Pathanamthitta district]]

{{Kerala-river-stub}}

Tirur railway station

2025-03-26T22:15:37Z

KevinArden: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tirur
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Tirur Railway Station name board.jpg
| image_caption = തിരൂർ
| address = R.S Road Tirur, [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.918|75.922|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| elevation = {{convert|9|m}}
| line = [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]]
| other = [[Bus stand]], [[Taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes, on both sides
| opened = {{start date and age|1861}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lifeline-of-malabar-turns-125/article4250472.ece |work=The Hindu |title='Lifeline' of Malabar turns 125 |date=29 December 2012 |access-date= 5 July 2020}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TIR
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Palakkad}}
}}
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator = Southern Railway
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| route_map = {{Kozhikode–Shoranur branch line}}
}}
'''Tirur railway station''' (station code: TIR<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=8 |date=2023–24}}</ref>) is an NSG–3 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Palakkad railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=2 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is the oldest railway station in Kerala. It is a major railway station serving the town of [[Tirur]] in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]]. It lies in the [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]] of the Southern Railway zone. The station has three platforms and four tracks. Though no trains originate from this station, trains halting at the station connect the town to prominent cities in India such as [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Ernakulam Junction|Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kollam]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kannur]], [[Chennai Central|Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Coimbatore Junction|Coimbatore]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mangalore]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Pune]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jammu Tawi]], [[Okha, Gujarat|Okha]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kolkata]] and so on. This is an "A" class railway station which earns more than 30 crore per annum. It has now been upgraded to a Model Railway Station (Adarsh). The first railway line in Kerala was commissioned on 12 March 1861 from Beypore to [[Tirur]] .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.generalknowledgequizblog.com/2011/01/first-railway-line-in-kerala-in-1861.html|title=First Railway Line in Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/its-a-long-way-to-world-class-station/article30071292.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Tirur Railway line |date=25 November 2019 |access-date= 5 July 2020}}</ref> The proposed [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail]] has a stop in Tirur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://khsrcl.com/route.aspx|title=Proposed High Speed Rail in Kerala}}</ref> The new rear entrance and parking area are being set up on the eastern side of the station, opening to Tirur Market.

==History==
The history of railways in Kerala traces back to [[Tirur]]. Tirur Railway station is the oldest station in the state.<ref name="mpm">{{Cite news|title=ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും...|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|date=17 June 2019|access-date=19 December 2020|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The stations at [[Tanur railway station|Tanur]], [[Parappanangadi railway station|Parappanangadi]], and [[Vallikkunnu railway station|Vallikkunnu]] also form parts of the oldest railway line in the state laid from [[Tirur]] to [[Beypore]].<ref name="mpm"/> The line started functioning on 12 March 1861.<ref name="ll">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lifeline-of-malabar-turns-125/article4250472.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |title='Lifeline' of Malabar turns 125 |date=29 December 2012 |access-date= 19 December 2020}}</ref> In the same year, it was extended from [[Tirur]] to [[Kuttippuram railway station|Kuttippuram]] via [[Tirunavaya]].<ref name="mpm"/> Later, it was further extended from Kuttippuram to [[Pattambi]] in 1862, and was again extended from Pattambi to [[Podanur]] in the same year.<ref name="mpm"/> The current [[Chennai]]-[[Mangalore]] railway line was later formed as an extension of the [[Beypore]] - [[Podanur]] line thus constructed.<ref name="mpm"/>

The historical [[Wagon tragedy]] of 1921 was happened in a wagon from [[Tirur]] to [[Podanur]].

==Incidents==
* [[Wagon tragedy]]

== Major Trains passing through Tirur==
* [[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha)]]

==Upcoming facilities==
New platform and ticket counter, 4 lifts and expansion of foot overbridge [https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/malappuram/local-news/2019/07/28/malappuram-ticket-counter-opens.html]. The work is almost over.

==See also==
* [[Tirunnavaya railway station]]
* [[Wagon tragedy]]
* [[Mangalore Mail]]
* [[Tirur]]
* [[Malappuram]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[Transportation in Malappuram district]]
* [[Vairankode Vela|vairankode vela]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Railway stations in Kerala}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Palakkad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

National Highway 512 (India)

2025-03-06T20:07:53Z

KevinArden: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 512
| image =
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=9|frame-lat=25.3|frame-long=88.59|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q28151807|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 512}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 96
| direction =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Gazole Town|Gazole]], [[Malda district]]
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur|Hili]], [[Dakshin dinajpur district]]
| states = [[West Bengal]]
| previous_type = NH
| previous_route = 12
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 10 (West Bengal)
| junction = [[Daulatpur, Malda|Daulatpur]], [[Buniadpur]], [[Gangarampur]], [[Balurghat]]
}}
'''National Highway 512''' (NH 512) is a highway in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is proposed to build four lane road.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158873.pdf|title=New highway 512, notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> It runs from [[Gazole Town|Gazole]] to [[Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur|Hili]] border with Bangladesh. On the other side of the border, the road continues as Hili-Birampur Highway.<ref>Google maps</ref>
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|right|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]

==Changeover==
The Gazole-Hili stretch is shown both as part of [[State Highway 10 (West Bengal)]] and NH 512 in Google maps and other places. The West Bengal government, with the permission of the central government, has taken up the repair and maintenance of six major highways, which will eventually be
raised to the status of a national highway. This includes the Gazole-Hili stretch.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-to-raise-six-state-highways-to-give-national-highway-status/articleshow/39483608.cms | title = West Bengal to raise six state highways to give national highway status | newspaper = The Times of India | date = 2 August 2014 | publisher = The Times of India, 2 August, 2014 | access-date = 14 July 2017}}</ref>

== Route ==
Gajol - Daulatpur - Bansihari- Gangarampur - Harsura - Balurghat - Hilli (near Indo/Bangladesh Border).<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3827425 NH 512 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH12 sr}}
{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in West Bengal]]

Birohi (TV series)

2025-01-22T00:51:34Z

KevinArden: made - done

{{Short description|Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| director = Pradipta Bhattacharyya
| country = India
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| language = Bengali
| company = One Eighty Degree
| network = [[Uribaba]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|09|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|10|12|df=y}}
| producer = [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] Pradipta Bhattacharyya
| music = [[Satyaki Banerjee]]
}}

'''''Birohi''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[streaming television]] series<ref>{{Cite web|title=Birohi (2021) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/birohi-47256|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=2021-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924064934/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/birohi-47256|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by Pradipta Bhattacharyya,<ref>{{Cite web|last=পডকাস্ট|first=এবিপি|date=2021-09-01|title=টলি টেইলস । Tolly Tales । কথোপকথনে পরিচালক প্রদীপ্ত ভট্টাচার্য্য|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/podcasts/tolly-tales/an-exclusive-interview-of-bengali-filmmaker-pradipta-bhattacharyya-832526|access-date=2021-10-24|website=bengali.abplive.com|language=bn|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024181157/https://bengali.abplive.com/podcasts/tolly-tales/an-exclusive-interview-of-bengali-filmmaker-pradipta-bhattacharyya-832526|url-status=live}}</ref> the National award-winning director of ''[[Bakita Byaktigato]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pradipta Bhattacharya’s debut web series Birohi out on YouTube|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pradipta-bhattacharyas-debut-web-series-birohi-out-on-youtube/11d48264c8841|access-date=2021-10-24|website=OTTPlay|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024154655/https://www.ottplay.com/news/pradipta-bhattacharyas-debut-web-series-birohi-out-on-youtube/11d48264c8841|url-status=live}}</ref> released on the Uribaba [[Over-the-top media service in India|OTT]] platform,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uribaba launches the trailer of 5MM On The Rock and Birohi|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/parties/2021/aug/19/uribaba-launches-the-trailer-of-5mm-on-the-rock-and-birohi-1428.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024163339/https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/parties/2021/aug/19/uribaba-launches-the-trailer-of-5mm-on-the-rock-and-birohi-1428.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the first independent free content station of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uribaba Ott Platform: 'উরিবাবা'! সম্পূর্ণ বিনামূল্যে ভিন্ন স্বাদের বিনোদন এক ডিজিটাল ছাতার তলায়|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/uribaba-ott-platform-first-bengali-independent-free-entertainment-content-station-launches-projects-different-genre-soc-291624-2021-08-14|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024154421/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/uribaba-ott-platform-first-bengali-independent-free-entertainment-content-station-launches-projects-different-genre-soc-291624-2021-08-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pradipta tries his hand in romantic-thriller set in rural Bengal - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pradipta-tries-his-hand-in-romantic-thriller-set-in-rural-bengal/articleshow/85361649.cms|access-date=2021-10-24|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024154932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pradipta-tries-his-hand-in-romantic-thriller-set-in-rural-bengal/articleshow/85361649.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uribaba: ‘উরি বাবা'! গান, নাচ, ফিকশন, নন ফিকশন বিনামূল্যে এক ওয়েবে?|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/uribaba-bengals-first-independent-content-station-launching-soon-dgtl/cid/1295677|access-date=2021-10-24|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024162224/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/uribaba-bengals-first-independent-content-station-launching-soon-dgtl/cid/1295677|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the debut streaming series of director Bhattacharya and producer [[Ritwick Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|title=Birohi authentically depicts rural life, says Sayan Ghosh|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/7/31229|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangla|first=TV9|date=2021-06-22|title=প্রযোজক স্বয়ং ঋত্বিক চক্রবর্তী! আসছে জাতীয় পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত প্রদীপ্ত ভট্টাচার্যর প্রথম ওয়েব সিরিজ 'বিরহী'|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/ott/producer-ritwik-chakraborty-is-on-board-pradipta-bhattacharya-is-ready-with-his-first-web-series-birohi-375346.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=TV9 Bangla|language=bn|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172857/https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/ott/producer-ritwik-chakraborty-is-on-board-pradipta-bhattacharya-is-ready-with-his-first-web-series-birohi-375346.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=প্রদীপ্তর 'বিরহী'তে কনসালট্যান্ট ঋত্বিক, পরের পূর্ণদৈর্ঘ্যের ছবিতে হচ্ছেন নায়ক|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/pradipta-bhattacharyas-birohi-going-to-stream-soon-rittick-is-the-consultant-of-the-film_388653.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Zee24Ghanta.com|language=bn|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173509/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/pradipta-bhattacharyas-birohi-going-to-stream-soon-rittick-is-the-consultant-of-the-film_388653.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Media compared ''Birohi'' with the popular [[Hindi]] streaming series [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=পঞ্চায়েতের সঙ্গে তুলনা থেকে গল্পের নয়া মোড়, মুখ খুললেন 'বিরহী'-র কুশিলবরা|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/uribaba-web-series-birohi-team-reacts-about-panchayat-comparison/articleshow/86204116.cms|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Ei Samay|language=bn|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024162643/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/uribaba-web-series-birohi-team-reacts-about-panchayat-comparison/articleshow/86204116.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Birohi Web Series Review (বিরহী সিরিজ রিভিউ) Sayan Ghosh - Bongconnection|url=https://www.bongconnection.online/2021/09/birohi-web-series-review-sayan-ghosh.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Bong Connection|language=en-gb|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024174109/https://www.bongconnection.online/2021/09/birohi-web-series-review-sayan-ghosh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 2 of Birohi was released in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Birohi 2 {{!}} রাধা-কৃষ্ণকে কি পুরনো জগতেই ফিরে যেতে হবে! কবে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে ‘বিরহী’র দ্বিতীয় সিজ়ন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/second-season-of-web-series-birohi-2-coming-soon-dgtl/cid/1390745 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227081917/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/second-season-of-web-series-birohi-2-coming-soon-dgtl/cid/1390745 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মুক্তি পেল বিরহী ২-র ট্রেলার, অপেক্ষার অবসান ঘটিয়ে কবে আসছে কৃষ্ণ-রাধা? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/birohi-season-2-official-trailer-released-know-when-uribaba-series-will-release/articleshow/96137187.cms |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=EI Samay |language=bn |archive-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227082012/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/birohi-season-2-official-trailer-released-know-when-uribaba-series-will-release/articleshow/96137187.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ফিরছে ‘হাওয়া খারাপ’-এর দিন, ‘বিরহী ২’র ট্রেলারে দেখুন কৃষ্ণ মাস্টার ও রাধার নয়া রসায়ন |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/here-is-the-official-trailer-of-birohi-2-series/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227082108/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/here-is-the-official-trailer-of-birohi-2-series/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around the life of a timid, unemployed person, Krishnakanta Haldar. He gets a primary school teacher job in a remote village of Birohi. It presents a hurdles-crossing journey of a teacher who faces the real features of rural Bengal: politics, love, and compassion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=সংবাদদাতা|first=নিজস্ব|title=Web series: আসছে প্রদীপ্ত ভট্টাচার্যের নতুন ওয়েব সিরিজ, ‘বিরহী’|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pradipta-bhattacharyas-first-web-series-is-going-to-release-dgtl/cid/1288724|access-date=2021-10-24|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024162736/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pradipta-bhattacharyas-first-web-series-is-going-to-release-dgtl/cid/1288724|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|title=Birohi trailer: Bold storyline on rural rustic lifestyle in the garb of absurdity|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/sep/6/30889|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=2021-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924064132/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/sep/6/30889|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Sayan Ghosh as Krishnakanta
* Satakshi Nandy as Radha
* Amit Saha as Tyapa Mondal
* Srabanti Bhattacharya as Jamidar
* Dipak Halder as Bom Bolai
* Anuradha Mukherjee as Kalpana
* Soham Maitra as Arun
* Nilay Samiran Nandi as Pokai
* Sk. Sahebul Haque as Ranjit

== Season 1 (2021) ==
The series' first season started streaming on 10 September 2021 with six episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Birohi {{!}} Uribaba|url=https://uribaba.tv/title/S59903107|access-date=2021-10-24|website=uribaba.tv|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024162007/https://uribaba.tv/title/S59903107|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Episode 1
|DirectedBy = Pradipta Bhattacharyya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Episode 2
|DirectedBy = Pradipta Bhattacharyya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|17}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Episode 3
|DirectedBy = Pradipta Bhattacharyya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|09|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Episode 4
|DirectedBy = Pradipta Bhattacharyya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|10|01}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Episode 5
|DirectedBy = Pradipta Bhattacharyya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|10|06}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Episode 6
|DirectedBy = Pradipta Bhattacharyya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|10|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15453972}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]

India at the 2006 World Indoor Championships in Athletics

2024-08-27T22:00:44Z

KevinArden: Put up some details w/ infobox.

{{one source|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox country at games
| IAAF = IND
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| games_link = 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships
| year = 2006
| games = World Indoor Championships in Athletics
| fedname = [[Athletics Federation of India]]
| website = https://indianathletics.in
| location = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| date = 10–12 March 2006
| competitors = 1
| competitors_men = 0
| competitors_women = 1
| events = 1
| rank =
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| appearances = auto
}}
'''India''' competed at the '''[[ 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships]]''' in [[Indianapolis]], [[USA]] from 10th to 12th March 2006.<ref>{{cite web | title=Official Results of the World Indoor athletic championships 2006 | url=https://worldathletics.org/results/iaaf-world-indoor-championships/2006/11th-iaaf-world-indoor-championships-6891682}}</ref>

==Results==

{{smalldiv|1=
;Key
*'''Q''' = Qualified for the next round
*'''q''' = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser ''or'', in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
*'''NR''' = National record
*'''PB''' = Personal best
*'''SB''' = Season best
*'''NM''' = No Mark (Failed to register any distance)
*'''N/A''' = Round not applicable for the event}}

=== Women ===
'''Field events'''
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position

|-style=text-align:center
|style=text-align:left|[[Anju Bobby George]]
| style="text-align:left"|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump|Long Jump]]
|6.34m
|12
|{{n/a}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://worldathletics.org/results/iaaf-world-indoor-championships/2006/11th-iaaf-world-indoor-championships-6891682]

{{India at the World Athletics Championships}}

[[Category:2006 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:India at the World Athletics Championships|2006]]
[[Category:2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships]]

Kanwar Singh (doctor)

2024-08-19T18:54:00Z

KevinArden: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Kanwar Singh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bahupur, Raebareli

2024-03-22T09:22:58Z

KevinArden: created first details initial version.

{{other uses|Bahupur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahupur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sareni block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Bahupur (#731) in Sareni CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.101576|N|80.81789|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.976
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 512
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bahupur''' is a village in [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=262–87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 17 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 512 people, in 100 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has no healthcare facilities and does not host a weekly [[haat]] or a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Raipur, Sareni|Raipur]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Bahupur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 243 people (120 male and 123 female), in 48 households and 41 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=104–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 229 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 26 residents were literate, 24 male and 2 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] and the [[thana]] of Sareni.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bahupur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 318 people (159 male and 159 female), in 58 households and 48 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxxii-lxxiii of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 229 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bahupur as having a population of 377 people, in 71 households, and having an area of 97.94 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=144–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Bahupur as having a total population of 448 people (219 male and 229 female), in 78 households and 78 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 174–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 76 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 76, or 17% of the total; this group was 43% male (33) and 57% female (43).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 54% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 38% (108 men and 62 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 157 people were classified as main workers (114 men and 43 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 291 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 54 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 90 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 1 worker employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 0 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 12 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]