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Pranati Nayak

2023-09-30T20:52:18Z

Keran3: added Category:Gymnasts at the 2022 Asian Games

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian artistic gymnast (born 1995)}}
{{Infobox gymnast
|name= Pranati Nayak
|image=
|imagesize=
|caption=
|formercountry=
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1995|04|06|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[West Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]]
|residence= [[Kolkata]], West Bengal
|death_date=
|death_place=
|height= 144 cm<ref name="gc2018"/>
|discipline=WAG
|level= Senior International Elite
|natlteam=
|gym=
|collegeteam=
|headcoach= Minara Begum
|assistcoach=
|formercoach=
|choreographer=
|music=
|eponymousskills=
|retired=
|show-medals= yes
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport | Women's [[artistic gymnastics]] }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Gymnastics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2019 Ulaanbaatar]]|Vault}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2022 Doha]]|Vault}}
}}

'''Pranati Nayak''' (born 6 April 1995)<ref name="gc2018">{{cite web |title=Pranati Nayak |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/artistic-gymnastics/athlete-profile-n6069448-pranati-nayak.htm |website=Gold Coast 2018 |publisher=Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509133331/https://results.gc2018.com/en/artistic-gymnastics/athlete-profile-n6069448-pranati-nayak.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian artistic gymnast. She is the [[2019 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2019 Asian Championships]] [[Vault (gymnastics)|vault]] bronze medalist. She is the third Indian gymnast to win an international medal on the vault, after [[Dipa Karmakar]] and [[Aruna Reddy]]. She represented [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics]] and is only the second Indian female gymnast to qualify for the Olympic Games. She is also the 2019 Indian all-around champion. She represented [[India at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]] and [[India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]] and at the [[India at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]] and [[India at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Asian Games]]. She also competed at the [[2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2014]], [[2017 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2017]], and [[2019 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2019 World Championships]].

== Early and personal life ==
Nayak was born on 6 April 1995 in [[Purba Medinipur district|East Midnapore]]. Her father worked as a state transport bus driver in West Bengal until 2017 when he took an office job, and her mother is a housewife.<ref name="bridge">{{cite web | url=https://thebridge.in/gymnastics/daughter-bus-driver-gymnast-pranati-nayak-reached-olympics-21274 | title=How the daughter of a bus driver, gymnast Pranati Nayak, reached the Olympics | date=2 May 2021 | publisher=The Bridge | accessdate=7 May 2021 | archive-date=7 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507044906/https://thebridge.in/gymnastics/daughter-bus-driver-gymnast-pranati-nayak-reached-olympics-21274 | url-status=live }}</ref> She began gymnastics when she was six years old.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Samrat |title=Pranati Nayak: The daughter of a bus driver set to create waves at Tokyo 2020! |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pranati-nayak-the-daughter-of-a-bus-driver-set-to-create-waves-at-tokyo-2020 |website=Olympics |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=24 July 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232238/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pranati-nayak-the-daughter-of-a-bus-driver-set-to-create-waves-at-tokyo-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> She moved to [[Kolkata]] to train in 2003, and her coach Minara Begum paid for her living expenses.<ref name="ie"/> She speaks [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, and [[Hindi]].<ref name="gc2018"/>

== Career ==
Nayak's first major international competition was the [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Commonwealth Games]]. She competed in [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic team all-around|the team competition]] with [[Aruna Reddy]], [[Pranati Das]], [[Rucha Divekar]], and [[Dipa Karmakar]], and they placed eleventh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow 2014 Gymnastics Artistic Women's Team Final |url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/PEVU/PEVU_GAW400101.html |website=Glasgow 2014 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232240/http://results.glasgow2014.com/PEVU/PEVU_GAW400101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same team in addition to [[Payel Bhattacharjee]] represented [[India at the 2014 Asian Games]] and placed eighth in [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's artistic team|the team event]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gymnastics Artistic Women's Qualification And Team Final |url=https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/2014/as/kor/asiangames/wag/teamsfinal.pdf |website=Gymnastics Results |publisher=Incheon 2014 |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232239/https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/2014/as/kor/asiangames/wag/teamsfinal.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Individually, Nayak qualified for [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's artistic individual all-around|the all-around final]] and finished twentieth with a total [[Code of Points (gymnastics)|score]] of 43.800.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gymnastics Artistic Women's Individual All-Around Final |url=https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/2014/as/kor/asiangames/wag/aafinal.pdf |website=Gymnastics Results |publisher=Incheon 2014 |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232239/https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/2014/as/kor/asiangames/wag/aafinal.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The same Indian team competed again at the [[2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2014 World Championships]] and finished last out of the thirty-eight teams.<ref>{{cite web |title=45th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships in Nanning (CHN) Women's Qualification |url=https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/worlds/2014/wag/teamsqual.pdf |website=Gymnastics Results |publisher=[[International Gymnastics Federation]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=5 October 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424203057/https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/worlds/2014/wag/teamsqual.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nayak competed at the [[2017 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2017 Asian Championships]] where she finished fourteenth in the all-around.<ref>{{cite web |title=Results for 7th Senior Asian Championships 2017, BANGKOK 2017 (THA) All-Around |url=https://database.fig-gymnastics.com/public/results/display/15133?csrfToken=ebad3799f870627b5adf289617d808dfc6b924b6-1644706818953-a6993f8152842e1cd7e85c68&backUrl=&idAgeCategory=4&idCategory=65&idFederation= |website=[[International Gymnastics Federation]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232242/https://database.fig-gymnastics.com/public/results/display/15133?csrfToken=ebad3799f870627b5adf289617d808dfc6b924b6-1644706818953-a6993f8152842e1cd7e85c68&backUrl=&idAgeCategory=4&idCategory=65&idFederation= |url-status=live }}</ref> She qualified for the vault event final and finished fourth and the [[balance beam]] event final and finished fifth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Results for 7th Senior Asian Championships 2017, BANGKOK 2017 (THA) Vault |url=https://database.fig-gymnastics.com/public/results/display/15133?csrfToken=855b53dc29008ce3f042174c78f096adcd1933eb-1644706931056-a6993f8152842e1cd7e85c68&backUrl=&idAgeCategory=4&idCategory=66&idFederation= |website=[[International Gymnastics Federation]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232242/https://database.fig-gymnastics.com/public/results/display/15133?csrfToken=855b53dc29008ce3f042174c78f096adcd1933eb-1644706931056-a6993f8152842e1cd7e85c68&backUrl=&idAgeCategory=4&idCategory=66&idFederation= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Results for 7th Senior Asian Championships 2017, BANGKOK 2017 (THA) Balance Beam |url=https://database.fig-gymnastics.com/public/results/display/15133?csrfToken=a609a82ab005f9feee7ebbcaf3226878d4f78c85-1644706906913-a6993f8152842e1cd7e85c68&backUrl=&idAgeCategory=4&idCategory=68&idFederation= |website=[[International Gymnastics Federation]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234905/https://database.fig-gymnastics.com/public/results/display/15133?csrfToken=a609a82ab005f9feee7ebbcaf3226878d4f78c85-1644706906913-a6993f8152842e1cd7e85c68&backUrl=&idAgeCategory=4&idCategory=68&idFederation= |url-status=live }}</ref> She then competed at the [[2017 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2017 World Championships]] and finished sixty-eighth in the all-around during the qualification round.<ref>{{cite web |title=47th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships 2017 Montréal (CAN) Women's Individual All-Around Qualification |url=https://gymnasticsresults.com/results/2017/worlds/documents/wag/qaa.pdf |website=Gymnastics Results |publisher=[[International Gymnastics Federation]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020143019/https://gymnasticsresults.com/results/2017/worlds/documents/wag/qaa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nayak qualified for the vault final at the [[2018 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series|2018 Melbourne World Cup]] and finished sixth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Lauren |title=2018 Melbourne World Cup Results |url=https://thegymter.net/2018/02/22/2018-melbourne-world-cup-results/ |website=The Gymternet |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232241/https://thegymter.net/2018/02/22/2018-melbourne-world-cup-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She then represented [[India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]] alongside [[Aruna Reddy]] and [[Pranati Das]] where they finished seventh in [[Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic team all-around|the team competition]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Results - Women's Team Final and Individual Qualification |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/artistic-gymnastics/results-w-qual-000004-.htm |website=Gold Coast 2018 |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117212758/https://results.gc2018.com/en/artistic-gymnastics/results-w-qual-000004-.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Individually, Nayak qualified for [[Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's vault|the vault event final]] where she finished eighth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artistic Gymnastics Women's Vault Final |url=https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/GAR/CG2018-_GAR_C73J_GARW1APVT-------------FNL---------.pdf |website=Gold Coast 2018 |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107185239/https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/GAR/CG2018-_GAR_C73J_GARW1APVT-------------FNL---------.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayak, Reddy, and Das were joined by [[Mandira Chowdhury]] and [[Dipa Karmakar]] at the [[2018 Asian Games]] where they placed seventh in [[Gymnastics at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's artistic team|the team final]]. Nayak qualified for [[Gymnastics at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's vault|the vault final]] and placed eighth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Lauren |title=2018 Asian Games Results |url=https://thegymter.net/2018/08/28/2018-asian-games-results/ |website=The Gymternet |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118205804/https://thegymter.net/2018/08/28/2018-asian-games-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nayak won the gold medal in the all-around at the 2019 Indian Championships.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Lauren |title=2019 Indian Championships Results |url=https://thegymter.net/2019/05/21/2019-indian-championships-results/ |website=The Gymternet |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305160640/https://thegymter.net/2019/05/21/2019-indian-championships-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[2019 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2019 Asian Championships]], she finished thirteenth in the all-around.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Lauren |title=2019 Asian Championships Results |url=https://thegymter.net/2019/06/24/2019-asian-championships-results/ |website=The Gymternet |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=24 June 2019 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203061516/https://thegymter.net/2019/06/24/2019-asian-championships-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She won the bronze medal on the vault with an average score of 13.384.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/in-the-land-of-dipa-karmakar-pranati-nayak-vaults-into-reckoning/articleshow/69985118.cms | title=In the land of Dipa Karmakar, Pranati Nayak vaults into reckoning | work=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Bhattacharya | first1=Nilesh | date=28 June 2019 | accessdate=7 May 2021 | archive-date=10 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510154025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/in-the-land-of-dipa-karmakar-pranati-nayak-vaults-into-reckoning/articleshow/69985118.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> She was the third Indian gymnast to win a vault medal in a major international competition after [[Dipa Karmakar]] at the [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's vault|2014 Commonwealth Games]] and [[Aruna Reddy]] at the [[2018 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series|2018 Melbourne World Cup]].<ref name="ie">{{Cite web|date=22 June 2019|title=Pranati Nayak vaults to a bronze at Asian meet: For my father, a bus driver|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/she-vaults-to-a-bronze-at-asian-meet-for-my-father-a-bus-driver-5794086/|access-date=23 July 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|last1=Naik|first1=Shivani|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513090301/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/she-vaults-to-a-bronze-at-asian-meet-for-my-father-a-bus-driver-5794086/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fivethings">{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Samrat |title=Five things to know about Pranati Nayak: The gymnast set for Tokyo 2020 |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/five-things-to-know-about-pranati-nayak-the-gymnast-set-for-tokyo-2020 |website=Olympics |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213005809/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/five-things-to-know-about-pranati-nayak-the-gymnast-set-for-tokyo-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[2019 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2019 World Championships]], Nayak missed the all-around placement cutoff for the 2020 Olympic Games by less than three points.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/how-pranati-nayak-prepared-for-tokyo-2020-in-60-days | title=How Pranati Nayak prepared for Tokyo 2020 in 60 days! | website=Olympics | publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] | first1=Samrat | last1=Chakraborty | date=24 July 2021 | accessdate=7 September 2021 | archive-date=7 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907144838/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/how-pranati-nayak-prepared-for-tokyo-2020-in-60-days | url-status=live }}</ref>

Nayak earned a [[Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Qualification|continental quota spot]] to the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] alongside [[Sri Lanka]]’s [[Milka Gehani]] after the cancellation of the [[2021 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2021 Asian Championships]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=1 May 2021|title=Gymnast Pranati Nayak to compete at Tokyo Olympics after winning Asian quota|url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/31370238/gymnast-pranati-nayak-compete-tokyo-olympics-winning-asian-quota|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202645/https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/31370238/gymnast-pranati-nayak-compete-tokyo-olympics-winning-asian-quota|url-status=live}}</ref> She was only the second female gymnast to represent [[India at the Olympics]], after [[Dipa Karmakar]].<ref name="bridge"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lahiri |first1=Dipankar |title=The case of the missing Vault: Gymnast Pranati Nayak, coach take on unsavoury rumours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/pranati-nayak-missing-vault-gymnast-coach-on-rumours-7428231/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232238/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/pranati-nayak-missing-vault-gymnast-coach-on-rumours-7428231/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was only able to train for two months prior to the Olympics due her gym being closed for a year during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="fivethings"/> At the Olympics, she finished seventy-ninth in the all-around with a total score of 42.565 during [[Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic qualification|the qualification round]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Artistic Gymnastics Women Qualification |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/GAR/OG2020-_GAR_C73B_GARW------------------QUAL--------.pdf |website=[[International Olympic Committee]] |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827151151/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/GAR/OG2020-_GAR_C73B_GARW------------------QUAL--------.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2021 |date=25 July 2021}}</ref> She did not qualify for any of the finals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo Olympics 2021: Pranati Nayak fails to qualify for All Round finals |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2021-pranati-nayak-fails-to-qualify-for-all-round-finals/article35519727.ece |website=[[The Hindu Businessline]] |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222145314/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2021-pranati-nayak-fails-to-qualify-for-all-round-finals/article35519727.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Competitive history==
{| class="wikitable" border=1 style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"
|-
! Year
! Event
! style="width:30px;" | Team
! style="width:30px;" | AA
! style="width:30px;" | [[Vault (gymnastics)|VT]]
! style="width:30px;" | [[Uneven bars|UB]]
! style="width:30px;" | [[Balance beam|BB]]
! style="width:30px;" | [[Floor (gymnastics)|FX]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|'''2014'''
|-bgcolor="#afeeee"
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]|| 11 || || || || ||
|-bgcolor=#F5F6CE
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Asian Games|Asian Games]]|| 8 || 20 || || || ||
|-style="background:#ccf;"
|align=left|[[2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|World Championships]]|| ''38'' || || || || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''2017'''
|-bgcolor=#F5F6CE
|align=left|[[2017 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|Asian Championships]]|| || 14 || 4 || || 5 ||
|-style="background:#ccf;"
|align=left|[[2017 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|World Championships]]|| || ''68'' || || || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''2018'''||align=left|[[2018 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series|Melbourne World Cup]]|| || || 6 || || ||
|-bgcolor="#afeeee"
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]|| 7 || || 8 || || ||
|-bgcolor=#F5F6CE
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]]|| 7 || || 8 || || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''2019'''||align=left|Indian Championships|| || {{goca}} || || || ||
|-bgcolor=#F5F6CE
|align=left|[[2019 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|Asian Championships]]|| || 13 || {{brca}} || || ||
|-style="background:#ccf;"
|align=left|[[2017 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|World Championships]]|| || ''127'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''[[2021 in artistic gymnastics|2021]]'''
|-bgcolor=98FB98
| align=left|'''[[Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]'''|| || ''79'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''[[2022 in artistic gymnastics|2022]]'''
|- bgcolor=#F5F6CE
| align=left | [[2022 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships|Asian Championships]] || 7 || 21 || {{brca}} || || ||
|-bgcolor="#afeeee"
| align=left | [[Gymnastics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] || 9 || || 5 || || ||
|- bgcolor=#CCCCFF
| align=left | [[2022 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|World Championships]] || || || ''26'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''[[2023 in artistic gymnastics|2023]]'''
|- bgcolor=#f0fccf
| align=left | [[Gymnastics at the 2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]] || || || 8 || || ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Gymnastics in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIG|bio=26663|lic=10249|name=Pranati Nayak}}
* {{instagram|pranatinayak01|Pranati Nayak}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Pranati}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian female artistic gymnasts]]
[[Category:Olympic gymnasts for India]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Briddhi Lakshmi

2023-09-11T01:03:24Z

Keran3: Article established.

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Briddhi Lakshmi
| image = Gold plated bronze statue of a Nepalese woman.jpg
| caption = Possible gold plated bronze image of Briddhi Lakshmi
| succession = [[Kingdom of Bhaktapur|Queen Consort of Bhaktapur]]
| reign =
| predecessor = [[Vishva Lakshmi]]
| successor = ''Position abolished''
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Bettiah]], Present day [[India]]
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place = [[Bhaktapur Durbar Square]], [[Kingdom of Bhaktapur]]
(Present day [[Bhaktapur]], [[Nepal]])
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Ranajit Malla]] (m. 1712)
| issue = Devendra Malla
| house-type = Dynasty
| father =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| succession1 = Queen of [[Thimi]] and [[Banepa]]
| reign1 = c.1742 — c.1743
| predecessor1 = ''Postion establsihed''
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| succession2 =
| reign2 =
| royal house =
}}
'''Briddhi Lakshmi''' ([[Nepal bhasa|Nepal Bhasa]]: {{Script|Newa|𑐰𑐺𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐶𑐮𑐎𑑂𑐲𑑂𑐩𑐷}}) was the queen consort of the [[Kingdom of Bhaktapur]] (modern day [[Bhaktapur]]), the first wife of [[Ranajit Malla]] and a well renowned [[Newar language]] poet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dhaubhadel |first=Om Prasad |title=''Ranajita Malla ra satbahale rajkumara haru'' |language=Ne |volume=286 |pages=33–38 |work=Bhaktapur |publisher=Bhaktapur Municipality |url=https://www.bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/BKT-286%20A.pdf}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book |last=Tuladhar |first=Prem Shanti |url=https://archive.org/details/NepalbhashaSahityayaItihasPremShantiTuladhar_201712 |title=''Nepal Bhasa Sahitya ya Itihasa'' |publisher=Nepal Bhasa Academy |year=2000 |isbn= |pages=54 |language=New}}</ref> For a brief period, she was also the monarch of an independent [[Thimi]] and [[Banepa]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Regmi |first=DR |title=Medieval Nepal Part II |publisher=Rupa and Co |year=2007 |isbn=978-8129110985 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=246–248}}</ref> She is today mostly remembered for the songs and poems she composed, some of which are still sung today by traditional [[Dapha music|Dapha]] groups in [[Madhyapur Thimi|Thimi]].<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite book |last=Tuladhar |first=Prem Shanti |url=https://archive.org/details/NepalbhashaSahityayaItihasPremShantiTuladhar_201712 |title=''Nepal Bhasa Sahitya ya Itihasa'' |publisher=Nepal Bhasa Academy |year=2000 |isbn= |pages=54 |language=New}}</ref>

She was born in a noble family in [[Bettiah]], in modern-day [[India]] and had a brother named Murāri Rāya .<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bajrācārya |first=Cundā |url=https://archive.org/details/ranajeet-mallaya-ihipayata-bhamcha-kahvanguya-dharahpau-chundra-vajracharya |title=Raṇajīta Mallayā ihipāyāta bhamca kāḥvaṅguyā-dharaḥpau |publisher=Rāmabhakta Bhommi |language=New}}</ref> In 1712, an envoy was sent from [[Bhaktapur]] to fetch her to the kingdom and marry her to then crown prince [[Ranajit Malla]].<ref name=":2" /> Although, she was extremely well loved by the populace of the kingdom, she found herself more isolated in the palace. After failing to provide a male heir, she found herself replaced by Jaya Lakshmi, a favorite concubine of [[Ranajit Malla]]. By the time she gave birth to Devendra Malla, Jaya Lakshmi's eldest son had already reached maturity.<ref name=":0" /> The people in the kingdom wanted her newborn to be the crown prince, since she was the queen consort, however Jaya Lakshmi who held significant power in the palace was against this idea and so she found herself in precarious situation.<ref name=":1" /> After her followers in the palace were assassinated one by one, she fled to [[Thimi]] with her infant son and the populace of [[Thimi]] soon after her arrival declared [[Thimi]] as an independent state from the [[Kingdom of Bhaktapur]] with Briddhi Lakshmi as their queen.<ref name=":1" />

She was a prolific poet and songwriter in the [[Newar language]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Only six of her works survive today, however, preserved by traditional singing groups in [[Thimi]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Her poem, "{{Script|Newa|𑐎 𑐏 𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐾}}" (''ka kha yā mye''), which she composed when her and her infant's safety was compromised in the palace, is considered one of the greatest works in the [[Newar language]].<ref name="autogenerated2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Newar-language poets from Nepal]]
[[Category:18th-century Nepalese nobility]]

Tara News

2023-02-10T02:23:37Z

Keran3: Crafted an original article.

#REDIRECT [[Tara Newz]]

Western Ganga dynasty

2022-07-02T10:21:09Z

Keran3: Fresh article format.

{{short description|Ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = 
|conventional_long_name = Western Ganga dynasty
|common_name = Western Gangas
|status = Kingdom
|status_text = Kingdom (Subordinate to [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] until 350)
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = 350
|year_end = 1000
|event_pre = Earliest Ganga records
|date_pre = 400
|p1 = Pallava dynasty
|s1 = Chola dynasty
|image_map = Western-ganga-empire-map.svg
|image_map_caption = Core Western Ganga Territory
|capital = [[Kolar]] [[Talakad]]
|common_languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = [[Jainism]] [[Hinduism]]
|leader1 = Konganivarma Madhava
|leader2 = Rachamalla V
|year_leader1 = 350–370
|year_leader2 = 986–999
|title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| today = [[India]]
}}
{{anchor|Western Ganga kings}}
{{Western Ganga kings}}
[[File:TalakadInscription.jpg|thumb|upright|Old Kannada inscription of {{Circa|726 CE}}, discovered in Talakad, from the rule of King Shivamara I or Sripurusha]]
[[File:ganga file.jpg|thumb|Ganga Dynasty emblem on a 10th-century copper plate]]
'''Western Ganga''' was an important ruling dynasty of ancient [[Karnataka]] in India which lasted from about 350 to 1000 CE. They are known as "Western Gangas" to distinguish them from the [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] who in later centuries ruled over [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (modern [[Odisha]] and Northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]). The general belief is that the Western Gangas began their rule during a time when multiple native clans asserted their freedom due to the weakening of the [[Pallava]] empire in [[South India]], a geo-political event sometimes attributed to the southern conquests of [[Samudra Gupta]]. The Western Ganga sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, initially ruling from [[Kolar]] and later, moving their capital to [[Talakadu]] on the banks of the [[Kaveri River]] in modern [[Mysore district]].

After the rise of the imperial [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], the Gangas accepted Chalukya overlordship and fought for the cause of their overlords against the [[Pallavas]] of [[Kanchi]]. The Chalukyas were replaced by the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]] in 753 CE as the dominant power in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. After a century of struggle for autonomy, the Western Gangas finally accepted Rashtrakuta overlordship and successfully fought alongside them against their foes, the [[Chola Dynasty]] of [[Tanjavur]]. In the late 10th century, north of Tungabhadra river, the Rashtrakutas were replaced by the emerging Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola Dynasty saw renewed power south of the [[Kaveri]] river. The defeat of the Western Gangas by Cholas around 1000 resulted in the end of the Ganga influence over the region.

Though territorially a small kingdom, the Western Ganga contribution to [[polity]], culture and literature of the modern south Karnataka region is considered important. The Western Ganga kings showed benevolent tolerance to all faiths but are most famous for their patronage toward [[Jainism]] resulting in the construction of monuments in places such as [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]]. The kings of this dynasty encouraged the fine arts due to which literature in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] flourished. [[Chavundaraya]]'s writing, ''Chavundaraya Purana'' of 978 CE, is an important work in Kannada prose. Many classics were written on various subjects ranging from [[religion]] to [[elephant]] management.

==History==
{{See also|Origin of the Western Ganga Dynasty}}
Multiple theories have been proposed regarding the ancestry of the founders of the Western Ganga dynasty (prior to the 4th century). Some mythical accounts point to a [[North India|northern]] origin,<ref name="kanva">(Rice in Adiga 2006, p88)</ref><ref name="kudd">{{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm |author=Jayaswal in Arthikaje, Mangalore |publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=2007-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215103823/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm |archive-date=15 December 2006 }}</ref> while theories based on [[epigraphy]] suggest a [[South India|southern]] origin. According to some records, the Western Gangas were of the Kanvayana [[gotra]] and traced their lineage to the [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvaku]]s of the [[solar dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International, 1999 - India - 668 pages|page=461}}</ref> Historians who propose the southern origin have further debated whether the early petty chieftains of the clan (prior to their rise to power) were natives of the southern districts of modern Karnataka,<ref name="Stein">{{Cite book|title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India|last=Stein|first=Burton|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=318|location=Delhi|isbn=9780195610659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4duAAAAMAAJ&q=gangadikaras}}:”Indeed, the very lacklustre of the Ganga rulers who preceded the Cholas and Hoysalas suggests that they were essentially peasant chiefs who neither sought nor managed to break their ties with the dominant peasant folk of the territory. That peasantry still identifies itself with the ancient Ganga designation; they are called, Gangadikaras who in 1891 comprised forty-four per cent of the total population of the land-controlling peasantry of Mysore State (i.e. Vokkaligas). Gangadikara is a slight contraction of the term Gangavadikara, or "men of the Ganga country".</ref><ref name="Ganga-arasu">{{cite book |author1=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer |title=The Mysore Tribes And Castes|volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209458/page/n187/mode/1up?|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore University|page=69|oclc=551178895}}:"The Gangadikara seem to be a more recent stratum, whose name reminds us of the Ganga-kings, who ruled in Mysore in the 10th century. We may regard their connections with the former ancient ruling house as very similar to those of the Arasu, the present-day aristocracy of Mysore, with the present- day ruling family".</ref><ref name="argue">Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p89</ref><ref name="argue1">Sarma (1992), pp1–3</ref><ref name="argue3">Ramesh (1984), pp1–2</ref><ref name="argue2">{{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm |author=R. S. Panchamukhi and Lakshminarayana Rao in Arthikaje, Mangalore |publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=2007-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215103823/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm |archive-date=15 December 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=I. M. Muthanna|title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gangadhikaras|location=Carnatic (India)|publisher=Lotus Printers, 1977|page=46|quote=The Gangavadi Rulers : Between the Kadamba territory and the Pallava kingdom was the land of the Gangas known as Gangavadi , a 96,000 — Province in the southern part of the Karnataka area. The people called the Gangadhikaras formed a large section of the agricultural population . They ruled the greater part of Karnataka from the second century till about the eleventh century.|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425023103/https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gangadhikaras|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Kongu Nadu]] region in modern [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="konguregion">Baji and Arokiaswamy in Adiga (2006), p89</ref><ref name="kanga">{{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm |author1=Robert Sewell |author2=Vishwanatha in Arthikaje, Mangalore |name-list-style=amp |publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=2007-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215103823/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm |archive-date=15 December 2006 }}</ref> or of the southern districts of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="cud">Kamath (2001), p39</ref><ref name="cud1">Krishna Rao in Adiga (2006), p88</ref> These regions encompass an area of the southern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] where the three modern states merge geographically. It is theorised that the Gangas may have taken advantage of the confusion caused by the invasion of southern India by the [[North India|northern]] king [[Samudra Gupta]] prior to 350, and carved out a kingdom for themselves. The area they controlled was called Gangavadi and included regions of the modern districts of [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]] [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]], [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Mandya district|Mandya]] and [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]] in Karnataka state.<ref name="bang">Kamath (2001), pp39–40</ref> At times, they also controlled some areas in modern [[Tamil Nadu]] (Kongu region starting from the 6th century rule of King Avinita) and [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Ananthpur region starting from the middle of the 5th century).<ref name="grow"/> The founding king of the dynasty was Konganivarma Madhava who made [[Kolar]] his capital around 350 and ruled for about twenty years.<ref name="grow"/>

By the time of Harivarma in 390, the Gangas had consolidated their kingdom with [[Talakad]] as their capital. Their move from the early capital Kolar may have been a strategic one with the intention of containing the growing [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] power.<ref name="grow">Sarma (1992), p4</ref> By 430 they had consolidated their eastern territories comprising modern Bangalore, Kolar and Tumkur districts and by 470 they had gained control over Kongu region in modern Tamil Nadu, Sendraka (modern [[Chikkamagaluru]] and [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]), Punnata and Pannada regions (comprising modern [[Heggadadevanakote]] and [[Nanjangud]]) in modern Karnataka.<ref name="issue">Adiga 2006, p97, p100</ref><ref name="insc">From the Cakra-Kedara grant, Kodunjeruvu grant (Adiga 2006, p99</ref> In 529, King [[Durvinita]] ascended the throne after waging a war with his younger brother who was favoured by his father, King [[Avinita]].<ref name="crown">Kamath (2001), p40</ref> Some accounts suggest that in this power struggle, the Pallavas of Kanchi supported Avinita's choice of heir and the Badami Chalukya King Vijayaditya supported his father-in-law, Durvinita.<ref name="sides">Sheik Ali and Ramesh in Adiga (2006), p100–101</ref> From the inscriptions it is known that these battles were fought in Tondaimandalam and Kongu regions (northern Tamil Nadu) prompting historians to suggest that Durvinita fought the Pallavas successfully.<ref name="tondai">Adiga (2006), p101</ref> Considered the most successful of the Ganga kings, Durvinita was well versed in arts such as music, dance, [[ayurveda]] and taming wild elephants. Some inscriptions sing paeans to him by comparing him to [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] – figures from Hindu mythology known for their wisdom and fairness.<ref name="Nal">from the Nallala grant (Kamath 2001, p41)</ref><ref name="Nal1">Adiga (2006), p109</ref>

Politically, the Gangas were feudatories and close allies who also shared matrimonial relations with the Chalukyas. This is attested by inscriptions which describe their joint campaigns against their arch enemy, the Pallavas of Kanchi.<ref name="arch">From the Aihole inscriptions and the Jangamarahalli inscription (Adiga 2006, 102)</ref> From the year 725 onwards, the Gangavadi territories came to be called as the "Gangavadi-96000" (''Shannavati Sahasra [[Vishaya]]'') comprising the eastern and western provinces of modern south Karnataka.<ref name="nintysix">(Adiga 2006, p103)</ref> King [[Sripurusha]] fought the Pallava King Nandivarman Pallavamalla successfully, bringing Penkulikottai in north [[Arcot]] under his control temporarily for which he earned the title ''Permanadi''.<ref name="Perm">From the Shimoga records (N.L. Rao in Kamath 2001, p41)</ref><ref name="rec">The title was given to a later Ganga King Rachamalla I (Ramesh in Adiga p115), the Agali grant and Devarahalli inscription calls Sripurusha ''Maharajadhiraja Paramamahesvara Bhatara'' (Adiga 2006, pp115–116)</ref> A contest with the Pandyas of [[Madurai]] over control of Kongu region ended in a Ganga defeat, but a matrimony between a Ganga princess and Rajasimha Pandya's son brought peace helping the Gangas retain control over the contested region.<ref name="parama">Sastri in Adiga 2006, p115</ref><ref name="salem">From Salem plates of Sripurusha dated 771 and the Koramangala grant (Ramesh in Adiga 2006, p116)</ref>

In 753, when the Rashtrakutas replaced the Badami Chalukyas as the dominant force in the Deccan, the Gangas offered stiff resistance for about a century.<ref name="strive">Kamath (2001), p42</ref><ref name="fight">From several Tumkur inscriptions (Adiga 2006, p117)</ref> King [[Shivamara II]] is mostly known for his wars with the Rashtrakuta [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]], his subsequent defeat and imprisonment, his release from prison and eventually his death on the battle field. The Ganga resistance continued through the reign of Rashtrakuta [[Govinda III]] and by 819, a Ganga resurgence gained them partial control over Gangavadi under King Rachamalla.<ref name="rach">Adiga 2006, p118</ref> Seeing the futility of waging war with the Western Ganga, Rashtrakuta Amoghavarsha I gave his daughter Chandrabbalabbe in marriage to Ganga prince Butuga I, son of King Ereganga Neetimarga. The Gangas thereafter became staunch allies of the Rashtrakutas, a position they maintained till the end of the Rashtrakuta dynasty of Manyakheta.<ref name="pave">from the Konnur inscriptions of 860 and Rajaramadu inscription (Adiga 2006, p119)</ref><ref name="stan">From the Keregodi Rangapura plates and Chikka Sarangi inscription of 903 (Adiga 2006, p119)</ref><ref name="plate">Kamath (2001), p43</ref>

After an uneventful period, [[Butuga II]] ascended the throne in 938 with the help of Rashtrakuta [[Amoghavarsha III]] (whose daughter he married).<ref name="north">Kamath (2001), p44</ref> He helped the Rashtrakutas win decisive victories in [[Sangam period|Tamilakam]] in the [[battle of Takkolam]] against the [[Chola Dynasty]]. With this victory, the Rashtrakutas took control of modern northern Tamil Nadu.<ref name="kanchi1">Tirukkalukkunram and Laksmeshwar inscriptions – Kanchi and Tanjore were annexed by [[Krishna III]] who was an incarnation of death for the Chola Dynasty (Reu 1933, p83)</ref><ref name="kanchi2">Thapar 2003, p334</ref><ref name="kanchi3">Sastri 1955, p162</ref> In return for their valour, the Gangas were awarded extensive territories in the [[Tungabhadra]] river valley.<ref name="north" /><ref name="north1">From the Kudlur inscription of King Marasimha II (Adiga 2006, p120)</ref> King Marasimha II who came to power in 963 aided the Rashtrakutas in victories against the Gurjara [[Pratihara]] King Lalla and the [[Paramara]] kings of [[Malwa]] in [[Central India]].<ref name="central">From the [[Kukkanur]] inscription (Adiga 2006, p122)</ref><ref name="malwa">These victories were recorded in a [[Kannada]] inscription of 964 near [[Jabalpur]] (Kamath 2001, p83)</ref> [[Chavundaraya]], a minister in the Western Ganga court was a valiant commander, able administrator and an accomplished poet in [[Kannada]] and Sanskrit.<ref name="ablest">Kamath (2001), p45</ref><ref name="ablest1">Sastri (1955), pp356–357</ref> He served King Marasimha II and his successors ably and helped King Rachamalla IV suppress a civil war in 975. Towards the end of the 10th century, the Rashtrakutas had been supplanted by the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] in [[Manyakheta]]. In the south, the [[Chola Dynasty]] who were seeing a resurgence of power under [[Rajaraja Chola I]] conquered Gangavadi around the year 1000, bringing the Western Ganga dynasty to an end. Thereafter, large areas of south Karnataka region came under Chola control for about a century.<ref name="controlling">Kamath (2001), p118</ref>

==Administration==
{{See also|Western Ganga administration}}
The Western Ganga administration was influenced by principles stated in the ancient text ''[[arthashastra]]''. The ''praje gavundas'' mentioned in the Ganga records held responsibilities similar to those of the village elders (''gramavriddhas'') mentioned by [[Kautilya]]. Succession to the throne was hereditary but there were instances when this was overlooked.<ref name="admin1">Kamath (2001), p46</ref> The kingdom was divided into ''Rashtra'' (district) and further into ''Visaya'' (consisting of possibly 1000 villages) and ''Desa''. From the 8th century, the Sanskrit term ''Visaya'' was replaced by the [[Kannada]] term ''Nadu''. Examples of this change are Sindanadu-8000 and Punnadu-6000,<ref name="admin2">Adiga (2006), p10</ref> with scholars differing about the significance of the numerical suffix. They opine that it was either the revenue yield of the division computed in cash terms<ref name="admin3">Rice in Adiga (2006), p15)</ref> or the number of fighting men in that division or the number of revenue paying hamlets in that division<ref name="admin5">Sharma in Adiga (2006), p16</ref> or the number of villages included in that territory.<ref name="admin3"/>

{{ Annotated image
| image=Map of the Gupta Empire.png
| width=290
| image-width = 290 
| image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = right
| annotations =
{{Annotation|230|5|text-align=center|South-Asia 400-450 CE|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|115|215|text-align=center|[[Kalabhra dynasty|KALABHRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|115|195|text-align=center|WESTERN GANGAS|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|43|65|text-align=center|[[Hind (Sasanian province)|SASANIAN HIND]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|85|152|text-align=center|[[Traikutaka dynasty|TRAITAKUTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|105|160|text-align=center|[[Vakatakas|VAKATAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|185|text-align=center|[[Kadamba dynasty|KADAMBAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|210|130|text-align=center|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|253|90|text-align=center|[[Varman dynasty|VARMANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|45|20|text-align=center|[[Alchon Huns|ALCHON HUNS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|5|5|text-align=center|[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|1|45|text-align=center|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|1=Location of the Western Gangas and neighbouring polities circa 400-450 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (j) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
}}
[[Epigraphy|Inscriptions]] have revealed several important administrative designations such as prime minister (''sarvadhikari''), treasurer (''shribhandari''), foreign minister (''sandhivirgrahi'') and chief minister (''mahapradhana''). All of these positions came with an additional title of commander (''dandanayaka''). Other designations were royal steward (''manevergade''), master of robes (''mahapasayita''), commander of elephant corps (''gajasahani''), commander of cavalry (''thuragasahani'') etc.<ref name="admin7">Kamath (2001), p47</ref> In the royal house, ''[[Niyogi]]s'' oversaw palace administration, royal clothing and jewellery etc. and the ''Padiyara'' were responsible for court ceremonies including door keeping and protocol.<ref name="admin 29">Adiga (2006), p238</ref>

Officials at the local level were the ''pergade'', ''nadabova'', ''nalagamiga'', ''prabhu'' and ''gavunda''.<ref name="admin8">Adiga (2006), pp161–177</ref> The ''pergades'' were superintendents from all social classes such as artisans, gold smiths, black smiths etc. The ''pergades'' dealing with the royal household were called ''manepergade'' (house superintendent) and those who collected tolls were called ''Sunka vergades''.<ref name="admin9">From the Kanatur inscription (Adiga 2006, p161)</ref> The ''nadabovas'' were accountants and tax collectors at the ''Nadu'' level and sometimes functioned as scribes.<ref name="admin11">From the Kanatur inscription (Adiga 2006, p164)</ref> The ''nalagamigas'' were officers who organized and maintained defence at the ''Nadu'' level.<ref name="admin12">From the Mavali inscription of the 8th century and Indravalli inscription (Adiga 2006), p165</ref> The ''prabhu'' constituted a group of elite people drawn together to witness land grants and demarcation of land boundaries.<ref name="admin13">Doddakunce inscription, the Karagada and Maruru inscription (Adiga 2006, p167–68)</ref> The ''gavundas'' who appear most often in inscriptions were the backbone of medieval polity of the southern Karnataka region. They were landlords and local elite whom the state utilized their services to collect taxes, maintain records of landownership, bear witness to grants and transactions and even raise militia when required.<ref name="admin17">Bedirur inscriptions of 635 (Adiga 2006, p168)</ref>

Inscriptions that specify land grants, rights and ownership were descriptive of the boundaries of demarcation using natural features such as rivers, streams, water channels, hillocks, large boulders, layout of the village, location of forts (''kote'') if any in the proximity, irrigation canals, temples, tanks and even shrubs and large trees. Also included was the type of soil, the crops meant to be grown and tanks or wells to be excavated for irrigation.<ref name="admin22">From the Kumsi inscription of 931 and Doddahomma inscription of 977 (Adiga 2006, pp21–22, p27, p29)</ref><ref name="admin23">From the Mavali inscription and Indivalli inscription (Adiga 2006, p31)</ref> Inscriptions mention wet land, cultivable land, forest and waste land.<ref name="admin24">From the Devarahalli and Hosur copper plates (Adiga 2006, p33)</ref> There are numerous references to hamlets (''palli'') belonging to the hunter communities who resided in them (''bedapalli'').<ref name="admin25">From inscriptions and literary writings such as ''Vaddaradhane'' (920) and ''Pampa Bharata'' (940) (Adiga 2006, p36–37)</ref> From the 6th century onwards, the inscriptions refer to feudal lords by the title ''arasa''. The ''arasas'' were either [[brahmin]]s or from tribal background who controlled hereditary territories paying periodic tribute to the king.<ref name="admin27">Adiga (2006), p208</ref> The ''velavali'' who were loyal bodyguards of the royalty were fierce warriors under oath (''vele''). They moved with the royal family and were expected to fight for the master and be willing to lay down their lives in the process. If the king died, the ''velavali'' were required to self immolate on the funeral pyre of the master.<ref name="admin28">Adiga (2006), pp233–234</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Western Ganga kingdom}}
[[File:Panchakuta Basadi (10th century AD) at Kambadahalli.JPG|thumb|The [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]] was an important center of Jainism during the Ganga period.]]
[[File:Gangas of Talakad (Western Gangas). Circa 1080-1138 AD.jpg|thumb|Gangas of Talakad (Western Gangas). Circa 1080-1138 AD]]
The Gangavadi region consisted of the [[malnad]] region, the plains ([[Bayaluseemae]]) and the semi-malnad with lower elevation and rolling hills. The main crops of the malnad region were paddy, [[betel]] leaves, [[cardamom]] and [[Black pepper|pepper]] and the semi-malnad region with its lower altitude produced [[rice]], millets such as [[Finger millet|ragi]] and [[maize|corn]], pulses, [[oilseed]]s and it was also the base for cattle farming.<ref name="eco1">Adiga (2006), p6</ref> The plains to the east were the flat lands fed by [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], [[Tungabhadra]] and [[Vedavati]] rivers where cultivations of [[sugarcane]], paddy, [[coconut]], [[areca]] nut (''adeka totta''), betel leaves, [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] and flowers (''vara vana'') were common.<ref name="admin2" /><ref name="eco13">from the Melkote copper plates and Mamballi inscriptions, Medutambihalli inscription of the 9th century (Adiga 2006, p53)</ref> Sources of irrigation were excavated tanks, wells, natural ponds and water bodies in the catchment area of dams (''Katta'').<ref name="eco5">Adiga (2006), p42</ref> Inscriptions attesting to irrigation of previously uncultivated lands seem to indicate an expanding agrarian community.<ref name="eco6">Adiga (2006), p45</ref>

Soil types mentioned in records are black soil (''Karimaniya'') in the Sinda-8000 territory and to red soil (''Kebbayya mannu'')<ref name="eco7">from the Narasimhapura plates (Adiga 2006), p46</ref><ref name="eco8">From the Doddahomma inscription of Rachaballa IV of 977 (Adiga 2006, p47)</ref> Cultivated land was of three types; wet land, dry land and to a lesser extent garden land with paddy being the dominant crop of the region. Wet lands were called ''kalani'', ''galde'', ''nir mannu'' or ''nir panya'' and was specifically used to denote paddy land requiring standing water.<ref name="eco9">Kittel in Adiga (2006), p48</ref> The fact that pastoral economies were spread throughout Gangavadi region comes from references to cowherds in many inscriptions. The terms ''[[gosahasra]]'' (a thousand cows), ''gasara'' (owner of cows), ''gosasi'' (donor of cows), ''goyiti'' (cowherdess), ''gosasa'' (protector of cows) attest to this.<ref name="eco14">Belagi inscription of 964, Sasarvalli inscription of 1001 (Krishna and Adiga 2006, p55/56)</ref> Inscriptions indicate ownership of cows may have been as important as cultivable land and that there may have existed a social hierarchy based on this.<ref name="eco15">Adiga (2006), p57</ref> Inscriptions mention cattle raids attesting to the importance of the pastoral economy, destructive raids, assaults on women (''pendir-udeyulcal''), abduction of women by ''bedas'' (hunter tribes); all of which indicate the existing militarism of the age.<ref name="eco17">From the Kodagu inscription of the 11th century, Guduve inscription of 1032, Kambadahalli inscription of 979 (Adiga 2006, p59, p60, p63)</ref>

Lands that were exempt from taxes were called ''manya'' and sometimes consisted of several villages. They were granted by local chieftains without any reference to the overlord, indicating a de-centralised economy. These lands, often given to heroes who perished in the line of duty were called ''bilavritti'' or ''kalnad''.<ref name="eco19">From the Narasimhapura inscription of the 9th century (Sircar and Ramesh in Adiga 2006, pp210–211)</ref> When such a grant was made for the maintenance of temples at the time of consecration, it was called ''Talavritti''.<ref name="eco21">Indian epigraphical glossary, Hecca inscription pF 939 for SriKanteshvara temple (Adiga 2006, p213)</ref> Some types of taxes on income were ''kara'' or ''anthakara'' (internal taxes), ''utkota'' (gifts due to the king), ''hiranya'' (cash payments) and ''sulika'' (tolls and duties on imported items). Taxes were collected from those who held the right to cultivate land; even if the land was not actually cultivated.<ref name="eco23">From Nonamangala copper plates of the 5th century of King Avinita (Adiga 2006, p216)</ref><ref name="eco24">From the Kuppepalya inscription of the 8th century (Adiga 2006, p218)</ref>

''Siddhaya'' was a local tax levied on agriculture and ''pottondi'' was a tax levied on merchandise by the local feudal ruler. Based on context, ''pottondi'' also meant 1/10, ''aydalavi'' meant 1/5 and ''elalavi'' meant 1/7.<ref name="eco25">Kotutu inscription of the 9th century, Rampura inscription of 905 (Adiga 2006, p219)</ref> ''Mannadare'' literally meant land tax and was levied together with shepherds tax (''Kurimbadere'') payable to the chief of shepherds. ''Bhaga'' meant a portion or share of the produce from land or the land area itself. Minor taxes such as ''Kirudere'' (due to the landlords) and ''samathadere'' (raised by the army officers or ''samantha'') are mentioned. In addition to taxes for maintenance of the local officer's retinue, villages were obligated to feed armies on the march to and from battles.<ref name="eco27">Varuna inscription, (Adiga 2006, p223–224)</ref> ''Bittuvatta'' or ''niravari'' taxes comprised usually of a percentage of the produce and was collected for constructing irrigation tanks.<ref name="eco229">Adiga (2006), p230</ref>

==Culture==

===Religion===
{{See also|Religion in Western Ganga kingdom}}
[[File:Rock edit - inscription.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Footprint worship at Shravanabelagola]]
The Western Gangas gave patronage to all the major religions of the time; [[Jainism]] and the Hindu sects of [[Shaivism]], [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. However scholars have argued that not all Gangas kings may have given equal priority to all the faiths. Some historians believe that the Gangas were ardent Jains.<ref name="religion">Dr. Lewis Rice, S. R. Sharma and M. V. Krishna Rao {{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Gangas of Talkad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2007-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114122617/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=2007-01-14}}</ref> However, inscriptions contradict this by providing references to ''kalamukhas'' (staunch Shaiva ascetics), ''pasupatas'' and ''lokayatas'' (followers of ''Pasupatha'' doctrine) who flourished in Gangavadi, indicating that Shaivism was also popular. King Madhava and Harivarma were devoted to cows and brahmins, King Vishnugopa was a devout [[Vaishnava]],<ref name="early kings">Srikantha Shastri in Kamath (2001), p49</ref> Madhava III's and Avinita's inscriptions describe lavish endowments to Jain orders and temples<ref name="jain1">Adiga (2006), p249</ref> and King Durvinita performed Vedic sacrifices prompting historians to claim he was a [[Hindu]].<ref name="Hindu">Srikanta Sastri in {{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Gangas of Talkad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2007-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114122617/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=2007-01-14}}</ref>
[[File:A mantapa (hall) in Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A mantapa (hall) at the Jain [[Panchakuta basadi]] of 9th–10th century at Kambadahalli]]
Jainism became popular in the dynasty in the 8th century when the ruler King Shivamara I constructed numerous Jain ''[[basadi]]s''.<ref name="jain4">From the Kulaganga and Narasimhapura copper plates (Adiga 2006, p255)</ref> King Butuga II and minister [[Chavundaraya]] were staunch Jains which is evident from the construction of the [[Gommateshwara]] monolith.<ref name="jain5">From the Kudlur plates of Butuga II (Adiga 2006, p256)</ref> Jains worshipped the twenty four ''[[tirthankar]]s'' (''Jinas'') whose images were consecrated in their temples. The worship of the footprint of spiritual leaders such as those of [[Bhadrabahu]] in [[Shravanabelagola]] from the 10th century is considered a parallel to [[Buddhism]].<ref name="jain17">P.B. Desai and Jaiswal in Adiga (2006), pp263–264</ref> Some brahminical influences are seen in the consecration of the Gomateshwara monolith which is the statue of [[Bahubali]], the son of ''[[Tirthankar]] Adinatha'' (just as Hindus worshipped the sons of Shiva).<ref name="jain11">Adiga (2006), p264</ref> The worship of subordinate deities such as ''yaksa'' and ''yaksi'', earlier considered as mere attendants of the ''tirthankars'' was seen from the 7th century to the 12th century.<ref name="jain12">Adiga (2006), pp264–265</ref>
[[File:Gomateswara.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Gommateshwara]] at Shravanabelagola (982–983) C.E.]]
Vedic Brahminism was popular in the 6th and 7th centuries when inscriptions refer to grants made to ''Srotriya'' Brahmins.<ref name="vedic">Adiga (2006), p253</ref> These inscriptions also describe the ''gotra'' (lineage) affiliation to royal families and their adherence of such Vedic rituals as ''asvamedha'' (horse sacrifice) and ''hiranyagarbha''.<ref name="vedic1">From the Bendiganhalli and Bangalore copper plates, the Chaluvanahalli plates, Kutalur grant, Kadagattur and Nallala grants of King Durvinita, Kondunjeruvu grant of King Avinita (Adiga 2006, pp281–282)</ref> Brahmins and kings enjoyed a mutually beneficial relationship; rituals performed by the brahmins gave legitimacy to kings and the land grants made by kings to brahmins elevated them in society to the level of wealthy landowners.<ref name="vedic2">Adiga (2006), p282</ref> Vaishnavism however maintained a low profile and not many inscriptions describe grants towards its cause.<ref name="vai">Adiga (2006), p313</ref> Some Vaishnava temples were built by the Gangas such as the ''Narayanaswami'' temples at [[Nanjangud]], Sattur and Hangala in modern Mysore district.<ref name="vai2">From the Kalkunda inscription (Adiga 2006, pp314–316)</ref> The deity [[Vishnu]] was depicted with four arms holding a conch (''sanka''), discus (''cakra''), mace (''gada'') and lotus (''padma'').<ref name="vai3">Adiga (2006), p317</ref>

From the beginning of the 8th century, patronage to Shaivism increased in every section of the society; the landed elite, landlords, assemblies (''samaya''), schools of learning (''aghraharas'')<ref name="sai">Adiga (2006), p291</ref> and minor ruling families such as the [[Bana Kingdom|Bana]], [[Nolamba]] and [[Chalukya]] clans.<ref name="sai4">From the Nandi copper plates of Rashtrakuta [[Govinda III]] of 800, Koyattur-12000 grant of King Dodda Naradhipa Bana in 810, the Ganiganur inscription, [[Nolamba]] King Mahendradhirajas grant of his house towards a Shaiva temple in 878, Baragur inscription of 914 of King Ayappadeva [[Nolamba]], the Ninneshvaradeva temple built by King Dilipayya [[Nolamba]] in 942.</ref><ref name="sai5">Among minor Chalukya kings, Narasinga Chalukya of Mysore constructed the Narasingeshwara temple and Kings Goggi and Durga build the Buteshvara temple at Varuna in modern Mysore region – From the Kukkarahalli, Manalevadi, Aragodupalli and Torevalli inscriptions, (Adiga 2006, 294)</ref> The Shaiva temples contained a Shiva ''linga'' in the [[sanctum sanctorum]] along with images of the mother goddess, [[Surya]] (Sun god)<ref name="ling">This was popularised by the ''kalamukha'' monks (Adiga 2006, p292)</ref> and [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (a bull and attendant of Shiva) which was normally enshrined in a separate pavilion facing the sanctum.<ref name="sai7">Adiga (2006), p301</ref><ref name="sai77">H.V. Stietencron in Adiga 2006, p303</ref> The ''linga'' was man made and in some cases had etchings of [[Ganapati]] (son of Shiva) and [[Parvati]] (consort and wife of Shiva) on it.<ref name="sai7"/> Due to the vigorous efforts of priests and ascetics, Shaiva monastic orders flourished in many places such as [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], [[Avani]] and Hebbata in modern Kolar district.<ref name="sai8">From Nandi copper plates of 800, Avani pillar inscription, Perbetta hero stones, 878 inscription of [[Nolamba]] Mahendradhiraja, Baragur inscription of 919, 942 Tumkur grant and Basavanahalli inscriptions (Adiga 2006, p304–305)</ref>

===Society===
{{See also|Western Ganga society}}
[[File:Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe (10th century AD).JPG|thumb|Kalleshwara Temple Complex, built in the 10th century by the [[Nolambas]], a Western Ganga feudatory, at Aralaguppe in the [[Tumkur district]]]]
[[File:Seeyamangalam rock cut jain temple.JPG|thumb|[[Seeyamangalam#Rock Cut Jain Temple|Seeyamangalam Mahavira Rock Cut Temple]] ]]
[[File:Old Kannada inscription Hero Stone from 9th century AD in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe.jpg|thumb|150px|Hero stone (870–906 A.D.) with old Kannada inscription at Kalleshvara temple in Aralaguppe]]

The Western Ganga society in many ways reflected the emerging religious, political and cultural developments of those times. Women became active in local administration because Ganga kings distributed territorial responsibility to their queens such as the feudal queen Parabbaya-arasi of Kundattur<ref name="soci1">From the Kuntur inscription of the 10th century (Adiga 2006, p203)</ref> and the queens of King Sripurusha, Butuga II and feudal king Permadi.<ref name="soci12">Karmarkar (1947), p66</ref> Inheritance of fiscal and administrative responsibility by the son-in-law, the wife or by the daughter is evident. The position of prime minister of King Ereganga II and position of ''nalgavunda'' (local landlord) bestowed upon Jakkiabbe, the wife of a fallen hero are examples. When Jakkiabbe took to asceticism, her daughter inherited the position.<ref name="soci2">from the Bandalike inscription of 919 (Adiga 2006, p203)</ref><ref name="soci3">From the Shravanabelagola inscription (Adiga 2006, p204)</ref>

The devadasi system (''sule'' or courtesan) in temples was prevalent and was modelled after the structures in the royal palace.<ref name="soci5">Adiga (2006), p398</ref> Contemporaneous literature such a ''[[Vaddaradhane]]'' makes a mention of the chief queen (''Dharani Mahadevi'') accompanied by lower ranking queens (''arasiyargal'') and courtesans of the women's royal quarter (''pendarasada suleyargal'').<ref name="soci5" /> Some of the courtesans and concubines employed in the harem of the kings and chieftains were well respected, examples being Nandavva at whose instance a local chief made land grant to a Jain temple.<ref name="soci6">From the Perur plates (Adiga 2006, p398)</ref> Education in the royal family was closely supervised and included such subjects as political science, elephant and horse riding, archery, medicine, poetry, grammar, drama, literature, dance, singing and use of musical instruments.<ref name="soci12"/> Brahmins enjoyed an influential position in society and were exempt from certain taxes and customs due on land. In turn they managed public affairs such as teaching, local judiciary, functioned as trustees and bankers, managed schools, temples, irrigation tanks, rest houses, collected taxes due from villages and raised money from public subscriptions.<ref name="soci14">Karmarkar (1947), pp. 72, 74</ref>

By virtue of a Hindu belief that killing of a brahmin (''Bramhatya'') was a sin, capital punishment was not applicable to them.<ref name="sin">Altekar (1934), p329</ref> Upper caste [[kshatriya]]s (''satkshatriya'') were also exempt from capital punishment due to their higher position in the caste system. Severe crimes committed were punishable by the severing of a foot or hand.<ref name="soci15">From the notes of Alberuni and Bouchet (Karmarkar 1947, p103)</ref> Contemporary literary sources reveal up to ten castes in the [[Hindu caste system]]; three among kshatriya, three among brahmin, two among [[vaishya]] and two among [[shudra]]s.<ref name="soci16">From the notes of Yuan Chwang (Karmarkar 1947, p103)</ref> Family laws permitted a wife or daughter or surviving relatives of a deceased person to claim properties such as his home, land, grain, money etc. if there were no male heirs. If no claimants to the property existed, the state took possession of these properties as ''Dharmadeya'' (charitable asset).<ref name="soci17">From a modern Bijapur inscription of 1178 (Karmarkar, 1947, p104)</ref> Intercaste marriage, child marriage, marriage of a boy to maternal uncles daughter, ''Svayamvara'' marriage (where the bride garlands her choice of a groom from among many aspirants) were all in vogue.<ref name="soci19">The ''Svayamvara'' marriage of Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya VI]] to Chandaladevi in the 11th century being an example (Karmarkar, 1947 p105)</ref> Memorials containing [[hero stone]]s (''virkal'') were erected for fallen heroes and the concerned family received monetary aid for maintenance of the memorial.<ref name="soci21">Karmarkar (1947), p109</ref>

The presence of numerous ''Mahasatikals'' (or ''Mastikal'' – hero stones for a woman who accepted ritual death upon the demise of her husband) indicates the popularity of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] among royalty.<ref name="Soci23">From the writings of Marco Polo, Ibn Batuta, Bernier and Tavernier (Karmarkar 1947, p110)</ref> Ritual death by ''[[sallekhana]]'' and by ''jalasamadhi'' (drowning in water) were also practiced.<ref name="soci24">Karmarkar (1947), p110</ref> Popular clothing among men was the use of two unrestricted garments, a [[Dhoti]] as a lower garment and a plain cloth as upper garment while women wore [[Sari]]s with stitched petticoats. Turbans were popular with men of higher standing and people used umbrellas made with bamboo or reeds.<ref name="soci25">Karmarkar (1947), p111</ref> Ornaments were popular among men and women and even elephants and horses were decorated. Men wore finger rings, necklaces (''honnasara'' and ''honnagala sara''), bracelets (''Kaduga'') and wristlets (''Kaftkina''). Women wore a nose jewel (''bottu''), nose ring (''mugutti''), bangles (''bale'' or ''kankana'') and various types of necklaces (''honna gante sara'' and ''kati sutra'').<ref name="soci25"/> During leisure, men amused themselves with horse riding, watching wrestling bouts, [[cockfighting|cock fights]] and ram fights.<ref name="soci26">Karmarkar (1947), p112</ref> There existed a large and well organised network of schools for imparting higher education and these schools were known by various names such as ''agraharas'', ''ghatikas'', ''brahmapura'' or ''matha''.<ref name="soci27">Karmarkar (1947), p113</ref> Inscriptions mention schools of higher education at Salotgi, [[Balligavi]], [[Talagunda]], [[Aihole]], [[Arasikere]] and other places.

===Literature===
{{See also|Western Ganga literature}}
[[File:Atakur memorial stone with inscription in old Kannada (949 C.E.).jpg|thumb|upright|The famous [[Atakur inscription]] (949 C.E.), a classical Kannada composition pertaining to the Western Ganga-Rashtrakuta victory over the Chola dynasty of Tanjore in the famous [[battle of Takkolam]]]]
The Western Ganga rule was a period of brisk literary activity in Sanskrit and Kannada, though many of the writings are now considered extinct and are known only from references made to them.<ref name="durvi"/><ref name="verse"/> Chavundaraya's writing, ''Chavundaraya Purana'' (or ''Trishashtilakshana mahapurana'') of 978 CE, is an early existing work in prose style in Kannada and contains a summary of the Sanskrit writings, ''[[Adipurana]]'' and ''Uttarapurana'' which were written a century earlier by [[Jinasena]] and Gunabhadra during the rule of Rashtrakuta [[Amoghavarsha I]].<ref name="verse">Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian 2003, p160</ref> The prose, composed in lucid Kannada, was mainly meant for the common man and avoided any reference to complicated elements of Jain doctrines and philosophy. His writings seem to be influenced by the writings of his predecessor [[Adikavi Pampa]] and contemporary [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]]. The work narrates the legends of a total of 63 Jain proponents including twenty-four Jain ''Tirthankar'', twelve ''Chakravartis'', nine ''Balabhadras'', nine ''Narayanas'' and nine ''Pratinarayanas''.<ref name="jain">Sastri (1955), p357</ref><ref name="prop">Kulkarni (1975) in Adiga (2006), p256</ref>

The earliest postulated Kannada writer from this dynasty is King Durvinita of the 6th century. ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' of 850 CE, refers to a Durvinita as an early writer of Kannada [[prose]].<ref name="crown" /><ref name="dur">Sastri (1955), p355</ref><ref name="dur2">Narasimhacharya (1988), p2</ref> Around 900 CE, Gunavarma I authored the Kannada works, ''Shudraka'' and ''Harivamsha''. His writings are considered extinct but references to these writings are found in later years. He is known to have been patronised by King Ereganga Neetimarga II. In ''Shudraka'', he has favourably compared his patron to King Shudraka of ancient times.<ref name="shiv">Kamath (2001), p50</ref><ref name="nag1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p18</ref> The great Kannada poet Ranna was patronised by Chavundaraya in his early literary days.<ref name="gem">One among the three gems of Kannada literature (Sastri 1955, p356)</ref> Ranna's classic ''Parashurama charite'' is considered a eulogy of his patron who held such titles as ''Samara Parashurama''.<ref name="ablest" />
[[File:View of Chandragupta Basadi at Chandragiri hill in Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Mahasthambha'' (pillar) and [[Chandragupta Basadi]] at [[Chandragiri Hill]] in Shravanabelagola]]

[[Nagavarma I]], a brahmin scholar who came from [[Vengi]] in modern Andhra Pradesh (late 10th century) was also patronised by Chavundaraya. He wrote ''Chandombudhi'' (ocean of prosody) addressed to his wife. This is considered the earliest available Kannada writing in [[Prosody (poetry)|prosody]].<ref name="jain" /><ref name="nag1"/> He also wrote one of the earliest available [[Romance (heroic literature)|romance]] classics in Kannada called ''Karnataka Kadambari'' in sweet and flowing ''champu'' (mixed verse and prose) style. It is based on an earlier romantic work in Sanskrit by poet Bana and is popular among critics.<ref name="jain"/><ref name="nag1"/> ''Gajashtaka'' (hundred verses on elephants), a rare Kannada work on elephant management was written by King Shivamara II around 800 CE but this work is now considered extinct.<ref name="verse"/><ref name="shiv">Kamath (2001), p50</ref> Other writers such as Manasiga and Chandrabhatta were known to be popular in the 10th century.<ref name="man">Narasimhacharya (1988), p19</ref>

In an age of classical Sanskrit literature, Madhava II (brother of King Vishnugopa) wrote a treatise ''Dattaka Sutravritti'' which was based on an earlier work on erotics by a writer called Dattaka. A Sanskrit version of ''Vaddakatha'', a commentary on [[Pāṇini]]'s grammar called ''Sabdavathara'' and a commentary on the 15th chapter of a Sanskrit work called ''Kiratarjunneya'' by poet Bharavi (who was in Durvinita's court) are ascribed to Durvinita.<ref name="durvi">Kamath (2001), p49</ref> King Shivamara II is known to have written ''Gajamata Kalpana''.<ref name="durvi"/> Hemasena, also known as Vidya Dhananjaya authored ''Raghavapandaviya'', a narration of the stories of [[Rama]] and the [[Pandava]]s simultaneously through puns.<ref name="pand">Venkatasubbiah in Kamath (2001), p50</ref> ''Gayachintamani'' and ''Kshatrachudamini'' which were based on poet Bana's work ''Kadambari'' were written by Hemasena's pupil Vadeebhasimha in prose style.<ref name="shiv" /> and Chavundaraya wrote ''Charitarasara''.<ref name="ablest" />

===Architecture===
{{See also|Shravanabelagola|Kambadahalli|Kanakagiri Jain tirth}}
[[File:Chandragiri hill temple complex at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Chandragiri hill temple complex at [[Shravanabelagola]]]]
The Western Ganga style of architecture was influenced by the Pallava and Badami Chalukya architectural features, in addition to indigenous Jain features.<ref name="architecture">Reddy, Sharma and Krishna Rao in Kamath (2001), pp 50–52</ref> The Ganga pillars with a conventional lion at the base and a circular shaft of the pillar on its head, the stepped ''[[Sikhara|Vimana]]'' of the shrine with horizontal [[Molding (decorative)|moulding]]s and square pillars were features inherited from the Pallavas. These features are also found in structures built by their subordinates, the Banas and [[Nolambas]].<ref name="shiv" />

The monolith of [[Gomateshwara]] commissioned by Chavundaraya is considered the high point of the Ganga sculptural contribution in ancient Karnataka. Carved from fine-grained white granite, the image stands on a lotus. It has no support up to the thighs and is {{convert|60|ft|m}} tall with the face measuring {{convert|6.5|ft|m}}. With the serene expression on the face of the image, its curled hair with graceful locks, its proportional anatomy, the monolith size, and the combination of its artistry and craftsmanship have led it to be called the mightiest achievement in sculptural art in medieval Karnataka.<ref name="arc1">Seshadri in Kamath (2001), p51</ref> It is the largest monolithic statue in the world.<ref name="keay">{{cite book
| last =Keay
| first =John
| title =India: A History
| publisher =Grove Press
| year =2000
| location =New York
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0
| page = 324 (across) }}</ref> Their free standing pillars called ''Mahasthambha'' or ''Bhrahmasthambha'' are also considered unique, examples of which are the Brahmadeva pillar and [[Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar]].<ref name="arc2">If there is one aspect of Indian architecture which has its perfection and weakness, it is these free standing pillars (Fergusson in Kamath 2001, p52)</ref><ref name="tyagada">Sarma (1992), p153, p206, p208</ref> At the top of the pillar whose shaft (cylindrical or octagonal) is decorated with creepers and other floral motifs is the seated ''Brahma'' and the base of the pillar normally has engravings of important Jain personalities and inscriptions.<ref name="arc3">In the whole of Indian art, nothing perhaps equals these pillars in good taste, Vincent Smith in Kamath (2001), p52</ref>
[[File:Relief of Jain tirthankara in the Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ceiling sculpture, [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]]]]
Other important contributions are the Jain basadis' whose towers have gradually receding stories (''talas'') ornamented with small models of temples. These tiny shrines have in them engravings of tirthankars (Jain saints). Semicircular windows connect the shrines and decorative [[Kirtimukha]] (demon faces) are used at the top. The [[Chavundaraya basadi]] built in the 10th or 11th century, Chandragupta basadi built in the 6th century and the monolithic of [[Gomateshwara]] of 982 are the most important monuments at [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref name="arc6">Some historians claim the Chavundaraya basadi was built by Chavundaraya himself while others argue it was the work of his on Jinadevana (Gopal et al. in Adiga 2006, p256). Another view holds that the original shrine was consecrated in the 11th century and built in memory of Chavundaraya (Settar in Adiga 2006, 256)</ref> Some features were added to the Chandragupta basadi by famous Hoysala sculptor Dasoja in the 12th century. The decorative doorjambs and perforated screen windows which depict scenes from the life of King [[Chandragupta Maurya]] are known to be his creation.<ref name="arc11">Adiga 2006, p269</ref> The [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli|Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli]] (five towered Jan temple) of about 900 with a Brahmadeva pillar is an excellent example of [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] art.<ref name="kamba">Sarma (1992), pp153–167</ref><ref name="arc7">{{cite web|title=An ancient site connected with Jainism|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006020313510400.htm&date=2006/02/03/&prd=th&|author=Khajane, Muralidhara|work=The Hindu|access-date=2006-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509081551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006020313510400.htm&date=2006%2F02%2F03%2F&prd=th&|archive-date=9 May 2011|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The wall niches here are surmounted by ''torana'' ([[Post and lintel|lintel]]) with carvings of floral motifs, flying divine creatures (''gandharva'') and imaginary monsters ([[Yalli (motif)|''makara'']]) ridden by [[Yaksha|''Yaksas'']] (attendants of saints) while the niches are occupied by images of tirthankars themselves.<ref name="arc10">Adiga 2006, p268</ref> Other notable constructions were the [[Vallimalai Jain caves]] and the [[Seeyamangalam#Rock Cut Jain Temple|Seeyamangalam Jain temple]] during the reign of [[Rachamalla II]],<ref name="seeya">Aravamuthan (1992), p30</ref><ref name="ahimsa">{{cite web|title='AhimsaWalks' to save the Jain monuments at Vallimalai|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/aug/05/Ahimsa-Walks-to-Save-Jain-Monuments-at-Vallimalai-644079.html|author=Murthy, Narayana|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2020-08-30}}</ref> and the 5th or 6th century Parshvanatha temple at the [[Kanakagiri Jain tirth]].<ref name="kanaka">Jain (2019), p18</ref><ref name="Riju">{{cite web|title=Jain heritage at Kanakagiri|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/jain-heritage-at-kanakagiri-421477.html|author=Jaganathan, Rijutha|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2020-08-30|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203162323/https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/jain-heritage-at-kanakagiri-421477.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Chavundaraya Basadi on Chandragiri hill at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Chavundaraya basadi]] on Chandragiri hill in [[Shravanabelagola]] temple complex]]
The Gangas built many Hindu temples with impressive Dravidian [[Gopuram|gopuras]] containing stucco figures from the Hindu pantheon, decorated pierced screen windows which are featured in the ''mantapa'' (hall) along with ''[[Matrika|saptamatrika]]'' carvings (seven heavenly mothers).<ref name="arc4">Kamath (2001), p51</ref> Some well known examples are the [[Arakeshvara Temple, Hole Alur|Arakeshvara Temple]] at Hole Alur,<ref name="alur">Sarma (1992), pp.105–111</ref> Kapileswara temple at Manne, Kolaramma temple at Kolar, [[Rameshvara Temple, Narasamangala|Rameshvara temple at Narasamangala]],<ref name="rama">Sarma (1992), pp91–102</ref> [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nagareshvara temple]] at Begur<ref name="naga">Sarma (1992), pp78–83</ref> and the [[Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe|Kallesvara temple]] at Aralaguppe.<ref name="begur">Sarma (1992), pp88–91</ref> At Talakad they built the Maralesvara temple, the Arakesvara temple and the Patalesvara temple. Unlike the Jain temples where floral frieze decoration is common, Hindu temples were distinguished by friezes (slab of stone with decorative sculptures) illustrating episodes from the epics and [[purana]]s.<ref name="arc10"/> Another unique legacy of the Gangas are the number of ''virgal'' (hero stones) they have left behind; memorials containing sculptural details in relief of war scenes, Hindu deities, ''saptamatrikas'', Jain tirthankars and ritual death (such as the [[Doddahundi nishidhi inscription|Doddahundi hero stone]]).<ref name="arc3"/><ref name="nishidhi">Sarma (1992), p17, p202, p204</ref>

===Language===
[[File:Old Kannada inscription dated 981 CE in Vindyagiri hill at Shravanabelagola.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''Old Kannada'' inscription at the base of Gomateshwara monolith in [[Shravanabelagola]] (981 CE.)]]
The Western Gangas used Kannada and Sanskrit extensively as their language of administration. Some of their inscriptions are also bilingual in these languages. In bilingual inscriptions the formulaic passages stating origin myths, genealogies, titles of Kings and benedictions tended to be in Sanskrit, while the actual terms of the grant such as information on the land or village granted, its boundaries, participation of local authorities, rights and obligations of the grantee, taxes and dues and other local concerns were in the local language.<ref name="bil">Thapar 2003, pp393–394</ref> The usage of these two languages showed important changes over the centuries. During the first phase (350–725), Sanskrit copper plates dominated, indicating the initial ascendancy of the local language as a language of administration and the fact that majority of the records from this phase were ''[[brahmadeya]]'' grants (grants to Brahmin temples).<ref name="brahma">Adiga (2006), p110</ref> In the second phase (725–1000), lithic inscriptions in Kannada outnumbered Sanskrit copper plates, consistent with the patronage Kannada received from rich and literate Jains who used Kannada as their medium to spread the Jain faith.<ref name="admin2" /><ref name="pat">Thapar 2003, p396</ref> Recent excavations at Tumbula near Mysore have revealed a set of early [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate]] bilingual inscriptions dated 444. The genealogy of the kings of the dynasty is described in Sanskrit while Kannada was used to describe the boundary of the village.<ref name="Tumbula">{{cite news |title=Ancient inscriptions unearthed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218052747/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-02-18 |author=N. Havalaiah|access-date=2006-11-25 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

[[File:Old Kannada inscription (908-938 AD) of Western Ganga dynasty King Ereyappa on hero stone at Begur.jpg|thumb|upright|The famous Begur inscription in old Kannada, dated to c. 908–938 CE, from the rule of Western Ganga dynasty King Ereyappa.]]
An interesting inscription discovered at Beguru near modern [[Bangalore]] that deserves mention is the epigraph dated 890 that refers to a ''Bengaluru'' war. This is in ''Hale Kannada'' (old Kannada) language and is the earliest mention of the name of [[Bangalore]] city.<ref name="Bangaluru">{{cite news |title=Inscription reveals Bangalore is over 1,000 years old|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912144705/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-09-12|author=Staff Reporter|access-date=2007-01-17|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Western Gangas minted coins with Kannada and Nagari legends,<ref name="coin">{{cite web|title=Southern India-Gangas|url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/ganga/south_gangacat.html|publisher=Govindraya Prabhu S | date=1 November 2001|access-date=2007-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604001922/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/ganga/south_gangacat.html|archive-date=2011-06-04}}</ref><ref name="coin1">Kamath (2001), p12</ref> the most common feature on their coins was the image of an elephant on the obverse and floral petal symbols on the reverse. The Kannada legend ''Bhadr'', a royal umbrella or a conch shell appeared on top of the elephant image. The denominations are the ''pagoda'' (weighing 52 grains), the ''fanam'' weighting one tenth or one half of the ''pagoda'' and the quarter ''fanams''.

== Timeline ==
The template below shows the Timeline of Karnataka. Note the extent of time (around 700 years) the Ganga kingdom flourished.
{{Karnataka timeline}}

==See also==
{{Karnataka History}}
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of South India]]
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
'''Books'''
{{refbegin}}
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* {{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}
* {{cite book |last= Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian |first= P.N., T.K., N. |title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part I|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand publications |location= New Delhi|isbn = 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book |last= Karmarkar|first= A.P.|title= Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval|orig-year=1947|year=1947|publisher= Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha|location= Dharwar|oclc= 8221605 }}
* {{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= India: A History|orig-year=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Prabhu, Govindaraya S|title=The Nolambas Coinage and History|publisher=Govindraya Prabhu S|isbn=978-81-8465-141-6}}
* {{cite book |last= Ramesh|first= K.V.|title= Chalukyas of Vatapi|orig-year=1984|year=1984|publisher= Agam Kala Prakashan|location=Delhi|oclc= 13869730|ol= 3007052M|lccn= 84900575|asin= B0006EHSP0 }}
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* {{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Thapar|first= Romila|title= Penguin History of Early India: From origins to AD 1300|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Penguin|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
{{refend}}
'''Web'''
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/gangas-of-talakad-article/4550857520 "Gangas of Talakad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514154436/http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/gangas-of-talakad-article/4550857520 }} by [[S. Srikanta Sastri]]
* {{cite web|author=Arthikaje|title=History of Karnataka: The Gangas of Talakad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|publisher=OurKarnataka.Com|access-date=2006-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215103823/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|archive-date=15 December 2006|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|author=Havalaiah, N|title=Ancient inscriptions|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218052747/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-02-18|access-date=2007-05-30|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}
* {{cite web|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|title=The Ganga Dynasty|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/gangas.htm|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2007-05-30|archive-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330165948/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/gangas.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|author=Khajane, Muralidhara|title=An ancient site connected with Jainism|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/03/stories/2006020313510400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821015942/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/03/stories/2006020313510400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-08-21|access-date=2007-06-30|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}
* {{cite web|author=Prabhu, Govindaraya S|title=Coins of Gangas|url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/ganga/south_gangacat.html|publisher=Prabhu's web page on Indian coinage|work=Indian Coins|access-date=2007-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710231517/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/ganga/south_gangacat.html |archive-date=2007-07-10}}
* {{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Inscription reveals Bangalore is over 1,000 years old|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912144705/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2004|access-date=2007-06-30|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}
* {{Cite web | url=http://www.e-books-chennaimuseum.tn.gov.in/chennaimuseum/images/125/files/basic-html | publisher=[[Government Museum, Chennai]] | title=ICONOGRAPHY OF THE JAIN IMAGES IN THE GOVERNMENT MUSEUM | ref={{SfnRef|Chennai museum|Vallimalai}} | access-date=30 August 2020 | archive-date=30 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030010554/http://www.e-books-chennaimuseum.tn.gov.in/chennaimuseum/images/125/files/basic-html/ | url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news | last=Murthi | first=V Narayana | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/aug/05/Ahimsa-Walks-to-Save-Jain-Monuments-at-Vallimalai-644079.html | title='Ahimsa Walks' to Save Jain Monuments at Vallimalai | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=5 August 2014 | ref={{SfnRef|The New Indian Express|2014|Vallimalai}} }}
* {{cite news | last=Jaganathan | first=Rijutha | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/jain-heritage-at-kanakagiri-421477.html | title=Jain heritage at Kanakagiri | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=30 July 2017 | ref={{SfnRef|Deccan Herald|Jain heritage at Kanakagiri}} | archive-date=3 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203162323/https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/jain-heritage-at-kanakagiri-421477.html | url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Aravamuthan |first=T. G. |title=Portrait Sculpture in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjT3YhGAzioC&pg=PA30 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=9788120608009 |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230338/https://books.google.com/books?id=pjT3YhGAzioC&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation|last=Charya|first=S V Upendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psOSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198|title=The Issues That Made Newsi|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|isbn=9781684667529|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230432/https://books.google.com/books?id=psOSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198|url-status=live}}
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{{refend}}
{{featured article}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 350s]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 4th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1000s]]
[[Category:Western Ganga dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:Former empires|Ganga]]
[[Category:Jain dynasties]]
[[Category:4th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:11th-century disestablishments in India]]

Ajaypal Singh Banga

2022-02-15T23:06:50Z

Keran3: Just finished drafting a fresh page.

#REDIRECT [[Ajay Banga]]

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