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Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)

2026-05-07T07:14:14Z

Kenrique:

{{Redirect|Kolkata Metro Line 6|other uses|Line 6 (disambiguation){{!}}Line 6}}
{{short description|Transit line in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = <big> Orange Line </big>
| color = {{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Orange}}
| image = ICF MEDHA MR-416.jpg
| image_width = 320px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| other_name = {{hlist|New Town Metro|Airport Metro|Bypass Metro}}
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| status = operational
| locale = [[Kolkata metropolitan region]]
| start = [[Beleghata metro station|Beleghata]] (south)
| end = [[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]] (north)
| connectinglines = {{Plainlist|
* {{rint|Kolkata|Blue}}
* Future:
* {{rint|Kolkata|Green}}
* {{rint|Kolkata|Yellow}}
}}
| stations = {{Plainlist|
*Operational: 9
*Under construction: 15
}}
| routes =
| ridership2 = 5.92 lakh (annual, 2024-2025)
| linenumber =
| yearcommenced =
| open = {{Start date and age|2024|03|06|df=yes}}
| lastextension = {{Start date and age|2025|08|22|df=yes}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| character = Underground, [[At-grade railway|at-grade]] and [[Elevated railway|elevated]]
| depot = {{Plainlist|
* [[New Garia depot|New Garia Depot]]
* [[New Town Depot]] (under construction)
* [[Airport Depot|Airport yard]]
}}
| stock = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] MEDHA
| linelength = {{Ubl|
* {{convert|29.87|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="mtp">{{cite web |title=New System Map of Kolkata Metro |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285}}</ref>
* Operational: {{convert|9.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Under construction: {{convert|19.97|km|mi|abbr=on}}
}}
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html|title=CAF to supply Kolkata metro trains|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816102540/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> using [[third rail]]
| speed = 80 km/h (designed)
42 km/h (operating)
| signalling = [[Communications-based train control|CBTC ATP signalling]]
| website = {{URL|https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|Indian Railways}}
| elevation =
| map_name = Route map
| map = [[File:Kolkata Metro Orange Line (Incomplete).png|300px]]{{Kolkata Metro Orange Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Orange Line''' is a [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It will connect [[New Garia]] with [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] via two major satellite towns of [[Kolkata metropolitan region]], [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] and [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. It currently operates between [[Kavi Subhash Metro Station|Kavi Subhash]] and [[Beleghata metro station|Beleghata]]. This line will be one of the most important stretches of [[Kolkata Metro]] because it will connect the southern and the eastern parts of the city with [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata Airport]]. The total distance of this route will be {{cvt|29.87|km|mi}}. It has an interchange with the [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]] and will eventually connect with the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] near the [[IT Centre metro station|IT Centre]] and [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]. This line had 5.92 lakh passengers in the 2024–2025 fiscal year.

== History ==
[[File:ICF Medha Rake entering Hemanta Mukhopadhyay Metro Station seen during Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station to Netaji Bhavan metro journey 01.webm|thumb|left|ICF Medha Rake entering Hemanta Mukhopadhyay Metro Station, seen during Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station to Kavi Subhash metro journey]]

This project was sanctioned in the budget of 2010–11 by [[Mamata Banerjee]] with a project deadline of six years.<ref name="names">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213055942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2011|title=Rail set to take over East-West|date=8 February 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> The execution of this project has been entrusted to the [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]] (RVNL) at a cost of {{INRConvert|3951.98|c|lk=on|year=2011|mode=historical}}. It will help to reduce travel time between the southern fringes of [[Kolkata]] to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] and will have 23 elevated stations, one underground station and one at-grade. The terminal airport station is the underground one.

Work for construction of the terminal station at New Garia for the {{Cvt|29.87|km}} Kavi Subhash-Biman Bandar (via Rajarhat) metro project finally resumed on 14 February 2017 RVNL demarcating the plot they require for the purpose.

The work has been delayed for years due to multiple issues. At first, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) objected the station above the ground, stating that this could be a threat for air traffic. Many underground utilities, power sub-station and water treatment plant had to be shifted. Encroachments and land acquisition problems held up the project for multiple times.

The {{Cvt|5|km}} stretch from New Garia to Ruby Hospital was expected to start from 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro sets June 2018 date for New Garia-Ruby line|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-sets-june-2018-date-for-new-garia-ruby-line/articleshow/59963674.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As of 2023, the station and associated metro viaduct connections were fully completed with trial runs being conducted over this and other phase 1 stations. RVNL planned to launch the metro over this truncated route before that year's Durga Puja, but this was postponed due to signalling issues.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-08-25 |title=Successful Speed Trial Conducted on Hemanta Mukhopadhyay-Kavi Subhas Metro Stretch |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/successful-speed-trial-conducted-on-hemanta-mukhopadhyay-kavi-subhas-metro-stretch/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>

After lot of hardships and developmental work, the [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]–[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] section of Orange Line was inaugurated on 6 March 2024 by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], along with the truncated sections of [[Taratala metro station|Taratala]]–[[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]] under [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] and [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]–[[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] under [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Hope for ops start of three new Metro links in March first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hope-for-ops-start-of-three-new-metro-links-in-march-first-week/articleshow/107806433.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A week later after inauguration and a day after commercial run started on Kavi Subhash-Hemanta Mukhopadhyay section, RVNL announced the completion of a {{Convert|76|m|abbr=on}} viaduct gap after construction of a single-span open-web [[girder bridge|girder]] [[steel]] [[bridge]] over Tagore Park [[culvert]]. This completed the viaduct up to [[Beliaghata metro station]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Traffic starts moving along Tagore Park western flank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tagore-park-kolkata-traffic-movement-resumes-after-5-months/articleshow/108505984.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Trial runs have started over Hemanta Mukhopadhyay-[[Beleghata metro station]] and the plan was to open this stretch by the end of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-29 |title=Metro goes beyond Ruby, reaches Metropolitan on maiden trial run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-goes-beyond-ruby-reaches-metropolitan-on-maiden-trial-run/articleshow/108862519.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> RVNL has faced enormous challenges while working, in one such incident it incurred enormous loss of over 5 crore rupees due to lack of clearance of traffic from [[Kolkata Police]] and work being stalled for over 60 days.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chingrighata 60-day hold-up: RVNL loses 5.4cr & counting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/chingrighata-60-day-hold-up-rvnl-loses-5-4cr-counting/articleshow/119879958.cms |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]]–[[Beleghata metro station|Beleghata]] Orange Line extension was opened on 22 August 2025, along with the truncated sections of [[Noapara metro station|Noapara]]–[[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]] under [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] and [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]–[[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]] under [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=‘Efforts on to open 3 new metro lines next week’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/efforts-on-to-open-3-new-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/123264233.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kolkata metro corridors; experts say real estate markets to gain from airport, suburban connectivity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/pm-modi-inaugurates-kolkata-metro-corridors-experts-say-real-estate-markets-to-gain-from-airport-suburban-connectivity-101755857930176.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

Commercial operations between Beleghata and Kavi Subhash began on 25 August 2025.

The service starts from 8 am and ends at 8:05 pm, with 60 pairs of services from Monday to Friday. All the trains run at a frequency of 25 minutes.

There are no services on Saturdays and Sundays.

== Timeline ==
The following dates represent the dates the section opened to the public, not the private inauguration.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Orange}};" | History
|-
! width="5%" |Extension date
! width="5%" colspan="2"|Terminals
! width="7%" |Length
|-
| 6 March 2024||Kavi Subhash||Hemanta Mukhopadhyay ||{{convert|5.4|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 25 August 2025||Hemanta Mukhopadhyay||Beleghata||{{convert|4.5|km|mi|sp=us}}

|-
!Total ||Kavi Subhash||Beleghata||{{convert|9.9|km|mi|sp=us}}
|}

== Stations ==
{{Main|List of Kolkata metro stations}}

The stations are named after eminent Bengali personalities.<ref name="names" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,379|title=New Garia to Biman Bandar via Rajarhat Metro extension.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata Metro Line 6|url=https://newswatch.in/news/2011/02/07/mamata-names-two-kolkata-metro-stations-after-journalists}}</ref> and will have 22 elevated stations, one underground station and one at-grade. The terminal Airport station will be the underground one. This station will also have a [[Rail yard#Coach yards|stabling yard]] and it will be the largest underground facility of India and city's first. It will be {{Cvt|550|m}} long and {{Cvt|41.6|m}} wide and will facilitate stabling and reversal of rakes, but it will not be a carshed. One will be able to interchange to Yellow Line at Dum Dum Airport, Green Line at VIP Road (Teghoria) and near IT Centre and Blue Line at Kavi Subhash. At Kavi Subhash, rail interchange is also available (Sealdah South Section).

On 4 January 2021 the state government decided to rename nine metro stations in New Town area to their more prevailing names, rather than using the old ones which were given during the planning phase. The state transport department informed Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (HIDCO) of the new names of the proposed nine metro stations between Nazrul Tirtha at the entry of New Town from Salt Lake Sector V until Chinar Park, the last station on the line before it turns right on VIP road towards Kolkata Airport.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mondal|first=Biswadeep|date=4 January 2021|title=West Bengal govt renames nine New Town Metro stations|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-govt-renames-nine-new-town-metro-stations/articleshow/80090047.cms|access-date=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="10" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Orange}};" | Orange Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform type
|-
! English||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| 1
| [[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]
| জয় হিন্দ
| rowspan="15" |'''''December 2026'''''
| {{rint|Kolkata|yellow}} {{rint|air}} [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|NSCBI Airport]]
| Underground
|Side & island
|-
|2||[[VIP Road metro station (Kolkata)|VIP Road]] (Haldiram)||ভি আই পি রোড
|{{rint|Kolkata|ewm}} {{rint|Kolkata|green}} '''[[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Teghoria]]''' ''(proposed)''
|Rowspan=22 |Elevated
|Rowspan=22|Side
|-
|3||[[Chinar Park metro station|Chinar Park]] ||চিনার পার্ক
|
|-
|4||[[City Centre-2 metro station|City Centre-2]]||সিটি সেন্টার-২
|
|-
|5||[[Mangaldeep metro station|Mangaldeep]]||মঙ্গলদীপ
|
|-
|6||[[Eco Park metro station (Kolkata)|Eco Park]]||ইকো পার্ক
|
|-
|7||[[Mother's Wax Museum metro station|Mother's Wax Museum]]||মাদার্স ওয়াক্স মিউজিয়াম
|
|-
|8||[[Shiksha Tirtha metro station|Shiksha Tirtha]]||শিক্ষা তীর্থ
|
|-
|9||[[Biswa Bangla Convention Centre metro station|Biswa Bangla Convention Centre]]||বিশ্ব বাংলা কনভেনশন সেন্টার
|
|-
|10||[[Swapnabhor metro station|Swapnabhor]]||স্বপ্ন ভোর
|
|-
|11||[[Nazrul Tirtha metro station|Nazrul Tirtha]]||নজরুল তীর্থ
|
|-
|12||[[Nabadiganta metro station|Nabadiganta]] (Technopolis)||নবদিগন্ত
|
|-
|13||[[IT Centre metro station|IT Centre]] ||আই টি সেন্টার
|{{rint|Kolkata|ewm}}
{{rint|Kolkata|green}} '''[[Salt Lake Sector-V and IT Centre metro stations|Salt Lake Sector-V]]'''
|-
|14||[[Nalban metro station|Nalban]] (Nicco Park)||নলবন
|
|-
|15||[[Gour Kishore Ghosh metro station|Gour Kishore Ghosh]] (Chingrighata)||গৌর কিশোর ঘোষ
|
|-
|16 ||[[Beleghata metro station|Beleghata]]||বেলেঘাটা
|Rowspan=4|25 August 2025
|
|-
|17||[[Barun Sengupta metro station|Barun Sengupta]] (ITC Sonar Bangla)||বরুণ সেনগুপ্ত
|
|-
|18||[[Ritwik Ghatak metro station|Ritwik Ghatak]] (Bantala Road)||ঋত্বিক ঘটক
|
|-
|19||[[VIP Bazar metro station|VIP Bazar]]||ভি আই পি বাজার
|
|-
|20||[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] (Ruby More)||হেমন্ত মুখোপাধ্যায়
|Rowspan=5|6 March 2024
|
|-
|21||[[Kavi Sukanta metro station|Kavi Sukanta]] (Kalikapur)||কবি সুকান্ত
|
|-
|22||[[Jyotirindra Nandi metro station|Jyotirindra Nandi]] (Mukundapur)||জ্যোতিরিন্দ্র নন্দী
|
|-
|23||[[Satyajit Ray metro station|Satyajit Ray]] (Metropolis)||সত্যজিৎ রায়
|
|-
| 24
| [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]] (New Garia)||কবি সুভাষ
| {{rint|Kolkata|blue}} ''(under construction)'' {{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[New Garia railway station|New Garia]]'''
|At grade
|Side & island
|}

[[File:Kolkata Metro Line 2 and Line 6 (under construction).jpg|thumb|Green and Orange Lines under construction at [[Salt Lake Sector-V]], November 2017]]
[[File:Green Oasis.jpg|thumb|An urban garden developed by converting the unused space under metro rail using the vertical garden technique]]

==See also==
*[[Kolkata Metro]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[Kolkata Metro rolling stock]]
*[[Lists of rapid transit systems]]
*[[Trams in Kolkata]]
*[[Kolkata Light Rail Transit]]
*[[Kolkata Monorail]]
*[[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kolkata Metro|orange line=yes}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro lines]]
[[Category:Airport rail links in India|K]]
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]

Zabulistan

2026-05-03T22:13:23Z

Kenrique: added basic stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Historical Region}}
{{for|the Ugandan musician known professionally as Zabuli|Nasejje Jalia}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{History of Iran|expanded=listname}}
'''Zabulistan''' ({{langx|fa|زابلستان}}, ''Zābolistān'', ''Zāwulistān'' or simply {{lang|fa|زابل}} ), is an ancient and medieval name for a historical region that included mainly southern Afghanistan as well as southeastern Iran.<ref>{{Citation |title=Zabol |date=2025-05-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabol |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=en}}</ref>

By the tenth century, Iranian sources mention Zabulistan as part of the Khorasan marches, a frontier region between [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Indian subcontinent|India]].{{sfn|Minorsky|2015|p=112}} In the ''[[Tarikh-i Sistan]]'', finished around 1062 CE, the author regards [[Zabol]] as part of the land of [[Sistan]], stretching from the [[Hamun Lake|Hamun Oasis]] all the way to the [[Indus River]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=115}}

Today, the Afghan province of [[Zabul]] and the Iranian city of [[Zabol]] take their names from the historical region. Zabulistan has become popularized as the birthplace of the character [[Rostam]] of [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh]]'', in which the word "Zabulistan" is used interchangeably with "[[Sistan]]", which is the same historical region, located in present-day southern Afghanistan ([[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], [[Zabul Province|Zabul]] and [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]]) and some parts of Iran ([[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]]).{{sfn|Minorsky|2015|p=110}}

== Names ==
Zābulistān ({{langx|fa|زابلستان}}) which is the Persian name literally means "the land of Zābol". The etymology of the name Zābol has been marred with speculation. The German historian [[Josef Markwart|Marquart]], proposed the word, including its uncommon Medieval variant Jāwulistān ({{langx|fa|links=no|جابلستان}}) as being a variation of the Sanskrit term.{{sfn|Minorsky|2015|p=346}} Others have speculated that the word ''zābol'' might be an abbreviation of ''zūnbīl'', a supposed royal title of the region known from Arabic sources, earlier read as ''rutbīl'', and now used to refer to a local dynasty of [[Zamindawar]] now called the [[Zunbils]]. This notion however currently stands on loose ground, and [[Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky]] holds that the consonant resemblance between these two words look merely fortuitous.{{sfn|Minorsky|2015|p=346}}

Jāguḍa ({{langx|sa|जागुड|links=no}}), meaning ''saffron'',{{sfn|Definition of jāguḍa|n.d.}} was the Sanskrit name of the region. It is also regarded as being referred to by this name in 644 CE by the Chinese traveling monk [[Xuanzang]] in the Chinese transliteration ''Tsau-kü-ta''.{{sfn|Minorsky|2015|p=346}}

== Geography ==
The earliest detailed description of Zabulistan comes from the [[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]], written by the travelling monk [[Xuanzang]] in the early seventh century. He places the country of ''Tsau-kü-ta'' (Jāguḍa) between the Great Snowy Mountains ([[Hindu Kush|the Hindu Kush]]) and the Black Range (probably the [[Sulaiman Mountains|Sulaiman mountains]]), bordering the country of Vrjisthāna in the north, [[Kapisa (city)|Kāpiśī]] to its north-east and Kaikānān to its east.{{sfn|Li|1995}} While the Chinese pilgrims never explored the south or west of the region, it is known from later Arabic accounts that Zabulistan at this time was bordered by Turan to its south and [[Rukhkhaj|Rukhkhudh]] to its west.<blockquote>"The country of Jāguda is more than seven thousand ''li'' in circuit, and its capital city, named Hexina ([[Ghazni]]), is over thirty ''li'' in circuit; but the capital is sometimes located in the city of Hesaluo (Guzar), which is also over thirty ''li'' in circuit, both cities being strongly fortified in invulnerable positions. The mountains and valleys are rich in natural resources, and the cultivated farmlands, divided by ridges, are high and dry. Crops are sown in proper seasons. Winter wheat is abundant, and vegetation is luxuriant with profuse flowers and fruits. The soil is good for growing aromatic turmeric, and it produces the ''hingu'' herb (''[[Asafoetida|Ferula asafoetida]]''), which grows in the Rama-Indu Valley. In the city of Hesaluo there are gushing springs, the water of which flows to all sides, and the people make use of it for irrigation. The climate is severely cold with much frost and snow."
- [[Xuanzang]], 644 CE{{sfn|Li|1995}}</blockquote>During the Medieval Islamic era, the region is continuously mentioned in geographical works such as [[Istakhri]]'s Kitab al-Masalik (930-933 CE), the [[Hudud al-'Alam|Hudud al 'Alam]] (982 CE), [[Hamdallah Mustawfi|Qazvīnī]]'s [[Nuzhat al-Qulub]] etc.{{sfn|Minorsky|1937|p=165}}

==History==
===Pre-Islamic period===
The first mentions of the region coincides with its takeover by the [[Iranian Huns]] in the 4th century. Initially being conquered by the [[Alchon Huns|Alkhan]], then the [[Nezak Huns|Nezaks]] in the 5th century.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=115}} The region fell to the [[Turk Shahi]]s in the 7th century, then being controlled by a collection loose suzerains of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s to the 10th century. According to Andre Wink:
{{Quote|It is clear however that in the seventh to ninth centuries the Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persianate realm. The Arab geographers, in effect, commonly speak of 'that king of al-Hind ... (who) bore the title of Zunbil'.{{sfn|Wink|1996|pp=112–114}}}}

The region was finally conquered and Islamized by the [[Ghaznavids]] after 961 CE.{{sfn|ḠAZNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica}}

==== The Alkhans ====
The first mentions of the word Zabol is from coinage of what's known as "the early anonymous clan-rulers". These were late fourth-century tribal chiefs and possibly former governors of the Sasanids from the north of the Hindu Kush, who following the course of the [[Kidarites]], declared independence from [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanid]] dominance. By 384/5 CE, they controlled [[Kapisa Province|Kāpiśī]] and [[Gandhara]], and started minting their own characteristic coins in the formerly Sasanian mint.{{sfn|pro.geo.univie.ac.at (1)}} A set of these anonymous coins including some of the coins of king [[Khingila I]], the first of [[Alchon Huns|Alkhan]] kings known by name, bore the legend ''Shāh Zāwbul Ālkhān'' ([[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]: ϸαυο ζαοβλ αλχανο) translated as 'King of Zabol Alkhan'.{{sfn|Vondrovec|2014}} This suggests Alkhan control of the Zabulistan region from an early time of Alkhan dominance in the region.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=115}} Alkhan power, primarily based in the Kapisa and Gandhara valleys, was seldom concentrated with one king alone, as shown by the variety of Alkhan coins minted simultaneously in the different regions of the empire's control, which by 484 CE reached all the way to [[Eran|Mawla]] in Central India.{{sfn|pro.geo.univie.ac.at (2)}} Northern Zabulistan is understood to have remained under nominal control of the Alkhan rulers of [[Kapisa Province|Kāpiśī]], with the rest remaining under nominal Sasanid rule until [[Peroz I]]'s defeat by the [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalites]] in 484 CE, which facilitated the takeover of Zabulistan by the new independent ruler [[Napki Malka|Nezak Shah]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==== The Nezaks ====
Following the collapse of Sasanid control in [[Tokharistan]] in 484 CE, and with Alkhan coinage expanding into the Indian subcontinent, numismatic evidence accounts for the consolidation of a new dynasty in Kapisa and Zabul. The [[Nezak Huns|Nezak Shah dynasty]], identified through their unique coin designs and the [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] [[Napki Malka|Nezak Shah]] stamp (previously interpreted by Göbl as Napki MLK) on their coins, supposedly opened a mint in Ghazni (which's coins are identified by Göbl as the š-group of Nezak coinage) following 484 CE. Later, they managed to also consolidate their rule over [[Kapisa (city)|Kāpiśī]], where they overtook the local mint around the first quarter of the 6th-century CE (whose coins are identified by Göbl as the ā-group). Unlike the contemporary [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalites]] and [[Alchon Huns|Alkhan]], they did not use a [[tamga]], but instead donned a golden winged bull-headed crown as their primary signifier.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=115}}

Sometime after 532 CE, after [[Mihirakula|Mihrakulas]] devastating defeat against [[Yashodharman|Yasodharman]] at [[Eran|Malwa]], Alkhan power is understood to have subsequently returned to the [[Gandhara]] and the [[Kapisa Province|Kāpiśī]] valleys, thereby having to confront the Nezaks. Whether this encounter was mostly peaceful or hostile is currently unknown, but has been recorded in part among numismatic evidence, from Alkhan coins minted in Gandhara with the characteristic Nezak bull-headed crown over an otherwise typically Alkhan design, to the overstriking of Nezak coins in the second half of the 6th century by the Alkhan ruler [[Toramana II]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=115}} At around the same period, the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanians]] under [[Khosrow I|Khusro I]] (r. 531-579) briefly reestablished their control of [[Balkh]], and probably also Zabulistan, which is supported by a Sasanian administrative seal found there from the same period.{{sfn|Vondrovec|2014}} Succeeding Sasanian control of Zabulistan by the end of the 6th-century, a new group of coins are struck with an š-mint (Zabol) brand and in a design reminiscent of both Alkhan and Nezak coinage, though ultimately missing the bull-headed crown of the Nezaks and struck with the Alkhan [[tamga]], while the Nezak ā-coinage is retained in [[Kapisa Province|Kāpiśī]]. This new issue is known as the Alkhan-Nezak Crossover, and which dynasty continued to issue coinage from the Ghazni-mint until the middle of the 7th century.{{sfn|Vondrovec|2014}}

==== The Rutbils and the Kabul Shahis ====
{{Main|Zunbils}}
{{Main|Kabul Shahi (disambiguation){{!}}Kabul Shahi}}
The region of southern Afghanistan was first invaded by Muslim Arabs from [[Zaranj]] in what is now [[Nimruz Province]]. From there they marched toward [[Lashkar Gah|Bost]], [[Kandahar]], Zabulistan, and reached Kabul. In 683 Kabul revolted and defeated the Muslim army.{{sfn|The Gupta Empire and India (320 AD – 750AD)|n.d.}}

According André Wink:
{{quote|"In southern and eastern Afghanistan, the regions of Zamindawar (Zamin I Datbar or land of the justice giver, the classical Archosia) and Zabulistan or Zabul (Jabala, [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisha]], Kia pi shi) and Kabul, the Arabs were effectively opposed for more than two centuries, from 643 to 870 AD, by the indigenous rulers the Zunbils and the related [[Sahi clan|Kabul-Shahs]] of the dynasty which became known as the Buddhist-Shahi. With [[Makran]] and [[Baluchistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan]] and much of [[Sindh]] this area can be reckoned to belong to the cultural and political frontier zone between [[India]] and [[Persia]]. It is clear however that in the seventh to the ninth centuries the Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persian realm. The Arab geographers, in effect commonly speak of that king of "Al Hind" ...(who) bore the title of Zunbil."{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=112}}}}

According to C. E. Bosword:
{{quote|"One of the most important aspects of the early [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarid]] policy of significance for the spread of Islam in Afghanistan and on the borders of [[India]] long after their empire had collapsed, was that of expansion into eastern Afghanistan. The early Arab governors of [[Sistan]] had at times penetrated as far as [[Ghazni Province|Ghazana]] and [[Kabul]], but these had been little more than slave and plunder raids. There was a fierce resistance from the local rulers of these regions, above all from the line of Zunbils who ruled in Zamindavar and Zabulistan and who were probably epigoni of the southern Hepthalite or Chionite kingdom of Zabul; on more than one occasion, these Zunbils inflicted sharp defeats on the Muslims. The Zunbils were linked with the [[Sahi clan|Kabul-Shahs]] of the [[Sahi clan|Shahi]] dynasty; the whole river valley was at this time culturally and religiously an outpost of the Indian world, as of course it had been in the earlier centuries during the heyday of the [[Buddhist]] [[Gandhara]] civilization."{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=111}}}}

The Kabul Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the [[Buddhist]] Shahis and the [[Hindu]] Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870 CE. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565 CE to 670 CE, when the capitals were located in [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]] and Kabul, and later [[Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Udabhandapura]], also known as Hund,<ref>Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). ''Hund: The Forgotten City of Gandhara'', p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.</ref> for its new capital.<ref>''The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab'', 1973, pp. 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D.B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p. 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p. 34, Daud Ali.</ref><ref>''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 1954, pp. 112 ff; "The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab", 1973, p. 46, Dr D.B. Pandey; ''The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture'', 1976, p. 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians.</ref>{{efn|{{harvnb|Keay|2000|p=203}}: The Hindu Shahis, and in the late ninth century great was [their fame] ... in 870 Kabul itself was captured [lost] ... But in the Panjab they consolidated their kingdom and established a new capital first at Hund.}} The kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisa]]-[[Gandhara]] in modern-day Afghanistan, Zabulistan and [[Sindh]] (which then held Makran) in modern-day Pakistan, all of which were culturally and politically part of [[ancient India]] since ancient times,<ref>Mehta, Jaswant Lal, "Advanced Study in The History of Medieval India Vol 1", pp31</ref> were known as "The Frontier of Al Hind".

==== Saffarid invasion and the Ghaznavids ====
{{Further|Islamic conquest of Afghanistan}}
{{quote|"We are told that it was only in 870 AD that Zabulistan was finally conquered by one [[Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari|Yakub]] who was the virtual ruler of the neighbouring Iranian province of [[Sistan|Siestan]]. The king was killed and his subjects were made Muslims."<ref>Medieval India Part 1 by Satish Chandra Page 17</ref>}}
The Hindu Shahis under [[Jayapala]], is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the [[Ghaznavids]] for the control over Zabulistan and the surrounding region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]] both in the reign of [[Sebuktigin]] and in that of his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], which initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and [[Hindu]] Shahi struggles.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=3}} Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=3}} Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=3}} Jayapala, however, lost control of the entire region from Zabulistan to between the [[Kabul|Kabul Valley]] and [[Indus River]].{{sfn|Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen}}

However, Jayapala's army was hopeless in battle against the Ghaznavid forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni.{{sfn|Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen}} In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the [[Qarakhanid]]s north of the [[Hindu Kush]], Jayapala [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|attacked Ghazni]] once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day [[Peshawar]]. After the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]], he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahis.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=3}}{{sfn|Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen}} Jayapala was succeeded by his son [[Anandapala]],{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=3}} who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahis took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznavids but were unsuccessful. These Ghaznavid victories in these wars resulted in the Islamization of Zabulistan and the surrounding regions.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=3}}

===Archeological sites===
Zabol is home to several important archeological sites. The Burnt City (''Shahr-e Sokhteh'') is an ancient urban site in the region established in 3200 BCE, covering 151 hectares and built on a promonotory between [[Hamun Lake]] and the [[Helmand River]]. It was established by migrants from various surrounding regions. Two major fires occurred between 3200 BCE and 2750 BCE. It is from here the city derives its name from. Qaleh Now (meaning "New Castle") is another site, comprising of a Qajar-era village that is 160 years old with ancient archeological sites found within the village. The region of Zabulish is also replete with old ancient windmills, found on the outskirts of [[Zahedan]], showcasing the engineering talent of the ancient Persians, a crucial piece of technology created to meet the region's agricultural needs. A national heritage site, Machi Castle, is also found in the Zabol region.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 12, 2025 |title=Zabol’s timeless connection to history |url=https://cdn-newspaper.irandaily.ir/newspaper/1404/01/22/79b834e8337a479dcdfd4b6d3be5d9dc.pdf |work=Iran Daily |location=Iran |publisher=Iranica Home |access-date=May 3, 2026}}</ref>

== Religion ==
===Buddhist period===
During Buddhist period Zabulistan is known to have been a place of various religious cults and practices, with Ghazni being an old stop on the silk and spice trade flowing between [[Tokharistan]] and Afghanistan. Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] recorded numerous Buddhist stupas and monasteries supposedly built by [[Ashoka]] and several dozen Hindu temples, which were demolished by Islamic invaders around 653/54 CE.{{sfn|pro.geo.univie.ac.at (3)}} [[Xuanzang]] also made an account of Zabul (which he called by its [[Sanskrit]] name ''Jaguda''), which he describes as animists and adherants of [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], which although in the minority had the support of its royals. In terms of other cults, the god Śuna,{{sfn|Morgenstierne|2003}} is described to be the prime deity of the country.{{sfn|Li|1995}} [[File:Mes Aynak stupa.jpg|thumb|Newly [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[stupa]] at [[Mes Aynak]] in [[Logar Province]]. Similar stupas have been discovered in neighboring [[Ghazni Province]], including in the northern [[Samangan Province#Cultural heritage|Samangan Province]].]]<blockquote>Although they worship various gods, they respect the Triple Gem. There are several hundred monasteries with more than ten thousand monks, all of whom study Mahayana teachings. The reigning king is a man of pure faith who inherited a throne handed down through many generations. He has engaged himself in performing meritorious deeds and is intelligent and studious. There are more than ten stupas built by king Asoka. Deva-temples number several tens, and the heretics, who are in the majority, live together. Their disciples are extremely numerous, and they worship the god Śuna.</blockquote><blockquote>- [[Xuanzang]], The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 644 CE{{sfn|Li|1995}}</blockquote>

=== Zhun ===
{{Further|Sajawand}}He goes on to describe the god as residing on top of a mountain in Zabul called the '''Śunāsīra mountain''', where people came "from far and near and high and low", even attracting kings, ministers, officials and common people of regions where different customs were observed, to pay homage and make donations.{{sfn|Li|1995}} <blockquote>They either offer gold, silver, and rare gems or present sheep, horses, and other domestic animals to the god in competition with each other to show their piety and sincerity. Therefore, gold and silver are scattered all over the ground, and sheep and horses fill up the valley. Nobody dares to covet them, for everyone is eager to make offerings to the god. To those who respect and serve the heretics and practice asceticism whole-heartedly, the god imparts magical incantations, of which the heretics make effective use in most cases; for the treatment of disease, they are quite efficacious.{{sfn|Minorsky|2015|p=346}}</blockquote><blockquote>- [[Xuanzang]], 644 CE</blockquote>The god Śuna is again mentioned in Islamic sources in the recounting of the Saffarid conquest of Zabulistan, in the Arabic rendering ''Zūn'' ([[Arabic]]: زون). These sources mention two temples, one at [[Zamindawar]] and one at [[Sajawand|Sakkawand]]. The temple at Sakkawand was sacked and plundered in 870 CE.{{sfn|Mishra|1972|pp=42–43}}{{sfn|Elliot|1953|p=20}}{{quote|"It is related that, Amru Lais conferred the governorship of Zabulistan on Fardghan and sent him there at the head of four thousand horses. There was a large place of worship of the God Zhun in the country, which was called Sakawand, and people used to come on pilgrimage to the Idols of that place. When Fardaghan arrived in Zabulistan he led his army against it, took the temples broke the idols in pieces, and overthrew the idolators. Some of the plunder he distributed among the troops, the rest he sent to Amru Lais."<ref name="ReferenceA">Jamiu-l-Hikayat of Muhammad Uffi Page 175 from The History of India told by its own Historians H M Elliot and Dowson Volume 2</ref>}}

{{quote|"Fardaghan, the governor of Zabulistan region around [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]] under [[Amr Saffari|Amr ibn Layth]], plundered Sakawand, a place of pilgrimage to God Zhun, which was within the kingdom of the Shahis."{{sfn|Majumdar|1964|p=113}}}}
{{quote|"The activities of the Saffarid brothers on the Indian frontier attracted special attention in the Caliphate thanks to the care they took to send exotic presents from the plunder to the Abbasid court. Yaqub, for instance, at one time sent fifty gold and silver idols from Kabul to the caliph Al-Mutamid who dispatched them to Mecca. Another set of Idols lavishly decorated with jewels and silver, sent by him, Amr in 896 from Sakawand (a place in the Logar valley between Ghazni and Kabul which the sources describe as a pilgrimage centre dedicated to God Zhun), caused a sensation in Baghdad on account of their strangeness."{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=124}}}}

===Sakawand a pilgrimage centre===
Sakawand was a major centre of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pilgrimage.{{sfn|Mishra|1972|pp=42–43}}{{sfn|Elliot|1953|p=20}}{{quote|"It is related that, Amru Lais conferred the governorship of Zabulistan on Fardghan and sent him there at the head of four thousand horses. There was a large place of worship of the God Zhun in the country, which was called Sakawand, and people used to come on pilgrimage to the Idols of that place. When Fardaghan arrived in Zabulistan he led his army against it, took the temples broke the idols in pieces, and overthrew the idolators. Some of the plunder he distributed among the troops, the rest he sent to Amru Lais."<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}

==See also==
* [[Zabul Province]]
* [[Zabol]]
* [[Zunbils]]
* [[Abu Ali Lawik]]
* [[Sajawand]]
* [[Zamindawar]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

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| publisher = BRILL
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC
| isbn = 0-391-04173-8
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/?language=en The Countenance of the Other: The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217071007/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/?language=en |date=17 February 2021 }}

{{Shahnameh}}

[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Kabul Shahi]]
[[Category:Persian mythology]]
[[Category:Places in the Shahnameh]]

Vennela Kishore filmography

2026-05-02T11:13:30Z

Kenrique: added basic pg w/ refs

{{Short description|none}} 
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Vennela Kishore.jpg|thumb|Kishore at a shoot in [[València]], 2016]]
The following is the filmography of Indian actor [[Vennela Kishore]].

==As an actor==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Telugu language unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Vennela]]'' ||Khader Basha ||<ref name="FilmCompan">{{cite news |last1=Mamillapalle |first1=Nischala |title=10 Memorable Performances of Telugu Actor Vennela Kishore |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-movies-10-memorable-performances-of-telugu-actor-vennela-kishore-nani-mahesh-babu-chi-la-sow |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Film Companion |date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 || ''[[Indumathi (film)|Indumathi]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''Samardhudu'' || Nandhini's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]'' || Bose ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2010 || ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]'' || Muddu Krishna ||<ref name="NIEX">{{cite news |last1=Yellapantula |first1=Suhas |title='College Helped Shape Me' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2015/Mar/23/college-helped-shape-me-731970.html |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=19 March 2015 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309013911/https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2015/Mar/23/college-helped-shape-me-731970.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Chalaki'' || Subba Rao's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Inkosaari]]'' || Bala Bokkala || <ref name="FilmCompan"/>
|-
| ''[[Prasthanam]]'' || Goli ||
|-
| ''[[Sneha Geetham]]'' ||Box Office Bhushanam||
|-
| ''[[Orange (2010 Telugu film)|Orange]]'' || Ram's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' || Seenu's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2011 || ''[[Vaareva]]'' || Rishi's friend ||
|-
|''Thimmaraju'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (2011 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]'' || Love Guru ||
|-
| ''[[Seema Tapakai]]'' || Peda Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Dookudu]]'' || M.S.Sastry ||<ref name="NIEX"/>
|-
| ''[[Madatha Kaja]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
|''[[It's My Love Story]]''
|Sujath A. R.
|
|-
| ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' || Sarkar ||<ref name="NIEX"/>
|-
| ''[[Priyudu]]'' || Karthik's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2012 || ''[[Shiva Manasulo Shruti]]'' || Shruti's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Nookayya]]'' || Charger ||
|-
| ''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]'' || Kittu ||
|-
| ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' || Raj’s friend ||
|-
| ''[[Daruvu]]'' || Khaja ||
|-
|''[[Julai]]'' || Cafe customer ||
|-
|''[[Vennela 1 1/2|Vennela 1½]]'' ||Khader Basha||Also director
|-Also Director of the movie
| ''[[Denikaina Ready]]''|| David ||
|-
| rowspan="14" |2013
|''[[Jaffa (2013 film)|Jaffa]]''
|Nikhil
|Also director
|-
| ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'' || Software Subramanyam ||
|-
| ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'' || Flat resident ||
|-
|''[[D/O Varma]]'' || Rao Gopal Warma ||
|-
|''[[Abbai Class Ammai Mass]]'' || Sri's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]'' || Home Minister's P.A. ||
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Doosukeltha]]'' ||Piccheshwar||
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Dasu||
|-
| ''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]'' || Nana Bhai's henchman||
|-
| ''[[Greeku Veerudu]]'' || Subrahmanyam ||
|-
| ''[[Athadu Aame O Scooter]]'' || Govind Raju BA. Pass
|Lead role
|-
| ''[[Tadakha]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Biskett]]''|| Chittilingam ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2014 || ''[[Yevadu]]'' || Charan's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| ''[[Malligadu Marriage Bureau]]'' || Bobby ||
|-
| ''[[Boy Meets Girl (Tholiprema Katha)|Boy Meets Girl: Tholi Prema Katha]]'' || Maha Lakshmi's ex ||
|-
| ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' || Mukundham ||
|-
|''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|patient of Saitan Raj
|
|-
| ''[[Current Theega]]''|| Raju's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Aagadu]]'' || Prabhakar ||
|-
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' || Bunny ||
|-
| ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || Suresh ||
|-
| ''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' || Seenu's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Ala Ela]]'' || Karthik's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Raave Maa Intiki]]'' || Software Subrahmanyam ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2015 || ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || Rambabu ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hooli |first1=Shekhar H |title='Gopala Gopala' Celebs' Review: Nithiin, Sundeep, Lakshmi, Others Impressed with it |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/gopala-gopala-celebs-review-nithiin-sundeep-lakshmi-others-impressed-it-620141 |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=International Business Times |date=12 January 2015 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309052811/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/gopala-gopala-celebs-review-nithiin-sundeep-lakshmi-others-impressed-it-620141 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' || Vennela Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'' || Konda ||
|-
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || Viraj's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Kiraak]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Superstar Kidnap]]'' || Vennela Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' || Apparao ||
|-
| ''[[Bale Bale Magadivoy]]'' || Lucky's friend ||<ref name="FilmCompan"/>
|-
| ''[[Bruce Lee – The Fighter]]'' || Uganda Yugendhar ||
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2016 || ''[[Dictator (2016 Film)|Dictator]]'' || Kathyayani's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Eluka Majaka]]'' || Balu || Lead role
|-
| ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' || Constable Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Kshanam]]'' || Babu Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Tuntari]]'' || Raju's friend ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devi |first1=Sangeetha |title=Tuntari: The making of an unlikely champ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tuntari-the-making-of-an-unlikely-champ/article8341887.ece |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=11 March 2016 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309053051/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tuntari-the-making-of-an-unlikely-champ/article8341887.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savitri (2016 film)|Savitri]]'' || NRI ||
|-
| ''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' || Lakkavarapu "Lilly" Lingaraju ||
|-
| ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || Pyarelal || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' || Sudarshanam ||
|-
|''[[Manamantha]]''|| Bhushan ||
|-
| ''[[Thikka]]'' || Jayanth ||
|-
| ''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]'' || Karthik's friend||
|-
| ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]'' || Sanjay Leela Bhansali ||<ref name="FilmCompan"/>
|-
| ''[[Eedu Gold Ehe]]'' || Railway TC ||
|-
| ''[[Nandini Nursing Home]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Ism (film)|Ism]]'' || Sathya's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' || Kishore ||<ref name="FilmCompan"/>
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2017 || ''[[Luckunnodu]]'' || C.E.O. of Kony Solutions ||
|-
| ''[[Kittu Unnadu Jagratha]]'' || Santhanam's right hand ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu Local]]'' || Salesman ||
|-
| '' [[Om Namo Venkatesaya]] '' || Govindarajulu's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]'' || Padma ||
|-
| ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' || Ranga ||
|-
| ''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Ami Thumi]]'' || Sri Chilipi ||<ref name="FilmCompan"/>
|-
| ''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' || Akella Vigneshwara Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Jayadev (film)|Jayadev]]'' || Jayadev's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Anando Brahma]]'' || Raju ||<ref name="TOIcredits">{{cite news |title=Vennela Kishore shares throwback pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vennela-kishore-shares-throwback-pictures-from-his-college-days-in-michigan/articleshow/76810964.cms |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veedevadu]]'' || Albert's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' || rowspan="3"| Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Balakrishnudu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'' || Aakash ||
|-
| ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' || Bridegroom || Guest appearance in song
|-
| ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' || Kishore||
|-
| rowspan="16"| 2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''|| Bala Subramanyam ||
|-
| ''[[Chalo]]'' || Revenge Param ||
|-
| ''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' || J. Balram ||
|-
| ''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]'' || Sri Chilipi || <ref>{{cite web|date=23 March 2018|title=MLA movie review: Kajal Aggarwal-Kalyan Ram starrer is forgettable|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mla-movie-review-kalyan-ram-kajal-aggarwal-star-rating-5108642/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330224939/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mla-movie-review-kalyan-ram-kajal-aggarwal-star-rating-5108642/|archive-date=30 March 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''|| Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' || Lawyer Guvvala Swaroop ||
|-
| ''[[Saakshyam]]'' || Viswa's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Goodachari]]'' || Shaam ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devi Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha |title=Vennela Kishore: I cannot mimic, and I'm not a stand-up comic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vennela-kishore-talks-about-his-serious-approach-to-comedy-and-the-warm-reception-for-chi-la-sow-and-goodachari/article24678115.ece |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chi La Sow]]'' || Sujith || <ref name="FilmCompan"/>
|-
| ''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' || Bridegroom ||<ref name="FilmCompan"/>
|-
| ''[[Neevevaro]]'' || Chekka Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Sailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' || Chari ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' || Dr. Kuchipudi ||
|-
| ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]'' || Kittu ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Miriyala ||
|-
| 2018|''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || Gemini Natarajan ||
|-
| rowspan="22" | 2019 || ''[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu]]'' ||| Rukmanandha Rao ||
|-
| ''[[N.T.R: Mahanayakudu]]''|| Rukmanandha Rao ||
|-
| ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration|F2 – Fun and Frustration]]'' || John Strow ||
|-
| ''[[Crazy Crazy Feeling]]'' || Maheshwar Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]'' || Kanna ||
|-
| ''[[Hippi (film)|Hippi]]'' || Harley Davidson (HD) ||
|-
| ''[[ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)|ABCD: American Born Confused Desi]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene]]''|| Arjun ||
|-
| ''[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' || Bollywood Bobby ||
|-
| ''[[Manmadhudu 2]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Edaina Jaragocchu]]'' || Movie director || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]'' || Inspector Balram ||
|-
| ''[[Kathanam]]'' || Creative Kishore (CK) ||
|-
| ''[[Saaho]]'' || Goswami ||Bilingual film (Hindi and Telugu)
|-
|''[[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]''|| Santoor Senakkayala ||
|-
|''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
|''[[Arjun Suravaram]]'' ||Addala Balaji |||<ref>{{cite news|title=Arjun Suravaram movie review highlights: An interesting enough first half|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/arjun-suravaram-movie-review-highlights-an-interesting-enough-first-half/articleshow/72290597.cms|access-date=29 November 2019|website=The Times of India|date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011223435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/arjun-suravaram-movie-review-highlights-an-interesting-enough-first-half/articleshow/72290597.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tholu Bommalata]]'' || Santosh ||
|-
| ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu]]'' || Police Officer || Also co-producer
|-
|''Dhrusti''
|Adavi Sesh
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' || Shrinivas ||
|-
| ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Disco Raja]]'' || Palguni ||
|-
| ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]'' || Parimal ||
|-
| ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' || Mansoor ||
|-
|''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]'' || Govind Gowda ||
|-
| rowspan="14" |2021
|[[Red (2021 film)|''Red'']] || Purushottam ||
|-
|''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' || Pandu ||
|-
|''[[Bangaru Bullodu (2021 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]'' || Mahalakshmi's fiancé ||
|-
| ''[[Kapatadhaari]]'' || Gowtham's colleague ||
|-
| ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' || [[Chanchalguda]] Santosh ||
|-
| ''[[Sashi (film)|Sashi]]'' || Fathima’s love interest ||
|-
| ''[[Rang De]]'' || Shastri ||
|-
| ''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]'' || Sukku ||
|-
| ''[[Gully Rowdy]]'' || Nemali Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]'' || Christian train passenger || [[Tamil film]]
|-
| ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Pelli SandaD]]'' || Chintu ||
|-
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]'' || Doctor Bava ||
|-
| rowspan="24" |2022
|''[[Bangarraju]]'' || Chinna Bangarraju's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]'' || Telemarketing guy ||
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]'' || Bobby ||
|-
| ''[[Malli Modalaindi]]'' || rowspan="2"|Kishore ||
|-
|''[[Son of India (2022 film)|Son of India]]'' ||
|-
|[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|''Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu'']] || Phani ||
|-
|''[[Stand Up Rahul]]'' || Steve Jags ||
|-
|''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' || Junior Artist ||
|-
|''[[Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam]]'' || MLA Rajaram ||
|-
| ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' || Acharya's disciple ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Gangster Gangaraju]]'' || Bachan Takhur ||
|-
| ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]'' || Prasadam ||
|-
|[[Happy Birthday (2022 Indian film)|''Happy Birthday'']] || [[Union minister]] Rithwik Sodhi ||
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|Durjoy Sharma
|
|-
|''[[First Day First Show]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show Review: Bland writing, banal jokes |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/first-day-first-show-review-bland-writing-banal-jokes |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=7 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529015536/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/first-day-first-show-review-bland-writing-banal-jokes |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aa Ammayi Gurinchi Meeku Cheppali]]''
|Bose
|
|-
|''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''
| Seenu
|
|-
|''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]''
|Dr. Bucchi Babu
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Vrinda Vihari]]'' ||Dr. Satya ||
|-
|''[[Ginna (film)|Ginna]]''
|Mysore Bujji
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First look of Vishnu Manchu's Ginna out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Jul/11/first-look-of-vishnu-manchus-ginna-out-32675.html |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309052142/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Jul/11/first-look-of-vishnu-manchus-ginna-out-32675.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam]]''
|English teacher
|
|-
|''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]''
|Satish
|
|-
|''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''
|Guru
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |2023
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
| Seethapati’s brother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Mr. King]]''
| Uma Devi’s fiance
|
|-
|''[[Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu]]''
| Bike Rider
|
|-
| ''[[Ramabanam]]''
| Savitri
|
|-
| ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]''
|Prem
| Telugu version only
|-
|''[[Bhuvana Vijayam (film)|Bhuvana Vijayam]]''
|Mute writer
|
|-
|''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]''
|Prasad’s son-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]''
|Kula Shekar
|
|-
|''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]''
| Mark's boss
|
|-
|''[[Bhola Shankar]]''
|Vamshi
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandi |first1=Raghu |title=Bhola Shankar movie review: Chiranjeevi shines in a lackluster remake |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhola-shankar-movie-review-chiranjeevi-shines-in-a-lackluster-remake-8887558/ |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Indian Express |date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001032652/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhola-shankar-movie-review-chiranjeevi-shines-in-a-lackluster-remake-8887558/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nene Naa]]''
|Bobbili Raja
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pecheti |first1=Prakash |title=Nene Naa review: Vennela Kishore's humour garners praise in this crappy horror thriller |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nene-naa-movie-review/ |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=South First |date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927170122/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nene-naa-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]''
| Pitobash
|
|-
|''[[Rules Ranjann]]''
|Kamesh
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Vimanam]]''
|School Teacher
| <ref>{{Cite web |title= Finally! Delayed Telugu Film 'Prema Vimanam' OTT Release Date Out |url= https://www.binged.com/news/finally-delayed-telugu-film-prema-vimanam-ott-release-date-out/ |work=binged.com |date= 16 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spark Life]]''
| Rama Brahmam
|
|-
| ''[[Sound Party (2023 film)|Sound Party]]'' || {{N/A}} || Voiceover<ref>{{cite news|title=Sound Party entertains in bits and pieces, VJ Sunny Shines|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/241123/sound-party-movie-review-rating.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 November 2023|language=en|archive-date=17 January 2024|access-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117124412/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/241123/sound-party-movie-review-rating.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Breathe''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teluguviz.com/breathe-movie-review/|title=BREATHE Movie Review - Nandamuri Chaitanya Krishna's Comeback Film - Telugu Viz|first=Srinu|last=Potla|date=2 December 2023|access-date=9 March 2024|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207165023/https://teluguviz.com/breathe-movie-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="13" |2024
| ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
| Balasubramanyam "Balu"
|
|-
| ''[[Hanu Man]]''
| Siri Vennela
|
|-
| ''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]''
| Doctor Narappa
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/movie/ooru-peru-bhairavakona | title=Ooru Peru Bhairavakona Movie (2024) - Release Date, Cast, Trailer and Other Details | website=[[Pinkvilla]] | access-date=18 January 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118173030/https://www.pinkvilla.com/movie/ooru-peru-bhairavakona | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chaari 111]]''
| Agent Chaari
| Lead role<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Vennela Kishore: I have no goals, I am happy with good food and cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-vennela-kishore-discusses-his-telugu-film-chaari-111-says-he-is-happy-as-a-comedy-actor-than-as-a-protagonist/article67894842.ece |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=28 February 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310133253/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-vennela-kishore-discusses-his-telugu-film-chaari-111-says-he-is-happy-as-a-comedy-actor-than-as-a-protagonist/article67894842.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhimaa]]'' || Sathish ||
|-
|''[[The Family Star]]''
|Samarth
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/family-star-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Family Star Telugu Movie Review, Vijay Devarakonda, Mrunal|date=5 April 2024|work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405211152/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/family-star-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aranmanai 4|Baak]]''
|Mason
|Partially reshot version of ''Aranmanai 4''
|-
|''[[OMG: O Manchi Ghost]]''
|Aatma
|
|-
|[[Usha Parinayam (2024 film)|''Usha Parinayam'']]
|Appadala Anvesh
|
|-
|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2024 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''
|Suhas
|
|-
|''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]''
|Yuva / Ravi Teja
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-30 |title=Mathu Vadalara 2's teaser promises another wild ride of snarky humour, eccentric crime and new-age energy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/30/mathu-vadalara-2s-teaser-promises-another-wild-ride-of-snarky-humour-eccentric-crime-and-new-age-energy |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830080229/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/30/mathu-vadalara-2s-teaser-promises-another-wild-ride-of-snarky-humour-eccentric-crime-and-new-age-energy |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Srikakulam Sherlock Holmes]]''
|Om / Sherlock Holmes
|
|-
|''[[Manamey]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2025
|[[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']]
|Eveteaser
|
|-
|[[Ramam Raghavam|''Ramam Raghavam'']]
|Satyam
|
|-
|''[[Brahma Anandam]]''
|Giri
|
|-
|[[14 Days Girlfriend Intlo|''14 Days Girlfriend Intlo'']]
|Creator Kiss
|
|-
| ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' ||Krishna’s brother-in-law ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-05 |title=Radhan brings a unique sound in 'Priyamara,' the new single from Akkada Ammayi Ikkda Abbayi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/05/radhan-brings-a-unique-sound-in-priyamara-the-new-single-from-akkada-ammayi-ikkda-abbayi |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sarangapani Jathakam|''Sarangapani Jathakam'']]
|Chandrasekhar "Chandu"
|
|-
|''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
|Aravind
|
|-
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|Sundarachari
|
|-
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
|SI Sagar Chandra
|
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
|Bunty
|
|-
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Dr. Bhramaram
|Also sang "Anukundhokati Le Ayyindhokati Le"
|-
|''[[Premante]]''
|[[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Sampath
|
|-
|''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]''
|Joseph
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026
|''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''
|Leela
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi Review: Partly fun, partly familier |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-review-partly-fun-partly-familier |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
|Lawyer Gunashekhar
|
|-
|''[[Hey Balwanth]]''
| Yuvan
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-27 |title=Suhas-starrer Hey Balwanth's digital premiere locked for this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/27/suhas-starrer-hey-balwanths-digital-premiere-locked-for-this-date |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raakaasa]]''
|Somu
|
|-
|''[[Bad Boy Karthik]]''
|Deva
|
|}

==As a director==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films directed
|-
! Year
! Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2012 || ''[[Vennela 1 1/2|Vennela 1½]]'' || <ref name="TOIcredits"/>
|-
|2013 || ''[[Jaffa (2013 film)|Jaffa]]'' || <ref>{{cite news |title='Jaffa' director to quit |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-07-24/Jaffa-director-to-quit/16807 |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Hans India |date=24 July 2013 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309012414/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-07-24/Jaffa-director-to-quit/16807 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=3808948}}
*{{Twitter|vennelakishore}}



[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

2024 ISL Cup playoffs

2026-05-01T12:54:04Z

Kenrique: done

{{refimprove|date=April 2024}}
{{Main|2023–24 Indian Super League}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = [[ISL Cup playoffs]]
| year = 2023–24
| country = India
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| num_teams = 6
| champions =[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 2nd title
| runner-up = [[Mohun Bagan SG]]
| semi-finalist1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| semi-finalist2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| matches = 7
| goals = 22
| top goal scorer =
| prevseason = [[2023 ISL Cup playoffs|2023]]
| nextseason = ''[[2025 ISL Cup playoffs|2025]]''
}}
The '''2024 Indian Super League Cup playoffs''' was the post-season [[Tournament#Knockout tournaments|knockout tournament]] of the [[2023–24 Indian Super League]] to determine the '''ISL Cup''' winners. It was the 10th edition of the [[Indian Super League playoffs]]. The playoffs began on 29 March 2025 and concluded with the [[2024 ISL Cup final|ISL Cup final]] on 12 April 2025.<ref name="Venues">{{cite web |title=Indian Super League Announced the Venues |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/indian-super-league-announces-the-venues-of-the-2023-2024-playoffs-and-semi-finals |website=Indian Super League |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

The top two teams in [[2023–24 Indian Super League#Regular season|regular season]], [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] and [[Mohun Bagan SG]] automatically qualified for the semi-finals. Teams finishing 3rd to 6th featured in a single-leg play-off to determine the other two semi-finalists, with Goa and Odisha advancing. The semi-finals was played over two legs whilst the final was a single-legged match which took place at the [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]], eventually won by Mumbai City against Mohun Bagan SG. Mumbai City became the first club to win the ISL Cup through winning all knockout matches.

==Season table==
{{:2023–24 Indian Super League}}

== Teams ==
;Automatically qualified for semi-finals
* [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
* [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
; Qualified for the knockout play-offs
* [[FC Goa|Goa]]
* [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
* [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala]]
* [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]

==Bracket==
<section begin=Bracket />{{6TeamBracket|legs=1/2/1|aggregate=y|nowrap=y
| RD1=Knockout

| RD1-seed1= '''4'''
| RD1-team1= '''[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]''' {{aet}}
| RD1-score1= '''2'''
| RD1-seed2= 5
| RD1-team2= [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala]]
| RD1-score2= 1

| RD1-seed3= '''3'''
| RD1-team3= '''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''
| RD1-score3= '''2'''
| RD1-seed4= 6
| RD1-team4= [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| RD1-score4= 1

| RD2-seed1= '''1'''
| RD2-team1= '''[[Mohun Bagan SG]]'''
| RD2-score1-1= '''1'''
| RD2-score1-2= '''2'''
| RD2-score1-agg= '''3'''
| RD2-seed2= 4
| RD2-team2= [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| RD2-score2-1= 2
| RD2-score2-2= 0
| RD2-score2-agg= 2

| RD2-seed3= 2
| RD2-team3= '''[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]'''
| RD2-score3-1= '''3'''
| RD2-score3-2= '''2'''
| RD2-score3-agg= '''5'''
| RD2-seed4= 3
| RD2-team4=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
| RD2-score4-1= 2
| RD2-score4-2= 0
| RD2-score4-agg= 2

| RD3-seed1= 1
| RD3-team1= [[Mohun Bagan SG]]
| RD3-score1= 1
| RD3-seed2= '''2'''
| RD3-team2= '''[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]'''
| RD3-score2= '''3'''
}}<section end=Bracket />

===Knockout play-offs===
<section begin=Knockout />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
!Team 1
!Score
!Team 2
|-
| '''[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]'''
| [[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Odisha VS Kerala|2–1]] {{aet}}
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
| '''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''
| align="center"|[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Goa VS Chennaiyin|2–1]]
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|}<section end=Knockout />

===Semi-finals===
<section begin=Semi-finals />
{{TwoLeg start}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]'''||3–2|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]||{{nowrap|[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Odisha VS Mohun Bagan|1–2]]}}|{{nowrap|[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Mohun Bagan VS Odisha|2–0]]}}}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]'''||5–2|[[FC Goa|Goa]]||[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Goa VS Mumbai|3–2]]|[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Mumbai VS Goa|2–0]]}}
{{end}}<section end=Semi-finals />

== Knockout play-offs ==
{{football box
| id = Odisha VS Kerala
| date = 19 April 2024
| time =19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/ [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 2–1
| aet = y
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63318 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32434 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32434 I-League]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala]]
| goals1 =
*[[Diego Mauricio|Mauricio]] {{Goal|87}}
*[[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Isak]] {{Goal|98}}
| goals2 = [[Fedor Černych|Černych]] {{Goal|67}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 7,431
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}
----
{{football box
| id = Goa VS Chennaiyin
| date = 20 April 2024
| time =19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/ [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63319 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32435 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32435 I-League]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 =
*[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] {{Goal|36}}
*[[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{Goal|45}}
| goals2 =
*[[Lazar Ćirković|Ćirković]] {{Goal|45+4}}
| stadium = [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]]
| attendance = 12,469
| referee = Crystal John
}}

==Semi-finals==
===Semi-finals 1st legs===
{{football box
| id = Odisha VS Mohun Bagan
| date = 23 April 2024
| time = 19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63320 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32581 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32581 I-League]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| goals1 =
*[[Carlos Delgado (footballer, born 1990)|Carlos]] {{Goal|11}}
*[[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{Goal|39}}
| goals2 =[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{Goal|3}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 9,417
| referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
}}

{{football box
| id =Goa VS Mumbai
| date = 24 April 2024
| time = 19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 2–3
| report =[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63321 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32626 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32626 I-League]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 =
*[[Boris Singh Thangjam|Thangjam]] {{Goal|16}}
*[[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{Goal|56}}
| goals2 =
*[[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{Goal|90||90+6}}
*[[Vikram Partap Singh|Vikram]] {{Goal|90+1}}
| stadium = [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]]
| attendance = 17,216
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}

===Semi-finals 2nd legs===
{{football box
| id = Mohun Bagan VS Odisha
| date = 28 April 2024
| time = 19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/ [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG]]
| score = 2–0
| aet =
| report =[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63322 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32627 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32627 I-League]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jason Steven Cummings|Cummings]] {{Goal|22}}
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad|Samad]] {{Goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 62,007
| referee = Crystal John
}}

''Mohun Bagan SG won 3-2 on aggregate.''

{{football box
| id = Mumbai VS Goa
| date = 29 April 2024
| time =19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/ [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63323 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32628 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32628 I-League]
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jorge Rolando Pereyra Diaz|Pereyra]] {{Goal|69}}
*[[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{Goal|83}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| attendance = 6,953
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

''Mumbai City won 5-2 on aggregate.''

==Final==
{{main|2024 ISL Cup final}}
<section begin=Final />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Final Match
!Team 1
!Score
!Team 2
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giants|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| align="center"| [[2024 Indian Super League final#Match|1–3]]
| '''[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]'''
|}<section end=Final />

{{trim|{{#section:2024 Indian Super League final|Final}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League Official Website].

{{Indian Super League}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Indian Super League playoffs}}
[[Category:2023–24 Indian Super League season]]
[[Category:Indian Super League playoffs]]

Gondia Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:43Z

Kenrique: Creating A Info

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Gondia
| map_image =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1967
| reservation = SC
}}
'''[[Gondia]] Lok Sabha constituency''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliamentary) constituency of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India. This constituency was in existence during Lok Sabha elections of 1962 for the [[3rd Lok Sabha]]. It was abolished from next 1967 Lok Sabha elections. It was reserved for Scheduled Caste candidate.

==Members of the Parliament==

*1952-1961: ''Constituency does not exist''
*1962: [[Balkrishna Ramchandra Wasnik]], [[Indian National Congress]] (as Gondia (SC) ( Constituency no 34 of Maharashtra State ) )<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf| title=General Election of India 1962, List of Successful Candidate|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2010-01-13|page=69}}</ref>
*1967 onwards: ''Constituency does not exist''

''See [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency]]''

==See also==
* [[Bhandara-Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency]] ( 2009 elections of [[15th Lok Sabha]] onwards)
* [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency]] ( 1951 to 2004 elections for [[1st Lok Sabha|1st]] to [[14th Lok Sabha]] )
* [[Chimur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Gondia district]]
* [[Bhandara district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.5|80.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Inturi Nageswara Rao

2026-04-29T11:31:30Z

Kenrique: started a bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Inturi Nageswara Rao
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1977
}}
'''Inturi Nageswara Rao''' (born 1977 in Badevaaripalem village in Valetivari palem mandal) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Kandukur Assembly constituency]] in [[Nellore district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where [[Telugu Desam Party]] had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and JSP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inturi Nageswara Rao, TDP Candidate from Kandukur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/inturi-nageswara-rao-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a109e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622112030/https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/inturi-nageswara-rao-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a109e2024c001/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandukur Constituency Election Results 2024: Kandukur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kandukur |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321114950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kandukur |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rao hails from Kandukur. His late father Inturi Subba Rao was a farmer. He is a businessman and also cultivates his own land.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Inturi Nageswara Rao(TDP):Constituency- KANDUKUR(PRAKASAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=367 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.myneta.info |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609041059/https://myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=367 |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed his Class 10 from Zilla Parishad high school, Kandukur in 1991.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rao won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]] from [[Kandukur Assembly constituency]]. He polled 109,173 votes and defeated [[Burra Madhu Sudhan Yadav]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 18,558 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Assembly Constituency 109 - Kandukur (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01109.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630164319/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01109.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandukur Assembly Election Results 2024: Kandukur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kandukur-constituency-result-1109 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624002146/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kandukur-constituency-result-1109 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANDHRA PRADESH ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULT 2024 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/assembly-election/andhra-pradesh/results/ |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Adireddy Srinivas

2026-04-24T22:05:55Z

Kenrique: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adireddy Srinivas
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Andhra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| preceded = [[Adireddy Bhavani]]
| constituency = [[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmendravaram City]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| relations = [[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu]] (brother-in-law) [[Kinjaraapu Yerrannaiudu]] (father -in-law) [[Kinjaraapu Atchamnaidu]] (uncle) [[Bandaru Sathya narayana murthi]](uncle)
| spouse = [[Adireddy Bhavani]]
| image =
}}
'''Adireddy Srinivas''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== Political career ==
Srinivas was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajahmundry City Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajahmundry-city-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917379.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajahmundry City, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Adireddy Srinivas wins Rajahmundry City with 123291 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rajahmundry-city-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548240-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He won the elections by a margin of 71404 votes defeating Margani Bharat of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajahmundry City Constituency Election Results 2024: Rajahmundry City Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/rajahmundry-city |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Vasu Born in Rajahmundry He is second Kid for his Parents He Belongs to [[Velama]] Community(caste)He is son of Adireddy Apparao, a former member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]. He is married to [[Adireddy Bhavani]] the daughter of [[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adireddy Bhavani to be TDP candidate in Rajamahendravaram |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-03-06/Adireddy-Bhavani-to-be-TDP-candidate-in-Rajamahendravaram/507888}}</ref> He is the brother-in-law of [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Papasani |first=Phanindra |date=2024-04-12 |title=Political heirs in fray |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/12/political-heirs-in-fray |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajahmundry City<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Rajahmundry City">{{cite news|publisher=Election Commission of India|title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Rajahmundry City|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0150.htm|accessdate=10 June 2024|date=4 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610130301/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0150.htm|archivedate=10 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Adireddy Srinivas|votes=1,23,291|percentage=67.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Margani Bharat]]|votes=51,887|percentage=28.49|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Boda Lakshmi Venkata Prasanna|votes=1,918|percentage=1.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,569|percentage=0.86|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=71,404|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,82,151|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, Adireddy}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Pradeep Bal Samanta

2026-04-20T08:35:34Z

Kenrique: started the details needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pradeep Bal Samanta
| image = Pradeep Bal Samanta 2024.jpg
| caption = Samanta in 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Cooperation, Handloom and Textiles, [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end = Incumbent
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 = Incumbent
| constituency1 = [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| predecessor1 = [[Pritiranjan Gharai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Nabaghan Bal Samantha
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Politician, Business & Social Service
}}

'''Pradeep Bal Samanta''' is an Indian politician and Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Cooperation, Handloom and Textiles in [[Government of Odisha]]. He is a member of the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sukinda Assembly constituency]] of [[Jajpur district]].

He did his PhD from The Open International university, in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1269|access-date=2024-06-15 |work=My Neta |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]took oath in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha's first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samanta, Pradeep Bal}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Baithalangso Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:47:45Z

Kenrique: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baithalangso
| constituency_no = 20
| type = SLA
| map_image = Baithalangso Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|Autonomous District]]
| established = 1967
| district = [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Baithalangso Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Baithalangso is in [[West Karbi Anglong district]]<ref name="ba ref1">{{cite news |title=Assam Assembly election 2021, Baithalangso profile: INC's Mansing Rongpi easily defeated BJP's Arun Terang in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/assam-assembly-election-2021-baithalangso-profile-incs-mansing-rongpi-easily-defeated-bjps-arun-terang-in-2016-9199321.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=20 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> of Assam and formed a part of the [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency]]. This seat was reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST).

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>[https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf DELIMITATION ASSAM] {{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref>

== Town Details ==

Following are the details of Baithalangso:<ref name="ba ref2">{{cite news |title=Baithalangso Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Baithalangso Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/baithalangso-election-result-s03a020/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}</ref>

* Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: West Karbi Anglong.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Autonomous District Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency.
* Assembly Categorisation: Rural.
* Literacy Level: 86.31%.
* Eligible Electors as per 2021 General Elections: 2,10,481. Eligible Electors. Male Electors:1,07,129. Female Electors:1,03,352.
* Geographic Co-Ordinates: 25°51'10.8"N 92°26'46.7"E.
* Total Area Covered: 2998 square kilometres.
* Area Includes: Baithalangso thana in Hamren sub-division of West Karbi Anglong district.
* Inter State Border : West Karbi Anglong.
* Number Of Polling Stations: Year 2011–235, Year 2016–246, Year 2021–20.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
* 1967: Dhaniram Rongpi, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1972: Dhaniram Rongpi, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1978: Dhaniram Rongpi, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1983: Dhaniram Rongpi, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1985: Holiram Terang, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
* 1991: Holiram Terang, [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]].
* 1996: Holiram Terang, [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]].
* 2001: Ruponsing Ronghang, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2006: Dr. [[Mansing Rongpi]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2011: Dr. [[Mansing Rongpi]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2016: Dr. [[Mansing Rongpi]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2016 (by-election): Dr. [[Mansing Rongpi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Rupsing Teron]]<ref name=election2021/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Baithalangso<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rupsing Teron]]
|votes = 89,715
|percentage = 55
|change = +1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Augustine Enghee|votes=36,278|percentage=22.24|change=-19.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bikram Hanse|votes=17,965|percentage=11.01|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sarsing Engleng|votes=11,547|percentage=7.08|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,082|percentage=1.28|change=-0.88}}
{{Election box majority||votes=53,437|percentage=32.76|change=+24.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,63,112|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
title=2016 by-election: Baithalangso}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mansing Rongpi|Dr. Mansing Rongpi]]
|votes = 72,160
|percentage = 53.77
|change = +17.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ruponsing Ronghang
|votes = 55,560
|percentage = 41.40
|change = -1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajen Timung
|votes = 3,576
|percentage = 2.66
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,899
|percentage = 2.16
|change = +0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,600
|percentage = 12.37
|change = +5.85
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,34,195
|percentage = 74.43
|change = -6.65
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,80,203
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Baithalangso<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Mansing Rongpi
|votes = 62,596
|percentage = 42.84
|change = -6.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arun Terang
|votes = 53,077
|percentage = 36.32
|change = +28.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Holiram Terang
|votes = 25,171
|percentage = 17.22
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCP
|candidate = Dhonsing Hanse
|votes = 2,285
|percentage = 1.56
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,981
|percentage = 2.04
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,519
|percentage = 6.52
|change = -0.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,46,110
|percentage = 81.08
|change = +5.91
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,80,203
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Baithalangso}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Mansing Rongpi
|votes = 64,059
|percentage = 49.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jotson Bey
|votes = 54,721
|percentage = 42.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arun Terang
|votes = 10,654
|percentage = 8.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,338
|percentage = 7.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,29,434
|percentage = 75.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,72,169
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[West Karbi Anglong district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|25.97|92.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:West Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)

2026-04-18T19:23:39Z

Kenrique: added

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. A. Rahim
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = April 2022
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| children =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|5|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| website =
| footnotes =
| spouse = Amrutha Rahim
| source = https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Footer/ImportantOfficialWebsite
}}

'''A. A. Rahim''' (born 8 May 1980) is an Indian politician, who currently serves as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Kerala]], since 2022.<ref name='mb_0'>{{Cite web |title=A A Rahim is CPM's RS candidate |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/cpm-decides-to-send-dyfi-national-president-aa-rahim-to-rajya-sabha-1.7348872 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref name='rs_0'>{{Cite web |title=
Shri A. A. Rahim |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2514 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref><ref name='mm_0'>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha polls: DYFI leader A A Rahim is CPM's candidate |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/03/16/rahim-cpm-candidate-rajya-sabha-polls.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> He is currently officiating as the all India president of [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]]. Rahim is a member of the Kerala State Committee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

In 2022, he became the second youngest CPI(M) member to become a Rajya Sabha member, after [[M. A. Baby]]. Rahim gained public attention after particiapting in prime-time television debates in Malayalam news channels.<ref name='an-0'>{{Cite web |last=arunraj |title=എ എ റഹീം സിപിഎം രാജ്യസഭ സ്ഥാനാർത്ഥി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/a-a-rahim-is-cpm-candidate-for-vacant-rajyasabha-seat-in-kerala-r8to9y |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> Rahim has also served as the Central Executive Committee member of [[Students Federation of India]] and the syndicate member of [[University of Kerala]].<ref name='mm_1'>{{Cite web |title=എ.എ.റഹിം ഡിവൈഎഫ്ഐ ദേശീയ പ്രസിഡന്റ്; സംസ്ഥാന സെക്രട്ടറി സ്ഥാനമൊഴിയും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/10/28/aa-rahim-elected-as-dyfi-national-president.html |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rahim was born in [[Thycaud]] in Manikkal grama panchayath, near [[Venjaramoodu]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], India. His parents are M. Abdul Samad, a war veteran, and A. Nabeesa Beevi. Rahim completed his primary education at Pirappankode Government L. P. School. He completed SSLC from Pirappankode Government Higher Secondary School. Later, he did his pre-degree from NSS College Nilamel in [[Kollam]]. Rahim completed his bachelor's degree and post-graduate degree in [[Islamic History]] from [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. Later, he graduated in law from [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and enrolled as a lawyer in Bar Council of Kerala. He continued his research in Islamic History at the [[University of Kerala]] on the topic "print media and the Muslim renaissance movements in Kerala". Rahim also holds a diploma in journalism from Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram. He has briefly worked as a journalist at [[Kairali TV]].{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Political career==
A. A. Rahim has been the Chairman of the Kerala University Union and a member of the Kerala University Syndicate. In the 2011 Assembly elections, he contested as the [[Left Democratic Front]] candidate from [[Varkala Assembly constituency]]. He was the editor of Yuvadhara magazine. He has served as the Kerala state Vice President of [[Students Federation of India]], Kerala State Secretary of [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]],

In 2020, under the leadership of Rahim, DYFI organised a campaign called 'Recycle Kerala' to collect recyclable waste material from homes and public places. As a part of the 'Recycle Kerala' campaign, DYFI workers across Kerala collected about 6.5 tonnes of [[plastic waste]] from the state's water bodies. DYFI collected about Rs. 10.95 Crore which was donated to Rebuild Kerala initiative of the then LDF Government.<ref name="nie_0">{{Cite web |title='Recycle Kerala': DYFI collects over Rs 10 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/aug/08/recycle-kerala-dyfi-collects-over-rs-10-crore-2180553.html |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Currently, he is officiating as the national President of Democratic Youth Federation of India. He is a member of the Kerala state committee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

==Personal life==
He was married to Amrita Satheesan and has two children, Gulmohar and Gulnar.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahim, A. A.}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

{{Kerala-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Richard Couch (judge)

2026-04-16T15:56:43Z

Kenrique: started basic data initial version

{{Short description|Anglo-Indian judge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Richard Couch
| image = Sir-Richard-Couch.jpg
| caption = Sir Richard Couch, uploaded from National Portrait Gallery, London
| order =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|2nd Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start = 26 April 1870
| term_end = 5 April 1875
| predecessor = [[Barnes Peacock]]
| successor = [[Richard Garth]]
| appointer = [[Queen Victoria]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|2nd Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start1 = 3 March 1866
| term_end1 = 25 April 1870
| predecessor1 = [[Matthew Richard Sausse]]
| successor1 = [[Michael Roberts Westropp]]
| appointer1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| constituency =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1817|05|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1905|11|28|1817|05|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Richard Couch''' (17 May 1817 – 28 November 1905) was an Anglo-Indian judge who served on the colonial courts of India and also on the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], at that time the [[court of last resort]] for the [[British Empire]].

Couch was appointed Chief Justice of the [[Bombay High Court|High Court of Bombay]]<ref>[http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTEmcGFnZW5vPTE= High Court of Bombay: Hon'ble Former Chief Justices]</ref> on 3 March 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1866-03-06 |title=London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23080/page/1647 |page=1647 |issue=23080}}</ref> He served for four years in that position, before being appointed Chief Justice of the [[Calcutta High Court]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/pdf_files/former_chief_justice.pdf |title=High Court of Calcutta: Former Chief Justices |access-date=5 January 2013 |archive-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822044941/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/pdf_files/former_chief_justice.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> serving in that post from 26 April 1870 to 5 April 1875.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pg.15 |url=https://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/The%20High%20Court%20at%20Calcutta%20150%20Years%20-%20An%20Overview.pdf}}</ref>

Upon his retirement from the Calcutta High Court, Couch was appointed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] in 1881.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24927/pages/339/page.pdf ''London Gazette'', 25 January 1881, p. 339.]</ref> He sat on numerous appeals from India and Canada.<ref>[[List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases originating in Canada, 1880–1889]]</ref><ref>[[List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases originating in Canada, 1890–1899]]</ref><ref>[[List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases originating in Canada, 1900–1909]]</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box | before=Sir [[Barnes Peacock]] | title=[[Calcutta High Court#List of Chief Justices|Chief Justice of Bengal]] | years=1870–1875 | after=Sir [[Richard Garth]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Couch, Richard}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1905 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English judges]]
[[Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]

{{UK-law-bio-stub}}
{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Matunga Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:24:55Z

Kenrique: made new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Matunga
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1962
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Matunga''' is a former constituency of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. It was abolished when the constituency boundaries were re-arranged through 2008 delimitation bill.

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Subramaniam Salivati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Mane Madhavrao Ganpatrao || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bhatankar Jagannath Ganpatrao (Sc) ||{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Liladhar Passu Shah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kamla Raman
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kohli Sohansingh Jodhsingh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | V. Subramnian || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | [[Chandrakanta Goyal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Jagannath Achanna Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jagannath Achanna Shetty |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,266 |percentage = 43.48% |change={{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babubhai Bhawanji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,610 |percentage = 39.29% |change={{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Zubair Lakadawala |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 12,771 |percentage = 11.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuntal Abhishek |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,821 |percentage = 2.54% |change={{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,656 |percentage = 4.19% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,11,005 |percentage = 45.97% |change= {{increase}}2.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,11,001}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,41,488|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakanta Goyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,244 |percentage = 38.35% |change={{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Upendra P. Doshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,485 |percentage = 36.54% |change={{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Niyaz Ahmed Vanu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 14,302 |percentage = 14.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babubhai Bhawanji |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,589 |percentage = 6.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Balikaran Gautam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 1.11% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Geetha Dasarathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 743 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,759 |percentage = 1.81% |change= {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,125 |percentage = 43.50% |change= {{decrease}}10.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,125}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,23,252|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakanta Goyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,443 |percentage = 39.84% |change={{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Upendra P. Doshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,613 |percentage = 32.27% |change={{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kohli Sohansingh Jodhsingh |party=Janata Dal |votes = 24,017 |percentage = 20.60% |change={{decrease}}9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sardar Avtarsingh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,544 |percentage = 2.18% |change={{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Namdeo Savliram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,500 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayad Varisali Barkhati Bachhual |party=Independent politician |votes = 975 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,830 |percentage = 7.58% |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,18,566 |percentage = 55.06% |change= {{decrease}}40.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,16,563}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,15,334|ref = |change= {{increase}}111.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakanta Goyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,355 |percentage = 33.45% |change={{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. Subramnian |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,150 |percentage = 30.14% |change={{decrease}}12.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kohli Sohansingh Jodhsingh |party=Janata Dal |votes = 28,738 |percentage = 29.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Herbert D. Barretto |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,606 |percentage = 2.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Raeen Habibulla Babu |party=All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh |votes = 1,584 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. K. Eapen |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 626 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,205 |percentage = 3.31% |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,887 |percentage = 96.13% |change= {{increase}}53.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,713}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,831|ref = |change= {{decrease}}33.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. Subramnian |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,149 |percentage = 42.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rustom Tirandaz |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,654 |percentage = 35.63% |change={{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahmadji Mohammed Ibrahim |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,370 |percentage = 13.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Khanduji Kasbe |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,488 |percentage = 3.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,068 |percentage = 3.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramyash Maurya |party=Independent politician |votes = 418 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,495 |percentage = 7.07% |change= {{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,434 |percentage = 42.20% |change= {{increase}}2.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,583}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,674|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. Subramnian |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,186 |percentage = 44.08% |change={{increase}}29.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rustom Tirandaz |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,394 |percentage = 30.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kohli Sohansingh Jodhsingh |party=Janata Party |votes = 10,198 |percentage = 20.26% |change={{decrease}}38.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjeet Naik |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 2,334 |percentage = 4.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,792 |percentage = 13.50% |change= {{decrease}}31.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,040 |percentage = 39.73% |change= {{decrease}}19.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,329}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,458|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kohli Sohansingh Jodhsingh |party=Janata Party |votes = 41,568 |percentage = 58.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhat Padma Subha |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 9,956 |percentage = 14.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadasaheb Baburao Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,887 |percentage = 14.02% |change={{decrease}}34.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tirandaz Rustom Sheriar |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,532 |percentage = 12.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,612 |percentage = 44.83% |change= {{increase}}18.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,836 |percentage = 59.74% |change= {{decrease}}6.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,515}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,247|ref = |change= {{increase}}45.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kamla Raman |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,037 |percentage = 48.57% |change={{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Dandekar |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 11,856 |percentage = 22.12% |change={{decrease}}11.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. K. Ganatra |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 9,485 |percentage = 17.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mangaldas Nathubai Manek |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,103 |percentage = 11.39% |change={{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,181 |percentage = 26.46% |change= {{increase}}23.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,583 |percentage = 66.12% |change= {{decrease}}2.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,604}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,553|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Liladhar Passu Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,213 |percentage = 36.47% |change={{decrease}}12.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. R. Murthy |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 15,885 |percentage = 33.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. P. Thakkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,408 |percentage = 17.82% |change={{increase}}10.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. R. Gadgil |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 5,687 |percentage = 12.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,328 |percentage = 2.81% |change= {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,997 |percentage = 69.55% |change= {{increase}}4.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,193}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,453|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Liladhar Passu Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,258 |percentage = 48.62% |change={{increase}}24.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. Madhavan |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 18,707 |percentage = 42.79% |change={{increase}}15.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarojini Ramchandra Shevde |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,346 |percentage = 7.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hardevkaur Pritamsing Mathuaru |party=Independent politician |votes = 409 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,551 |percentage = 5.83% |change= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,052 |percentage = 64.40% |change= {{decrease}}72.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,720}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,953|ref = |change= {{decrease}}39.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}21.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Madhavrao Ganpatrao |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 43,198 |percentage = 27.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhatankar Jagannath Ganpatrao (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 41,334 |percentage = 26.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shah Liladhar Pasoo |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,345 |percentage = 23.80% |change={{decrease}}23.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salve Shakuntala Chintaman (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,065 |percentage = 22.34% |change={{decrease}}24.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,864 |percentage = 1.19% |change= {{decrease}}17.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,56,942 |percentage = 134.83% |change= {{increase}}77.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,56,942}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,398|ref = |change= {{increase}}113.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Matunga Sion Koliwada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subramaniam Salivati |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,588 |percentage = 46.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhat, U. U. |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,880 |percentage = 28.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desai, Ratilal Ichharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,254 |percentage = 10.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sundaram, Ganpat |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,597 |percentage = 8.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,708 |percentage = 18.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,122 |percentage = 57.20% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,122}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,412|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.030|72.855|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

India–Portugal relations

2026-04-14T17:13:00Z

Kenrique: started initial stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Portugal|Portugal|India|filetype=svg|mission1=Embassy of Portugal, [[New Delhi]]|mission2=Embassy of India, [[Lisbon]]|envoytitle1=Portuguese Ambassador to India|envoy1=Carlos Pereira Marques|envoytitle2=Indian Ambassador to [[Portugal]]|envoy2=Shri Manish Chauhan}}

Relations between [[India]] and [[Portugal]] began amicably in 1947 when the former achieved independence. Relations went into decline after 1950 over Portugal's refusal to surrender its [[exclave]]s of [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] on India's west coast. By 1955, the two nations had cut off diplomatic relations, triggering a crisis that led to a [[war]] between two countries which resulted in the Indian [[annexation of Goa]] in 1961. Portugal refused to recognise Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories until 1974 when, following the [[Carnation Revolution]], the new government in [[Lisbon]] recognised Indian sovereignty and restored diplomatic relations.

== Background ==
Prior to Indian independence Portugal's relations with the British Indian Empire were derived from those with the United Kingdom, set within the framework of the [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373]].<ref>João Ferreira Duarte, "The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations", [http://www.erudit.org/revue/TTR/2000/v13/n1/037395ar.pdf]</ref> This treaty, signed between [[King Edward III]] of England and [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]] and Queen Eleanor of Portugal, established "perpetual friendships, unions [and] alliances" between the two seafaring nations and is the world's oldest active treaty.<ref>"Closing The Ring", Churchill, Sir Winston Spencer, 1951</ref> This led to amicable relations—especially with regard to trade and transport between British and Portuguese colonies in the India.

==Commencement of relations: 1947–1950==
Relations between Portugal and the Indian Union were quite cordial in 1947, particularly in light of Portuguese willingness to terminate the old ''[[Padroado]]'' treaty with the [[Holy See]], which had traditionally given the [[Archbishop of Goa]] 'patriarchal' authority over other parts of India.<ref name="Kay"/> On 12 August 1948, India and Portugal exchanged diplomatic missions.<ref name="supergoa.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |title=SuperGoa: Imagens, Factos, Notícias, Informações e História sobra Goa India |access-date=16 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804183234/http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |archive-date=4 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Goa dispute: 1950–61==
As of the creation of the Republic of India in January 1950, Portugal held a handful of territories on the Indian subcontinent—the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli—collectively known as the ''[[Estado da Índia]]''. Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around {{convert|1540|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}} and had a population of 637,591.<ref>Numbers from 1955, thus excludes Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. The bulk (547,448) was in Goa (composed of the districts of Old and New Goa, Bardez, Mormugão and Salsete, and the offshore island of Anjediva), remainder in Damman (69,005) and Diu (21,138). See Kay (1970) ''Salazar and Modern Portugal'', New York: Hawthorn, p. 295)</ref> The Goan [[diaspora]] was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union).<ref name="Kay">{{cite book |first=H. |last=Kay |date=1970 |title=Salazar and Modern Portugal |location=New York |publisher=Hawthorn}}</ref> Its religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 36.7% Christian (mostly Catholic), 2.2% Muslim.<ref name="Kay"/> The economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining—principally [[iron ore]] and some [[manganese]].<ref name="Kay"/> Portugal's steadfast refusal to cede these territories caused relations with India to decline. Armed conflict commenced in December 1961.

===Opening of negotiations over Goa===
[[File:Administrative map of Goa.png|thumb|Goa, Western India]]
On 27 February 1950, the [[Government of India]] asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of these colonies. This followed [[Indian prime minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s statement that "Goa is part of the Indian Union and it shall return." On 15 July 1950, the Portuguese government responded by declaring that the question presented "could not be discussed, much less accept the solution that was proposed."<ref name="supergoa.com"/>

Portugal asserted that its territory in India was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was non-negotiable; and that the India had no rights to this territory since the Republic of India did not exist when Goa came under Portuguese rule. The Portuguese constitution, which affirmed that the diplomatic and military defence of sovereignty was imperative,<ref>{{cite web |author=José Krus Abecasis |title=OS TRANSPORTES AÉREOS DA ÍNDIA PORTUGUESA (TAIP) E A FORÇA AÉREA, Theme Lecture at Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa |date=23 March 2002 |url=http://goancauses.com/9.html |access-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020908224932/http://goancauses.com/9.html |archive-date=8 September 2002 }}</ref> was amended in 1951 to explicitly designate colonies in India and Africa as 'Overseas Colonies' although Goa had been treated as one since 1518.<ref>Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art.1-3 & Art. 162-64 of 1822 Constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const822.html online], 1826 constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/carta826.html online], Art. I & Title X of the constitution of 1838 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const838.html online], Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const911.html online] and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo.</ref>

In January 1953, the Indian government sent an aide memoire to the Portuguese government pointing out that "political barriers artificially created by an accident of history for which no justification existed at the present time can no longer stem the rising tide of the national urge for unity." Further the government assured the Portuguese Government that it would "maintain cultural and other rights, including language, laws and customs of the inhabitants of these territories and make no changes in such and like matters except with their consent." When the Portuguese Government refused to respond to the aides memoirs, the Indian government, on 11 June 1953, withdrew its diplomatic mission from Lisbon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |title=Goa's Freedom Movement |access-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 }} Lambert Mascarenhas, "Goa's Freedom Movement," excerpted from Henry Scholberg, Archana Ashok Kakodkar and Carmo Azevedo, Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India New Delhi, Promilla (1982)</ref>

In the course of 1954, the Portuguese appealed to Great Britain to bring pressure on India. Foreign secretary [[Alec Douglas-Home]] made it absolutely clear that the [[NATO]] alliance did not extend to Portuguese entanglements overseas, and that they should not expect anything more than a mediating role.<ref>{{harvnb|Kay| 1970|p=317}}</ref> He also warned that if Portugal invoked the old [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]], Britain's response would be constrained, as she had no intention of engaging in hostilities with a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref>Kay (1970), p.323</ref>

India attempted to use its position in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] to gain support for its demands, while Portugal, as a founding member of NATO sought support amongst Western nations, as well as with India's rivals, Pakistan and China.<ref>Comrades at odds: The United States and India, 1947-1964 By Andrew Jon Rotter Pg 185 [https://books.google.com/books?id=uPx4vb99RUoC&q=Comrades+at+Odds:+The+United+States+and+India]</ref>

===Estrangement===
By 1954, the government of India instituted visa restrictions on travel from Goa to India which paralysed travel between Goa and other Portuguese exclaves in India.<ref name="supergoa.com"/> Meanwhile, the Indian union of dock workers had, in 1954, instituted a boycott on shipping to Portuguese India.<ref>Sankar Ghose (1993) ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography''. Mumbai: Allied. p.283</ref>

Between 22 July and 2 August 1954, armed activists—variously described by some as members of United Front of Goans under the leadership of Mr Francis Mascarenhas<ref name="goacom.com">[http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html Goa's Freedom Movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |date=14 February 2012 }}</ref> supported by regular troops and reserve police forces<ref name="supergoa.com"/> attacked and forced the surrender of Portuguese forces stationed in Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In anticipation of this operation, India sealed the border on 28 June 1954 and prevented the Portuguese from dispatching armed forces from coastal Damman to the inland enclaves.<ref>P.W. Prabhakar (2003) ''Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India'' New Delhi: Mittal, p.39</ref>

On 30 November 1954, António Salazar addressed the Portuguese parliament, laying out the Portuguese position on Goa. Salazar dismissed India's claims to the territories as a 'fantasy', and lauded Goans for their steadfast patriotism in the face of 'Indian provocations'.<ref>Subsequently translated and published as António de Oliveira Salazar (1956) ''Goa and the Indian Union: the Portuguese view'', Agência Geral do Ultramar.</ref>

===Satyagraha movement and breakdown of negotiations===
[[File:Terakhol liberation attempt.jpg|thumb|left|A 1954 attempt by protesters to storm Tiracol Fort in Goa and hoist the Indian flag on it was suppressed by the Portuguese.]]

[[File:Protestorgoashot.jpg|thumb|left|CBS cameraman Arthur Bonner and U.P. correspondent John Hlavacek rescue a satyagraha activist shot by Portuguese police on the Goa border on 15 August 1955.]]

On 15 August 1954, the Portuguese resisted an attempt by 49<ref>"Goan Liberation March Dwindles To Gesture Chiefly by Teen-Agers; Nehru Calls for Restoration of the Portuguese Enclave, but Eases Tensions; Goan 'Liberation' Cut to a Gesture", ''The New York Times'', 16 August 1954 Sec. 1; "A Trickle into Goa", ''The Times'' (London), 16 August 1954</ref> non-violent [[Satyagraha|Satyagrahi]] activists to march into Goa and hoist the Indian flag on [[Tiracol Fort]] resulting in deaths and injuries amongst the activists.<ref name="supergoa.com"/>

On 15 August 1955, 3–5,000 unarmed Indian activists<ref>Sankar Ghose (1993) ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography''. Mumbai: Allied. p.282</ref> attempted to enter Goa at six locations and were violently repulsed by Portuguese police officers, resulting in the deaths of between 21<ref>"Indian Volunteers Invade Goa; 21 Die; Unarmed Indians March into Goa", ''The New York Times'', 15 August 1955</ref> and 30<ref>Christophe Jaffrelot, ''The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India'', Columbia University Press, 1998</ref> people. In one incident at Banda, Portuguese and Goan policemen armed with rifles and [[sten gun]]s and assisted by Portuguese and African soldiers from Mozambique opened fire on a group of 30 unarmed activists wounding one woman and two men in the presence of international journalists. The shooting stopped when [[CBS]] [[cameraman]] Arthur Bonner and [[United Press International]] correspondent John Hlavacek, intervened and rescued the injured activists.<ref name="Time Magazine 29 August 1955">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823878,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215050523/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823878,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 December 2008 | title=India: Force & Soul Force | magazine=Time | date=29 August 1955 | access-date=28 October 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The news of the shooting built public opinion in India against the Portuguese.<ref name="goacom.com"/> [[Communist]] parties led protests marked by rioting in several locations as well as fomenting strikes in several factories demanding an armed response.<ref name="Time Magazine 29 August 1955" /> Nehru described the Portuguese reaction as "brutal and uncivilized in the extreme." but added: "We will not be forced or hustled into what we consider wrong action. The Portuguese are deliberately trying to provoke us."<ref name="goacom.com"/><ref name="Time Magazine 29 August 1955"/>

The press in India was sharply critical of Nehru's position on Goa. ''[[The Times of India]]'' attacked him for "vacillation, contradiction and appeasement", while the ''Bombay Free Press Journal'' accused him of "obliquely encouraging the satyagrahis with vague, irresponsible statements that satyagraha will solve the problems of Goan freedom." On 25 July 1955 Indian Government declared in Lok Sabha that Portuguese's were asked to close their offices in New Delhi.<ref name="Time Magazine 29 August 1955"/>

Subsequent to the incidents on 15 August 1955, the Government of India imposed restrictions on people going to Goa as satyagrahis.<ref name="goacom.com"/> On 1 September 1955, India shut its [[consulate]] in Goa.<ref>[http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm Francisco Monteiro – India supported banditry in Goa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205346/http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>

In August 1955, Portuguese prime minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] stated that there would be no transfer to sovereignty "by peaceful means."<ref name="Time Magazine 29 August 1955"/> On 17 September 1955, Nehru stated that reliance on peaceful methods to bring Goa into India "is not only a sound policy, but the only possible policy."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/afternehruwho002311mbp/afternehruwho002311mbp_djvu.txt ''After Nehru, Who?''] by Welles Hangen, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1963, p. 92</ref>

In 1956, Portuguese ambassador to France, Marcello Mathias, along with prime minister Salazar, argued in favour of a referendum in Goa to determine its future. This proposal was however rejected by the ministers for defence and foreign affairs. The demand for a referendum was again made by presidential candidate General [[Humberto Delgado]] in 1957.<ref name="supergoa.com"/>

In 1957, the Indian army deployed [[Surface-to-air missile|anti-aircraft missile]]s near Daman and Diu airfields and threatened to shoot down any aircraft that strayed into Indian airspace whilst taking off or landing at the newly built airports at these locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.colaco.net/1/GdeFdabolim1.htm |title=Dabolim and TAIP |publisher=Colaco.net |access-date=2009-11-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215194753/http://www.colaco.net/1/GdeFdabolim1.htm |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref> On 3 April 1958, the Indian Government partially lifted the 1955 restrictions on Indian nationals and residents, permitting them to come to Goa, Daman and Diu, which they had been deprived of since the removal of the Indian Consulate in that city (Pangim), at the beginning of [[blockade]] and closure of the frontiers.<ref name="colaco.net">Francisco Monteiro, [http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm Chronology of Terrorist Activity Unleashed by the Indian Union Against the Territories of Goa, Damao and Diu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205346/http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>

===UN involvement in Goa crisis===
On 14 December 1960, the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] passed Resolution 1514 (XV) urging all countries to take steps to place their colonies and non-self-governing territories on the road to [[self-determination]] in accordance with Article 73 of the [[UN Charter]].<ref>[[s:UN General Assembly Resolution 1514|Resolution 1514 (XV)]]</ref> Portugal claimed this resolution did not apply to them, as her colonies were overseas provinces, constitutionally integral to the nation, and thus exempt. On 15 December 1960, the UNGA passed Resolution 1541 laying out 12 conditions by which the UNGA would determine the definition of a non-self-governing territory.<ref>[http://www.minurso.unlb.org/SCR514.pdf UNGA Resolution 1541] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027155224/http://www.minurso.unlb.org/SCR514.pdf |date=27 October 2007 }}. Resolution 1541 incorporated the principles recommended by the Committee of Six established by [http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/142/90/IMG/NR014290.pdf?OpenElement UNGA Resolution 1467 (XIV)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921175400/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/142/90/IMG/NR014290.pdf?OpenElement |date=21 September 2012 }} on 12 December 1959 to enumerate "the principles which guide members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73(e)". In its initial application the United Nations in December 1955, Portugal replied it possessed no non-self-governing territories falling under Article 73(e). See F. Nogueira, (1963) ''The United Nations and Portugal'', London: Sidgwick & Jackson, p. 139ff.</ref> This was immediately followed by Resolution 1542 declaring that nine Portuguese overseas provinces met these conditions and were to be considered "non-self-governing" territories for the purposes of Resolution 1514, even if the Portuguese constitution did not recognise them as such.

=== Indian support to partisan movements in Goa ===
In addition to non-violent protests, armed groups such as [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (Free Goa Party) and the United Front of Goans conducted violent attacks aimed at weakening Portuguese rule in Goa. The Indian government supported the establishment of armed groups such as Azad Gomantak Dal, giving them full financial, logistic and armament support. The armed groups acted from bases situated in Indian territory and under cover of Indian police forces. The Indian government—through these armed groups – attempted to destroy economic targets, telegraph and telephone lines, road, water and rail transport, in order to impede economic activity and create conditions for a general uprising.<ref name="colaco.net"/>

Commenting on the armed resistance, Portuguese army officer, Captain Carlos Azaredo stationed with the army in Goa states in Portuguese newspaper ''O Expresso'': "To the contrary to what is being said, the most evolved [[guerrilla warfare]] which our Armed Forces encountered was in Goa. I know what I'm talking about, because I also fought in Angola and in Guiné. In 1961 alone, until December, around 80 policemen died. The major part of Azad Gomantak Dal were not Goans. Many had fought in the British Army under General Montgomery, against the Germans."<ref name="Azaredo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |title=Passage to India – 18th December 1961 |last=Azaredo |first=Carlos |translator=Gabriel Figueiredo |date=8 December 2001 |website=goancauses.com |access-date=20 February 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224100740/http://goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |archive-date=2010-12-24}}</ref>

===International efforts at reconciliation===
Portugal's prime minister Salazar, alarmed by India's hints of armed action, first asked the United Kingdom to mediate, then protested through Brazil and eventually asked the [[United Nations Security Council]] to intervene.<ref name=ComradesatOdds>Comrades at Odds: The United States and India Page 185</ref> Meanwhile, on 6 December, Mexico offered the Indian government its influence in Latin America to bring pressure on the Portuguese to relieve tensions.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 561. [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 66,</ref>

Meanwhile, [[Krishna Menon]], India's defence minister and head of India's UN delegation, stated that India had not "abjured the use of force" in Goa, and went on to link Goa to [[Angola]], condemning Portugal's colonisation policies in both cases.<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> Indian forces were, at the time, serving in [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo]] as part of a UN operation and had been involved in the fighting.<ref name=ComradesatOdds/>

American diplomatic initiatives to prevent armed conflict had to balance its relationship with India and its NATO alliance with Portugal, and to dispel the idea that such initiatives were being made under pressure from the Portuguese government, while avoiding NATO involvement. The US government stopped short of suggesting self-determination for the people of Goa, unready to apply that policy to all other Portuguese holdings worldwide, and would damage US–Portugal relations.<ref>US Department of State, NEA/SOA Files: Lot 64 D 240, Goa – Internal Memoranda.[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 65, Item 10</ref>

The American ambassador to India, [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], repeatedly requested the Indian government to resolve the issue peacefully through mediation and consensus rather than armed conflict.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1161 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 68</ref><ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1261 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 69</ref> Nehru postponed the invasion of Goa and expressed his willingness to negotiate on the condition that Portugal first announce its intentions to withdraw from Goa. This condition was rejected by the Portuguese as contrary to the spirit of a negotiation.

United States President [[John F. Kennedy]], in a message to Nehru, argued that if India used force against Goa, this, along with its military presence in Congo, would make an otherwise [[Gandhian]] nation look belligerent.

On 8 December, [[C. S. Jha]], India's delegate at the [[United Nations Security Council]], expressed India's disregard for international pressure by stating: "(The invasion of Goa) is a question of getting rid of the last vestiges of colonialism in India. That is a matter of faith with us. Whatever anyone else may think, Charter or no Charter, Council or no Council, that is our basic faith which we cannot afford to give up at any cost."<ref>U.N.S.C.O.R., 16th Session, 987th mtg. at 9, ¶40, U.N. Doc. S/PV. 987 (1961) quoted by Nathaniel Berman, "Legitimacy Through Defiance", page 10 [http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/globalization/Berman2-Legitimacy1105.doc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170055/http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/globalization/Berman2-Legitimacy1105.doc|date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

On 14 December, Acting UN Secretary-General [[U Thant]] addressed identical letters to Nehru and Salazar. He urged them to "ensure that the situation does not deteriorate to the extent that it might constitute a threat to peace and security", and to enter into negotiations to solve the problem.<ref>Public Papers of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations, Vol. VI: U Thant, 1961 – 1964, p. 74 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 75</ref>

Eventually, on 10 December, nine days prior to the invasion, Nehru announced that "Continuance of Goa under Portuguese rule is an impossibility".<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> The US response was to warn India that if and when India's armed action in Goa was brought to the UN Security Council, it could expect no support from the US delegation.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1461 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 72</ref>

===Attack on the ''Sabarmati''===
On 24 November 1961, the ''Sabarmati'', a passenger boat passing between the Portuguese-held island of [[Anjadip Island|Angediva]] and the Indian port of [[Kochi]], was fired upon by Portuguese ground troops resulting in injuries to the [[chief engineer]] of the boat and the death of a passenger. The action was precipitated by Portuguese fears that the boat carried a military landing team intent on storming the island. A Portuguese investigation into the matter revealed that the boat had also been fired upon seven days earlier, when it accidentally strayed into Goan waters.<ref name=autogenerated3>Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961</ref> The incidents fostered widespread support in India for military action.

===Indian annexation of Goa===
{{Main|Annexation of Goa}}
Following the breakdown of diplomatic efforts, India conducted an armed invasion of Goa, Daman and Diu on 18 December 1961, supported by artillery, air and naval forces. The armed action, codenamed [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]] by the Indian government, involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours. A decisive victory for India, it drove the Portuguese to surrender.

==Aftermath==
India's liberation of Goa was met with both international support and deploration. In the years following the liberation, Portugal refused to recognize India's sovereignty over Goa. Salazar died in 1970. In 1974 a democratic government took power in Portugal and recognized India's sovereignty in Goa. The two countries signed a treaty in New Delhi on 31 December 1974, re-establishing diplomatic relations. Embassies were reopened,<ref name="mea">India-Portugal Relations, Indian ministry of External Affairs, Sep 2010 [http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/portugal.pdf]</ref> the Indian Embassy in June 1975, and the Portuguese Embassy in July 1975.<ref name="analyst">{{cite web|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/portugal/indo-portugal_info.html |title=Indo-Portugal Relations|website=What Is India News Service|date= 5 May 2007}}</ref> A bilateral Agreement on Trade, Economic, Industrial and Technical Cooperation was signed in 1977 and a Joint Committee established under this Agreement first met in November 1981.<ref
name="analyst" />

===Increasing diplomatic contacts===
[[File:António Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal, and Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India (2017-01-07).png|thumb|right|[[António Costa]] shakes hands with [[Narendra Modi]] in January 2017.]]

Signs of improved relations included two visits of [[Mario Soares]]: one as Prime Minister to attend the 1984 funeral of [[Indira Gandhi]] and again President/chief guest at the Republic Day event in New Delhi in 1992. President Venkataraman in 1990 and President KR Narayanan in 1998 made state visits in addition to Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] for the first India-Portugal Summit in June 2000. [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]] paid a state visit in January 2007 followed by the visit of Prime Minister [[Jose Socrates]] in December 2007.<ref name="mea" /> Prime Minister [[António Costa]] paid yet another visit in January 2017.

Parliamentary exchanges commenced in 1999 with a visit of 9 ministers from Portugal led by Dr. Antonio de Almeida Santos, Speaker of the National Assembly of the Portuguese Republic from 15 to 22 December 1999. Dr. Joao Bosco Mota Amaral, Speaker of Parliament then led a 4-member delegation to the Golden Jubilee celebrations of India's Parliament on 21–25 January 2003. India dispatched a 12-member Parliamentary Delegation led by Manohar Joshi, Speaker of the Lok Sabha to Portugal from 25 to 28 May 2003 and a 16-member Parliamentary Goodwill Delegation led by Minister for Parliamentary Affairs & Information and Broadcasting, Priya Ranjan Dasmunshi visited on 6–7 November 2007.<ref name="mea" />

Ministerial visits included Dr. Joao Cravinho, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs on 21–22 November 2006, Anand Sharma, Indian Minister of State (MOS) for External Affairs to Lisbon from 10 to 12 June 2007, Luis Amado Foreign, Minister of Portugal to India from 8–11 July 2008 and Shashi Tharoor as MOS to the COD Ministerial in July 2009.<ref name="mea" />

Portuguese President [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] made a four-day visit to India in February 2020, before 2020 the last visit by a Portuguese President to India was in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa arrives on 4-day visit to India |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/portuguese-president-marcelo-rebelo-de-sousa-arrives-on-4-day-visit-to-india20200213233123/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

===Treaties and agreements===
In 1997 India and Portugal split the 1977 agreement into two separate segments— one providing economic and industrial cooperation (signed at Lisbon in April 2000) and the other providing cooperation in science and technology (signed in December 1998). Another Agreement providing for avoidance of double taxation was signed in September 1998. Both these agreements had since entered into force with the completion of ratification procedures.<ref name="analyst" />

A Cooperation Agreement was signed in January 1992, between the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Portuguese Institute for Foreign Trade and Investment (ICEP). A Joint Business Council established under this agreement met in 1993, 1995 and 1997. A Cooperation Agreement between Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Portuguese Association of Industries (AIP) was signed in July 1995. A Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) and an Agreement setting up a Joint Working Group on Information Technology were signed in June 2000.<ref name="analyst" />

The following agreements were signed in January 2007:<ref name="analyst" />

* Cultural Exchange Programme (2007–2010)
* Exchange Programme in the fields of Education, Language, Science, Technology and Higher Education (2007–2010)
* Overarching Agreement in the field of Education, Science, Culture, Sports, Youth and Mass Media (2007–2010)
* Extradition Treaty

===Trade and economic relations===
Indo-Portuguese bilateral trade grew from US$69 million in 1991 to US$289.52 million in 2005. India's exports constituted over 70% of the turnover.<ref name="analyst" />

Indian exports consisted principally of marine products, cotton and synthetic textiles, leather, footwear, hides and skins, staple fibres, coffee, tea & spices. In the twenty-first century exports diversified to include items such as carpets, gems and jewellery, silk and silk products, tobacco, electrical machinery & parts, iron & steel products, dyeing & tanning products, and organic chemicals. Automobile spares and components, computer software, bicycles, scooters and other two wheelers, and rice have also been exported. Portuguese exports to India were mostly machinery and heavy equipment (44% in 2006)<ref>[http://www.embportindia.co.in/html/trade.html Portuguese Embassy to India Website]</ref> with the remainder consisting mainly of [[Cork (material)|cork]] and cork products, pulp and paper products, organic chemicals and plastics.<ref name="analyst" />

===Return of gold ornaments by Banco Nacional Ultramarino===
Following President Venkataraman's 1990 visit, an agreement was reached about the gold ornaments taken away from Goa by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in 1961. These ornaments, deposited by the people of Goa in the Banco Nacional Ultramarino during Portuguese rule, were returned to the Indian government during the visit of Indian Minister of State for External Affairs, [[Eduardo Faleiro]] in July 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indembassy-lisbon.org/uk/ind_bilateral.html |title=Indian Embassy to Portugal Website |access-date=16 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529072512/http://www.indembassy-lisbon.org/uk/ind_bilateral.html |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Resident diplomatic missions==
* India has an embassy in [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Lisbon, Portugal |url=https://www.eoilisbon.gov.in/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website= |publisher=Embassy of India, Lisbon, Portugal}}</ref>
* Portugal has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of Portugal in India |url=https://novadeli.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/en/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal}}</ref> and a consulate-general in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulate General of Portugal in Goa |url=https://goa.consuladoportugal.mne.gov.pt/en/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Portugal]]
* [[Luso-Indian]]
* [[Indians in Portugal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ames, Glenn J. "Serving God, Mammon, or Both?: Religious vis-à-vis Economic Priorities in the Portuguese Estado da India, c. 1600-1700." ''Catholic historical review'' 86.2 (2000): 193–216.
* Borges, Charles J., Oscar Guilherme Pereira, and Hannes Stubbe, eds. ''Goa and Portugal: history and development'' (Concept Publishing Company, 2000).
* Borges, Charles J., and Helmut Feldmann, eds. ''Goa and Portugal: Their cultural links'' (Concept Publishing Company, 1997).
* Crowley, Roger. ''Conquerors: How Portugal Seized the Indian Ocean and Forged the First Global Empire'' (Faber & Faber, 2015).
* Disney, Anthony. "Prince Henry of Portugal and the Sea Route to India." ''Historically Speaking'' 11.3 (2010): 35–37.
* Duncan, T. Bentley. "Navigation between Portugal and Asia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." in ''European Commercial Expansion in Early Modern Asia'' (Routledge, 2020) pp. 1–23.
* Ghazanfar, S. M. "Vasco da Gama’s Voyages to India: Messianism, Mercantilism, and Sacred Exploits." ''JGI'' 13#1 (2018): 15–40. [https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1259&context=jgi#page=18 online]
* Gopal, Sarvepalli. ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Vol. 3: 1956–1964'' (Harvard University Press, 1984) pp 190–203.
* Heimsath, Charles H. and Surjit Mansingh. ''A Diplomatic History of Modern India'' (1971) pp 324–339.
* Pöllath, Moritz. "'Far away from the Atlantic...': Goa, West New Guinea and NATO's out-of-area policy at Bandung 1955." ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies'' 11.4 (2013): 387–402.
* Pearson, Michael Naylor. ''The Portuguese in India'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
* Pearson, Michael N. "Portuguese India and the Mughals." ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress''. Vol. 59. 1998. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147009 online]
* Polónia, Amélia. "Brokers and go-betweens within the Portuguese State of India (1500–1700)." in ''Indian Ocean Histories'' (Routledge India, 2019) pp. 97–123.
* Prange, Sebastian R. "The Pagan King replies: an Indian perspective on the Portuguese arrival in India." ''Itinerario'' 41.1 (2017): 151–173.
* Rubiés, Joan-Pau. "The oriental voices of Mendes Pinto, or the traveller as ethnologist in Portuguese India." ''Portuguese Studies'' 10 (1994): 24–43. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105000 online]
* Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. ''The Portuguese empire in Asia, 1500-1700: a political and economic history'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2012).

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Portugal}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|India|Portugal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Portugal Relations}}
[[Category:India–Portugal relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Portugal]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Portugal]]

Sridevi Ashok

2026-04-01T18:16:27Z

Kenrique: added the bio more to come.

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sridevi Ashok
| image =Sridevi Ashok2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = | occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008-present
| spouse = Ashok<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sridevi-ashok-announces-pregnancy-with-a-cute-post/articleshow/80919873.cms |title=Actress Sridevi Ashok announces pregnancy with a cute post - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}
'''Sridevi Ashok''' is an Indian actress who has worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television. She made her debut in [[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raja-rani-fame-sridevi-pens-a-lovely-message-to-hubby-ashok-chintala-on-their-first-anniversary/articleshow/69115343.cms |title=Raja Rani fame Sridevi pens a lovely message to hubby Ashok Chintala on their first anniversary |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 April 2019 |accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/sridevi-ashok-serial-q94dkd#image1 |title=Tamil Actress Sridevi Ashok Recent PhotoShoot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sridevi-serial-actress-raja-rani-vijay-tv/ |title=Sridevi Ashok as Raja Rani Archana |website=Tamil Indian Express}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Her parents are Selvaraj and Roopa.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

She attended the A.V. Meiyappan School in Chennai.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} Sridevi earned a [[Master of Business Administration]] degree at Anna University, before becoming a television actress.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

She is married to Ashoka Chintala, and the couple have a daughter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-celeb-couple-sridevi-ashok-chintala-blessed-with-a-baby-girl/articleshow/84137886.cms |title=Tamil celeb couple Sridevi-Ashok Chintala blessed with a baby girl |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
She appeared in [[Chellamadi Nee Enakku]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} and in [[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]. She was later in [[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]] Season 1.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]]'' ||Selvi || Debut film
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kizhakku Kadarkarai Salai]]'' || Devi ||
|}

== Television ==

{{BLP unreferenced section|date= July 2020}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2007–2008||[[Chellamadi Nee Enakku]]|| Meena ||rowspan=6|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan=2|Sun TV || Replaced Sandhya Jagarlamudi
|-
|rowspan=2|2009||[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]] || Sophia ||
|-
| [[Vairanenjam]] || Madhavi || Kalaignar TV ||
|-
| 2010|| [[Ilavarasi (TV series)|Ilavarasi]] || Leela ||rowspan=2|Sun TV ||
|-
| 2010–2013|| [[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]] || Rama Devi || Replaced [[Sandra Amy]]
|-
| 2010|| [[Maanada Mayilada]] || Contestant || Kalaignar TV || Dance show
|-
|rowspan=3|2011|| [[Ammayi Kaapuram]] || Supraja ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| Gemini TV ||
|-
| [[Pirivom Santhippom (TV series)|Pirivom Santhippom]] || Sangeetha ||rowspan=3|Tamil ||Star Vijay ||
|-
| [[Iru Malargal]] || ||Jaya TV ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2012|| [[My Name Is Mangamma]] || Nikitha || Zee Tamil ||
|-
| [[Ala Modalayindhi]] || Supraja || Telugu || Gemini TV ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2013|| [[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]] || Shenbagam ||rowspan=17|Tamil ||rowspan=2| Sun TV ||
|-
|[[Sivasankari (TV series)|Sivasankari]] || Malli ||
|-
| [[Chithiram Pesuthadi (2013 TV series)|Chithiram Pesuthadi]] || Manimehalai|| Jaya TV ||
|-
| 2014–2017 || [[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]] || Subulakshmi (Subbu)|| Sun TV || Season 1 Lead Actress
|-
| 2015–2016 || [[Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum]] || Manohari|| Zee Tamil ||
|-
| 2016–2017 || [[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]] || Swapna || Star Vijay ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017–2018||[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]] || Dharini || Zee Tamizh ||
|-
| [[Sembaruthi]] || Nandhini || Zee Tamizh ||
|-
|2017–2019||[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]] || Archana || Star Vijay ||
|-
| 2019|| [[Nila (TV series)|Nila]] || Venmathi || Sun TV ||
|-
| 2019|| [[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]] || || Star Vijay ||
|-
| 2020|| [[Bommukutty Ammavukku (TV series)|Bommukutty Ammavukku]] ||Ratna|| Star Vijay ||
|-
| 2020–2021|| [[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]] || Dhanalakshmi || Sun TV ||
|-
| 2021–2023|| [[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukenna Veli]]|| Shyamala Devi|| [[Star Vijay]]||
|-
| 2021–2023|| [[Thalattu (TV series)|Thalattu]] || Mayuri || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
|2023–2025|| [[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]]|| Usha || [[Star Vijay]]||
|-
|2023–2024|| [[Modhalum Kaadhalum (TV series)|Modhalum Kaadhalum]] || Nandhini || [[Star Vijay]]|| Replaced Ramya Ramakrishna and Replaced by Krithikaa Laddu
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashok, Sridevi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Thriller film

2026-03-27T13:55:17Z

Kenrique: small adjust structure per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Film genre evoking excitement and suspense}}
{{Redirect|Suspense thriller|the general category "suspense/thriller"|Thriller (genre)}}
[[File:RebeccaTrailer.jpg|thumb|220px|A common theme in thrillers involves innocent victims dealing with deranged adversaries, as seen in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s film ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' (1940), where Mrs. Danvers tries to persuade Mrs. De Winter to leap to her death.]]
'''Thriller film''', also known as '''suspense film''' or '''suspense thriller''', is a broad [[film genre]] that evokes excitement and [[suspense]] in the audience.<ref>{{Harvnb|Konigsberg|1997|p=421}}</ref> The suspense element found in most films' plots is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, and is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible.<ref>{{Harvnb|Konigsberg|1997|p=404}}</ref>

The [[cover-up]] of important information from the viewer, and fight and chase scenes are common methods. Life is typically threatened in a thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize that they are entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films' characters conflict with each other or with an outside force, which can sometimes be abstract. The protagonist is usually set against a problem, such as an escape, a [[goal|mission]], or a mystery.<ref name="dirks1">{{cite web | last=Dirks | first=Tim | url=http://www.filmsite.org/thrillerfilms.html | title=Thriller – Suspense Films | publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] | access-date=July 25, 2010 }}</ref>

Screenwriter and scholar [[Eric R. Williams]] identifies thriller films as one of eleven super-genres in his [[Screenwriters Taxonomy|screenwriters' taxonomy]], claiming all feature-length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten are [[Action film|action]], [[Crime film|crime]], [[Fantasy film|fantasy]], [[Horror film|horror]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Science fiction film|science fiction]], a slice of life, [[Sports film|sports]], [[War film|war]], and [[Western film (genre)|western]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams, Eric R.|title=The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling|publisher=Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice|year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-10864-3|location=New York, NY|pages=21|oclc=993983488}}</ref> Thriller films are typically hybridized with other super-genres; hybrids commonly include action thrillers, fantasy and science fiction thrillers. Thriller films share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal, or the detective, and more on generating suspense. Common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit and romantic triangles leading to murder.<ref name="dirks1" />

In 2001, the [[American Film Institute]] (AFI) made its selection of [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills|the top 100 greatest American "heart-pounding" and "adrenaline-inducing" films of all time]]. The 400 nominated films had to be American-made whose thrills have "enlivened and enriched America's film heritage". AFI asked jurors to consider "the total adrenaline-inducing impact of a film's artistry and craft".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.afi.com/100years/thrills.aspx|title = AFI's 100 YEARS...100 THRILLS |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170101193713/http://www.afi.com/100years/thrills.aspx|archive-date = January 1, 2017|date = 2001|publisher = American Film Institute}}</ref><ref name = dirks1/>

==Characteristics==
In his book on the genre, Martin Rubin stated that the label "thriller" was "highly problematic" declaring that "the very breadth and vagueness of the thriller category understandably discourage efforts to define it precisely."{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=3–4}}{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=13}} This was echoed by Charles Derry in his book ''The Suspense Thriller'', which found that the terms "suspense thriller", "thriller" and "suspense film" are used continuously in popular press, academic writings and the film industry with no clear agreement of what the definition is.{{sfn|Derry|1988|p=7}} Unlike other genres such as the [[Western film (genre)|Western]] which had recognizable iconography (cowboys, saloons, southwestern landscapes), the thriller lacks such unique iconography.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=5}} Rubin went on to state that thrillers involve an excess of certain qualities beyond the narratives: they tend emphasize action, suspense and atmosphere and emphasize feelings of "suspense, fright, mystery, exhilaration, excitement, speed, movement" over more sensitive, cerebral, or emotionally heavy feelings.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=5}} Rubin described thrillers as being both quantitative and qualitative as virtually all narrative films could be considered thrilling to some degree, while they could contain suspense to some degree, but at "a certain hazy point", the films become thrilling enough to be considered part of the genre.{{Sfn|Rubin|1999|p=5}} For [[Alfred Hitchcock]], a director very associated with the genre, he proclaimed that the [[whodunnit]] generated "the kind of curiosity that is void of emotion, and emotion is essential ingredient of suspense" and thus for Hitchcock, "mystery is seldom suspenseful"{{sfn|Derry|1988|p=8}} In their discussions on the political thriller, Pablo Castrillo and Pablo Echart stated in 2015 that the concept of a thriller as an overarching, broad category is "traditionally unclear" due to the varied definitions between authors, with its "boundaries often blurred, overlapped, and hybridized with other genres."{{sfn|Castrillo|Echart|2015|p=110}}

In his book ''The Suspense Thriller'' (1988), the genre-studies specialist Charles Derry found the "suspense thriller" to be [[crime films]] that lacked a traditional detective figure and featured non-professional criminals or innocent victims as protagonists and excluded films that are often labeled as thrillers such as hard-boiled detective stories, horror films, heist films and spy films. Derry found the non-professional or victim being placed in unfamiliar situations enhanced their vulnerability and thus increased greater suspense.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=9}} Derry specifically noted the "innocent-on-the-run" theme a coherent in the genre, presenting them in films such as ''[[The 39 Steps (1935 film)|The 39 Steps]]'' (1935), ''[[North by Northwest]]'' (1959) and conspiracy thriller films like ''[[The Parallax View]]'' (1974) and the comedy-tinged ''[[Silver Streak (film)|Silver Streak]]'' (1976).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=10}} Alternatively, British communication professor Jerry Palmer in his book ''Thrillers'' defined the genre by literary roots, ideology and sociological backgrounds and that thrillers could be reduced to just two components: a hero and a conspiracy.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=11}} Palmer noted the hero in a thriller must be professional and competitive and not an amateur or an average citizen and suggested and declared characters such as spy [[James Bond]] or private eye [[Mike Hammer (character)|Mike Hammer]] to be "quintessential thriller heroes".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=11}} Palmer also noted that audiences must approve of the hero's actions and adopt their moral perspective.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=11}} Palmer included styles such as detective films as part of the genre.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=12}} Rubin argued against Palmer's definition, noting that it would include [[melodrama]]s and [[Legal drama|courtroom dramas]] such as ''[[Meet John Doe]]'' (1941) into the genre and eliminate such films as ''[[Purple Noon]]'' (1960) and ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960) from the genre.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=12–13}} Rubin borrowed from [[G. K. Chesterton]]'s "A Defence of Detective Stories", stating that the world of the thriller is in an urban world, opposed to bygone eras of knights, pirates and cowboys which assists with the concept that "one normally does not think of Westerns as thrillers, even though they often contain a great deal of action, adventures chases and suspense."{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=14–15}} Similarly, the [[adventure film]] is predominantly set in an environment that is already exotic and primitive, and removed form the realm of mundane and modern-day urban existence.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=16}} In his book ''Crime Movies: An Illustrated History'', [[Carlos Clarens]] discussed location being related to thrillers as well, stating that crime films as emphasized broad, socially symbolic characters such as the criminal, the Law, and society while thrillers were more concerned with violence or disturbances within a private sphere.{{sfn|Mayer|2012|p=2}}

Rubin declared that thrillers attached itself to other genres such as the [[spy film]], [[horror film]] and various sub-genres of [[crime films]] more so than [[Western film (genre)|Westerns]], [[Musical film|musicals]], and [[war films]].{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=4}} Derry also suggested this, stating that the film was an "umbrella genre" that cuts across several more clearly defined genres.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=10}} Rubin went as far to suggest that there was possibly no such thing as a pure "thriller thriller" as it was easier to apply it as a quality as a [[Spy film|spy thriller]], detective thriller, [[horror thriller]], and that there is possibly no such thing as a pure "thriller thriller".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=4}} Rubin further expanded on the problematic usage of the genre due to its wide usage in media, such as the American magazine ''[[TV Guide]]'' listing ''[[Basket Case (film)|Basket Case]]'' (1982) as a thriller, while its sequel ''[[Basket Case 2]]'' (1990) was a comedy and that films as diverse as the horror film ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'' (1978), the detective film ''[[The Big Sleep (1946 film)|The Big Sleep]]'' (1946), the [[Harold Lloyd]] comedy film ''[[Safety Last!]]'' (1923), the Hitchcock spy film ''North by Northwest'' (1959), the disaster film ''[[The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)|The Poseidon Adventure]]'' (1972), and the science fiction monster movie ''[[Alien (film)|Alien]]'' (1979) can all be considered thrillers.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=3-4}}

==History==
===Precursors===
====Pre-film====
Due to what Rubin describe as a "wide, imprecise scope", it is unwieldy to attempt a comprehensive history of individual genres, including the thriller, and suggests it better to view the style in terms of cycles.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=39}}

Prior to the development of films, the genre has its connections to broadly-based fiction of the 18th century.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=40}} Elements of the thriller are traced to the earliest gothic novel with [[Horace Walpole]]'s ''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'' (1765) which led to [[Matthew Lewis (writer)|Matthew Lewis]]'s ''[[The Monk]]'' (1796) and [[Ann Radcliffe]]'s ''[[The Mysteries of Udolpho]]'' (1794) and ''[[The Italian (Radcliffe novel)|The Italian]]'' (1797).{{Sfn|Rubin|1999|p=40}} Rubin noted that the extended vulnerability of the enthralled protagonists and victims in the thriller anticipated the thriller genre, a statement echoed by Robert D. Hume's 1969 essay which asserts that the Gothic novel involved a reader in a new way, with increased emphasis on suspense, sensation and emotion opposed to moral and intellectual focuses.{{Sfn|Rubin|1999|p=41}} The gothics being considered thrillers is problematic as they are set in antiquated decaying worlds and fail the tradition of being considered "modern".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=41}} The second literary form that predated thrillers was the Victorian [[sensation novel]], starting with [[Wilkie Collins]]' ''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]'' (1859–1860) which stripped the gothic genre of its mysticism and brought to a contemporary time closer to everyday life.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=41–42}} These sensation novels often were published in serialized form, sometimes concluding their installments with [[cliffhanger]]s called "climax and curtain".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=42}} The third of the proto-types to the thriller was early detective and mystery fiction, such as [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s "[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]" (1841), which is widely considered the first detective story.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=42}} The detective story drew upon the previously mentioned forms, and is shown through stories such as the [[Sherlock Holmes]] novel ''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]''.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=43}}

The roots of the thriller also generally associated with the rise of the urban-industrial society in the 19th century which created new and expanded mass audience, along with new forms of entertainment. This included stage play melodramas such as ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1852) in which an escaped slave escapes over an ice-choked river and the rural-set melodrama ''[[Blue Jeans (play)|Blue Jeans]]'' (1890) which features a heroine who unties the hero just before he is cut by and advancing buzz saw.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=43}} Other forms of entertainment arrived in the 19th century at fairgrounds and amusements parks with thrill-oriented rides and attractions such as [[Ferris wheels]], [[Shoot the Chute]]s, which Rubin described as offering a "departure from humdrum reality that is merely a heightened version of that same humdrum reality.".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=44}}

====Silent era====
Fairgrounds were the earliest venues for film exhibitions in peep-show arcades, which film historian Tom Gunning described as "the cinema of attractions".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=44–45}} Film exhibitions were composed of novelty-oriented shorts that provided surprise, amazement, laughter, or sexual stimulation with no narrative. The sensation of motion in these early films was later input into a framework known as the "chase film" which came into prominence in 1903. The chase films were often produced in Britain and France and employed minimal narrative for an extended chase scene. This genre led to one of the most commercially celebrated American films of the period, ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=45}} It contained elements of the [[heist film]] with its depictions of ingeniously planned robberies, as well as relying on the thriller's technique of accelerated motion.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=45}}{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=46}} Chase films were limited in scope, but their emphasis on the chase sequence would extend well into the future in films such as ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' (1969), ''[[Vanishing Point (1971 film)|Vanishing Point]]'' (1971), and ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' (1994).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=47}}

The period between 1907 and 1913 solidified the film industry's increasing mastery of narrative filmmaking, predominantly with [[D.W. Griffith]]'s films, which Rubin described as "enhancing suspense, psychological depth, and spatial orientation."{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=47}} Griffith applied new techniques such as [[cross-cutting]] to build suspense in films such as ''[[The Girl and Her Trust]]'' (1912), which also supplied psychological context for the actions.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=47–48}}

[[Film serial]]s, featuring stories broken up into regularly scheduled episodes, expanded on the suspense-inducing devices of the earlier chase films.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=50}} Originally published in newspapers as fictional story installments, the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' came upon the idea in 1913 by running serialized stories in both newspapers and film versions.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=51}} This led to ''[[The Adventures of Kathlyn]]'', a serial in 13 parts which was a grand success and resulted in the newspaper developing the even more successful ''[[The Million Dollar Mystery]]''.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=52}} Serials often ended with cliffhangers, an element that led to the tendency in thrillers to break up the story into a series of self-enclosed set pieces.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=53}} Film serials were later produced in Europe, with French directors such as [[Louis Feuillade]] who went from making chase films to making serials based on novels about master criminals, such as ''[[Fantômas (1913 serial)|Fantômas]]'' (1913) and ''[[Les Vampires]]'' (1915).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=54}}

Outside of France, the most significant European venue for serials was Germany, with [[Fritz Lang]] writing serials like ''[[The Mistress of the World]]'' (1919) and later directing films like ''[[The Spiders (film)|The Spiders]]'' (1919).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=57}} Lang would make films similar to those of Feuillade, with his films based on [[Dr. Mabuse]] that were set in a contemporary time.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=58}} Lang's ''[[Dr. Mabuse the Gambler]]'' (1922) was described by Rubin as an important part of the development of the thriller with its "duplicitous, labyrinthine network of decadent nightspots and secret dens that are linked together by murky thoroughfares, twisting back alleys and subterranean passages."{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=59}} Lang's later film ''[[Spione|Spies]]'' (1928) extensively used crosscutting not only to enhance suspense and draw thematic parallels, but also to develop what Rubin described as a "paranoid vision of a world where everything seems to fit together as part of an ever-widening web of conspiracy".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=60}} This type of editing was later applied to numerous ''[[film noir]]s'' such as [[Robert Siodmak]]'s ''[[The Killers (1946 film)|The Killers]]'' (1946) and [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[The Killing (film)|The Killing]]'' (1956). It was also used in [[Oliver Stone]]'s ''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]'' (1991) and [[Bryan Singer]]'s ''[[The Usual Suspects]]''.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=62}} During the silent era, [[German Expressionism (cinema)|German Expressionism]] was active from 1905 onward.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=64}} These films featured distorted sets and stylized gestures which had an influence on filmmaking all over the world, including the United States.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=64-65}} The expressionist cinematic style was particularly relevant to the thriller, combining psychology and spectacle.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=65}}

===1930s===
The early 1930s saw the rise of two film genre movements: the gothic styled horror film and the [[gangster film]].{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=70}} [[Universal Pictures]] was the leader of the horror genre in the early 1930s with its expressionist-derived atmosphere that started with two big hits film: ''[[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|Dracula]]'' (1931) and ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'' (1931).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=71}} Rubin noted that both films lacked the thriller's fundamental tension between the familiar and exotic or adventurous.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=72}} Also in the early 1930s, the gangster film arrived with early major films including [[Mervyn LeRoy]]'s ''[[Little Caesar (film)|Little Caesar]]'' (1930), [[William A. Wellman]]'s ''[[The Public Enemy]]'' (1932) and [[Howard Hawks]] ''[[Scarface (1932 film)|Scarface]]'' (1932).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=72}} These films centered on the rise of and fall of the criminal with Rubin noting that suspense in these films was "relatively slight", with both genres leaving an imprint on subsequent forms of the thriller with mid-1930s [[G-man|G-Man]] films, the early detective films of the 1940s, and the gangster films of the 1950s.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=73}} The gangster film itself imbued the modern urban environment with larger-than-life overtones.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=73-74}}

[[File:Fritz Lang CM738.jpg|thumb|Fritz Lang (on the left) in 1938.]]
Rubin described the mid-1930s as when the thriller entered its "classical period" with the emergence of key genres that were previously either non-existent or minor. These included the spy film, detective film, the ''film noir'', the police film and the science fiction thriller.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=79}} The horror films of the early 1930s with their Europeanized settings and villains led to what Rubin described as a "growing uneasiness towards Europe" Such anxieties were directly registered with spy thriller films, that were previously marginalised but grew as the tensions of the 1930s and the outbreak of [[World War II]].{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=79}} The genre grew into popularity in Great Britain in the mid-1930s with the output of the countries leading filmmaker [[Alfred Hitchcock]]. Between 1934 and 1938, Hitchcock directed five spy thrillers: ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'' (1934), ''The 39 Steps'' (1935), ''[[Secret Agent (1936 film)|Secret Agent]]'' (1936), ''[[Sabotage (1936 film)|Sabotage]]'' (1936), and ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'' (1938). Along with Lang's output of the period, Rubin stated that Hitchcock became a "top rank" filmmaker specialising in the classical film thrillers, opposed to his prior output, which only sporadically included films that could be considered thrillers.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=80}} Compared to Lang, Hitchcock approach to the spy thriller was described by Rubin as "less abstract, less epic" with "a greater emphasis on individual psychology and subjective points of view" while Lang's primary focus was on "the structure of the trap", Hitchcock's was on the "mental state of the entrapped."{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=80}} The first major American spy thriller of the World War II era was ''[[Confessions of a Nazi Spy]]'' (1939).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=85}} After relocating to the United States, Hitchcock continued his attachment to spy films with films like ''[[Foreign Correspondent (film)|Foreign Correspondent]]'' (1940) and ''[[Saboteur (film)|Saboteur]]'' (1942).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=80}} Despite having these films exist beyond the cityscapes of the thriller genre, they do not deploy the adventure nature of ''The Adventures of Kathlyn'' or ''The Spiders'' usually lacking in exaggerated methods of transport, such as parachute drops, safaris, submarines, or even high-speed chases.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=85}}

===1940s===
Like the spy film, another genre that grew popular due to the war-generated phenomena in the early to mid-1940s saw the rise of thrillers centered around various phases of crime films such as the rise in popularity of detective films.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=86-87}}{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=88}} These ranged from [[B-film]] detectives such as [[Michael Shayne]], [[The Falcon (fictional detective)|The Falcon]], [[Boston Blackie]], the [[Crime Doctor (character)|Crime Doctor]] as well as modernized [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories having him battle Nazis.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=86-87}} These smaller budget films led to more major productions such as [[John Huston]]'s ''[[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)|The Maltese Falcon]]'' (1941) while ''[[Murder, My Sweet]]'' (1944) introduced the character [[Philip Marlowe]] to film. Marlowe would appear again in ''[[The Big Sleep (1946 film)|The Big Sleep]]'' (1946).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=88}} These detective films drew upon thriller and thriller-related genres with their nocturnal atmosphere and style influenced by expressionism.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=88}} They often overlapped with ''[[film noir]]'', a style coined by French critics in 1946 which arose in the mid-1940s.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=89-90}} The ''film noir'' style was not acknowledge by American filmmakers, critics or audiences until the 1970s.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=90}} Early films considered as harbingers of the movement include Fritz Lang's ''[[You Only Live Once (1937 film)|You Only Live Once]]'' (1937), the b-film ''[[Stranger on the Third Floor]]'' (1940) and ''[[I Wake Up Screaming]]'' (1941) and the first universally acknowledged major ''film noir'': [[Billy Wilder]]'s ''[[Double Indemnity]]''.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=91}}

During the 1940s, the influence of other foreign movements such as [[Italian neo-realism]] and American filmmaker's participation in making war documentaries and the audience's growing familiarity with these documentaries gritty and fact-based style led to Hollywood developing crime films that were shot in actual locations opposed to studio sets. These films included ''[[The House on 92nd Street]]'' and ''[[Call Northside 777]]'' (1947) and the most acclaimed of these films, ''[[The Naked City]]'' (1948) which re-created a police manhunt for a brutal killer.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=97}} These films eventually began toning down their factuality to be applied to more ''noir'' styles, such as with ''[[Kiss of Death (1947 film)|Kiss of Death]]'' (1947), ''[[The Street with No Name]]'' (1948), and ''[[He Walked by Night]]'' (1949).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=97}} Rubin found that placing these films in actual locations increased the tension of the ordinary world opposed to the limited confines of the studio sets.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=98}}

Further spy films were made, including ''The House on 92nd Street'' began encompassing anti-communist themes. This was inaugurated with films like ''[[The Iron Curtain (film)|The Iron Curtain]]'' (1948).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=100-101}} These titles drew on 1930s gangster film conventions, with the American branch of the communist parties being depicted like a gangster organization. This cycle continued into the 1950s with ''[[I Was a Communist for the FBI]]'' (1951), ''[[The Red Menace (film)|The Red Menace]]'' (1949), and [[Samuel Fuller]]'s ''[[Pickup on South Street]]'' (1953).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=101}}

===1950s===
Crime was the significant focus of thrillers in the 1950s.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=102}} The more realistic crime films of the 1940s and film noir merged into films about police detectives thrillers. Unlike the more clean-cut police officers of the 1940s realistic films, these films often had the police officer following darker paths. These included ''[[The Man Who Cheated Himself]]'' (1951), ''[[The Prowler (1951 film)|The Prowler]]'' (1951), ''[[Pushover (film)|Pushover]]'' (1954).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=102}} A smaller wave of similar police thrillers had the police detective having moral weakness, but excessiveness.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=102-103}} These included ''[[Where the Sidewalk Ends (film)|Where the Sidewalk Ends]]'' (1950), ''[[On Dangerous Ground]]'' (1952), ''[[The Big Heat]]'' (1953).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=103-104}} Rubin declared [[Orson Welles]]' ''[[Touch of Evil]]'' (1958) as another major film of this flawed-cop style. Rubin found that these late noirs collectively represent a peak of character development and moral complexity in the film thriller that was closer to the psychology films of Alfred Hitchcock than the action or mystery-oriented forms of the police thriller.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=105}} Syndicate gangster films of the era had similarities to the anti-communist spy films and alien-invasion science fiction films of the era with films like ''[[The Enforcer (1951 film)|The Enforcer]]'' (1951) while ''[[The Phenix City Story]]'' (1955) and ''[[The Brothers Rico]]'' which contained borderline breakdowns of the criminal world and the lawful world.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=107}} The gangsters of these films do not resemble conventional criminals of the past, they dressed casually while being non-confrontational with muted violence.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=108}}

The 1950s also saw the movement of the [[science fiction]] thriller, which previously was a relatively minor genre.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=109}} The most prevalent was a hybrid of science fiction and horror in films like ''[[Them!]]'' (1954) and ''[[Tarantula (film)|Tarantula]]'' (1955) while the films more attuned to the thriller occasionally saw an alien invasion theme, such as in ''[[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'' (1956) which Rubin described as being between "science-fiction mundaneness and film-noir moodiness".{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=110-111}} The science fiction thrillers of the era are not set on far off planets or but featured in present-day locales such as in ''[[It Came from Outer Space]]'' and ''[[The Incredible Shrinking Man]]''.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=111-112}}

The 1950s also launched what Rubin called "a run of Hitchcock masterpieces", following an uneven part of experimentation in the late 1940s.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=113}} Rubin noted as Hitchcock hitting his stride with ''[[Strangers on a Train (film)|Strangers on a Train]]'' (1951), ''[[Rear Window]]'' (1954), ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' (1958), ''North by Northwest'' (1959), and ''Psycho'' (1960).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=113-114}} During this period, Anglo-American critics of the era preferred Hitchcock's lighter-hearted British classics of the 1930s, these films were declared as "more ambitious and mature works" by Rubin, which became the focus of a major reevaluation of Hitchcock's artistic stature, which included with the first full-length books study of his work: ''Hitchcock'' (1957), by [[Eric Rohmer]] and [[Claude Chabrol]] as well as the first English-language assessment, with [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]]'s ''Hitchcock's Films'' (1965).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=116-117}} The plots and themes of these films would be re-worked into later directors such as [[Jonathan Demme]] (''[[Last Embrace]]'' (1979)), [[Brian de Palma]] (''[[Dressed to Kill (1980 film)|Dressed to Kill]]'' (1980), ''[[Body Double]]'' (1984), ''[[Obsession (1976 film)|Obsession]]'' (1976)) and [[Curtis Hanson]] (''[[The Bedroom Window (1987 film)|The Bedroom Window]]'' (1987)).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=117}}

===1960s===
Around 1960, Rubin described that key thriller categories went through major overhauls. This led to closing what he described as "subversive debunking" that nearly closed the doors on genres like the detective film, re-contextualizing genres like the [[neo-noir]], and enhancing the popularity of some genres such as the spy film briefly and other genres like the police film for longer periods.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=119}}

The expansion of foreign-film exhibition in the United States of highly regarded thrillers was an influence on the American thriller film.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=119}} Among the earliest of these was [[Henri-Georges Clouzot]]'s ''[[The Wages of Fear]]'' (1953) and ''[[Les Diaboliques (film)|Les Diaboliques]]'' (1955) and [[Jules Dassin]]'s ''[[Rififi]]'' (1955) which influenced the 1960s thrillers with their sordid atmosphere.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=120-121}} Another cross-fertilization between American and European thrillers was the [[French New Wave]], a movement which arose in the late 1950s. The style of these films were generally more self-conscious and intrusive than that of Hollywood films.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=124}} When these films had thriller aspects, these aspects of their story had a throwaway quality.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=125}} The influence of the French New Wave was seen on American thrillers such as ''[[Mickey One]]'' (1965), ''[[Point Blank (1967 film)|Point Blank]]'' (1967) and ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'' (1967) as well as later films (''[[Sisters (1972 film)|Sisters]]'' (1972), ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'' (1986), ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' (1992)).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=127}}

The spy film had been what Rubin described as "stagnating" for several years due to the limitations of post-war anti-communist films. The genre was dramatically revitalized by the surprised hit ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' (1962), which led to increasingly expensive and lucrative sequels as well as spearheading a 1960s spy craze in cinema and mass media.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=127}} ''Dr. No'' was conceived as a series of action set pieces (called "bumps" by the series co-producer [[Albert R. Broccoli]]) which mixed the film's action and violence with generous doses of humor and Bond's post-bloodshed quips and sexual banter.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=128}} The Bond films generally distanced themselves with apolitical villains, that toned down the cold war elements of the original novels and spy films of the past, locating their films in Jamaica, Istanbul and Miami over Cuba, Berlin or Israel.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=130}} Rubin found that the Bond films important to the development of the thriller, but their own thriller dimensions was limited due to the Bond stories gravitating towards adventures, suspense sequences being moderate, and tensions kept simple compared to the films of Hitchcock or Lang.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=130-131}} Following the success of the Bond films, the character became the standard which all other spy films of the era were defined by within their similarities or dissimilarities.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=132}} These included having the spy being suave hero, colorful locations, attractive women and flamboyant decors. Many pre-1970s spy films were predominantly comedies with spy film elements, such as ''[[Our Man Flint]]'' (1966) and ''[[The Silencers (film)|The Silencers]]'' (1966) and their sequels.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=133}} Another style of spy films attempted to differentiate themselves from the Bond films, while still differentiating themselves from the patriotic and Anti-Nazi and anti-communist spy films of the past. These films deglamorized the nature of the Bond films while still remaining thrillers, such as ''[[The Ipcress File (film)|The Ipcress File]]'' (1965), ''[[Funeral in Berlin (film)|Funeral in Berlin]]'' (1966), ''[[The Defector (film)|The Defector]]'' (1966) and ''[[The Quiller Memorandum]]'' (1966).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=133–134}} These films featured spies who seemed less invincible than James Bond and other super spies, and often featured a more paranoid edge to their plots.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=135–136}}

Police thrillers returned to popularity around the period of law-and-order issues between 1968 and 1972 presidential campaigns through a general swing towards the [[Right-wing politics|right]] in the United States due to the [[Vietnam War]]. The police-centered were much less critical in their treatment of their justice obsessed lawmen and were showcased fighting to protect society where official institutions have failed them.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=137}} The police thriller returned in 1967 with the multiple-Oscar winning film ''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In the Heat of the Night]]'' (1967), which was more about social issues than being a straight thriller, the films' use of racial epithets and strong-arm methods paved the way for films featuring characters like [[Dirty Harry (character)|Dirty Harry]] and [[Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle]] for the upcoming police cycle.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=137}} Early films in the cycle included ''[[Madigan]]'' (1968), ''[[The Detective (1968 film)|The Detective]]'' (1968), ''[[Coogan's Bluff (film)|Coogan's Bluff]]'' (1968) and ''[[Bullitt]]'' (1968), the latter being more successful financially than any the previously mentioned thrillers.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=137–138}} Like Bond, ''Bullitt'' featured much of the mystique as the James Bond series, with his stylish lifestyle and being an elite specialist working with a larger organization and is granted considerable autonomy on the course of his assignments. ''Bullitt''{{'}}s producer [[Philip D'Antoni]] featured even more elaborate variations in his later productions such as ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971) and ''[[The Seven-Ups]]'' (1973) as car chases became staple to modern police thrillers. These police thrillers also featured a harsher more conflict-riddled world closer to those of the anti-Bond spy films.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=138}} These films were also harsher and more violent, mostly due to the demise of the [[Hays Code]].{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=139–140}} The influence of the police thriller was long lasting, leading into the popular ''[[Die Hard (film series)|Die Hard]]'' and ''[[Lethal Weapon (franchise)|Lethal Weapon]]'' film series and attaching itself to other genres such as science fiction (''[[Mad Max]]'', ''[[Blade Runner (franchise)|Blade Runner]]'', ''[[RoboCop (franchise)|RoboCop]]''), and comedy (''[[48 Hrs.]]'' and ''[[Beverly Hills Cop (franchise)|Beverly Hills Cop]]'').{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=144}}

===1970s===
Offshoots of the police thriller is the [[vigilante film]], in which an avenger in an urban setting throws off the restraints of the super cop of the police thrillers to operate as a loner without a badge or uniform. The main characters usually revolve around personal revenge and desire to cleanse society of its evil doers. Examples include the ''[[Death Wish (film series)|Death Wish]]'' film series, ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976) and ''[[Ms. 45]]'' (1981).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=144}}
A cycle of [[action films]] featuring black leads that came from the police thriller, vigilante films, and [[blaxploitation films]] arrived with the 1970s.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=144}} The films predominantly feature loose-cannon private eyes such as in ''[[Shaft (1971 film)|Shaft]]'' (1971), ''[[Slaughter (1972 film)|Slaughter]]'' (1972) and ''[[Coffy]]'' (1973) or hustlers such as in ''[[Super Fly (1972 film)|Super Fly]]'' (1972) and ''[[The Mack]]'' (1973).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=145}} The films were often derivations of earlier films such as ''[[Cool Breeze (film)|Cool Breeze]]'' (1972), a remake of ''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'', ''[[Hit Man (1972 film)|Hit Man]]'' (1972) a remake of ''[[Get Carter]]'' (1971), and ''[[Black Mama, White Mama]]'' (1973) a remake of ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'' (1958). The cycle generally slowed down by the mid 1970s.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=146}}

During the 1970s, contemporary situations such as the [[Watergate scandal]] and disillusionment about the Vietnam War led to conspiracy thrillers.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=148-149}} A cycle of these films included ''[[Executive Action (film)|Executive Action]]'' (1973) about the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of President John F. Kennedy]], ''[[The Parallax View]]'' (1974) about a sinister corporation linked to a series of political murders, and others like ''[[The Conversation]]'' (1974) and ''[[Winter Kills (film)|Winter Kills]]'' (1979).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=149}} Unlike other films of the past, the paranoia of these films often focused on American institutions opposed to gangsterism or communists.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=149}}

A thriller-related movement in the 1970s was the [[disaster film]], which came with the great financial success of ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'' (1970), about an airplane crippled by a bomb that struggles to land in a snowstorm.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=149}} Similar films about a group of survivors escape several locations, such as ''[[The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)|The Poseidon Adventure]]'' (1972), ''[[The Towering Inferno]]'' (1974) and ''[[Earthquake (1974 film)|Earthquake]]'' (1974) about a group of troubled people in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=149}} The films often featured all-star casts and often had the disaster happening early or mid-way into the story rather than at the climax with the narrative focusing on the group of survivors.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=149-150}} The genre ended following overt sequels, television films and parodies.{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=149}} The genre had a brief revival in the late 1990s through the science-fiction and disaster hybrid ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996), which was followed by ''[[Dante's Peak]]'' (1997), ''[[Volcano (1997 film)|Volcano]]'' (1997) and ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997).{{sfn|Rubin|1999|p=150}}

===1990s to present===

In the early 1990s, thrillers had recurring elements of obsession and trapped protagonists who must find a way to escape the clutches of the villain—these devices influenced a number of thrillers in the following years. [[Rob Reiner]]'s ''[[Misery (film)|Misery]]'' (1990), based on a book by [[Stephen King]], featured [[Kathy Bates]] as an unbalanced fan who terrorizes an incapacitated author ([[James Caan]]) who is in her care. Other films include [[Curtis Hanson]]'s ''[[The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992 film)|The Hand That Rocks the Cradle]]'' (1992) and ''[[Unlawful Entry (film)|Unlawful Entry]]'' (1992), starring [[Ray Liotta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/thrillerfilms2.html |title=Thriller and Suspense Films |publisher=Filmsite.org |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref>

Detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 1990s. A famous example is [[Jonathan Demme]]'s Best Picture–winning crime thriller ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'' (1991)—in which young [[FBI agent]] [[Clarice Starling]] ([[Jodie Foster]]) engages in a psychological conflict with a [[Human cannibalism|cannibal]]istic [[psychiatrist]] named [[Hannibal Lecter]] ([[Anthony Hopkins]]) while tracking down [[serial killer]] Buffalo Bill—and [[David Fincher]]'s crime thriller ''[[Seven (1995 film)|Seven]]'' (1995), about the search for a serial killer who re-enacts the [[seven deadly sins]].

Another notable example is [[Martin Scorsese]]'s neo-noir psychological thriller ''[[Shutter Island (film)|Shutter Island]]'' (2010), in which a U.S. Marshal must investigate a psychiatric facility after one of the patients inexplicably disappears.

In recent years, thrillers have often overlapped with the horror genre, having more gore/sadistic violence, brutality, terror and frightening scenes. The recent films in which this has occurred include ''[[Disturbia (film)|Disturbia]]'' (2007), ''[[Eden Lake]]'' (2008), ''[[The Last House on the Left (2009 film)|The Last House on the Left]]'' (2009), ''[[P2 (film)|P2]]'' (2007), ''[[Captivity (film)|Captivity]]'' (2007), ''[[Vacancy (film)|Vacancy]]'' (2007), and [[A Quiet Place (film)|''A Quiet Place'']] (2018). Action scenes have also gotten more elaborate in the thriller genre. Films such as ''[[Unknown (2011 film)|Unknown]]'' (2011), ''[[Hostage (2005 film)|Hostage]]'' (2005), and ''[[Cellular (film)|Cellular]]'' (2004) have crossed over into the action genre.

==Sub-genres==
{{See also|Lists of thriller films}}

The thriller film genre includes the following sub-genres:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuebon.com/ewriters/Tsubgenres.html |title=Thriller/Suspense Subgenre Definitions |publisher=Cuebon.com |access-date=June 24, 2010}}</ref>

===Action thriller===
[[Action film|Action thriller]] is a blend of both [[action film|action]] and thriller film in which the protagonist confronts dangerous adversaries, obstacles, or situations which he/she must conquer, normally in an action setting. Action thrillers usually feature a race against the clock, weapons and explosions, frequent violence, and a clear antagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/subgenre/action-thriller-d509 |title=Action Thriller |publisher=AllRovi |access-date=November 6, 2015}}</ref> Examples include, ''[[Face/Off]]'', [[Hard Boiled]], ''[[Dirty Harry]]'', ''[[Taken (film)|Taken]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.allmovie.com/movie/taken-v391752 |title=Taken – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |access-date=November 6, 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Fugitive (1993 film)|The Fugitive]]'',<ref>[http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-fugitive-v18834 ''The Fugitive (1993)''] AllMovie</ref> ''[[Snakes on a Plane]]'', ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'', ''[[The Dark Knight]]'', ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-hurt-locker-v408490 |title=The Hurt Locker – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |access-date=November 6, 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Terminator]]'', ''[[The Equalizer (film)|The Equalizer]]'', the ''[[Die Hard (film series)|Die Hard]]'' series, and the ''[[Bourne (film series)|Bourne]]'' series.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ew.com/article/1995/12/01/hollywood-readying-new-wave-action-thrillers|title= Hollywood readying new wave action thrillers|publisher=ew.com |access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref>

=== Action comedy thriller ===
Action comedy thrillers<ref>{{cite web |last=Sonavane |first=Gaurav |date=2025-07-20 |title=7 action-packed comedy thrillers to watch after 'Heads of State'; on Netflix, Prime Video, JioHotstar and more |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/7-action-packed-comedy-thrillers-to-watch-after-heads-of-state-on-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar-and-more |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[GQ]] India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Elauria |first=Jom |date=2024-11-14 |title=The 10 Most Thrilling Action Comedy Movies, Ranked |url=https://collider.com/action-comedy-movies-thrilling-ranked/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ndao |first=Mohamed |date=2024-03-17 |title=15 Best Comedic Thrillers of the 21st Century (So Far) |url=https://movieweb.com/comedic-thrillers-best-21-century/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[MovieWeb]] |language=en-US}}</ref> skillfully combine well-choreographed fight or chase scenes, high-stakes drama, and moments of laughter. There is something for every thrill-seeker here, whether they prefer undercover action, thrilling automobile chases, or multinational espionage. Such films include ''[[Bullet Train (film)|Bullet Train]]'', ''[[Grosse Pointe Blank]]'', ''[[Knight and Day]]'', the [[Lethal Weapon (franchise)|''Lethal Weapon'' franchise]], ''[[Midnight Run]]'', ''[[Novocaine (2025 film)|Novocaine]]'', ''[[One Battle After Another]]'', and the [[Rush Hour (franchise)|''Rush Hour'' franchise]].

===Comedy thriller===
[[Comedy thriller]] is a genre that combines elements of humor with suspense. Such films include ''[[Silver Streak (film)|Silver Streak]]'', ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'', ''[[Charade (1963 film)|Charade]]'', ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'', ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'', ''[[Kiss Kiss Bang Bang]]'', ''[[In Bruges]]'', ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]'', ''[[The Thin Man]]'', ''[[The Big Fix (1947 film)|The Big Fix]]'', ''[[Pocket Listing (film)|Pocket Listing]]'', ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]'', and ''[[Game Night (film)|Game Night]]''.

===Conspiracy thriller===
[[Conspiracy fiction|Conspiracy thriller]] a genre in which the hero/heroine confronts a large, powerful group of enemies whose true extent only she/he recognizes. ''[[The Chancellor Manuscript]]'' and ''The Aquitaine Progression'' by [[Robert Ludlum]] fall into this category, as do films such as ''[[Awake (2007 film)|Awake]]'', ''[[Snake Eyes (1998 film)|Snake Eyes]]'', ''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)|The Da Vinci Code]]'', ''[[Edge of Darkness (2010 film)|Edge of Darkness]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/edge-of-darkness-450612 |title=Edge of Darkness – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=January 29, 2010 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Absolute Power (film)|Absolute Power]]'', ''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]'', ''[[In the Line of Fire]]'', ''[[Capricorn One]]'', and ''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/jfk-25653 |title=JFK – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref>

===Crime thriller===
[[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]] as a genre is a hybrid type of both [[crime film|crime films]] and thrillers, which offers a suspenseful account of a successful or failed crime or crimes. Such films often focus on the criminal(s) rather than a policeman{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}. Central topics include serial killers/murders, [[robbery|robberies]], [[car chase|chases]], [[shootout|shootouts]], [[heist film|heists]], and [[double cross (betrayal)|double-crosses]]. Some examples of crime thrillers involving murderers are ''[[Seven (1995 film)|Seven]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/seven-135792 |title=Seven – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[No Country for Old Men (film)|No Country for Old Men]]'', ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'', ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'', ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'', '' [[To Live and Die in L.A. (film)|To Live and Die in L.A.]]'', ''[[Collateral (film)|Collateral]]'', and ''[[Copycat (1995 film)|Copycat]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/copycat-135454 |title=Copycat – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> Examples of crime thrillers involving heists or robberies are ''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/the-asphalt-jungle-3102 |title=The Asphalt Jungle – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=June 8, 1950 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[The Score (2001 film)|The Score]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/the-score-246685 |title=The Score – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=July 13, 2001 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Rififi]]'', ''[[Entrapment (film)|Entrapment]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/entrapment-177521 |title=Entrapment – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Heat (1995 film)|Heat]]'', and ''[[The Killing (film)|The Killing]]''.

===Erotic thriller===
[[Erotic thriller]] is a thriller film that has an emphasis on [[erotica|eroticism]] and where a [[sexual relationship]] plays an important role in the plot. It has become popular since the 1980s and the rise of VCR market penetration. The genre includes such films as ''[[Body Heat (film)|Body Heat]]'', ''[[Sea of Love (film)|Sea of Love]]'', ''[[Basic Instinct]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/basic-instinct-4149 |title=Basic Instinct – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=March 20, 1992 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Chloe (2009 film)|Chloe]]'', ''[[The Fourth Man (1983 film)]]'', ''[[Disclosure (1994 film)|Disclosure]]'', ''[[Dressed to Kill (1980 film)|Dressed to Kill]]'', ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'', ''[[In the Cut (film)|In the Cut]]'', ''[[Lust, Caution]]'', and ''[[Single White Female]]''.

=== Giallo ===
[[Giallo]] is an Italian thriller film that contains elements of [[mystery film|mystery]], [[crime fiction]], [[Slasher film|slasher]], [[psychological thriller]], and [[psychological horror]]. It deals with an unknown killer murdering people, with the protagonist having to find out who the killer is. The genre was popular during the late 1960s-late 1970s and is still being produced today, albeit less commonly. Examples include ''[[The Girl Who Knew Too Much (1963 film)|The Girl Who Knew Too Much]]'', ''[[Blood and Black Lace]]'', ''[[Deep Red]]'', ''[[The Red Queen Kills Seven Times]]'', ''[[Don't Torture a Duckling]]'', ''[[Tenebrae (film)|Tenebrae]]'', ''[[Opera (1987 film)|Opera]] '', and ''[[Sleepless (2001 film)|Sleepless]]''.

=== Horror thriller ===
A subgenre involving [[horror film|horror]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1UzBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22horror+thriller%22+genre&pg=PA172 |title=A Companion to the Horror Film |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2014 |editor-last=Benshoff |editor-first=Harry M. |pages=172|isbn=9781118883495 }}</ref>

===Legal thriller===
[[Legal thriller]] is a suspense film in which the major characters are lawyers and their employees. The system of justice itself is always a major part of these works, at times almost functioning as one of the characters. Examples include ''[[The Pelican Brief (film)|The Pelican Brief]]'', ''[[Presumed Innocent (film)|Presumed Innocent]]'', ''[[A Time to Kill (1996 film)|A Time to Kill]]'', ''[[The Client (1994 film)|The Client]]'', ''[[The Lincoln Lawyer (film)|The Lincoln Lawyer]]'', ''[[The Firm (1993 film)|The Firm]]''.

===Political thriller===
[[Political thriller]] is a type of film in which the protagonist must ensure the stability of the government. The success of ''[[Seven Days in May]]'' (1962) by [[Fletcher Knebel]], ''[[The Day of the Jackal]]'' (1971) by [[Frederick Forsyth]], and ''[[The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (1959) by [[Richard Condon]] established this subgenre. Other examples include ''[[Topaz (1969 film)|Topaz]]'', ''[[Notorious (1946 film)|Notorious]]'', ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'', ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/the-interpreter-302355 |title=The Interpreter – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=April 22, 2005 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Proof of Life]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/proof-of-life-227134 |title=Proof of Life – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=December 8, 2000 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[State of Play (film)|State of Play]]'', and ''[[The Ghost Writer (film)|The Ghost Writer.]]''

===Psychological thriller===
[[Psychological thriller]] film is a psychological type of film (until the often violent resolution), the conflict between the main characters is mental and emotional rather than physical. Characters, either by accident or their own curiousness, are dragged into a dangerous conflict or situation that they are not prepared to resolve. To overcome their brutish enemies characters are reliant not on physical strength but on their mental resources. This subgenre usually has elements of [[drama film|drama]], as there is an in-depth [[character arc|development of realistic characters]] who must deal with emotional struggles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allrovi.com/movies/subgenre/psychological-thriller-d686 |title=Psychological Thriller Movies and Films – Find Psychological Thriller Movie Recommendations, Casts, Reviews, and Summaries |publisher=AllRovi |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102003601/http://www.allrovi.com/movies/subgenre/psychological-thriller-d686 |archive-date=November 2, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Alfred Hitchcock]] films ''[[Suspicion (1941 film)|Suspicion]]'', ''[[Shadow of a Doubt]]'', ''[[Rear Window (1954 film)|Rear Window]]'', and ''[[Strangers on a Train (film)|Strangers on a Train]]'', as well as [[David Lynch]]'s bizarre and influential ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'', are notable examples of the type, as are ''[[The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)|The Talented Mr. Ripley]]'', ''[[The Machinist]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Oksenhorn |first=Stewart |date=December 7, 2004 |title='The Machinist': a haunting psychological thriller |url=http://www.aspentimes.com/article/20041210/AE/112100002 |work=The Aspen Times |access-date=September 10, 2016 |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918054836/http://www.aspentimes.com/article/20041210/AE/112100002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Shutter Island (film)|Shutter Island]]'', ''[[Mirrors (2008 film)|Mirrors]]'', ''[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]'', ''[[The Fourth Man (1983 film)]]'', ''[[Identity (2003 film)|Identity]]'', ''[[Gone Girl (film)|Gone Girl]]'', ''[[Red Eye (American film)|Red Eye]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/red-eye-v313930 |title=Red Eye – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards |publisher=AllRovi |date=August 19, 2005 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225120305/http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/red-eye-v313930 |archive-date=December 25, 2011 }}</ref> ''[[Phone Booth (film)|Phone Booth]]'', ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'', ''[[The River Wild]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/the-river-wild-v132190 |title=The River Wild – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards |publisher=AllRovi |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728195439/http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/the-river-wild-v132190 |archive-date=July 28, 2011 }}</ref> ''[[Panic Room (film)|Panic Room]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/panic-room-v259522 |title=Panic Room – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards |publisher=AllRovi |date=March 29, 2002 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120024236/http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/panic-room-v259522 |archive-date=January 20, 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Misery (film)|Misery]]'', ''[[The Hitcher (1986 film)]]'', ''[[Cape Fear (1991 film)|Cape Fear]]'', ''[[10 Cloverfield Lane]]'', and ''[[Funny Games (2007 film)|Funny Games]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/funny-games-357352 |title=Funny Games – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=March 14, 2008 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref>

===Social thriller===
[[Social thriller]] are a [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] that uses suspense to augment attention to abuses of power and instances of oppression in society. This new subgenre gained notoriety in 2017 with the release of ''[[Get Out]]''.<ref name="Ebiri, 2017">{{cite news|last1=Ebiri|first1=Bilge|title=Get Out's Jordan Peele Brings the 'Social Thriller' to BAM {{!}} Village Voice|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/02/14/get-outs-jordan-peele-brings-the-social-thriller-to-bam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623015846/https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/02/14/get-outs-jordan-peele-brings-the-social-thriller-to-bam/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 23, 2017|access-date=August 16, 2017|work=Village Voice|date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> Other examples include ''[[The Tall Man (2012 film)|The Tall Man]]'', ''[[Dirty Pretty Things (film)|Dirty Pretty Things]]'', ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'', and ''[[The Constant Gardener (film)|The Constant Gardener]]''.

===Spy film===
[[Spy film]] is a genre in which the protagonist is generally a government agent who must take violent action against agents of a rival government or (in recent years) terrorists. The subgenre often deals with the subject of espionage in a realistic way (as in the adaptations of [[John Le Carré]]'s novels). It is a significant aspect of [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|British cinema]],<ref>"The Spying Game: British Cinema and the Secret State", 2009 [[Cambridge Film Festival]], pp.54-57 of the [http://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/news/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/CFF09-_brochure_low_res.pdf festival brochure.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720090930/http://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/news/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/CFF09-_brochure_low_res.pdf |date=July 20, 2011 }}</ref> with leading British directors such as [[Alfred Hitchcock]] and [[Carol Reed]] making notable contributions, and many films set in the [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Secret Service]].<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/spy-movies--the-guys-who-came-in-from-the-cold-1796078.html Geoffrey Macnab, "Spy movies – The guys who came in from the cold"], ''The Independent'', October 2, 2009.</ref> Thrillers within this subgenre include ''[[Berlin Express]]'', ''[[Spy Game]]'', ''[[Hanna (film)|Hanna]]'', ''[[Traitor (film)|Traitor]]'', ''[[Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)|Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy]]'', ''[[The Tourist (2010 film)|The Tourist]]'', ''[[The Parallax View]]'', ''[[The Tailor of Panama]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible (film series)|Mission Impossible]]'', ''[[Unknown (2011 film)|Unknown]]'', ''[[The Recruit (film)|The Recruit]]'', the [[James Bond in film|James Bond]] franchise, ''[[The Debt (2011 film)|The Debt]]'', ''[[The Good Shepherd (film)|The Good Shepherd]]'', and ''[[Three Days of the Condor]]''.<ref name="filmsite.org">[http://www.filmsite.org/thrillerfilms3.html Filmsite.org]</ref>

===Supernatural thriller===
'''Supernatural thriller''' films include an otherworldly element (such as fantasy or the [[supernatural]]) mixed with tension, suspense, or plot twists. Sometimes the protagonist or villain has some [[psychic]] ability and [[superpower (ability)|superpowers]]. Examples include ''[[Fallen (1998 film)|Fallen]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/fallen-160191 |title=Fallen – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Frequency (2000 film)|Frequency]]'', ''[[In Dreams (film)|In Dreams]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/in-dreams-174352 |title=In Dreams – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=January 15, 1999 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Flatliners]]'', ''[[The Skeleton Key]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/the-skeleton-key-308603 |title=The Skeleton Key – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=August 12, 2005 |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[What Lies Beneath]]'', ''[[Unbreakable (film)|Unbreakable]]'', ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Shoard |first=Catherine |date=July 26, 2010 |title=Spoiler alert: The Sixth Sense voted film with best twist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/26/sixth-sense-film-twists |work=The Guardian |access-date=September 10, 2016 }}</ref> ''[[The Gift (2000 film)|The Gift]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Billy Bob Thornton |url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/the-gift-230328 |title=The Gift – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards – AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> ''[[The Dead Zone (film)|The Dead Zone]]'', and ''[[Horns (film)|Horns]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://screenrant.com/daniel-radcliffe-horns-movie-ryanz-187672/|title=Daniel Radcliffe to Grow 'Horns' for Supernatural Thriller| publisher=Screen Rant|date=March 9, 2014|access-date=October 11, 2014}}</ref>

===Techno-thriller===
[[Techno-thriller]] is a suspenseful film in which the manipulation of sophisticated technology plays a prominent part. Examples include ''[[WarGames]]'', ''[[The Thirteenth Floor]]'', ''[[I, Robot (film)|I, Robot]]'', ''[[Source Code (film)|Source Code]]'', ''[[Eagle Eye]]'', ''[[Supernova (2000 film)|Supernova]]'', ''[[Hackers (film)|Hackers]]'', ''[[The Net (1995 film)|The Net]]'', ''[[Futureworld]]'', ''[[eXistenZ]]'', and ''[[Virtuosity]]''.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|22em}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last1=Castrillo|first1=Pablo|last2=Echart|first2=Pablo|year=2015|title=Towards a narrative definition of the American political thriller film|journal=Communication & Society|volume=28|issue=4 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.15581/003.28.35944 |hdl=10171/41822 |issn=2386-7876|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite book|title=The Suspense Thriller: Films in the Shadow of Alfred Hitchcock|last=Derry|first=Charles|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=1988|isbn=0-7864-1208-9}}
*{{Cite book | last=Konigsberg | first=Ira | title=The Complete Film Dictionary | edition=Second | year=1997 | publisher=Penguin Group | isbn=978-0-670-10009-5 }}* {{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Crime Films|last=Mayer|first=Geoff|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8108-6769-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Thrillers|last=Rubin|first=Martin|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=0-521-58183-4}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book | last=Frank | first=Alan | year=1997 | title=Frank's 500: The Thriller Film Guide | publisher=Batsford | isbn=978-0-7134-2728-8 }}
*{{Cite book | last=Hanich | first=Julian | year=2010 | title=Cinematic Emotion in Horror Films and Thrillers: The Aesthetic Paradox of Pleasurable Fear | series=Routledge Advances in Film Studies | publisher=[[Routledge]] | isbn=978-0-415-87139-6 }}
*{{Cite book | last=Hicks | first=Neil D. | year=2002 | title=Writing the Thriller Film: The Terror Within | publisher=Michael Wiese Productions | isbn=978-0-941188-46-3 }}
*{{Cite book | last=Indick | first=William | year=2006 | title=Psycho Thrillers: Cinematic Explorations of the Mysteries of the Mind | publisher=McFarland & Company | isbn=978-0-7864-2371-2 }}
*{{Cite book | last=Mesce | first=Bill | year=2007 | title=Overkill: The Rise And Fall of Thriller Cinema | publisher=McFarland & Company | isbn=978-0-7864-2751-2 }}

{{Film genres}}
{{Filmsbygenre}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Thrillers]]
[[Category:Thriller films|*]]
[[Category:Film genres]]

Hafez al-Assad

2026-03-27T00:15:05Z

Kenrique: expanded content

{{Short description|President of Syria from 1971 to 2000}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Al-Assad family|al-Assad]]|lang=Arabic}}
{{for|his grandson|Hafez Bashar al-Assad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Hafez al-Assad
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name = {{nobold|حافظ الأسد}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Hafez al-Assad official portrait (cropped).jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Official portrait, 1986
| office = [[President of Syria]]
| primeminister = {{collapsible list|title=''See list''|''Himself'' [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]] [[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]] [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]] [[Muhammad Ali al-Halabi]] [[Abdul Rauf al-Kasm]] [[Mahmoud Al-Zoubi]] [[Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]}}
| vicepresident = {{collapsible list|title=''See list''|[[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]] (1971–1976) [[Rifaat al-Assad]] (1984–1998) Abdul Halim Khaddam (1984–2000) [[Zuhair Masharqa]] (1984–2000)}}
| term_start = 12 March 1971
| term_end = 10 June 2000
| predecessor = [[Nureddin al-Atassi]] [[Ahmad al-Khatib]] (acting)
| successor = [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] (acting) [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| order2 =
| office2 = [[Prime Minister of Syria]]
| president2 = Ahmad al-Khatib (acting) ''Himself''
| term_start2 = 21 November 1970
| term_end2 = 3 April 1971
| predecessor2 = Nureddin al-Atassi
| successor2 = Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
| office3 = Secretary General of the [[National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|National Command]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
| deputy3 = [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]]
| term_start3 = 12 September 1971
| term_end3 = 10 June 2000
| predecessor3 = Nureddin al-Atassi
| successor3 = Bashar al-Assad
| office4 = Regional Secretary of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| deputy4 = Mohamad Jaber Bajbouj Zuhair Masharqa Sulayman Qaddah
| term_start4 = 18 November 1970
| term_end4 = 10 June 2000
| predecessor4 = Nureddin al-Atassi
| successor4 = Bashar al-Assad
| office5 = [[List of heads of state of Syria|Head of the Temperorary Regional Command of Syria]]{{efn|Following the [[Corrective Movement (Syria)|1970 coup d'état]], Assad served as Syria's ''[[de facto]]'' [[List of heads of state of Syria|leader]] as the head of the Temperorary Regional Command until 12 March 1971, when he was [[1971 Syrian presidential election|elected]] president; he was sworn in on the same day.}}
| president5 = Ahmed al-Khatib (acting)
| primeminister5 = ''Himself''
| term_label5 = ''[[De facto]]''
| term_start5 = 18 November 1970
| term_end5 = 12 March 1971
| predecessor5 = Nureddin al-Atassi (as President)
| successor5 = ''Himself'' (as President)
| office6 = [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]]
| primeminister6 = [[Yusuf Zuaiyin]] Nureddin al-Atassi ''Himself'' Abdul Rahman Kleifawi
| term_start6 = 23 February 1966
| term_end6 = 22 March 1972
| predecessor6 = [[Muhammad Umran]]
| successor6 = [[Mustafa Tlass]]
| office7 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
| term_start7 = 27 March 1966
| term_end7 = 10 June 2000
| term_start8 = 5 September 1963
| term_end8 = 4 April 1965
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|10|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Qardaha]], [[Alawite State]], Syria
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|06|10|1930|10|06|df=y}}
| death_place = Damascus, Syria
| resting_place = 
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath]]
| otherparty = [[Arab Ba'ath]] {{small|(1946–1947)}}{{clear}}[[Ba'ath Party|Ba'ath]] {{small|(1947–1966)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anisa Makhlouf]]|1957}}
| relatives = [[Assad family]]
| children = {{hlist|[[Bushra al-Assad|Bushra]]|[[Bassel al-Assad|Bassel]]|[[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]]|[[Majd al-Assad|Majd]]|[[Maher al-Assad|Maher]]}}
| father = [[Ali al-Assad]]
| mother = Na'sa Shalish
| alma_mater = [[Homs Military Academy]]
| signature = Signature of Hafez al-Assad.svg
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg}} [[Second Syrian Republic]] (1952–1958) {{Flag|United Arab Republic}} (1958–1961) {{flagicon image|Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg}} [[Second Syrian Republic]] (1961–1963) {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Flag of Syria (1980–2024).svg}} [[Ba'athist Syria]] (1963–2000)
| branch = {{ubl|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Air Force.svg}} [[Syrian Air Force|Syrian Arab Air Force]]|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces (1980–2024).svg}} [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces]]}}
| serviceyears = 1952–2000
| rank = [[File:1 Syrian Ba'athist Air Force Colonel General Service Dress Uniform.png|30px]] [[Colonel General]]
| commands = {{ubl|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Air Force.svg}} [[Syrian Arab Air Force]]|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces (1980–2024).svg}} [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces]]}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Six-Day War]]
* [[War of Attrition]]
* [[Black September in Jordan|Black September]]
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| resting_place_coordinates = [[Assad Mausoleum]] (until 2025)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Grave of ex-Syrian dictator Hafez al-Assad exhumed in Qardaha |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/grave-ex-syrian-dictator-hafez-al-assad-exhumed-qardaha?utm_}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ARTSAKH.news |date=2025-04-28 |title=Assad's father's remains were removed from the grave and taken away |url=https://artsakh.news/en/news/323290 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=ARTSAKH.news |language=en}}</ref> Unknown (since 2025)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Grave of ex-Syrian dictator Hafez al-Assad exhumed in Qardaha |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/grave-ex-syrian-dictator-hafez-al-assad-exhumed-qardaha?utm_}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ARTSAKH.news |date=2025-04-28 |title=Assad's father's remains were removed from the grave and taken away |url=https://artsakh.news/en/news/323290 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=ARTSAKH.news |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Hafez al-Assad'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɑ:|f|ɛ|z|_|,|æ|l|.|ə|ˈ|s|ɑ:|d|,_|-|_|æ|l|ˈ|æ|s|æ|d|audio=En-us-Hafez Al-Assad from Syria pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}} {{respell|HAH|fez|_|AL|ə|SAHD|,_-_|al|ASS|ad}}; {{langx|ar|{{script/Arabic|حَافِظُ ٱلْأَسَدِ}}|translit=Ḥāfiẓ al-ʾAsad}}, {{IPA|apc|ˈħɑːfəzˤ ɛlˈʔɜsɜd|label=[[Levantine Arabic]]:}}, {{IPA|arb|ħaːfɪðˤ alˈʔɐsɐd|lang}}}} (6 October 1930{{snd}}10 June 2000) was a Syrian politician and military officer who served as the [[president of Syria]] from 1971 until [[Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad|his death]] in 2000. He was previously the [[Prime Minister of Syria|prime minister]] from 1970 to 1971 as well as the regional secretary of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|regional command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian regional branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] and secretary general of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|National Command of the Ba'ath Party]] from 1970 until his death. Assad was a key participant in the [[1963 Syrian coup d'état]], which brought the Syrian regional branch of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] to power in the country, a power that lasted until the [[Fall of the Assad regime|fall of the regime in 2024]], then led by his son [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]].

After the 1963 coup, the new leadership appointed Assad as the commander of the [[Syrian Arab Air Force]]. In February 1966 Assad participated in a [[1966 Syrian coup d'état|second coup]], which toppled the traditional leaders of the Ba'ath Party. Assad was appointed [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|defense minister]] by the new government. Four years later Assad initiated a [[Corrective Movement (Syria)|third coup]], which ousted the [[Marxism|Marxist]] regime of [[Salah Jadid]], and appointed himself as leader of Syria. Assad imposed various changes to the Ba'athist foreign policy after seizing power, such as abandoning Salah Jadid's policy of exporting "[[socialist revolution]]" and strengthening Syria's foreign relations with countries that his predecessor had deemed "[[reactionary]]". Assad made an alliance with the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Eastern Bloc]] during the [[Cold War]] in return for support against [[Israel]], while keeping ties with many Western European & Gulf Arabian countries. While he officially kept the [[pan-Arab]] concept of unifying the Arab world into one “[[Arab nation]]” as he termed it, such as being part of the [[Federation of Arab Republics]], he sought to paint Syria as the defender of the Palestinians against Israel.

Assad quickly [[Assadization|consolidated his power]]. Right after [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'s death, he sought to reconciliate Syria with the other Arab countries, which had been harmed under Jadid’s rule. He also tried to form new ties with countries from both camps in the Cold War. As a result, he got economic support from OPEC members during the [[1973 oil crisis|1973 oil embargo]], as a show of support to his war against Israel in 1973, the [[October War]]. While Syria remained a [[one-party system]], Ba'athist decision-making authority that had previously been collegial was reduced in favour of empowering the president’s absolute control over the country. To maintain his personalistic rule, a [[cult of personality]] centred on Assad and his family was created by the president and the Ba'ath party. Assad ordered an [[Arab Belt project|Arabization campaign]] on [[Kurds in Syria|Kurdish areas of Syria]] and started [[Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War|intervention in Lebanon]] in 1976, which resulted in the [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]]. During his rule, his regime crushed an [[Islamist uprising in Syria|Islamist uprising]] led by the [[Syrian Muslim Brotherhood]] rebels through a series of crackdowns culminating in the [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama massacre]], which led to two thirds of the city of Hama being destroyed. His regime was accused of numerous human rights violations, including opening prison death camps.

Assad's initial preferred successor as president was his brother [[Rifaat al-Assad|Rifaat]], but Rifaat attempted to [[1984 Syrian coup attempt|seize power]] in 1983–1984 when Hafez had a health scare and he was subsequently exiled. Assad's next choice of successor was his eldest son, [[Bassel al-Assad|Bassel]]. However, Bassel died in a high-speed car crash in 1994, and Assad turned to his third choice—his younger son [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]], who at that time was a medical student in the UK, with no political experience. The move to appoint a member of his own family as his successor was met with criticism in some quarters of the Syrian ruling class, but Assad persisted with his plan and demoted officials who opposed this succession. Assad [[Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad|died]] on June 10, 2000 and Bashar succeeded him as president, serving until his [[Fall of the Assad regime|overthrow on December 8, 2024]].
{{Hafez al-Assad series}}

== Early life, education and early career==

=== Early life===
{{See also|Al-Assad family}}

Hafez al-Assad was born on 6 October 1930, in Qardaha, a town in the north-west of Syria. He was born into a poor [[Alawite]] peasant family belonging to the [[Kalbiyya]] tribe of [[Alawites]].{{sfn|Bengio|1998|p=135}}{{sfn|Jessup|1998|p=41}}{{sfn|Reich|1990|p= 52}} Later, Assad recalled at the congresses of the Peasants' General Union: ''"I had a passion for threshing the harvest... But I took part in all the phases of farming..., lived your emotions and understand what your life signifies. I still have mental pictures of the injustices of the time. No matter how far the past sinks away, it is necessary to keep these images alive in our minds, not to nurse hatred against anyone but to see into them, for what we endured forms an essential part of the way we view things and of the foundation on which we build the present and the future."''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_cptchwa98C&q=portrait |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |date=2012-09-17 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4584-2}}</ref>

His paternal grandfather, Sulayman al-Wahhish, gained the nickname ''al-Wahhish'' (wild beast) for his strength.{{sfn|Seale |1990|p=3}} Hafez al-Assad's parents were Na'isa Shalish and [[Ali al-Assad]].{{sfn|Alianak |2007|pp=127–128}} His father married twice and had eleven children.{{sfn|Seale |1990|p=5}} Hafez was his ninth son and the fourth from his second marriage.{{sfn|Alianak |2007|pp=127–128}}

By the 1920s, Ali was respected locally and was initially opposed to the [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]], a French-ruled [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] officially established in 1923.{{sfn|Zahler |2009|p=25}} Nevertheless, Ali Sulayman later cooperated with the French administration and was appointed to an official post.{{sfn|Seale |1990|p=20}} Local residents called him "al-Assad" (the lion) for his accomplishments{{sfn|Zahler |2009|p=25}} and, in 1927, he made the nickname his surname.{{sfn|Alianak |2007|p=128}}

===Education and early political career===
Alawites initially opposed a united Syrian state (since they thought their status as a religious minority would endanger them).{{sfn|Zahler |2009|p=28}} After the French left Syria in 1946, many Syrians mistrusted the Alawites because of their alignment with France.{{sfn|Zahler |2009|p=28}} Assad left his Alawite village, beginning his education at the age of nine in Sunni-dominated{{sfn|Reich |1990|p=52}} [[Latakia]].{{sfn|Alianak |2007|p=128}} He became the first in his family to attend high school,{{sfn|Amos |2010|p=70}} but in Latakia, Assad faced anti-Alawite bias from Sunnis.{{sfn|Zahler |2009|p=28}} He was an excellent student, winning several prizes at around the age of 14.{{sfn|Zahler |2009|p=28}} Assad lived in a poor, predominantly Alawite part of Latakia;{{sfn|Zahler |2009|pp=29–31}} he even had to interrupt his studies for a while, since his father did not have enough money to pay for it (but later he was able to return).<ref name=":3" /> to fit in, he approached political parties that welcomed Alawites.{{sfn|Zahler |2009|pp=29–31}} These parties (which also espoused secularism) were the [[Syrian Communist Party]], the [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] (SSNP) and the [[Arab Ba'ath Party]]; Assad joined the Ba'ath in 1946,{{sfn|Zahler |2009|pp=29–31}} whereas some of his friends belonged to the SSNP.{{sfn|Zahler |2009|pp=28–29}} The Ba'ath (Renaissance) Party espoused a [[pan-Arabist]], [[Arab socialism|socialist]] ideology.{{sfn|Zahler |2009|pp=29–31}}

Assad proved an asset to the party, organizing Ba'ath student cells and carrying the party's message to the poor sections of Latakia and to Alawite villages.{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p= 128}} He was opposed by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], which allied itself with wealthy and conservative Sunni Muslim families.{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p=128}} Assad's high school accommodated students from rich and poor families,{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p= 128}} and Assad was joined by poor, anti-establishment Sunni Muslim youth from the Ba'ath Party in confrontations with students from wealthy Brotherhood families.{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p= 128}} He made many Sunni friends, some of whom later became his political allies.{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p= 128}}

While still a teenager, Assad became increasingly prominent in the party{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=31}} as an organizer and recruiter, head of his school's student-affairs committee from 1949 to 1951 and president of the Union of Syrian Students.{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p= 128}} During his political activism in school, he met many men who would later serve him when he became president.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p= 31}} Thanks to Assad and his comrades, the regional Ba'ath Party branch, through demonstrations and boycotts, succeeded in nationalizing the formerly French-controlled tobacco company "La Compagnie Libano-Syrienne des Tabacs," also known as Rôgie, in 1951. The company had already earned the hatred of the residents of Latakia for its total control over the most profitable and fertile lands, control over prices for its products, and its monopoly.<ref name=":3" />

==Air Force career: 1950–1958==
[[File:Hafezalassad.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Group of soldiers next to a plane|Hafez al-Assad (above) standing on the wing of a [[Fiat G.46]]-4B with fellow cadets at the Syrian AF Academy outside [[Aleppo]], 1951–52|223x223px]]
After graduating from high school, Assad aspired to be a medical doctor, but his father could not pay for his study at the Jesuit [[Saint Joseph University]] in [[Beirut]].{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p=128}} Instead, in 1950, he decided to join the [[Syrian Armed Forces]].{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=31}} Assad entered the [[Homs Military Academy]], which offered free food, lodging and a stipend.{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p=128}} He wanted to fly, and entered the flying school in [[Aleppo]] in 1950.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=53}}{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p=129}}

Assad graduated in 1955, after which he was commissioned a [[lieutenant]] in the Syrian Air Force.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2008|p=168}} Upon graduation from flying school, he won a best-aviator trophy,{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=53}}{{sfn|Alianak|2007|p=129}} and shortly afterwards was assigned to the [[Mezzeh]] air base near Damascus.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=49}} He married [[Anisa Makhlouf]] in 1957, a distant relative of the powerful [[Al-Assad family#Makhlouf family|Makhlouf family]].{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=34}}

In 1955, the military split in a revolt against President [[Adib Shishakli]].{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=32}} [[Hashim al-Atassi]], head of the National Bloc and briefly president after [[Sami al-Hinnawi]]'s coup, returned as president and Syria was again under civilian rule.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=32}} After 1955, Atassi's hold on the country was increasingly shaky.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=32}} As a result of the 1955 election, Atassi was replaced by [[Shukri al-Quwatli]], who was president before Syria's independence from France.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=32}} The Ba'ath Party grew closer to the Communist Party not because of shared ideology, but a shared opposition to the West.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=32}} At the academy, Assad met [[Mustafa Tlass]], his future minister of Defence.{{sfn|Leverett|2005|p=231}}

In 1955, Assad was sent to Egypt for a further six months of training.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=50–51}} When [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] nationalised the [[Suez Canal]] in 1956, Syria feared retaliation from the United Kingdom, and Assad flew in an air-defense mission.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=33}} He was among the Syrian pilots who flew to Cairo to show Syria's commitment to Egypt.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=50–51}} After finishing a course in Egypt the following year, Assad returned to a small airbase near Damascus.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=50–51}} During the [[Suez Crisis]], he also flew a reconnaissance mission over northern and eastern Syria.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=50–51}} In 1957, as squadron commander, Assad was sent to the Soviet Union for training in flying [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17s]].{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=53}} He spent ten months in the Soviet Union, during which he fathered a daughter (who died as an infant while he was abroad) with his wife.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=34}}

In 1958, Syria and Egypt formed the [[United Arab Republic]] (UAR), separating themselves from [[Iraqi Republic (1958-1968)|Iraq]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Turkey]] (who were aligned with the United Kingdom).{{sfn|Zahler|2009|pp=32–34}} This pact led to the rejection of Communist influence in favour of Egyptian control over Syria.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|pp=32–34}} All Syrian political parties (including the Ba'ath Party) were dissolved, and senior officers—especially those who supported the Communists—were dismissed from the Syrian armed forces.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|pp=32–34}} Assad, however, remained in the military and rose quickly through the ranks.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|pp=32–34}} After reaching the rank of captain, he was transferred to Egypt, continuing his military education with the future [[president of Egypt]], [[Hosni Mubarak]].{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=53}}

=={{anchor|The 1963 coup: 1959–1963}}Runup to 1963 coup: 1958–1963==
{{main|1963 Syrian coup d'état}}

Assad was not content with a professional military career, regarding it rather as a gateway to politics.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=98}} After the creation of the UAR, Ba'ath Party leader [[Michel Aflaq]] was forced by Nasser to dissolve the party.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=98}} During the UAR's existence, the Ba'ath Party experienced a crisis{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=65}} for which several of its members—mostly young—blamed Aflaq.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=60–61}} To resurrect the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the party, [[Muhammad Umran]], [[Salah Jadid]], Assad and others established the Military Committee.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=60–61}} In 1957–58 Assad rose to a dominant position in the Military Committee, which mitigated his transfer to Egypt.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=53}} After Syria left the UAR in September 1961, Assad and other Ba'athist officers were removed from the military by the new government in Damascus, and he was given a minor clerical position at the Ministry of Transport.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=53}}

Assad played a minor role in the [[Jassem Alwan#Opposition to secession|failed 1962 military coup]], for which he was jailed in Lebanon and later repatriated.{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=38}} That year, Aflaq convened the 5th National Congress of the Ba'ath Party (where he was re-elected as the Secretary-General of the National Command) and ordered the re-establishment of the party's Syrian Regional Branch.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=75}} At the Congress, the Military Committee (through Umran) established contacts with Aflaq and the civilian leadership.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=75}} The committee requested permission to seize power by force, and Aflaq agreed to the conspiracy.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=75}} After the success of the [[February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état|Iraqi coup d'état]] led by the Ba'ath Party's [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Iraqi Regional Branch]], the Military Committee hastily convened to launch a [[8th of March Revolution|Ba'athist military coup]] in March 1963 against President [[Nazim al-Kudsi|Nazim al-Qudsi]]{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=76–78}} (which Assad helped plan).{{sfn|Zahler|2009|p=38}}{{sfn|Reich|1990|pp=53–54}}

The coup was scheduled for 7 March, but postponed until the next day.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=76}} During the coup Assad led a small group to capture the [[Dumayr]] airbase, {{convert|40|km}} northeast of Damascus.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=77}} His group was the only one that encountered resistance.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=77}} Some planes at the base were ordered to bomb the conspirators, and because of this Assad hurried to reach the base before dawn.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=77}} Because the 70th Armored Brigade's surrender took longer than anticipated, however, he arrived in broad daylight.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=77}} When Assad threatened the base commander with shelling, the commander negotiated a surrender;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=77}} Assad later claimed that the base could have withstood his forces.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=77}}

==Early Ba'ath Party rule: 1963–1970==
{{see also|Ba'athist Syria}}

===Aflaqite leadership: 1963–1966===

====Military work====
[[File:Michel Aflaq and Salah Jadid in 1963.jpg|thumb|Michel Aflaq and [[Salah Jadid]], 1963]]
Not long after Assad's election to the Regional Command, the Military Committee ordered him to strengthen the committee's position in the military establishment.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=89}} Assad may have received the most important job of all, since his primary goal was to end factionalism in the Syrian military and make it a Ba'ath monopoly;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=89}} as he said, he had to create an "ideological army".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=89}} To help with this task, Assad recruited [[Zaki al-Arsuzi]], who indirectly (through [[Wahib al-Ghanim]]) inspired him to join the Ba'ath Party when he was young.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=89}} Arsuzi accompanied Assad on tours of military camps, where Arsuzi lectured the soldiers on Ba'athist thought.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=89}} In gratitude for his work, Assad gave Arsuzi a government pension.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=89}} Assad continued his Ba'athification of the military by appointing loyal officers to key positions and ensuring that the "political education of the troops was not neglected".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=90}} He demonstrated his skill as a patient planner during this period.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=90}} As [[Patrick Seale]] wrote, Assad's mastery of detail "suggested the mind of an intelligence officer".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=90}}

Assad was in charge of the Syrian Air Force.{{sfn|Reich|1990|pp=53–54}} By the end of 1964 he was named commander of the Air Force, with the rank of major general.{{sfn|Reich|1990|pp=53–54}} Assad gave privileges to Air Force officers, appointed his confidants to senior and sensitive positions and established an efficient intelligence network.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=54}} Air Force Intelligence, under the command of [[Muhammad al-Khuli]], became independent of Syria's other intelligence organizations and received assignments beyond Air Force jurisdiction.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=54}} Assad prepared himself for an active role in the power struggles that lay ahead.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=54}}

===={{anchor|The power struggle and the 1966 coup}}Power struggle and 1966 coup====
{{main|1966 Syrian coup d'état}}

[[File:Salah Jadid, strongman of Syria.png|thumb|General [[Salah Jadid]], who launched a 1966 coup together with Assad.]]
In the aftermath of the 1963 coup, at the First Regional Congress (held 5 September 1963) Assad was elected to the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Command]] (the highest decision-making body in the Syrian Regional Branch).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=87}} While not a leadership role, it was Assad's first appearance in national politics;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=87}} in retrospect, he said he positioned himself "on the left" in the Regional Command.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=87}} Khalid al-Falhum, a Palestinian who would later work for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), met Assad in 1963; he noted that Assad was a strong leftist "but was clearly not a communist", committed instead to Arab nationalism.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=88}}

During the [[1964 Hama riot]], Assad voted to suppress the uprising violently if needed.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=94}} The decision to suppress the Hama riot led to a schism in the [[Military Committee of the Ba'ath Party|Military Committee]] between [[Muhammad Umran]] and Jadid.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=95}} Umran opposed force, instead wanting the Ba'ath Party to create a coalition with other pan-Arab forces.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=95}} Jadid desired a strong [[one-party state]], similar to those in the communist countries of Europe.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=95}} Assad, as a junior partner, kept quiet at first but eventually allied himself with Jadid.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=95}} Why Assad chose to side with him has been widely discussed; he probably shared Jadid's radical ideological outlook.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=96}} Having lost his footing on the Military Committee, Umran aligned himself with Aflaq and the National Command; he told them that the Military Committee was planning to seize power in the party by ousting them.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=96}} Because of Umran's defection, [[Rifaat al-Assad]] (Hafez's brother) succeeded Umran as commander of a secret military force tasked with protecting Military Committee loyalists.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=96}}

In its bid to seize power the Military Committee allied themselves with the regionalists, a group of cells in the Syrian Regional Branch that refused to disband in 1958 when ordered to do so.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=97}} Although Aflaq considered these cells traitors, Assad called them the "true cells of the party"; this again highlighted differences between the Military Committee and the National Command headed by Aflaq.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=97}} At the Eighth National Congress in 1965 Assad was elected to the [[National Command of the Ba'ath Party|National Command]], the party's highest decision-making body.{{sfn|Devlin|1975|p=330}} From his position as part of the National Command, Assad informed Jadid on its activities.{{sfn|Rabinovich|1972|p=187}} After the congress, the National Command dissolved the Syrian Regional Command; Aflaq proposed [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]] as prime minister, but Assad and [[Brahim Makhous]] opposed Bitar's nomination.{{sfn|Rabinovich|1972|p=192}} According to Seale, Assad abhorred Aflaq; he considered him an [[Autocracy|autocrat]] and a rightist, accusing him of "ditching" the party by ordering the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch in 1958.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=98}} Assad, who also disliked Aflaq's supporters, nevertheless opposed a show of force against the Aflaqites.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=100}} In response to the imminent coup Assad, Naji Jamil, Husayn Mulhim and Yusuf Sayigh left for London.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=101}}

In the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état]], the Military Committee overthrew the National Command.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=54}} The coup led to a permanent schism in the Ba'ath movement, the advent of [[neo-Ba'athism]] and the establishment of two centers of the international Ba'athist movement: one Iraqi- and the other Syrian-dominated.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=102}}

==={{anchor|Jadid's strongmanship: 1966–1970}}Jadid as strongman: 1966–1970===

===={{anchor|The beginning}}Beginning====
After the coup, Assad was appointed Minister of Defense.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=104}} This was his first cabinet post, and through his position, he would be thrust into the forefront of the Syrian–Israeli conflict.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=104}} His government was radically socialist, and sought to remake society from top to bottom.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=104}} Although Assad was a radical, he opposed the headlong rush for change.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=104}} Despite his title, he had little power in the government and took more orders than he issued.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=104}} Jadid was the undisputed leader at the time, opting to remain in the office of Assistant Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command instead of taking executive office (which had historically been held by Sunnis).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=105}} [[Nureddin al-Atassi]] was given three of the four top executive positions in the country: President, Secretary-General of the National Command and Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=105}} The post of prime minister was given to [[Yusuf Zu'ayyin]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=105}} Jadid (who was establishing his authority) focused on civilian issues and gave Assad ''de facto'' control of the Syrian military, considering him no threat.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=105}}

During the failed coup d'état of late 1966, [[Salim Hatum]] tried to overthrow Jadid's government.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=110}} Hatum (who felt snubbed when he was not appointed to the Regional Command after the February 1966 coup d'état) sought revenge and the return to power of [[Hammud al-Shufi]], the first Regional Secretary of the Regional Command after the Syrian Regional Branch's re-establishment in 1963.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=110}} When Jadid, Atassi and Regional Command member Jamil Shayya visited Suwayda, forces loyal to Hatum surrounded the city and captured them.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=112}} In a twist of fate, the city's [[Druze]] elders forbade the murder of their guests and demanded that Hatum wait.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=112}} Jadid and the others were placed under house arrest, with Hatum planning to kill them at his first opportunity.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=112}} When word of the mutiny spread to the Ministry of Defense, Assad ordered the 70th Armored Brigade to the city.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=112}} By this time Hatum, a Druze, knew that Assad would order the bombardment of Suwayda (a Druze-dominated city) if Hatum did not accede to his demands.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=112}} Hatum and his supporters fled to Jordan, where they were given asylum.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=113}} How Assad learned about the conspiracy is unknown, but Mustafa al-Hajj Ali (head of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|military intelligence]]) may have telephoned the Ministry of Defense.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=113}} Due to his prompt action, Assad earned Jadid's gratitude.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=113}}

In the aftermath of the attempted coup Assad and Jadid purged the party's military organization, removing 89 officers; Assad removed an estimated 400 officers, Syria's largest military purge to date.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=113}} The purges, which began when the Ba'ath Party took power in 1963, had left the military weak.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=113}} As a result, when the [[Six-Day War]] broke out, Syria had no chance of victory.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=113}}

====Seizing power====
The Arab defeat in the [[Six-Day War]], in which Israel captured the [[Golan Heights]] from Syria, provoked a furious quarrel among Syria's leadership.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=142}} The civilian leadership blamed military incompetence, and the military responded by criticizing the civilian leadership (led by Jadid).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=142}} Several high-ranking party members demanded Assad's resignation, and an attempt was made to vote him out of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]], the party's highest decision-making body.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=142}} The motion was defeated by one vote, with [[Abd al-Karim al-Jundi]] (who the anti-Assad members hoped would succeed Assad as defense minister) voting, as Patrick Seale put it, "in a comradely gesture" to retain him.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=142}} Assad's failure as defense minister in the war was linked to his still-insufficient qualifications - after all, he got the job rather because he was considered a reliable ally of Jadid: in addition, the horrific weakness of the Syrian army left no chance of victory.<ref name=":3" /> During the end of the war, the party leadership freed Aflaqites Umran, [[Amin al-Hafiz]] and [[Mansur al-Atrash]] from prison.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=142}} Shortly after his release, Assad was approached by dissident Syrian military officers to oust the government; he refused, believing that a coup at that time would have helped Israel, but not Syria.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=142}}
[[File:Women serving in Syrian Arab army, 1969.jpg|thumb|255x255px|Women serving in the army, 1969]]
The war was a turning point for Assad (and Ba'athist Syria in general),{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=143}} and his attempted ouster began a power struggle with Jadid for control of the country.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=143}} Until then Assad had not shown ambition for high office, arousing little suspicion in others.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=143}} From the [[1963 Syrian coup d'état]] to the Six-Day War in 1967, Assad did not play a leading role in politics and was usually overshadowed by his contemporaries.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} As [[Patrick Seale]] wrote, he was "apparently content to be a solid member of the team without the aspiration to become number one".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} Although Jadid was slow to see Assad's threat, shortly after the war Assad began developing a network in the military and promoted friends and close relatives to high positions.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}}

=====Differences with Jadid=====
Assad believed that Syria's defeat in the Six-Day War was Jadid's fault, and the accusations against himself were unjust.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} By this time Jadid had total control of the Regional Command, whose members supported his policies.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} Assad and Jadid began to differ on policy;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} Assad believed that Jadid's policy of a [[people's war]] (an armed-guerrilla strategy) and [[class struggle]] had failed Syria, undermining its position.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} Although Jadid continued to champion the concept of a people's war even after the Six-Day War, Assad opposed it. He felt that the Palestinian guerrilla fighters had been given too much autonomy and had raided Israel constantly, which in turn sparked the war.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} Jadid had broken diplomatic relations with countries he deemed [[reactionary]], such as [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Jordan]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}} Because of this, Syria did not receive aid from other Arab countries. Egypt and Jordan, which participated in the war, received [[Pound sterling|£]]135 million per year for an undisclosed period.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=144}}

While Jadid and his supporters prioritised socialism and the "internal revolution", Assad wanted the leadership to focus on foreign policy and the containment of Israel.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=145}} The Ba'ath Party was divided over several issues, such as how the government could best use Syria's limited resources, the ideal relationship between the party and the people, the organization of the party and whether the class struggle should end.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=145}} These subjects were discussed heatedly in Ba'ath Party conclaves, and when they reached the Fourth Regional Congress the two sides were irreconcilable.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=145}}

Assad wanted to "democratize" the party by making it easier for people to join.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=146}} Jadid was wary of too large a membership, believing that the majority of those who joined were opportunists.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=145}} Assad, in an interview with Patrick Seale in the 1980s, stated that such a policy would make Party members believe they were a privileged class.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=146}} Another problem, Assad believed, was the lack of local government institutions.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=146}} Under Jadid, there was no governmental level below the [[Government of Syria|Council of Ministers]] (the Syrian government).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=146}} When the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Iraqi Regional Branch]] (which continued to support the Aflaqite leadership) took control of Iraq in the [[17 July Revolution]], Assad was one of the few high-level politicians wishing to reconcile with them;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=146}} he called for the establishment of an "Eastern Front" with Iraq against Israel in 1968.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=147}} Jadid's foreign policy towards the [[Soviet Union]] was also criticised by Assad, who believed it had failed.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=147}} In many ways the relationship between the countries was poor, with the Soviets refusing to acknowledge Jadid's [[scientific socialism]] and Soviet newspapers calling him a "hothead".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=148}} Assad, on the contrary, called for greater [[pragmatism]] in decision-making.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=148}}

====="Duality of power"=====
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=At a meeting someone raised the case of X. Should he not be brought back? Assad gave the questioner a hard look but said nothing. A little later the subject came up again and this time Assad said: I've heard something disagreeable about this officer. When he was on a course in England in 1954, his brother wrote asking for help for their sick mother. X took a £5 note out of his pocket, held it up and said he wouldn't part with it to save her life. Anyone who can't be loyal to his mother is not going to be loyal to the air force.|source=—General Fu'ad Kallas on the importance in which Assad laid on personal loyalty{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=149}}}}

The conflict between Assad and Jadid became the talk of the army and the party, with a "duality of power" noted between them.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=148}} Shortly after the failed attempt to expel Assad from the Regional Command, he began to consolidate his position in the military establishment{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=148}}—for example, by replacing Chief of Staff [[Ahmad al-Suwaydani]] with his friend [[Mustafa Tlass]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=148}} Although Suwaydani's relationship with Jadid had deteriorated, he was removed because of his complaints about "Alawi influence in the army".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=148}} Tlass was later appointed Assad's Deputy Minister of Defense (his second-in-command).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=149}} Others removed from their positions were Ahmad al-Mir (a founder and former member of the [[Military Committee (Syria)|Military Committee]], and former commander of the Golan Front) and Izzat Jadid (a close supporter of Jadid and commander of the 70th Armoured Brigade).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=149}}

[[File:Nasser, Atassi and Assad.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Two men shaking hands, with mustachioed man in background|Assad (center) and [[Nureddin al-Atassi]] (left) meeting with [[Egyptian President]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], 1969]]By the Fourth Regional Congress and Tenth National Congress in September and October 1968, Assad had extended his grip on the army, and Jadid still controlled the party.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=149}} At both congresses, Assad was outvoted on most issues, and his arguments were firmly rejected.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=149}} While he failed in most of his attempts, he had enough support to remove two socialist theoreticians ([[Prime Minister of Syria|Prime Minister]] [[Yusuf Zu'ayyin]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Syria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Brahim Makhous]]) from the Regional Command.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=149}} However, the military's involvement in party politics was unpopular with the [[wikt:rank and file|rank and file]]; as the gulf between Assad and Jadid widened, the civilian and military party bodies were forbidden to contact each other.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=150}} Despite this, Assad was winning the race to accumulate power.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=150}} As [[Munif ar-Razzaz]] (ousted in the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état]]) noted, "Jadid's fatal mistake was to attempt to govern the army through the party".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=150}}

While Assad had taken control of the armed forces through his position as Minister of Defense, Jadid still controlled the security and intelligence sectors through [[Abd al-Karim al-Jundi]] (head of the [[National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|National Security Bureau]]).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=150}} Jundi—a paranoid, cruel man—was feared throughout Syria.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=150}} In February 1969, the Assad-Jadid conflict erupted in violent clashes through their respective proteges: [[Rifaat al-Assad]] (Hafez's brother and a high-ranking military commander) and Jundi.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} The reason for the violence was Rifaat al-Assad's suspicion that Jundi was planning an attempt on Assad's life.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} The suspected assassin was interrogated and confessed under torture.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} Acting on this information, Rifaat al-Assad argued that unless Jundi was removed from his post he and his brother were in danger.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}}
[[File:General of the Syrian army, Hafez al-Assad, 1969.jpg|thumb|244x244px|Assad in 1969]]
From 25 to 28 February 1969, the Assad brothers initiated "something just short of a coup".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} Under Assad's authority, tanks were moved into Damascus and the staffs of ''[[al-Ba'ath]]'' and ''[[al-Thawra (newspaper)|al-Thawra]]'' (two-party newspapers) and radio stations in Damascus and Aleppo were replaced with Assad loyalists.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} Latakia and Tartus, two Alawite-dominated cities, saw "fierce scuffles" ending with the overthrow of Jadid's supporters from local posts.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} Shortly afterwards, a wave of arrests of Jundi loyalists began.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} On 2 March, after a telephone argument with head of military intelligence [[Ali Duba]], Jundi committed suicide.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} When Zu'ayyin heard the news he wept, saying "we are all orphaned now" (referring to his and Jadid's loss of their protector).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=152}} Despite his rivalry with Jundi, Assad is said to have also wept when he heard the news.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}}

Assad was now in control, but he hesitated to push his advantage.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=151}} Jadid continued to rule Syria, and the Regional Command was unchanged.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=152}} However, Assad influenced Jadid to moderate his policies.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=152}} Class struggle was muted, criticism of reactionary tendencies of other Arab states ceased, some political prisoners were freed, a coalition government was formed (with the Ba'ath Party in control) and the Eastern Front espoused by Assad was formed with Iraq and Jordan.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=153}} Jadid's isolationist policies were curtailed, and Syria re-established diplomatic relations with many of its foes.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=153}} Around this time, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'s Egypt, [[Houari Boumediene]]'s Algeria and Ba'athist Iraq began sending emissaries to reconcile Assad and Jadid.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=153}}[[File: General Hafez al-Assad (1930-2000), the new president of Syria in November 1970.png|thumbnail|alt=Mustachioed man in military uniform|Assad in November 1970, shortly after seizing power|left|272x272px]]

===== 1970 Coup d’etat=====
{{See also|Corrective Movement (Syria)|al-Assad government}}

Assad began planning to seize power shortly after the failed [[Syrian invasion of Jordan|Syrian military intervention]] in the [[Black September]], a power struggle between the PLO and the [[List of kings of Jordan|Hashemite monarchy]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=162}} While Assad had been in ''de facto'' command of Syrian politics since 1969, Jadid and his supporters still held the trappings of power.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=162}} After attending Nasser's funeral, Assad returned to Syria for the Emergency National Congress (held on 30 October).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=162}} At the congress Assad was condemned by Jadid and his supporters, the majority of the party's delegates.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=162}} However, before attending the congress Assad ordered his loyal troops to surround the building housing the meeting.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=162}} Criticism of Assad's political position continued in a defeatist tone, with the majority of delegates believing that Assad had lost the battle.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=162}} Assad and Tlass were stripped of their government posts at the congress; these acts had little practical significance.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=162}}

When the National Congress ended on 12 November 1970, Assad ordered loyalists to arrest leading members of Jadid's government.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=164}} Although many mid-level officials were offered posts in Syrian embassies abroad, Jadid refused: "If I ever take power, you will be dragged through the streets until you die."{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=164}} Assad imprisoned him in [[Mezze prison]] until his death.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=164}} The coup was calm and bloodless; the only evidence of change to the outside world was the disappearance of newspapers, radio and television stations.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=164}} A Temporary Regional Command was soon established, and on 16 November the new government published its first decree.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=164}}

==Premiership and presidency: 1970–2000==
{{main|Presidency of Hafez al-Assad}}

===Domestic events and policies===
[[File:General Hafez al-Assad in 1970, during the Syrian Corrective Revolution.jpg|thumb|289x289px|Hafez al-Assad in 1970]]

====Consolidating power====
{{main|Corrective Revolution (Syria)|Corrective Movement program (Syria)|Assadization}}

Assad quickly and successfully consolidated his power in what became known as [[Assadization]]. Assad was able to do it thanks to [[Al-Jama'a]], an informal group of [[Assadism|Assadist]] men that formed in the 1960s and remained loyal to Assad, helping him rise to the very top of power. According to Patrick Seale, Assad's rule "began with an immediate and considerable advantage: the government he displaced was so detested that any alternative came as a relief".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=169}} He first tried to establish national unity, which he felt had been lost under the leadership of Aflaq and Jadid.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=170}} Assad differed from his predecessor at the outset, visiting local villages and hearing citizen complaints.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=170}} The Syrian people felt that Assad's rise to power would lead to change;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=190}} one of his first acts as ruler was to visit [[Sultan al-Atrash]], father of the Aflaqite Ba'athist Mansur al-Atrash, to honor his efforts during the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolution]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=170}} He made overtures to the Writers' Union, rehabilitating those who had been forced underground, jailed or sent into exile for representing what radical Ba'athists called the [[Reactionary|reactionary classes]]:{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=170}} "I am determined that you shall no longer feel strangers in your own country."{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=170}} Although Assad did not democratize the country, he eased the government's repressive policies.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} Assad was [[1971 Syrian presidential election|approved as president]] in a referendum on 12 March 1971 and was formally inaugurated on 14 March.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/syria-1946-present/ | title=24. Syria (1946-present) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/14/archives/syrian-voters-back-assad-as-president.html | title=Syrian Voters Back Assad as President | work=The New York Times | date=14 March 1971 }}</ref> He became the only ruler of Syria who came from a peasant family, which added to his initial popular support. In later years, Assad often cited his peasant origins as evidence of his closeness to the people, especially when he was attacked by his opponents.<ref name=":3" />

He cut prices for basic foodstuffs 15 percent, which won him support from ordinary citizens.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} He lived in a modest house and worked 15 hours a day.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=1984-05-17 |title=Opinion {{!}} AT HOME ABROAD; WAR OF SUCCESSION (Published 1984) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/17/opinion/at-home-abroad-war-of-succession.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |language=en}}</ref> Jadid's security services were purged, some military criminal investigative powers were transferred to the police, and the confiscation of goods under Jadid was reversed.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} Restrictions on travel to and trade with Lebanon were eased, and Assad encouraged growth in the [[private sector]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} While Assad supported most of Jadid's policies, he proved more pragmatic after he came to power.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}}

Most of Jadid's supporters faced a choice: continue working for the Ba'ath government under Assad, or face repression.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} Assad made it clear from the beginning "that there would be no second chances".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} However, later in 1970, he recruited support from the Ba'athist old guard who had supported Aflaq's leadership during the 1963–1966 power struggle.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} An estimated 2,000 former Ba'athists rejoined the party after hearing Assad's appeal, among them party ideologist Georges Saddiqni and Shakir al-Fahham, a secretary of the founding, 1st National Congress of the Ba'ath Party in 1947.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=171}} Assad ensured that they would not defect to the pro-Aflaqite Ba'ath Party in Iraq with the Treason Trials in 1971, in which he prosecuted Aflaq, Amin al-Hafiz and nearly 100 followers (most ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]'').{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=175}} The few who were convicted were not imprisoned long, and the trials were primarily symbolic.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=175}}

At the 11th National Congress, Assad assured party members that his leadership was a radical change from that of Jadid, and he would implement a "corrective movement" to return Syria to the true "nationalist socialist line".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=61}} Unlike Jadid, Assad emphasised "the advancement of which all resources and manpower [would be] mobilised [was to be] the liberation of the occupied territories".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=61}} This would mark a major break with his predecessors and would, according to Raymond Hinnebusch, dictate "major alterations in the course of the Ba'thist state".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=61}}

====Institutionalization====
[[File:The first inauguration of President Hafez al-Assad in Parliament - March 1971.jpg|thumb|alt=Large group of men sitting in rows|Assad's first inauguration as president in the People's Council, March 1971. L–R: Assad, [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]], Prime Minister [[Abdul Rahman Khleifawi]], Assistant Regional Secretary Mohamad Jaber Bajbouj, Foreign Minister [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] and People's Council Speaker Fihmi al-Yusufi. In the third civilian row are Defense Minister [[Mustafa Tlass]] (MP in the 1971 Parliament) and Air Force Commander [[Naji Jamil]]. Behind Tlass is [[Rifaat al-Assad]], Assad's younger brother. On the far right in the fourth row is future vice president [[Zuhair Masharqa]], and behind Abdullah al-Ahmar is Deputy Prime Minister Mohammad Haidar.]]
Assad turned the presidency, which had been known simply as "head of state" under Jadid, into a position of power during his rule.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=63}} In many ways, the presidential authority replaced the Ba'ath Party's failed experiment with organised, military [[Leninism]];{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=63}} Syria became a hybrid of Leninism and Gaullist constitutionalism.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=63}} According to Raymond Hinnebusch, "as the president became the main source of initiative in the government, his personality, values, strengths, and weaknesses became decisive for its direction and stability. Arguably Assad's leadership gave the government an enhanced combination of consistency and flexibility which it hitherto lacked."{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=63}}

Assad institutionalised a system where he had the final say, which weakened the powers of the collegial institutions of the state and party.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=65}} As fidelity to the leader replaced ideological conviction later in his presidency, corruption became widespread.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=65}} The state-sponsored [[cult of personality]] became pervasive; as Assad's authority strengthened at his colleagues' expense, he became the sole symbol of the government.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=57}}{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=65}}

While Assad did not rule alone, he increasingly had the last word;{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=69}} those with whom he worked eventually became lieutenants, rather than colleagues.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=69}} None of the political elite would question a decision of his, and those who did were dismissed.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=69}} General Naji Jamil is an example, being dismissed after he disagreed with Assad's handling of the [[Islamist uprising in Syria|Islamist uprising]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=69}} The two highest decision-making bodies were the Regional Command and the National Command, both part of the Ba'ath Party.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=72}} Joint sessions of these bodies resembled [[politburo]]s in [[communist state]]s.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=72}} Assad headed the National Command and the Regional Command as Secretary General and Regional Secretary, respectively.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=72}} The Regional Command was the highest decision-making body in Syria, appointing the president and (through him) the cabinet.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=72}} As presidential authority strengthened, the power of the Regional Command and its members evaporated.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=74}} The Regional and National Commands were nominally responsible to the Regional Congress and the National Congress—with the National Congress the ''de jure'' superior body—but the Regional Congress had ''de facto'' authority.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|pp=72–73}} The National Congress, which included delegates from Ba'athist Regional Branches in other countries, has been compared to the [[Comintern]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=73}} It functioned as a session of the Regional Congress focusing on Syria's [[foreign policy]] and party ideology.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=73}} The Regional Congress had limited accountability until the 1985 [[8th Regional Congress of the Syrian Ba'ath Party|Eighth Regional Congress]], the last under Assad.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=73}} In 1985, responsibility for leadership accountability was transferred from the Regional Congress to the weaker [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=74}}

====Economy====
{{Further|Five-year plans of the Ba'athist Syria}}[[File:Euphrates Lake Tabqa.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Satellite photo of lake and dam|Tabqa Dam (center), built-in 1974]]
Assad called his domestic reforms a [[Corrective Movement program (Syria)|Corrective Movement]], and it achieved some results. He introduced [[Ta'addudiyya]] and [[Infiraj]] policies, aimed at limited economic and political [[economic liberalization|liberalization]], and tried to modernize Syria's agricultural and industrial sectors; one of his main achievements was the completion of the [[Tabqa Dam]] on the Euphrates River in 1974. One of the world's largest dams, its reservoir was called Lake al-Assad. The reservoir increased the irrigation of arable land, provided electricity, and encouraged industrial and technical development in Syria. Many peasants and workers received increased income, social security, and better health and educational services. The urban middle class, which had been hurt by the Jadid government's policy, had new economic opportunities.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=56}}

By 1977 it was apparent that despite some success, Assad's political reforms had largely failed. This was partly due to Assad's foreign policy, failed policies, natural phenomena, and corruption. Chronic socioeconomic difficulties remained, and new ones appeared. Inefficiency, mismanagement, and corruption in the government, public, and private sectors, illiteracy, poor education (particularly in rural areas), increasing emigration by professionals, inflation, a growing trade deficit, a high cost of living and shortages of consumer goods were among problems faced by the country. The financial burden of Syria's involvement in Lebanon since 1976 contributed to worsening economic problems, encouraging corruption and a black market.{{sfn|Reich|1990|pp=59–60}} The [[Fourth Five-Year Plan of Ba'athist Syria (1976–1980)|Fourth Five-Year Plan]] (1976-1980) set ambitious goals but failed to achieve most of them, as well as [[Fifth Five-Year Plan of Ba'athist Syria|Fifth]] (1981-1985) and [[Sixth Five-Year Plan of Ba'athist Syria|Sixth]] (1986-1990) Plans. The emerging class of entrepreneurs and brokers became involved with senior military officers—including Assad's brother Rifaat—in smuggling from Lebanon, which affected government revenue and encouraged corruption among senior government officials.{{sfn|Reich|1990|pp=59–60}}
[[File:Syrian president Hafez Assad image.jpg|thumb|Assad in 1978|309x309px]]
During the early 1980s, Syria's economy worsened; by mid-1984, the food crisis was severe, and the press was full of complaints. Assad's government sought a solution, arguing that food shortages could be avoided with careful economic planning. The food crisis continued through August, despite government measures. Syria lacked sugar, bread, flour, wood, iron, and construction equipment; this resulted in soaring prices, long queues and rampant black marketeering. Smuggling goods from Lebanon became common. Assad's government tried to combat the smuggling, encountering difficulties due to the involvement of his brother Rifaat in the corruption. In July 1984, the government formed an effective anti-smuggling squad to control the Lebanon–Syria borders. The Defense Detachment commanded by Rifaat al-Assad played a leading role in the smuggling, importing $400,000 worth of goods a day. The anti-smuggling squad seized $3.8 million in goods during its first week.{{sfn|Olmert|1986|pp=683–684}}

The Syrian economy grew five to seven percent during the early 1990s; exports increased, the balance of trade improved, inflation remained moderate (15–18 percent) and oil exports increased. In May 1991 Assad's government liberalized the Syrian economy in so-called ''[[Al-Ta`addudiyya Al-Iqtisadiyya]]'' campaign, which stimulated domestic and foreign private investment. Most foreign investors were Arab states around the Persian Gulf since Western countries still had political and economic issues with the country. The Gulf states invested in infrastructure and development projects; because of the Ba'ath Party's socialist ideology, Assad's government did not privatize state-owned companies.{{sfn|Zisser|1995|pp=728–729}}

Syria fell into recession during the mid-1990s. Several years later, its economic growth was about 1.5 percent. This was insufficient since population growth was between 3 and 3.5 percent. Another symptom of the crisis was [[statism]] in foreign trade. Syria's economic crisis coincided with a recession in world markets. A 1998 drop in oil prices dealt a major blow to Syria's economy; when oil prices rose the following year, the Syrian economy partially recovered. In 1999, one of the worst droughts in a century caused a drop of 25–30 percent in crop yields compared with 1997 and 1998. Assad's government implemented emergency measures, including loans and compensation to farmers and the distribution of free fodder to save sheep and cattle. However, those steps were limited and had no measurable effect on the economy.{{sfn|Zisser|2002|pp=598–599}}

Assad's government tried to decrease population growth, but this was only marginally successful. One sign of economic stagnation was Syria's lack of progress in talks with the EU on an agreement. The main cause of this failure was the country's difficulty in meeting EU demands to open the economy and introduce reforms. Marc Pierini, head of the EU delegation in Damascus, said that if the Syrian economy was not modernised it would not benefit from closer ties to the EU. Assad's government gave civil servants a 20-percent pay raise on the anniversary of the corrective movement that brought him to power. Although the foreign press criticised Syria's reluctance to liberalize its economy, Assad's government refused to modernize the bank system, permit private banks and open a stock exchange.{{sfn|Zisser|2002|p=599}}

====Sectarianism====
[[File: Hafez al-Assad and his top officials in 1971.png|thumbnail|alt=Four men in suits|Hafez in 1971 with Sunni members of the political elite: (L–R) Ahmad al-Khatib, Assad, Abdullah al-Ahmar and Mustafa Tlass]]
[[File:President Hafez al-Assad of Syria greets President Nixon on his arrival at Damascus airport - NARA - 194584.tif|thumb|Assad greeting [[Richard Nixon]] on the latter's arrival at [[Damascus Airport]], 15 July 1974]]
When Assad came to power, he increased Alawite dominance of the security and intelligence sectors to a near-monopoly.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=65}} The coercive framework was under his control, weakening the state and party. According to Hinnebusch, the Alawite officers around Assad "were pivotal because as personal kinsmen or clients of the president, they combined privileged access to him with positions in the party and control of the levers of coercion. They were, therefore, in an unrivalled position to act as political brokers and, especially in times of crisis, were uniquely placed to shape outcomes".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=65}} The leading figures in the Alawite-dominated security system had family connections; [[Rifaat al-Assad]] controlled the Struggle Companies, and Assad's brother-in-law [[Adnan Makhlouf]] was his second-in-command as Commander of the Presidential Guard.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=65}} Other prominent figures were [[Ali Haydar (Syrian army officer)|Ali Haydar]] (special-forces head), Ibrahim al-Ali (Popular Army head), [[Muhammad al-Khuli]] (head of Assad's [[Air Force Intelligence Directorate]] from 1970 to 1987) and Military Intelligence head [[Ali Duba]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|pp=65–66}} Assad controlled the military through Alawites such as Generals [[Shafiq Fayadh]] (commander of the 3rd Division), [[Ibrahim Safi]] (commander of the 1st Division) and [[Adnan Badr Hassan]] (commander of the 9th Division).{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=66}} During the 1990s, Assad further strengthened Alawite dominance by replacing Sunni General [[Hikmat al-Shihabi]] with General [[Ali Aslan]] as chief of staff.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=66}} The Alawites, with their high status, appointed and promoted based on kinship and favor rather than professional respect.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=66}} Therefore, an Alawite elite emerged from these policies.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=66}} [[Anti-Sunnism|Anti-Sunni]] orientation of his Alawite regime also pushed Assad to pursue closer relations with [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Iran.{{Sfn|Lüthi|2020|p=507}}

During the early years of his rule, some of Assad's elite had appeared non-sectarian;{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=66}} prominent Sunni figures at the beginning of his rule were [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]], Shihabi, Naji Jamil, [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]] and [[Mustafa Tlass]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=66}} However, none of these people had a power base distinct from that of Assad.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=226}} Although Sunnis held the positions of Air Force Commander from 1971 to 1994 (Jamil, Subhi Haddad and Ali Malahafji), General Intelligence head from 1970 to 2000 (Adnan Dabbagh, Ali al-Madani, Nazih Zuhayr, Fuad al-Absi and Bashir an-Najjar), Chief of Staff of the Syrian Army from 1974 to 1998 (Shihabi) and defense minister from 1972 until after Assad's death (Tlass), none had power separate from Assad or the Alawite-dominated security system.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=226}} When Jamil headed the Air Force, he could not issue orders without the knowledge of Khuli (the Alawite head of Air Force Intelligence).{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=226}} After the failed Islamist uprising, Assad's reliance on his relatives intensified;{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=226}} before that, his Sunni colleagues had some autonomy.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=226}} A defector from Assad's government said, "Tlass is in the army but at the same time seems as if he is not of the army; he neither binds nor loosens and has no role other than that of the tail in the beast."{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=227}} Another example was Shihabi, who occasionally represented Assad.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=227}} However, he had no control in the Syrian military; Ali Aslan, First Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations during most of his tenure, was responsible for troop maneuvers.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=227}} Although the Sunnis were in the forefront, the Alawites had the power.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=227}}

==== Militarization ====
{{further|Militarization of the education in Ba'athist Syria}}
[[File:Military demonstration by the Syrian Arab Army in support of President Hafez al-Assad, 1980 (a less cropped version).jpg|thumb|314x314px|Syrian soldiers in 1980]]
From the very beginning of his rule, Assad pursued an active policy of [[Militarization|militarizing]] the Syrian state and its society - his goal was to build a strong traditional army (with the support of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]) to fight [[Israel]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|pp=60–61}} Assad gave a very high priority to building a strong military and preparing it for a confrontation with Israel, both for offensive and defensive purposes and to enable him to politically negotiate the return of the [[Golan Heights]] from a position of military strength. He allocated up to 70 percent of the annual budget to the military build-up and received large quantities of modern arms from the Soviet Union:{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=}}{{pn|date=August 2025}} Eventually, with the help of it, Assad built a large and professional military equipped with modern tanks, airplanes and long-range [[Surface-to-surface missile|ground-to-ground missiles]] capable of launching chemical warheads into most Israeli cities.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=}}{{pn|date=August 2025}} The [[Syrian Arab Army]], which was mainly a conscripted force, increased from 50,000 personnel in 1967 to 225,000 in 1973 and to over 500,000 in 1986,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bishara |first=Azmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZACbEAAAQBAJ&dq=student+military+camp+syria&pg=PA152 |title=Syria 2011-2013: Revolution and Tyranny before the Mayhem |date=2022-12-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-4543-5 |language=en}}</ref> and its air and armored fleets were among the largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ufheil-Somers |first=Amanda |date=1982-11-03 |title=The Asad Regime and Its Troubles |url=https://merip.org/1982/11/the-asad-regime-and-its-troubles/#_14_ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=MERIP |language=en-US}}</ref> Already high military spending has steadily increased, burdening the Syrian economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Korany |first=Bahgat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmpjEAAAQBAJ |title=The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61797-387-1 |language=en}}</ref>
The policy of general militarization also affected the civil sphere of the country:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Y.M |first=Editor 031 |date=2024-05-26 |title=شعارات عسكرية وعقائدية تترك أثرها لدى أجيال من السوريين |url=https://www.enabbaladi.net/701435/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%89/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=عنب بلدي |language=ar}}</ref> militaristic propaganda was very widespread, especially in schools and educational institutions (where students were taught military tactics and the use of weapons<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=لباس "كاكي" في سورية . حجب مفاتن الطالبات في المدارس والطلاب يتفننون في صرعات "الفتوة" |url=https://www.sauress.com/alhayat/30986453 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=سعورس}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=Y.M |first=Editor 031 |date=2024-05-26 |title=شعارات عسكرية وعقائدية تترك أثرها لدى أجيال من السوريين |url=https://www.enabbaladi.net/701435/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%89/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=عنب بلدي |language=ar}}</ref>), and Assad himself was often depicted in portraits in military uniform and often wore it. It is believed that military education in Syrian schools was introduced in the 1970s by Hafez al-Assad,<ref name=":32">{{cite web |last=محرر 14 |date=2017-10-04 |title="حزب البعث" يعمل على إعادة التربية العسكرية إلى المدارس |url=https://www.enabbaladi.net/176398/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=عنب بلدي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> although the preconditions for this had been there since the Ba'ath Party came to power. Students were required to wear military uniforms (which were standard for Syrian schools at the time)<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=Generations of Syrians fell victim to educational indoctrination during Assad era |url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/04/generations-of-syrians-fell-victim-to-educational-indoctrination-during-assad-era/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Enab Baladi |language=en-US}}</ref> and go to military camps known as moaskar for 15 days, where they were further introduced to soldier's life and were under the command of military officers.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Assad's female fighters: Progress or propaganda? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150402-syria-women-soldiers-assad-army-propaganda |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Aldoughli |first=Rahaf |date=2017-12-13 |title=Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity |url=https://theconversation.com/syrian-nationalism-is-all-about-masculinity-87406 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=القديم |first=العربي |date=2024-05-16 |title=تفاصيل سورية {{!}} درس الفتوة والمظاهرة الدمشقية ضد انقلاب حافظ الأسد |url=https://alarabialqadeem.com/darfetmoz |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=العربي القديم |language=ar}}</ref> Thus, taking into account only the soldiers of the Syrian army, Syria was already the 4th country in the world in terms of militarization per capita,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1991-03-06 |title=Iraq and the World's Biggest Armies |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-06-mn-359-story.html |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> despite the fact that even more people in the country knew how to own a weapon, from school days.

=== Arab Belt project ===
{{Main|Arab Belt project}}

From 1973 to 1976, under Assad's orders, an [[Arabization]] campaign known as the "[[Arab Belt project|Arab Belt]]" was carried out in northeastern Syria. Assad government called campaign "''Plan to establish model state farms in the Jazira region''"''.''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paul |first1=James A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-xjxWYWnlwC&dq=Mohammed+Talib+Hilal&pg=PA89 |title=Human Rights in Syria |last2=Watch (Organization) |first2=Middle East |date=1990 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-0-929692-69-2 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> The aim of the campaign was to change the ethnic composition of north-east Syria in favor of the Arabs and to the detriment of the local inhabitants, the [[Kurds in Syria|Kurds]]. It involved the seizure of land which was then settled with Arabs displaced by the creation of [[Lake Assad]]. The programme was implemented in 1973; forcibly deporting around 140,000 Kurds from 332 villages and confiscating their lands around a 180-mile strip. Tens of thousands of Arab settlers coming from [[Raqqa Governorate|Raqqa]] were then granted these lands to establish settlements.<ref name="Ahmed 2013 1872">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar |url= |title=The Thistle and the Drone |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8157-2378-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=187 |chapter=4: Musharraf’s Dilemma}}</ref><ref name="McDowall 2021 470, 471">{{Cite book |last=McDowall |first=David |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-7556-0079-3 |edition=4th |location=29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland |pages=470, 471 |chapter=21: Living apart in French and Independent Syria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gunter |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAsnDAAAQBAJ&q=michael+gunter+and+the+Arab+belt&pg=PA21 |title=Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War |date=2014-11-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-531-5 |language=en}}</ref> The area of the project was a strip of land - almost 15 km in breadth - that extended over 375 km in length; across the north-eastern boundary-regions of Syria with [[Turkey]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="McDowall 2021 470, 471" /><ref name="Ahmed 2013 1872" />

The Arabs were provided with weapons and divided between more than 50 so-called model farms in the Jazira Region and to the north of [[Raqqa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tejel |first=Jordi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4f54qsU618C |title=Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=9780203892114 |pages=61–62 |language=en}}</ref> Twelve were built each around [[Qamishli]] and [[Al-Malikiyah|Al-Malakiyah]] and sixteen around [[Ras al-Ayn|Ras al Ayn]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Mohamed |date=December 2020 |title=Kurdish Political and Civil Movements in Syria and the Question of Representation |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/108501/1/Kurdish_representation_and_civil_movements_in_syria_english.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418062223/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/108501/1/Kurdish_representation_and_civil_movements_in_syria_english.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=[[London School of Economics]] |page=7}}</ref> The Kurdish village names of the area were replaced by Arabic names not necessarily related to the traditions and history of the region.<ref name=":1" /> These Arabs are named as Maghmurin (مغمورين Maġmūrīn, which is affected by flooding).<ref name=":1" /> The campaign was eventually faded out in 1976, but the deported Kurds were not allowed to return.<ref name=":0" />

=== Islamist uprising ===
{{main|Islamist uprising in Syria}}

==== Background ====
[[File:1979-14-august.-Vizita-in-R.A.-Siriana.-Inmanarea-albumului-orasului-Kuneitra-1024x700.jpg|thumb|Hafez al-Assad alongside [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian]] President [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] in 1979]]Assad's pragmatic policies indirectly led to the establishment of a "[[New class (Ba'athist Syria)|new class]]",{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=85}} and he accepted this while it furthered his aims against [[Israel]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=85}} When Assad began pursuing a policy of [[economic liberalization]], the state bureaucracy began using their positions for personal gain.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=85}} The state gave implementation rights to "much of its development program to foreign firms and contractors, fueling a growing linkage between the state and private capital".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=86}} What ensued was a spike in corruption, which led the political class to be "thoroughly [[bourgeoisie|embourgeoised]]".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=86}} The channeling of external money through the state to private enterprises "created growing opportunities for state elites' self-enrichment through corrupt manipulation of state-market interchanges. Besides outright embezzlement, webs of shared interests in commissions and kickbacks grew up between high officials, politicians, and business interests".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=86}} The Alawite military-security establishment got the greatest share of the money;{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|pp=86–89}} the Ba'ath Party and its leaders ruled a new class, defending their interests instead of those of peasants and workers (whom they were supposed to represent).{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|pp=86–89}} This, coupled with growing Sunni disillusionment with what Hinnebusch calls "the regime's mixture of statism, rural and sectarian favouritism, corruption and new inequalities", fueled the growth of the Islamic movement.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=89}} Because of this, the [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria]] became the vanguard of anti-Ba'athist forces.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=90}}

The Brotherhood had historically been a vehicle for Islamism during its introduction to the Syrian political scene during the 1960s under the leadership of [[Mustafa al-Siba'i]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=90}} After Siba'i's imprisonment, under [[Isam al-Attar]]'s leadership the Brotherhood developed into the ideological antithesis of Ba'athist rule.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=90}} However, the Ba'ath Party's organizational superiority worked in its favor;{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=90}} with Attar's enforced exile, the Muslim Brotherhood was in disarray.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=90}} It was not until the 1970s that the Muslim Brotherhood established a clear, central collective authority for its organization under Adnan Saad ad-Din, [[Sa'id Hawwa]], [[Ali Sadr al-Din al-Bayanuni]] and Husni Abu.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=90}} Because of their organizational capabilities, the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] grew tenfold from 1975 to 1978 (from 500 to 700 in Aleppo); nationwide, by 1978 it had 30,000 followers.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=90}}

==== Events ====
The Islamist uprising began in the mid-to-late 1970s, with attacks on prominent members of the Ba'ath Alawite elite.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=94}} As the conflict worsened, a debate in the party between hard-liners (represented by Rifaat al-Assad) and Ba'ath liberals (represented by [[Mahmoud al-Ayyubi]]) began.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=94}} The Seventh Regional Congress, in 1980, was held in an atmosphere of crisis.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} The party leadership—with the exception of Assad and his proteges—were criticised severely by party delegates, who called for an anti-corruption campaign, a new, clean government, curtailing the powers of the military-security apparatus and political liberalization.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} With Assad's consent, a new government (headed by the presumably clean [[Abdul Rauf al-Kasm]]) was established with new, young technocrats.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} The new government failed to assuage critics, and the Sunni middle class and the radical left (believing that Ba'athist rule could be overthrown with an uprising) began collaborating with the Islamists.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}}

[[File:After Hama Massacre 23.jpg|thumb|Hama devastation after bombardment by the Syrian army]]

Believing they had the upper hand in the conflict, beginning in 1980 the Islamists began a series of campaigns against government installations in Aleppo;{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} the attacks became urban [[guerrilla warfare]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} The government began to lose control in the city and, inspired by events, similar disturbances spread to Hama, Homs, Idlib, Latakia, Deir ez-Zor, Maaret-en-Namen and Jisr esh-Shagour.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} Those affected by Ba'athist repression began to rally behind the insurgents; Ba'ath Party co-founder Bitar supported the uprising, rallying the old, anti-military Ba'athists.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} The increasing threat to the government's survival strengthened the hard-liners, who favored repression over concessions.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=95}} Security forces began to purge all state, party and social institutions in Syria, and were sent to the northern provinces to quell the uprising.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} When this failed, the hard-liners began accusing the United States of fomenting the uprising and called for the reinstatement of "revolutionary vigilance".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} The hard-liners won the debate after a failed attempt on Assad's life in June 1980,{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} and began responding to the uprising with [[state terrorism]] later that year.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} Under Rifaat al-Assad, Islamic prisoners at the Tadmur prison were massacred, membership in the Muslim Brotherhood became a capital offence and the government sent a [[death squad]] to kill Bitar and Attar's former wife.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} The military court began condemning captured prisoners, which "sometimes degenerated into indiscriminate killings".{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} Little care was taken to distinguish Muslim Brotherhood hard-liners from their passive supporters,{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} and violence was met with violence.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}}
[[File:After Hama Massacre 18.jpg|thumb|Destruction in Hama in 1982. The inscription left by Syrian forces reads: "There is no god but the Motherland, there is no messenger but Ba'ath".|left]]
Ultimately this culminated in the [[1982 Hama massacre]]{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=96}} when the government crushed the uprising.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=97}} Helicopter gunships, bulldozers, and artillery bombardment razed the city, killing thousands of people.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=97}} The Ba'ath government withstood the uprising, not because of popular support, but because the opposition was disorganised and had little urban support.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=97}} Throughout the uprising, the Sunni middle class continued to support the Ba'ath Party because of its dislike of political Islam.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=97}} After the uprising the government resumed its version of militaristic Leninism, reverting the liberalization introduced when Assad came to power.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=98}} The Ba'ath Party was weakened by the uprising; democratic elections for delegates to the Regional and National Congresses were halted, and open discussion within the party ended.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=98}} The uprising made Syria more totalitarian than ever, and strengthened Assad's position as undisputed leader of Syria.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|2001|p=98}}

=== {{anchor|The Succession Crisis of 1983–1984}}1983–1984 succession crisis ===
{{Main|1984 Syrian coup attempt}}
In November 1983, Assad, a [[Diabetes|diabetic]],{{Sfn|Collelo|1987}} had a heart attack complicated by [[phlebitis]]; this triggered a succession crisis.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=232}} On 13 November, after visiting his brother in the hospital,{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=230}} Rifaat al-Assad reportedly announced his candidacy for president; he did not believe Assad would be able to continue ruling the country.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=232}} When he did not receive support from Assad's inner circle, he made, in the words of historian [[Hanna Batatu]], "abominably lavish" promises to win them over.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=232}}[[File:Hafez Assad rifaat Assad.jpg.webp|thumb|305px|Hafez al-Assad (''r'') with his brother [[Rifaat al-Assad]] during a military ceremony in [[Damascus]], 1984. Rifaat launched a failed coup attempt the same year, resulting in his expulsion from [[Syria]].]]Until his 1985 ouster, Rifaat al-Assad was considered the face of corruption by the Syrian people.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=230}} Although highly paid as Commander of [[Defense Companies (Syria)|Defense Companies]], he accumulated unexplained wealth.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=230}} According to Batatu, "there is no way that he could have permissibly accumulated the vast sums needed for the investments he made in real estate in Syria, Europe and the United States".{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=230}}

Although it is unclear if any top officials supported Rifaat al-Assad, most did not.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=233}} He lacked his brother's stature and charisma, and was vulnerable to charges of corruption.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=233}} His 50,000-strong Defense Companies were viewed with suspicion by the upper leadership and throughout society;{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=233}} they were considered corrupt, poorly disciplined and indifferent to human suffering.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=233}} Rifaat al-Assad also lacked military support;{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=233}} officers and soldiers resented the Defense Companies' monopoly of Damascus' security, their separate intelligence services and prisons and their higher pay.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|pp=233–234}} He did not abandon the hope of succeeding his brother, opting to take control of the country through his post as Commander of Defense Companies.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} In what became known as the "[[Poster War]]", personnel from the Defense Companies replaced posters of Assad in Damascus with those of Rifaat al-Assad.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} The security service, still loyal to Hafez, responded by replacing Rifaat al-Assad's posters with Hafez's.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} The poster war lasted for a week until Assad's health improved.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}}

Shortly after the poster war, all of Rifaat al-Assad's proteges were removed from positions of power.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} This decree nearly sparked a clash between the Defense Companies and the [[Republican Guard (Syria)|Republican Guard]] on 27 February 1984, but conflict was avoided by Rifaat al-Assad's appointment as one of three [[Vice President of Syria|Vice Presidents]] on 11 March.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} He acquired this post by surrendering his position as Commander of Defense Companies to a Hafez supporter.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} Rifaat al-Assad was succeeded as Defense Companies head by his son-in-law.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} During the night of 30 March, Rifaat ordered Defense Company loyalists to seal Damascus off and advance to the city.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=234}} The Republican Guard was put on alert in Damascus, and 3rd Armored Division commander [[Shafiq Fayadh]] ordered troops outside Damascus to encircle the Defense Companies blocking the roads into the city.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=235}} Rifaat al-Assad's plan might have succeeded if Special Forces commander [[Ali Haydar (Syrian army officer)|Ali Haydar]] supported him, but Haydar sided with the president.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=235}} Assad punished Rifaat al-Assad with exile, allowing him to return in later years without a political role.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=235}} The Defense Companies were reduced by 30,000–35,000 men,{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=236}} and their role was assumed by the Republican Guard.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=236}} Makhluf, the Republican Guard commander was promoted to major general, and Hafez's son Bassel al-Assad, then an army major, became influential in the guard.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=236}} Assad recovered and returned to his work routine, holding numerous meetings with diplomats. However, his deteriorating health was noticeable to everyone—he had lost weight and turned pale.<ref name=":2" />

=== Foreign policy ===
{{see also|List of international presidential trips made by Hafez al-Assad}}

==== Yom Kippur War ====
{{main|Yom Kippur War|l1 = Yom Kippur War}}

===== Planning =====
[[File:Hafez Assad during Yom Kippur War aganist Israel.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Assad and his generals planning the war]]
Since the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War, Assad was convinced that the Israelis had won the war by subterfuge;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=185}} after gaining power, his top foreign-policy priority was to regain the Arab territory lost in the war.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=185}} Assad reaffirmed Syria's rejection of the 1967 [[UN Security Council Resolution 242]] because he believed it stood for the "liquidation of the [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestine question]]".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=185}} He believed, and continued to believe until long into his rule, that the only way to get Israel to negotiate with the Arabs was through war.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=185}}

When Assad took power, Syria was isolated;{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=185}} planning an attack on Israel, he sought allies and war material.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=186}} Ten weeks after gaining power, Assad visited the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=186}} The Soviet leadership was wary of supplying the Syrian government, viewing Assad's rise to power with a reserve and believing him to lean further West than Jadid did.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=187}} While he soon understood that the Soviet relationship with the Arabs would never be as deep as the United States' relationship with Israel, he needed its weapons.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=187}} Unlike his predecessors (who tried to win Soviet support with socialist policies), Assad was willing to give the Soviets a stable presence in the Middle East through Syria, access to Syrian naval bases (giving them a role in the peace process) and help in curtailing American influence in the region.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=187}} The Soviets responded by sending arms to Syria.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=187}} The new relationship bore fruit, and between February 1971 and October 1973 Assad met several times with [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|Soviet leader]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=188}}
[[File:Hafez Assad with a Syrian soldier on the Golan Heights during October war in 1973.jpg|left|thumb|253x253px|Assad visits positions of the Syrian army]]
Assad believed that Syria would have no chance in a war against Israel without Egyptian participation.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=189}} He believed that if the [[United Arab Republic]] had not collapsed, the Arabs would already have liberated Palestine.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=189}} For a war against Israel, Syria needed to establish another front.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=189}} However, by this time Syria's relations with Egypt and Jordan were shaky at best.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=189}} Planning for war began in 1971 with an agreement between Assad and [[Anwar Sadat]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=189}} In the beginning, the renewed Egyptian–Syrian alliance was based upon the proposed [[Federation of Arab Republics]] (FAR), a federation initially encompassing Egypt, Libya, Sudan (which left soon after FAR's first summit) and Syria.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=190}} Assad and Sadat used the FAR summits to plan war strategy, and by 1971 they had appointed Egyptian General Muhammad Sadiq supreme commander of both armies.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=192}} From 1972 to 1973, the countries filled their arsenals and trained their armies.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=192}} In a secret meeting of the Egyptian–Syrian Military Council from 21 to 23 August 1973, the two chiefs of staff (Syrian Youssef Chakkour and Egyptian [[Saad el-Shazly]]) signed a document declaring their intention to go to war against Israel.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=193–194}} During a meeting of Assad, Sadat and their respective defense ministers (Tlass and [[Hosni Mubarak]]) on 26–27 August, the two leaders decided to go to war together.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=194}}

Egypt went to war for a reason different from Syria's.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=195}} While Assad wanted to regain lost Arab territory, Sadat wished to strengthen Egypt's position in its peace policy toward Israel.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=195}} The Syrians were deceived by Sadat and the Egyptians, which would play a major role in the Arab defeat.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=197}} Egyptian Chief of Staff Shazly was convinced from the beginning that Egypt could not mount a successful full-scale offensive against Israel; therefore, he campaigned for a limited war.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=197}} Sadat knew that Assad would not participate in the war if he knew his real intentions.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=197}} Since the collapse of the UAR, the Egyptians were critical of the Ba'athist government; they saw it as an untrustworthy ally.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=197}}

===== The war =====
[[File:Column of Syrian tanks and armored vehicles invades Golan Heights in the beginning of the Yom Kippur war, 1973.jpg|thumb|274x274px|Column of the Syrian tank and Armoured vehicles entering Golan Heights, 1973]]
At 14:05 on 6 October 1973, Egyptian forces (attacking through the [[Sinai Peninsula]]) and Syrian forces (attacking the [[Golan Heights]]) crossed the border into Israel and penetrated the Israeli defense lines.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=197–199}} The Syrian forces on the Golan Heights met with more intense fighting than their Egyptian counterparts, but by 8 October had broken through the Israeli defenses.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=205}} The early successes of the Syrian army were due to its officer corps (where officers were promoted because of merit and not politics) and its ability to handle advanced Soviet weaponry: tanks, artillery batteries, aircraft, [[Man-portable air-defense system|man-portable missiles]], the [[9M14 Malyutka|Sagger]] anti-tank weapon and the [[2K12 Kub]] anti-aircraft system on mobile launchers.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=205}} With the help of these weapons, Egypt and Syria defeated Israel's armor and air supremacy.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=205}} Egypt and Syria announced the war to the world first, accusing Israel of starting it, mindful of the importance of avoiding appearing as the aggressor (Israel accused the Arab powers of starting the Six-Day War when they launched [[Operation Focus]]).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=205}} In any case, early Syrian successes helped rectify the loss of face they had suffered following the Six-Day War.
[[File:Hafez al-Assad addresses Syrian troops fighting in the war against Israel.jpg|thumb|Assad speech to his soldiers, October 1973]]
The main reason for the reversal of fortune was Egypt's operational pause from 7 to 14 October.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=205}} After capturing parts of the Sinai, the Egyptian campaign halted and the Syrians were left fighting the Israelis alone.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=207}} The Egyptian leaders, believing their war aims accomplished, dug in.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=208}} While their early successes in the war had surprised them, War Minister General [[Ahmad Ismail Ali]] advised caution.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=208}} In Syria, Assad and his generals waited for the Egyptians to move.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=208}} When the Israeli government learned of Egypt's modest war strategy, it ordered an "immediate continuous action" against the Syrian military.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=208}} According to Patrick Seale, "For three days, 7, 8, and 9 October, Syrian troops on the Golan faced the full fury of the Israeli air force as, from first light to nightfall, wave after wave of aircraft swooped down to bomb, strafe and napalm their tank concentration and their fuel and ammunition carriers right back to the [[Purple Line (ceasefire line)|Purple Line]]."{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=209}} By 9 October, the Syrians were retreating behind the Purple Line (the Israeli–Syrian border since the Six-Day War).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=210}} By 13 October the war was lost, but in contrast to the Six-Day War, the Syrians were not crushed; this earned Assad respect in Syria and abroad.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=211}}
On 14 October, Egypt began a limited offensive against Israel for political reasons.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=212}} Sadat needed Assad on his side for his peace policy with Israel to succeed,{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=212}} and military action as a means to an end.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=212}} The renewed Egyptian military offensive was ill-conceived. A week later, due to Egyptian inactivity, the Israelis had organised and the Arabs had lost their most important advantage.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=212–213}} While the military offensive gave Assad hope, this was an illusion; the Arabs had already lost the war militarily.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=213}} Egypt's behavior during the war caused friction between Assad and Sadat.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=213}} Assad, still inexperienced in foreign policy, believed that the Egyptian–Syrian alliance was based on trust and failed to understand Egypt's duplicity.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=213}} Although it was not until after the war that Assad would learn that Sadat was in contact with American National Security Advisor [[Henry Kissinger]] almost daily during the war, the seeds of distrust had been sown.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=214–215}} Around this time, Sadat called for an American-led ceasefire agreement between Egypt, Syria, and Israel; however, he was unaware that under Kissinger's tenure the United States had become a staunch supporter of Israel.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=215–218}}
[[File:Hafez al-Assad raising flag over Quneitra at June 26, 1974 (colorized photo).jpg|thumb|Portrait of the moment of Assad [[Raising the flag over Quneitra|raising the Syrian flag over Quneitra]], which he gained after the war]]
On 16 October, Sadat—without telling Assad—called for a ceasefire in a speech to the [[People's Assembly of Egypt|People's Assembly]], the Egyptian legislative body.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=219}} Assad was not only surprised but could not comprehend why Sadat trusted "American goodwill for a satisfactory result".{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=219}} [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Alexei Kosygin]] visited Cairo, urging Sadat to accept a ceasefire without the condition of Israeli withdrawal from the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=220}} While Sadat was reluctant at first, Kosygin returned on 18 October with satellite images showing 300 Israeli tanks in Egyptian territory.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=220}} The blow to Sadat's morale was such that he sent a cable to Assad, obliquely saying that all hope was lost.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=220}} Assad, who was in a better position, was still optimistic.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=221}} Under Soviet influence, Egypt called for a ceasefire on 22 October 1973, direct negotiations between the warring parties and the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 242.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=221}} The ceasefire resolution did not call for Israeli withdrawal from its occupied territories.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=221}} Assad was annoyed since he had not been informed beforehand of Sadat's change in policy (which affected them both).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=221}} On 23 October the Syrian government accepted the ceasefire, spelling out its understanding of UN Resolution 338 (withdrawal of Israeli troops from the occupied territories and the safeguarding of Palestinian rights).{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=224}}

==== Lebanese Civil War ====
{{main|Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War}}

{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = left
| bgcolor = #ACE1AF
| quote = We did not go into Lebanon to achieve any regional ambitions, nor for any selfish or opportunistic motives. On the contrary, it was at the expense of our economy and our daily bread.
| source = —Assad, reviewing Syria's intervention in Lebanon{{sfn|Dawisha|2005|p=273}}
}}

Syria intervened in Lebanon in 1976 during the [[Lebanese Civil War|civil war]], which began in 1975.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=194}} With the Egyptian–Israeli peace accords, Syria was the only neighboring state which threatened Israel.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=267}} Syria initially tried to mediate the conflict; when that failed, Assad ordered the [[Palestine Liberation Army]] (PLA),{{sfn|Winslow|2012|pp=194–195}} a regular force based in Syria with Syrian officers,{{sfn|Gilmour|1983|p=131}} troops into Lebanon to restore order.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|pp=194–195}} Around this time, the Israeli government opened its borders to [[Maronite]] refugees in Lebanon to strengthen its regional influence.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=195}} Clashes between the Syria-loyal PLA and militants occurred throughout the country.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=195}} Despite Syrian support and Khaddam's mediation, [[Rashid Karami]] (the Sunni Muslim Prime Minister of Lebanon) did not have enough support to appoint a cabinet.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=195}}
[[File:Syrian soldiers with RPG-7 in Lebanon.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Syrian army soldiers in Lebanon]]
In early 1976 Assad was approached by Lebanese politicians for help in forcing the resignation of [[Suleiman Frangieh]], the Christian [[President of Lebanon]].{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=197}} Although Assad was open to change, he resisted attempts by some Lebanese politicians to enlist him in Frangieh's ouster;{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=197}} when General Abdul Aziz al-Ahdāb [[Al-Ahdab coup|attempted to seize power]], Syrian troops stopped him.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} In the meantime, radical Lebanese leftists were gaining the upper hand in the military conflict.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} [[Kamal Jumblatt]], leader of the [[Lebanese National Movement]] (LNM), believed that his strong military position would compel Frangieh's resignation.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} Assad did not wish a leftist victory in Lebanon which would strengthen the position of the Palestinians.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} He did not want a rightist victory either, instead of seeking a middle-ground solution which would safeguard Lebanon and the region.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} When Jumblatt met with Assad on 27 March 1976, he tried to persuade him to let him "win" the war;{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} Assad replied that a ceasefire should be in effect to ensure the 1976 presidential elections.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} Meanwhile, on Assad's orders Syria sent troops into Lebanon without international approval.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}}

While [[Yasser Arafat]] and the PLO had not officially taken a side in the conflict, several PLO members were fighting with the LNM.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} Assad attempted to steer Arafat and the PLO away from Lebanon, threatening him with a cutoff of Syrian aid.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} The two sides were unable to reach an agreement.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=198}} When Frangieh stepped down in 1976, Syria pressured Lebanese members of parliament to elect [[Elias Sarkis]] president.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=199}} One-third of the Lebanese members of parliament (primarily supporters of [[Raymond Edde]]) boycotted the election to protest American and Syrian interference.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=199}}
On 31 May 1976, Syria began a full-scale intervention in Lebanon to (according to the official Syrian account) end bombardment of the Maronite cities of Qubayat and Aandqat.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=201}} Before the intervention, Assad and the Syrian government were one of several interests in Lebanon; afterward, they were the controlling factors in Lebanese politics.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=201}} On Assad's orders, the Syrian troop presence slowly increased to 30,000.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=201}} Syria received approval for the intervention from the United States and Israel to help them defeat Palestinian forces in Lebanon.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=201}} The Ba'athist group [[As-Sa'iqa]] and the PLA's Hittīn brigade fought Palestinians who sided with the LNM.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=201}}
[[File:A column of armored vehicles of the Syrian army after the successful battle of Sultan Yacoub, 1982 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|286x286px|A column of Syrian armored vehicles in Sultan Yacoub, 1982]]
Within a week of the Syrian intervention, Christian leaders issued a statement of support.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} Muslim leaders established a joint command of all Palestinian groups except [[As-Sa'iqa]],{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} which was driven by the PLO to its stronghold near the main airport.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} Shortly afterward, As-Sa'iqa and other leftist Damascus forces were absorbed by the Syrian military.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} On 8 June 1976 Syrian forces were pushed back from Sidon, encountering stiff resistance in Beirut from the LNM.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} Assad's actions angered much of the Arab world however and the sight of Syria trying to eliminate the PLO brought criticism upon him.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} There was considerable hostility to Assad's alliance with the Maronites in Syria.{{sfn|Gilmour|1983|p=139}} As a result, the Syrian government asked the [[Arab League]] to assist in the conflict.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} The Arab League began to meditate, establishing the [[Arab Deterrent Force]] (ADF) for peacekeeping.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} Syrian strategy at this point was to gradually weaken the LNM and its Palestinian collaborators, continuing to support the Christian militia.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=202}} However, the Syrians were unable to capture the LNM's stronghold of Aley before the Arab League called for a ceasefire on 17 October.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=204}} The Arab League strengthened the ADF to 30,000 troops, most Syrian.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=204}} While some heavy fighting continued, by December 1976 and January 1977 most Palestinian and Lebanese groups had disposed of their heavy weaponry.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=204}} According to Charles Winslow, the "main phase" of the Lebanese Civil War had ended by 1977; until the early 1990s most violence was attributed to the turf, proxy, inter-communal and state wars.{{sfn|Winslow|2012|p=205}}
Assad used terrorism and intimidation to extend his control over Lebanon.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=61}} Jumblatt died in a 1977 assassination allegedly ordered by Syria; in 1982, Syrian agents assassinated Lebanese President [[Bachir Gemayel]] (who was helped to power by the Israelis during the [[1982 Lebanon War]]).{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=61}} Jumblatt and Gemayel had resisted Assad's attempts to dominate Lebanon.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=61}} Assad caused the failure of the 1983 Lebanon–Israel agreement, and by proxy guerrilla warfare forced the Israeli Defense Forces to withdraw to southern Lebanon in 1985.{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=61}} Terrorism against Palestinians and Jordanian targets during the mid-1980s thwarted the rapprochement between King Hussein of Jordan and the PLO, slowing Jordanian–Israeli cooperation in the [[West Bank]].{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=61}}

==== Hindawi affair ====
{{Main|Hindawi affair|Nezar al-Hindawi}}

In April 1986, [[Hindawi affair|an attempt]] was made to blow up [[El Al]] Flight 016 heading to Israel by [[Jordan|Jordanian]] citizen [[Nezar al-Hindawi|Nezar Nawwaf al-Mansur al-Hindawi]] (through his girlfriend Anne-Marie Murphy), but it was unsuccessful. After Hindawi gave the girl a bag of explosives on the flight (which was discovered by security guards), he went to the Syrian embassy and there asked for assistance. The ambassador passed him to the embassy security men, who took him to their lodgings, where they tried to change his appearance by cutting and dyeing his hair. For an unknown reason, early the next morning, 18 April, Hindawi fled from the Syrians and gave himself up to the British police.

He was interrogated intensively for a number of days: during the interrogation, Hindawi claimed to have arranged the plot with high-ranking officers in [[Air Force Intelligence Directorate|Syrian Air Force intelligence]] a year earlier in [[Damascus]], where he was given Syrian papers and instructions for operating the explosive. He supposedly conducted a training run back in England before returning again to Syria for final details and preparation. Hindawi said that the explosive was delivered to him in the [[Royal Garden Hotel]] in London on 5 April, less than two weeks prior to the attempted bombing. This story is supported by the fact that Hindawi had first sought refuge in the Syrian embassy after learning of the failed bombing, and that Syrian officials were in the process of altering his appearance before he fled again. Also, British intelligence had previously intercepted Syrian communications with Hindawi's name, Hindawi was using genuine Syrian documents although he was not Syrian, and Hindawi's original escape plan involved leaving England with Syrian agents working on Syrian Arab Airlines.<ref name="BlackIntelligence">{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Ian |url=https://archive.org/details/israelssecretwar00blac |title=Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services |date=1991 |publisher=Grove |isbn=0802132863 |page=[https://archive.org/details/israelssecretwar00blac/page/434 434] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Later, Hindawi began to claim that everything was planned by [[Mossad]], but most countries accepted the first version of events about Syria's involvement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1986-05-11 |title=SYRIA TIED TO BERLIN BOMBING AND TO ATTEMPT ON EL AL JET (Published 1986) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/11/world/syria-tied-to-berlin-bombing-and-to-attempt-on-el-al-jet.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1986-07-15 |title=British Cite Syria in Case Of El Al Bomb |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/07/15/british-cite-syria-in-case-of-el-al-bomb/38843661-f1cc-4d82-852c-bd12481e8eef/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-24 |title=Editor's Notes: Ignoring the lessons of the past |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/columnists/editors-notes-ignoring-the-lessons-of-the-past |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X }}</ref> After the court found Hindawi guilty, the then-British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] broke off diplomatic relations with Syria. Following this, the United States and Canada recalled their ambassadors from Syria. The [[European Community]] also imposed minor sanctions.<ref>{{cite news |author=Karen DeYoung |date=1985-10-25 |title=Britain Cuts Ties With Syria Over El Al Bombing Links |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/25/britain-cuts-ties-with-syria-over-el-al-bombing-links/8cf37ff9-4443-4025-8eb9-2e4aa7ce6754/ |access-date=2022-01-03 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==== Gulf War ====
When [[Saddam Hussein]] [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|invaded Kuwait]] in August 1990, Assad sided with Kuwait and considered Iraq's aggression as a serious threat to Syria's interests. [[Assadist–Saddamist conflict|Assad and Saddam had long detested each other]],<ref name="gulfwarassad"/> and Assad felt that Syria would be the next target of Saddam if he won in Kuwait.<ref name="gulfwarassad">{{cite news |last1=Seale |first1=Patrick |title=Hafez al-Assad |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jun/12/guardianobituaries.israel |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 June 2000}}</ref> As a result, Syria joined the US-led coalition and sent up to 20,000 troops to defend Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Hanlon |first1=Michael E |title=Coalitions in Iraq: '91 vs. Now |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/coalitions-in-iraq-91-vs-now/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=Brookings |date=19 October 2004}}</ref>

==== Political assassinations ====
When Hafez al-Assad came to power, he did not limit his authority to purging Syrian institutions; in addition, his regime organized assassinations and political murders of his potential (and proven) enemies who did not support either Assad or his policies.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Sh |date=2024-07-08 |title=From Muhammad Umran to Luna Al-Shibl: One Thread - The Syrian Observer |url=https://syrianobserver.com/commentary/from-muhammad-umran-to-luna-al-shibl-one-thread.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, the assassination attempts organized by the Assad regime affected not only Syrians and not only those who live in Syria.

On his deathbed in May of 2000, Assad said that [[Mahmoud Al-Zoubi]] had betrayed him. He did not say what the betrayal was but demanded that "an investigation be conducted and that he be held accountable." The next day, at an emergency meeting of the Ba'ath Party, Zoubi was expelled from the party. On May 25, the Damascus police chief came to him and allegedly shot him in his own apartment - the official version was that Zoubi committed suicide.<ref name=":02" />

===== Lebanon =====
[[File:Syrian newspaper announced death of Muhammad Umran, 1972.jpg|thumb|303x303px|Newspaper announced death of [[Muhammad Umran]] in 1972]]
[[Muhammad Umran]] was a Assad's longtime opponent, with whom he had had disagreements [[1964 Hama riot|since 1964]], and had considerable influence on the minds of the Syrian military, so Assad believed that killing him would help strengthen his own family's power.<ref name=":02" /> On March 4, 1972, in the Lebanese city of [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], men shot and killed Umran.<ref name="Dam2017">{{cite book |author=Nikolaos Van Dam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MARsDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 |title=Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria |date=30 July 2017 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78672-248-5 |pages=49–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 1972 |title=Exiled Syrian aide is slain in Lebanon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/05/archives/exiled-syrian-aide-is-slain-in-lebanon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402110512/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/05/archives/exiled-syrian-aide-is-slain-in-lebanon.html |archive-date=2 April 2018 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

[[Salim Lawzi]] was a Lebanese journalist and founder of [[al Hawadeth]] magazine.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghadbian |first=Najib |date=Summer 2001 |title=Contesting the state media monopoly: Syria on Al Jazira Television |url=http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2001/06/ghadbian.pdf |journal=Meria |volume=5 |issue=2 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> His criticism of the Syrian role in Lebanese Civil War escalated leading to serious threats on his life. The Hawadeth main building was destroyed during the war. Fearing for his life due to the threats he was receiving, Lawzi chose self-exile in [[London]], from where he continued editing his magazine.<ref name="Ajami1992">{{cite book |author=Fouad Ajami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye5sewVWcTAC&pg=PA2 |title=The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967 |date=29 May 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43833-9 |pages=2}}</ref> But After his mother died, he decided to return for her funeral. After landing in [[Beirut International Airport]], he was kidnapped by gunmen on the Airport Road on 25 February 1980. His heavily bruised tortured body was found nine days later on 4 March 1980 in [[Aramoun, Keserwan|Aramoun]], on the outskirts of Beirut.<ref name="Ajami19922">{{cite book |author=Fouad Ajami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye5sewVWcTAC&pg=PA2 |title=The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967 |date=29 May 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43833-9 |pages=2}}</ref> Forensic reports found heavy signs of torture, including a broken and dislocated right arm, maimed and disjointed writing hand, fingers burnt and blackened through use of acid and phosphoric substances, pens pierced into abdomen and intestines (obvious messages in mutilation for other critics of Syria) and an assassination-style bullet in the head. Alleged perpetrator was the Syrian intelligence agents.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nisan |first=Mordechai |date=Spring 2011 |title=Of Wars and Woes. A Chronicle of Lebanese Violence |url=http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/levantine/article/viewFile/2150/1793 |journal=The Levantine Review |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>[http://www.almustaqbal.com/storiesv4.aspx?storyid=177863 Al Mustakbal: الاستخبارات - سورية في دائرة الاتهام منذ اغتيال المتني حتى تويني] {{in lang|ar}}</ref>

Khalil Akkawi was the leader of the [[Islamic Unification Movement]] lived in Lebanese Tripoli. Syrian Military Intelligence killed Khalil Akkawi in February 9, 1986, because he refused to fight the [[Lebanese Forces]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rougier |first=Bernard |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pk86v9 |title=The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East: Northern Lebanon from al-Qaeda to ISIS |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17793-9 |volume=60 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1pk86v9 |jstor=j.ctt1pk86v9 }}</ref> Three supporters of Akkawi's Islamic Tawheed, or Islamic Unification Movement, were slain in gunfights with Syrian troopers after his burial. In the 1980s, Syrian intelligence services were very active in assassination attempts ([[List of assassinations in Lebanon#1980s|mostly successful]]) against their opponents in Lebanon.

===== Europe =====
Even earlier, [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar|Salah ad-Din al-Bitar]] had been sentenced to death in absentia by the new government, and had fled to [[Beirut]]. Later, in 1978, Assad pardoned him and allowed him to return to Syria. However, a quarrel and conflict soon broke out between them again,<ref name=":02" /> and Bitar fled to Paris. Bitar launched a press campaign against the Syrian government from his exile in Paris, attacking it in a new magazine which he entitled ''al-Ihyaa al-Arabi'', in an echo of the name he and Aflaq had adopted almost forty years before. He was also rumored to be in contact with Syrian opposition figures in [[Baghdad]].{{sfn|Seale |1990|p=360}} Bitar was killed by Syrian secret services in Paris on July 21, 1980. As he was exiting the elevator to enter his office, his assassin fired two shots to the back of his head.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prominent Enemy Of Syria's Assad Is Slain in Paris |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/07/22/prominent-enemy-of-syrias-assad-is-slain-in-paris/03d0ff98-33a5-4c84-9fe8-a3b0b3df0851/ |access-date=1 September 2017 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jongman |first=Albert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgDks1hUjhMC&dq=bitar+assassinate+assad&pg=PA670 |title=Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1988 |isbn=9781412815666 |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref>

Al-Tantawi was the wife of former [[Muslim Brotherhood]] director general [[Issam al-Attar]] and lived in [[Aachen]], Germany. In March 1981, her father, [[Ali Al-Tantawi]], called her, saying that she was in serious danger (in the form of assassins sent by Assad after her and her husband). An hour later, a neighbor knocked on her door at gunpoint - Tantawi, hearing a familiar voice, opened the door and was immediately killed by two men.<ref name=":02" />

== Political ideology and beliefs ==
{{main|Assadism|Neo-Ba'athism}}

[[File:Portrait of Hafez al-Assad in Damascus, 1994 (cropped).jpg|thumb|270x270px|Assad portrait, 1994]]
Assad was originally a devout [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arabist]] and was greatly inspired by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] and [[Nasserism|his ideas]].{{sfn|Reich|1990|p=}}{{pn|date=August 2025}} However, over time, his ideology shifted towards a mix of [[Arab nationalism]] and [[Syrian nationalism]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-02-05 |title=The slow rise of Hafez al-Assad, from pan-Arabism to Syrian nationalism |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/02/05/the-slow-rise-of-hafez-al-assad-from-pan-arabism-to-syrian-nationalism_6737797_4.html |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>

As a result, his ideas and methods of ruling the state became known as [[Assadism]]. Assadism is considered a later and more personalized version of radical [[neo-Ba'athism]], which places Hafez al-Assad at the center as the founder and father of the modern Syrian nation. Assadism's policies were a strange mixture of Syrian-[[Arab nationalism]], [[Arab socialism|radical socialism]] (until the 1990s), [[secularism]], [[militarism]] and a [[Assad family's cult of personality|personality cult around Hafez and his family]]: Assadism exalted the person of Hafez and portrayed his wisdom as "beyond the comprehension of the average citizen".<ref name="Kheir 2010 423">{{cite book |last=Kheir |first=Karen Abul |title=The Foreign Policies of Arab states: The Challenge of Globalization |date=2010 |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-360-9 |editor-last=Korany |editor-first=Bahgat |series=An AUC Forum for International Affairs edition |location= |page=423 |editor-last2=Hilāl |editor-first2=ʻAlī al-Dīn}}</ref> Unlike Jadid's neo-Ba'athism, Assadism did not promote [[atheism]] and relied on more traditional ideas, for example rejecting the doctrine of exporting [[Revolutionary socialism|socialist revolution]] and the [[Maoism|Maoist]] strategy of "[[people's war]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Malcolm H. |date=1973 |title=Hafiz Asad and the Changing Patterns of Syrian Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201173 |journal=International Journal |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=689–706 |doi=10.2307/40201173 |jstor=40201173 |issn=0020-7020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Assadism supported the formation of a strong standard army (rather than the support of proxy forces, as was the case under Jadid), and the formation of a coalition with non-Ba'athist organizations in Syria (which was also rejected by the Jadid regime), which eventually resulted in the formation of the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]].<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=Joseph |date=2013 |title=Syria, Precipitator of the Six Day War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23470917 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=547–562 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.798306 |issn=0026-3206 |jstor=23470917 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Syrian state propaganda cast Assadism as a neo-Ba'athist current that evolved Ba'athist ideology with the needs of the modern era.<ref name="Dam 2011">{{Cite book |last=Dam |first=Nikolaos van |title=10: Conclusions: The struggle for power in Syria: politics and society under Asad and the Ba'th Party |date=2011 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-760-5 |edition=4 |location=London}}</ref>

== Autocracy, succession, and death ==
{{See also|Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad}}Assad's first choice of successor was his brother [[Rifaat al-Assad]], an idea he broached as early as 1980,{{sfn|Blandford|2006|p=55}} and his brother's coup attempt weakened the institutionalised power structure on which he based his rule.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=237}} Instead of changing his policy, Assad tried to protect his power by honing his governmental model.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=237}} He gave a larger role to his eldest son, [[Bassel al-Assad]], who was rumored to be his father's planned successor;{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=237}} this kindled jealousy within the government.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=237}}[[File:Al Assad family.jpg|thumbnail|alt=Family portrait: parents seated in front, and five grown children (four sons and one daughter) standing behind|Assad and his wife, [[Anisa Makhlouf]]; back row, left to right: [[Maher al-Assad|Maher]], [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]], [[Bassel al-Assad|Bassel]], [[Majd al-Assad|Majd]] and [[Bushra al-Assad]], circa 1992-93|235x235px]]At a 1994 military meeting, Chief of Staff Shihabi said that since Assad wanted to normalize relations with Israel, the Syrian military had to withdraw its troops from the Golan Heights. Haydar replied angrily, "We have become nonentities. We were not even consulted."{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=237}} When he heard about Haydar's outburst, Assad replaced Haydar as Commander of Special Forces with the Alawite Major General [[Ali Habib]].{{sfn|Batatu|1999|pp=237–238}} Haydar also reportedly opposed dynastic succession, keeping his views secret until after Bassel's death in 1994 (when Assad chose Bashar al-Assad to succeed him);{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=238}} he then openly criticised Assad's succession plans.{{sfn|Batatu|1999|p=238}}

[[Abdul Halim Khaddam]], Syria's foreign minister from 1970 to 1984, opposed dynastic succession on the grounds that it was not socialist.{{sfn|Blandford|2006|p=55}} Khaddam has said that Assad never discussed his intentions about succession with members of the Regional Command.{{sfn|Blandford|2006|p=55}} By the 1990s, the Sunni faction of the leadership was aging; the Alawites, with Assad's help, had received new base.{{sfn|Blandford|2006|p=56}} The Sunnis were at a disadvantage since many were opposed to any kind of dynastic succession.{{sfn|Blandford|2006|pp=55–56}}

{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = left
| quote = After [Assad's] illness [in 1983] this matter was too sensitive to be discussed. His love for the family was even stronger than his duty as president. The decision was very wrong. This decision was in total contradiction to all laws and regulations in Syria. In the late 1990s, when he was becoming sicker, this sentiment grew stronger and stronger.
| source = —Abdul Halim Khaddam, on Assad's succession plans{{sfn|Blandford|2006|p=55}}
}}
After returning to Syria, Bashar al-Assad enrolled in the Homs Military Academy.{{sfn|Blandford|2006|p=53}} He was quickly promoted to Brigadier Commander, and served for a time in the [[Republican Guard (Syria)|Republican Guard]].{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=154}} He studied most military subjects, "including a tank battalion commander, command and staff"{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=154}} (the latter two of which were required for a senior command in the Syrian army).{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=154}} Bashar al-Assad was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1997, and to colonel in January 1999.{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=160}} Official sources ascribe Bashar's rapid promotion to his "overall excellence in the staff officers' course, and in the outstanding final project he submitted as part of the course for command and staff".{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=160}} With Bashar's training, Assad appointed a new generation of Alawite security officers to secure his succession plans.{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=154}} Shihabi's replacement by Aslan as Chief of Staff on 1 July 1998—Shihabi was considered a potential successor by the outside world—marked the end of the long security-apparatus overhaul.{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=154}} Skepticism of Assad's dynastic-succession plan was widespread within and outside the government, with critics noting that Syria was not a [[monarchy]].{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=154}} By 1998 [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]] had made inroads into the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Ba'ath Party]], taking over Khaddam's Lebanon portfolio (a post he had held since the 1970s).{{sfn|Blandford|2006|p=69}} By December 1998 Bashar al-Assad had replaced [[Rafiq al-Hariri|Rafic al-Hariri]], [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]] and one of Khaddam's proteges, with [[Salim al-Huss]].{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=161}} Several Assad proteges, who had served since 1970 or earlier, were dismissed from office between 1998 and 2000.{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=166}} They were sacked not because of disloyalty to Assad, but because Assad thought they would not fully support Bashar al-Assad's succession.{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=166}} "Retirees" included Muhammad al-Khuli, Nassir Khayr Bek and Ali Duba.{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=166}} Among the new appointees (Bashar loyalists) were [[Bahjat Sulayman]], Major General [[Hassan Khalil]] and Major General [[Assef Shawkat]] (Assad's son-in-law).{{sfn|Ziser|2001|p=166}}

By the late 1990s, Assad's health had deteriorated.{{sfn|Seddon|2004|p=76}} American diplomats said Assad had difficulty staying focused and seemed tired during their meetings;{{sfn|Zisser|2002|pp=552–553}} he was seen as incapable of functioning for more than two hours a day.{{sfn|Zisser|2002|pp=552–553}} Because of his increasing seclusion from state affairs, the government became accustomed to working without his involvement in day-to-day affairs.{{sfn|Zisser|2002|pp=552–553}} Nearly all of his administrative tasks and even much of the important decision making was allegedly being delegated to his daughter, Bushra, who set up her own office next to her father in the [[Presidential Palace, Damascus|Presidential Palace]].{{sfn|Dagher|2019|p=241}} Bushra, long believed to have been Assad's favorite child and, had it not been for her gender, preferred candidate for succession, had a negative view towards Bashar's ability to succeed Hafez and was allegedly mounting her own attempt at amassing power to succeed him.{{sfn|Dagher|2019|p=241}} His spokesperson ignored the speculation, and Assad's official routine in 1999 was basically unchanged from the previous decade.{{sfn|Zisser|2002|pp=552–553}} Assad continued to conduct meetings, traveling abroad occasionally; he visited Moscow in July 1999.{{sfn|Zisser|2002|pp=552–553}}

On 26 March 2000, Assad embarked on another rare foreign trip to Geneva to meet with American president [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=2000-03-28 |title=In Geneva, Clinton Bet That Assad Would Bend, and Lost |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/28/world/in-geneva-clinton-bet-that-assad-would-bend-and-lost.html |access-date=2022-04-02 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928150405/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/28/world/in-geneva-clinton-bet-that-assad-would-bend-and-lost.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:People praying during Hafez Assad funeral.jpg|thumb|People praying during the funeral|left]]On 10 June 2000, at the age of 69, Hafez al-Assad died of a [[heart attack]] while on the telephone with Lebanese prime minister Salim al-Huss.{{sfn|Ball|2010|p=110}} A period of 40 days of mourning was declared in Syria and 7 days in Lebanon thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bashar Al_Assad - The Funeral of President Hafez Assad |url=http://www.presidentassad.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215:the-funeral-of-president-hafez-assad&catid=86&Itemid=474 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132925/http://www.presidentassad.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215:the-funeral-of-president-hafez-assad&catid=86&Itemid=474 |archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref> Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Oman, Palestine, Libya, Morocco, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Kuwait and Qatar announced three days of national mourning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt Mourns the Death of Al-Assad |date=10 June 2000 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1089480&language=en |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oman Declares Three Days of Mourning for Syria |date=10 June 2000 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1089500 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assad: Mourned by friends and foes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/785559.stm |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-06-11 |title=Libya Declares Three-Day National Mourning For Assad |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200006110040.html |website=allafrica.com |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824044652/http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200006110040.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Announces 3 Days of Mourning for Assad |date=11 June 2000 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1089687 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.kuna.net.kw |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817095609/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1089687 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Declares Three Days Mourning on Al-Assad's Death |date=11 June 2000 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1089534 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.kuna.net.kw |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817095606/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1089534 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen Mourns the Death of Al-Assad |date=10 June 2000 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1089485&language=en |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.kuna.net.kw |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041250/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1089485&language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwaiti Declares Three Days of Mourning on Assad's Death |date=10 June 2000 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1089410&language=en |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.kuna.net.kw |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404044311/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1089410&language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar Mourns Death of Al-Assad |date=10 June 2000 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1089483&language=en |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.kuna.net.kw |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041250/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1089483&language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=December 2024}} His funeral was held three days later.{{sfn|Freedman|2002|p=105}} The [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israeli prime minister]] said that with the death of Assad, an era has ended in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.1tv.ru/news/2000-06-11/287654-arabskiy_mir_oplakivaet_konchinu_prezidenta_sirii_hafeza_asada |title=Арабский мир оплакивает кончину президента Сирии Хафеза Асада. Новости. Первый канал |language=ru |access-date=2025-08-29 |via=www.1tv.ru}}</ref>
Assad was buried in his hometown of Qardaha alongside his son Bassel, in what became known as the [[Assad Mausoleum| "Immortal Leader's Mausoleum"]].{{sfn|Ahmad|2010|p=313}} After Hafez al-Assad's death, power was transferred to his son [[Bashar al-Assad]] with the support of Ba'ath loyalists, making Syria the first Arab republic to establish a [[Dynastic rule|dynastic system]].{{Sfn|Solomon|2022|p=7}}

On 11 December 2024, after the overthrow of his son Bashar following [[Syrian civil war|13 years of civil war]], rebels [[grave desecration|set fire and burned Hafez al-Assad's tomb]] inside the mausoleum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb of Assad's father set on fire in Syria hometown: AFP |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/middleeastnews/823567/tomb-of-assads-father-set-on-fire-in-syria-hometown-afp/en |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=LBCIV7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria rebels burn tomb of Bashar al-Assad's father Hafez |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wq01wde44o |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.bbc.com |date=11 December 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Videos of armed men burning Assad's grave and urinating on it were published online. On 28 April 2025, videos and photos on social media showed his grave being exhumed by unidentified individuals. His remains were reportedly transferred to an unknown location.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Grave of ex-Syrian dictator Hafez al-Assad exhumed in Qardaha |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/grave-ex-syrian-dictator-hafez-al-assad-exhumed-qardaha |publisher=The New Arab |date=28 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ARTSAKH.news |date=2025-04-28 |title=Assad's father's remains were removed from the grave and taken away |url=https://artsakh.news/en/news/323290 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=ARTSAKH.news |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Hafez al-Assad was one of the key figures in the Middle East, who exerted considerable influence on the politics of the entire region. However, opinions about him and his actions are mixed. As ''[[The New York Times]]'' put it, "No lasting peace could hold without him, but none could be negotiated with him either."<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Hafez al-Assad, Who Turned Syria Into a Power in the Middle East, Dies at 69 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/061100assad-obit.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> Assad was able to build a stable state: his domestic policies of expanding infrastructure, [[Health in Syria|medical]] and [[Education in Syria|educational]] services, strengthening central authority, and intensive [[militarization]] of society, and foreign policy, which consisted of a consistent fight "against [[imperialism]] and Israel," have turned Syria into a closed regional power, whose views could not be ignored.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-06-15 |title=Hafez al-Assad |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/jun/15/guardianweekly.guardianweekly1 |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> His ability to get out of difficult situations, convince others and achieve favorable conditions for himself greatly impressed many diplomats who interacted with him. As ''The New York Times'' wrote, "Mr. Assad most sought to create a legacy, remaking Syria into a power among the Arabs rather than a political football".<ref name=":03" />
[[File:Syrians_marching_with_giantic_portrait_of_the_Syrian_president_Hafez_al-Assad.jpg|thumb|294x294px|Syrians marching with portrait of Assad]]
Critics of Hafez al-Assad and a number of law enforcement organizations have called his regime a brutal dictatorship responsible for the suffering of hundreds of thousands of people and have repeatedly condemned his totalitarian state for gross [[Human rights in Ba'athist Syria|human rights violations]]. Assad deployed repressive measures ranging from censorship to violent methods of [[state terror]] such as [[mass murders]], [[Deportation|deportations]] and practices such as [[torture]], which were unleashed collectively upon the civilian population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ma'oz |first=Moshe |title=Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-367-60786-9 |editor-last=Larres |editor-first=Klaus |location=605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 |pages=249–250, 252 |chapter=15: The Assad dynasty |doi=10.4324/9781003100508 |s2cid=239130832}}</ref> For example, [[Hauptsturmführer|SS-Haupsturmfuhrer]] [[Alois Brunner]], who played a significant role in the implementation of [[the Holocaust]] as the right-hand man of [[Adolf Eichmann]], assisted al-Assad in organizing the Ba'athist secret police and trained them on [[Nazi Germany]]'s torture practices.<ref name="NYBrunner">{{Cite magazine |last=Taub |first=Ben |date=13 September 2021 |title=How a Syrian War criminal and Double Agent Disappeared in Europe |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/20/how-a-syrian-war-criminal-and-double-agent-disappeared-in-europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618034729/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/20/how-a-syrian-war-criminal-and-double-agent-disappeared-in-europe |archive-date=18 June 2023 |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandler |first1=Adam |date=1 December 2014 |title=Eichmann's Best Man Lived and Died in Syria |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/eichmanns-best-man-lived-and-died-in-syria/383296/ |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> A 1983 report published by [[Amnesty International]] revealed that Assad regime routinely committed mass-executions of alleged dissidents and engaged in the extensive [[torture]] of [[Prisoner of conscience|prisoners of conscience]]. Various torture methods in Syrian prisons include [[Electrocution|electrocutions]], ablazing, [[sexual violence]], castration, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ma'oz |first=Moshe |title=Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-367-60786-9 |editor-last=Larres |editor-first=Klaus |location=605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 |page=257 |chapter=15: The Assad dynasty |doi=10.4324/9781003100508 |s2cid=239130832}}</ref> Assad left behind a hereditary dictatorship that eventually sparked a civil war and a personality cult even more widespread than in [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|Maoist China]] or [[Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz Tito's]] [[Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1985 |title=Middle East Insight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDHvAAAAMAAJ&q=His%20is%20the%20visage%20a%20Syrian%20sees%20when%20%20he%20opens%20a%20newspaper |journal=[[Middle East Insight]] |publisher=International Insight, Incorporated |volume=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Maʿoz |first1=Mosheh |title=Asad: the sphinx of Damascus; a political biography |author2=Asad Hafis |date=1988 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-1-55584-062-4 |location=New York}}</ref>

==Foreign honours==
* {{flag|Austria}}
** [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 1st Class BAR.svg|40x40px]] Grand Star of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]], 1988<ref>{{cite news |title=65.761 (!) Orden an Strasser, Grasser & Co. |url=https://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/politik/65-761-orden-an-strasser-grasser-co/65130738 |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[Österreich (newspaper)|Oe24]] |date=6 May 2012 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143541/https://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/politik/65-761-orden-an-strasser-grasser-co/65130738 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
** [[File:CZE Rad Bileho Lva 3 tridy BAR.svg|40x40px]] Collar of the [[Order of the White Lion]], 9 August 1975<ref>{{cite web|title=Československý řád Bílého lva|url=https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf|language=cs|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323221453/https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|East Germany}}
** [[File:GDR_Star_of_Friendship_of_Nations_-_Grand_Star_(formal_ribbon)_BAR.png|40x40px]] [[Star of People's Friendship|Grand Star of Peoples' Friendship]], 1 October 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deutsche-gesellschaft-fuer-ordenskunde.de/DGOWP/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/VL-GSdV-1964-1989.pdf|title=Verleihungsliste zum Orden "Großer Stern der Völkerfreundschaft" von 1964 bis 1989|newspaper=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ordenskunde e.V.|first=Dirk|last=Hubrich|language=de|date=October 2015|access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
** [[File:LBN National Order of the Cedar - Grand Cordon BAR.svg|40x40px]] [[National Order of the Cedar]]{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
* {{flag|Poland}}
** [[File:POL Polonia Restituta Wielki BAR.svg|40x40px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]], 1973<ref name=pol>{{cite book|title=Polskie ordery i odznaczenia (Vol. I)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RFNePwAACAAJ |year=2008|publisher= Wydawnictwo Interpress |page=49|isbn = 9788390662824}}</ref>
* {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}}
** [[File:ROM Ordinul Steaua Republicii Populare Române clasa I BAR.svg|40x40px]] [[Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic]], First Class, 1974<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bibliotecadeva.ro/periodice/scinteiatin/1974/02/scinteia_tineretului_1974_02_7697.pdf|title=Vizita Tovarășului Nicolae Ceaușescu In Siria|lang=ro|newspaper=Scînteia Tineretului|publisher=Biblioteca Judeteana Hunedoara-Deva|date=1974-02-19|access-date=2025-08-09}}</ref>
* {{Flagcountry|Yugoslavia}}
** [[File:Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|40x40px]] [[Order of the Yugoslav Star]], 1974<ref>{{Cite journal |date=7 February 1974 |title=Свечана вечера у част Тита |url=http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp{{!}}issue:UB_00064_19740207{{!}}page:2{{!}}query:%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5 |journal=Borba |volume=53 |issue=36 |pages=2 |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204746/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,300&subset=cyrillic#panel:pp{{!}}issue:UB_00064_19740207{{!}}page:2{{!}}query:%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
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* {{Cite book |title=Promised Land?: A Perspective on Palestinian–Israeli Conflict |last=Ahmad |first=M. |author-link=Muslehuddin Ahmad |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4490-1797-2}}
* {{Cite book |title=Minorities and the State in the Arab World |editor-last=Bengio |editor-first=Offra |year=1998 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-55587-647-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium |last=Alianak |first=Sonia |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8204-6924-9}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidereferenc0000ball |title=Genocide: A Reference Handbook |last=Ball |first=Howard |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-488-7 |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |last=Batatu |first=H. |author-link=Hanna Batatu |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-00254-1}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/killingmrlebanon00blan |title=Killing Mr. Lebanon: The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and Its Impact on the Middle East |last=Blandford |first=Nicholas |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-202-8 }}
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* {{Cite book |last1=Dagher |first1=Sam |title=Assad or we Burn the Country |date=2019 |publisher=Little, Brown & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0316556705 |edition=First U.S.}}
* {{Cite book |title=Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair |last=Dawisha |first=Adeed |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780691122724 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Baath Party: a History from its Origins to 1966 |last=Devlin |first=John |publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]] |year=1975 |isbn=0817965610 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Middle East Enters the Twenty-first Century |last=Freedman |first=R. |author-link=Robert Freedman (political scientist) |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8130-3110-1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Lebanon: The Fractured Country |last=Gilmour |first=David |author-link=Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1983 |isbn=0312477384}}
* {{Cite book |title=Syria: Revolution from Above |last=Hinnebusch |first=Raymond |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-26779-3 |edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn |title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial By Fire |last=Leverett |first=F. |author-link=Flynt Leverett |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8157-5204-2 }}
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* {{Cite book |last=Lüthi |first=Lorenz M. |title=Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-108-41833-1 |location=New York |chapter=20: The Middle East |doi=10.1017/9781108289825}}
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* {{Cite book |title=Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis |last=Rabinovich |first=Itamar |author-link=Itamar Rabinovich |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |year=1972 |isbn=0-7065-1266-9}}
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* {{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History |last1=Tucker |first1=S. |author-link1=Spencer C. Tucker |last2=Roberts |first2=Priscilla M. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2}}
* {{Cite book |title=Lebanon: War and Politics in a Fragmented Society |last=Winslow |first=Charles |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-134-76240-8}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Assads' Syria |last=Zahler |first=Kathy A. |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8225-9095-8}}
* {{Cite book |title=Asad's Legacy: Syria in Transition |last=Ziser |first=Eyal |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85065-450-6}}
* {{Cite book |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8133-2133-2 |editor-last=Ayalon |editor-first=Ami |volume=16}}
* {{Cite book |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=2002 |isbn=978-965-224-049-1 |editor-last=Maddy-Weitzman |editor-first=Bruce |volume=23}}
{{Refend|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |title=Syria and Lebanon |last1=Carter |first1=Terry |last2=Dunston |first2=Lara |last3=Thomas |first3=Amelia |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-609-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |last=Olmert |first=Yosef |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8133-0764-0 |editor-last=Rabinovich |editor-first=Itmar |volume=10 |editor-last2=Shaked |editor-first2=Haim}}
* {{Cite book |title=From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition |last=Phillips |first=David L. |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4128-0795-1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8133-1869-1 |editor-last=Ayalon |editor-first=Ami |volume=15}}
* {{Cite book |title=Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the First Years in Power |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-153-3}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|c=Category:Hafez al-Assad|d=yes|q=yes|s=yes|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
{{Portal|Biography|Politics|Middle East}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2000/death_of_assad/default.stm Syrian parliament backs Bashar]
* [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2013/04/2013415114923968435.html Syria: The Reckoning]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Umran]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense of Syria]]|years=1966–1972}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa Tlass]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Nureddin al-Atassi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Syria]]|years=1970–1971}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Rahman Kleifawi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmad al-Khatib]] Acting}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Syria]]|years=1971–2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] Acting}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nureddin al-Atassi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Secretary of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Command]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]|years=1970–2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bashar al-Assad]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{SyrianPresidents}}
{{SyrianPrimeMinisters}}
{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Arab nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Hafez Al-}}
[[Category:Hafez al-Assad| ]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Air force generals]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in the Arab world]]
[[Category:Assad family|Hafez al]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics in Asia]]
[[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:Muslim socialists]]
[[Category:People from Latakia Governorate]]
[[Category:People of the Islamic uprising in Syria]]
[[Category:People of the Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]
[[Category:Presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Air Force personnel]]
[[Category:Syrian Alawites]]
[[Category:Syrian mass murderers]]
[[Category:Syrian Arab nationalists]]
[[Category:Ministers of defense of Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian people of the Yom Kippur War]]
[[Category:20th-century Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Collars of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Syrian nationalists]]
[[Category:Torturers]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents in Asia]]
[[Category:National presidents who died in office]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the National Order of the Cedar]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of the 1982 Hama massacre]]
[[Category:Syrian war criminals]]

The Times of India

2026-03-17T08:27:42Z

Kenrique: small correct details for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Indian English-language daily newspaper}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Times of India
| motto = ''Let the Truth Prevail''
| logo = [[File:The_times_of_india.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| image = The Times of India cover 03-22-10.jpg
| caption = 20 August 2011 front page of ''The Time of India'' ([[Kolkata]] edition)
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = [[The Times Group]]
| editor = Jaideep Bose
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1838|11|03}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| publishing_country = India
| circulation = 1,872,442
| circulation_date = April 2023
| circulation_ref = <ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web |title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise) |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf |access-date=28 July 2023 |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)]] |url-status=live |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728074928/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf }}</ref>
| sister_newspapers = ''[[The Economic Times]]'' ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' ''[[Ei Samay]]'' ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' ''[[Times Now News]]''
| ISSN = 0971-8257
| oclc = 23379369
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''''The Times of India''''' ('''''TOI''''') is an Indian English-language [[Daily newspaper|daily news]] and digital news media. It is the [[List of newspapers in India by circulation|third-largest newspaper in India by circulation]] and the [[List of newspapers by circulation|largest selling English-language daily in the world]].{{efn|<ref name=ABCIND/>{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|p=706}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Westhead |first=Rick |date=5 February 2010 |title=It's the best of Times |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/02/05/its_the_best_of_times.html |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005225/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/02/05/its_the_best_of_times.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National Newspapers Total Circulation |year=2011 |url=http://www.ifabc.org/site/assets/media/National-Newspapers_total-circulation_IFABC_17-08-2012.xls |access-date=10 November 2014 |publisher=International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations (IFABC) |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820100451/http://www.ifabc.org/site/assets/media/National-Newspapers_total-circulation_IFABC_17-08-2012.xls |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="j690">{{cite web |title=Highest daily English-language newspaper circulation |website=Guinness World Records |date=12 May 2024 |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/92821-highest-daily-english-language-newspaper-circulation |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="r913">{{cite book |last=Natarajan |first=C.S. |title=National Words: A Solution to the National Language Problem of India |publisher=Notion Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-948147-14-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H91LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT179 |access-date=12 December 2024 |page=179}}</ref><ref name="n132">{{cite book |last=Dahiya |first=S. |title=Indian Media Giants: Unveiling Business Dynamics of Print Legacies in India |publisher=OUP India |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-91050-10-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymLdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |access-date=12 December 2024 |page=213}}</ref>}} It is the oldest English-language newspaper in India and the second-oldest Indian newspaper still in circulation, with its first edition published in 1838.{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=A126}} It is nicknamed "The Old Lady of [[Bori Bunder]]".{{sfn|Joseph|2005|p=227}}<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2013 |title=The old lady of Bori Bunder celebrates 175 yrs with panache |publisher=Exchange4Media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/the-old-lady-of-bori-bunder-celebrates-175-yrs-with-panache-50681.html |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322004209/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/the-old-lady-of-bori-bunder-celebrates-175-yrs-with-panache-50681.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It is considered a [[newspaper of record]].{{efn|{{sfn|Frost|Weingarten|Babington|LePan|2017|p=27}}{{sfn|Barton|Weller|Yilmaz|2014|p=28}}{{sfn|Anil|2023a|p=192}}{{sfn|Singh|2015|p=52}}<ref name="r166">{{cite arXiv |last1=Halterman |first1=Andrew |last2=Keith |first2=Katherine A. |last3=Sarwar |first3=Sheikh Muhammad |last4=Connor |first4=Brendan |title=Corpus-Level Evaluation for Event QA: The IndiaPoliceEvents Corpus Covering the 2002 Gujarat Violence |date=27 May 2021 |class=cs.CL |eprint=2105.12936}}</ref><ref name="c494">{{cite web |last=Caulfield |first=Mike |title=National Newspapers of Record |date=8 January 2017 |url=https://pressbooks.pub/webliteracy/chapter/national-newspapers-of-record/ |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Anil|2023b|p=25}}}}

Near the beginning of the 20th century, [[Lord Curzon]], the [[Viceroy of India]], called ''TOI'' "the leading paper in Asia".{{sfn|Malhan|2013|p=212}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/A-daily-in-the-life-of-India/articleshow/19684884.cms |title=A daily in the life of India |last=Bose |first=Jaideep |newspaper=TOI |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205125243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/A-daily-in-the-life-of-India/articleshow/19684884.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1991, the [[BBC]] ranked ''TOI'' among the world's six best newspapers.{{sfn|Baxi|Prasad|2005|p=167}}{{sfn|Aggarwal|Gupta|2001|p=128}} It is owned and published by [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] (BCCL), which is controlled by the [[Sahu Jain]] family. In the ''Brand Trust Report India'' study 2019, ''TOI'' was rated as the most trusted English newspaper in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRA's Brand Trust Report India Study 2019 |url=https://trustadvisory.info/tra/fullReportPdf/BTR2019.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021 |publisher=TRA Research Pvt. Ltd. |page=48 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729003709/http://trustadvisory.info/tra/fullReportPdf/BTR2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2026}} In a 2021 survey, the [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]] rated ''TOI'' the most trusted news brand among English-speaking online news users in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital News Report 2021 |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021 |website=Reuters Institute |date=23 June 2021 |page=135}}</ref><ref name="p758">{{cite web |last=Content |first=Afaqs! Partner |title=Trust in The Times of India: The Key to Its Continued Success as India's Most Trusted News Brand |website=afaqs! |date=24 April 2023 |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/marketing-initiatives/trust-in-the-times-of-india-the-key-to-its-continued-success-as-indias-most-trusted-news-brand |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref> Since the 2000s, the newspaper has also been criticised for establishing the practice of [[Paid news in India|accepting payments in exchange for positive coverage]] in the Indian news industry.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}

==History==
[[File:TimesOf Buildings.jpg|thumb|left|Times of India Buildings, {{circa|1898}}]]

===1800s===
====Beginnings====
[[File:Machinemen, pressmen and sepoys, in The Times of India office in Bombay, November 1898.jpg|thumb|[[Diamond jubilee|Diamond Jubilee]], November 1898]]
''TOI'' issued its first edition on 3 November 1838 as '''''The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce'''''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|date=15 April 2013|title=The Times of India|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Times-of-India|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="televisionpoint2006">{{cite web|date=26 April 2006|title=''The Times of India'' turns the Times of Colour|url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260|url-status=dead|access-date=16 October 2007|publisher=Televisionpoint.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> The paper was published on Wednesdays and Saturdays under the direction of Raobahadur [[Narayan Dinanath Velkar]], a Maharashtrian [[List of Marathi social reformers|social reformer]], and contained news from Britain and the world, as well as the [[Indian subcontinent]]. J. E. Brennan was its first editor. He died in 1839, and [[George Buist (journalist)|George Buist]] became the editor. It became a daily in 1850 under him. [[George Buist (journalist)|George Buist]] had a pro-British editorial policy, and a [[Parsi]] shareholder, Fardoonji Naoroji, wanted him to change it, particularly in the context of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. However, Buist refused to change his editorial policy or give up his editorial independence. After a shareholder's meeting he was replaced by [[Robert Knight (editor)|Robert Knight]].{{Sfn|Parhi|2008|p=32}}{{Sfn|Parthasarathy|1989|p=273}}{{Sfn|Naqvi|2007|p=58}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/life-and-times-of-an-editor-108111301061_1.html | title=Life and times of an editor | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | work=Dileep Padgaonkar | date=29 January 2013 | access-date=5 December 2018 | last1=Padgaonkar | first1=Dileep | archive-date=5 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193754/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/life-and-times-of-an-editor-108111301061_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1860, editor [[Robert Knight (editor)|Robert Knight]] (1825–1892) bought the Indian shareholders' interests, merged with rival ''Bombay Standard'', and started India's first news agency. It wired ''Times'' dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for [[Reuters]] news service. In 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay ''Times and Standard'' to ''The Times of India''. Knight fought for a press free of prior restraint or intimidation, frequently resisting the attempts by governments, business interests and cultural spokespeople, and led the paper to national prominence.{{Sfn|Hirschmann|2008}}{{Sfn|Lalvani|2016|p=383}} In the 19th century, this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and Europe.

====Bennett and Coleman ownership====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
Subsequently, ''TOI'' saw its ownership change several times until 1892 when an English journalist named [[Thomas Jewell Bennett]], along with Frank Morris Coleman (who later drowned in the 1915 sinking of the [[SS Persia (1900)|SS ''Persia'']]), acquired the newspaper through their new joint stock company, ''Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd''.

===1900s===
====Dalmia ownership====
Sir [[Stanley Reed (British politician)|Stanley Reed]] edited ''TOI'' from 1907 until 1924{{sfn|Baxi|Prasad|2005|p=168}} and received correspondence from major figures of India such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. In all, he lived in India for fifty years. He was respected in the United Kingdom as an expert on Indian current affairs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} [[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] was sold to sugar magnate [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]] of the industrial family, for {{INRConvert|20|m|lk=r|year=1946}} in 1946, as India became independent and the British owners left.{{Sfn|Kasbekar|2006|p=112}} In 1955, the [[Vivian Bose]] Commission of Inquiry found that Dalmia, in 1947, had engineered the acquisition of the media giant [[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co.]] by transferring money from a bank and an insurance company of which he was the chairman. In the court case that followed, Dalmia was sentenced to two years in [[Tihar Jail]] for embezzlement and fraud.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}} He managed to spend most of the jail term in hospital. Upon his release, his son-in-law, [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]], to whom he had entrusted the running of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., rebuffed his efforts to resume command of the company.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}

====Jain family (Shanti Prasad Jain)====
In the early 1960s, Shanti Prasad Jain was imprisoned for selling newsprint on the black market.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 May 1964|title=Indian Millionaires arrested|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]|via=[[Reuters]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-2JAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3701,623038|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611052440/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-2JAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3701,623038|url-status=live}}</ref> And based on the Vivian Bose Commission's earlier report which found wrongdoings of the Dalmia–Jain group, that included specific charges against Shanti Prasad Jain, the [[Government of India]] filed a petition to restrain and remove the management of Bennett, Coleman and Company. Based on the pleading, the judge hearing the petition directed the Government to assume control of the newspaper, which resulted in replacing half of the directors and appointing a Bombay High Court judge as the chairman.{{Sfn|Kohli-Khandekar|2013}}

====Under the government of India====
[[File:The Times of India 1988 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|''TOI'' on a 1988 stamp]]
[[File:The Times of India 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|''TOI'' on a 2013 stamp]]
Following the Vivian Bose Commission report indicating serious wrongdoings of the Dalmia–Jain group, on 28 August 1969, the Bombay High Court, under Justice J. L. Nain, passed an interim order to disband the existing board of Bennett, Coleman & Co and to constitute a new board under the Government. The bench ruled: "Under these circumstances, the best thing would be to pass such orders on the assumption that the allegations made by the petitioners that the affairs of the company were being conducted in a manner prejudicial to public interest and to the interests of the Company are correct."{{sfn|Malhan|2013|p=212}} Following that order, Shanti Prasad Jain ceased to be a director, and the company ran with new directors on board, appointed by the Government of India, except for a lone stenographer of the Jains. The court appointed [[Nanasaheb Kunte|D K Kunte]] as chairman of the board. Kunte had no prior business experience and was also an opposition member of the [[Lok Sabha]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

====Back to the Jain family====
In 1976, during the [[Emergency (India)|Emergency]] in India, the Government transferred ownership of the newspaper back to [[Ashok Kumar Jain]], who was Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain's son and Ramkrishna Dalmia's grandson. He is the father of the current owners [[Samir Jain]] and [[Vineet Jain]]).<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=Samanth|date=1 December 2012|title=Supreme Being: How Samir Jain created the modern Indian newspaper industry|magazine=[[The Caravan]]|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/supreme-being|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> The Jains too often landed themselves in various money laundering scams and [[Ashok Kumar Jain]] had to flee the country when the [[Enforcement Directorate]] pursued his case strongly in 1998 for alleged violations of illegal transfer of funds (to the tune of US$1.25 million) to an overseas account in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mitra|first=Sumit|date=7 July 1997|title=Trying times: Editorial changes in ''The Times of India'' raise disturbing questions|magazine=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19970707-a-b-vajpayee-accuse-i-k-gujral-of-shielding-tois-proprietor-ashok-jain-from-feras-case-830332-1997-07-07|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 July 1998|title=Ashok Jain arrested|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ashok-jain-arrested/|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611052441/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ashok-jain-arrested/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Sudha|last=Mahalingam|date=18–31 July 1998|title=Ashok Jain is arrested by the Enforcement Directorate|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1515/15151170.htm|url-status=dead|volume=15|issue=15|access-date=10 November 2014|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514051123/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1515/15151170.htm|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=6–19 June 1998|title=A newspaper scandal: Editorial changes in ''The Times of India'' raise disturbing questions|magazine=Frontline|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1512/15120860.htm|url-status=dead|volume=15|issue=12|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514045521/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1512/15120860.htm|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

====During the Emergency====
On 26 June 1975, the day after India declared [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]], the [[Bombay]] edition of ''TOI'' carried an entry in its obituary column that read "D.E.M. O'Cracy, beloved husband of T.Ruth, father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice expired on 25 June".{{Sfn|Austin|1999|p=295}} The move was a critique of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s 21-month state of emergency, now widely known as "the Emergency" and seen by many as a period of broadly [[authoritarian]] rule in the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 May 2011|title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live News]]|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html|archive-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>{{Sfn|Desai|1986|p=208}}

====''Bombay Times''====
The Bombay Times is a free supplement of The Times of India, in the [[Mumbai]] (formerly [[Bombay]]) region. It covers celebrity news, news features, international and national music news, international and national fashion news, and lifestyle and feature articles pegged to news events, both national and international, with local interest. The main paper covers national news. Over ten years of presence, it has become a benchmark for the Page 3 social scene.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} ''The Times of India''{{Mdash}}and hence the ''Bombay Times''{{Mdash}}are market leaders in terms of [[Newspaper circulation|circulation]]. The name of this supplement contains the word Bombay, which is the older Portuguese name for the city. It is not retained in the new supplement ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' that comes with ''Times of India''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===2000s===
In late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited (VPL). VPL previously published two Kannada newspapers, ''Vijay Karnataka'' and ''Usha Kiran'', and an English daily, ''Vijay Times''. ''Vijay Karnataka'' was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment at the time.<ref name=VPL>{{cite news|date=15 June 2006|title=Times Group acquires Vijayanand Printers|newspaper=TOI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Group-acquires-Vijayanand-Printers/articleshow/1651347.cms|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129134320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Group-acquires-Vijayanand-Printers/articleshow/1651347.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The paper launched a Chennai edition on 12 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN CM launches Chennai edition of Times of India|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tn-cm-launches-chennai-edition-of-times-of-india/articleshow/2949306.cms|date=13 April 2008|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819234427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tn-cm-launches-chennai-edition-of-times-of-india/articleshow/2949306.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It launched a Kolhapur edition in February 2013.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

====TOIFA Awards====
Introduced in 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=TOIFA 2013 nominations|newspaper=TOI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=8 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408020918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and awarded for the second time in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|date=21 March 2016|title=TOIFA 2016: 'Bajirao Mastani' Bags 6 Awards, Celebs Have a Rocking Night|newspaper=IndiaWest|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-bajirao-mastani-bags-awards-celebs-have-a-rocking-night/article_eb9c4f64-efba-11e5-a9e0-53e3fd5c3197.html|access-date=17 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522181810/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-bajirao-mastani-bags-awards-celebs-have-a-rocking-night/article_eb9c4f64-efba-11e5-a9e0-53e3fd5c3197.html|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> "[[Times of India Film Awards|The Times of India Film Awards]]" or the "TOIFA" is an award for the work in Film Industry decided by a global public vote on the nomination categories.<ref>{{cite web|title=About TOI Film Awards 2016|newspaper=TOI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-film-awards-2016/about-us/toifaabout.cms|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905034942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-film-awards-2016/about-us/toifaabout.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Editions and publications ==
[[File:Times of India Building.jpg|thumb|''TOI''{{'s}} first office is opposite the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in [[Mumbai]], where it was founded.<ref name="televisionpoint2006"/>]]
''TOI'' is published by the [[media group]] Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. The company, along with its other group of companies, known as [[The Times Group]], also publishes ''[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]'', ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'', ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', ''Pune Mirror''; ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]''; ''ET Panache'' ([[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]] on Monday to Friday) and ''ET Panache'' ([[Pune]] and [[Chennai]] on every Saturday); ''[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]]'', (a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] daily); ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', (a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] daily); ''[[Navbharat Times]]'', (a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] daily).

''TOI'' has its editions in major cities such as [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/mumbai|title=Online Mumbai Newspaper|newspaper=[[Mid Day]]|date=24 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-date=21 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421234649/http://www.mid-day.com/news/mumbai|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards hosted==
*[[Times of India Film Awards]] aka TOIFA
*[[Times of India Sports Awards]] aka TOISA
*Times Business Awards
*Times Food Awards
*Times of India Earth Care Awards

==Times Group Network==
*''[[The Speaking Tree]]'': A spiritual network intended to allow spiritual seekers to link spiritual seekers with established practitioners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/Digital/Times-Internet-launches-Hindi-version-of-Speaking-Tree_55373.html|title=Times Internet launches Hindi version of 'Speaking Tree'|publisher=Exchange4Media|date=17 April 2014|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028183509/http://www.exchange4media.com/digital/times-internet-launches-hindi-version-of-speaking-tree_55373.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Healthmeup'': A health, diet, and fitness website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.medianama.com/2011/03/223-indiatimes-launches-health-blog-healthmeup/|title=Indiatimes Launches Health Blog – HealthMeUp|first=Nikhil|last=Pahwa|publisher=Medianama|date=17 March 2011|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011509/https://www.medianama.com/2011/03/223-indiatimes-launches-health-blog-healthmeup/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Cricbuzz]]'': In November 2014, Times Internet acquired Cricbuzz, a website focused on [[cricket]] news.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 November 2014|title=Times Internet acquires cricbuzz|newspaper=TOI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Internet-acquires-Cricbuzz-com/articleshow/45096951.cms|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026070915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Internet-acquires-Cricbuzz-com/articleshow/45096951.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Criticism and controversies==
{{recentism|date=December 2019}}

===Paid news===
{{main|Paid news in India}}

''TOI'' has been criticised for being the first to institutionalise the practice of paid news in India, where politicians, businessmen, corporations and celebrities can pay the newspaper and its journalists would carry the desired news for the payor.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}}{{Sfn|Mudgal|2015|pp=100–120}} The newspaper offers prominence with which the paid news is placed and the page on which it is displayed based on the amount of the payment. According to this practice, a payment plan assures a news feature and ensures positive coverage to the payer.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}} In 2005, ''TOI'' began the practice of "private treaties", also called as "brand capital", where new companies, individuals or movies seeking mass coverage and public relations, major brands and organisations were offered sustained positive coverage and plugs in its news columns in exchange for shares or other forms of financial obligations to [[Bennett, Coleman & Company, Ltd.]] (BCCL) – the owners of ''TOI''.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}}

BCCL, with its "private treaties" programme, acquired stakes in 350 companies and generated 15% of its revenues by 2012, according to a critical article in ''[[The New Yorker]]''. The "paid news" and "private treaties" practice started by ''TOI'' has since been adopted by ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' group, the ''[[India Today]]'' group, the ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' group, and other major media groups in India including Indian television channels.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.indiatoday.com/specials/slideshow/power_list/jainbrothers_9.htm|magazine=India Today|title=50 Powerful People|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025065525/http://specials.indiatoday.com/specials/slideshow/power_list/jainbrothers_9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This division of the company was later renamed Brand Capital and has contracts in place with many companies in diverse sectors.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The "paid news" and "private treaties" blur the lines between content and advertising, with the favourable coverage written by the staff reporters on the payroll of ''TOI''.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}} The newspaper has defended its practice in 2012 by stating that it includes a note of disclosure to the reader – though in a small font – that its contents are "[[advertorial]], entertainment promotional feature", that they are doing this to generate revenues just like "all newspapers in the world do advertorials" according to ''TOI'' owners.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}} According to Maya Ranganathan, this overlap in the function of a journalist to also act as a marketing and advertisement revenue seeker for the newspaper raises conflict of interest questions, a problem that has morphed into ever-larger scale in India and recognised by India's [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] authority in July 2009.{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}}

Under an ad sales initiative called Medianet, if a large company or [[Bollywood]] studio sponsored a news-worthy event, the event would be covered by ''TOI,'' but the name of the company or studio that sponsored it would not be mentioned in the paper unless they paid ''TOI'' for advertising. In 2010, a report by a subcommittee of the [[Press Council of India]] found that Medianet's paid news strategy had spread to a large number of newspapers and more than five hundred television channels.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=123–125}} Critics state that the company's paid news and private treaties skew its coverage and shield its newspaper advertisers from scrutiny.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}

''The Hoot'', a media criticism website, has pointed out that when a lift in a 19-storey luxury apartment complex in Bangalore crashed—killing two workers and injuring seven—all the English language and [[Kannada]] language newspapers, with the exception of the ''TOI'', called out the name of the construction company, Sobha Developers, which was a private-treaty partner. An article titled "Reaping gold through Bt cotton"—which first appeared in the Nagpur edition of ''TOI'' in 2008—reappeared unchanged in 2011, this time with a small-print alert that the article was a "marketing feature". In both cases, the article was factually incorrect and made false claims about the success of [[Monsanto]]'s genetically modified cotton.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}

According to a critical article published in the Indian investigative news magazine ''[[The Caravan]]'', when the [[Honda]] Motors plant in [[Gurgaon]] experienced an eight-month-long conflict between management and non-unionised workers over wages and work conditions in 2005, the ''Times of India'' covered the concerns of Honda and the harm done to India's investment climate, and largely ignored the issues raised by workers.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}} [[Vineet Jain]], managing director of BCCL, has insisted that a wall does exist between sales and the newsroom, and that the paper does not give favourable coverage to the company's business partners. "Our editors don't know who we have," Jain said, although he later acknowledged that all private-treaty clients are listed on the company's website.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}} Ravindra Dhariwal, the former CEO of BCCL had defended private treaties in a 2010 interview with the magazine ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' and claims that the partners in the private treaties sign contracts where they agree to clauses that they will not receive any favourable editorial coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakurta |first=Paranjoy Guha |date=2012-11-21 |title=Decoding BCCL III: Seeking controversial revenue routes |url=https://paranjoy.in/article/decoding-bccl-iii-seeking-controversial-revenue-routes |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=paranjoy.in}}</ref>

===Anti-competitive behaviour===
There have been claims that ''TOI'' would strike deals with advertisers only if they removed their advertisements from other competitor newspapers.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}} ''TOI'' is also embroiled in an active lawsuit against the ''[[Financial Times]]''. In 1993, when the ''Financial Times'' was preparing to enter the Indian market, [[Samir Jain]], the vice-chairman of BCCL, registered the term "Financial Times" as a trademark of his company and declared it his intellectual property in an attempt to stymie the ''Financial Times'' and prevent them from competing with ''[[The Economic Times]]'', which is owned by BCCL.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}

In 1994, when the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' was the top-selling paper in New Delhi, ''TOI'' slashed their prices by a third, to one and a half rupees after having built up their ads sales force in preparation for the price drop to make up for the lost circulation revenue. By 1998, the ''Hindustan Times'' had dropped to second place in Delhi. ''TOI'' took a similar strategy in Bangalore where they dropped the price to one rupee despite protests from [[Siddharth Varadarajan]], one of the editors of the newspaper at the time, who called the strategy "predatory pricing".{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}

===Cobrapost sting operation===
In 2018, [[Vineet Jain]], managing director of BCCL, and Sanjeev Shah, executive president of BCCL, were caught on camera as part of a [[Undercover journalism|sting operation]] by [[Cobrapost]] agreeing to promote right-wing content through the group's many media properties for a proposed spend of {{INRConvert|5|b|year=2018}}, some of which the client said could only be paid with black money.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/media/times-group-vineet-jain-sting-operation-cobrapost|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|title=At the Times Group, Cobrapost Sting Shows How Cash is King|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404072503/https://thewire.in/media/times-group-vineet-jain-sting-operation-cobrapost|url-status=live}}</ref> BCCL has responded to the sting claiming that the video that was released by [[Cobrapost]] was "doctored" and "incomplete" and that the CEO Vineet Jain was engaged in a "reverse-sting" of his own to expose the undercover reporter during the filming of the video.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/media/times-group-says-vineet-jain-was-conducting-reverse-sting-on-cobrapost|publisher=The Wire (India)|title=Times Group Says Vineet Jain Was Conducting 'Reverse Sting' on Cobrapost|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111453/https://thewire.in/media/times-group-says-vineet-jain-was-conducting-reverse-sting-on-cobrapost|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable employees==
* [[Sham Lal (journalist)|Sham Lal]], editor
* [[Girilal Jain]], editor and scholar
* [[Samir Jain]], vice-chairman
'''Publisher'''
* [[Vineet Jain]], managing director
* [[Jug Suraiya]], associate editor, columnist of "Jugular Vein", and ''Dubyaman II'' [[cartoonist]]
* [[Swaminathan Aiyar]], columnist of "Swaminomics"
* [[R. K. Laxman]], ''You Said It'' editorial cartoon featuring the famous [[The Common Man|Common Man]]
* [[M. J. Akbar]], columnist of "The Siege Within" and former editorial team member
* [[Chetan Bhagat]], columnist of ''Sunday TOI''
* [[Shashi Tharoor]], columnist of "Shashi on Sunday"
* [[V. D. Trivadi]], humorist
* [[Twinkle Khanna]], columnist of "Mrs. Funnybones"
* [[Swapan Dasgupta]], columnist of ''Sunday TOI''

==See also==
*[[Times LitFest]], an annual literary festival in Delhi, organised by ''TOI'' in partnership with Rajnigandha

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Vir Bala|last2=Gupta|first2=V. S.|year=2001|title=Handbook of Journalism and Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCIf8MM1ZlAC&pg=PA128|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-880-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Anil | first=Pratinav | title=Another India: The Making of the World's Largest Muslim Minority, 1947–77 | publisher=[[Hurst Publishers]] | year=2023a | isbn=978-1-80526-074-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUK5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 | edition=Illustrated }}
* {{cite book | last=Anil | first=Pratinav | title=Another India | publisher=[[Penguin Random House India Private Limited]] | year=2023b | isbn=978-93-5708-843-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4DyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 }}
* {{cite magazine|last=Auletta|first=Ken|author-link=Ken Auletta|date=8 October 2012|title=Citizens Jain – Why India's Newspaper Industry is Thriving.|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain|pages=52–61}}
* {{cite book|last=Austin|first=Granville|author-link=Granville Austin|year=1999|title=Working a democratic constitution: the Indian experience|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295|isbn=978-0195648881|location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Greg|last2=Weller|first2=Paul|last3=Yilmaz|first3=Ihsan|year=2014|title=The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZzNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|publisher=[[A & C Black]]|isbn=978-1-4411-5873-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Baxi|first1=C. V.|last2=Prasad|first2=Ajit|year=2005|title=Corporate Social Responsibility: Concepts and Cases : the Indian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AB_u44-xJOUC&pg=PA167|publisher=Excel Books India|isbn=978-81-7446-449-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|year=2009|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=PA126|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Desai|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal|author-link=Akshay Ramanlal Desai|year=1986|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|location=Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA208|isbn=978-0861321308}}
* {{cite book|last1=Frost|first1=Corey|last2=Weingarten|first2=Karen|last3=Babington|first3=Doug|last4=LePan|first4=Don|author-link4=Don LePan|last5=Okun|first5=Maureen|year=2017|title=The Broadview Guide to Writing: A Handbook for Students|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rGhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|publisher=[[Broadview Press]]|isbn=978-1-55481-313-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Hirschmann|first=Edwin|year=2008|title=Robert Knight: Reforming Editor in Victorian India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpQLAQAAMAAJ|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-569622-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Joseph|first=Ammu|author-link=Ammu Joseph|year=2005|title=Making News: Women in Journalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQRlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA227|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-14-400057-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kaminsky|first1=Arnold P.|last2=Long|first2=Roger D.|year=2011|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA706|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-0-313-37463-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Kasbekar|first=Asha|year=2006|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA112|isbn=978-1-85109-636-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Indian Media Business|year=2013|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeb3nQEACAAJ|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-8132113560}}
* {{cite book|last=Lalvani|first=Kartar|author-link=Kartar Lalvani|year=2016|title=The Making of India: The Untold Story of British Enterprise|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|url={{GBurl|q4SlCwAAQBAJ|p=383}}|isbn=978-1-4729-2484-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Malhan|first=Sangita P. Menon|year=2013|title=THE TOI STORY: How A Newspaper Changed The Rules Of The Games|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers India]]|location=Noida|url={{GBurl|ybzjAAAAQBAJ|p=212}}|isbn=978-9350296646}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mudgal |first=Vipul |title=Media Ethics and Justice in the Age of Globalization |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-349-50520-3 |location=London |pages=100–120 |chapter=News for Sale: 'Paid News', Media Ethics, and India’s Democratic Public Sphere |doi=10.1057/9781137498267_6 |editor-last=Rao |editor-first=S. |editor-last2=Wasserman |editor-first2=H.}}
* {{cite book | last=Naqvi | first=Hena | title=Journalism and Mass Communication | publisher=Upkar Prakashan | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-7482-108-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhqnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Asima Ranjan |title=Indian English through newspapers |date=2008 |publisher=Concept Pub. Co |isbn=978-81-8069-507-0 |edition=1. publ |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pPLnk1RyHEC}}
* {{cite book|last=Parthasarathy|first=Rangaswami|year=1989|title=Journalism in India: from the earliest times to the present day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_5kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA273|publisher=[[Sterling Publishers]]|isbn=9788120708976}}
*{{cite book|last1= Rodrigues|first1=Usha M.|last2=Ranganathan|first2=Maya|title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RqJCwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-93-5150-158-9|pages=121–127|chapter=Paid News: Cocktail of Media, Business and Politics}}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Prema | title=How Solidarity Works for Welfare: Subnationalism and Social Development in India | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-107-07005-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=229bCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Hirschmann|first=Edwin|year=1986|title=An Editor Speaks for the Natives: Robert Knight in 19th Century India|journal=[[Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|Journalism Quarterly]]|volume=63|issue=2|doi=10.1177/107769908606300202|pages=260–267|s2cid=145297377 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=John Calhoun |author-link=John C. Merrill |title=The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers |last2=Fisher |first2=Harold A. |date=1980 |publisher=Hastings House |isbn=978-0-8038-8095-5 |series=Communication arts books |location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatdaili0000merr/page/n330/mode/1up 330]–[https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatdaili0000merr/page/n333/mode/1up 333]}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/ ''The Times of India'' ePaper] (E-Paper – Digital replica of the newspaper)

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Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega

2026-03-15T20:56:19Z

Kenrique:

{{Short description|2018 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega Title Card.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Ved Raj Srivastava
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Manasvi Arya
| screenplay = Shweta Bhardwaj
| story = Ved Raj Sudhir Kumar Singh Aakriti Atreja
| director = Vaibhav Singh Dharmendra Sharma
| creative_director = Vidhi Tandon
| starring = [[Kanika Mann]] [[Nishant Singh Malkani]] [[Savi Thakur]]
| theme_music_composer = Puneet Dixit
| opentheme = ''Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega''
| endtheme =
| composer = Puneet Dixit
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 595
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ved Raj
| cinematography = Shabir Nayak Munaaf, Jitendra
| editor = Sanjay Singh Manish Upadhyay
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Shoonya Square Productions
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|09|03|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|01|26|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega''''' ({{Translation|Guddan, You Can't Do It!}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]] television series which aired from 3 September 2018 to 26 January 2021 on [[Zee TV]] and is digitally available on the [[ZEE5]]. It was produced by Ved Raj for Shoonya Square Productions. The series starred [[Kanika Mann]] and [[Nishant Singh Malkani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-bids-adieu-after-a-successful-2-year-run/article_9fd8d578-5b73-11eb-aea2-6fab14298eb0.html|title='Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega' Bids Adieu After a Successful 2-Year Run|website=Indiawest.com|access-date=2021-01-23|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003440/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-bids-adieu-after-a-successful-2-year-run/article_9fd8d578-5b73-11eb-aea2-6fab14298eb0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After a leap it starred Kanika Mann and Savi Thakur.<ref>{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE! Kanika Mann on 'Guddan - Tumse Na Ho Payega' ending: I went numb after reading the script of the last scene - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kanika-mann-on-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-ending-i-was-numb-while-reading-the-script-of-the-last-scene/articleshow/80269435.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Guddan Gupta, a kind young woman in [[Indore]], marries billionaire chef Akshat Jindal to save her step-sister's life. Guddan's mother died when she was young; she was raised by her father, Bhushan Gupta, and stepmother Kaushlya Gupta, who dislikes her. Guddan feels guilty for being unable to save her birth mother. Her stepmother criticizes her, saying ''"Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega!"'' (translated, Guddan You Can't Do It!) Guddan's support system is Bhushan and her step-sister, Revati Gupta.

Widower Akshat Jindal lost his first wife, Antara, in a traumatic accident which drove him into a world of his own. An unemotional, no-nonsense person, he is a father figure to his three nephews, the children of his elder brother, Avinash Jindal, and their wives. They love and fear him too.

Guddan marries Akshat; although she annoys him, he protects and supports her. She slowly develops self-confidence, and he begins to feel emotions he does not understand. Earlier in their marriage, Akshat thought that Guddan married him for his money; later, he begins to appreciate her innocence and kindness. During their wedding reception, he learns that Kaushlya deceitfully arranged their marriage. After realizing that he had misunderstood Guddan, Akshat begins to trust her and appreciates her care for his mother.

Police officer Vikram Rawat, Antara's elder brother, forced Guddan to stay with Akshat to collect evidence that Akshat killed Antara. Although Guddan hides her knowledge about Vikram's intentions from Akshat and the rest of the family, she defends Akshat when Vikram arrests him. Akshat learns that Guddan was staying at his house to gather evidence against him, and breaks her [[mangala sutra]].

Akshat's younger brother, Angad Jindal, is mentally ill and was believed to be partially responsible for Antara's death. Akshat hides Angad from the police, and is annoyed when Guddan brings Angad back to Akshat's house.

The entire Jindal family celebrates [[Holi]] in [[Goa]]. Akshat tries to replace Guddan's mangala sutra; however, she wants him to do so when he accepts her with his heart and not from social pressure. After Angad stabs Akshat, Akshat accepts Guddan wholeheartedly as his wife.

Antara, thought to be dead, reappears and tries to destroy Akshat and Guddan's relationship as Guddan's faith in him is shaken. Angad is killed by Antara's henchmen. On Akshat and Guddan's honeymoon (arranged by Angad), AJ shoots her and she falls from a cliff.

When AJ sees Guddan, he is shocked. Revati has married Inspector Parv Singh. Guddan asks AJ why he shot her. He says that he wanted to keep her from learning about Revati's hatred of her, which Guddan knows was fueled by Antara. Guddan confronts Revati, who wants to destroy Guddan and Akshat's happiness.

Alisha (Akshat and Antara's daughter) appears at the Jindal house during a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]. A devastated Guddan leaves Akshat, although they still love each other. She begins a relationship with AJ, and believes that she is pregnant with their child. Antara tries to kill her, and is arrested. When AJ thinks that Guddan has aborted the baby because he is working with Antara, he marries Antara in revenge.

===4 years later===
Guddan is a successful actress in [[Mumbai]]. In Indore, Akshat has become an impoverished alcoholic; Antara runs the house. Guddan comes to Indore to promote her film, and she and Akshat meet again. Akshat and Guddan meet several times leading them to clear their misunderstandings. They reunite and consummate their marriage, and after some time, Guddan is revealed to be pregnant. The family enjoys good times; Guddan gives birth to a baby girl, and they name her Choti Guddan. Then Avinash and Ganga arrive; Akshat's elder brother and his wife. Dadi initially refuses to forgive them, but Guddan makes Dadi forgive them. Avinash and Ganga pretend to be nice in the beginning, but soon show their true colors when they kidnap Choti Guddan. Akshat and Guddan rescue their baby but are mortally wounded. Guddan and Akshat talk about how they met, fell in love, and united.In the end, they both say l love you to one another. Akshat dies, but Guddan survives, though she loses her memory.

===20 years later===
Choti Guddan is an adult and runs Akshat's restaurant. Agastya joins Guddan as her manager and steals her restaurant for his mother, Pushpa. Later it is revealed that he is Chikoo. After some time, Guddan comes back and fights for her daughter, but the in-laws of Choti Guddan think she is mentally ill, which Agastya refuses to believe. Agastya and Choti Guddan's reunite, and Guddan, Choti Guddan's mother, returns. It is shown that Guddan is missing Akshat and talking to his photo that hangs on the wall.

The show ends with Guddan telling her fan viewers that she loves them and will come back to remind them if they do forget her. She gives her last goodbye.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Kanika Mann]] as in [[dual role]]s as
** Guddan Gupta Jindal: Sumati and Bhushan's daughter; Kaushalya's step-daughter; Revati's half-sister; Akshat's widow; Jr. Guddan's mother; Alisha's foster mother (2018–2021)
** Jr. Guddan Jindal Birla: Guddan and Akshat's daughter; Alisha's half-sister; Aarav's cousin sister, Agastya's wife (2020–2021)
* [[Nishant Singh Malkani]] as Akshat "AJ" Jindal: Kalpana's second son; Avinash and Angad's brother; Antara's ex-husband; Guddan's husband; Jr. Guddan and Alisha's father (2018–2020)
* Savi Thakur as Agastya Birla: Pushpa's son; Aarushi's brother; Mani's cousin; Nia's ex-boyfriend; Jr. Guddan's husband (2020–2021)

===Recurring===
* Shweta Mahadik as Durga Chaubey Jindal: Rocky's sister; Kishore's wife; Aarav's mother (2018–2020)
* Sehrish Ali as Lakshmi Jindal: Vardaan's wife (2018–2020)
* Rashmi Gupta as Saraswati Singh Jindal: Parv's sister; Rahul's wife (2018–2020)
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Antara Rawat: Vikram's sister; Akshat's ex-wife; Alisha's mother (2019–2020)
* [[Rehaan Roy]] as Police Inspector Parv Singh: Saraswati's brother; Siddhi's husband (2018–2020)
* Lalit Singh as Goon: Restaurant from Guddan (2020)
* Daljeet Soundh as Kalpana Jindal: Avinash, Angad and Akshat's mother; Kishore, Vardaan, Rahul and Jr. Guddan's grandmother; Alisha's foster grandmother; Aarav's great-grandmother (2018–2020)
* Srishti Mitra as Revati Gupta: Bhushan and Kaushalya's daughter; Guddan's half-sister; Angad's lover (2018–2020)
* Anuj Kohli as Kishore Jindal: Avinash's eldest son; Ganga's step-son; Rahul and Vardaan's brother; Durga's husband; Aarav's father (2018–2020)
* Mayank Verma as Vardaan Jindal: Avinash's youngest son; Ganga's step-son; Kishore and Rahul's brother; Lakshmi's husband (2018–2020)
* Trishna Vivek as Kaushalya Gupta: Bhushan's second wife; Revati's mother; Guddan's step-mother; Jr. Guddan's step-grandmother (2018–2020)
* Subhashish Chakraborty as Bhushan Gupta: Sumati's widower; Kaushalya's husband; Guddan and Revati's father; Jr. Guddan's grandfather (2018–2020)
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Avinash Jindal: Kalpana's eldest son; Angad and Akshat's brother; Ganga's husband; Kishore, Vardaan and Rahul's father; Aarav's grandfather (2020)
* Neha Yadav as Ganga Jindal: Avinash's second wife; Kishore, Vardaan and Rahul's stepmother (2020)
* Jatin Shah as Vikram Rawat: Antara's brother (2018–2019)
* Anjali Ujawane as Shanti Gupta (2019)
* Garima Dixit as Siddhi Singh: Parv's wife (2018–2019)
* [[Manan Joshi]] as Rocky Chaubey: Durga's brother (2019)
* Achal Tankwal as Angad Jindal: Kalpana's youngest son; Akshat and Avinash's brother; Revati's lover (2019)
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2019)|Palak Jain]] as Alisha Jindal (formerly Goel): Antara and Akshat's daughter; Guddan's foster daughter; Jr. Guddan's half-sister; Vikrant's ex-wife; Aarav's cousin (2019) (Dead)
* [[Pawan Shankar]] as Vikrant Goel: Alisha's ex-husband; Akshat's enemy (2019)
* Anahita Jhanbaksh as Pushpa Birla: Agastya and Aarushi's mother (2020–2021)
* Nirmala Chandra as Sonalika Birla: Agastya and Arushi's aunt; Mani's mother (2020-2021)
* Drashti Bhanushali as Rashi Birla (2020–2021)
* Pratham Kunwar as Mani Birla: Sonalika's son; Agastya and Aarushi's cousin (2020–2021)
* Abhinandan Jindal as Aarav Jindal: Durga and Kishore's son; Jr. Guddan and Alisha's cousin (2020–2021)
* Shalini Mahal as Aarushi Birla: Pushpa's daughter; Agastya's sister; Mani's cousin (2020–2021)
* Maera Mishra as Niya: Agastya's girlfriend (2020–2021)
* Piyush Singh as Vinay: Antara's Assistant (2019)

==Production==
In January 2020, the series timeline advanced four years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 January 2020|title=Guddan Tumse Na ho Payega 4-year-leap: Guddan becomes an actress|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/video/-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-4-year-leap-guddan-becomes-an-actress-1639195-2020-01-22|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref> Its production and broadcast were halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19]] outbreak in India.<ref name="thequint.com">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 May 2020|title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Filming of television series and films was halted on 19 March. It was expected to resume on 1 April, but could not; the series' remaining episodes were broadcast on 24 March.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|last=|first=|date=23 March 2020|website=Live Mint|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia.com">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Entertainment industry welcomes Maharashtra govt's move to resume filming projects|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> Production resumed on 28 June 2020, with broadcasts scheduled to resume on 13 July.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-29|title='Kumkum Bhagya', 'Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega' among shows back with new episodes from July 13|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/kumkum-bhagya-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-among-shows-back-with-new-episodes-from-july-13-2292591.html|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2020, a special episode was filmed at the cast members' homes. On 22 June 2020, ''Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega'' began streaming on the ZEE5 digital platform as lockdown-special episodes in which the cast reminisced about past episodes and discussed their lockdown routines.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In May 2020, amid rumors that [[Nishant Singh Malkani]] was leaving the series, the time jump was cited as a factor. Malkani said, "Because post leap they will be showing a story of a young girl who is supposedly Guddan and my daughter. Since Kanika (Mann) will be playing the daughter's role as well, it makes sense for her but does not leave much scope for me. I won't be able to play a 50-year-old father and they also don't want me to play that at this age. So it is a mutual decision,"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 May 2020|title=Nishant Malkani bids adieu to his ZEE TV show Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/nishant-malkani-bids-adieu-to-his-zee-tv-show-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Eastern Eye}}</ref> Producer Ved Raj said about the time jump, "This decision has nothing to do with the lockdown. We had planned to introduce a time leap and a new track much before that. We realized that there was nothing left to explore in the original story. The new storyline seems promising. It's just that the plan couldn't be executed earlier because everything came to a halt owing to the lockdown."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 June 2020|title=Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega team shoots for show's promo|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-shoot-from-home-6454357/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
The series' audience was unhappy with the time shift and Malkani's departure, expressing their displeasure in emails and on social media.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega: Fans mail Zee TV and request the makers to not replace Nishant Malkani |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-fans-mail-zee-tv-and-request-makers-not-replace-nishant-malkani-556204 |website=pinkvilla.com|date=13 August 2020 }}</ref> Savi Thakur, known for his role in ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'', joined the cast in August 2020 as male lead Agastya Birla in the new timeline.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/savi-thakur-ive-learnt-discipline-and-punctuality-from-my-dad/articleshow/78190125.cms Savi Thakur: I've learnt discipline and punctuality from my dad]</ref>

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega'' गुड्डन तुमसे ना हो पायेगा
| 3 September 2018
| [[Zee TV]]
| 26 January 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Hitler Gari Pellam]]'' హిట్లర్ గారి పెళ్ళాం
| 17 August 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 22 January 2022
| rowspan="8"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Thirumathi Hitler]]'' திருமதி ஹிட்லர்
| 14 December 2020
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 8 January 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'' മിസിസ്. ഹിറ്റ്ലർ
| 19 April 2021
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 11 June 2023
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Hitler Kalyana]]'' ಹಿಟ್ಲರ್ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ
| 9 August 2021
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 14 March 2024
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tomar Khola Hawa]]'' তোমার খোলা হাওয়া
| 12 December 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 29 July 2023
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''[[Tu Khara Mun Chhai]]'' ତୁ ଖରା ମୁଁ ଛାଇ
| 2 January 2023
| [[Zee Sarthak]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Navri Mile Hitlerla]]'' नवरी मिळे हिटलरला
| 18 March 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 25 May 2025
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Heer Tey Tedhi Kheer'' ਹੀਰ ਤੈ ਟੇਢੀ ਖੀਰ
| 1 April 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 29 March 2025
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Puneet Dixit
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 35:31
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = Ved Raj
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

''Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega''{{'s}} soundtrack was composed by Puneet Dixit.
{{Track listing
| extra_column= Singer(s)
|title1= Guddan Tumse Naa Ho Paayega
|extra1= Rakesh Maini, [[Shuchita Vyas]], Vini Gora and Chitrlekha Sen
|lyrics1= Mansvi Arya
|length1=3:55
|title2= Lakeerein
|extra2= Esha Gaur and Puneet Dixit
|lyrics2=Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
|length2=5:00
|title3= Ishq Nahi Aasaan
|extra3=[[Sonu Nigam]], Esha Gaur, Shashi Sumeet Mittal and Puneet Dixit
|lyrics3=Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay |length3=6:30
|title4=Tum Ho
|extra4=Esha Gaur and Puneet Dixit |lyrics4= Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
|length4=6:39
|title5=Sang Hoon Tere
|extra5= Asit Tripathi and Esha Gaur
|lyrics5= Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
|length5=6:39
|title6=Chaina
|extra6=Vipin Aneja and Puneet Dixit
|lyrics6= Priyanka R Bala
|length6=4:12
|title7 = Lakeerein 2.0
|extra7= Puneet Dixit
|lyrics7= Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
|length7= 3:56
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega/0-6-tvshow_1603815665 ''Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt8903210}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Racha (film)

2026-03-10T21:08:06Z

Kenrique: started first info added tags

{{short description|2012 film by Sampath Nandi}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Racha
| image = Racha poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Sampath Nandi]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[R. B. Choudary]]
*N. V. Prasad
*Paras Jain
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Sampath Nandi
*[[Paruchuri brothers]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ram Charan]]
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
*[[Ajmal Ameer]]
*[[Mukesh Rishi]]
}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = [[Gautam Raju]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films|Megaa Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|04|05|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 144 minutes
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Racha''''' ({{translation|Chaos/Uproar}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Sampath Nandi]] and produced by [[Super Good Films|Megaa Super Good Films]]. The film stars [[Ram Charan]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], alongside [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Dev Gill]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Brahmanandam]] with [[R. Parthiban]] appearing in a cameo. The film marks the Telugu debuts of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] actors Ajmal Ameer and R. Parthiban. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Sameer Reddy]] and Gautham Raju respectively.

[[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2011 and was shot in various locations, mainly in [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], apart from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangkok]]. It was also shot in [[Anji County]] of [[China]], which is the first in Telugu cinema.

''Racha'' was released worldwide on 5 April 2012 to positive reviews from critics. The film emerged as a commercial success grossing over ₹81 crore at the box office with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of ₹45 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2012 |title=Racha Final Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=415&cid=6&fid=517 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref> The film received four nominations at the [[60th Filmfare Awards South]], where it won the award for best choreography. It also received five nominations at [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]].

== Plot ==
Raj, a successful gambler, lives in [[Hyderabad]] with his adoptive parents, who support his means of living. Tragedy strikes the family when his adopted father is diagnosed with [[cirrhosis|liver cirrhosis]] due to [[alcoholism]]. Raj needs {{INR}}20 lakh for his father's [[liver transplantation]], which must be done within a month. While on a lookout for money, Raj is approached by his rival James, with a betting challenge. James gives a task to Raj to make Chaitra, a medicine student and the daughter of Bellary, a dreaded crime boss, fall in love with him before [[New Year's Eve]], in exchange for providing money for his father's operation.

Desperate for the money, Raj takes up the challenge and begins wooing Chaitra, who reciprocates his advances. Bellary learns about their relationship and sends his henchmen to kill the couple on the night of New Year's Eve. Raj and Chaitra dodge the henchmen and escape to [[Srisailam]]. Bellary, with the help of his corrupt minister-friend Baireddanna and Baireddanna's [[Dubai]]-based son, begins a search for them. At Srisailam, James rescues the couple from Bellary's henchmen, but gets stabbed by Baireddanna's son, who also kidnaps Chaitra. An injured James reveals that he was sent by his father to protect them and reveals about Raj's past.

'''Past''': Raj's father Suryanarayana is a respected landlord in [[Rayadurgam|Rayadurga]], and his best friend Raghupathy is a business tycoon and Chaitra's biological father. Chaitra and Raj were childhood friends. Bellary, Raghupathy's brother-in-law, finds about the presence of [[iron ore]] under Raghupathy's land. Bellary, along with Baireddanna, decides to exploit the ore for their benefits. When Suryanarayana and Raghupathy objects, they and their families, except Raj and Chaitra, are killed by Bellary and Baireddanna. Chaitra is adopted by Bellary, who planned to kill her when she becomes an adult so that he could acquire Raghupathy's land.

'''Present''': James reveals that his father, who is Bellary's PA, had revealed the past to Chaitra, who decided to avenge her father's death. Chaitra had learnt about Raj and his love for making bets from James, where she and James's father told him to trap Raj by placing the bet so that Bellary and Baireddanna can be destroyed using him. Learning this, Raj decides to avenge his father's death and kills Bellary, Baireddanna and his son at Rayadurga. Raj rescues Chaitra, who was badly injured by Bellary, and they distribute Raghupathy and Suryanarayana's land to the villagers.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ram Charan]] as Raj "Cherry"
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Chaitra "Ammu"
*[[Ajmal Ameer]] as James
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Bellary, Chaitra's uncle
*[[Dev Gill]] as Naga Reddy, Baireddy's son
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Baireddy
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Raghupathi, Chaitra's father
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Dr Rangeela
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Papa Rao
*[[Diksha Panth]] as Basanthi, Papa Rao's girlfriend
*[[Paruchuri brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, James's father
*[[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Raj's friend
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] J. P. D. Souza
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Janaki, Bellary's wife
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu Raj's friend
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Raj's friend
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Bobby, Raj's friend
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Raj's adoptive father
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Raj's adoptive mother
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Chaitra's bodyguard
*[[Mukhtar Khan]] as police officer
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Subramanyam, Raj's uncle
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as KP
*[[Fish Venkat]] as Venkat
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Slum Member
*[[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as villager
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as waiter
*[[Uttej]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]] as villager
*[[Shriya Sharma]] as Chaitra's sister
*[[Geetha Singh]] as KP's sister
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Raj's aunt
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as a slum member
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Raj's friend
*Junior Relangi as a religious man
;Cameo appearances
*[[R. Parthiban]] as Suryanarayana, Raj's late biological father
*[[Pragathi]] as Raj's late biological mother
*[[Lisa Haydon]] in the title song
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[R. B. Choudary]], in association with N. V. Prasad and Paras Jain, produced a film titled ''Merupu'' directed by [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]], starring [[Ram Charan]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]] whose production began on 30 April 2010. There was no proper script except a vague one-line for the film and a song was shot with Charan. After the release of ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' (2010), Charan and the producers asked Dharani to come up with a complete script. Dharani narrated it to Charan and his father [[Chiranjeevi]]. When Dharani quoted a high budget, Chiranjeevi and the producers suggested a reduction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2011 |title=Merupu in trouble |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/merupu-in-trouble-news-telugu-lbzpQljdfbdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119091826/http://www.sify.com/movies/merupu-in-trouble-news-telugu-lbzpQljdfbdsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

After completing a schedule, ''Merupu'' was shelved and later, N. V. Prasad approved a script narrated by [[Sampath Nandi]] and announced in late February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Ram Charan in Sampath's film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-in-sampath-s-film-news-telugu-lczqOmjehagsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119092546/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-in-sampath-s-film-news-telugu-lczqOmjehagsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's official launch ceremony was conducted on 12 June 2011 at [[Suresh Productions|Ramanaidu Studios]] in [[Hyderabad]] where the film's working title was announced as ''Racha''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2011 |title=Ramcharan's Rachcha launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ramcharan-s-rachcha-launched-news-news-lgnqIbfjbbgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119093054/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramcharan-s-rachcha-launched-news-news-lgnqIbfjbbgsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Mani Sharma]] was signed to compose the film's music. [[Sameer Reddy]] was recruited as the film's cinematographer while [[Raju Sundaram]] and Shobi choreographed the songs along with [[Prem Rakshith]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The film's Telugu logo was unveiled on 14 February 2012 and the title was confirmed as ''Racha,'' where the first two letters were taken from Ram and the other three letters were taken from Charan.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The first look poster featuring Charan was unveiled on 18 February 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2012 |title=First Look: Ram Charan Teja in 'Racha' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/first-look-ram-charan-teja-in-racha/231506-5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124152432/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/first-look-ram-charan-teja-in-racha/231506-5.html |archive-date=24 November 2014 |access-date=24 November 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Charan left for an international trip for a complete make-over of his attire and practised different dancing steps as part of his homework for the film.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} He also underwent training in strict physical exercise for about 45 days at David Barton's gym.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Reports in early March 2011 suggested that [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] would be signed in as the female lead, who was finalised for the same in mid May 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=Tamannaah opposite Ram Charan? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-opposite-ram-charan-news-news-ldhrxyjgiiasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119110836/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-opposite-ram-charan-news-news-ldhrxyjgiiasi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She was confirmed to play the role of a rich who falls in love with a poor man.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2011 |title=Tamannaah's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-s-next-news-news-lh1rvOdhcbjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119112546/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-s-next-news-news-lh1rvOdhcbjsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She later revealed in an interview that her character is integral to the film's main plot and its layers get revealed as the film progresses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=4 April 2012 |title=I dont have a glamarous role in Rachcha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah/20120404.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625103456/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah/20120404.htm |archive-date=25 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

[[R. Parthiban]] made a [[cameo appearance]] as Charan's father in the film, marking his Telugu debut who accepted it after Nandi explained the role's importance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Parthiban's role in Racha |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-03/parthiban-racha-20-02-12.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119113117/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-03/parthiban-racha-20-02-12.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Ajmal Ameer]]'s inclusion in the film's cast was confirmed in late July 2011.<ref name="Ajmal">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2011 |title=Ajmal to play baddie in Racha |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Ajmal-to-play-baddie-in-Racha/articleshow/9322306.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119101025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Ajmal-to-play-baddie-in-Racha/articleshow/9322306.cms |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He revealed later that every character in the film would be introduced through his character which would be a cameo, adding that it would be an impactful one bringing twists in the story. He could not dub for his role as he was shooting for a Tamil film in [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=4 April 2012 |title=Ajmal: I play a key role in Rachcha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-ajmal-ameer/20120404.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625104114/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-ajmal-ameer/20120404.htm |archive-date=25 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Brahmanandam]] and [[Krishna Bhagavaan]] were included in the film's cast in early October 2011.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2011 |title=High on romance |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/high-on-romance/article2504688.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121458/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/high-on-romance/article2504688.ece |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Dev Gill]] was signed to play one of the antagonists. He revealed that all his action sequences will be with Ram Charan only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=1 January 2012 |title=Hyderabad gave him everything |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/hyderabad-gave-him-everything/article2764516.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119101230/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/hyderabad-gave-him-everything/article2764516.ece |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Lisa Haydon]] performed an [[item number]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=25 January 2012 |title=Lisa Haydon enriches masala element in Ram Charan's Racha |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/lisa-haydon-ram-charan-teja-racha-250112.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119112723/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/lisa-haydon-ram-charan-teja-racha-250112.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2011 at [[Hyderabad]]. The next schedule began at [[Sri Lanka]] in early July 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=7 July 2011 |title=Ram Charan-Tamanna off to Sri Lanka |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2011/ram-charan-teja-tamanna-sri-lanka-070711-aid0017.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119141439/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2011/ram-charan-teja-tamanna-sri-lanka-070711-aid0017.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> Tamannaah joined the film's sets on 7 July 2011 and she revealed that the film would be shot in the [[Forests of Sri Lanka|jungles of Sri Lanka]] in a long schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreedhar |first=Sridevi |date=7 July 2011 |title=Dhanush is my good friend: Tamannaah |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-is-my-good-friend-tamannaah-news-tamil-lhijRGedijcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119141622/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-is-my-good-friend-tamannaah-news-tamil-lhijRGedijcsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A song featuring Charan and Tamannaah was shot in Sri Lanka in late July 2011 after which the schedule was wrapped up.<ref name="Ajmal" /> Filming continued at [[Bangkok]] till 15 August 2011.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} A dance academy set was erected in the outskirts of Hyderabad where a few comedy scenes were shot.<ref name="The Hindu" />

Some scenes were shot in a set erected near the Aluminium Factory at [[Gachibowli]]. Tamannaah and Brahmanandam participated in the film's shoot at Hyderabad till 6 October 2011 after which the makers planned to shoot the film in [[China]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} After much shooting in Hyderabad, filming continued at [[Goa]]. During the shoot of Charan's introduction scene, [[Wire fu|the cables fixed to the train]] failed and Charan, who was sitting in a car on the railway track, jumped from the car and was injured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=11 October 2011 |title=Ram Charan Teja narrowly escapes accident |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2011/ram-charan-teja-accident-111011.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119144345/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2011/ram-charan-teja-accident-111011.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> After the schedule's completion, Charan visited [[Sabarimala Temple]] to end his [[Ayyappan|Aiyyappa]] [[Diksha|Deeksha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2011 |title=Ram Charan Tej in Sabarimala |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-tej-in-sabarimala-news-news-lkul95ceegbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119151047/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-tej-in-sabarimala-news-news-lkul95ceegbsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The song "Vaana Vaana Velluvaye" was shot with Charan and Tamannaah in early November 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2011 |title='Vana Vana Velluvaye' remix in Rachcha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vana-vana-velluvaye-remix-in-rachcha-news-news-llhpL6jdhjdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119150929/http://www.sify.com/movies/vana-vana-velluvaye-remix-in-rachcha-news-news-llhpL6jdhjdsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A special set in [[Annapurna Studios]] was erected where the song was shot for four days after which the film's China schedule commenced from 12 November 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2011 |title=Rachcha team to go to China |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rachcha-team-to-go-to-china-news-news-llekoxbjgijsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119152537/http://www.sify.com/movies/rachcha-team-to-go-to-china-news-news-llekoxbjgijsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A song and a fight sequence was shot at a Bamboo forest in [[Anji County]] of [[Zhejiang]] province till the end of November 2011. ''Racha'' became the first Telugu film to be shot in the dense forest of interior China. On its completion, Charan took a break for ten days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2011 |title=Ram Charan in China |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-in-china-news-news-llooNqjgcfisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119151812/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-in-china-news-news-llooNqjgcfisi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=22 September 2014 |title=Chinese temptation for Tollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chinese-temptation-for-Tollywood/articleshow/43161171.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119151916/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chinese-temptation-for-Tollywood/articleshow/43161171.cms |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film's shoot resumed at Rayalacheruvu near [[Tirupati]] in December 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=Ramcharan, Tamannaah visit Tirumala |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ramcharan-tamannaah-visit-tirumala-news-news-lmnm46ffbffsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119153044/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramcharan-tamannaah-visit-tirumala-news-news-lmnm46ffbffsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After a brief shoot at [[Ramoji Film City]], the last schedule began in [[Chennai]] on 17 January 2012.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The shooting of the title song choreographed by Prem Rakshith was wrapped up at [[Buddha Statue of Hyderabad]] on 23 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raje |first=Abhishek |date=23 January 2012 |title=Ram Charan Teja shoots at iconic Buddha statue |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Ram-Charan-Teja-shoots-at-iconic-Buddha-statue/articleshow/11601361.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119154612/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Ram-Charan-Teja-shoots-at-iconic-Buddha-statue/articleshow/11601361.cms |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[File:Periyar National Park.JPG|thumb|right|240px|[[Periyar National Park]] in [[Kerala]], where the film's shoot was initially disrupted and later resumed]]
The film's shoot continued at [[Periyar National Park]] of [[Kerala]] in February 2012. Charan and Tamannaah were filming for a song sequence on a boat when the park's deputy director Sanjay Kumar insisted that the duo should use [[Personal flotation device|life jackets]] as they were entering a risky spot. After few disagreements, the film's shoot was temporarily halted and some long shots were shot when the duo used the jackets. The forest officials also restricted the entry of about 20 vehicles and 100 members into the park due to which the shoot was limited to a small portion of a song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=Rachcha shoot stopped at Periyar lake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rachcha-shoot-stopped-at-periyar-lake-news-news-mcgmxpaccdjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119160600/http://www.sify.com/movies/rachcha-shoot-stopped-at-periyar-lake-news-news-mcgmxpaccdjsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

After spraining his leg during the song shoot at Annapurna Studios, Charan was advised to take a bed rest for three to four weeks. He rejoined the shoot on 25 March 2012 to complete the remaining two songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=Ram Charan resumes Rachcha shoot |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-resumes-rachcha-shoot-news-telugu-md0pNMfjjaesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119165414/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-resumes-rachcha-shoot-news-telugu-md0pNMfjjaesi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After completing the shoot for the song "Dillaku Dillaku" at Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad, the last song "Singarenundi" was shot at [[Anaimalai Hills]] and [[Siruvani Waterfalls]] near [[Pollachi]] on Charan and Tamannaah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=31 March 2012 |title=On location: Youthful entertainer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-location-youthful-entertainer/article3265854.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119165817/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-location-youthful-entertainer/article3265854.ece |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> On its completion, the film's team returned to Hyderabad and the principal photography came to an end on 1 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2012 |title=Charan completes Racha shooting |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charan-completes-Racha-shooting/articleshow/12491407.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119170103/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charan-completes-Racha-shooting/articleshow/12491407.cms |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Racha (soundtrack)}}

[[Mani Sharma]] composed the film's soundtrack and background score.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The soundtrack consists of 5 songs. The song "Vaana Vaana Velluvaye" from the film ''[[Gang Leader]]'' was remixed for this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=13 December 2012 |title=Tollywood stars dance to daddy's tunes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-stars-dance-to-daddys-tunes/articleshow/17599269.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118144945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-stars-dance-to-daddys-tunes/articleshow/17599269.cms |archive-date=18 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Aditya Music]] and Star Music marketed the soundtrack albums of the Telugu and Tamil versions respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racha |url=http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/racha-a0002873 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118145239/http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/racha-a0002873 |archive-date=18 November 2014 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragalai |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/ragalai-t0003445 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118145310/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/ragalai-t0003445 |archive-date=18 November 2014 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The soundtrack was released by hosting a promotional event at People's Plaza near [[Necklace Road]] on 20 February 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=22 February 2012 |title=Racha's starry audio launch |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/Rachas-starry-audio-launch/articleshow/12233302.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118145859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/Rachas-starry-audio-launch/articleshow/12233302.cms |archive-date=18 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled for a release in March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=21 February 2012 |title=Racha to release in March |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Racha-to-release-in-March/articleshow/11963897.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120112040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Racha-to-release-in-March/articleshow/11963897.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> After Charan suffered a muscle tear in his leg, the film's shoot was delayed due to which the film's release was postponed to 5 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2012 |title=Racha set to release on April 5 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Racha-set-to-release-on-April-5/articleshow/12402278.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120112350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Racha-set-to-release-on-April-5/articleshow/12402278.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film's Tamil dubbed version titled ''Ragalai'' was announced in mid March 2012 after the release of ''[[Magadheera|Maaveeran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2012 |title=Rachcha to release in Tamil |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rachcha-to-release-in-Tamil/articleshow/12245011.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120112701/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rachcha-to-release-in-Tamil/articleshow/12245011.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Racha'' was awarded an 'U/A' certificate by [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 3 April 2012.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

After Competition Commission of India imposed a fine on Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce for restricting free trade, Racha released in Karnataka in more than 120 screens.<ref name="Karnataka 15">{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |date=23 April 2012 |title=Teja's Racha scores Rs 15 cr nett at Karnataka Box Office |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/teja-racha-collection-karnataka-box-office-230412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120115023/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/teja-racha-collection-karnataka-box-office-230412.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> ''Ragalai'' was released on 6 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2012 |title=Tamil version of Racha releases on April 6 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-version-of-Racha-releases-on-April-6/articleshow/12544199.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120112939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-version-of-Racha-releases-on-April-6/articleshow/12544199.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Malayalam dubbed version ''Raksha'' released on 13 April 2012 though it was planned for a simultaneous release with ''Ragalai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2012 |title=Racha's dubbed versions to release on April 6 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rachas-dubbed-versions-to-release-on-April-6/articleshow/12532806.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120113114/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rachas-dubbed-versions-to-release-on-April-6/articleshow/12532806.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=12 April 2012 |title=Racha in Malayalam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Racha-in-Malayalam/articleshow/12623621.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120113200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Racha-in-Malayalam/articleshow/12623621.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Racha''{{'s}} satellite rights were sold to [[Gemini TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2015 |title=Rachcha Movie On Gemini TV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/rachcha/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549785034/channelid-10000000000580000/starttime-201506141430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625165135/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/rachcha/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549785034/channelid-10000000000580000/starttime-201506141430 |archive-date=25 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Indian and overseas DVDs and Blu-rays of the Telugu version were marketed by Aditya Videos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racha(Movie, Blu-ray) |url=http://www.flipkart.com/racha/p/itmdbc46ehb6qb6w?pid=AVMDGY3TGYABDKN6&otracker=from-search&srno=t_2&query=racha&ref=3f87960c-c7bd-44eb-8870-f0abb4392b23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110430/http://www.flipkart.com/racha/p/itmdbc46ehb6qb6w?pid=AVMDGY3TGYABDKN6&otracker=from-search&srno=t_2&query=racha&ref=3f87960c-c7bd-44eb-8870-f0abb4392b23 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |publisher=[[Flipkart]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Racha(Movie, DVD) |url=http://www.flipkart.com/racha/p/itmdbc46ehb6qb6w?pid=AVMDBC3WAQDFBBWX&otracker=from-search&srno=t_1&query=racha&ref=3f87960c-c7bd-44eb-8870-f0abb4392b23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626144932/http://www.flipkart.com/racha/p/itmdbc46ehb6qb6w?pid=AVMDBC3WAQDFBBWX&otracker=from-search&srno=t_1&query=racha&ref=3f87960c-c7bd-44eb-8870-f0abb4392b23 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |publisher=Flipkart}}</ref>

''Racha'' was dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Ragalai'' and into [[Malayalam]] as ''Raksha''. The former was released on 6 April 2012 while the latter was released a week later. The film was dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Betting Raja'' and it was remade in Bangladesh as ''Honeymoon'' starring [[Bappy Chowdhury]] and [[Mahiya Mahi]].

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Racha'' debuted with an average occupancy of 90% and collected {{INRConvert|8.54|c}} at the [[Andhra Pradesh Circuit|AP]]/[[Nizam Circuit|Nizam]] box office setting first day record.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=6 April 2012 |title=Racha creates history at Box Office |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-creates-box-office-060412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120114023/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-creates-box-office-060412.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> The film collected a total of {{INRConvert|15|c}} by the end of its first weekend and by then, ''Ragalai'' had a successful theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |date=10 April 2012 |title=Racha scores Rs 15 crore at Box Office in 3 days |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-box-office-first-weekend-collection-100412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120114326/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-box-office-first-weekend-collection-100412.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> In its first week, the film collected {{INRConvert|24.42|c}} at AP/Nizam box office out of which {{INRConvert|7.5|c}} was from Nizam region. The film collected {{INRConvert|2.5|c}} in [[Karnataka]], taking its first week Indian box office total to {{INRConvert|26.92|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=13 April 2012 |title=Racha collects Rs 26.92 cr in a week |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-box-office-first-week-130412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120114626/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-box-office-first-week-130412.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> By late April 2012, the film collected {{INRConvert|15|c}} nett in Karnataka.<ref name="Karnataka 15" />

In four weeks, ''Racha'' grossed {{INRConvert|53.48|c}} at the global box office including the collections of the dubbed versions with a distributor share of {{INRConvert|37.48|c}} at the AP/Nizam box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |date=4 May 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Racha collects Rs 53.48 cr at Box Office |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-worldwide-box-office-collection-095425.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120115529/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/racha-worldwide-box-office-collection-095425.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Racha crosses 50 crore mark |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Charans-Racha-crosses-50-crore-mark/articleshow/12993544.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120115714/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Charans-Racha-crosses-50-crore-mark/articleshow/12993544.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film completed a 50-day run in 127 direct centres across the AP/Nizam region out of which 38 screens were from [[Ceded Districts|Ceded region]] and 16 screens were from Nizam region. By then, the film was declared a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=23 May 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Racha completes 50 days in 127 centers |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Charans-Racha-completes-50-days-in-127-centers/articleshow/13406133.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120115845/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Charans-Racha-completes-50-days-in-127-centers/articleshow/13406133.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film completed a 100-day run in 38 centres across Andhra Pradesh on 13 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Racha completes 100 days in 38 centers |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-racha100days.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120120349/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-racha100days.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''Racha''{{'}}s final share for its distributors was {{INRConvert|45|c}}.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Critical response ===
''[[Sify]]'' called the film a "[[wikt:paisa vasool|paisa vasool]]" one and stated "Both, actor Ram Charan and his director Sampath Nandi play a safe game by following the same pattern of earlier mass-masala movies. Rachcha offers nothing new but has enough elements that entertain the mass audiences and mega fans."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2012 |title=Rachcha review: A paisa vasool movie |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rachha-review-a-paisa-vasool-movie-review-telugu-14995785.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120095632/http://www.sify.com/movies/rachha-review-a-paisa-vasool-movie-review-telugu-14995785.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Within the framework of pleasing the actor's fan clubs, the film works. But the sense of déjà vu in the tale of revenge is palpable. Even when you tune yourself into watching a mass entertainer and don't expect anything intellectually stimulating, you do miss the ingenuity and spark that were the hallmark of mass entertainer blockbusters like ''[[Singam]]'', ''[[Pokiri]]'' or ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]''. Go without expectations and you will be entertained."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=6 April 2012 |title=Tailor-made for fans |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tailormade-for-fans/article3284127.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120095904/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tailormade-for-fans/article3284127.ece |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and felt that the film is designed for the "hardcore Mega Fans and it makes no bones about it". He added "Clearly there are a lot of prospective hooting opportunities for the die hard Ram Charan fans. As for the other kind of audience, well, you'll have to ask them. We suspect they might just be feeling a little unattended".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=5 April 2012 |title=Racha movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Racha/movie-review/12545013.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120100058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Racha/movie-review/12545013.cms |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> Praising the screenplay written by Sampath Nandi, Ramchander of ''[[Oneindia|Oneindia Entertainment]]'' stated "Finally, Sampath Nandi has come out with a good film. Though, the story is not that great and is quite predictable one, the ability of the director made it quite interesting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=5 April 2012 |title=Racha — Movie Review |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2012/racha-movie-review-050412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120100351/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2012/racha-movie-review-050412.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref>

Rating the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, ''[[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]'' felt that the film was technically brilliant but lacked a credible storyline. They termed the film's presentation as a "lacklustre and ordinary" one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2012 |title=Telugu Review: 'Rachcha' is technically sound, but lacks storyline |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-rachha-but-lacks-storyline/246927-47-79.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120101044/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-rachha-but-lacks-storyline/246927-47-79.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=CNN-IBN}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and criticised the film for its predictability and stereotypical pattern and stated that ''Racha'' is a potboiler meant for the masses and not for a discerning audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=5 April 2012 |title=Review: Rachha is for Ram Charan fans |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-rachha-is-for-ram-charan-fans/20120405.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120100643/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-rachha-is-for-ram-charan-fans/20120405.htm |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! Reference(s)
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|Best Film
|[[R. B. Choudary]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113257/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-3.html |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113642/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |publisher=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Ram Charan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
|[[Jani Master]] for "Dillaku Dillaku"
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor
|Ram Charan
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="5"|{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Tamannaah Bhatia
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]] for "Oka Paadam"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer
|Shobi for "Vaana Vaana"
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== In popular culture ==
The specially designed [[axe]] used by Ram Charan in the film's climax was auctioned by Movie Artist Association. In a press meet, Tammanaah showcased the axe to the media and the proceeds of its sale were announced to be used to educate poor children in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=Rachcha axe to go under hammer |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/rachcha-axe-go-under-hammer-904 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604042351/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/rachcha-axe-go-under-hammer-904 |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=24 November 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In ''[[Aagadu]]'' (2014), Brahmanandam performed a spoof on this film along with two other 2014 Telugu films ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' and ''[[Race Gurram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=13 September 2013 |title=The spoof specialist |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140803/entertainment-tollywood/article/spoof-specialist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122225/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140803/entertainment-tollywood/article/spoof-specialist |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2287973}}

{{Sampath Nandi}}

[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 action films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 masala films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about diseases and disorders]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:Films about organ transplantation]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in China]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Zhejiang]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Paattum Bharathamum

2026-03-04T04:50:31Z

Kenrique: typo fix

{{More plot|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paattum Bharathamum
| image = Paattum Bharathamum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| producer = P. Madhavan
| story = Balamurugan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] [[Sripriya]] [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Arun Prasad Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1975|12|06|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paattum Bharathamum''''' ({{translation|Song and dance}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moorthy |first=N. Sathiya |date=27 December 2017 |title=Political plunge: Did Rajini miss the bus long ago? |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/political-plunge-did-rajini-miss-bus-long-ago/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527074501/https://www.orfonline.org/research/political-plunge-did-rajini-miss-bus-long-ago/ |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=ORF}}</ref> is a 1975 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[dance film]], directed and produced by [[P. Madhavan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[Sripriya]] and [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=171-180 |url=https://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp18.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917013613/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp18.htm |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It was released on 6 December 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shanmugasundaram and Meenakshi are an artistic couple who get broken up due to differences. Their daughter Lalitha, who sides with Shanmugam, is now an accomplished dancer. Arun meets her accidentally and mocks her skills to which she responds that anyone can become rich in a day by being lucky but it takes real talent to become an artist. Taking this as a challenge, he joins Meenakshi and learns to dance facing Lalitha in a competition defeating her. They fall in love too.

While Thiyagarajan acts like he is ok with his son's choice, he uses his nephew Kumar to drive a wedge between them by making it look like Lalitha is of poor character causing Arun to insult Shanmugasundaram. When Arun finds out the truth, it is too late and he leaves his father and the riches dedicating the rest of his life to art. How the same art becomes instrumental in reuniting them through Shanthi is the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Ravisankar and Arun (Dual Role)
*[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Lalitha
*[[Sripriya]] as Shanthi
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Kumar
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Thiyagarajan
*[[Sukumari]] as Meenakshi
*[[R. S. Manohar]] as Shanmugasundaram<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title='Perfect match designed and executed in heaven' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151217/entertainment-kollywood/article/%E2%80%98perfect-match-designed-and-executed-heaven%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527074504/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151217/entertainment-kollywood/article/%E2%80%98perfect-match-designed-and-executed-heaven%E2%80%99 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*[[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Kuduvancherry Kuppusamy
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Mohana
*[[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]] as Dancer
*Veeraraghavan
*[[Samikannu]] as School Principal
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Kundumalai

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paattum Bharathamum Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/paattum-bharathamum-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210330/https://mossymart.com/product/paattum-bharathamum-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Sivakami Ada Vandhal" is set to [[Amritavarshini]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=30 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Appealing Amritavarshini |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095628/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title=Know your raga: Amritavarshini–Showers rain |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2018/12/24/know-your-raga-amritavarshini-showers-rain/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817070309/https://newstodaynet.com/2018/12/24/know-your-raga-amritavarshini-showers-rain/ |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Deivathin Ther Eduthu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 05:18
|-
| "Ulagam Neeyaadum" || [[P. Susheela]], T. M. Soundararajan || 03:11
|-
| "Maanthorana Veedhiyil" || P. Susheela, T. M. Soundararajan || 03:08
|-
| "Sivakami Aada" || P. Susheela, T. M. Soundararajan || 06:16
|-
| "Mazhaikkalam Varugindradhu" || [[Vani Jairam]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || 03:06
|-
| "My Song Is For You"|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 03:06
|}

== Critical reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' noted that, regardless of how good the story was, the dialogues were entertaining.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=28 December 1975 |title=பாட்டும் பரதமும் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/dec/28-12-1975/p47.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727125822/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/dec/28-12-1975/p47.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=47 |language=ta}}</ref> Kalaiselvam of ''Navamani'' praised the acting, dialogues, music, cinematography, choreography and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=கலைச்செல்வம் |date=4 January 1976 |title=பாட்டும் பரதமும் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_17/4.jp2/full/1000,1486/0/default.jpg |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{P. Madhavan}}

[[Category:1970s dance films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 musical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical films]]

Rathinirvedam (1978 film)

2026-03-03T21:00:26Z

Kenrique: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rathinirvedam
| image = Rathinirvedam 1978.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Bharathan]]
| producer = Hari Pothan
| writer = [[P. Padmarajan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Rathinirvedam (novel)|Rathinirvedam]]''|P. Padmarajan}}
| starring = [[Jayabharathi]] [[Krishnachandran]] 
[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
| music = [[Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Supriya Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|3|8|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rathinirvedam''''' ({{Translation|Adolescent desire}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Erotic film|erotic]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Bharathan]] and written by [[P. Padmarajan]] based on his own [[Rathinirvedam (novel)|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nilolsavam to be staged on Thursday |url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=May2006&file=Local_News2006052033716.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809193527/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=May2006&file=Local_News2006052033716.xml |archive-date=9 August 2009 |access-date=25 July 2009 |website=The Peninsula}}</ref> In the film, Pappu, a teenager, is awaiting his pre-degree results to join an engineering course. He gets attracted to his neighbour Rathi, who is a middle-aged woman, and falls hopelessly in love.

The story-line of the film miffed many for its sensitive portrayal of the lead as well as garnered appreciation for its narrative. It is said to have redefined the art of filmmaking in the country, and hence regarded as a landmark in [[Cinema of India|Indian film history]]. The film was also one of the biggest box office hits in [[Kerala]] state's history. It inspires similar productions all over the nation, even decades after its release.

==Cast==
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Rathi
*[[Krishnachandran]] as Pappu
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Saraswathi
*[[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]] as Bharathi
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Narayaniyamma
*[[M. G. Soman|Soman]] as Krishnan Nair
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
* Master Manohar
*[[Sumathi (actress)|Baby Sumathi]] as Shanthi
*[[Bahadoor]] as Kochammani
*[[T. R. Omana]]

==Production==
The film was produced by Hari Pothan under the banner of Supriya Films. It was mostly shot in [[Nelliampathi]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2109918.ece|title=When Pappu met Rathi…|author=Saraswathy Nagarajan|access-date=17 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|date=16 June 2011|archive-date=17 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617235549/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2109918.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Director Bharathan had proposed to actress [[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]] after the shooting of this film.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/26/stories/2010112651100400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143954/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/26/stories/2010112651100400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Emotional reunion|access-date=26 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|date=17 June 2011}}</ref> They remained together till the death of the former.

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=Show evokes the everlasting appeal of Devarajan's songs|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 September 2008}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. || Song || Singers ||Lyrics || Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kaalam Kunjumanassil" || [[P. Jayachandran]], Chorus, [[Karthikeyan (1970s-80s singer)|Karthikeyan]] || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Mounam Thalarum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 3 || "Shyaamanandana Vaniyilninnum" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 4 || "Thiruthirumaaran" || K. J. Yesudas || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|}

==Legacy and criticism==
''Rathinirvedam'' is regarded as a landmark in [[Cinema of India|Indian film history]].<ref name="TH"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rathinirvedam.com/|title=''Rathinirvedam''|publisher=Rathinirvedam.com|access-date=19 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222193612/http://www.rathinirvedam.com/|archive-date=22 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/can-rathinirvedam-remake-recreate-waves-823|title=Can ''Rathinirvedam'' remake recreate waves?|date=16 June 2011|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|location=Kochi, India|access-date=19 June 2011|archive-date=19 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619004805/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/can-rathinirvedam-remake-recreate-waves-823|url-status=dead}}</ref> It inspires similar productions all over South India, even decades after its release.<ref>{{cite web|last=K. N. |first=Shajikumar|url=http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=6562 |title="മനസ്സിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങള്‍"|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709092657/http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=6562 |archive-date=9 July 2012|work=Janayugam|date=5 April 2010 |access-date= 1 May 2011}}</ref>

==Remake==
{{Main|Rathinirvedam (2011 film)}}

A remake of the film was made in 2011. It was directed by [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]. [[Shwetha Menon]] played the female lead, and [[Sreejith Vijay|Sreejith]] played the young male lead. Padmarajan himself was credited as the writer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/entertainment/news/an-unusual-love-story/224680.html|title=An unusual love story|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 November 2010}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombaynews.net/story/709467|title=''Rathinirvedam'' to be remade|publisher=Bombaynews|access-date=20 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221124155/http://www.bombaynews.net/story/709467|archive-date=21 February 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam]] won by Hari Pothan (1978)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4XiAAAAMAAJ&q=Rathi+1978|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|date=2 December 1980|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0156011|Rathi Nirvedam}}

{{Bharathan}}
{{Padmarajan}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:1970s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathan]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Padmarajan]]
[[Category:1978 drama films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films about juvenile sexuality]]
[[Category:Films about sex crimes]]

Constable (film)

2026-03-03T09:10:19Z

Kenrique: Creating Post

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Aryan Subhan SK}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Constable
| image = Constable film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Aryan Subhan SK
| producer = Balagam Jagadish
| writer = Aryan Subhan SK
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Varun Sandesh]]
* Madhulika Varanasi
}}
| music = '''Score''' Gyaani '''Songs''' Subhash Anand
| cinematography = Shaik Hazarathaiah
| editing = Sree Vara Prasad
| studio = Jagruthi Movie Makers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|10|10}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Constable''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Aryan Subhan SK.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-06-20 |title=It’s a wrap for Varun Sandesh starrer The Constable |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/20/its-a-wrap-for-varun-sandesh-starrer-the-constable |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Varun Sandesh]] and Madhulika Varanasi in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-12-04 |title=Makers of Varun Sandesh’s Constable unveil new poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/04/makers-of-varun-sandeshs-constable-unveil-new-poster |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-22 |title=Shocking! Varun Sandesh gets injured on the sets of 'The Constable' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shocking-varun-sandesh-gets-injured-on-the-sets-of-the-constable/articleshow/101185119.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was released on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-07 |title=‘Constable’ is inspired by real-life incidents: Varun Sandesh |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/constable-is-inspired-by-real-life-incidents-varun-sandesh-1012637 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}

== Cast ==
* [[Varun Sandesh]] as Kashi
* Madhulika Varanasi as Mahathi
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Kashi’s brother-in-law
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as Kashi’s sister
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Doctor
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
* Nithya Sri as Keerthy
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* Kashishh Rajput
* Bhel Prasad Rao

== Music ==
The background score is composed by Gyaani and songs were composed by Subhash Anand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-01-25 |title=Hyderabad Commissioner CV Anand launches song for Varun Sandesh’s upcoming film “Constable” |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-commissioner-cv-anand-launches-song-for-varun-sandeshs-upcoming-film-constable |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| all_music = Subhash Anand
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Megham Kurisindi
| extra1 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length1 = 4:08
| lyrics1 = Rama Rao Matumuru
| title2 = Dawath
| extra2 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length2 = 3:36
| lyrics2 = Srinivas Teja
| title3 = Maa Pancha Pranale
| extra3 = Chandra Bose
| title4 = Constable Anna
| length4 = 4:15
| lyrics4 = Srinivas Teja
| extra4 = Nalgonda Gaddar Narsanna
| length3 = 4:33
| lyrics3 = Rama Rao Matumuru
}}

==Release and reception==
''Constable'' was released on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-10-08 |title=Varun Sandesh: 'కానిస్టేబుల్' కథేంటంటే... |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/videos/varun-sandesh-talks-about-constable-movie-releasing-on-october-10th-onava-66918.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 and stated, "Varun Sandesh shines in a career-defining role".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-11 |title=Constable: Varun Sandesh reinvents himself in a gripping crime thriller |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/constable-varun-sandesh-reinvents-himself-in-a-gripping-crime-thriller-1013759 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' in its review wrote that, "''Constable'' successfully creates a chilling atmosphere, leveraging its rural setting as a character in its own right".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Constable:A Gritty Rural Mystery Driven by Sincere Performances |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/constablea-gritty-rural-mystery-driven-by-sincere-performances-1909415 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28182053|Constable}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]

De De Pyaar De

2026-03-02T09:23:43Z

Kenrique: refined details after review and updated info

{{short description|2019 film directed by Akiv Ali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = De De Pyaar De
| image = De De Pyaar De Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Akiv Ali]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Luv Ranjan]]|[[Tarun Jain]]}}
| story = Luv Ranjan
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]|Luv Ranjan|[[Ankur Garg]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ajay Devgn]]|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]}}
| cinematography = Sudhir K. Chaudhary
| editing = Akiv Ali Chetan M. Solanki
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs:'''|[[Amaal Mallik]]|[[Rochak Kohli]]|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]|[[Vipin Patwa]]|[[Manj Musik]]|'''Score:'''|[[Hitesh Sonik]]}}
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series Films]]|[[Luv Films]]}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]] [[Yash Raj Films]] (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|05|17|ref1=<ref name="nrdate">{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ajay-devgns-de-de-pyaar-de-will-now-release-on-17-may-to-avoid-competition-from-total-dhamaal-6006291.html |title=Ajay Devgn's De De Pyaar De will now release on 17 May to avoid competition from Total Dhamaal |date=1 February 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |work=Firstpost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013433/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ajay-devgns-de-de-pyaar-de-will-now-release-on-17-may-to-avoid-competition-from-total-dhamaal-6006291.html |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref name="bbfc">{{Citation |title=De De Pyaar De |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/de-de-pyaar-de-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdm2ote|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510172328/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/de-de-pyaar-de-2019 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|75}} crore<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-de-de-pyaar-de-box-office-collection-prediction-what-ajay-devgn-tabu-rakul-preet-starrer-may-earn-in-1st-week-99093|title=De De Pyaar De box office collection prediction: What Ajay Devgn, Tabu, Rakul Preet starrer may earn in 1st week|website=ZeeBiz|date=16 May 2019|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922015158/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-de-de-pyaar-de-box-office-collection-prediction-what-ajay-devgn-tabu-rakul-preet-starrer-may-earn-in-1st-week-99093|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/pyaar-tuesday-box-office-report-012538535.html|title=De De Pyaar De Tuesday Box Office Report – The Ajay Devgn Starrer Crosses 40 Crores|website=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=22 May 2019|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711152742/https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|143.04}} crore<ref name="bo total">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/de-de-pyaar-de/box-office/ |title=De De Pyaar De Box Office Collection till Now |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516212958/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/de-de-pyaar-de/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''De De Pyaar De''''' ({{translation|'''''Give Me Love'''''}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] written by [[Luv Ranjan]] and directed by [[Akiv Ali]] in his directorial debut. Produced by [[Luv Films]], it stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]]. In the film, chaos ensues when a middle-aged [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|NRI]] and would-be divorcé is smitten with a woman almost half his age and introduces her to his family, including his estranged wife and children.

[[Pre-production]] began in February 2017, and filming commenced on 19 January 2018 in [[Mumbai]]. The production further took place in [[London]] and [[Kullu Manali Circuit|Kullu Manali]], before [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping up]] in August 2018. The film was released on 17 May 2019, and was a commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|143|c}} worldwide.

== Plot ==
Ashish Mehra is a 50-year-old NRI investor in London who meets a 26-year-old woman, Ayesha. The two begin dating and then start living together. Ashish informs her that he is separated from his wife Manju, who lives in India with their children, Ishika and Ishaan. After a back and forth regarding their age gap, Ashish decides to introduce Ayesha to his family and takes her to his home in Manali. Manju and their children are now living with Ashish's parents. Ishika is irritated by her father's arrival, believing that he will ruin the meeting with her boyfriend Rishi and his father Atul Saxena.

Startled, Ashish lies that Ayesha is his secretary, much to her chagrin. Ayesha and Manju feel tension over their feelings for Ashish. Due to circumstances, Ashish is introduced as Manju's brother to Rishi and Atul. Ayesha and Manju fail to get along with each other. After finally noticing that Ayesha and Ashish are together, Ishika shouts at her father for lying to his entire family. Ashish finally reveals that he brought Ayesha to gain his family's approval. Atul also learns the truth and calls off Ishika and Rishi's wedding, as he feels the family is not reliable. Manju defends Ashish and Ayesha’s relationship in front of their entire family, following which Ashish also consoles Manju and sleeps with her.

The next morning, Ayesha finds out that Manju and Ashish slept together, and Manju responds that she is still his wife and Ayesha is technically the other woman. Disheartened, Ayesha returns to London. Ashish convinces Atul for the marriage between Ishika and Rishi, but begins missing Ayesha. When Ishika's engagement arrangements are in full swing, Manju realises the true longing the couple have for each other and goes to London to ask Ayesha to give Ashish a second chance. Ayesha reconciles with Ashish and celebrates Ishika's engagement. In a [[post-credits scene]], Ashish and Ayesha argue on whether they should meet Ayesha’s family.

== Cast ==
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Ashish "Ashu" Mehra
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Manju Mehra; Ashish's wife
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Ayesha Khurana; Ashish's love interest
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill|Jimmy Shergill]] as Vakil Kapoor "V.K"
* [[Alok Nath]] as Veerendra Mehra; Ashish's father
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Atul Saxena
* [[Madhumalti Kapoor]] as Suman Mehra; Ashish's mother
* Inayat Sood as Ishika Mehra; Ashish's daughter
* Bhavin Bhanushali as Ishaan Mehra; Ashish's son
* [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]] as Rishi Saxena; Atul's son
* Radhika Bangia as Hema
* [[Javed Jaffrey]] as Rounak Molta; Ashish's friend (special appearance)
* [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] as Akash, Ayesha’s ex-boyfriend (special appearance)

== Production ==

=== Development and casting ===
In February 2017, [[Luv Ranjan]] confirmed that [[Ajay Devgn]] had committed to star in an untitled "urban comedy" film that would be written by Luv Ranjan and produced by Ranjan and [[Ankur Garg]]. The "contemporary rom-com" was to be directed by film editor [[Akiv Ali]] in his directorial debut, who had previously worked as editor on Ranjan's films, among others.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movies/india/ajay-signs-urban-comedy-with-luv-ranjan/articleshow/57040024.cms |title=Ajay Devgn signs urban comedy with Luv Ranjan |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 February 2017 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117140618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movies/india/ajay-signs-urban-comedy-with-luv-ranjan/articleshow/57040024.cms |archive-date=17 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Devgn played a 50-year-old in the film, the first time he played a character his real age; he attributed it to "meatier roles.. being written for actors of [his] age and audience accepts it". It was also his first romance film in years. Devgn mentioned that the film's premise followed "strong woman characters[,] and there's also a nice message".<ref>{{cite news |first=Seema |last=Sinha |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-is-very-new-age-we-havent-revealed-much-in-the-trailer-says-ajay-devgn-6645061.html |title=De De Pyaar De is very new-age; we haven't revealed much in the trailer, says Ajay Devgn |work=Firstpost |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602173639/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-is-very-new-age-we-havent-revealed-much-in-the-trailer-says-ajay-devgn-6645061.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2017, a member of the film's crew confirmed that [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] was confirmed to play one of the film's female leads opposite Devgn, marking her seventh collaboration with the actor; their last production together at the time was ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tabu-ajay-devgn-to-pack-a-punch-in-new-movie/articleshow/58490633.cms |title=Ajay Devgn: Tabu, Ajay Devgn to pack a punch in new movie |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170553/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tabu-ajay-devgn-to-pack-a-punch-in-new-movie/articleshow/58490633.cms |archive-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Tabu, the film highlights the differences in "[t]he way a mid-40s couple deals with their relationship, their definition of love and relationship will be different than a 27-year-old woman. Her insecurities are different and issues are varied".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tabu-says-de-de-pyaar-de-is-not-about-mindless-laughter-there-is-seriousness-and-maturity-1524497-2019-05-14 |title=Tabu says De De Pyaar De is not about mindless laughter: There is seriousness and maturity |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]'s inclusion in the cast in a supporting role as the love interest of Tabu's character, was confirmed in late April 2018. Sheirgill had previously shared screen space with Tabu for the 1996 film ''[[Maachis]]'', which was also his film debut.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-tabu-jimmy-sheirgill-to-share-screen-space-after-22-years-in-luv-ranjan-s-next-with-ajay-devgn-2610201 |title=Tabu – Jimmy Sheirgill to share screen space after 22 years in Luv Ranjan's next with Ajay Devgn |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107121326/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-tabu-jimmy-sheirgill-to-share-screen-space-after-22-years-in-luv-ranjan-s-next-with-ajay-devgn-2610201 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the success of their previous comedy ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' (2018), [[Luv Films]] and [[Bhushan Kumar]] of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] formed a mutual understanding to continue their collaboration by co-producing a series of films, the first of which was ''De De Pyaar De''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/luv-ranjan-excited-to-work-with-ajay-devgn-tabu-in-his-next-venture-1687419.html |title=Luv Ranjan Excited to Work With Ajay Devgn, Tabu in His Next Venture |work=[[News18]] |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625090235/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/luv-ranjan-excited-to-work-with-ajay-devgn-tabu-in-his-next-venture-1687419.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-January 2018, [[Rakul Preet Singh]], who had earlier made her debut with the T-Series production ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]'', was signed in as a female lead opposite Devgn. According to Ranjan, Singh's "natural persona fit[ted] the character to the tee".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rakul-preet-singh-to-romance-ajay-devgn-in-his-next/articleshow/62508366.cms |title=Rakul Preet Singh to romance Ajay Devgn in his next |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710182326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rakul-preet-singh-to-romance-ajay-devgn-in-his-next/articleshow/62508366.cms |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2018, Singh confirmed her casting and said she had "a meaty role", but couldn't reveal more details at the time.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Samrudhi |last=Ghosh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rakul-preet-aiyaary-sidharth-malhotra-trolls-casting-couch-1169596-2018-02-15 |title=Aiyaary actress Rakul Preet on casting couch, being slut-shamed and Sidharth Malhotra |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=15 February 2018 |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Principal photography ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 19 January 2018 at [[Mumbai]]. The film had a production budget of {{INR}}500 million.<ref name="budget"/> In June 2018, Singh revealed that close to 50 percent of filming was completed at that point.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rakul-s-film-with-ajay-devgn-is-50-per-cent-complete-news-bollywood-sguoqWefcabcf.html |title=Rakul's film with Ajay Devgn is 50 per cent complete |date=22 June 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019 |website=[[Sify]] }}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The next shooting schedule of the film commenced in July 2018 at [[London]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/its-first-work-then-holiday-for-ajay-devgn/19570164 |title=It's 'First Work, Then Holiday' For Ajay Devgn |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194554/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/its-first-work-then-holiday-for-ajay-devgn/19570164 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2018, Devgn and Singh began their next schedule in [[Kullu Manali Circuit]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/rakul-preet-singh-goes-an-extra-mile-to-get-her-stunts-right/19729157 |title=Rakul Preet Singh Goes An Extra Mile To Get Her Stunts Right |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141710/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/rakul-preet-singh-goes-an-extra-mile-to-get-her-stunts-right/19729157 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> By August 2018, filming was completed and post-production work commenced.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ajay-devgns-de-de-pyaar-de-to-release-on-22-february-will-clash-with-kangana-ranauts-mental-hai-kya-5028671.html |title=Ajay Devgn's De De Pyaar De to release on 22 February, will clash with Kangana Ranaut's Mental Hai Kya |work=Firstpost |date=23 August 2018 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030134756/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ajay-devgns-de-de-pyaar-de-to-release-on-22-february-will-clash-with-kangana-ranauts-mental-hai-kya-5028671.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = De De Pyaar De
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Vipin Patwa]] and [[Manj Musik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 11 April 2019<ref name="jio">{{Citation |title=De De Pyaar De – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=15 May 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/de-de-pyaar-de/JfPVUW7nKiA_ |publisher=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515072656/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/de-de-pyaar-de/JfPVUW7nKiA_%3F%26utm_content%3Dwap:home:new_releases |archive-date=15 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–19
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:35
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|vMySJunfmHY|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Vipin Patwa]] and [[Manj Musik]], with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]], [[Kunaal Vermaa]], [[Garry Sandhu]], Mellow D and Tanishk Bagchi. It was released by T-Series on 15 May 2019.<ref name="jio"/>

Tanishk Bagchi recreated Garry Sandhu's single ''Yeah Baby'' as "Hauli Hauli" with additional voice of [[Neha Kakkar]] and rap by Mellow D.

Manj Musik recreated Surjit Bindarikhia's track ''Mukhda Vekh Ke'' in the voice of [[Mika Singh]] and [[Dhvani Bhanushali]].

Shreya Paul of ''Firstpost'' wrote that the music is "as problematic as the plot seems to be", noting that it "doesn't do much to evoke any worthy reaction from listeners, except for maybe a sigh of disappointment". Paul, however, praised "Dil Royi Jaye" for "stand[ing] apart" from the rest of the songs.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shreya|last=Paul|date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|work=Firstpost|title=De De Pyaar De music review: Soundtrack of Ajay Devgn's film is as problematic as the plot seems to be|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-music-review-soundtrack-of-ajay-devgns-film-is-as-problematic-as-the-plot-seems-to-be-6636041.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516214001/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-music-review-soundtrack-of-ajay-devgns-film-is-as-problematic-as-the-plot-seems-to-be-6636041.html|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 34:35
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaddi Sharaban
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Navraj Hans]]
| music1 = [[Vipin Patwa]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Tu Mila To Haina
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| music2 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| length2 = 5:25
| title3 = Hauli Hauli
| extra3 = [[Garry Sandhu]], [[Neha Kakkar]], '''Rap by:''' Mellow D
| music3 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics3 = Tanishk Bagchi, Garry Sandhu, Mellow D
| length3 = 3:29
| title4 = Chale Aana
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| music4 = Amaal Mallik
| lyrics4 = Kunaal Vermaa
| length4 = 4:31
| title5 = Mukhda Vekh Ke
| extra5 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
| music5 = [[Manj Musik]]
| lyrics5 = Kumaar
| length5 = 2:49
| title6 = Dil Royi Jaye
| extra6 = Arijit Singh
| music6 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| lyrics6 = [[Kumaar]]
| length6 = 4:16
| title7 = Vaddi Sharaban
| note7 = Talli Mix
| music7 = Vipin Patwa
| extra7 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Navraj Hans
| lyrics7 = Kumaar
| length7 = 4:08
| title8 = Tu Mila To Haina
| note8 = Version 2
| extra8 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| music8 = Amaal Mallik
| lyrics8= Kunaal Vermaa
| length8 = 5:31
}}

== Marketing ==
[[File:Tabu promoting De De Pyaar De.jpg|thumb|upright|Tabu promoting ''De De Pyaar De'' in 2019]]
The film's first look poster, which depicted Devgn perched atop two cars with the leading ladies, was released on 22 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgn-tabu-rakul-preet-de-de-pyaar-de-5637655/ |title=First look: Ajay Devgn, Tabu and Rakul Preet's De De Pyaar De |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2 April 2019 |date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081658/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgn-tabu-rakul-preet-de-de-pyaar-de-5637655/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The official trailer was released on 2 April 2019, on the occasion of Devgn's 50th birthday.<ref name="trailer">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-trailer-launch-live-updates-5654119/ |title=De De Pyaar De trailer highlights: Ajay is caught between a rock and a hard place in this rom-com |work=[[The Indian Express]] |first=Komal |last=RJ Panchal |access-date=2 April 2019 |date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082139/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-trailer-launch-live-updates-5654119/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A writer for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote of the trailer, "Ajay Devgn's birthday gift to his fans is a laugh riot".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-trailer-ajay-devgn-s-birthday-gift-to-his-fans-is-a-laugh-riot-watch-video/story-N3ko7E64gIt5h85PrFpbTM.html |title=De De Pyaar De trailer: Ajay Devgn's birthday gift to his fans is a laugh riot |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 April 2019 |date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405090738/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-trailer-ajay-devgn-s-birthday-gift-to-his-fans-is-a-laugh-riot-watch-video/story-N3ko7E64gIt5h85PrFpbTM.html |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, Pranita Chaubey of ''[[NDTV]]'' commented that it "will tickle your funny bone".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-trailer-ajay-devgn-tabu-and-rakul-preet-singh-present-a-rom-com-for-all-ages-2016541 |title=De De Pyaar De Trailer: Ajay Devgn, Tabu And Rakul Preet Singh Present A Rom-Com 'For All Ages' |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 April 2019 |date=2 April 2019 |first=Pranita |last=Chaubey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404202413/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-trailer-ajay-devgn-tabu-and-rakul-preet-singh-present-a-rom-com-for-all-ages-2016541 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Vaddi Sharaban" was released on 11 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-vaddi-sharaban-rakul-preet-singh-is-high-on-energy-but-ajay-devgn-is-tough-nut-to-crack-2738527|title='De De Pyaar De' song 'Vaddi Sharaban': Rakul Preet Singh is high on energy but Ajay Devgn is tough nut to crack!|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|first=Shaheen|last=Irani|access-date=22 April 2019|date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412134528/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-vaddi-sharaban-rakul-preet-singh-is-high-on-energy-but-ajay-devgn-is-tough-nut-to-crack-2738527|archive-date=12 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/de-de-pyaar-de-song-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preets-vaddi-sharaban-will-get-you-grooving/20723181|title=De De Pyaar De song: Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet's Vaddi Sharaban will get you grooving|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=22 April 2019|date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422122049/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/de-de-pyaar-de-song-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preets-vaddi-sharaban-will-get-you-grooving/20723181|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Next, another song, "Tu Mila To Haina" was released on 22 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-tu-mila-to-haina-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-are-so-drunk-in-love-that-we-can-t-even-2742051|title='De De Pyaar De' song 'Tu Mila To Haina': Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet are so drunk in love that we can't even!|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|first=Shaheen|last=Irani|access-date=22 April 2019|date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422114130/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-tu-mila-to-haina-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-are-so-drunk-in-love-that-we-can-t-even-2742051|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/de-de-pyaar-de-second-song-tu-mila-to-haina-to-be-out-on-april-22/20788170|title=De De Pyaar De: Second song 'Tu Mila To Haina' to be out on April 22|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=22 April 2019|date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422114133/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/de-de-pyaar-de-second-song-tu-mila-to-haina-to-be-out-on-april-22/20788170|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> "Hauli Hauli", which was released on 26 April 2019, was a remix of the original by Hauli Hauli by Garry Sandhu. Sandhu re-sung the song with additional vocals from [[Neha Kakkar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-hauli-hauli-tabu-finally-joins-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singh-for-a-peppy-dance-number-2743348|title='De De Pyaar De' song 'Hauli Hauli': Tabu finally joins Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet Singh for a peppy dance number|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=26 April 2019|date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426074807/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-hauli-hauli-tabu-finally-joins-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singh-for-a-peppy-dance-number-2743348|archive-date=26 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260419/de-de-pyaar-de-song-hauli-hauli-shows-ajay-tabu-rakuls-killer-danc.html|title=De De Pyaar De song Hauli Hauli shows Ajay, Tabu & Rakul's killer dance moves; watch|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=26 April 2019|date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426090331/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260419/de-de-pyaar-de-song-hauli-hauli-shows-ajay-tabu-rakuls-killer-danc.html|archive-date=26 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Chale Aana" was released on 2 May 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-chale-aana-armaan-malik-s-soulful-voice-makes-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-s-departure-less-painful-2745231|title='De De Pyaar De' song 'Chale Aana': Armaan Malik's soulful voice makes Ajay Devgn-Rakul Preet's departure less painful|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|first=Shaheen|last=Irani|access-date=3 May 2019|date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502131413/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-de-de-pyaar-de-song-chale-aana-armaan-malik-s-soulful-voice-makes-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-s-departure-less-painful-2745231|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-song-chale-aana-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singh-cant-stay-away-from-each-other-2031813|title=De De Pyaar De Song Chale Aana: Ajay Devgn And Rakul Preet Singh Can't Stay Away From Each Other|website=[[NDTV]]|first=Pranita|last=Chaubey|access-date=3 May 2019|date=April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503092448/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-song-chale-aana-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singh-cant-stay-away-from-each-other-2031813|archive-date=3 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
''De De Pyaar De'' was first scheduled to release on 26 April 2019; after the release of ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) in India was also revealed to be on the same day, the release was preponed to 15 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-starrer-de-de-pyaar-de-will-release-on-this-date/articleshow/67006978.cms|title=Ajay Devgn starrer 'De De Pyaar De' will release on this date!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 December 2018|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209145429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-starrer-de-de-pyaar-de-will-release-on-this-date/articleshow/67006978.cms|archive-date=9 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Later on, to avoid competition from ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'', another film starring Devgn which was to release on 22 February 2019, the film was indefinitely postponed, and the release was later revealed to be on 17 May 2019.<ref name="nrdate"/> The [[British Board of Film Classification]] (BBFC) certified the film with a runtime of 135 minutes.<ref name="bbfc"/> It opened for paid previews on 16 May, one day prior to its theatrical release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/de-de-pyaar-de-gets-new-release-date-119051400430_1.html|title='De De Pyaar De' gets new release date|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=14 May 2019|date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514094249/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/de-de-pyaar-de-gets-new-release-date-119051400430_1.html|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
On its first day of release in India, the film earned {{INR}}8.5 crore nett, which was lower than trade expectations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5019 |title=De De Pyaar De First Day Business |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=18 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422003226/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the second day, however, collections rose by 50 percent to {{INR}}12.5 crore nett, owing to positive word-of-mouth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5023 |title=De De Pyaar De Saturday Business |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=19 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422003223/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film earned {{INR}}14 crore nett on the third day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5026 |title=De De Pyaar De Set To Emerge A HIT |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=20 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520231158/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5026 |url-status=live }}</ref> On its first Monday, it maintained a strong hold with earnings of {{INR}}5.85 crore nett.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5031 |title=Top First Mondays 2019 – De De Pyaar De Sixth |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=21 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531163305/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5031 |url-status=live }}</ref> It dropped slightly on Tuesday to earn {{INR}}5.5 crore nett.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5032 |title=De De Pyaar De Steady On Tuesday |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=22 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422003225/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5032 |url-status=live }}</ref> The earnings on Wednesday were {{INR}}5.15 crore nett.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5035 |title=De De Pyaar De To Continue Good Run into Week Two |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=23 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530114651/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5035 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Friday, the film collected {{INR}}3.25 crore nett.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5042 |title=De De Pyaar De Has Decent Second Friday |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=25 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422004725/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5042 |url-status=live }}</ref> It showed growth of 45 percent on Saturday to earn {{INR}}4.5 crore nett.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5045 |title=De De Pyaar De Second Saturday Business |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=26 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141142/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5045 |url-status=live }}</ref> On its second Monday, the film earned {{INR}}2.5 crore nett.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5050|title=De De Pyaar De Holds Well On Second Monday|date=29 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|first=Harminder|last=Singh|website=[[Box Office India]]|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422004735/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5050|url-status=live}}</ref> Tuesday collections dropped slightly to {{INR}}2.25 crore nett.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5054|title=De De Pyaar De Second Tuesday Business|website=[[Box Office India]]|first=Harminder|last=Singh|date=23 May 2019|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712181330/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5054|url-status=live}}</ref> It has grossed {{INR}}143 crore worldwide, with gross of {{INR}}123.38 crore in India and {{INR}}19.66 crore from overseas.<ref name="bo total"/><ref name="boxww">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''De De Pyaar De'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/de-de-pyaar-pyar-de-movie-review-rating-heres-what-critics-say-about-ajay-devgns-film-797775|title=De De Pyaar (Pyar) De movie review and rating: Here's what critics say about Ajay Devgn's film|first=Suparno|last=Sarkar|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516220012/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/de-de-pyaar-pyar-de-movie-review-rating-heres-what-critics-say-about-ajay-devgns-film-797775|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/de-de-pyaar-de-box-office-prediction-5731221/ |title=De De Pyaar De box office prediction: Ajay Devgn movie to earn Rs 12–13 crore on Day 1 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |first=Arushi |last=Jain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516140954/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/de-de-pyaar-de-box-office-prediction-5731221/ |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tabu-defends-de-de-pyaar-de-against-sexism-charge-says-i-love-doing-masala-films/story-lbZtPgE7x0RM3B3BxJxpQI.html |title=Tabu defends De De Pyaar De against sexism charge, says 'I love doing masala films' |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516134228/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tabu-defends-de-de-pyaar-de-against-sexism-charge-says-i-love-doing-masala-films/story-lbZtPgE7x0RM3B3BxJxpQI.html |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tabu-on-chemistry-with-ajay-devgn-in-films-we-look-good-together-and-it-works-1526234-2019-05-16 |title=Tabu on chemistry with Ajay Devgn: We look good together and it works |date=16 May 2019 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516074231/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tabu-on-chemistry-with-ajay-devgn-in-films-we-look-good-together-and-it-works-1526234-2019-05-16 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 4/5 stars and praised all aspects of production, concluding, "On the whole, ''De De Pyaar De'' is a paisa vasool entertainer with plenty of laugh aloud moments and strong emotions as its USP".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/de-de-pyaar-de/critic-review/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review/ |title=De De Pyaar De Movie Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |first=Taran |last=Adarsh |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516212950/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/de-de-pyaar-de/critic-review/ |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Anita Iyer of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' gave 2/5 stars and felt that the "[l]ack of a storyline is hardly compensated by the presence of the stars on board".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-review-tabu-ajay-devgn-cant-save-this-messy-family-drama|title='De De Pyaar De' review: Tabu, Ajay Devgn can't save this messy family drama|date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|first=Anita|last=Iyer|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516213250/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-review-tabu-ajay-devgn-cant-save-this-messy-family-drama|url-status=live}}</ref> Manjusha Radhakrishnan of ''[[Gulf News]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "[I]f you can ignore [the female leads'] questionable choice in men, there's a lot to enjoy in ''De De Pyaar De''".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-review-tabu-puts-on-a-stellar-act-in-this-romcom-1.63982928 |title='De De Pyaar De' review: Tabu puts on a stellar act in this romcom |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=16 May 2019 |work=[[Gulf News]] |first=Manjusha |last=Radhakrishnan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516122936/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-review-tabu-puts-on-a-stellar-act-in-this-romcom-1.63982928 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and felt that Devgn delivered his "sincerest performance",<ref name="sen">{{cite news |first=Raja |last=Sen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-ajay-devgn-delivers-his-sincerest-performance-tabu-steals-the-show/story-drhPwhSxl2mB1c4eVq7eQP.html |title=De De Pyaar De movie review: Ajay Devgn delivers his sincerest performance, Tabu steals the show |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517085947/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-ajay-devgn-delivers-his-sincerest-performance-tabu-steals-the-show/story-drhPwhSxl2mB1c4eVq7eQP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote that the film "owes a lot to Ajay Devgn and Tabu's chemistry".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/de-de-pyaar-de-review-movie|title=Review: 'De De Pyaar De' Owes a Lot to Ajay Devgn & Tabu's Chemistry|first=Stutee|last=Ghosh|website=[[The Quint]]|date=17 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517073456/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/de-de-pyaar-de-review-movie|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and was impressed with the film for "reinstat[ing] the fact that when it comes to love, age is just a number."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/de-de-pyaar-de/movie-review/69362670.cms |title=De De Pyaar De Movie Review |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=16 May 2019 |first=Ronak |last=Kotecha |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517011650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/de-de-pyaar-de/movie-review/69362670.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' concurred, opining that it "nicely captures frailties in human relationships".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-de-de-pyaar-de-review-ajay-devgn-tabu-and-rakul-preet-singh-s-film-nicely-captures-frailties-in-human-relationships-2749891|first=Meena|last=Iyer|title='De De Pyaar De' Review: Ajay Devgn, Tabu and Rakul Preet Singh's film nicely captures frailties in human relationships|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516220226/https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-de-de-pyaar-de-review-ajay-devgn-tabu-and-rakul-preet-singh-s-film-nicely-captures-frailties-in-human-relationships-2749891|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayur Sanap of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Despite its bright premise and superlative cast, the Akiv Ali directorial isn't as smart as it aspires to be."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/170519/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-its-all-humdrum-never-that-funny.html|title=De De Pyaar De movie review: It's all humdrum, never that funny!|first=Mayur|last=Sanap|date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516215507/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/170519/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-its-all-humdrum-never-that-funny.html|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, Mayank Shekhar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave the film 1.5/5 stars and lamented, "It's almost like the filmmakers are certain the intended audience won't connect much with such a young-old love, by itself, in a single screen theatre".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/de-de-pyar-de-movie-review-old-man-and-the-khichdi/20956180 |title=De De Pyaar De Movie Review – Old man and the khichdi |date=17 May 2019 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517045603/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/de-de-pyar-de-movie-review-old-man-and-the-khichdi/20956180 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gaurang Chauhan of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated 3/5 stars and attributed the film's strength to strong performances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-ajay-devgn-tabu-and-rakul-preet-singh-shine-in-this-funny-may-december-romance/419654|title=De De Pyaar De Movie Review: Ajay Devgn, Tabu and Rakul Preet Singh shine in this funny May–December romance|first=Gaurang|last=Chauhan|date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516220437/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-ajay-devgn-tabu-and-rakul-preet-singh-shine-in-this-funny-may-december-romance/419654|url-status=live}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and felt the film was "a mixed bag", stating, "You wish the film had been braver in its intention of creating a really cracking rom-com, instead of playing its clichés for a laugh".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-rating-ajay-devgn-5732787/ |title=De De Pyaar De movie review: This Ajay Devgn film is a mixed bag |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |date=17 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023844/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-rating-ajay-devgn-5732787/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' gave 1/5 stars and opined it was "a vehicle for claims of universal male victimhood, better disguised than its co-producer and co-writer Luv Ranjan's three directorial ventures that have struck box office gold in the past decade".<ref name="Vetticad">{{cite news |first=Anna |last=M. M. Vetticad |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-tabu-ajay-devgn-champion-male-infidelity-hatred-for-women-a-weird-notion-of-modern-coolth-6648181.html |title=De De Pyaar De movie review: Tabu, Ajay Devgn champion male infidelity, hatred for women, a weird notion of modern coolth |work=Firstpost |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517070829/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-tabu-ajay-devgn-champion-male-infidelity-hatred-for-women-a-weird-notion-of-modern-coolth-6648181.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' felt the film's "biggest achievement is that it might actually compel filmmakers to ask whether their leads are appropriately matched wrinkle for wrinkle rather than forcing chronological acrobatics on viewers".<ref>{{cite web |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |url=https://scroll.in/reel/923741/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-mind-the-age-gap-because-the-filmmakers-arent-always-doing-so |title=De De Pyar De movie review: Mind-the-age gap comedy because the filmmakers aren't always doing so |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517071545/https://scroll.in/reel/923741/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-mind-the-age-gap-because-the-filmmakers-arent-always-doing-so |url-status=live }}</ref> Kunal Guha of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' wrote, "The build-up gets dangerously close to that tipping point from where on expects it to nose-dive, but it doesn't".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review/articleshow/69366223.cms |title=Bollywood: De De Pyaar De movie review: Ajay Devgn, Rakul Preet and Tabu-starrer gives a strong message about how love works in mysterious ways |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |first=Kunal |last=Guha |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517023016/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review/articleshow/69366223.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Charu Thakur of ''[[India Today]]'' praised Tabu's performance as "light[ing] up every frame with her presence, and [a] comic timing.. par excellence.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Charu |last=Thakur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-tabu-is-the-hero-of-this-bland-ajay-devgn-film-1527037-2019-05-17 |title=De De Pyaar De Movie Review: Tabu is the hero of this bland Ajay Devgn film |date=17 May 2019 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> Reshu Manglik of ''[[India TV]]'' gave 1/5 stars and called it "[a] shapeless tale of unusual love story that takes you nowhere".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-film-failed-by-akiv-ali-433|title=De De Pyaar De Movie Review: A shapeless tale of unusual love story that takes you nowhere|date=17 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|work=[[India TV]]|first=Reshu|last=Manglik|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517040342/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-movie-review-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-film-failed-by-akiv-ali-433|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
A sequel titled ''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]'' starring [[Ajay Devgn]], [[R. Madhavan]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Jaaved Jaaferi]], [[Meezaan Jafri]], [[Gautami Kapoor]], and [[Ishita Dutta]], was released on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2023 |title=Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet Singh to reunite for De De Pyaar De 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singh-to-reunite-for-de-de-pyaar-de-2/articleshow/103176747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia_2023-08-29">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-29 |title=Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet Singh to reunite for De De Pyaar De 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singh-to-reunite-for-de-de-pyaar-de-2/articleshow/103176747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is directed by Anshul Sharma, replacing [[Akiv Ali]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8647400}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|de-de-pyaar-de}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/de_de_pyaar_de}}

{{Luv Ranjan}}

[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Achilles

2026-03-02T05:08:40Z

Kenrique: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Greek mythological hero}}
{{Redirect|Achilleus|the Roman usurper with this name|Aurelius Achilleus|other uses|Achilles (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Achilles
| image = Achilles fighting against Memnon Leiden Rijksmuseum voor Oudheden.jpg
| caption = Ancient Greek polychromatic [[Ancient Greek vase painting|pottery painting]] (dating {{circa|300 BCE}}) of Achilles during the Trojan War
| god_of =
| abode = [[Phthia]]
| symbol =
| consort = [[Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)|Deidamia]], [[Briseis]]
| parents = [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]]
| siblings = [[Polymele]]
| children = [[Neoptolemus]], Oneiros
| Roman_equivalent =
}}
{{Greek mythology sidebar}}

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Achilles''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|k|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Achilles.wav}} {{respell|ə|KIL|eez}}) or '''Achilleus''' ({{langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἀχιλλεύς|Ἀχιλλεύς]]|Achilleús}}) was a hero of the [[Trojan War]] who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The central character in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', he was the son of the [[Nereids|Nereid]] [[Thetis]] and [[Peleus]], king of [[Phthia]] and famous [[Argonauts|Argonaut]]. Achilles was raised in Phthia along with his childhood companion [[Patroclus]] and received his education by the [[centaur]] [[Chiron]]. In the ''Iliad'', he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the [[Myrmidons]].

Achilles's most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince [[Hector]] outside the gates of [[Troy]]. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the ''Iliad'', other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]], who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with [[Statius]]'s unfinished epic ''[[Achilleid]]'', written in the first century CE) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for one heel. According to that myth, when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river [[Styx]] as an infant, she held him by one of his heels, leaving it untouched by the waters and thus his only vulnerable body part.

Alluding to these legends, the term ''[[Achilles' heel]]'' has come to mean a point of weakness which can lead to downfall, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution. The [[Achilles tendon]] is named after him following the same legend.

== Etymology ==
[[Linear B]] tablets attest to the personal name ''Achilleus'' in the forms ''a-ki-re-u'' and ''a-ki-re-we'',<ref name="New Pauly">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Dorothea Sigel |title=Achilles |author2=Anne Ley |author3=Bruno Bleckmann |entry=Achilles |encyclopedia=Brill's New Pauly |editor=Hubert Cancik |display-editors=etal |publisher=Brill Reference Online |doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220}} Retrieved 5 May 2017.</ref> the latter being the [[dative case|dative]] of the former.<ref name=Beekes /> The name grew more popular, becoming common soon after the seventh century BCE<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126201849/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/search?patt=*AXIL&first=250 Epigraphical database] gives 476 matches for Ἀχιλ-.The earliest ones: [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=27810&bookid=6&region=2&subregion=1 Corinth 7th c. BCE], [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=238250&bookid=118&region=3&subregion=7 Delphi 530 BCE], Attica and Elis 5th c. BC.</ref> and was also turned into the female form {{lang|grc|Ἀχιλλεία}} (''Achilleía''), attested in [[Attica]] in the fourth century BCE ([[Inscriptiones Graecae|IG]] II² 1617) and, in the form ''Achillia'', on a [[Gladiatrix|stele in Halicarnassus]] as the name of a female gladiator fighting an "Amazon".

Achilles's name can be analyzed as a combination of {{lang|grc|ἄχος}} (''{{transliteration|grc|áchos}}''), 'distress, pain, sorrow, grief',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D*)axilleu%2Fs |title=An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1889 |via=Perseus Digital Library}}</ref><ref>Scholia to the ''Iliad'', 1.1.</ref> and {{lang|grc|λαός}} ({{transliteration|grc|laós}}), 'people, soldiers, nation', resulting in a proto-form ''*Akhí-lāu̯os'', 'he who has the people distressed' or 'he whose people have distress'.<ref>{{cite book |author=Leonard Palmer |title=The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1963 |page=79}}</ref><ref name=Nagy>{{cite web |author=Gregory Nagy |title=The best of the Achaeans |url=http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 |website=CHS |publisher=The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University |access-date=19 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115312/http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|achilles}}</ref> The grief or distress of the people is a theme raised numerous times in the ''Iliad'' (and frequently by Achilles himself). Achilles's role as the hero of grief or distress forms an ironic juxtaposition with the conventional view of him as the hero of {{lang|grc|κλέος}} {{transliteration|grc|kléos}} ('glory', usually in war). Furthermore, {{transliteration|grc|laós}} has been construed by [[Gregory Nagy]], following [[Leonard Palmer]], to mean 'a corps of soldiers', a [[muster (military)|muster]].<ref name=Nagy /> With this derivation, the name obtains a double meaning in the poem: when the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring distress to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership.

Some researchers deem the name a [[loan word]], possibly from a [[pre-Greek]] language.<ref name="New Pauly" /> Achilles's descent from the [[Nereid]] [[Thetis]] and a similarity of his name with those of [[River gods (Greek mythology)|river deities]] such as [[Acheron]] and [[Achelous]] have led to speculations about his being an old [[Greek sea gods|water divinity]] {{see below|{{section link||Worship and heroic cult}}, below}}.<ref>Cf. the supportive position of {{cite journal |author=Hildebrecht Hommel |title=Der Gott Achilleus |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften |issue=1 |year=1980 |pages=38–44}} – A critical point of view is taken by {{cite journal |author=J. T. Hooker |title=The cults of Achilleus |journal=Rheinisches Museum für Philologie |volume=131 |issue=3 |date=1988 |pages=1–7}}</ref> [[Robert S. P. Beekes]] has suggested a pre-Greek origin of the name, based among other things on the coexistence of ''-λλ-'' and ''-λ-'' in epic language, which may account for a palatalized phoneme /ly/ in the original language.<ref name=Beekes>Robert S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 183ff.</ref>

=== Other names ===
Among the appellations under which Achilles is generally known are the following:<ref>{{Source-attribution|{{Cite book |title=A Classical Manual: Being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil, with a Copious Index |last=Murray |first=John |year=1833 |location=Albemarle Street, London |pages=1–3 |url=https://archive.org/details/aclassicalmanua01unkngoog/page/n17}}|sentence=yes}}</ref>
* '''Pyrisous''', "saved from the fire", his first name, which seems to favour the tradition in which his mortal parts were burned by his mother Thetis
* '''Aeacides''', from his grandfather [[Aeacus]]
* '''Aemonius''', from Aemonia, a country which afterwards acquired the name of Thessaly
* '''Aspetos''', "inimitable" or "vast", his name at [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]]
* '''Larissaeus''', from [[Larissa Cremaste|Larissa]] (also called Cremaste), a town of Achaia Phthiotis in Thessaly
* '''Ligyron''', his original name
* '''Nereius''', from his mother Thetis, one of the [[Nereid]]s
* '''Pelides''', from his father, [[Peleus]]
* '''Phthius''', from his birthplace, [[Phthia]]
* '''Podarkes''', "swift-footed", from the wings of [[Arke]] ({{langx|grc|Ἄρκη||swift|label=none}}) being attached to his feet ({{wikt-lang|grc|πόδες}}, {{translit|grc|podes}})<ref>[[Ptolemy Hephaestion]], ''New History'', Book 6 (summary from Photius, ''Myriobiblon'' 190, trans. Pearse):

"It is said ... that he [Akhilleus (Achilles)] was called Podarkes (Podarces, Swift-Footed) by the Poet [i.e. Homer], because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arke (Arce) and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arke. And Arke was the daughter of Thaumas and her sister was Iris; both had wings, but, during the struggle of the gods against the Titanes (Titans), Arke flew out of the camp of the gods and joined the Titanes. After the victory Zeus removed her wings before throwing her into Tartaros and, when he came to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, he brought these wings as a gift for Thetis."</ref>

== Birth and early years ==
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|''Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] ({{circa|1625|lk=no}}; [[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]], Rotterdam)]]

Achilles was the son of [[Thetis]]—a [[Nereid]] and daughter of the [[Old Man of the Sea]]—and [[Peleus]], the king of the [[Myrmidons]]. [[Zeus]] and [[Poseidon]] had been rivals for Thetis's hand in marriage until [[Prometheus]], the fore-thinker, warned Zeus of a prophecy (originally uttered by [[Themis]], goddess of divine law) that Thetis would bear a son greater than his father. For this reason, the two gods withdrew their pursuit, and had her wed Peleus.<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''Prometheus Bound'' 755–768; [[Pindar]], ''Nemean'' 5.34–37, ''Isthmian'' 8.26–47; Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' 3.13.5; ''[[Poeticon astronomicon]]'' 2.15.</ref>

There is a tale which offers an alternative version of these events: In the ''[[Argonautica]]'' (4.760) Zeus's sister and wife [[Hera]] alludes to Thetis's chaste resistance to the advances of Zeus, pointing out that Thetis was so loyal to Hera's marriage bond that she coolly rejected the father of gods. Thetis, although a daughter of the sea-god [[Nereus]], was also brought up by Hera, further explaining her resistance to the advances of Zeus. Zeus was furious and decreed that she would never marry an immortal.<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' 3.13.5.</ref>

[[File:The Education of Achilles 1862 Delacroix.jpg|thumb|''The Education of Achilles'', by [[Eugène Delacroix]], pastel on paper, {{circa|1862|lk=no}} ([[Getty Center]], Los Angeles)]]

According to the ''[[Achilleid]]'', written by [[Statius]] in the first century CE, and to [[Lost literary work|non-surviving previous sources]], when Achilles was born Thetis tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the river [[Styx]]; however, he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him: his left heel<ref>Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.269; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 107.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan S. Burgess |title=The Death and Afterlife of Achilles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=5 February 2010 |year=2009 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-9029-1 |page=9}}</ref> {{Crossreference|(see [[Achilles' heel]], [[Achilles tendon]])}}. It is not clear if this version of events was known earlier. In another version of this story, Thetis anointed the boy in [[ambrosia]] and put him on top of a fire in order to burn away the mortal parts of his body. She was interrupted by Peleus and abandoned both father and son in a rage.<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' 4.869–879.</ref>

[[File:The Education of Achilles, by James Barry.jpg|thumb|''The Education of Achilles'' ({{circa|1772|lk=no}}), by [[James Barry (painter)|James Barry]] ([[Yale Center for British Art]])]]

None of the sources before Statius make any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the ''Iliad'', Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonian]] hero [[Asteropaios]], son of [[Pelagon]], challenged Achilles by the river [[Scamander]]. He was ambidextrous, and cast a spear from each hand; one grazed Achilles's elbow, "drawing a spurt of blood".<ref>{{cite book |author1=Homer (Robert Fagles translation) |title=The Iliad |page=525 |quote=But the other (spear) grazed Achilles's strong right arm and dark blood gushed as the spear shot past his back}}</ref> In the few fragmentary poems of the [[Epic Cycle]] which describe the hero's death (i.e. the ''[[Cypria]]'', the ''[[Little Iliad]]'' by [[Lesches]] of Pyrrha, the ''[[Aethiopis]]'' and ''[[Iliupersis]]'' by [[Arctinus of Miletus]]), there is no trace of any reference to his general invulnerability or his famous weakness at the heel. In the later vase paintings presenting the death of Achilles, the arrow (or in many cases, arrows) hit his torso.

Peleus entrusted Achilles to [[Chiron]], who lived on [[Mount Pelion]] and was known as the most righteous of the [[Centaur]]s, to be reared.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''Catalogue of Women'', fr. 204.87–89 MW; ''Iliad'' 11.830–832.</ref> In some accounts, Achilles's original name was "Ligyron" and he was later named ''Achilles'' by his tutor Chiron.<ref>Apollodorus, Library, Book III [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.13&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.13.6]</ref> According to Homer, Achilles grew up in [[Phthia]] with his childhood companion [[Patroclus]].<ref name="New Pauly" /> Homer further writes that Achilles taught Patroclus what he himself had been taught by Chiron, including the medical arts.<ref>Homer, ''The Iliad'' [[wikisource:The Iliad (Murray)/Book XI|Book XI 822-836]]</ref> Thetis foretold that her son's fate was either to gain glory and die young, or to live a long but uneventful life in obscurity. Achilles chose the former, and decided to take part in the Trojan War.<ref>''Iliad'' 9.410ff.</ref>

[[File:Achilleus Lyra.jpg|thumb|[[Chiron]] teaching Achilles how to play the [[lyre]], Roman [[fresco]] from [[Herculaneum]], first century CE]]

According to [[Photius]], the sixth book of the ''New History'' by [[Ptolemy Hephaestion]] reported that Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus. When she had Achilles, Peleus noticed, tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot, and confided him to the centaur Chiron. Later Chiron exhumed the body of the [[Damysus (Giant)|Damysus]], who was the fastest of all the giants, removed the ankle, and incorporated it into Achilles's burnt foot.<ref>[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm Photius, ''Bibliotheca'', cod. 190]: "Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus; six were born; when she had Achilles, Peleus noticed and tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot and confided him to Chiron. The latter exhumed the body of the giant Damysos who was buried at Pallene—Damysos was the fastest of all the giants—removed the 'astragale' and incorporated it into Achilles's foot using 'ingredients'. This 'astragale' fell when Achilles was pursued by Apollo and it was thus that Achilles, fallen, was killed. It is said, on the other hand, that he was called Podarkes by the Poet, because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arce and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arce."</ref>

=== Physical description ===
In Homer's ''Iliad'', Achilles is portrayed as tall and striking, with strength and looks that were unmatched among the Greek warriors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strauss |first=Barry |url= |title=The Trojan War: A New History |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7432-6442-6 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref> Homer describes him as having long hair or a mane ({{lang|grc|χαίτη}}).<ref>Homer, ''Iliad'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+23.141&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133 23.141] (in Greek)</ref><ref>{{LSJ|xai/th|χαίτη|ref}}</ref> Along with some other characters, his hair is described with the word ''xanthḗ'' ({{lang|grc|ξανθή}}),<ref name="Myres">Myres, John Linton (1967). ''Who were the Greeks?'', pp. 192–199. University of California Press.</ref> which meant 'yellow' and was used for light hair, including [[blond]], [[Brown hair|brown]], [[Tawny (color)|tawny]] (light brown) and [[Auburn hair|auburn]].<ref>{{LSJ|canqo/s|ξανθός|ref}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Woodhouse |first=Sidney Chawner |title=English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited |year=1910 |location=London |pages=52,84,101}}</ref> A later Latin account, probably from the fifth century CE, [[Pseudepigrapha|falsely attributed]] to [[Dares Phrygius]] described Achilles as having "... a large chest, a fine mouth, and powerfully formed arms and legs. His head was covered with long wavy chestnut-colored hair (''capillo myrteo'', color of [[myrtus]] bark or [[myrrh]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Navarro Antolín |first1=Fernando |title=Lygdamus: Corpus Tibullianum III. 1-6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber : Edition and Commentary |date=1996 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Belgium |page=309}}</ref>). Though mild in manner, he was very fierce in battle. His face showed the joy of a man richly endowed."<ref>[[Dares Phrygius]], ''History of the Fall of Troy'' [https://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html 13]</ref>

=== Hidden on Skyros ===
{{Main|Achilles on Skyros}}
[[File:Gaziantep Zeugma Museum Achilles mosaic in 2011 2098.jpg|thumb|A [[Roman mosaic]] from the Poseidon Villa in [[Zeugma, Commagene]] (now in the [[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]]) depicting Achilles disguised as a woman and [[Odysseus]] tricking him into revealing himself]]

Some post-Homeric sources<ref>[[Euripides]], ''Skyrioi'', surviving only in fragmentary form; [[Philostratus III|Philostratus Junior]], ''Imagines'' i; Scholiast on Homer's ''Iliad'', 9.326; [[Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 13.162–180; Ovid, ''[[Tristia]]'' 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' 3.13.8; [[Statius]], ''[[Achilleid]]'' 1.689–880, 2.167ff.</ref> claim that in order to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or, in some versions, Peleus) hid the young man dressed as a princess or at least a girl at the court of [[Lycomedes of Scyros|Lycomedes]], king of [[Skyros]].

There, Achilles, properly disguised, lived among Lycomedes's daughters, perhaps under the name "[[Pyrrha (mythology)|Pyrrha]]" (the red-haired girl), Cercysera or Aissa ("swift"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graves |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graves |title=The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-241-98338-6 |pages=Index s.v. Aissa}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graves |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graves |title=The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-241-98338-6 |page=642}}</ref> With Lycomedes's daughter [[Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)|Deidamia]], with whom he had begun a relationship, Achilles there fathered two sons, [[Neoptolemus]] (also called Pyrrhus, after his father's possible alias) and Oneiros. According to this story, Odysseus learned from the prophet [[Calchas]] that the Achaeans would be unable to capture Troy without Achilles's aid. Odysseus went to Skyros in the guise of a pedlar selling women's clothes and jewellery and placed a shield and spear among his goods. When Achilles instantly took up the spear, Odysseus saw through his disguise and convinced him to join the Greek campaign. In another version of the story, Odysseus arranged for a trumpet alarm to be sounded while he was with Lycomedes's women. While the women fled in panic, Achilles prepared to defend the court, thus giving his identity away.

== In the Trojan War ==
{{Trojan War}}
[[File:Achilles by Lycomedes Louvre Ma2120.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A marble representation of Achilles at the court of King [[Lycomedes]], {{circa|240 CE|lk=no}}]]

According to the ''Iliad'', Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 ships, each carrying 50 [[Myrmidons]]. He appointed five leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myrmidons): Menesthius, [[Eudoros|Eudorus]], Peisander, [[Phoenix (son of Amyntor)|Phoenix]] and Alcimedon.<ref>''Iliad'' 16.168–197.</ref>

=== Telephus ===
When the Greeks left for the Trojan War, they accidentally stopped in [[Mysia]], ruled by King [[Telephus]]. In the resulting battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that would not heal; Telephus consulted an oracle, who stated that "he that wounded shall heal". Guided by the oracle, he arrived at [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], where Achilles healed him in order that he might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.<ref name="Epitome 3.20">{{cite web |last1=Pseudo-Apollodorus |title=Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.20 |url=http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#69 |website=theoi.com |ref=69}}</ref>

According to other reports in [[Euripides]]'s lost play about Telephus, he went to [[Aulis (ancient Greece)|Aulis]] pretending to be a beggar and asked Achilles to heal his wound. Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Alternatively, Telephus held [[Orestes]] for ransom, the ransom being Achilles's aid in healing the wound. [[Odysseus]] reasoned that the spear had inflicted the wound; therefore, the spear must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound and Telephus was healed.<ref name="Epitome 3.20" />

=== Troilus ===
[[File:Achilles slaying Troilus.PNG|thumb|left|Achilles slaying Troilus, red-figure kylix signed by [[Euphronios]]]]

According to the ''[[Cypria]]'' (the part of the [[Epic Cycle]] that tells the events of the Trojan War before Achilles's wrath), when the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] desired to return home, they were restrained by Achilles, who afterwards attacked the cattle of [[Aeneas]], sacked neighbouring cities (such as [[Pedasus]] and [[Lyrnessus]], where the Greeks capture the queen [[Briseis]]) and killed [[Tenes]], a son of [[Apollo]], as well as Priam's son [[Troilus]] in the sanctuary of Apollo [[Thymbra]]ios; however, the romance between Troilus and [[Chryseis]] described in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[Troilus and Criseyde]]'' and in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]'' is a medieval invention.<ref name="stoa.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 |title=Proclus' Summary of the Cypria |publisher=Stoa.org |access-date=9 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009120320/http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 |archive-date=9 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="New Pauly" />

In [[Dares Phrygius]]'s ''Account of the Destruction of Troy'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011130034104/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2001 |title=Dares' account of the destruction of Troy, Greek Mythology Link |publisher=Homepage.mac.com |access-date=9 March 2010}}</ref> the Latin summary through which the story of Achilles was transmitted to medieval Europe, as well as in older accounts, Troilus was a young Trojan prince, the youngest of King [[Priam]]'s and [[Hecuba]]'s five legitimate sons (or according other sources, another son of Apollo).<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.151.</ref> Despite his youth, he was one of the main Trojan war leaders, a "horse fighter" or "chariot fighter" according to Homer.<ref>''Iliad'' 24.257. Cf. [[Vergil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' 1.474–478.</ref> Prophecies linked Troilus's fate to that of Troy and so he was ambushed in an attempt to capture him. Yet Achilles, struck by the beauty of both Troilus and his sister [[Polyxena]], and overcome with lust, directed his sexual attentions on the youth—who, refusing to yield, instead found himself decapitated upon an altar-omphalos of Apollo [[Thymbra]]ios.<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca Epitome'' 3.32.</ref> Later versions of the story suggested Troilus was accidentally killed by Achilles in an over-ardent lovers' embrace.<ref>Scholia to [[Lycophron]] 307; [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], Scholia to the ''Aeneid'' {{Perseus|Serv.|A.|1.474}}</ref> In this version of the myth, Achilles's death therefore came in retribution for this sacrilege.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=James |date=19 July 2007 |title=Zeus Be Nice Now |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html |website=London Review of Books |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011152019/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Ancient writers treated Troilus as the epitome of a dead child mourned by his parents. Had Troilus lived to adulthood, the [[First Vatican Mythographer]] claimed, Troy would have been invincible; however, the motif is older and found already in [[Plautus]]'s ''[[Bacchides (play)|Bacchides]]''.<ref>[[Plautus]], [[Bacchides (Plautus)|''Bacchides'']] 953ff.</ref>

=== In the ''Iliad'' ===
[[File:Achilles Agamemnon Pompei mosaic NAMNaples 10006.jpg|thumb|Achilles and [[Agamemnon]], from a mosaic from [[Pompeii]], first century CE]]

Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' is the most famous narrative of Achilles's deeds in the Trojan War. Achilles's wrath ({{lang|grc|μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως}}, {{tlit|grc|mênis Achilléōs}}) is the central theme of the poem. The first two lines of the ''Iliad'' read:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος 
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, [...]
|Sing, Goddess, of the rage of Peleus' son Achilles, 
the accursed rage that brought great suffering to the Achaeans, [...]
|}

[[File:Wall painting - Briseis taken away from Achilles - Pompeii (VI 8 5) - Napoli MAN 9105 - 01.jpg|thumb|Achilles cedes [[Briseis]] to [[Agamemnon]], from the [[House of the Tragic Poet]] in [[Pompeii]], fresco, first century CE ([[Naples National Archaeological Museum]])]]

The Homeric epic only covers a few weeks of the decade-long war, and does not narrate Achilles's death. It begins with Achilles's withdrawal from battle after being dishonoured by [[Agamemnon]], the commander of the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaean]] forces. Agamemnon has taken a woman named [[Chryseis]] as his slave. Her father [[Chryses]], a priest of [[Apollo]], begs Agamemnon to return her to him. Agamemnon refuses, and Apollo sends a plague amongst the Greeks. The prophet [[Calchas]] correctly determines the source of the troubles but will not speak unless Achilles vows to protect him. Achilles does so, and Calchas declares that Chryseis must be returned to her father. Agamemnon consents, but then commands that Achilles's slave [[Briseis]], the daughter of [[Briseus]], be brought to him to replace Chryseis. Angry at the dishonour of having his plunder and glory taken away (and, as he says later, because he loves Briseis),<ref>''Iliad'' 9.334–343.</ref> with the urging of his mother Thetis, Achilles refuses to fight or lead his troops alongside the other Greek forces. At the same time, burning with rage over Agamemnon's theft, Achilles [[Homeric prayer|prays]] to Thetis to convince Zeus to help the Trojans gain ground in the war, so that he may regain his honour.

As the battle turns against the Greeks, thanks to the influence of Zeus, [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] declares that the Trojans are winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and urges the king to appease the warrior. Agamemnon agrees and sends [[Odysseus]] and two other chieftains, [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] and [[Phoenix (son of Amyntor)|Phoenix]]. They promise that, if Achilles returns to battle, Agamemnon will return the captive Briseis and other gifts. Achilles rejects all Agamemnon offers him and simply urges the Greeks to sail home as he is planning to do.

[[File:The Rage of Achilles by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.jpeg|thumb|left|''The Rage of Achilles'', fresco by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] (1757, Villa Valmarana ai Nani, Vicenza)]]

The Trojans, led by [[Hector]], subsequently push the Greek army back toward the beaches and assault the Greek ships. With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute destruction, [[Patroclus]] leads the [[Myrmidons]] into battle, wearing Achilles's armour, although Achilles remains at his camp. Patroclus succeeds in pushing the Trojans back from the beaches, but is killed by Hector before he can lead a proper assault on the city of Troy.

After receiving the news of the death of Patroclus from [[Antilochus]], the son of Nestor, Achilles grieves over his beloved companion's death. His mother Thetis comes to comfort the distraught Achilles. She persuades [[Hephaestus]] to make new armour for him, in place of the armour that Patroclus had been wearing, which was taken by Hector. The new armour includes the [[Shield of Achilles]], described in great detail in the poem.

Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles ends his refusal to fight and takes the field, killing many men in his rage but always seeking out Hector. Achilles even engages in battle with the river god [[Scamander]], who has become angry that Achilles is choking his waters with all the men he has killed. The god tries to drown Achilles but is stopped by [[Hera]] and Hephaestus. Zeus himself takes note of Achilles's rage and sends the gods to restrain him so that he will not go on to sack Troy itself before the time allotted for its destruction, seeming to show that the unhindered rage of Achilles can defy fate itself. Finally, Achilles finds his prey.

[[File:The Triumph of Achilles by Franz von Matsch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|''The Triumph of Achilles'', fresco by [[Franz von Matsch]] in the [[Achilleion (Corfu)|Achilleion]], Greece]]

Achilles chases Hector around the wall of Troy three times before [[Athena]], in the form of Hector's favourite and dearest brother, [[Deiphobus]], persuades Hector to stop running and fight Achilles face to face. After Hector realizes the trick, he knows the battle is inevitable. Wanting to go down fighting, he charges at Achilles with his only weapon, his sword, but misses. Accepting his fate, Hector begs Achilles not to spare his life, but to treat his body with respect after killing him. Achilles tells Hector it is hopeless to expect that of him, declaring that, "my rage, my fury would drive me now to hack your flesh away and eat you raw – such agonies you have caused me."<ref>"The Iliad", Fagles translation. Penguin Books, 1991: 22.346.</ref> Achilles then kills Hector and drags his corpse by its heels behind his chariot. After having a dream where Patroclus begs Achilles to hold his funeral, Achilles hosts a series of [[funeral games]] in honour of his companion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lattimore |first1=Richmond |title=The Illiad of Homer |date=2011 |publisher=The University of Chicago |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-46937-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/iliad00home_5}}</ref>

At the onset of his duel with Hector, Achilles is referred to as the brightest star in the sky, which comes on in the autumn, Orion's dog ([[Sirius]]); a sign of evil. During the cremation of Patroclus, he is compared to [[Hesperus]], the evening/western star ([[Venus]]), while the burning of the funeral pyre lasts until [[Phosphorus (morning star)|Phosphorus]], the morning/eastern star (also Venus) has set (descended).

With the assistance of the god [[Hermes]] (Argeiphontes), Hector's father [[Priam]] goes to Achilles's tent to plead with Achilles for the return of Hector's body so that he can be buried. Achilles relents and promises a truce for the duration of the funeral, lasting 9 days with a burial on the 10th (in the tradition of [[Niobe]]'s offspring). The poem ends with a description of Hector's funeral, with the doom of Troy and Achilles himself still to come.

=== Penthesilea and Memnon ===
[[File:Akhilleus Memnon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1410.jpg|thumb|Achilles and Memnon fighting, between Thetis and Eos, Attic black-figure amphora, {{circa|510 BCE|lk=no}}, from Vulci]]

Later works, including the ''[[Aethiopis]]'' (seventh century BCE) and a work named ''[[Posthomerica]]'', composed by [[Quintus of Smyrna]] in the fourth century CE, relate further events from the [[Trojan War]]. When [[Penthesilea]], queen of the [[Amazons]] and daughter of [[Ares]], arrives in Troy, Priam hopes that she will defeat Achilles. After his temporary truce with Priam, Achilles fights and kills the warrior queen, only to grieve over her death later.<ref>[[Propertius]], 3.11.15; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]] 1.</ref> Initially taken aback, he did not fight as intensely as usual. Once he realized that his distraction was endangering his life, he refocused and killed her.

Following the death of Patroclus, Nestor's son [[Antilochus]] becomes Achilles's closest companion. Achilles already loved Antilochus, so Menelaus thought Antilochus would be the best person to inform Achilles of Patroclus's death.<ref>[[Philostratus]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.1 2.7.1] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])</ref> Later, [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]], son of the Dawn Goddess [[Eos]] and king of [[Ethiopia (mythology)|Ethiopia]], slays Antilochus as he sacrifices himself to save his father. According to [[Philostratus of Lemnos|Philostratus]]'s ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'', Achilles laments his death on the battlefield, promising Antilochus a glorious funeral and vengeance. Achilles once more obtains revenge on the battlefield, killing Memnon.<ref>[[Philostratus]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.2 2.7.2] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])</ref> Consequently, Eos will not let the sun rise until Zeus persuades her. The fight between Achilles and Memnon over Antilochus echoes that of Achilles and Hector over Patroclus, except that Memnon (unlike Hector) was also the son of a goddess.

Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired many details in the ''Iliad''{{'}}s description of the death of Patroclus and Achilles's reaction to it. The episode then formed the basis of the [[Epic Cycle|cyclic epic]] ''[[Aethiopis]]'', which was composed after the ''Iliad'', possibly in the seventh century BCE. The ''Aethiopis'' is now lost, except for scattered fragments quoted by later authors.

=== Achilles and Patroclus ===
{{Main|Achilles and Patroclus}}
[[File:Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg|thumb|Achilles tending Patroclus wounded by an arrow, Attic red-figure [[kylix]], {{circa|500 BCE|lk=no}} ([[Altes Museum]], Berlin)]]

The exact nature of Achilles's relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times. In the ''Iliad'', it appears to be the model of a deep and loyal friendship. Homer does not suggest that Achilles and his close friend Patroclus had sexual relations.<ref name="Fox 2011">{{cite book |title=The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind |author=Robin Fox |year=2011 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06094-4 |quote=There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCxy_4Bt1F0C&pg=PA223 223]}}</ref><ref name="Martin 2012">{{cite book |title=Alexander the Great: The Story of an Ancient Life |last=Martin |first=Thomas R |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-14844-3 |quote=The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the ''Iliad'' never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.). |page=100}}</ref> Although there is no direct evidence in the text of the ''Iliad'' that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers, this theory was expressed by some later authors. Commentators from [[classical antiquity]] to the present have often interpreted the relationship through the lens of their own cultures. In fifth-century BCE Athens, the intense bond was often viewed in light of the [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|Greek custom of ''paiderasteia'']], which is the relationship between an older male and a younger one, usually a teenager. In Plato's ''Symposium'', the participants in a dialogue about love assume that Achilles and Patroclus were a couple; Phaedrus argues that Achilles was the younger and more beautiful one so he was the beloved and Patroclus was the lover.<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Sym.+180a 180a]; the beauty of Achilles was a topic already broached at ''Iliad'' 2.673–674.</ref> In Xenophon's ''Symposium'', Socrates says that Achilles and Patroclus were not lovers but had a platonic relationship. [[Kenneth Dover]] argues that ancient Greek had no words to distinguish heterosexual and homosexual,<ref name ="Dover">{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Dover |authorlink=Kenneth Dover |title=Greek Homosexuality |publisher=Harvard University Press |orig-year=1978 |year=1989 |at=p. 1 ''et passim'' |isbn=0-674-36270-5 }}</ref> and it was assumed that a man could both desire handsome young men and have sex with women. However, some ancient Greek texts did recognise that certain men have exclusive preference for other men by nature but only marry women and beget children out of compulsion or custom while others always seek women.<ref name ="Dover" /> Many pairs of men throughout history have been compared to Achilles and Patroclus to imply a homosexual relationship.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=W. M. |title=Achilles and Patroclus in Love |journal=Hermes |date=1978 |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=381–396 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476069?seq=1 |issn=0018-0777}}</ref>

=== Death ===
[[File:Closeup of Achilles thniskon in Corfu Achilleion autocorrected.JPG|thumb|left|''Dying Achilles'' (Achilleas thniskon) in the gardens of the Achilleion]]

The death of Achilles, even if considered solely as it occurred in the oldest sources, is a complex one, with many different versions.<ref>Abrantes 2016: c. 4.3.1</ref> Starting with the oldest account in book 22 of the ''Iliad'', [[Hector]] predicts with his last dying breath that [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]] and Apollo will slay him at the Scaean Gates leading to Troy (with an arrow to the heel according to Statius). In book 23, the sad spirit of dead Patroclus visits Achilles just as he drifts off into slumber, requesting that his bones be placed with those of Achilles in his golden vase, a gift of his mother.

[[File:Aias body Akhilleus Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1884.jpg|thumb|right|Ajax carries off the body of Achilles, [[Attica|Attic]] black-figure [[lekythos]] from Sicily, {{Circa|510 BCE}} ([[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]], Munich).]]

In book 11 of the ''[[Odyssey]]'', Odysseus sails to the underworld and converses with the shades. One of these is Achilles, who when greeted as "blessed in life, blessed in death", responds that he would rather be a slave to the worst of masters than be king of all the dead. But Achilles then asks Odysseus of his son's exploits in the Trojan war, and Odysseus tells him of Neoptolemus's actions.<ref>''Odyssey'' 11.467–564.</ref>

Book 24 of ''Odyssey'' gives dead King Agamemnon's ghostly account of Achilles's death: the bleached bones from Achilles's funeral [[pyre]] had been mixed with those of [[Patroclus]] and put into his mother's golden vase. Also, the bones of [[Antilochus of Pylos|Antilochus]], who had become closer to Achilles than any other following Patroclus's death, were separately enclosed. The customary funeral games of a hero were performed, and a massive tomb or [[mound]] was built on the [[Hellespont]] for approaching seagoers to celebrate.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Odyssey of Homer |author=Richmond Lattimore |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-124418-6 |location=New York |page=347}}</ref>

Achilles was represented in the ''Aethiopis'' as living after his death in the island of [[Leuke]] at the mouth of the river [[Danube]]. Another version of Achilles's death is that he fell deeply in love with one of the Trojan princesses, [[Polyxena]]. Achilles asks Priam for Polyxena's hand in marriage. Priam is willing because it would mean the end of the war and an alliance with the world's greatest warrior. But while Priam is overseeing the private marriage of Polyxena and Achilles, Paris, who would have to give up Helen if Achilles married his sister, hides in the bushes and shoots Achilles with a divine arrow, killing him. According to [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], after his death he married [[Medea]] in the [[Elysium|Elysian Fields]].<ref>Dräger, paras. 1, 4; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.5 E.5.5].</ref>

=== Fate of Achilles's armour ===
[[File:Odysseus Ajax Louvre F340.jpg|thumb|left|Oinochoe, {{circa|520 BCE|lk=no}}, Ajax and Odysseus fighting over the armour of Achilles]]

Achilles's armour was the object of a feud between Odysseus and [[Ajax the Great]]. They competed for it by giving speeches on why they were the bravest after Achilles to their Trojan prisoners, who, after considering the presentations of both men, decided Odysseus was more deserving of the armour. Furious, Ajax cursed Odysseus, which earned him the ire of Athena, who temporarily made Ajax so mad with grief and anguish that he began killing sheep, thinking them his comrades. After a while, when Athena lifted his madness and Ajax realized that he had actually been killing sheep, he was so ashamed that he committed suicide. Odysseus eventually gave the armour to [[Neoptolemus]], the son of Achilles. When Odysseus encounters the shade of Ajax much later in the House of Hades (''Odyssey'' 11.543–566), Ajax is still so angry about the outcome of the competition that he refuses to speak to Odysseus.

The armour they fought for was made by [[Hephaestus]] and thus much stronger and more beautiful than any armour a mortal could craft. Thetis had the gear made for Achilles because his first set was worn by [[Patroclus]] when he went to battle and taken by Hector when he killed Patroclus. The [[Shield of Achilles]] was also made by the fire god. His legendary spear was given to him by his mentor [[Chiron]] before he participated in the [[Trojan War]]. It was called the Pelian Spear, which allegedly no other man could wield.

A relic claimed to be Achilles's bronze-headed spear was preserved for centuries in the temple of Athena on the acropolis of [[Phaselis]], Lycia, a port on the Pamphylian Gulf. The city was visited in 333 BCE by [[Alexander the Great]], who envisioned himself as the new Achilles and carried the ''Iliad'' with him, but his court biographers do not mention the spear; however, it was shown in the time of [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] in the second century CE.<ref>{{cite book |quote=Alexander came to rest at Phaselis, a coastal city which was later renowned for the possession of Achilles' original spear. |first=Robin Lane |last=Fox |title=Alexander the Great |year=1973 |page=144 }}</ref><ref>Pausanias, iii.3.6; see {{cite book |first=Christian |last=Jacob |first2=Anne |last2=Mullen-Hohl |chapter=The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece |series=Yale French Studies |volume=59 |title=Rethinking History: Time, Myth, and Writing |year=1980 |pages=5–85, especially 81 |jstor=2929815 }}</ref>

=== Achilles, Ajax and a game of ''petteia'' ===
Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war, Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (''petteia'').<ref>[http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html "Petteia".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209122834/http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html |date=9 December 2006 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html "Greek Board Games".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408090534/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html |date=8 April 2009 }}</ref> They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle.<ref>[http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html "Latrunculi".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915044905/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html |date=15 September 2006 }}</ref> The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were saved only by an intervention of Athena.<ref>[[Ioannis Kakridis]] (1988). ''Ελληνική Μυθολογία'' [Greek mythology]. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. Vol. 5, p. 92.</ref>

== Worship and heroic cult ==
{{See also|Heroön}}
[[File:Tumulus of Achilles and sacrifice of Polyxena.jpg|thumb|Sacrifice of Polyxena and tumulus-shaped tomb of Achilles with a [[Sacrificial tripod#Ancient Greece|tripod]] in front, on the [[Polyxena sarcophagus]], {{circa|500 BCE|lk=no}}<ref name="CBR79">{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Charles Brian |title=The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76207-6 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9gaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79}}</ref>]]
[[File:Achilles Troilus MAN Napoli Inv5999.jpg|thumb|Roman statue of a man with the dead body of a boy, identified as Achilles and Troilus, second century CE ([[Naples National Archaeological Museum]])]]

{{multiple image
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| caption1 = [[Achilles on Skyros]], where—according to the ''[[Achilleid]]''—[[Odysseus]] discovers him dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses of the royal court, late Roman mosaic from [[La Olmeda]], Spain, fourth–fifth centuries CE
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The tomb of Achilles,<ref>Cf. Homer, ''Iliad'' 24.80–84.</ref> extant throughout antiquity in the [[Troad]],<ref name=Troad>Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 5.94; Pliny, ''[[Naturalis Historia]]'' 5.125; Strabo, ''[[Geographica]]'' 13.1.32 (C596); [[Diogenes Laërtius]] 1.74.</ref> was venerated by [[Thessalians]], but also by [[Persians|Persian]] expeditionary forces, as well as by [[Alexander the Great]] and the Roman emperor [[Caracalla]].<ref name=Hedreen>{{cite journal |author=Guy Hedreen |title=The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine |journal=Hesperia |volume=60 |issue=3 |date=July 1991 |pages=313–330 |doi=10.2307/148068 |jstor=148068}}</ref> Achilles's cult was also to be found at other places, e. g. on the island of [[Astypalaea]] in the [[Sporades]],<ref>Cicero, ''De Natura Deorum'' 3.45.</ref> in [[Sparta]] which had a sanctuary,<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.20.8.</ref> in [[ancient Elis|Elis]] and in Achilles's homeland [[Thessaly]], as well as in the [[Magna Graecia]] cities of [[Taranto|Tarentum]], [[Locri]] and [[Crotone|Croton]],<ref>Lycophron 856.</ref> accounting for an almost Panhellenic cult to the hero.

The cult of Achilles is illustrated in the [[Polyxena sarcophagus]] (500 BCE), which depicts the sacrifice of Polyxena near the tumulus of Achilles.<ref name="JB114">{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Jonathan S. |title=The Death and Afterlife of Achilles |date=2009 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0361-8 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&pg=PA114 |language=en}}</ref> [[Strabo]] (13.1.32) also suggested that such a cult of Achilles existed in Troad:<ref name="CBR79" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Jonathan S. |title=The Death and Afterlife of Achilles |date=2009 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0361-8 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&pg=PA116 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Near the Sigeium is a temple and monument of Achilles, and monuments also of [[Patroclus]] and [[Anthlochus]]. The Ilienses perform sacred ceremonies in honour of them all, and even of [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]]. But they do not worship [[Hercules]], alleging as a reason that he ravaged their country.|[[Strabo]] (13.1.32)<ref>{{cite book |title=Str. 13.1.32 |translator-last1=Falconer |translator-first1=W. |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D32}}</ref>}}

The spread and intensity of the hero's veneration among the [[Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|Greeks]] that had [[Second Greek colonisation|settled]] on the northern coast of the [[Pontus Euxinus]], today's [[Black Sea]], appears to have been remarkable. An archaic cult is attested for the [[Miletus|Milesian]] colony of [[Olbia (Pontic)|Olbia]] as well as for an island in the middle of the Black Sea, today identified with [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Snake Island]] ({{langx|uk|Зміїний}}, {{tlit|uk|Zmiinyi}}, near [[Kiliia]], Ukraine). Early dedicatory inscriptions from the [[Greek colonies]] on the Black Sea ([[graffiti]] and inscribed clay disks, these possibly being [[votive offering]]s, from Olbia, the area of [[Berezan Island]] and the [[Tauric Chersonese]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hildebrecht Hommel |title=Der Gott Achilleus |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften |issue=1 |year=1980 |pages=38–44}}</ref>) attest the existence of a [[heroic cult]] of Achilles<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. T. |last=Hooker |title=The cults of Achilleus |journal=Rheinisches Museum für Philologie |volume=131 |issue=3 |date=1988 |pages=1–7}}</ref> from the sixth century BCE onwards. The cult was still thriving in the third century CE, when dedicatory [[stelae]] from Olbia refer to an ''Achilles Pontárchēs'' (Ποντάρχης, roughly 'lord of the sea', or 'lord of the [[Pontus Euxinus]]'), who was invoked as a protector of the city of Olbia, venerated on par with [[Olympian gods]] such as the local [[Apollo]] Prostates, [[Hermes]] Agoraeus,<ref name=Hedreen /> or [[Poseidon]].<ref>Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.770–779.</ref>

[[Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 CE) in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' mentions a "port of the Achæi" and an "island of Achilles", famous for the tomb of that "man" ({{lang|la|portus Achaeorum, insula Achillis, tumulo eius viri clara}}), situated somewhat nearby Olbia and the [[Dnieper-Bug Estuary]]; furthermore, at 125 [[Roman mile]]s from this island, he places a peninsula "which stretches forth in the shape of a sword" obliquely, called ''Dromos Achilleos'' (Ἀχιλλέως δρόμος, ''Achilléōs drómos'', '[[Racecourse of Achilles|the Race-course of Achilles]]')<ref>Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.12.83 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D26#note-link10 chapter 4.26]).</ref> and considered the place of the hero's exercise or of games instituted by him.<ref name=Hedreen /> This last feature of Pliny's account is considered to be the iconic [[Spit (landform)|spit]], called today ''Tendra'' (or ''Kosa Tendra'' and ''Kosa Djarilgatch''), situated between the mouth of the [[Dnieper]] and [[Karkinit Bay]], but which is hardly 125 [[Roman mile]]s (around 185 km) away from the [[Dnieper-Bug estuary]], as Pliny states (to the "Race-course" he gives a length of {{cvt|80|miles}}, whereas the spit measures around {{cvt|70|km}} today).

In the following chapter of his book, Pliny refers to the same island as ''Achillea'' and introduces two further names for it: ''Leuce'' or ''Macaron'' (from Greek {{lang|grc|[νῆσος] μακαρῶν}}, 'island of the blest'). The "present day" measures, he gives at this point, seem to account for an identification of ''Achillea'' or ''Leuce'' with today's [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Snake Island]].<ref>Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.13.93 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D27 chapter 4.27]): "Researches which have been made at the present day place this island at a distance of 140 miles from the Borysthenes, of 120 from [[Tyras]], and of fifty from the island of [[Peuce Island|Peuce]]. It is about ten miles in circumference." Although afterwards he speaks again of "the remaining islands in the Gulf of [[Kerkinitis|Carcinites]]" which are "Cephalonesos, Rhosphodusa [or Spodusa], and Macra".</ref> Pliny's contemporary [[Pomponius Mela]] ({{circa|43 CE|lk=no}}) tells that Achilles was buried on an island named ''Achillea'', situated between the [[Borysthenes]] and the [[Danube|Ister]], adding to the geographical confusion.<ref>Pomponius Mela, ''De situ orbis'' 2.7.</ref> Ruins of a square temple, measuring 30 meters to a side, possibly that dedicated to Achilles, were discovered by Captain {{ill|Nikolay Kritsky|ru|Критский, Николай Дмитриевич}} in 1823 on [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Snake Island]]. A second exploration in 1840 showed that the construction of a lighthouse had destroyed all traces of this temple. A fifth-century BCE [[Black-glazed Ware|black-glazed]] [[lekythos]] inscription, found on the island in 1840, reads: "Glaukos, son of Poseidon, dedicated me to Achilles, lord of Leuke." In another inscription from the fifth or fourth centuries BCE, a statue is dedicated to Achilles, lord of Leuke, by a citizen of Olbia, while in a further dedication, the city of Olbia confirms its continuous maintenance of the island's cult, again suggesting its quality as a place of a supra-regional hero veneration.<ref name=Hedreen />

The heroic cult dedicated to Achilles on ''Leuce'' seems to go back to an account from the lost epic ''[[Aethiopis]]'' according to which, after his untimely death, Thetis had snatched her son from the funeral pyre and removed him to a mythical {{lang|el|Λεύκη Νῆσος}} ({{tlit|el|Leúkē Nêsos}}, 'White Island').<ref>[[Proclus]], ''Chrestomathia'' 2.</ref> Already in the fifth century BCE, [[Pindar]] had mentioned a cult of Achilles on a "bright island" ({{lang|grc|φαεννά νᾶσος}}, {{tlit|grc|phaenná nâsos}}) of the Black Sea,<ref>Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.49ff.; Arrian, ''[[Periplus of the Euxine Sea]]'' 21.</ref> while in another of his works, Pindar would retell the story of the immortalized Achilles living on a geographically indefinite [[Island of the Blest]] together with other heroes such as his father [[Peleus]] and [[Cadmus]].<ref>Pindar, ''Olympia'' 2.78ff.</ref> Well known is the connection of these mythological [[Fortunate Isles]] (μακαρῶν νῆσοι, ''makárôn nêsoi'') or the Homeric [[Elysium]] with the stream [[Oceanus]] which according to Greek mythology surrounds the inhabited world, which should have accounted for the identification of the northern strands of the Euxine with it.<ref name=Hedreen /> Guy Hedreen has found further evidence for this connection of Achilles with the northern margin of the inhabited world in a poem by [[Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus]], speaking of "Achilles lord of Scythia"<ref>D. Page, ''Lyrica Graeca Selecta'', Oxford 1968, p. 89, no. 166.</ref> and the opposition of North and South, as evoked by Achilles's fight against the [[Aethiopia]]n prince [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]], who in his turn would be removed to his homeland by his mother [[Eos]] after his death.

The ''[[Periplus Ponti Euxini|Periplus of the Euxine Sea]]'' ({{circa|130 CE|lk=no}}) gives the following details:

{{blockquote|It is said that the goddess Thetis raised this island from the sea, for her son Achilles, who dwells there. Here is his temple and his statue, an archaic work. This island is not inhabited, and goats graze on it, not many, which the people who happen to arrive here with their ships, sacrifice to Achilles. In this temple are also deposited a great many holy gifts, craters, rings and precious stones, offered to Achilles in gratitude. One can still read inscriptions in Greek and Latin, in which Achilles is praised and celebrated. Some of these are worded in Patroclus's honour, because those who wish to be favored by Achilles, honour Patroclus at the same time. There are also in this island countless numbers of sea birds, which look after Achilles's temple. Every morning they fly out to sea, wet their wings with water, and return quickly to the temple and sprinkle it. And after they finish the sprinkling, they clean the hearth of the temple with their wings. Other people say still more, that some of the men who reach this island, come here intentionally. They bring animals in their ships, destined to be sacrificed. Some of these animals they slaughter, others they set free on the island, in Achilles's honour. But there are others, who are forced to come to this island by sea storms. As they have no sacrificial animals, but wish to get them from the god of the island himself, they consult Achilles's oracle. They ask permission to slaughter the victims chosen from among the animals that graze freely on the island, and to deposit in exchange the price which they consider fair. But in case the oracle denies them permission, because there is an oracle here, they add something to the price offered, and if the oracle refuses again, they add something more, until at last, the oracle agrees that the price is sufficient. And then the victim doesn't run away any more, but waits willingly to be caught. So, there is a great quantity of silver there, consecrated to the hero, as price for the sacrificial victims. To some of the people who come to this island, Achilles appears in dreams, to others he would appear even during their navigation, if they were not too far away, and would instruct them as to which part of the island they would better anchor their ships.<ref name="Densuşianu" />}}

The Greek geographer [[Dionysius Periegetes]], who probably lived during the first century CE, wrote that the island was called ''Leuce'' "because the wild animals which live there are white. It is said that there, in Leuce island, reside the souls of Achilles and other heroes, and that they wander through the uninhabited valleys of this island; this is how Jove rewarded the men who had distinguished themselves through their virtues, because through virtue they had acquired everlasting honour."<ref>Dionysius Periegetes, ''Orbis descriptio'' 5.541, quoted in Densuşianu 1913.</ref> Similarly, others relate the island's name to its white cliffs, snakes or birds dwelling there.<ref name=Hedreen /><ref>Arrian, ''[[Periplus of the Euxine Sea]]'' 21; Scholion to Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.79.</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] has been told that the island is "covered with forests and full of animals, some wild, some tame. In this island there is also Achilles's temple and his statue."<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.11.</ref> Leuce had also a reputation as a place of healing. Pausanias reports that the [[Delphi]]c [[Pythia]] sent a lord of [[Crotone|Croton]] to be cured of a chest wound.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.13.</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] attributes the healing to waters (''aquae'') on the island.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' 22.8.</ref>

[[Strabo]] mentioned that the cape of the Racecourse of Achilles was sacred to Achilles and although it was treeless, was called Alsos (ἄλσος).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:7.3.19 Strabo, Geography, 7.3.19]</ref> ''Alsos'' in Greek means '[[Grove (nature)|grove]]'.

A number of important commercial port cities of the Greek waters were dedicated to Achilles. [[Herodotus]], [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Strabo]] reported on the existence of a town {{tlit|grc|Achílleion}} ({{lang|grc|Ἀχίλλειον}}), built by settlers from [[Mytilene]] in the sixth century BCE, close to the hero's presumed burial mound in the [[Troad]].<ref name=Troad /> Later attestations point to an ''Achílleion'' in [[Messenia]] (according to [[Stephanus Byzantinus]]) and an ''Achílleios'' (Ἀχίλλειος) in [[Laconia]].<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.25.4.</ref> [[Nicolae Densuşianu]] recognized a connection to Achilles in the names of [[Aquileia]] and of the northern arm of the Danube delta, called [[Chilia Veche|Chilia]] (presumably from an older ''Achileii''), although his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over the Black Sea, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law.<ref name="Densuşianu">Nicolae Densuşianu: ''Dacia preistorică''. Bucharest: Carol Göbl, 1913.</ref>

The kings of [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] claimed to be descended from Achilles through his son, [[Neoptolemus]]. [[Alexander the Great]], son of the Epirote princess [[Olympias]], could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor. He is said to have visited the tomb of Achilles at [[Achilleion (Troad)#Tomb of Achilles|Achilleion]] while passing Troy.<ref>[[Arrian]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 1.12.1, [[Cicero]], ''Pro Archia Poeta'' 24.</ref> In 216, the Roman emperor [[Caracalla]], while on his way to war against [[Parthia]], emulated Alexander by holding games around Achilles's tumulus.<ref>[[Dio Cassius]] 78.16.7.</ref>

== Reception during antiquity ==

=== In Greek tragedy ===
{{Main|Achilleis (trilogy)}}

The Greek tragedian [[Aeschylus]] wrote a trilogy of plays about Achilles, given the title ''Achilleis'' by modern scholars. The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles during the Trojan War, including his defeat of Hector and eventual death when an arrow shot by Paris and guided by Apollo punctures his heel. Extant fragments of the ''Achilleis'' and other Aeschylean fragments have been assembled to produce a workable modern play. The first part of the ''Achilleis'' trilogy, ''The Myrmidons'', focused on the relationship between Achilles and chorus, who represent the Achaean army and try to convince Achilles to give up his quarrel with Agamemnon; only a few lines survive today.<ref>Pantelis Michelakis, ''Achilles in Greek Tragedy'', 2002, p. 22</ref> In Plato's ''Symposium'', Phaedrus points out that Aeschylus portrayed Achilles as the lover and Patroclus as the beloved; Phaedrus argues that this is incorrect because Achilles, being the younger and more beautiful of the two, was the beloved, who loved his lover so much that he chose to die to avenge him.<ref>Plato, ''Symposium'', translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Editions, page 8</ref> In the last play, ''[[Phrygians (play)|The Phrygians]]'', Priam begged Achilles for the return of his son's body.<ref>Michelakis 2002, p. 54</ref>

The tragedian [[Sophocles]] also wrote ''The Lovers of Achilles'', a play with Achilles as the main character. Only a few fragments survive.<ref>S. Radt. ''Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta'', vol. 4, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977) frr. 149–157a.</ref>

Towards the end of the fifth century BCE, a more negative view of Achilles emerges in Greek drama; [[Euripides]] refers to Achilles in a bitter or ironic tone in ''[[Hecuba (play)|Hecuba]]'', ''[[Electra (Euripides)|Electra]]'', and ''[[Iphigenia in Aulis]]''.<ref name="Latacz 2010">Latacz 2010</ref>

Other contemporary tragedians, such as [[Astydamas]], wrote works on Achilles that are completely lost today.

=== In Greek philosophy ===

==== Zeno ====
The philosopher [[Zeno of Elea]] centred one of [[Zeno's paradoxes|his paradoxes]] on an imaginary footrace between "[[Epithets in Homer#Individuals|swift-footed]]" [[Achilles and the tortoise|Achilles and a tortoise]], by which he attempted to show that Achilles could not catch up to a tortoise with a head start, and therefore that motion and change were impossible. As a student of the monist Parmenides and a member of the Eleatic school, Zeno believed time and motion to be illusions.

==== Plato ====
In ''[[Hippias Minor]]'', a [[Socratic dialogue]] attributed to [[Plato]], an arrogant man named Hippias argues with [[Socrates]]. The two get into a discussion about lying. They decide that a person who is intentionally false must be "better" than a person who is unintentionally false, on the basis that someone who lies intentionally must understand the subject about which they are lying.<ref name="hm">{{cite web |last1=Jowett |first1=Benjamin |author2=Plato |title=Lesser Hippias |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1673/1673-h/1673-h.htm |publisher=Project Gutenberg |date=15 January 2013}}</ref> Socrates uses various analogies, discussing athletics and the sciences to prove his point. The two also reference Homer extensively. Socrates and Hippias agree that [[Odysseus]], who concocted a number of lies throughout the ''Odyssey'' and other stories in the Trojan War Cycle, was false intentionally. Achilles, like Odysseus, told numerous falsehoods. Hippias believes that Achilles was a generally honest man, while Socrates believes that Achilles lied for his own benefit. The two argue over whether it is better to lie on purpose or by accident. Socrates eventually abandons Homeric arguments and makes sports analogies to drive home the point: someone who does wrong on purpose is a better person than someone who does wrong unintentionally.

=== In Roman and medieval literature ===
The Romans, who traditionally traced their lineage to Troy, took a highly negative view of Achilles.<ref name="Latacz 2010" /> [[Virgil]] refers to Achilles as a savage and a merciless butcher of men,<ref>''Aeneid'' 2.28, 1.30, 3.87.</ref> while [[Horace]] portrays Achilles ruthlessly slaying women and children.<ref>''Odes'' 4.6.17–20.</ref> Other writers, such as [[Catullus]], [[Propertius]], and [[Ovid]], represent a second strand of disparagement, with an emphasis on Achilles's erotic career. This strand continues in Latin accounts of the Trojan War by writers such as [[Dictys Cretensis]] and [[Dares Phrygius]] and in [[Benoît de Sainte-Maure]]'s {{lang|fr|[[Roman de Troie]]}} and [[Guido delle Colonne]]'s ''[[Historia destructionis Troiae]]'', which remained the most widely read and retold versions of the [[Matter of Troy]] until the seventeenth century.

Achilles was described by the Byzantine chronicler [[Leo the Deacon]], not as [[Hellenes|Hellene]], but as [[Scythians|Scythian]], while according to the Byzantine author [[John Malalas]], his army was made up of a tribe previously known as Myrmidons and later as [[Bulgars]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ekonomou |first1=Andrew |title=Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes |date=2007 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=UK |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&q=john+malalas+myrmidons+achilles&pg=PA123 |access-date=14 September 2015 |isbn=978-0-7391-1977-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeffreys |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Croke |first2=Brian |title=Studies in John Malalas |publisher=Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Department of Modern Greek, University of Sydney |location=Sydney |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p55mAAAAMAAJ&q=john+malalas+myrmidons+achilles |access-date=14 September 2015 |isbn=978-0-9593626-5-7 |year=1990}}</ref>

== In modern literature and arts ==

[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Briseis and Achilles.jpg|thumb|right|''Briseis and Achilles'', engraving by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]] (1607–1677)]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Wrath of Achilles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'' ({{circa|1630–1635}}), painting by [[Peter Paul Rubens]]]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 003.jpg|thumb|''The death of Hector'', unfinished oil painting by [[Peter Paul Rubens]]]]
[[File:Gottlieb Schick Achille and Agamemnon 1801.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Achilles and Agamemnon by Gottlieb Schick (1801)]]
[[File:Leon Benouville The Wrath of Achilles.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'', by [[François-Léon Benouville]] (1847; [[Musée Fabre]])]]

=== Literature ===
* Achilles appears in Dante's ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'' (composed 1308–1320). He is seen in [[Hell]]'s second circle, that of lust.
* Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who has become lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus, in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]'' (1602). Despicably, he has his Myrmidons murder the unarmed Hector, and then gets them to announce that Achilles himself has slain Hector, as if it had been in a fair fight (Act 5.9.5-14).
* The French dramatist [[Thomas Corneille]] wrote a tragedy ''La Mort d'Achille'' (1673).
* Achilles is the subject of the poem ''Achilleis'' (1799), a fragment by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]].
* In 1899, the Polish playwright, painter and poet [[Stanisław Wyspiański]] published a national drama, based on Polish history, named ''Achilles''.
* In 1921, [[Edward Shanks]] published ''The Island of Youth and Other Poems'', concerned among others with Achilles.
* The 1983 novel ''[[Cassandra (novel)|Kassandra]]'' by [[Christa Wolf]] also treats the death of Achilles.
* [[H.D.]]'s 1961 long poem ''Helen in Egypt'' features Achilles prominently as a figure whose irrational hatred of Helen traumatizes her, the bulk of the poem's plot being about her recovery.
* Achilles is killed by a poisoned Centaur arrow shot by Cassandra in [[Marion Zimmer Bradley]]'s novel ''[[The Firebrand (Bradley novel)|The Firebrand]]'' (1987).
* Achilles is one of various 'narrators' in [[Colleen McCullough]]'s novel ''[[The Song of Troy]]'' (1998).
* ''[[The Death of Achilles]]'' (''Смерть Ахиллеса'', 1998) is an historical detective novel by Russian writer [[Boris Akunin]] that alludes to various figures and motifs from the ''Iliad''.
* The character Achilles in ''[[Ender's Shadow]]'' (1999), by Orson Scott Card, shares his namesake's cunning mind and ruthless attitude.
* Achilles is one of the main characters in [[Dan Simmons]]'s novels ''[[Ilium (novel)|Ilium]]'' (2003) and ''[[Olympos (novel)|Olympos]]'' (2005).
* Achilles is a major supporting character in [[David Gemmell]]'s ''[[David Gemmell#Troy series|Troy]]'' series of books (2005–2007).
* Achilles is the main character in [[David Malouf]]'s novel ''[[Ransom (Malouf novel)|Ransom]]'' (2009).
* The [[ghost]] of Achilles appears in [[Rick Riordan]]'s ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' (2009). He warns Percy Jackson about the Curse of Achilles and its side effects.
* Achilles is a main character in [[Terence Hawkins]]'s 2009 novel ''[[The Rage of Achilles]]''.
* Achilles is a major character in [[Madeline Miller]]'s debut novel, ''[[The Song of Achilles]]'' (2011), which won the 2012 [[Orange Prize for Fiction]]. The novel explores the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles from boyhood to the fateful events of the ''[[Iliad]]''.
* Achilles appears in the light novel series ''[[Fate/Apocrypha]]'' (2012–2014) as the Rider of Red.
* Achilles is a main character in [[Pat Barker]]'s 2018 novel ''[[The Silence of the Girls]]'', much of which is narrated by his slave [[Briseis]].

=== Visual arts ===
* ''Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes'' is a subject treated in paintings by [[Anthony van Dyck]] (before 1618; [[Museo del Prado]], Madrid) and [[Nicolas Poussin]] ({{circa|1652}}; [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]) among others.
* [[Peter Paul Rubens]] has authored a series of works on the life of Achilles, comprising the titles: ''Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx'', ''Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron'', ''Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes'', ''The wrath of Achilles'', ''The death of Hector'', ''Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus'', ''The death of Achilles'' ([[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]], Rotterdam), and ''Briseis restored to Achilles'' ([[Detroit Institute of Arts]]; all {{circa|1630–1635}})
* Pieter van Lint, "Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes", 1645, at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem
* ''Dying Achilles'' is a sculpture created by [[Christophe Veyrier]] ({{circa|1683}}; [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London).
* ''The Rage of Achilles'' is a fresco by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] (1757, [[Villa Valmarana Ai Nani]], Vicenza).
* [[Eugène Delacroix]] painted a version of ''The Education of Achilles'' for the ceiling of the Paris [[Palais Bourbon]] (1833–1847), one of the seats of the [[French Parliament]].
* {{Interlanguage link|Arthur Kaan|de|Arthur Kaan}} created a statue group ''Achilles and Penthesilea'' (1895; Vienna).
* ''Achilleus'' (1908) is a [[lithography]] by [[Max Slevogt]].

=== Music ===
Achilles has been frequently the subject of operas, ballets and related genres.
* Operas titled ''Deidamia'' were composed by [[Francesco Cavalli]] (1644) and [[George Frideric Handel]] (1739).
* ''[[Achille et Polyxène]]'' (Paris 1687) is an opera begun by [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and finished by [[Pascal Collasse]].
* ''[[Achille et Déidamie]]'' (Paris 1735) is an opera composed by [[André Campra]].
* ''[[Achilles (opera)|Achilles]]'' (London 1733) is a [[ballad opera]], written by [[John Gay]], parodied by [[Thomas Arne]] as ''Achilles in petticoats'' in 1773.
* ''[[Achille in Sciro]]'' is a [[libretto]] by [[Metastasio]], composed by [[Domenico Sarro]] for the inauguration of the [[Teatro di San Carlo]] (Naples, 4 November 1737). An even earlier composition is from [[Antonio Caldara]] (Vienna 1736). Later operas on the same libretto were composed by [[Leonardo Leo]] (Turin 1739), [[Niccolò Jommelli]] (Vienna 1749 and Rome 1772), [[Giuseppe Sarti]] (Copenhagen 1759 and Florence 1779), [[Johann Adolph Hasse]] (Naples 1759), [[Giovanni Paisiello]] (St. Petersburg 1772), [[Giuseppe Gazzaniga]] (Palermo 1781) and many others. It has also been set to music as ''Il Trionfo della gloria''.
* ''Achille'' (Vienna 1801) is an opera by [[Ferdinando Paër]] on a libretto by [[Giovanni de Gamerra]].
* ''Achille à Scyros'' (Paris 1804) is a [[ballet]] by [[Pierre Gardel]], composed by [[Luigi Cherubini]].
* ''Achilles, oder Das zerstörte Troja'' ("Achilles, or Troy Destroyed", Bonn 1885) is an [[oratorio]] by the German composer [[Max Bruch]].
* ''Achilles auf Skyros'' (Stuttgart 1926) is a ballet by the Austrian-British composer and musicologist [[Egon Wellesz]].
* ''Achilles' Wrath'' is a concert piece by Sean O'Loughlin.<ref>[http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Entry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224050134/http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ |date=24 February 2017 }} at ''Musical World''.</ref>
* ''[[Temporary Like Achilles]]'' is a song on the 1966 double-album ''[[Blonde on Blonde]]'' by [[Bob Dylan]]
* ''[[Achilles Last Stand]]'' is a song on the 1976 [[Led Zeppelin]] album ''[[Presence (album)|Presence]]''.
* ''Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts'' is the first song on the 1992 [[Manowar]] album ''[[The Triumph of Steel]]''.
* ''Achilles Come Down'' is a song on the 2017 [[Gang of Youths]] album ''[[Go Farther in Lightness]]''.

=== Film and television ===
Achilles has been portrayed in the following films and television series:
* The 1924 film ''[[Helena (1924 film)|Helena]]'' by [[Carlo Aldini]]
* The 1954 film ''[[Ulysses (1954 film)|Ulysses]]'' by [[Piero Lulli]]
* The 1956 film ''[[Helen of Troy (film)|Helen of Troy]]'' by [[Stanley Baker]]
* The 1961 film ''[[The Trojan Horse (film)|The Trojan Horse]]'' by [[Arturo Dominici]]
* The 1962 film ''[[The Fury of Achilles]]'' by [[Gordon Mitchell]]
* The 1997 television miniseries ''[[The Odyssey (miniseries)|The Odyssey]]'' by Richard Trewett
* The 2003 television miniseries ''[[Helen of Troy (miniseries)|Helen of Troy]]'' by Joe Montana
* The 2004 film ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' by [[Brad Pitt]]

=== Architecture ===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Wellington Monument (Achilles) - geograph.org.uk - 2956596.jpg
| image2 = Achillii 490 84, Greece - panoramio (16).jpg
| footer = [[Wellington Monument]] and Achilles statue in [[Achilleion (Corfu)|Achilleion]]
}}

* In 1890, [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]], Empress of Austria, had a summer palace built in [[Corfu]]. The building is named the [[Achilleion (Corfu)|Achilleion]], after Achilles. Its paintings and statuary depict scenes from the [[Trojan War]], with particular focus on Achilles.
* The [[Wellington Monument, London|Wellington Monument]] is a statue representing Achilles erected in 1822 as a memorial to [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], the first duke of Wellington, and his victories in the [[Peninsular War]] and the latter stages of the [[Napoleonic Wars]].

== Namesakes ==
* The name of Achilles has been used for at least nine [[Royal Navy]] warships since 1744—both as {{HMS|Achilles}} and with the French spelling {{HMS|Achille}}. A 60-gun ship of that name served at the Battle of Belleisle in 1761 while a 74-gun ship served at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]. Other battle honours include Walcheren 1809. An armored cruiser of that name served in the Royal Navy during the First World War.
* {{HMNZS|Achilles|70|6}} was a {{sclass|Leander|cruiser|1||1931}} which served with the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] in World War II. It became famous for its part in the [[Battle of the River Plate]], alongside {{HMS|Ajax|22|6}} and {{HMS|Exeter|68|6}}. In addition to earning the battle honour 'River Plate', HMNZS ''Achilles'' also served at Guadalcanal 1942–1943 and Okinawa in 1945. After returning to the Royal Navy, the ship was sold to the [[Indian Navy]] in 1948, but when she was scrapped parts of the ship were saved and preserved in New Zealand.
* A species of lizard, ''[[List of Anolis lizards|Anolis achilles]]'', which has widened heel plates, is named for Achilles.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Achilles", p. 1).</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Achilles departure Eretria Painter CdM Paris 851.jpg|Achilles and the [[Nereid]] Cymothoe, Attic [[red-figure]] [[kantharos]] from [[Volci]] ([[Cabinet des Médailles]], Bibliothèque nationale, Paris)
File:Akhilleus embassy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8770.jpg|The embassy to Achilles, Attic red-figure [[hydria]], {{circa|480 BCE|lk=no}} ([[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]], Berlin)
File:AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg|Achilles sacrificing to [[Zeus]] for Patroclus's safe return,<ref>''Iliad'' 16.220–252.</ref> from the ''[[Ambrosian Iliad]]'', a fifth-century illuminated manuscript
File:Bell-krater Akhilleus Penthesileia MAN.jpg|Achilles and Penthesilea fighting, Lucanian red-figure bell-krater, late fifth century BCE
File:Akhilleus Penthesileia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2688.jpg|Achilles killing Penthesilea, [[Tondo (art)|tondo]] of an Attic red-figure [[kylix]], {{circa|465 BCE|lk=no}}, from [[Vulci]]
File:Mourning of Akhilleus Louvre E643.jpg|Thetis and the Nereids mourning Achilles, Corinthian black-figure [[hydria]], {{circa|555 BCE|lk=no}} ([[Louvre]], Paris)
File:Aias Achilles game Musei Capitolini MC6.jpg|Achilles and Ajax playing the board game ''petteia'', black-figure [[oinochoe]], {{circa|530 BCE|lk=no}} ([[Capitoline Museums]], Rome)
File:Achilles-01.jpg|Head of Achilles depicted on a fourth-century BCE coin from [[Pelasgia, Phthiotis|Kremaste]], [[Phthia]]. Reverse: [[Thetis]], wearing and holding the shield of Achilles with his AX monogram
File:Getty Villa - Collection (3151231788).jpg|Achilles on a Roman mosaic with the Removal of [[Briseis]], second century
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus. The Library, Volume II: Book 3.10-end. Epitome'', translated by James G. Frazer, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 122, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1921. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99136-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL122/1921/volume.xml Harvard University Press]. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.10.1 Perseus Digital Library].
* Ileana Chirassi Colombo (1977), "Heroes Achilleus – Theos Apollon". In ''Il Mito Greco'', edd. Bruno Gentili and Giuseppe Paione. Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri.
* Dräger, Paul, "Medea", in ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 8'', Lyd – Mine, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, Leiden, Brill, 2006. {{ISBN|9004122710}}.
* Anthony Edwards (1985a), "Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis". ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies''. '''26''': pp. 215–227.
* Anthony Edwards (1985b), "Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic". ''Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie''. '''171'''.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009838800031220 |title=ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ and Oral Theory |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=38 |pages=25–30 |year=1988 |last1=Edwards |first1=Anthony T. |s2cid=170947595}}
* [[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]], ''The Greek Myths'', Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. {{ISBN|978-0143106715}}
*Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.'' Penguin Books Limited. 2017. {{ISBN|978-0-241-98338-6|024198338X}}
*{{cite journal |author=Guy Hedreen |title=The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine |journal=Hesperia |year=1991 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=313–330 |jstor=148068 |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |doi=10.2307/148068}}
* {{cite book |author=Karl Kerényi |author-link=Károly Kerényi |title=The Heroes of the Greeks |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=New York/London |year=1959}}
*{{PWRE|I,1|221|245|Achilleus 1|Jakob Escher-Bürkli|RE:Achilleus 1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Joachim Latacz |author-link=Joachim Latacz |editor1=Anthony Grafton |editor1-link=Anthony Grafton |editor2=Glenn Most |editor2-link=Glenn W. Most |editor3=Salvatore Settis |encyclopedia=The Classical Tradition |title=Achilles |year=2010 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |pages=3–5}}
* Hélène Monsacré (1984), ''Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère'', Paris: Albin Michel.
* Gregory Nagy (1984), ''The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology'', ''Illinois Classical Studies''. '''19'''.
* [[Gregory Nagy]] (1999), ''The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry''. Johns Hopkins University Press (revised edition, [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224041719/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 |date=24 December 2018 }}).
* {{cite encyclopedia |author1=Dorothea Sigel |title=Achilles |author2=Anne Ley |author3=Bruno Bleckmann |entry=Achilles |encyclopedia=Brill's New Pauly |editor=Hubert Cancik |display-editors=et al |publisher=Brill Reference Online |doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220}}
* Dale S. Sinos (1991), ''The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic'', PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
* Jonathan S. Burgess (2009), ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Abrantes, M.C. (2016), ''Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition'' (Coimbra). {{ISBN|978-1530337118}}.

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Achilles}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|Achillean}}
* [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/troy.html Trojan War Resources]
* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=Achilles&pnumber=20 Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles]
* {{cite wikisource |title=Achilles |wslink=Achilles (Coates)}} Poem by Florence Earle Coates

{{Characters in the Iliad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greek mythological heroes]]
[[Category:Kings of the Myrmidons]]
[[Category:Achaean Leaders]]
[[Category:Thessalians in the Trojan War]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Mythological rapists]]
[[Category:Demigods in classical mythology]]
[[Category:LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Achilles| ]]
[[Category:Deeds of Apollo]]
[[Category:Princes in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]

Odd Couple (2022 film)

2026-03-02T04:56:17Z

Kenrique: reworked layout to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Odd Couple
| image = Poster of movie Odd Couple.jpg
| caption = Poster of movie Odd Couple
| director = Prashant Johari
| producer = Praneet Verma
| writer = Praneet Verma Prashant Johari
| screenplay = Prashant Johari
| starring = [[Divyenndu]] [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]] 
[[Vijay Raaz]] [[Pranati Rai Prakash]]
| cinematography = Srijit Basu
| editing = Prakash Jha
| music = Jay Rajesh Arya
| studio = Nipram Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|08|02}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/movies/odd-couple/ |title=Odd Couple : Movie Release date, Cast, Trailer, Rating & Reviews - Movie Talkies |date=5 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806195905/https://www.movietalkies.com/movies/odd-couple/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1555117062648840192 |user=taran_adarsh |title=After winning hearts at prestigious film festivals, #OddCouple - starring #Divyenndu, #VijayRaaz,… |date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Odd Couple'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/odd-couple-trailer-releases-mirzapur-fame-divyenndu-sharma-vijay-raaz-movie-release-on-amazon-prime-dvy |title=Odd Couple Trailer: शादियों की अदला-बदली पर बेस्ड है फिल्म, मिर्जापुर फेम मुन्ना भैया दिखे नये रोल में |date=2 August 2022}}</ref> is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]] language film featuring [[Divyenndu]], [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]], and [[Pranati Rai Prakash]]. It released directly on [[Amazon Prime Video]], on 2 August 2022 to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/odd-couple-trailer-release-film-stream-on-amazon-prime-video-divyendu-sharma-vijay-raaz-pranati-rai-sumit-gulati-5548370/ |title=Odd Couple Trailer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/article/divyendu-sharma-and-vijay-raaz-movie-odd-couple-trailer-released-film-to-release-at-amazon-prime-video/429436 |title=शादी की अदला-बदली पर है 'मुन्ना भैया' दिव्येंदु शर्मा की फिल्म, रिलीज हुआ Odd Couple का ट्रेलर |date=3 August 2022}}</ref> Odd Couple was featured at the Indian Film Festival of [[Ireland]], Imagine India [[Madrid]], South Asian International Film Festival [[New York City|New York]], [[Jaipur]] International Film Festival and many others.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/odd-couple/ottmoviereview/93321808.cms |title=Odd Couple Review: An easy-breezy take on a modern-day relationship tangle |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Odd Couple is a story based on the modern relationships,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/odd-couple-review-vijay-raaz-and-divyendu-sharma-even-out-the-odd-bits-in-this-urban-comedy/2eb5fb9bb3220 |title=Odd Couple review: Vijay Raaz and Divyendu Sharma even out the odd bits in this urban comedy}}</ref> values, and priorities in the midst of an exchange of marriage, caused by the registration authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsdayexpress.com/entertainment/odd-couple-trailer-his-wife-got-married-to-him-his-wifes-inse-e-ta-blunder-hai-bhai/ |title=Odd Couple Trailer: His wife got married to him, his wife's inse... E ta blunder hai bhai! |date=2 August 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The story speaks about their oddness and evenness towards age differences, love, cosmos, and uncertainty in life with the [[Freudian slip]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/web-series/latest/odd-couple-trailer-trailer-out-fun-film-about-marriage-starring-divyendu-sharma-vijay-raaz/articleshow/93300594.cms |title=ऑड कपल ट्रेलर : इनकी बीवी की शादी उनसे हो गई, उनकी बीवी की इनसे... ई त ब्‍लंडर है भैया!}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Divyenndu]] as Piyush Kumar
* [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]] as Nivedita Verma
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Yogesh Pant
* [[Pranati Rai Prakash]] as Nivedita 'Navi' Rao
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Magistrate/ Judge Choutala
* Kumar Rajput as Ganapathi Dhanush Katepalli Rao
* Saharsh Kumar Shukla as Driver Sudhir
* Sumit Gulati as Sunny
* Pradeep Singh Adhikari as Post Man
* Neha Negi
* Chunmun Yadav

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11024972}}
* [https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/odd-couple-45985/cast-crew Odd Couple (2022) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director]
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/odd-couple/cast-crew.html Odd Couple Cast & Crew, Odd Couple Hindi Movie Cast and Crew, Actor, Actress]

[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about divorce]]
[[Category:Comedy of remarriage films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]

Nikkhil Advani

2026-02-16T10:10:57Z

Kenrique:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Nikkhil Advani
|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Nikkhil Advani.jpg
|bSize = 700
|cWidth = 250
|cHeight = 350
|oTop = 9
|oLeft = 190
|Location=center}}
| alt =
| caption = Nikkhil in 2020
| birth_name = Nikhil Suresh Advani
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|04|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|producer|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1996–present
| spouse = Suparna Gupta
| children = 1
| relatives =
}}

'''Nikkhil Suresh Advani''' (born 28 April 1971) is an Indian director, producer and screenwriter who works in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Nikhil-Advani-feels-extra-k-helped-in-Airlifts-05022016112004 |title=Extra k in name |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406163817/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Nikhil-Advani-feels-extra-k-helped-in-Airlifts-05022016112004 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He along with his sister, Monisha Advani and Madhu Bhojwani, co-founded the entertainment company [[Emmay Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nikhil Advani and his partners unveil exciting plans for film and TV|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nikhil-Advani-and-his-partners-unveil-exciting-plans-for-film-and-TV/articleshow/50759835.cms|accessdate=26 July 2016|work=The Times of India|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Advani was born and raised in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India, into a [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi Hindu]] family. His father is a retired professional who worked in senior management positions with multinationals in the chemical and [[pharmaceuticals]] industry and his mother is an [[advertising]] professional. His father is Sindhi whilst his mother is [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]].

He studied at Green Lawns High School, [[Breach Candy]],<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69861 Director's Special] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113135148/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69861 |date=13 January 2004 }} [[Indian Express]], 5 December 2003.</ref> and later did his [[Master's degree|Masters]] in [[chemistry]] at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=/movies/2003/nov/25advani.htm Advani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525063418/http://in.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2Fmovies%2F2003%2Fnov%2F25advani.htm |date=25 May 2011 }}, [[Rediff.com]]</ref> He married his college friend Suparna Gupta with whom he has a daughter Keya.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-was-extremely-confused-after-leaving-Dharma-Nikhil-Advani/articleshow/21214011.cms |title=I was extremely confused after leaving Dharma: Nikkhil Advani |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 July 2013 |access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> Advani is the grand nephew of late producer N. N. Sippy and second cousin of actor [[Tusshar Kapoor]] and producer [[Ekta Kapoor]].

==Film career==
Nikkhil's film career spans over twenty five years. He began assisting art-house film directors, Saeed Mirza, Kundan Shah, and [[Sudhir Mishra]]. Subsequently, he worked under [[Dharma Productions]], the production house of the late [[Yash Johar]], father of [[Karan Johar]] and [[Yash Raj Films]].

Advani started his career by assisting [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza|Saeed]] and [[Aziz Mirza]] in directing Naya Nukkad (1994), and his very first outing as a co-screenplay writer for ''Iss Raat Ki Subah Nahin (1996)'' was critically appreciated. Then, he was an assistant director and assisted Karan Johar in his first two directorial projects, ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]] (1998)'' and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]] (2001)''. Advani also had an acting guest appearance in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, along with [[Farah Khan]] during the Neelam Show sequence. Similarly, he assisted [[Aditya Chopra]] on ''[[Mohabbatein]] (2000).''

Advani made his directorial debut with the critically acclaimed film ''Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003)'', is a [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film starring [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Preity Zinta]], with [[Sushma Seth]], [[Reema Lagoo]], [[Lillete Dubey]], and [[Delnaaz Irani|Delnaaz Paul]] in supporting roles. The film received positive critical feedback and was commercially successful, and was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year. It explores several themes, such as the depiction of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]], [[Inter-caste marriages in India|inter-caste marriage]], terminal illness, and homosexuality through innuendo and [[Homosociality|homosocial]] bonding. It won two [[National Film Awards]], eight [[Filmfare Awards]], thirteen [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], six [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], three [[Screen Awards]], and two [[Zee Cine Awards]] in 2004.

Advani directed and co-wrote the screenplay for ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]] (2007)'' an Indian [[romantic drama]] film directed by Advani, it featured an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Salman Khan]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Ayesha Takia]], [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Shannon Esra]], [[Sohail Khan]] and [[Isha Koppikar]] in lead roles. The film weaves 6 love stories together thanks to the relationships of the people within it. The film was Advani's second directorial venture after [[Kal Ho Naa Ho]] (2003) and the unofficial remake of Hollywood film [[Love Actually]] (2003).

In 2009, Advani directed ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]'', an [[action comedy film]] that stars [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] in the lead roles with [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Hong Kong action cinema]] actor [[Gordon Liu]]. The film revolves around a vegetable cutter from [[Chandni Chowk]] in [[Delhi]] who finds himself on an adventure in China after the residents of an oppressed village deem him to be the [[reincarnation]] of a slain Chinese revolutionary. The film was distributed in the U.S. and co-produced by [[Warner Bros.]] It is [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] first Hindi film. Released on 16 January 2009, it was the third highest-grossing film of the year at the Indian Box Office.

Following this Advani produced ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]] (2010)'', a [[Bollywood]] [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[romance film]] directed by [[Milap Zaveri]]. It stars [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Sonal Sehgal]], and Ruslaan Mumtaz in lead roles.

In 2006, Advani directed and wrote the story and screenplay ''Patiala House (2011)'' starring [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Anushka Sharma]] in the title roles.

Advani is a National Award-winning filmmaker whose children's film ''Delhi Safari (2012)'' was India's first 3-D Stereoscopic animation feature. It advocated for wildlife conservation and is currently being developed into a full-fledged franchise in Hollywood.

After this release, Advani partnered with Monisha Advani and Madhu Bhojwani to form [[Emmay Entertainment]], a motion picture production company. The first feature film produced by Emmay Entertainment was ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]] (2013)'', a film directed by Advani, in association with DAR Motion Pictures, which was released on 19 July 2013, which was received with positive reviews along with a few awards.

Advani's recent directorial work has been produced under the [[Emmay Entertainment|Emmay]] Entertainment banner, founded by Monisha Advani, Madhu Bhojwani, and himself. The production house is one of Mumbai's leading production companies creating innovative and edgy content for both feature films and Web and is currently working with [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Fox Star Studios|Fox Star India]], [[Netflix]], [[Amazon Prime]], and [[Sony Pictures|Sony]].

Headlined by Emmay Entertainment, the production house released films like ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]] (2016)'', starring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Nimrat Kaur]], based on true-life events of the evacuation of 170,000 Indians from Kuwait during the first Gulf War. Airlift is produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Cape of Good, [[Emmay Entertainment]], and Abundantia Entertainment. The film was their first to cross 1 billion on the box office and also their first to receive a [[National Film Award]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/akshay-kumars-next-is-airlift/ |title=Akshay Kumar's next is Airlift |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 August 2014 |access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

Advani then teamed up with [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] under the banner of [[UTV Motion Pictures]] to produce & direct ''[[Katti Batti]] (2015)'' a romantic comedy-drama film starring [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]] in the lead roles. For his next film, Advani directed ''Hero (2015)'' a [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action film|action]] film co-written by Umesh Bist and himself, a remake of [[Subhash Ghai]]'s 1983 blockbuster film [[Hero (1983 film)|of the same name]]. The film starred debutantes [[Sooraj Pancholi]] and [[Athiya Shetty]],

Advani's latest release was ''Batla House (2019)'', an [[action thriller film]] written by [[Ritesh Shah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/4745/batla-house-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-john-abraham-film-and-the-encounter-its-based-on|title='Batla House': 5 Things You Need To Know About the John Abraham Film And the Encounter It's Based On|date=10 July 2019|publisher=Mashable India}}</ref> Inspired by the [[Batla House encounter case]] that took place on 19 September 2008, the film stars [[John Abraham]] as a police officer named Sanjeev Kumar Yadav, the film follows who played a crucial role in the encounter. The story showcases the encounter and in its aftermath, Sanjeev's struggle to catch the fugitives and prove the [[Encounter killing|encounter]] wasn't a fake one while dealing with nationwide hatred and [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post traumatic stress disorder]]. The film was theatrically released in India on 15 August 2019 during [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] weekend. It became commercially successful at the box office.

In addition to his directorial work, he has produced several films by other directors under the Emmay banner. Like ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]] (2016)'', ''[[Lucknow Central]] (2017)'', ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]] (2018)'', ''[[Baazaar]] (2018)'', ''[[Marjaavaan]] (2019)'', ''[[Indoo Ki Jawani]] (2020)'', ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]] (2021)'', ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]] (2021)''.

==Other ventures==

===Web series===

In 2020, Advani produced and co-wrote his first web series, ''[[Hasmukh]]'', for [[Netflix]]. It was directed by Nikhil Gonsalves and written by [[Suparn Verma]], [[Vir Das]], Nikkhil Advani, Amogh Ranadive, and [[Neeraj Pandey]]. Headlined by [[Vir Das]] as 'Hasmukh' and [[Ranvir Shorey]] as 'Jimmy' the show also consisted of Amrita Bagchi, [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Manoj Pahwa]], Joanna Robaczewska, [[Raza Murad]], among others. Adavni's [[Emmay Entertainment]] created the show in association with [[Applause Entertainment]].

On 26 November 2020, Advani announced his second web series, ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'', based on [[26/11]], for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It was directed by both Nikkhil Advani and Nikhil Gonsalves and starred a huge cast of [[Mohit Raina]], [[Tina Desai]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]], [[Prakash Belawadi]], [[Mishal Raheja]], [[Satyajeet Dubey]], [[Natasha Bharadwaj]], and [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] amongst others. It released on 9 September 2021 to critical acclaim and became the most-watched web series on Prime Video.

===Short films===
Emmay produced the short film, ''[[Guddu Engineer]]'' (2016) for the Zeal for Unity in 2016. Targeted at Indo-Pak unity, it was based on [[Rumi]]'s poem, "Your task is not to seek for love, but merely to seek and find all the barriers within yourself that you have built against it". Directed by Advani, [[Guddu Engineer]] it won awards at the 5th Mumbai Shorts International Film Festival.

[[Amazon Prime Video]] unveiled ''[[Unpaused|Unpaused – Apartment]] (2020)'', an anthology of five Hindi short films filmed during the pandemic and featuring stories about new beginnings. Amongst which one such short film is Apartment directed by Advani, starring [[Richa Chadda|Richa Chadha]], [[Sumeet Vyas]], and [[Ishwak Singh]]. The plot focuses on the fall and ultimate rise of Chadha's character as she comes to terms with her husband's indiscretions with the help of a friendly neighbor.

===Television===
A TV Film called Shaadi Vaadi And All That, an hour-long film for MTV, produced by Advani is a love triangle with a twist. The show is Kaashvi Nair's directorial debut who worked with Advani as an assistant director.

Advani has directed a finite TV Series ''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]'' for [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How Nikkhil Advani Hopes To Disrupt Indian Television With 'P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke' |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/20/how-nikkhil-advani-hopes-to-disrupt-indian-television-with-p-o-w/ |website=Huffington Post India}}</ref> The show is an official adaption of an Israeli TV series ''[[Prisoners of War (TV series)|Prisoners of War]]''. The series premiered on 7 November 2016. Several [[Bollywood]] celebrities have praised the trailer. The show was premiered at the MAMI film fest followed by a talk with [[Gideon Raff]].

== Non-film work ==
In his spare time, Advani enjoys working with Bittu Sahgal and is a member of the Board of Sanctuary Nature Foundation, which advocates [[climate change]], biodiversity, nature conservation and save the tiger's cause.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bollyspice.com/47981/lauch-of-delhi-safaris-fight-for-us-write-for-us-campaign/ |title=Launch of Delhi Safari's "Fight for us Write for us" Campaign! |publisher=Bolly Spice |date=11 August 2012 |access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> He is also actively involved in the restoration of Classic Films working along with Shiven Dungarpur and the [[Film Heritage Foundation]]. He also collaborates with Srila Chaterjee and Mahesh Mathai, curating the art house cinema for Baro Film Night. An avid Soccer fan, he works with Sarah White, Head of Partnership Marketing – APAC, City Football Marketing, to advocate and promote Manchester City Football Club in Mumbai.

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="3" | Functioned as
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
|-
|align="center" | 1996
| ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 1998
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
| {{partial|Associate}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2000
| ''[[Mohabbatein]]''
| {{partial|Associate}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2001
| ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| {{partial|Associate}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2003
| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2007
| ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2009
| ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2010
| ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2011
| ''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2012
| ''[[Delhi Safari]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2013
| ''[[D-Day (2013 movie)|D-Day]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2014
| ''Shaadi Vaadi & All That''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Television film
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|2015
| ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| ''[[Katti Batti]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no }}
|
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|2016
| ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Guddu Engineer|Guddu Engiineer]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Short film
|-
|align="center" | 2017
| ''[[Lucknow Central]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2| 2018
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Baazaar]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2019
| ''[[Batla House]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| ''[[Marjaavaan]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2| 2020
| ''[[Indoo Ki Jawani]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Unpaused]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Segment: "Apartment"
|-
|align="center" rowspan=3|2021
| ''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|align="center" rowspan=3|2023
| ''[[Mrs Chatterjee Vs Norway]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Stolen (2023 film)|Stolen]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{partial|Executive}}
|
|-
| ''[[Dry Day]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|align="center" |2024
|''[[Vedaa]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" |2025
|''[[Kaalidhar Laapata]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="4" | Functioned as
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! Creator
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
|-
|align="center" | 2016–2017
| ''[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2017
| ''The Mini Truck''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Reality show
|-
|align="center" | 2020
| ''[[Hasmukh]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|align="center"|2021–2023
| ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no wrap|Co-directed with}} Nikhil Gonsalves
|-
|align="center" | 2021
| ''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2022
| ''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2022–2023
| ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|align="center" | 2023
| ''[[Adhura]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| align="center" | 2024–2026
| ''[[Freedom at Midnight (TV series)|Freedom at Midnight]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|}

===Other credits===
====Assistant director====
* ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]]'' (2001)

====Actor====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|align="center" | 1998
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
| Guest on The Neelam Show
| Uncredited cameo
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Nikhil Advani}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|nikhil-advani}}

{{Nikkhil Advani}}
{{India Animation Industry}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Advani, Nikhil}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]

Bhonsle dynasty

2026-02-08T17:44:55Z

Kenrique: pg

{{Short description|Indian Marathi house}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Royal house
| surname = Bhonsle
| coat of arms = Shivaji seal, reproduction.jpg
| coat_of_arms_caption = Rajmudra (royal seal) of [[Shivaji I]]
| image = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
| image_size = 200px
| alt2 =
| image_caption = [[Bhagwa Dhwaj]], the flag of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| origin = [[Verul]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| parent house = [[Sisodia dynasty]] (claimed)
| country = {{ubl|
*[[Maratha Empire]] (1674–1818)
*[[Sawantwadi State]] (1729-1947)
*[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur State]] (1674-1855)
*[[Kolhapur State]] (1710-1947)
*[[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur State]] (1739-1853)
*[[Satara State]] (1818-1849)
*[[Akkalkot State]] (1840-1947)
}}
| etymology =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1576}}
| founding year = 1577
| founder = [[Maloji Bhosale]]
| current head = [[Udayanraje Bhosale]] ([[Satara state|Satara]] branch) 
[[Shahu II of Kolhapur|Shahu II]] ([[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] branch) Khem Sawant VI Bhonsle Bahadur ([[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]] branch) Sumitrabai Raje Bhonsle ([[Akkalkot State|Akkalkot]] branch) Shivaji Rajah Bhosle ([[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]] branch)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://serfojimemorialhall.com/hh-of-thanjavur.html | title=Maharajah Serfoji II Memorial Hall Museum, Sadar Mahal Palace, Thanjavur. Tamilnadu-India. }}</ref> Raje Mudhoji Bhosale III ([[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]] branch)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/85721494.cms | title=Raje Mudhoji Bhosale to write to CP against Ganga Jamuna closure | newspaper=The Times of India | date=29 August 2021 }}</ref>
| final ruler = {{Collapsible list
| expand =
| framestyle =
| titlestyle =
| title =
| liststyle =
| hlist =
| bullets =
*[[Maratha Empire]]: [[Shahu I]] (1707-1713)
*Maratha Empire: [[Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)|Pratap Singh]] (1808-1818)
*[[Satara State]]: [[Raja Shahaji of Satara|Shahaji]] (1839-1849)
*[[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur State]]: [[Raghuji III]] (1818-1853)
*[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur State]]: [[Shivaji of Thanjavur|Shivaji II]] (1832-1855)
*[[Sawantwadi State]]: Rani Parvati Bai Raje (1937 - 1947)
*[[Akkalkot State]]: Vijayasinhrao (1923-1927)
*[[Kolhapur State]]: [[Shahaji II]] (1947-1949)
}}
| motto = हर हर महादेव "''Har Har Mahadev''"
| motto_lang = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| motto_trans = "Praises to [[Shiva|Mahadev (Shiva)]]"
| estate = {{Collapsible list
| expand =
| framestyle =
| titlestyle =
| title =
| liststyle =
| hlist =
| bullets =
|Jalmandir Palace, Satara (1838-present)
|[[Raigad Fort]], Maratha Empire (1656–1689; 1707–1818)
|[[Gingee Fort]], Maratha Empire (1677-1698)
|[[Ajinkyatara|Ajinkyatara Fort]], Maratha Empire (1706-1818)
|[[Red Fort]], Maratha Empire (1771-1803)
|Nagardhan Fort, Nagpur (1740-1853)
|Senior Bhonsle Palace, Nagpur (1861-present)
|[[Thanjavur Maratha Palace|Aranmanai Palace]], Thanjavur (1674-present)
|[[New Palace, Kolhapur|New Palace]], Kolhapur (1877-present)
}}
| titles = {{Collapsible list
| expand =
| framestyle =
| titlestyle =
| title =
| liststyle =
| hlist =
| bullets =
|[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
|[[Raja]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]] (1729-1947)
|[[Raja]] of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]] (1674-1855)
|[[Raja]] of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] (1710-1947)
|[[Raja]] of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]] (1739-1853)
|[[Raja]] of [[Satara state|Satara]] (1818-1849)
|[[Raja]] of [[Akkalkot State|Akkalkot]] (1840-1947)
|[[Raja]] of [[Ellora Caves|Verul]], Derhadi and Kannarad (1595 or 1599 - 1608 or 1620)
|[[Jagirdar]] of [[Supa, Parner|Supa]] (1599 - 1664)
|[[Jagirdar]] of [[Pune]] (1599 - 1664)
|[[Jagirdar]] of [[Bangalore]] (1538 - 1664)
|[[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Hingni Berdi and Devalgaon
}}
| styles =
| deposition = {{Collapsible list
| expand =
| framestyle =
| titlestyle =
| title =
| liststyle =
| hlist =
| bullets =
|'''[[Maratha Empire]]'''
*1713: Chatrapati [[Shahu I]] becomes a puppet of the [[Peshwas]] ([[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Bhat Family]])
*1818: [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] leads to [[British East Indian Company]] control of Maratha territory and the creation of [[Satara State]] under British suzerainty
|'''Bhonsle States'''
*1849: annexation of the [[Satara State]] by the [[East India Company]]
*1853: annexation of the [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur State]] by the [[East India Company]]
*1855: annexation of the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur State]] by the [[East India Company]]
*1947: annexation of the [[Akkalkot State]] by the [[Dominion of India]]
*1947: annexation of the [[Sawantwadi State]] by the [[Dominion of India]]
*1949: annexation of the [[Kolhapur State]] by the [[Dominion of India]]
}}
| cadet branches = *[[Bhonsles of Nagpur]]
* [[Sawantwadi State|Bhonsles of Sawantwadi]]
*[[Satara state|Bhonsles of Satara]]
*[[Kolhapur State|Bhonsles of Kolhapur]]
*[[Akkalkot State|Bhonsles of Akkalkot]]
*[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Bhonsles of Thanjavur]]
}}{{Part of History of India}}{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The '''Bhonsle dynasty''' (or '''Bhonsale''', '''Bhosale''', '''Bhosle''')<ref>{{cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Prashant P. |date=6 June 1990 |title=Coinage of the Bhonsla Rajas of Nagpur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51caAAAAYAAJ&q=bhonsla |publisher=Indian Coin Society}}</ref> is an Indian [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[dynasty|royal house]] of the [[Bhonsle (clan)|Bhonsle clan]]. The Bhonsles claimed descent from the [[Rajput]] [[Sisodia dynasty]], but were likely [[Kunbi]] [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]].<ref name="S1998">{{cite book |author=Singh K S |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ |title=India's communities |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |page=2211}}</ref>

They served as the ''[[Chhatrapati]]s'' or kings of the [[Maratha Empire]] from 1674 to 1818, where they gained dominance of the Indian subcontinent. They also ruled several states such as [[Satara State|Satara]], [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]], [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]], [[Nagpur State|Nagpur]],<ref name="google1">{{cite book |author1=Nicholas Patrick Wiseman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX_1lzEOtN4C&dq=kolhapur+bhonsla+dynasty+house&pg=PA283 |title=The Dublin Review |date=1836 |publisher=William Spooner |access-date=2015-01-11 |issue=v. 01, pg. 283}}</ref> [[Akkalkot State|Akkalkot]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=Sumitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA44 |title=The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1995 |isbn=9788170995814}}</ref> [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]]<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=6 June 2001 |title=Portuguese Studies Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4jAQAAIAAJ&q=sawantwadi+bhonsle+clan+rulers |publisher=International Conference Group on Portugal}}</ref> and [[Barshi]].<ref name="akola.nic.in">{{cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department |url=http://akola.nic.in/gazetteers/maharashtra/places_Barshi%20Takli.html |work=akola.nic.in}}</ref>

The dynasty was founded in 1577 by [[Maloji Bhosale]], a predominant general or [[sardar]] of [[Malik Ambar]] of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]].<ref name="Chintaman19312">{{cite book |author=Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya |url=https://archive.org/details/shivajithefounde035304mbp |title=Shivaji: the founder of Maratha Swaraj |publisher=C. V. Vaidya |year=1931 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/shivajithefounde035304mbp/page/n27 10]–15 |access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> In 1595 or 1599, Maloji was given the title of [[Raja]] by [[Bahadur Nizam Shah]], the ruler of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.<ref name="Joseph19002">{{cite book |author=Joseph G. Da Cunha |url=https://archive.org/details/originbombay00cunhgoog |title=Origin of Bombay |publisher=Bombay, Society's library; [etc., etc.] |year=1900}}</ref> He was later granted was given the [[jagir]] of [[Pune]], [[Ellora|Elur]] (Verul), Derhadi, Kannarad and [[Supa, Parner|Supe]]. He was also given control over the first of the [[Shivneri]] and [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]]. These positions were inherited by his sons [[Shahaji]] and Sharifji, who were named after a [[Sufism|Muslim Sufi]] Shah Sharif.<ref>{{Citation |title=Temples |date=1999-06-10 |work=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |pages=246–267 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521563215.010 |access-date=2024-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521563215.010 |isbn=978-0-521-56321-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Guha |first=Sumit |title=The Frontiers of Memory: What the Marathas Remembered of Vijayanagara |date=2013-03-07 |work=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History |pages=255–274 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107300002.012 |access-date=2024-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781107300002.012 |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Origins ==
The origins of the Bhonsles in unclear. According to [[Jadunath Sarkar]] and other scholars, Bhonsles were predominantly Deccani tiller-plainsmen from the [[Shudra]] caste; they were part of the [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]]/[[Kunbi]]s, an amorphous class-group.<ref name="Jaffrelot2006">{{cite book |author=Christophe Jaffrelot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEWTSAe-KkQC&pg=PA39 |title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste |publisher=Permanent Black |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7824-156-2 |pages=39 |quote=Obviously, Ambedkar had in mind the Brahmin's refusal to recognize Shivaji as a Kshatriya. His theory, which is based on scant historical evidence, doubtless echoed this episode in Maharashtra's history, whereas in fact Shivaji, a Maratha-Kunbi, was a Shudra, Nevertheless, he had won power and so expected the Brahmins to confirm his new status by writing for him an adequate genealogy. This process recalls that of Sanskritisation, but sociologists refer to such emulation of Kshatriyas by Shudras as ' Kshatriyaisation ' and describe it as a variant of Sanskritisation.}}</ref><ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA435 |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |pages=435}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar1992">{{cite book |author=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC&pg=PA158 |title=Shivaji and His Times |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-250-1347-1 |pages=158}}</ref>{{efn|[[Susan Bayly]] and Eraly however emphasize that the Marathas were located outside the peripheries of [[Brahmin]]ism and people thereof did not form any rigid caste.<ref name=":0A">{{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|date=2001-02-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521798426|pages=57–59|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Eraly2000" />}} Scholars have however disagreed about the agricultural status of Bhosles.<ref name="varma-saberwal">{{Cite book |last=Vajpeyi |first=Ananya |title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195669152 |editor-last1=Varma |editor-first1=Supriya |pages=239–268 |language=en |chapter=Excavating Identity through Tradition: Who was Shivaji? |editor-last2=Saberwal |editor-first2=Satish}}{{pb}}Edited version of {{Cite thesis |last=Ananya |first=Vajpeyi |title=Politics of complicity, poetics of contempt: A history of the Śūdra in Maharashtra, 1650–1950 CE |date=August 2004 |publisher=University of Chicago |chapter=Making a Śūdra King: The Royal Consecration of Shivaji |page=155-226}}</ref> [[Rosalind O'Hanlon]] notes that the historical evolution of castes grouped under the Maratha-Kunbis is sketchy.<ref>{{Citation |title=Religion and society under early British rule |date=1985 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/caste-conflict-and-ideology/religion-and-society-under-early-british-rule/6F2FEF92844891F34F5950AACFE048D2 |work=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |pages=13–14 |editor-last=O'Hanlon |editor-first=Rosalind |access-date=2021-07-12 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52308-0}}</ref> [[Ananya Vajpeyi]] rejects the designation of Shudra, since the category has remained in a state of flux across centuries; she instead notes them to be a Marathi lineage, who enjoyed "reasonably high" social status as landholders and warlords, being in the service of Deccan Sultanate or Mughals.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|Vajpeyi however notes that the Bhonsles almost-certainly never featured in the traditional list of 96 families, which allegedly composed the Maratha identity.}}

According to [[Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere|R. C. Dhere's]] interpretation of local oral history and ethnography, Bhonsles descend from the [[Hoysala]]s and [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas of Devagiri]], who were cow-herding [[Gavli]] sovereigns.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|This was published in "Sikhar Singanapurca Sri Sambhu Mahadev" (2002) for the first time.}}{{Efn|The caste-status of these Yadavas and whether they were a part of Bahminical hiearchy is disputed.}} In early thirteenth century, "Baliyeppa Gopati Sirsat", a Hoysala cousin of [[Simhana]] migrated from [[Gadag district|Gadag]] to [[Satara district|Satara]] along with his pastoral herd and kul-devta; the Sambhu Mahadev was thus installed at a hill-top in Singhnapur.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|The Hoysalas as well as the Yadavas were competing feudatories of the Chalukyas with battles being as much common as matrimonial alliances.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> The migration was prob. motivated by pervasive droughts in the region and an opportunity to seek out some independence for himself.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />}}{{efn|The shrine continues to serve as one of the most significant Shaivite shrine in modern Maharashtra.<ref name="Feldhaus">{{Citation|last=Feldhaus|first=Anne|title=The Pilgrimage to Śiṅgṇāpūr|date=2003|work=Connected Places: Region, Pilgrimage, and Geographical Imagination in India|pages=45–87|editor-last=Feldhaus|editor-first=Anne|series=Religion/Culture/Critique|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781403981349_3|isbn=978-1-4039-8134-9|access-date=}}</ref>}} Historical records indicate that this shrine received extensive patronage from Maloji onwards.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|Texts produced under patronage of Shahaji make explicit connection between the Bhosales and Balip. Also, the "samadhi" (memorial) of Sambhaji, Shivaji, and Shahuji neighbor the shrine.{{pb}}However, for a span of about 250 years — from Balip to Kheloji — the history of the shrine is not clear.}} Further, there exists a branch of the Bhosles named "Sirsat Bhosles" and Bhosle (or "Bhosale") is linguistically similar to "Hoysala".<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> [[Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|M. K. Dhavalikar]] found the work to convincingly explain the foundation of the Bhosle clan (as well as Sambhu Mahadev cult).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dhavalikar |first=M. K. |date=2000 |title=Review of SHIKHAR SHINGANAPURCHA SRI SHAMBHU MAHADEV (In Marathi) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936646 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=60/61 |pages=507–508 |issn=0045-9801 |jstor=42936646}}</ref> Vajpeyi too advocates that Dhere's theory be probed in greater detail — "[f]rom pastoralist big men to warlords on horseback, is not an impossible distance to cover in two to three centuries."<ref name="varma-saberwal" />

=== Accuracy ===
Vajpeyi notes the "veridical status" of Chitnis' finds to be not determinable to "historical certainty" — the links were tenuous at best and inventive at worst.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> Shivaji was not a Rajput and the sole purpose of the lineage was to guarantee Shivaji's consecration as a Kshatriya, in a tactic that had clear parallels to [[Rajputisation]].<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{efn|She however cautions that the summary rejection of Shivaji's ancestry claims in contemporary historiographical literature often stemmed from a Brahminical anti-Maratha perspective, imbibed from the Peshwas.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />}} Jadunath Sarkar deemed that the genealogy was cleverly fabricated by Balaji Awji and after some reluctance accepted by Gaga Bhatt, who in turn was "rewarded with a huge fee". [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade|V. K. Rajwade]], Dhere, Allison Busch, [[John Keay]] and [[Audrey Truschke]] also agree with Sarkar about the fabrication.<ref name="Sarkar1992" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krshnaji Ananta Sabhasada |url=https://archive.org/details/sivachhatrapatib00krshrich |title=Siva Chhatrapati : being a translation of Sabhasad Bakhar with extracts from Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, with notes |last2=Sen |first2=Surendra Nath |date=1920 |publisher=Calcutta : University of Calcutta |pages=260, 261}}</ref><ref name="Keay2011">{{cite book |author=John Keay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT565 |title=India: A History |date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0 |pages=565}}</ref><ref name="Allison2011">{{cite book |last=Busch |first=Allison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dl0sbzehWvAC&pg=PA191 |title=Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-976592-8 |pages=190–191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |title=The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780231551953 |pages=183–184 |language=en |chapter=Rajput and Maratha Kingships}}</ref> [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai|G. S. Sardesai]] notes that the descent is "not authentically proved".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=G. S. |title=New History of the Marathas |publisher=Phoenic Publications |year=1946 |volume=1 |pages=46 |chapter=Shahji: The Rising Sun}}</ref>{{Efn|Sardesai noted that the claims were supported by some 'firman's in possession of the Raja of Mudhol but many scholars [unidentified] considered them to be forged.}} [[Stewart N. Gordon]] does not pass any judgement but notes Bhatt to be a "creative Brahmin".<ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=Shivaji (1630–80) and the Maratha polity |date=1993 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/shivaji-163080-and-the-maratha-polity/77CF65447181F279BA73A6A5D6B1E048 |work=The Marathas 1600–1818 |pages=86–87 |access-date=2021-06-26 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7}}</ref>{{Efn|Gordon however points out that Shivaji might have "thought of himself as a Rajput" since long back. He evidences a letter (1656) sent by Shahji to Adil Shah II where they had boasted of Rajput pride and another letter (18 July 1666) from Parkaldas (an officer under Jai Singh) to Kalyandas, where three Rajput chieftains are noted to be admiring of Shivaji as a great Rajput with all the "characteristic qualities."{{pb}} Vajpeyi interprets the former use to signify an exalted royal status rather than any connection with the Rajput clans. A. Sievler deems the latter translation to be dubious; Mehendale comments that "Rajput" simply meant a Kshatriya in the context. In another contemporary source—a letter from Jai Singh himself to his Prime Minister—, we see Shivaji being regarded to belong from a low caste (and pedigree), who was not even fit for inter-dining with Rajputs.}} [[André Wink]] deems that the Sisodia genealogical claim is destined to remain disputed forever.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kruijtzer |first=Gijs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C |title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India |date=2009 |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=9789087280680 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|In a footnote, Wink mentions of two letters before the coronation ceremony, where Shivaji had referred to himself as a Rajput.}}

== Establishment ==

=== Ahmadnagar Sultanate ===
The earliest accepted members of the Bhonsles are Mudhoji Bhonsle and his kin Rupaji Bhonsle, who were the village headman (pāṭīl) of [[Hingani]] — this branch has been since known as Hinganikar Bhonsles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite thesis |last=Vendell |first=Dominic |title=Scribes and the Vocation of Politics in the Maratha Empire, 1708-1818 |date=2018 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> A branch seem to have split soon, who went on to claim an ancestral right to the post of district steward (deśmukhī) of Kadewalit: Suryaji Bhonsle during the reign of [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I|Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] (early 1490s), and his son Sharafji Bhonsle during the conquest of the region by [[Daniyal Mirza]] (1599).<ref name=":3" />{{Efn|The precise familial relation between Mudhoji/Rupali and Suryaji is unclear.}}{{Efn|Stewart Gordon and other scholars deem the "deśmukhī" to have served as a 'hinge' between the local populace and the royal authority which frequently changed. Without their loyalty, commanding authority in newly conquered territories was difficult.}} This branch has been since known as Kadewalit Bhonsles.<ref name=":3" />

The next significant Bhonsle was probably [[Maloji Bhosale]] from the Hinganikar branch. He was the great-grandson of one Kheloji (c. 1490).

The dynasty was founded by [[Maloji Bhosale]] who initially served as a [[Patil (title)|patil]] (chief) of the Hingni Berdi and Devalgaon villages around [[Pune]].<ref name="Salma314">{{cite book |author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=314–}}</ref><ref name="Kulkarni1963">{{cite book |author=V. B. Kulkarni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ |title=Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1963 |page=27}}</ref> Later, along with his brother Vithoji, he migrated to [[Sindkhed Raja|Sindkhed]] and served as a Horseman.<ref name="Satishh2005">{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA316 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |publisher=Har-Anand |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |page=316 |access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

In 1577, they joined the service of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], under Sultan [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]]. Maloji became a trusted General of the [[Peshwa]] [[Malik Ambar|Malik Amber]] fighting against rival powers such as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]<ref name="Farooqui">{{cite book |author1=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |author2=Salma Ahmed Farooqui |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |page=314 |access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> the [[pargana]]s (administrative units) of [[Ellora|Elur]] (Verul), Derhadi and Kannarad.<ref name="Chintaman19312" /> In 1595 or 1599, Maloji was given the title of [[raja]] by [[Bahadur Nizam Shah]], officially establishing the dynasty.<ref name="Joseph19002" /> On the recommendation of Malik Ambar, he was given the [[jagir]] of [[Pune]] and [[Supa, Parner|Supe]] [[pargana]]s, along with the control of the [[Shivneri]] and [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] forts. Maloji carried out the restoration of the [[Grishneshwar]] temple near Verul, and also constructed a large tank at the Shambhu Mahadev temple in [[Shingnapur|Shikhar Shingnapur]].<ref name="Sardesai1957">{{cite book |author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ |title=New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600-1707) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1957 |isbn=9788121500654 |page=58 |access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> Maloji and his wife Uma Bai had 2 sons: [[Shahaji]] and Sharifji, named [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] [[Hadrat|''Hazrat'']] Shah Sharif.<ref>{{cite book |author=G. H. Khare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8EtAQAAIAAJ |title=Studies in Indology and Medieval History |publisher=Joshi & Lokhande |year=1974 |page=176}}</ref>

According to ''Shivabharata'', composed by Shivaji's court poet Paramananda, Maloji's wife Umabai prayed to the Sufi Pir Shah Sharif of Ahmadnagar to bless her with a son. She gave birth to two sons, who were named [[Shahaji]] and Sharifji after the Pir.<ref>{{cite book |author=James W. Laine |title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2000 |isbn=9788125018780 |editor=Meera Kosambi |page=62 |chapter=A Question of Maharashtrian Identity: Hindu Self-definition in the Tales of Shivaji |access-date=2022-11-15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&q=maloji&pg=PA59}}</ref>

=== Shivaji's Coronation ===
By 1670s, [[Shivaji]] had acquired extensive territory and wealth from his campaigns.<ref name=":1" /> But, lacking a formal crown, he had no operational legitimacy to rule his ''de facto'' domain and technically, remained subject to his Mughal (or Deccan Sultanate) overlords; in the hierarchy of power, Shivaji's position remained similar to fellow Maratha chieftains.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name=":1" />{{efn|Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Daniel Jasper |date=2003 |title=Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics |journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=215–230 |jstor=45293740 |s2cid=152003918}}</ref>}} Also, he was often opposed by the orthodox Brahmin community of Maharashtra.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> A coronation sanctioned by the Brahmins was thus planned, in a bid to proclaim sovereignty and legitimize his rule.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book |last1=Baviskar |first1=B. S. |title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India |last2=Attwood |first2=D. W. |date=30 October 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-1865-7 |pages=395 |chapter=Caste Barriers to Initiative and Innovation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395}}</ref>

On proposing the Brahmins of his court to have him proclaimed as the rightful king, a controversy erupted: the regnal status was reserved for those belonging to the [[kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]].<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book |author=Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110 |title=Revenge and Reconciliation |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-14-029045-5 |pages=110–}}</ref><ref name="Allison2011" /> Not only was there a fundamental dispute among scholars on whether any true Kshatriya survived in the Kali Yuga,{{Efn|Madhav Deshpande notes that one of the oldest texts in support of such a viewpoint was drafted by Kamalakara Bhatta, a paternal uncle of Gaga Bhatta.{{pb}}However, he was hardly a radical (unlike Nagesbhatta, to whom even the Rajputs were Shudras) and allowed expiatory rites for the rare "fallen" Kshatriya-Shudras, provided he did not exceed the upanayana age-limit of 22 years. In his judgement, he was following his father Ramkrsna Bhatta as well as grandfather Narayana Bhatta.}} having been all destroyed by [[Parashurama]] but also Shivaji's grandfather was a tiller-headman, Shivaji did not wear the sacred thread, and his marriage was not in accordance with the Kshatriya customs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013" /> Thus, the Brahmins had him categorised as a [[shudra]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013" />

Compelled to postpone his coronation, Shivaji had his secretary Balaji Avji Chitnis sent to the Sisodiyas of Mewar for inspection of the royal genealogies; Avji returned with a favorable finding — Shahji turned out to be a descendant of Chacho Sisodiya, a half-Rajput uncle of [[Mokal Singh]].<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|Chacho was born of a Khati concubine and in contemporary times, was pejoratively referred to as a ''khātanvālā.''<ref name="Kothiyal">{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|date=2016-03-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-67389-8|language=en|pages=103–104}}</ref> People like Chacho were categorized into separate caste-groups at the lower end of the hierarchy—even unfit for inter-dining with—, and excluded from Rajput ''ganayats''.<ref name="Kothiyal" />}} Gaga Bhatt, a famed Brahmin of [[Varanasi|Banaras]],{{Efn|Gaga Bhatt was a preeminent legal scholar, whose scholarship focused on the relative status of different varnas across different regions. Shivaji was already in contact with him since 1664, when he was asked to adjudicate upon whether the Saraswat Brahmins (then, Syenavis) were indeed Brahmins.<ref name="Deshpande">{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Madhav M.|date=2010|title=Kṣatriyas in the Kali Age? Gāgābhaṭṭa & His Opponents|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24665176|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=53|issue=2|pages=95–120|doi=10.1163/001972410X12686674794853 |jstor=24665176 |issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is very plausible that the idea of coronation was Bhatt's suggestion — during the previous encounter, he had already proclaimed Shivaji to have been born into a "pure royal family."<ref name="Deshpande" />}} was then hired to ratify Chitnis' find, and the Bhonsles were now permitted to stake a claim to Kshatriya caste.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name="Allison2011" />{{efn|[[Susan Bayly]] views the episode to reflect fluidity in the caste system.<ref name=":2"/>}} The coronation would be re-executed in June 1674 but only after going through a long list of preludes.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{efn|Contemporary Dutch East India Company archives<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Surendra Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12955/page/n281/mode/2up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|publisher=K. P. Bagchi & Company, [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]|year=1958|edition=2|location=Calcutta|pages=265–267}}</ref> indicate that even then, Shivaji's upgradation of status was only accepted by Brahmins after he had promised them to not rule tyrannically anymore.<ref name=":2" />}}

Led by Bhatt, who employed traditional Hindu imagery in an unprecedented scale, the first phase had Shivaji penance for having lived as a Maratha despite being a Kshatriya.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Keay2011" /> Then came the sacred thread ceremony ('maunjibandhanam') followed by remarriage according to Kshatriya customs ('mantra-vivah') and a sequence of Vedic rituals before the eventual coronation ('abhisheka') — a public spectacle of enormous expense that heralded the rebirth of Shivaji as a Kshatriya king.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|The expense was huge enough to impose a coronation tax on his subjects for the next few years.}} Panegyrics composed by court-poets during these spans (and afterward) reinforced onto the public memory that Shivaji (and the Bhonsles) indeed belonged from the Sisodiyas.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name="Allison2011" />

However, the Kshatriyization was not unanimous; a section of Brahmins continued to deny the Kshatriya status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Anupama |chapter=Caste Radicalism and the Making of a New Political Subject |url=https://california.degruyter.com/view/title/555234 |title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India |date=2009-10-13 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94337-7 |pages=42 |doi=10.1525/9780520943377-006 |s2cid=201912448 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Brahmins of the Peshwa period rejected Bhatt's acceptance of Shivaji's claims and blamed the non-dharmic coronation for all ills that plagued Shivaji and his heirs—in tune with the general Brahminical sentiment to categorize all Marathas as Shudras, carte-blanche; there have been even claims that Bhatt was excommunicated by Maratha Brahmins for his role in the coronation of Shivaji! Interestingly, all claims to Rajput ancestry had largely vanished from the family's subsequent projections of identity.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />

=== Maratha Empire ===
[[File:Deccan,_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj,_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Shivaji|Shivaji Bhonsle]], later known as Shivaji I, the first [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].]]
[[File:Buruj_Raigad.JPG|thumb|[[Raigad Fort]] served as the initial capital of the Bhonsles.]]
{{Main|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}
The [[Maratha Empire]] was established by [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]] the grandson of Maloji in 1674. This was established to invasions from the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]. Shivaji's forces initially occupied the Fort of Torna in 1642. He had expanded his kingdom to [[Raigad fort|Raigad]] by 1674. he crowned himself He was crowned as [[Chhatrapati]], meaning emperor.<ref name="imp">{{cite web |year=1909 |title=Raigarh |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_053.gif |access-date=2014-02-19 |publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Volume 21 |pages=47–48 |archive-date=2014-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224232728/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_053.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Shivaji wanted to establish his government based on his Philosophy of Hindavi Swarajya. (''The Rule of the People'') This advocated for more representation of the people and less power of the elites. He later established the Ashta Pradhan, (''Modern council of ministers'') an institution of a council of eight ministers to guide the administration of his nascent state. Each of the ministers was placed in charge of an administrative department; thus, the council heralded the birth of a bureaucracy. Shivaji appointed [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]] as the [[Peshwa]], the leader of the council.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&q=%22review+in+short+the+organisation%22 Shivaji, the great Maratha, Volume 2], H. S. Sardesai, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002, {{ISBN|81-7755-286-4}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7755-286-7}}</ref>

Shivaji was succeeded by his son [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji I]]. In early 1689, Sambhaji and his commanders met at [[Sangameshwar]]. Mughal forces, under Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] attacked Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was accompanied by just a few men. Sambhaji captured by the Mughal troops on 1 February 1689. Aurangzeb had charged Sambhaji with attacks by Maratha forces on [[Burhanpur]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} He and his advisor, [[Kavi Kalash]], were taken to Bahadurgad by the imperial army, where they were executed by the Mughals on 21 March 1689.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

After the execution of Sambhaji, [[Rajaram I]] was crowned at Raigad on 12 March 1689. During the Mughal started siege on [[Raigad fort|Raigad]] on 25 March 1689, the widow of Sambhaji (Maharani Yesubai) and Peshwa [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] sent young Rajaram to the stronghold of [[Pratapgad]] through Kavlya ghat.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} Rajaram to escape through Kavlya ghat to the fort of [[Gingee|Jinji]] through the Pratapgad and Vishalgad forts, Rajaram reached Keladi in disguise and pursued assistance from [[Keladi Chennamma]] - who kept the Mughal attack in check to ensure safe passage and escape of Rajaram to Jinji where he reached after a month and a half on 1 November 1689.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

{{Citation needed span|Aurangzeb sent Uzbek general [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi-ud-din Firoze Jung]] against the Marathas in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. He then sent [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]] to capture the [[Gingee Fort|Jingi Fort]]. He [[Siege of Jinji|laid siege]] to it in September, 1690. After three failed attempts, it was finally captured after seven years on 8 January 1698. Rajaram, however, escaped and fled first to [[Vellore]] and later to [[Vishalgad]]. Rajaram returned to jinji and occupied the fort 11 November 1689, but left before it fell in 1698, setting up his court at fort [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. Then, Maratha commanders, [[Santaji Ghorpade]] and [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], defeated the Mughal forces, therefore cutting off their lines of communication in Jingi.|date=November 2022}}

=== Kolhapur Branch ===
{{Main|Kolhapur State}}

In 1707, Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] released [[Shahu I|Shahu Bhosale]], the son of Sambhaji. However, his mother was kept as a hostage of the Mughals, in order to ensure that Shahu adhered to the release conditions. Immediately the Maratha throne was claimed his aunt [[Tarabai]], claiming the throne for her son [[Shivaji II]]. After his victory at the Battle of Khed, Shahu established himself at Satara, forcing her to retire with her son to Kolhapur. This resulted in the creation of the [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur branch]] in 1709 under Tarabai, splitting from the main [[Satara state|Satara branch]] under Shahu.. Shivaji II and Tarabai were soon deposed by Rajasbai, the other widow of Rajaram. She installed her own son, [[Sambhaji II]] as the new ruler of Kolhapur.<ref name="Sarkar2000">{{cite book |author=Sumit Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PR9 |title=Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7154-658-9 |page=30}}</ref> Sambhaji then made alliance with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]].<ref name="SG_1993">{{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA120 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |pages=120–131}}</ref> The defeat of the Nizam by [[Bajirao I]] in the [[Battle of Palkhed]] in 1728 led to the former ending his support for Sambhaji.<ref name="Kate1987">{{cite book |author=P. V. Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PR5 |title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7099-017-8 |page=14}}</ref> Sambhaji II signed the Treaty of Warna in 1731 with his cousin [[Shahu I|Shahuji]] to formalize the two separate seats of Bhonsle family.<ref name="SG_1993" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&pg=PA27 |title=Sharad Pawar: The Maratha Legacy |date=1998 |publisher=APH Pub. Corp. |isbn=9788176480086 |editor1=S.R. Bakshi |location=New Delhi |page=28 |editor2=S.R. Sharma |editor3=S. Gijrani}}</ref>

== Maratha Confederacy ==
{{Main|Maratha Empire}}

=== Confederacy era ===
[[File:Emperor_Shahu.jpg|thumb|Emblem depicting [[Chhatrapati|Chatrapati]] [[Shahu I]] of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]].]]
Shahu appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] a member of the [[Bhat family|Bhat Family]] as his [[Peshwa]]. The Peshwa was instrumental in securing Mughal recognition of Shahu as the rightful heir of Shivaji and the [[Chhatrapati]] of the Marathas. {{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=12}}Balaji also gained the release of Shahu's mother, [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]], from Mughal captivity in 1719.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=12}}

The Peshwas later became de facto rulers of the Maratha Empire. Under the Peshwas, Chhatrapati was limited to simply a monarchial figurehead. Maratha Empire dominated most of the Indian subcontinent.{{sfnp|Montgomery|1972|p=132}}{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=13}}

Under the Peshwas the Marathas expanded to their greatest extent. 1737, Under [[Bajirao I]] invaded Delhi in a blitzkrieg manner at the Battle of Delhi (1737).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&dq=%2522Battle+of+Delhi%2522+1737+-wikipedia&pg=PA732 |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East - 6 volumes: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |date=2009-12-23 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-672-5 |page=732 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowman |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |date=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 |page=285 |language=en}}</ref> The Nizam set out from the Deccan to rescue the Mughals from the invasion of the Marathas, but was defeated decisively in the [[Battle of Bhopal]].<ref name="maratha2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&dq=maratha+delhi+1737&pg=PR23 An Advanced History of Modern India]</ref>{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=12}} The Marathas extracted a large tribute from the Mughals and signed a treaty which ceded [[Malwa]] to the Marathas.<ref name="maratha2" /> The [[Battle of Vasai]] was fought between the Marathas and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in [[Vasai]], a village lying on the northern shore of Vasai creek (Part of modern-day [[Mumbai]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=battle+of+vasai&pg=PA114 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E |date=12 November 2017 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313335372 |access-date=12 November 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

After Shahu's death, he was succeeded by [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]] When [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] left for the Mughal frontier, Tarabai urged Rajaram II to remove him from the post of Peshwa. When Rajaram refused, she imprisoned him in a dungeon at Satara, on 24 November 1750. She claimed that he was an imposter from [[Gondhali]] caste and she had falsely presented him as her grandson to Shahu.<ref name="CAKDBP_19182">{{cite book |author1=[[Charles Augustus Kincaid]] |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha03kincuoft#page/2/mode/2up/search/umabai |title=A History of the Maratha People Volume 3 |author2=[[Dattatray Balwant Parasnis]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1918 |pages=2–10}}</ref> His health deteriorated considerably during this imprisonment. On 14 September 1752, Tarabai and Balaji Rao took an oath at [[Jejuri#Khandoba Temple|Khandoba temple]] in [[Jejuri]], promising mutual peace.<ref name="CAKDBP_19182" />

=== Nagpur Branch ===
{{Main|Bhonsles of Nagpur}}

[[File:Raghuji_Bhonsle.jpg|thumb|[[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji I]], the first ruler of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]], expanded the state to its greatest extent.]]
After the death of [[Chand Sultan]], the [[Gondi people|Gond]] ruler of [[Gonds of Deogarh|Deogarh]], in 1739,<ref name="community2">{{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=Ayyappan Madhava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCNfWRGXd04C&q=king+of+deogarh+chand+sultan&pg=PA8 |title=Continuity and Change in a Little Community |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> there were quarrels over the succession, leading to the throne being usurped by Wali Shah,<ref name="society">{{cite book |last1=Society (MANCHESTER) |first1=Northern Central British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSFYAAAAcAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=RA2-PA8 |title=Proceedings of a Public Meeting for the formation of The Northern Central British India Society held in the Corn Exchange, Manchester, on Wednesday evening, August 26th, 1840 |date=1840 |publisher=Northern Central British India Society |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hunter">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA30 |title=Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |language=en}}</ref><ref name="chanda">{{cite book |last1=Thusu |first1=Kidar Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoAtAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Gond Kingdom of Chanda: With Particular Reference to Its Political Structure |date=1980 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India |language=en}}</ref> an illegitimate son of [[Bakht Buland Shah]].<ref name="society" /><ref name="vidarbha">{{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&pg=PA16 |title=The Gonds of Vidarbha |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-474-5 |language=en}}</ref> Chand Sultan's widow Ratan Kunwar invoked the aid of the Maratha leader [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhonsle]] of Berar in the interest of her sons Akbar Shah and Burhan Shah. Wali Shah was put to death and the rightful heirs placed on the throne. Raghoji I Bhonsle was sent back to Berar with a plentiful bounty for his aid.<ref>* {{cite book |last1=Thusu |first1=Kidar Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoAtAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Gond Kingdom of Chanda: With Particular Reference to Its Political Structure |date=1980 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India |language=en}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112050248951 and Others |date=2013 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sil |first1=Jogendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emxBAQAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=History of the Central Provinces and Berar |date=1917 |publisher=J.N. Sil |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSELAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Chhindwara |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |date=1995 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvK-QHwRM9YC&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=1976 |publisher=Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bahadur) |first1=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O9EAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Man in India |date=1979 |publisher=A. K. Bose |language=en}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WK9hAAAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara |date=1979 |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Society (MANCHESTER) |first1=Northern Central British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSFYAAAAcAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=RA2-PA8 |title=Proceedings of a Public Meeting for the formation of The Northern Central British India Society held in the Corn Exchange, Manchester, on Wednesday evening, August 26th, 1840 |date=1840 |publisher=Northern Central British India Society |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Naik |first1=C. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrlLNltm5dMC&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA199 |title=Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-792-8 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=Ayyappan Madhava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCNfWRGXd04C&q=king+of+deogarh+chand+sultan&pg=PA8 |title=Continuity and Change in a Little Community |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA30 |title=Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&pg=PA16 |title=The Gonds of Vidarbha |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-474-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzNUAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |title=Indian Railways |date=1997 |publisher=Railway Board |language=en}}</ref> [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji]] then declared himself the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|King of Nagpur]] and the 'protector' of the Gond king. Thus in 1743, Burhan Shah was practically made a state pensionary, with real power being in the hands of the Maratha ruler. After this event the history of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh is not recorded.<ref name="community2" />

During Shahu's reign, [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhosale]] of Nagpur expanded the empire Eastwards, [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|invading Bengal]] in 1740, which was a major confrontation with the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], [[Dost Ali Khan]] . [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji]] was victorious and increased Maratha Influence in the Carnatic.<ref name="Jeremy Black">{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+Damalcherry&pg=PA60 |title=War in the Eighteenth-Century World |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=9780230370005 |pages=280 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Saswadkar">{{cite journal |last=Saswadkar |first=P. L. |year=1965 |title=Prohibition under the Peshwas in the latter half of the eighteenth century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140671 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=JSOR |volume=27 |pages=326–328 |jstor=44140671 |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="TN Gov">{{cite web |title=Brief history of Arcot |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/sites/113/2020/08/briefhistory-PB-Arcot.pdf |access-date=13 December 2020 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Govt}}</ref>

after the successful campaign in [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] at the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|Battle of Trichinopolly]]. Raghoji invaded [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]. Raghoji was able to annex [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in the region after the death of their Governor [[Murshid Quli Khan]] in 1727.<ref>{{cite book |last=Government of Maharashtra |year=1974 |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Wardha District |edition=2nd |location=Bombay |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |page=63 |oclc=77864804}}</ref> Nawab of Bengal ceded territory up to the river Suvarnarekha to the Marathas, and agreeing to pay Rs. 20 lacs as [[chauth]] for [[Bengal]] (includes both West Bengal and Bangladesh) and 12 lacs for Bihar (including Jharkhand), thus Bengal becoming a tributary to the Marathas.<ref>Fall Of The Mughal Empire- Volume 1 (4Th Edn.), J.N.Sarka</ref>
[[File:Bhonsle_kingdom_of_Nagpur.png|left|thumb|the [[Nagpur kingdom|Kingdom of Nagpur]] at its greatest extent in 1751.]]
On 17 December 1803, after the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II]] signed the Treaty of Deogaon which resulted in Nagpur becoming a [[Protectorate]] of the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |pages=65–66}}</ref>

On 11 December 1853, the last Raja of Nagpur [[Raghuji III of Nagpur|Raghuji III]] died without a male heir. Nagpur was annexed by the British under the [[doctrine of lapse]]. The former kingdom was administered as [[Nagpur Province]], under a commissioner appointed by then [[Governor-General of India]], [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1MbAAAAIAAJ&q=bakabai |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara district |date=1979 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |language=en}}</ref>

=== Thanjavur Branch ===
{{Main|Thanjavur Maratha kingdom}}

The Bhonsoles were also influential in the Carnatic Region. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the [[Maratha]] general [[Venkoji]] a half-brother of the [[Shivaji]], to Capture the city of [[Thanjavur]] and Established the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom]]. Venkoji defeated Alagiri, and occupied Thanjavur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Muzaffar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mug̲h̲al State, 1526-1750 |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563905-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |date=2003-05-19 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |language=en}}</ref> He did not, however, place his protege on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began the rule of the [[Marathas]] over Thanjavur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shulman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ |title=Classical Telugu Poetry |date=2020-05-12 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-34452-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Shivaji Maharaj also invaded [[Gingee]] and Thanjavur in 1676–1677 and made his brother Santaji the ruler of all lands to the north of the [[Kollidam|Coleroon]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Princely States ===
[[Satara State]], [[Kolhapur State]], [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur State]], [[Nagpur State]],<ref name="google1" /> [[Akkalkot State]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Sawantwadi State]]<ref name=":5" /> and [[Barshi]]<ref name="akola.nic.in" /> were amongst the prominent states ruled by the Bhonsles.

== List of Members ==
=== Maratha Confederacy ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Name
!Birth
!Reign
!Death
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg|113x113px]]
|''[[Shivaji I]]''
|19 February 1630<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA8 |title=Student's Britannica: India (Set of 7 Vols.) 39 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |editor=Indu Ramchandani |page=8}}</ref>
|1674–1680
|3 April 1680
|
|-
|[[File:Maharaja_Sambhajiraje,_late_17th_century.png|121x121px]]
|''[[Sambhaji]]''
|14 May 1657
|16 January 1681 – 11 March 1689
|11 March 1689
|
|-
|[[File:Chhatrapati_Rajaram.jpg|107x107px]]
|''[[Rajaram I]]''
|24 February 1670
|11 March 1689 – 3 March 1700
|3 March 1700
|
|-
|
|''[[Shivaji II]]''
|9 June 1696
|1700 – 1707, 1710 – 1714 (Kolhapur State)
|14 March 1726
|
|-
|[[File:Copy_of_Shahu_(3).jpg|106x106px]]
|''[[Shahu I]]''
|18 May 1682
|12 January 1707 – November 16, 1713
|15 December 1749
|
|-
|[[File:Rajaram_II.jpg|120x120px]]
|''[[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]''
|June 1726
|15 December 1749 – 11 December 1777
|11 December 1777
|Became a Puppet ruler under [[Balaji Bajirao]] in 1749
|-
|
|''[[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]]''
|1763
|11 December 1777 – 3 May 1808
|3 May 1808
|A ceremonial ruler with the actual power resting with the leaders of Maratha confederacy around India.
|-
|[[File:Chhatrapati_Pratapsingh.jpg|80x80px]]
|''[[Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)|Pratapsingh]]''
|18 January 1793
|3 May 1808 – 3 June 1818
|14 October 1847
|Last Chhatrapati of the Maratha Confederacy
|}

=== Satara State ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Name
!Birth
!Reign
!Death
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Chhatrapati_Pratapsingh.jpg|80x80px]]
|''[[Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)|Pratapsingh]]''
|18 January 1793
|3 June 1818 – 5 September 1839
|14 October 1847
|Became Raja of the Satara state. He was deposed by the East India company in 1839.
|-
|[[File:Shahaji_Appa_Saheb_Chhatrapati.jpg|80x80px]]
|''[[Raja Shahaji of Satara|Shahaji]]''
|1802
|5 September 1839 – 5 April 1848
|5 April 1848
|Satara state abolished after the death of Appasaheb by the East India Company under the policy of [[Doctrine of lapse]]
|}

=== Kolhapur State ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Name
!Birth
!Reign
!Death
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Maharani_Tarabai.jpg|136x136px]]
|[[Tarabai]]
|1675
|1709 – 1710 (Unofficial)
|1761
|Established the Branch of Kolhapur.
|-
|
|''[[Shivaji II]]''
|9 June 1696
|1710 – 1714
|14 March 1726
|First Official Raja of kolhapur.Deposed by his stepmother, Rajasbai in favour of her own son, Sambhaji II
|-
|[[File:Idols_of_Sambhaji_I_of_Kolhapur_with_Queen_Jijabai_(cropped).jpg|104x104px]]
|''[[Sambhaji II]]''
|1698
|1714–1760
|18 December 1760
|Signed treaty of Varna with Shahu I to formalize the existence of two seats of the dynasty at Satara and Kolhapur respectively.<ref>Nayeem, M. A. (1977). The Working of the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi System in the Mughal Provinces of the Deccan (1707-1803 A.D.). The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 14(2), 153–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/001946467701400201</ref>
|-
|[[File:Idol_of_Shivaji_II_of_Kolhapur.jpg|113x113px]]
|''[[Shivaji III]]''
|1756
|22 September 1762 – 24 April 1813
|24 April 1813
|
|-
|
|''[[Sambhaji III]]''
|1801
|24 April 1813 – 2 July 1821
|2 July 1821
|
|-
|
|''[[Shivaji IV]]''
|1816
|July 2, 1821 – Jan 03 1822
|January 3, 1822
|
|-
|
|''[[Shahaji of Kolhapur|Shahaji I]]''
|22 January 1802
|3 January 1822 – 29 November 1838
|29 November 1838
|
|-
|[[File:Shivaji_V.gif|118x118px]]
|''[[Shivaji V]]''
|26 December 1830
|1838–1866
|4 August 1866
|
|-
|[[File:Rajaram_Chatrapati_of_Kolhapur_01.jpg|102x102px]]
|''[[Rajaram II of Kolhapur|Rajaram II]]''
|April 13, 1850
|August 18, 1866 – November 30, 1870
|November 30, 1870
|
|-
|[[File:Shivaji_VI.jpg|117x117px]]
|''[[Shivaji VI]]''
|April 5, 1863
|1871–1883
|December 25, 1883
|
|-
|[[File:Maharajah_of_Kolhapur_1912.jpg|114x114px]]
|''[[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu IV (overall)Shahu I of Kolhapur]]''
|26 June 1874
|2 April 1894 – 6 May 1922
|6 May 1922
|
|-
|[[File:Rajaram_III.jpg|102x102px]]
|''[[Rajaram III]]''
|31 July 1897
|1922–1940
|26 November 1940
|
|-
|[[File:Shivaji_VII.jpg|109x109px]]
|''[[Shivaji VII]]''
|22 November 1941
|31 December 1941 – 28 September 1946
|28 September 1946
|
|-
|[[File:Shahaji_II.jpg|109x109px]]
|''[[Shahaji II]]''
|4 April 1910
|1947–1971
|9 May 1983
|
|}

=== Nagpur state ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Name
!Birth
!Reign
!Death
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Raghuji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg|116x116px]]
|[[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji I]]
|1695
|1739 – 14 February 1755
|14 February 1755
|First Bhonsle ruler of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]].
|-
|[[File:Janoji_Bhosale.jpg|96x96px]]
|''[[Janoji of Nagpur|Janoji]]''
|
|14 February 1755 – 21 May 1772
|21 May 1772
|
|-
|[[File:Mudhoji_Bhosale_I.jpg|122x122px]]
|[[Mudhoji Bhonsle|Mudhoji I]]
|
|21 May 1772 – 19 May 1788
|19 May 1788
|
|-
|[[File:Raghuji_Bhosale_II.jpg|115x115px]]
|[[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II]]
|
|19 May 1788 – 22 March 1816
|22 March 1816
|
|-
|
|Parsoji
|1788
|22 March 1816 – 2 Feb 1817
|2 Feb 1817
|
|-
|[[File:Mudhoji_Bhosale_II_Appasaheb.jpg|80x80px]]
|[[Mudhoji II Bhonsle|Mudhoji II]]
|1796
|2 Feb 1817 – 15 Mar 1818
|15 Mar 1818
|
|-
|[[File:Raghuji_Bhosale_III.jpg|80x80px]]
|[[Raghuji Bhonsle III|Raghuji III]]
|1808
|15 Mar 1818 – 11 Dec 1853
|11 Dec 1853
|Last Bhonsle ruler of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]].
|}

== Family tree ==
{{Chart top|Family tree of Maratha Chhatrapatis|width=100%|collapsed=no}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{legend-line|black solid 2px|Biological Child}}

{{legend-line|black dotted 2px|Adopted Child}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01=[[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji Bhosale]]}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01=[[Shahaji|Shahaji Bhosale]]}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Shivaji|Shivaji I]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (1) r. 1674-1680|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500|A02='''[[Vyankoji Bhosale|Vyankoji I]]''' ''Raja of Thanjavur'' r. 1675-1684}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!||||!|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||A01|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01=''[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom#Family tree|Thanjavur Branch]]''|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|y|A03|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Sambhaji|Sambhaji I]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (2) r. 1681-1689|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500|A02=[[Tarabai]]|A03='''[[Rajaram I]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (3) r. 1689-1700|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFA500}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!||||,|-|'||!|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Shahu I]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (5) r. 1707-1749|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500|A02='''[[Shivaji II]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (4) r. 1700-1707 ''Raja of Kolhapur'' r. 1710-1714|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFA500|A03='''[[Sambhaji I of Kolhapur|Sambhaji II]]''' ''Raja of Kolhapur'' r. 1714-1760}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||Q||||!||||!|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||Q|||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01=?|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px|A02=''[[Kolhapur State#Family tree (Simplified)|Kolhapur Branch]]''|boxstyle_A02=border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||Y|P|P|T|!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (6) r. 1749-1777|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||Q|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (7) r. 1777-1808|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||,|-|^|-|.|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)|Pratap Singh]]''' '''''[[Chhatrapati]]''''' (8) r. 1808-1818 ''Raja of Satara'' r. 1818-1839|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500|A02='''[[Raja Shahaji of Satara|Shahaji]]''' ''Raja of Satara'' r. 1839-1848}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== See also ==

* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Bernard Law|author-link=Bernard Montgomery|title=A Concise History of Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000unse_r8u2|url-access=registration|year=1972|publisher=Collins|isbn=9780001921498}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath |title=An Advanced History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3|pages=1941–}}

{{improve categories|date=October 2023}}

[[Category:Bhonsle dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Marathi families]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

António Mascarenhas (writer)

2026-02-06T05:43:54Z

Kenrique: added

{{short description|Indian writer (1916–1993)}}
{{Other people|António Mascarenhas}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = António Mascarenhas
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|2|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Divar]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = 1993
| death_place = [[Chicalim]], Goa
| other_names = Antonio Inacio Salvador Matias Mascarenhas
| occupation = Writer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''António Mascarenhas''' (24 February 1916 – 1993) was an Indian writer best known as the author of the book ''Goa from Prehistoric Times'' (1987). He wrote in the [[English language]].

== Life ==
António Mascarenhas was born at his mother's ancestral home in [[Divar]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], on 24 February 1916. He was baptized as Antonio Inacio Salvador Matias Mascarenhas and spent his early childhood in [[Zanzibar]] and his school years at [[St. Paul's School, Belgaum]], after which he joined the [[Society of Jesus]].

He completed the [[Gregorian University]] Ph L ''[[summa cum laude]]''. Although he remained a layman, later marrying and raising a family, he was philosophically a [[Jesuit]].

His work took him between [[India]] and [[Portugal]] and among teaching, real estate, radio, travel planning and writing. He died in 1993 at home in Miraton Gardens, [[Chicalim]], Goa, and was buried on the [[Jesuit]] feast day.

== Works ==
{{inc-lit|date=October 2021}}
Among his known works are the following.

=== Poems ===
* ''Poems'' ([[Tipografia Rangel]], [[Bastora]], [[Goa]], c. 1984)

=== Collected radio talks ===
* ''Glimpses of the Goan Past'' (? c. 1958)
* ''Essays for Diplomats on the Case of Goa'' (Edições Paulistas, Lumiar, Lisboa, c. 1958)
* ''A Critique of Sir S Radhakrishnan's 'Basis for Human Fellowship'' (Edições Paulistas, Lumiar, Lisboa, 1959) {{OCLC|9378530}}
* ''Goan Life and Outlook'' (? c. 1960) {{OCLC|48263220}}
* ''An Introduction to Goan Folksongs'', Volume 1 ([year unknown] [[Centro Cultural Goês]], Lisboa) which also appeared in a translation by Maria Suzette Carvalho and Tony Mascarenhas (the author's nephew) under the title ''Dulpodam'' (c. 1960, [[Centro Cultural Goês]], Lisboa). {{OCLC|52870914}}
* Introduction to ''An Introduction to Goan Folksongs'', Volume 2, ''Mande'' which appeared in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as ''Poesias do Povo Goês'' by Maria da Paz Cabrita de Barros Santos and Jesuino de Noronha (c. 1960, [[Centro Cultural Goês]], Lisboa).

=== Travel guides ===

* ''Open Sesame, Lisbon!'' (Edições Paulistas, Lumiar, Lisboa, no date printed) {{OCLC|503797880}}
* ''Open Sesame, Fátima!'' (Edições Paulistas, Lumiar, Lisboa, no date printed)
* ''To Fátima and There''. Text and photography by the author (? self-published)
* ''Fátima, A Shrine of Luminous Silence'' (Edições Francisco Mas, Lisboa, 1967)

=== Biography ===

* ''Father [[Joseph Vaz]] of [[Sancoale]]'' (Self-published, Goa, c. 1980)

=== Language ===

* ''A Concise [[Konkani language|Konkani]] Grammar'' (Tipografia Rangel, Bastora, Goa, 1984)

=== History ===

* ''A Tourist's History of Goa'' ([[Instituto Menezes Bragança]], Panjim, Goa, 1981)
* ''Goa from Prehistoric Times'' (Self-published, Goa, 1987) {{OCLC|80210438}}

==Citations==
* Universidade de Aveiro | Fundação Portugal-Africa [1997-2015]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memórias de África e do Oriente {{!}} Catálogo - Pesquisa no Autor - por [mascarenhas, antonio] |url=http://memoria-africa.ua.pt/Catalog.aspx?q=AU%20mascarenhas,%20antonio |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=memoria-africa.ua.pt}}</ref>
* Carlos A. Moreira Azevedo, ed., ''Bibliografia para a História da Igreja em Portugal (1961-2000)'', Centro de Estudos de História Religiosa, Lisboa, 2013, {{ISBN|978-972-8361-56-3}}
* Thomas Paul Urumpackal, ''Organized Religion According to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan'', Università Gregoriana Editrice, Roma, 1972
* Robert Neil Minor, ''Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography'', State University of New York Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0887065546}}
* Bibliography, ''Luso-Brazilian Review'', Vol. 6, No. 2 (Winter, 1969), pp. 104–115, University of Wisconsin Press.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1969 |title=Current Bibliography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512742 |journal=Luso-Brazilian Review |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=104–115 |jstor=3512742 |issn=0024-7413}}</ref>
* SP Agrawal, Rajeev Kumar Sharma, ''Government and Politics in India: A Bibliographical Study'', Concept Publishing, New Delhi, 1993. {{ISBN|8170224160}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascarenhas, Antonio}}
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]

ATM (TV series)

2026-02-05T22:24:25Z

Kenrique: article

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language web-series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ATM web series.jpg
| caption = ''ATM Poster''
| genre = [[Crime]] [[Heist film|Heist]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| director = C. Chandra Mohan
| writer = [[Harish Shankar]]
| starring = [[Subbaraju]] [[VJ Sunny]] [[Krishna Burugula]]
| cinematography = Monic Kumar G
| presenter = [[Shirish]]
| music = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Harshith Reddy Hanshitha Reddy
| editor =
| company = Dil Raju Productions
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2023|01|20}}
}}

'''''ATM''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] streaming television series set in [[Hyderabad]], starring [[Subbaraju]], [[VJ Sunny]], [[Krishna Burugula]], Ravi Raj, Roiel Shree, Divi Vadthya, Divya Vani, and [[Prudhvi Raj]]. It was directed by debutant C. Chandra Mohan, from a story penned by [[Harish Shankar]], and produced by Harshith and Hanshitha Reddy, under Dil Raju Productions, a subsidiary wing of [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=VJ Sunny transforms into a robber Jagan for ZEE5's web show ATM; here's a glimpse of his character |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vj-sunny-transforms-into-a-robber-jagan-for-zee5s-web-show-atm-heres-a-glimpse-of-his-character/9415016220681 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116082200/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vj-sunny-transforms-into-a-robber-jagan-for-zee5s-web-show-atm-heres-a-glimpse-of-his-character/9415016220681 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=VJ Sunny ATM Teaser : ఇంట్రెస్టింగ్‌గా జీ5 ఏటీఎం టీజర్..హైలెట్‌గా వీజే సన్నీ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/vj-sunny-harish-shankar-atm-teaser-from-zee5-ott-89013 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

The music was scored by [[Prashanth R Vihari]], cinematography by Monic Kumar G, and dialogues written by Vijay Muthyam and CP Emmanuel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=ZEE5's 'ATM' with Dil Raju-Harish Shankar duo launched - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/zee5-atm-with-dil-raju-harish-shankar-duo-launched-telugu-news-312935 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The series follows four youngsters from the slums of Hyderabad, who rob for their livelihood. They get trapped in a high-profile case and are named the most-wanted accused. It was streamed on [[ZEE5]] from 20 January 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=ZEE5's 'ATM': He started his game! |url=https://www.telugu360.com/zee5s-atm-he-started-his-game/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Telugu360.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116082133/https://www.telugu360.com/zee5s-atm-he-started-his-game/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jagan, Karthik, Abhay and Harsha are four streetsmart youngsters who live in the slums of Hyderabad and are often involved in petty thefts to earn their bread and live a happy life. One day fate forces the four of them to attempt that one big robbery that changes their life and fate forever and in this attempt their paths cross with a strict and ruthless cop called Hegde and a political leader named Gajendra, both of them eyeing their loot. How do the four guys save themselves and how do they escape from the hunt of Hegde forms the story of ATM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-01-20 |title='ఏటీఎం' వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ : వీజే సన్నీ దొంగతనం సక్సెసా? ఫెయిలా? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/atm-web-series-review-starring-bigg-boss-sunny-subbaraju-written-by-harish-shankar-zee5-original-web-series-check-atm-review-rating-73927 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127170639/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/atm-web-series-review-starring-bigg-boss-sunny-subbaraju-written-by-harish-shankar-zee5-original-web-series-check-atm-review-rating-73927 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=OTT Review: ATM - Telugu series on ZEE5 |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-atm-telugu-series-on-zee5.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124143727/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-atm-telugu-series-on-zee5.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Subbaraju]] as Hegde
*[[VJ Sunny]] as Jagan
*[[Krishna Burugula]] as Karthik
*Divi Vadthya as Ramya Nayak
*[[Prudhvi Raj]] as Gajendra
*Ravi Raj as Abhay
*Roiel Shree as Harsha
*Divya Vani as CI Uma Devi
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Mentor
*Dayanand Reddy as Jagan's father

== Release ==
In early 2022, [[ZEE5]] announced a slate of Telugu series and films, with ATM being one of them, scheduled for a release on 20 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aha Naa Pellanta Web Series: రాజ్‌త‌రుణ్‌, శివాని రాజ‌శేఖ‌ర్ అహ నా పెళ్ళంట వెబ్‌సిరీస్ స్ట్రీమింగ్ డేట్ ఇదే |publisher=[[Hindustan Times Telugu]] |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aha-naa-pellanta-web-series-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-raj-tarun-romantic-drama-series-121668338506877.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116114032/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aha-naa-pellanta-web-series-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-raj-tarun-romantic-drama-series-121668338506877.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-09 |title=Streaming platform ZEE5 announces slate of over 80 titles for 2022 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/streaming-platform-zee5-announces-slate-of-over-80-titles-for-2022/article65397369.ece |access-date=16 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111153534/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/streaming-platform-zee5-announces-slate-of-over-80-titles-for-2022/article65397369.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=OTT platform Zee5 announces 2022 lineup including Taj, Kashmir Files, Jhund, Pitchers 2, Tripling, Nilamellam Ratham |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/ott-platform-zee5-announces-2022-lineup-including-taj-kashmir-files-jhund-pitchers-2-tripling-nilamellam-ratham-71652259246196.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=HT Tech |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064611/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/ott-platform-zee5-announces-2022-lineup-including-taj-kashmir-files-jhund-pitchers-2-tripling-nilamellam-ratham-71652259246196.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The teaser of the series was released on 8 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nidhi |date=2023-01-09 |title=ज़ी5 ओरिजिनल 'एटीएम' का टीज़र जारी, सीरीज़ 20 जनवरी से शुरू होगी |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/telangana/teaser-of-zee5-original-atm-out-series-to-premiere-on-20-january-1912555 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref>

The makers unveiled the first look teaser through social media platforms on 16 August 2022 and an official trailer on 11 January 2023 which shows that "Jagan leads a dangerous lifestyle. He makes a living stealing money from other people, alongside his three underdog travelling companions. Whatever the reason, their propensity for shortcuts eventually puts them in danger."<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE5's 'ATM': Exciting, tense moments |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994566056/ZEEs-ATM-Exciting-tense-moments |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116082959/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994566056/ZEEs-ATM-Exciting-tense-moments |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Teaser of Zee5 Original 'ATM' unveiled, series to start streaming on January 20 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/teaser-of-zee5-original-atm-unveiled-series-to-start-streaming-on-january-20 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=25728686}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/atm/0-6-4z5281641 ''ATM''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]

Masi, Uttarakhand

2026-01-30T17:17:26Z

Kenrique: Created new pg.

#REDIRECT [[Almora district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Ajitsinh Chauhan

2026-01-05T19:50:05Z

Kenrique: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Ajitsinh Parvatsinh Chauhan''' is an Indian politician. He is a Former Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Balasinor Assembly constituency]] since 2017 to 2022. He is associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajitsinh Parvatsinh Chauhan(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BALASINOR(MAHISAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=5049 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Balasinor, Lunavada, Santrampur (ST) Election 2017 Winners: Here's What Happened in the Constituencies of Mahisagar district |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/balasinor-lunavada-santrampur-st-election-2017-winners-heres-what-happened-in-the-constituencies-of-mahisagar-district-2768228/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gujarat Election 2017: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-results-full-list-of-winners-4987977/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Ajitsinh}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Gajanpur

2026-01-05T04:47:44Z

Kenrique: Creating Data...

{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gajanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.579|77.054|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gajanpur''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Gajanpur Village is a major agricultural production area in Madhya Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} In the [[2011 Census of India]], its population was reported as 367.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gajanpur (474331) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531521|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Guruvayur Dorai

2025-12-30T23:17:23Z

Kenrique: refine formatting also and added references

{{BLP sources|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Guruvayur Dorai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|07|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| origin =
| instrument = [[mridangam]]
| genre =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

[[File:Ravikiran 25 A.jpg|thumb|Guruvayur Dorai (left) accompanying [[Ravikiran]] (center) playing the [[navachitravina]], a variant of the [[chitravina]]. Also shown are Ravi Balasubramanian, [[ghatam]] and Akkarai S. Subhalakshmi, [[violin]].]]

'''Guruvayur Dorai''' (born 2 July 1935) is an Indian percussionist.<ref name="AbramEdwards2004">{{cite book|last1=Abram|first1=David|last2=Edwards|first2=Nick|title=The Rough Guide to South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=RA1-PA670|year=2004|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=9781843531036|page=670}}</ref> He is one of the most senior exponents of the South Indian classical percussion instrument, the [[mridangam]]. He had his initial training under Palghat Subba Iyer and E.P. Narayana Pisharody, and later from the legendary master [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]]. Initiating his concert performances at the age of eight, Guruvayur Dorai has performed on the concert platform for the past 60 years. His wide range of efforts in the field of [[mridangam]] and music have helped propagate the art around the globe.

In January 2025, Mr. Dorai was honored with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early years ==
An exponent of the Pudukottai style of mridangam, Guruvayur Dorai (his real name being Vaidynathan) was born in the temple town [[Guruvayur]], [[Kerala]], to G.S. Krishna Iyer and Meenakshi. His father was a priest and mother, a housewife. He has two brothers and three sisters. His sister Guruvayur Ponnammal was a highly reputed singer at the time. His other sister is a reputed music teacher in [[Madras]], while his brother, G.K.Rajamani is a notable violinist living in [[Palghat]] (Kerala).

Young Dorai had a penchant for percussion and was frequently seen drumming on his body with his fingers even while in sleep. Struck by polio at the age of five, his father thought it would be difficult for Dorai to go outside of Guruvayur for higher studies and a job.

There was already a vocalist and a violinist in the family, a mridangist was all that was lacking. So his father decided to sculpt him into one. His father thought Ponnammal, Rajamani and Dorai could give concerts together and that the siblings would take care of Dorai. Moreover, they could make a living out of it.

Dorai began to learn mridangam under the Late Palghat Subba Iyer when he was six. E.P. Narayana Pisharody of Eranallur also taught him at this time. Pisharody's book 'Mridanga Nada Manjari' (a practical study of mridangam) was published by Guruvayur Dorai on 23 September 2001.

The legendary vocalist [[Chembai|Chembai Vaidhyanatha Bhagavathar]] was teaching Ponnammal at that time. Whenever he came to Guruvayur, Chembai used to stay at their house. He took active interest in Dorai's mridangam practice. Dorai had his debut performance (arangetram) at the age of eight, performing with none other than Chembai himself.

1949 was a watershed in Dorai's career, as he came to Chennai for the first time to perform with Chembai in a concert. Meanwhile, Ponnammal got a chance to sing in a Malayalam film. As the opportunities were more copious in Chennai, their father decided to settle there. Dorai, Ponnammal, Rajamani and the father stayed in a rented house in the city while the rest of the family remained in Guruvayur. In the same year, he also happened to meet the legendary mridangam artist [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]] in Thirupoontharai. After [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]] moved to Madras in 1953, Dorai commenced classes with the maestro. This helped him understand and absorb the complexities of the Pudukottai style of mridangam. Dorai stayed with [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]] in his residence for nearly nine years in the gurukulavasam fashion.

== Performances ==
Dorai performed with nearly all the eminent artists even at a young age, including [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]], [[M. D. Ramanathan]], [[Semmangudi Srinivasa lyer]], [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] (it was Dorai who performed with her in Carnegie Hall, New York), [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]], Balasubramaniam]], [[M.Balamuralikrishna]], [[S. Balachander]], [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[Tirumakudalu Chowdiah|Mysore T. Chowdiah]], Palghat Ghatam Sundaram, Alangudi Ramachandran, [[G. Harishankar]] and others.

Dorai also accompanied Sr. Vinjamuri Varadaraja Iyengar on multiple occasion to concerts across Andhrapradesh. An excerpt from his interview - "He encouraged me very much, kept me with him and let me play for him. Apart from that, I gave a lot of kutcheries in Andhra Pradesh. For all those places, Vinjamuri Varadaraja Iyengar took me with him; like Kakinada, Guntur, Tenali, Vijayawada and to many other places he took me with him and introduced me. Because of his taking me with him, those Sabhas/ people got acquainted with me and got to know me". [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195245/http://vinjamurivaradarajaiyengar.com/Guruvayur_Dorai.htm Read More About the Interview]

Moreover, he is one of the few mridangists who has performed with nagaswaram wizards, namely [[T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai]] (in 1956, Rama Seva Mandali, Bangalore; P. Bhuvaneswariah played violin, Bangalore Venkatram played ghatam, and a khanjira artist was part of the team), Thiruvengadu Subramanium Pillai in 1951, and Namagiripettai Krishnan (from the 1960s onwards). He has also performed with leading present-day artists including [[K.J. Yesudas]], [[T. N. Krishnan]], [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan]], [[T. N. Seshagopalan]], [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]], [[N. Ravikiran|Chitraveena N. Ravikiran]] Flautist [[Shashank Subramanyam]] and others.

==Awards==
* [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]], 2003 by The Indian Fine arts Society, Chennai
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 1996<ref name="SNA Awardees' List">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | title=SNA Awardees' List | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2016 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331060603/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | archivedate=31 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Kalaimamani]], 1990 by the Govt. of Tamil Nadu
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Tagore Ratna]] 2011

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorai, Guruvayur}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Chintalapudi mandal

2025-12-14T18:55:42Z

Kenrique: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chintalapudi mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.06|N|80.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 91,372
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628648|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}
'''Chintalapudi mandal''' is one of the 28 [[mandal]]s in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under [[Nuzividu revenue division|Nuzvidu revenue division]] and its headquarters are located at [[Chintalapudi, West Godavari district|Chintalapudi]]. The mandal is bounded by [[T.Narasapuram]] mandal, [[Lingapalem]] mandal, [[Khammam district]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=9 June 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archivedate=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 35 settlements. Chintalapudi is the most populated and Gonnepalle is the least populated village in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of West Godavari District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=15|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121729/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=15|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|
#[[Allipalle]]
#Amudalachalaka
#[[Chintalapudi, West Godavari district|Chintalapudi]]
#Chintampalle
#Endapalli
#Erraguntapalle
#Errampalle
#Ganijerla
#Gonnepalle
#Gurubhatlagudem
#Kantampalem
#Kanupade
#Lakshminarasimhapuram
#Lingagudem
#Maddimethinagudem
#Mallayagudem
#Namavaram
#Pattayagudem
#Ponukumadu
#Pothunuru
#[[Pragadavaram]]
#Raghavapuram
#[[Rangapuram Khandrika]]
#Recharla
#Sammetavarigudem
#Sankuchakrapuram
#Seethanagaram
#Settivarigudem
#Talarlapalle
#Teegalavancha
#Timmareddipalle
#Urlagudem
#Utasamudram
#Venkammapalem
#Venkatadrigudem
#Venkatapuram
}}

== See also ==
*[[Eluru district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Eluru district]]

Rajakumari, Idukki district

2025-12-07T21:54:48Z

Kenrique: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajakumari
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Hillslopes of Munnar4.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rajakumari seen from the northwest. Taken from Gap Road in [[Chinnakanal]].
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.973453|N|77.168647|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 44.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1061
| population_total = 16,253
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685619
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04868
| registration_plate = KL 37 KL 69
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Nedumkandam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Idukki
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Udumbanchola (State Assembly constituency)|Udumbanchola]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Moderate Cold, fine climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Rajakumari ''' is a village in [[Idukki district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Rajakumari had a population of 16,253 with 8,127 males and 8,126 females. Rajakumari village has an area of {{cvt|44.54|km2}} with 4,233 families residing in it. In Rajakumari, 8.8% of the population was under 6 years of age. Rajakumari had an average literacy of 89.5% higher than the national average of 74% and lower than state average of 94%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=58,59 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
Rajakumari is one of the few places in Kerala where all kinds of crops are grown. The main Cultivations of Rajakumari are cardamom and pepper.

==Education Institutions==

*NSS College, Rajakumari
*montfort valley school,muruckumthotty
*st marys central school,rajakumari
*mar basil ,senapathi
*st george public school ,kuruvilacity
*mar mathews public school,muruckumthotty

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Western Ghats Tea Plantations Kerala India 2014.jpg|Views from the northeastern end area of Rajakumari village. [[Chinnakanal]] village in the background.
File:Anayirankal Dam to Chathurangappara ksrtmun2k24 (1).jpg|[[National Highway 85 (India)|National Highway 85]] in Rajakumari
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}

FC Bengaluru United

2025-10-30T06:32:07Z

Kenrique:

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Bengaluru United
| image = FC Bengaluru United.svg
| upright = 0.8
| fullname = Football Club Bengaluru United
| nickname =
| short name = FCBU
| founded = {{start date and age|2018}}
| ground = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] Padukone – Dravid CSE
| capacity = 8,400 250
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = Gaurav Manchanda
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]
| league = {{ubl|[[I-League 2]]|[[BDFA Super Division]]}}
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'''Football Club Bengaluru United''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="NT">{{cite news |title=FC Bengaluru United dent FC Goa reserves in opener |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/fc-bengaluru-united-dent-fc-goa-reserves-in-opener/ |access-date=7 July 2020 |work=Navhind Times |date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130125030/http://www.navhindtimes.in/fc-bengaluru-united-dent-fc-goa-reserves-in-opener/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = I-League II – Bengaluru United: Squad
| url = https://i-league.org/team-page/bengaluru-united/
| publisher = [[All India Football Federation]]
| access-date = 19 July 2020
| archive-date = 29 October 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201029021211/https://i-league.org/team-page/bengaluru-united/
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Match practice crucial before I-League Qualifiers: FC Bengaluru United coach Richard Hood|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-news-fc-bengaluru-united-coach-richard-hood-match-practice-crucial-ileague-qualifiers/article35467763.ece|access-date=5 October 2021|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005151626/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-news-fc-bengaluru-united-coach-richard-hood-match-practice-crucial-ileague-qualifiers/article35467763.ece}}</ref> The club currently competes in the [[I-League 2]], the third tier of the [[Indian football league system]]. Founded in 2018,<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru-united/49474/ FC Bengaluru United team profile]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930150149/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru-united/49474/ |date=30 September 2021 }}. ''int.soccerway.com''. Retrieved 30 September 2021.</ref><ref>[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fc-bengaluru-united/43463/ Football Club Bengaluru United team profile and archive]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511173037/https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fc-bengaluru-united/43463/ |date=11 May 2021 }}. ''globalsportsarchive.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</ref> the club mainly participated in local competitions, including the [[BDFA Super Division]].

Bengaluru United took part in the I-League 2nd Division for the first time in [[2019–20 2nd Division League|2019–20]] season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Defending Champions Bengaluru FC all set for BDFA Super Division League|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/|access-date=12 December 2019|work=BengaluruFC.com|date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212133235/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/|archive-date=12 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=Primus, Opoku to lead FCBU's challenge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms|access-date=5 September 2020|work=The Times of India|date=5 September 2020|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Bengaluru United was founded in 2018 and began playing in the BDFA Super Division for the [[2018–19 BDFA Super Division|2018–19]] season.<ref name="gcs">{{cite web |title=Fixture & Points Table — BDFA Super Division League 2018–19 |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2018/11/fixture-points-table-bdfa-super.html |website=GCS Stars |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910222223/https://www.gcsstars.com/2018/11/fixture-points-table-bdfa-super.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their first match was on 25 October 2018 against [[Kickstart FC]] where they were defeated 4–2.<ref name="gcs"/> The club earned their first victory in their next match on 30 October against [[South United FC|South United]] 3–0. After 13 matches, Bengaluru United finished their first season in fifth place on 23 points, 11 behind [[Bengaluru FC]].<ref name="gcs"/> Prior to the next season, Bengaluru United signed former [[India national football team|India]] international [[Gouramangi Singh]] as a first-team coach under Richard Hood.<ref name="GS">{{cite news |last1=Achal |first1=Ashwin |title=Gouramangi Singh takes up coaching role at FC Bengaluru United |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gouramangi-singh-takes-up-coaching-role-at-fc-bengaluru-united/article30008761.ece |access-date=19 July 2020 |work=The Hindu Sports Star |date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115417/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gouramangi-singh-takes-up-coaching-role-at-fc-bengaluru-united/article30008761.ece }}</ref> The team started the Super Division [[2019–20 BDFA Super Division|2019–20]] season with a 4–1 victory over ASC.<ref name="gcs2">{{cite web |title=Fixture & Points Table — BDFA Super Division League 2019–20 |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2019/11/fixture-points-table-bdfa-super.html |website=GCS Stars |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927091326/https://www.gcsstars.com/2019/11/fixture-points-table-bdfa-super.html }}</ref> This time the club finished as runners-up, behind Bengaluru FC on goal difference.<ref name="gcs2"/>

In January 2020, it was announced that Bengaluru United would participate in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shillonglajong.com/phrangki-loaned-to-bengaluru-united/|title=PHRANGKI LOANED TO BENGALURU UNITED|date=18 January 2020|website=Shillong Lajong FC|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219023247/https://www.shillonglajong.com/phrangki-loaned-to-bengaluru-united/}}</ref> India's third-tier competition.<ref name="YS">{{cite news |title=18 teams set to participate in I-League 2nd Division |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/18-teams-set-participate-league-093404998.html |access-date=19 July 2020 |work=Yahoo Sports |date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719083050/https://sports.yahoo.com/18-teams-set-participate-league-093404998.html }}</ref> The club were placed into Group C,<ref name="NT"/> alongside [[ARA FC|ARA]], [[FC Kerala]], and the reserve teams for [[Indian Super League]] clubs [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]], [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]], and [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]].<ref name="YS"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League 2020 Qualifiers: Mohammedan Sporting thrash ARA, Bengaluru United edge Garhwal {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2020-21-qualifiers-mohammedan-sporting-win/10vygghw3bmy41by0cvm65hijo|access-date=2020-11-23|website=goal.com|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130210057/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2020-21-qualifiers-mohammedan-sporting-win/10vygghw3bmy41by0cvm65hijo}}</ref> Their first match in the national league was on 29 January 2020 against Goa at the Nagoa Ground. A goal from striker Amey Bhatkal gave Bengaluru United a 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Reserves 0–1 Bengaluru United|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/7286|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=29 January 2020|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719083228/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/7286|archive-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Despite the performance, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] managed to postpone the 2nd Division season from being concluded.<ref name="GS2">{{cite news |title=Gouramangi Singh — Bengaluru United wants to nurture local talent |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/gouramangi-singh-bengaluru-united-wants-044606356.html |access-date=19 July 2020 |work=Yahoo Sports |date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719083228/https://sports.yahoo.com/gouramangi-singh-bengaluru-united-wants-044606356.html }}</ref> The club were in second in the table from eight matches.<ref name="YS"/>

In March 2021, Bengaluru United was crowned champions of the [[2020–21 BDFA Super Division|2020–21]] season of the [[Bangalore Football League|BDFA Super Division]]. The club finished atop the points table with 31 points, having won 10 out of their 12 matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/|title=BDFA Super Division League|website=The Away End|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430111558/https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/}}</ref>
{{Quote box | width=30% | align=right | quote= "Kudos to our FC Bengaluru United boys who stayed on top of their game and remained steadfast in their commitment right through the league. Credit to all the coaches, support staff, and everyone who worked tirelessly behind the scenes to ensure game plans were in place, training sessions were on point, and the focus on winning was unwavering. I would also like to thank the KSFA for successfully organizing the league in what are undoubtedly unique and challenging circumstances. We had 13 teams participating and the league was extremely competitive, making it a great experience for players and those who watched the games as well!"| source=—'''Gaurav Manchanda''', owner of FC Bengaluru United, after the team's historic [[BDFA Super Division]] win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-fc-bengaluru-united-crowned-champions-bdfa-super-division-league-2020-21|title=FC Bengaluru United crowned champions of the BDFA Super Division league 2020–21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721075300/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/indian-football/news-fc-bengaluru-united-crowned-champions-bdfa-super-division-league-2020-21|archive-date=21 July 2021|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>}}

Ahead of the [[I-League 2|2021–22 I-League Qualifiers]], Bengaluru roped in Slovenian [[Luka Majcen]] as their third foreigner<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=Bengaluru United rope in striker Luka Majcen from Churchill Brothers|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-qualifiers-bengaluru-united-sign-luka-majcen/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719061752/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-qualifiers-bengaluru-united-sign-luka-majcen}}</ref> after the [[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|Trinidadian]] duo [[Robert Primus]] and [[Daniel Carr (footballer)|Daniel Carr]].<ref name="Carr and Primus">{{cite web|first=Biju Babu|last=Cyriac|agency=TNN|location=Bengaluru, Karnataka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/primus-carr-do-fc-bengaluru-united-proud/articleshow/83147096.cms|title=Primus, Carr do FC Bengaluru United proud|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603094553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/primus-carr-do-fc-bengaluru-united-proud/articleshow/83147096.cms|archive-date=3 June 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 June 2021|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> They began 2021–22 season journey, with a 1–0 win against [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force]] at the [[2021 Durand Cup]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=August 23, 2021|title=2021 Durand Cup to have five ISL and three I-league teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/2021-durand-cup-to-have-five-isl-and-three-i-league-teams/articleshow/85557011.cms|access-date=2021-09-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905090807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/2021-durand-cup-to-have-five-isl-and-three-i-league-teams/articleshow/85557011.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/durand-cup-2021-jamshedpur-fc-bengaluru-united-begin-respective-campaigns-with-1-0-wins-9942451.html/amp|title=Durand Cup 2021: Jamshedpur FC, Bengaluru United begin respective campaigns with 1–0 wins|website=First Post|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907071652/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/durand-cup-2021-jamshedpur-fc-bengaluru-united-begin-respective-campaigns-with-1-0-wins-9942451.html/amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Durand Cup 2021:FC Bengaluru United beat Mohammedan SC 2–0 to finish top of Group A|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-2021-fc-bengaluru-united-beat-mohammedan-sc-2-0-to-finish-top-of-group-a-4203059.html|website=news18.com|date=14 September 2021|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914213009/https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-2021-fc-bengaluru-united-beat-mohammedan-sc-2-0-to-finish-top-of-group-a-4203059.html}}</ref> but the journey ended after a 4–2 defeat to [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/mohammedan-sporting-beat-bengaluru-united-extra-time-enter-durand-cup-final|title=Mohammedan Sporting Beat Bengaluru United in Extra Time to Enter Durand Cup Final|website=News Click|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927172628/https://www.newsclick.in/mohammedan-sporting-beat-bengaluru-united-extra-time-enter-durand-cup-final}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/durand-cup-2021-mohammedan-sporting-vs-bengaluru-united-semi-final-report-7538053/|title=Durand Cup: Mohammedan SC reach final after extra-time win over Bengaluru United|website=The Indian Express|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927163214/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/durand-cup-2021-mohammedan-sporting-vs-bengaluru-united-semi-final-report-7538053/}}</ref>

Bengaluru United retain the BDFA Super Division title, after winning the [[2021–22 BDFA Super Division|2021–22 season]], stacking up 13 wins and a draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/fc-bengaluru-united-retain-bdfa-super-division-league-title20220106204506|title=FC Bengaluru United retain BDFA Super Division League title|date=6 January 2022|website=aninews.in|publisher=[[Asian News International]] (ANI)|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108091055/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/fc-bengaluru-united-retain-bdfa-super-division-league-title20220106204506/|archive-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/fc-bengaluru-retain-super-division-crown/articleshow/88743830.cms|title=FC Bengaluru retain Super Division crown|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 January 2022|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108095133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/fc-bengaluru-retain-super-division-crown/articleshow/88743830.cms|archive-date=8 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, the club appointed [[Khalid Jamil]] as new head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/khalid-jamil-hopes-to-take-fc-bengaluru-united-next-level-indian-football/article38500239.ece|title=Khalid Jamil hopes to take FC Bengaluru United to the next level|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=3 June 2022|access-date=6 June 2022|first=Ashwin|last=Achal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603152503/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/khalid-jamil-hopes-to-take-fc-bengaluru-united-next-level-indian-football/article38500239.ece|archive-date=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/4677790/khalid-jamil-fc-bengaluru-united-head-coach|title=Khalid Jamil appointed as new head coach of FC Bengaluru United|date=30 May 2022|access-date=6 June 2022|website=espn.in|publisher=[[ESPN]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531083006/https://www.espn.in/football/story/4677790/khalid-jamil-fc-bengaluru-united-head-coach|archive-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> In 2023, the club participated in [[Stafford Challenge Cup]] and clinched title defeating Chennaiyin FC (R) 2–1 in the final.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stafford Challenge Cup 2023: FC Bengaluru United defeat Chennaiyin FC 2–1 in the final|url=https://theawayend.co/2023/03/07/stafford-challenge-cup-2023-fc-bengaluru-united-defeat-chennaiyin-fc-2-1-final/|date=7 March 2023|website=theawayend.co|publisher=The Away End|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002190420/https://theawayend.co/2023/03/07/stafford-challenge-cup-2023-fc-bengaluru-united-defeat-chennaiyin-fc-2-1-final/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksfa.in/staffordchallengecup|title=THE HISTORY: STAFFORD CHALLENGE CUP – KARNATAKA|website=ksfa.in|publisher=Karnataka State Football Association|access-date=26 November 2022|location=Bengaluru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224073556/https://www.ksfa.in/staffordchallengecup|archive-date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stafford Challenge Cup: A Brief History of Time |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/02/23/stafford-challenge-cup-a-brief-history-of-time/ |date=23 February 2023 |website=theawayend.co |publisher=The Away End |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224070459/https://theawayend.co/2023/02/23/stafford-challenge-cup-a-brief-history-of-time/ }}</ref> In [[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division|2022–23 I-League 2]], showcasing good form, the club progressed to the championship round,<ref>{{cite news |title=Shillong Lajong return to Hero I-League after four years |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/shillong-lajong-return-to-hero-i-league-after-four-years |location=New Delhi |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522180522/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/shillong-lajong-return-to-hero-i-league-after-four-years |archive-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shillong Lajong Promoted to I-League After Four Years With 2–1 Win Over Bengaluru United |url=https://www.news18.com/football/shillong-lajong-promoted-to-i-league-after-four-years-with-2-1-win-over-bengaluru-united-7880203.html |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=news18.com|publisher=News18 Sports |date=21 May 2022 |location=New Delhi |first=Vivek |last=Ganapathy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522180246/https://www.news18.com/football/shillong-lajong-promoted-to-i-league-after-four-years-with-2-1-win-over-bengaluru-united-7880203.html |archive-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya {{!}} Shillong Lajong FC to participate in I-League after four years |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-shillong-lajong-fc-i-league.html |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=nenow.in |publisher=North East Now News |date=22 May 2022 |location=Shillong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522175639/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-shillong-lajong-fc-i-league.html |archive-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref> in which they failed to secure promotion to the [[I-League]], finishing fourth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC crowned Hero 2nd Division champions, earn promotion to Hero I-League |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/delhi-fc-crowned-hero-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-hero-i-league |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=All India Football Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527052449/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/delhi-fc-crowned-hero-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-hero-i-league |archive-date=27 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |first=AIFF |last=Media Team }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC clinch second division title and promotion to I-League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/delhi-fc-clinch-second-division-title-and-promotion-to-i-league/articleshow/100534512.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |agency=PTI |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527052710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/delhi-fc-clinch-second-division-title-and-promotion-to-i-league/articleshow/100534512.cms |archive-date=27 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC Crowned 2nd Division Champions, Earn Promotion to I-League |url=https://www.news18.com/football/delhi-fc-crowned-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-i-league-7926229.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=News18.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527053011/https://www.news18.com/football/delhi-fc-crowned-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-i-league-7926229.html |archive-date=27 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |first=Ritayan |last=Basu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC secure maiden I-League berth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/delhi-fc-secure-maiden-i-league-berth-8631089/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=PTI |location=New Delhi |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527072913/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/delhi-fc-secure-maiden-i-league-berth-8631089/ |archive-date=27 May 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 2023–24 season of BDFA Super Division League, Bengaluru United sealed third-place finish.<ref name="BDFA 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2023/08/bdfa-super-division-2023-24-table.html|title=BDFA Bangalore Men's Super Division 2023–24 Table|website=gcsstars.com|publisher=GCS Stars Bengaluru|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118061657/https://www.gcsstars.com/2023/08/bdfa-super-division-2023-24-table.html|location=Bengaluru|archive-date=18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksfa.in/superdivision2023|title=BDFA Bangalore Men's Super Division 2023–24 Leaderboard/Table|website=ksfa.in|publisher=Karnataka State Football Association|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118061113/https://www.ksfa.in/superdivision2023|location=Bengaluru|archive-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> The club later competed in [[2023–24 I-League 2]], achieved fourth place, earned 20 points and 6 wins in 14 matches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-LEAGUE 2 2023/2024 — Table (final standings)|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/|access-date=27 April 2024|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428070019/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/}}</ref>

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2019—2020
|rowspan="2" |MS Sportswear<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballkitarchive.com/ms-sports-2020-21-kits/|title=MS Sports 2020-21 Kits — FC Bengaluru United|website=footballkitarchive.com|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228124232/https://www.footballkitarchive.com/ms-sports-2020-21-kits/|archive-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
|The Organic World<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agrospectrumindia.com/2023/11/27/organic-and-natural-groceries-retailer-the-organic-world-unveils-its-17th-store-in-bangalore.html|title=Organic and natural groceries retailer, The Organic World unveils its 17th store in Bangalore|access-date=28 December 2023|website=agrospectrumindia.com|publisher=Agro Spectrum India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228123231/https://agrospectrumindia.com/2023/11/27/organic-and-natural-groceries-retailer-the-organic-world-unveils-its-17th-store-in-bangalore.html|location=Bangalore|archive-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2020—2021
|rowspan="4" |Nimida Group<ref name=NG>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sevilla-fc-ties-up-with-fc-bengaluru-united-to-grow-brand/articleshow/80330700.cms|title=Sevilla FC and Nimida Group ties up with FC Bengaluru United|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513184232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sevilla-fc-ties-up-with-fc-bengaluru-united-to-grow-brand/articleshow/80330700.cms|archive-date=13 May 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 January 2018|access-date=11 May 2021|url-status=live|location=Bengaluru, Karnataka}}</ref>
|-
|2021—2022
|SIX5SIX<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/six5six-announces-kitting-and-merchandise-partnership-with-fc-bengaluru-united/86752737|title=SIX5SIX announces kitting and merchandise partnership with FC Bengaluru United|website=brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com|publisher=Brand Equity|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005082221/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/six5six-announces-kitting-and-merchandise-partnership-with-fc-bengaluru-united/86752737}}</ref>
|-
|2022—2024
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/sports/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-hummel|title=FC Bengaluru United sign Hummel as their official kitting and merchandise partner|website=mediainfoline.com|publisher=Media Infoline|first=Madhushree|last=Chakrabarty|date=3 August 2022|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=3 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803141202/https://www.mediainfoline.com/sports/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-hummel}}</ref>
|-
|2025—
|Hyve Sports
|}

==Stadium==
[[File:Enhanced photo of the New Bengaluru Football Stadium on a matchday.jpg|thumb|Bangalore Football Stadium]]

Bengaluru United initially played its home matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-i-league-qualifiers-fc-bengaluru-united-madan-maharaj-fc-shares-spoils/article36901412.ece|title=FC Bengaluru United, Madan Maharaj FC shares spoils|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008162359/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-i-league-qualifiers-fc-bengaluru-united-madan-maharaj-fc-shares-spoils/article36901412.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://english.lokmat.com/football/bdfa-super-division-bengaluru-united-defeat-kodagu-fc-4-0/ BDFA Super Division: Bengaluru United defeat Kodagu FC 4–0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130050218/https://english.lokmat.com/football/bdfa-super-division-bengaluru-united-defeat-kodagu-fc-4-0/ |date=30 November 2021 }} ''english.lokmat.com''. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</ref> at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IWL kicks off today in City |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/iwl-kicks-off-today-in-city-797560.html |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=The Deccan Herald |date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719084600/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/iwl-kicks-off-today-in-city-797560.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The stadium previously had a capacity of nearly 40,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=Defending Champions Bengaluru FC all set for BDFA Super Division League |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/ |access-date=12 December 2019 |work=BengaluruFC.com |date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212133235/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/ |archive-date=12 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore Football Stadium |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/venues/india/bangalore-football-stadium/v7602/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719085926/https://uk.soccerway.com/venues/india/bangalore-football-stadium/v7602/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Opened in 1971, it currently has [[AstroTurf|artificial turf]].

In January 2024, the club announced to use Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence as home venue for the I-League 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|title=I-League 2 Set to Kick Off Exciting 2023-24 Season with 8 Clubs in the Fray|date=8 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|website=en.bongfootball.in|publisher=Bong Football News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109043700/https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|archive-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

==Ownership==
Bengaluru United has been owned by Gaurav Manchanda since its incorporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12681|title=Team overview — FC Bengaluru United|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=27 November 2023|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603132825/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12681|archive-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> The club is currently owned by Nimida United Sports Development Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-likely-to-be-left-with-only-two-new-direct-entrants-in-i-league/articleshow/102088569.cms |title=AIFF likely to be left with only two new direct entrants in I-League |date=24 July 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726144455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-likely-to-be-left-with-only-two-new-direct-entrants-in-i-league/articleshow/102088569.cms |archive-date=26 July 2023 |first1=Marcus |last1=Mergulhao |agency=TNN |location=Margao }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=With only two new corporate teams, AIFF likely to persist with home-away format for I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/with-only-two-new-teams-aiff-likely-to-persist-with-home-away-format-for-i-league-2242381 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=News9live |first1=Sayan |last1=Mukherjee |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812111232/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/with-only-two-new-teams-aiff-likely-to-persist-with-home-away-format-for-i-league-2242381 |archive-date=12 August 2023 }}</ref>

==Rivalry==
Bengaluru United shares rivalry with [[SC Bengaluru]], a local outfit formed in 2022, whom they faced in matches of the BDFA Super Division League and the I-League 2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dempo SC return to I-League after nine years|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404|date=27 April 2024|access-date=27 April 2024|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428073725/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Club Bengaluru net five against MEG, Agniputhra beat Young Challengers|url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2022/09/sporting-club-bengaluru-net-five.html|access-date=2023-08-17|website=gcsstars.com|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085443/https://www.gcsstars.com/2022/09/sporting-club-bengaluru-net-five.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Club Bengaluru: A data-driven club on a quest to reach the pinnacle of Indian Football|url=https://thebridge.in/football/sporting-club-bengaluru-data-driven-club-quest-reach-pinnacle-indian-football-39192|access-date=2023-08-17|website=thebridge.in|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617070602/https://thebridge.in/football/sporting-club-bengaluru-data-driven-club-quest-reach-pinnacle-indian-football-39192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Major AIFF Decisions: 15 Clubs Nominated In 3rd Division; Youth Quota In I League Teams |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=thefangarage.com |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105857/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee: Youth quota for I-League, State FAs nominate 3rd Division League clubs |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Away End |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050756/https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ }}</ref>

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sibi Kumar
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Kumar HS
|-
|Strength and conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vivek P
|-
|Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pehzaan Safarbadi
|}

==Statistics and records==
===Season-by-season===
{{updated|26 May 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=9 class="unsortable" | League
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | '''Finals'''
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Cup
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | [[Asian Football Confederation|Asia]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Top Scorer
|-
! class="unsortable" | Division
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lossed}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Position|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
|[[2018–19 BDFA Super Division|2018–19]]
|[[BDFA Super Division]]
|13
|6
|5
|2
|21
|12
|23
|5th
|—
|—
|—
|colspan=2 align=center|—
|-
|[[2019–20 BDFA Super Division|2019–20]]
|[[BDFA Super Division]]
|13
|7
|5
|1
|23
|7
|26
|3rd
|—
|—
|—
|colspan=2 align=center|—
|-
|[[2019–20 2nd Division League|2019–20]]
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|8
|4
|2
|2
|12
|6
|14
|2nd
|—
|—
|—
| align="center" |{{flagicon|IND}} Asrar Rehbar
|3
|-
|[[2020–21 BDFA Super Division|2020–21]]
|[[BDFA Super Division]]
|12
|10
|1
|1
|38
|7
|31
|Champions
|—
|—
|—
|colspan=2 align=center|—
|-
|[[2021 I-League Qualifiers|2020–21]]
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|3
|0
|2
|1
|4
|6
|2
|4th
|—
|—
|—
|colspan=2 align=center|—
|-
|[[2021–22 BDFA Super Division|2021–22]]
|[[BDFA Super Division]]
|14
|12
|2
|0
|54
|2
|38
|Champions
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
|13
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League 2|2022–23]]
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|12
|7
|2
|3
|24
|8
|23
|4th
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Irfan Yadwad]]
|13
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League 2|2023-24]]
|[[I-League 2]]
|14
|6
|2
|6
|21
|19
|20
|4th
|—
|—
|—
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Pulamte]]
|4
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League 2|2024-25]]
|[[I-League 2]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Affiliated clubs==
The following club is currently associated with FC Bengaluru United:
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sevilla FC]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: ISL and I-League clubs and their tie-ups with foreign clubs|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094432/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|title=FEATUREDISL and I-League Clubs, Their Tie-ups With Foreign Sides|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 January 2022|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|first=Manas Ranjan|last=Pandab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117005759/https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/984410/la-liga-giants-sevilla-fc-sign-an-agreement-with-indian-football-club-bengaluru-united|title=La Liga giants Sevilla FC sign an agreement with Indian football club Bengaluru United|website=scroll.in|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213011644/https://amp.scroll.in/field/984410/la-liga-giants-sevilla-fc-sign-an-agreement-with-indian-football-club-bengaluru-united}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Ganguly|title=Our partnership with FC Bengaluru United is exclusive in India and long term, says Sevilla FC president|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/our-partnership-with-fc-bengaluru-united-is-exclusive-in-india-and-long-term-says-sevilla-fc-president/articleshow/80718206.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 February 2021|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415164902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/our-partnership-with-fc-bengaluru-united-is-exclusive-in-india-and-long-term-says-sevilla-fc-president/articleshow/80718206.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable players==

{{category see also|FC Bengaluru United players}}

===Past and present internationals===
The following foreign players of Bengaluru United have been capped at ''[[National sports team#Individual selection and participation|senior/youth international level]]'' with their respective countries. Years in brackets indicate their spells at the club.

* {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Robert Primus]] (2020–2021)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30363/Robert_Primus.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Primus, Robert|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303150957/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30363/Robert_Primus.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[William Opoku]] (2020–2021)<ref>{{cite news|title=Primus, Opoku to lead FCBU's challenge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms|access-date=5 September 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=5 September 2020|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Daniel Carr (footballer)|Daniel Clive Carr]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75476/Daniel_Carr.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Carr, Daniel|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003112746/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75476/Daniel_Carr.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=FC Bengaluru United sign foreign strikers Luka Majcen and Pedro Manzi for upcoming season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-foreign-strikers-luka-majcen-and-pedro-manzi-for-upcoming-season/articleshow/85653465.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-foreign-strikers-luka-majcen-and-pedro-manzi-for-upcoming-season/articleshow/85653465.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-i-league-2021-22-luka-majcen-pens-contract-gokulam-kerala-fc|title=Luka Majcen pens contract with Gokulam Kerala FC|website=sportskeeda.com|first=Soumyadwip|last=Dey|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=9 January 2022|access-date=8 April 2022|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116072727/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-i-league-2021-22-luka-majcen-pens-contract-gokulam-kerala-fc}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|LBN}} [[Mohamad Kdouh (footballer, born 1993)|Mohamad Kdouh]] (2022–2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/189848?type=club|title=Player profile: 9 – MOHAMAD KDOUH|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829055838/https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/189848?type=club|archive-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/54372/Mohamad_Kdouh.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Kdouh, Mohamad|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 November 2022|archive-date=18 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141354/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/54372/Mohamad_Kdouh.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>

==Managerial history==
[[File:Khalid_Jamil_At_Mumbai_FC_Pre_Match_Conference.JPG|thumb|Khalid Jamil coached Bengaluru United in 2022–23 season]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} D. Manivannan (2018–2019)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Richard Reginald Hood (2019–2020; 2020–2022)<ref name="Overview">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/team/bengaluru-united|title=Club History – Background – Statistics: FC Bengaluru United|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|access-date=14 March 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314051703/https://www.sportskeeda.com/team/bengaluru-united}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gouramangi Singh]] (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/india/story/4093101/sportinterrupted-a-bengaluru-football-club-faces-uncertainty?platform=amp|first=Sharda|last=Ugra|title=Sport, interrupted: A Bengaluru football club faces uncertainty|website=espn.in|publisher=ESPN|date=13 May 2020|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518232801/https://www.espn.in/football/india/story/4093101/sportinterrupted-a-bengaluru-football-club-faces-uncertainty?platform=amp}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]] (2022–2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/fc-bengaluru-united-part-ways-with-khalid-jamil-announce-fernando-varela-as-new-coach-40441|title=FC Bengaluru United part ways with Khalid Jamil; announce Fernando Varela as new coach|date=13 March 2023|access-date=13 March 2023|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge News Desk|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313182004/https://thebridge.in/football/fc-bengaluru-united-part-ways-with-khalid-jamil-announce-fernando-varela-as-new-coach-40441}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Santiago Varela]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/fc-bengaluru-united-announce-fernando-varela-as-head-coach-after-parting-ways-with-khalid-jamil/|title=FC Bengaluru United announce Fernando Varela as Head Coach, after parting ways with Khalid Jamil|date=13 March 2023|access-date=13 March 2023|location=Bengaluru|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313124758/https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/fc-bengaluru-united-announce-fernando-varela-as-head-coach-after-parting-ways-with-khalid-jamil/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]] (2023–2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/news/sankarlal-chakraborty-as-their-head-coach-of-fc-bengaluru-united/|title=আর্জেন্টাইন কোচ ছাঁটাই, বেঙ্গালুরুর ক্লাবে হেডস্যার হয়ে ফিরছেন শঙ্করলাল|trans-title=Argentine coach sacked, Sankarlal is back as head coach, this time with Bengaluru United|language=bn|location=Kolkata|date=3 August 2023|access-date=3 August 2023|website=thewall.in|publisher=The Wall Bureau News|archive-date=3 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803050413/https://www.thewall.in/news/sankarlal-chakraborty-as-their-head-coach-of-fc-bengaluru-united/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23058|title=BDFA Men's Super Division League 2023–24 {{!}} South United FC 3–3 FC Bengaluru United (9 November 2023)|date=9 November 2023|access-date=28 November 2023|location=Bengaluru|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154535/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23058}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Samuel Sylvester (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fc-bengaluru-united-new-head-coach-202408|title=Bengaluru United appoint new head coach ahead of 2024–25 I-League 2 season|date=2024|access-date=13 August 2024|location=|website=Khel Now|archive-date=13 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813122242/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fc-bengaluru-united-new-head-coach-202408}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj]] (2024–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/fc-bengaluru-united-appoint-former-india-player-mohanraj-as-head-coach/2459106/|title=FC Bengaluru United appoint former India player Mohanraj as head coach|work=The Print|agency=Press Trust of India|date=23 January 2025|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314171638/https://theprint.in/sport/fc-bengaluru-united-appoint-former-india-player-mohanraj-as-head-coach/2459106/|archive-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

==Partnership==
In 2021, FC Bengaluru United and [[La Liga]] side [[Sevilla FC]] have formalized their agreement to collaborate for the next five years.<ref name="Sevilla">{{cite web|url=https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/sevilla-fc-fc-bengaluru-united-5-year-partnership|title=SEVILLA FC AND FC BENGALURU UNITED: A FIVE-YEAR DEAL TO MAKE A MARK IN INDIA|website=sevillafc.es|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928054927/https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/sevilla-fc-fc-bengaluru-united-5-year-partnership}}</ref> With this partnership agreement, Sevilla FC look to strengthen their presence in the Indian football market, one of the fastest growing markets in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FC Bengaluru United formalize partnership agreement with Sevilla FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/fc-bengaluru-united-sevilla-fc-partnership-agreement-formalised|date=19 March 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319120531/https://khelnow.com/football/fc-bengaluru-united-sevilla-fc-partnership-agreement-formalised}}</ref> They will also explore opportunities to establish shared football schools. Sevilla FC will assist the Indian club in various aspects, including sports management, data analysis, talent spotting, player development and performance optimization, and the use of sports technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sevilla.abc.es/orgullodenervion/noticias-sevilla-fc/sevi-detalles-acuerdo-sevilla-bengaluru-united-y-expansion-mercado-indio-202103201132_noticia.html|trans-title=Details of Sevilla FC's agreement with Bengaluru United and its expansion into the Indian market|date=20 March 2021|location=Seville|title=Los detalles del acuerdo del Sevilla FC con el Bengaluru United y su expansión en el mercado indio|website=abc.es|access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415164903/https://sevilla.abc.es/orgullodenervion/noticias-sevilla-fc/sevi-detalles-acuerdo-sevilla-bengaluru-united-y-expansion-mercado-indio-202103201132_noticia.html|language=es}}</ref>

For Bengaluru United, owned by Gaurav Manchanda, this represents an opportunity to learn from the vast sporting experience of Sevilla.<ref name="Sevilla"/> As part of the agreement, fans will be able to see FC Bengaluru United as well as their academy players in the traditional white and red colours of Sevilla from the start of the 2021–22 season at the I-League 2nd Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/sevilla-fc-and-fc-bengaluru-united-join-hands-to-focus-on-innovation-international-expansion-357794|title=Sevilla FC and FC Bengaluru United join hands to focus on innovation, international expansion|website=wionews.com|access-date=29 September 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929124620/https://www.wionews.com/sports/sevilla-fc-and-fc-bengaluru-united-join-hands-to-focus-on-innovation-international-expansion-357794|date=19 January 2021}}</ref>

==Other departments==
===Women's team===
In March 2022, FC Bengaluru United marked their foray into women's football with the launch of their Women's team for [[Karnataka Women's League|KSFA B Division League]].<ref name="KSFA-B">{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/indian-football-fc-bengaluru-united-launched-womens-football-team-30166|title=Indian Football: FC Bengaluru United launched Women's Football Team|date=21 March 2022|access-date=22 March 2022|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322171053/https://thebridge.in/football/indian-football-fc-bengaluru-united-launched-womens-football-team-30166|archive-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> The team was launched on 8 March on Women's day and they represent the best in local talent and marks an important milestone in the growth and development of women's football in the state.

{{Quote box | width=30% | align=right | quote=''"The launch of the IWL marked an important step in the development of women's football in the country."'' |source= —'''John Kenneth Raj''', Technical director of FC Bengaluru United, after launching the teams women's side.<ref name="KSFA-B"/>}}

===Youth men's===
Bengaluru United has a youth men's football section, that competes primarily in the KSFA Youth League.<ref name="Overview"/> Club's academy teams usually play under three age categories, U12, U14, and U17.<ref name="Overview"/> Their U21 team participated in "south zone" qualifiers of the [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/sreenidideccan/status/1633312816127176704|title=The young #DeccanWarriors ⚔️ will be a part of the Reliance Foundation Development League 🏆 South Zone Regional Qualifiers where they will begin their campaign against @bengaluruunited 👊|date=8 March 2023|access-date=8 March 2023|website=Twitter.com (@Sreenidi Deccan FC)|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230308080359/https://mobile.twitter.com/sreenidideccan/status/1633312816127176704|archive-date=8 March 2023}}</ref>

==Honours==
===League===
*'''[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]'''
**Third place (1): [[2020 I-League qualifiers|2019–20]]<ref>[https://i-league.org/points-table/hil-qualifiers/ 2019–20 I-League 2nd Division Final round standings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306224231/https://i-league.org/points-table/hil-qualifiers/ |date=6 March 2021 }} ''i-league.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>
*'''[[BDFA Super Division]]'''
**Champions (2): [[2020–21 BDFA Super Division|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Farzan|last=Mohamed|date=16 March 2021|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-fc-bengaluru-united-crowned-champions-bdfa-super-division-league-2020-21|title=FC Bengaluru United crowned champions of BDFA Super Division League 2020-21|website=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629122906/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-fc-bengaluru-united-crowned-champions-bdfa-super-division-league-2020-21|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2021–22 BDFA Super Division|2021–22]]
**Runners-up (1): [[2022–23 BDFA Super Division|2022–23]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Debutants SCB champions|date=11 December 2022|agency=TNN|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/debutants-scb-champions/articleshow/96143202.cms|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/debutants-scb-champions/articleshow/96143202.cms|location=Bengaluru}}</ref>
**Third place (2): 2019–20,<ref name="Overview"/> 2023–24<ref name="BDFA 2023"/>

===Cup===
*'''[[Stafford Challenge Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=Stafford Cup 2023: FC Bengaluru United become champions|url=https://thebridge.in/football/stafford-cup-2023-live-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-bengaluru-united-final-updates-scores-results-40249|date=6 March 2023|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075148/https://thebridge.in/football/stafford-cup-2023-live-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-bengaluru-united-final-updates-scores-results-40249}}</ref>

===Award===
* World Football Summit Award: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/fc-bengaluru-united-and-sevilla-fc-win-wfs-award-for-best-internationalisation-strategy|title=FC Bengaluru United and Sevilla FC win WFS Award for Best Internationalisation Strategy|date=10 September 2021|access-date=14 March 2023|website=firstindia.co.in|location=Bengaluru|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314051704/https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/fc-bengaluru-united-and-sevilla-fc-win-wfs-award-for-best-internationalisation-strategy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2021/09/10/fc-bengaluru-united-sevilla-fc-recognised-with-wfs-award|title=FC Bengaluru United, Sevilla FC recognised with WFS Award|date=10 September 2021|access-date=14 March 2023|website=dtnext.in|agency=IANS|location=Bengaluru|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314051703/https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2021/09/10/fc-bengaluru-united-sevilla-fc-recognised-with-wfs-award}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]

==References==
===General sources===
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
*{{cite web|first=Sandeep|last=Menon|title=Winds of change in Bengaluru football?|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/winds-of-change-in-bengaluru-football-942280.html|website=deccanherald.com|publisher=The Deccan Herald|date=23 January 2021|access-date=11 October 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|location=Bengaluru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011152430/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/sports/football/winds-of-change-in-bengaluru-football-942280.html}}
*{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-05-i-league-shillong-lajong-promoted|title=Shillong Lajong secure promotion to I-League 2023–24|date=21 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Alen Philip|last=Mathew|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522174632/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-05-i-league-shillong-lajong-promoted|archive-date=22 May 2023}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/shillong-lajong-return-to-i-league-after-four-years/articleshow/100401899.cms|title=Shillong Lajong return to I-League after four years|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023|agency=PTI|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523100157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/shillong-lajong-return-to-i-league-after-four-years/articleshow/100401899.cms|archive-date=23 May 2023}}
*{{Cite web|location=Bengaluru|title=Bengaluru United, set to sign Bryce Miranda on loan|url=https://footballexpress.in/bengaluru-united-set-to-sign-bryce-miranda-on-loan-i-league/|website=footballexpress.com|date=11 June 2021|publisher=Football Express Sports Desk|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612030612/https://footballexpress.in/bengaluru-united-set-to-sign-bryce-miranda-on-loan-i-league/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-05-i-league-shillong-lajong-promotion|title=Retracing Shillong Lajong's journey back to I-League|date=23 May 2023|access-date=24 May 2023|publisher=Khel Now|website=khelnow.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524113449/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-05-i-league-shillong-lajong-promotion|archive-date=24 May 2023}}
*{{Cite web|title=Featured: Haryanavi Defender Ravi Kumar Punia Qualified for I-League by Winning the Qualifiers with Rajasthan United.|url=https://www.futbolindia.in/2021/10/Ravi-kumar-punia.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=futbolindia.in|publisher=Futbol India|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126160147/https://www.futbolindia.in/2021/10/Ravi-kumar-punia.html|date=24 October 2021|first=Brian|last=Luiz}}
*{{Cite web|title=The Story of Ravi Kumar Punia, defender from Haryana playing for Rajasthan United FC|work=Halfway Football|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-rajasthan-united-fc/|access-date=2021-12-21|language=en-US|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126161645/https://halfwayfootball.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-rajasthan-united-fc/|date=22 October 2021|first=Joel|last=Stan}}
*{{Cite web|first=Sharhan|last=Shafi|date=31 October 2021|title=The Story of Ravi Kumar Punia, defender from Haryana playing for Rajasthan United FC|location=Srinagar|url=https://www.kashmircrown.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-from-haryana-playing-for-rajasthan-united-fc/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=kashmircrown.com|publisher=The Kashmir Crown|language=en-US|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126160143/https://www.kashmircrown.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-from-haryana-playing-for-rajasthan-united-fc/}}
*{{Cite web |title=Diamond Harbour win I-League 2 title, Chanmari FC promoted to I-League 2025–26 |url=https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |access-date=20 April 2025 |date=19 April 2025 |work=i-league.org |publisher=All India Football Federation |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420152012/https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 }}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Association football|India}}
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru-united/49474/matches/ FC Bengaluru United] at Soccerway
* [http://www.the-aiff.com/club/12681 FC Bengaluru United] at ''the-aiff.com''
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fc-bengaluru-united/43463/ Team profile] at Global Sports Archive

{{I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Football in Karnataka}}
{{Karnataka Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:FC Bengaluru United}}
[[Category:FC Bengaluru United| ]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]

Darap

2025-08-15T00:05:51Z

Kenrique: Creating New Data...

{{Short description|Village in West Sikkim district, Sikkim, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
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| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India3
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| coordinates = {{coord|27.3063|88.1862|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
| established_title = 
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| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |title=Darap village in Gyalshing taluka, West District, Sikkim, India |url=https://vill.co.in/sikkim/west-district/gyalshing-242015490/darap-015492609950/ |website=vill.co.in |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1800
| population_total = 1743
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], Mangar, [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 737113<ref>{{cite web |title=DARAP Pin Code, WEST SIKKIM |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/sikkim/west-sikkim/darap-pincode-737113.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03595
| registration_plate = SK-02
| website =
| footnotes =
| area_total_ha = 565.1
}}
'''Darap''' is a census village in [[Gyalshing district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subba |first=J. R |title=The Limboos of the Eastern Himalayas : With Special Reference to Sikkim |publisher=Sikkim Yakthung Mundhum Saplopa |year=1999 |location=Gangtok, Sikkim |pages=275 |language=English}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Darap village has a total population of 1,743 people including 901 males and 842 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Sikkim - District West District - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220718090712/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40921 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref>

Darap village is 8 km away from [[Pelling]] town and is a tourist place.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kodavade |first1=Shraddha |title=4 Villages in Sikkim You Need To Visit |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69896/4-villages-in-sikkim-you-need-to-visit |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Outlook |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=28 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghavan |first1=Aditya |title=The hunt for wild edibles |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/the-hunt-for-wild-edibles-111645370224050.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Mintlounge |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Construction of Darap Village Tourism Project |url=http://www.sikkimfred.gov.in/FCD/Documents/UpgradationFINAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718101918/http://www.sikkimfred.gov.in/FCD/Documents/UpgradationFINAL.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Finance & Revenue Department {{!}} Government of Sikkim}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gyalshing district]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Harendra Chitra College

2025-08-10T18:22:30Z

Kenrique: started initial info v1

{{short description|College in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox university
|name=Harendra Chitra College, Bhaktardoba
| native_name = হৰেন্দ্ৰ-চিত্ৰা মহাবিদ্যালয়, ভক্তৰডবা
|image=
|address=[[Bhaktardoba]], [[Barpeta]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|established={{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1992}}
|type=Undergraduate college
|principal=Dr. Jakir Hussain
|affiliation=[[Gauhati University]]
|website={{URL|https://hccollege.ac.in/}}}}
'''Harendra Chitra College, Bhaktardoba''' (also known as '''H.C. College'''), established in 1992, is an undergraduate college at [[Bhaktardoba]] of [[Barpeta district]] in [[Assam]]. The college is affiliated to [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2022-11-10 |title=Assam: Cops arrest two more in Ishan Uday Scholarship Scam |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/assam-cops-arrest-two-more-in-ishan-uday-scholarship-scam-1447485 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GU :: Admit Card Download |url=https://admissions.guportal.in/Download_AdmitCard.aspx |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=admissions.guportal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2022-11-02 |title=Assam: Police bust racket of fake students collecting scholarships illegally |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/assam-police-bust-racket-of-fake-students-collecting-scholarships-illegally-1446264 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Harendra Chitra College! |url=https://hccollege.ac.in/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Harendra Chitra College |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harendra Chitra College |url=https://hccollege.org/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Harendra Chitra College}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HARENDRA-CHITRA JR. COLLEGE PAKABETBARI |url=https://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showcollege.php?college_id=18051101101 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.schoolsworld.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishi |date=2020-06-29 |title=Harendra Chitra College Merit List 2020 at hccollege.org for Admission & Results of TDC HS/UG |url=https://boardunivresult.in/2018/06/harendra-chitra-college-wwwhccollegeorg.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=BoardUnivResult: Results & Merit List}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Programme Information |url=https://assamadmission.samarth.ac.in/index.php/site/programme?page=117&sort=institute_name |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Assam State Higher Education Admission Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HCC - Harendra Chitra College {{!}} Youth4work |url=https://www.university.youth4work.com/hcc_harendra-chitra-college |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=youth4work.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harendra-Chitra College, Barpeta, Barpeta, Assam, India, Group ID:-Contact Address, Phone, EMail, Website, Courses Offered, Admission |url=https://career.webindia123.com/career/institutes/details_colleges_Institutes.asp?inst_no=24698 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Webindia123.com career}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Harendra Chitra College {{!}} heis-rusa.assam.gov.in |url=https://heis-rusa.assam.gov.in/uploads/docs/campus_drawingGCPRBP1992014_1660310960.pdf |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=assam.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-12-24 |title=Scam in students scholarship: বৰপেটাত মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যক্ষসহ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ দুই |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/barpeta/scam-in-ishan-uday-scholarship-at-barpeta/assam20221224171430245245225 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=as}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishi |title=Harendra Chitra College Merit List 2020 at hccollege.org for Admission & Results of TDC HS/UG |url=https://boardunivresult.in/2018/06/harendra-chitra-college-wwwhccollegeorg.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=BoardUnivResult: Results & Merit List}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=February 2025}}

==Departments==
* '''Faculty of Arts'''
*Compulsory Subject
** [[English language|English]]
** [[Modern Indian Language|MIL]] ([[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]), Alternative, [[English language|English]] and [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]]
*Major Subject
** [[Modern Indian Language|MIL]] ([[Assamese language|Assamese]])
** [[Political Science]]
** [[Education]]
** [[Arabic]]
*Subject Combinations
** [[Economics]]
** [[Philosophy]]
** [[Political Science]]
** [[Education]]
** [[History]]
** [[Arabic]]
** [[Course (education)#Elective and required courses|Elective]] [[Assamese language|Assamese]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Official website|https://hccollege.ac.in/}}

{{Gauhati University}}

{{coord|26.4002|91.1230|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

GSTV

2025-07-11T18:23:54Z

Kenrique: Creating New Post...

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language TV news channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = GSTV
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| country = [[India]]
| launch_date = {{Start date|2012|12|9|df=yes}}
| picture_format = [[Standard-definition television|SD]]
| owner = [[Shreyarth Aaspas Ltd]]<ref name="zaubacorp">{{cite web|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/AASPAS-MULTIMEDIA-LIMITED/U65910GJ1980PLC004039|title=Shreyarth Aaspas Limited - Company, directors and contact details |website=Zauba Corp|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>
| headquarters = [[Ahmedabad]]
| key_people = Shreyansh Shah, Managing Editor<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bbc-launches-first-gujarati-tv-bulletin-for-india-5262175/|title=BBC launches first Gujarati TV bulletin for India|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>
| logo_caption = "Fearless Truth"
| area = Gujarat and India
| website = {{URL|https://gstv.in}}
| webcast = {{URL|https://www.gstv.in/live/}}
}}

'''GSTV''' is a 24x7 [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] satellite news channel in India from the house of [[Gujarat Samachar]].<ref name="exchange4media">{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/gujarat-samachar-officially-launches-news-channel-49016.html|title=Gujarat Samachar officially launches news channel|website=Exchange4media|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/for-swipe-at-swachh-bharat-leader-gujarati-channel-gstv-gets-the-broomstick/articleshow/48963465.cms?from=mdr|title=For swipe at Swachh Bharat leader, Gujarati channel GSTV gets the broomstick|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> The channel was launched in 2012.

== History ==
GSTV was launched on 9 December 2012.<ref name="exchange4media"/> It is the brainchild of the doyen of Gujarati media Shreyans Shah<ref name="livemint">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/b0qjbJZWxBndEMinSUZihP/Gujarat-Samachar-Sandesh-to-launch-news-channels.html|title=‘Gujarat Samachar’, ‘Sandesh’ dailies to launch news channels|website=Mint|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> who ran the premier Gujarati newspaper [[Gujarat Samachar]]. This was the first channel in [[Gujarat]] to have an open studio. Today the Channel reaches about 50 lakh households in Gujarat. The Channel is accredited by various authorities of [[Govt of India]] and [[Gujarat Government]].

== Programming ==

GSTV is a 24×7 news channel with regular bulletins. The channel airs panel discussions Lakshyavedh and The Real Debate in the evening.<ref name="dailypricelist">{{cite web|url=https://dailypricelist.com/gs-tvtv-today-schedule.php|title=GS TV - Daily Pricelist|website=dailypricelist.com|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>

=== BBC Partnership ===

In 2018, [[BBC World Service]] launched 'BBC Samachar' as part of an ongoing expansion drive in India.<ref name="indianexpress" /><ref name="moneycontrol">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bbc-launches-first-gujarati-tv-bulletin-for-india-2719161.html|website=moneycontrol.com|title=BBC launches first Gujarati TV bulletin for India|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> GSTV is the only Gujarati channel in such a partnership with BBC. 'BBC Samachar' is presented by Archana Pushpendra and Mihir Raval.

== Distribution ==

The satellite broadcast of the channel is currently done through G-SAT.<ref name="lyngsat">{{cite web|url=https://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/GS-TV.html|title=GS TV|website=LyngSat|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> Earlier the Channel was on IntelSat.<ref name="journalismguide">{{cite web|url=https://journalismguide.in/gs-tv-started-on-gsat-30-c-band/|title=GS TV started on GSAT-30 C Band|website=Journalism Guide|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>

In addition, GSTV is present as a free-to-air channel on major DTH and cable platforms such as [[Airtel]],<ref name="journalismguide2">{{cite web|url=https://journalismguide.in/abp-sanjha-and-gs-tv-added-on-airtel-dth/|title=ABP Sanjha and GS TV added on Airtel DTH|website=Journalism Guide|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> [[Tata Play]],<ref name="gadgets360">{{cite web|url=https://www.gadgets360.com/dth-recharge-plans/tata-play-channel-list#gujarati-regional|title=Tata Play Channel List with Number and Price Updated: January 2023|website=Gadgets 360|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> [[GTPL Hathway|Hathway]], etc. In addition, the channel also provides news through its website [http://gstv.in GSTV.in].

=== Social Media and OTT ===
GSTV is present on major social media platforms like [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]] and [[YouTube]]. The channel launched an [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform [http://inthesky.in InTheSky.in] in 2022.

== I&B Ministry Notice ==
In 2015, during a programme the channel took a swipe at an unnamed political leader holding an "esteemed office". The content was deemed objectionable the Channel was issued a show-cause notice by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information & Broadcasting (I&B) Ministry]]. In its reply, the Channel stated that it believed that the issues raised in the programme were in the larger public interest.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/for-swipe-at-swachh-bharat-leader-gujarati-channel-gstv-gets-the-broomstick/articleshow/48963465.cms|title=For swipe at Swachh Bharat leader, Gujarati channel GSTV gets the broomstick|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Television stations in Ahmedabad]]

Kottappuram, Thrissur

2025-06-30T17:58:37Z

Kenrique: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kottappuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Saint Micheals Cathedral.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kottappuram, St. Michael’s Cathedral
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|40|0|N|76|11|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680667
| registration_plate = KL
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kodungallur]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kottappuram''' or '''Kottapuram''' is a village in [[Kodungallur]], [[Thrissur district]], Kerala, India (Malayalam: കോട്ടപ്പുറം).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/dioceses/india-kottapuram/90|title=Diocese of Kottapuram|access-date=|last=|first=|date=|website=ucanews.com|publisher=|archive-date=20 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095421/http://directory.ucanews.com/dioceses/india-kottapuram/90|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kottapuram is the southern boundary of Kodungallur. The place is named after a fort built by the Portuguese in 1523.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort – the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php|access-date=2021-07-12|website=www.muzirisheritage.org|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920201229/https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=വാലത്ത്|first=വി.വി.കെ.|authorlink=വി.വി.കെ. വാലത്ത് |title=കേരളത്തിലെ സ്ഥലനാമചരിത്രങ്ങൾ തൃശൂർ ജില്ല |year=1991|publisher=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി|location= [[തൃശൂർ]]‍|isbn= 81-7690-051-6}}</ref> It is also the headquarters of the Kottapuram Diocese. It is surrounded by [[Krishnankotta]] on the east, [[Thiruvanchikulam]] on the north, [[Gothuruth]] on the south and [[Valiya Panikkan Thuruth]] on the south. The main rice trade in Kodungallur is at the Kottapuram market. Historians believe that this market is as old as [[Sangam literature|Sangham period]].<ref>{{cite book |last=പുതുശ്ശേരി.|first=രാമചന്ദ്രൻ|authorlink=ഡോ. പുതുശ്ശേരി രാമചന്ദ്രൻ‍ |title=കേരളചരിത്രത്തിലെ അടിസ്ഥാനരേഖകൾ |year=1992|publisher=കേരള ഭാഷാ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് |location= തിരുവനന്തപുരം|isbn= 81-7638-552-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=എം. ആർ. |first=രാഘവവാരിയർ|authorlink= എം. ആർ. രാഘവവാരിയർ |title=കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂർ- ചരിത്രക്കാഴ്ചകൾ |year= 2013|publisher=കേരള ബാല സാഹിത്യ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട്location= തിരുവനന്തപുരം|isbn=978-81-8494-332-0 }}</ref> The site of the historic Portuguese fort is now under the protection of the Archaeological Survey of India. There is also a monument to [[Knai Thoma]] near the fort.

Nearest airport is [[Kochi International Airport]].

==History==
Kottapuram was a part of [[Muziris]], the ancient port of Kodungallur and hence has a history as old as Muziris.
Most of the traders of the ancient times were based on the fort, probably because it was surrounded by rivers on all three sides and had the landscape needed to become an early small port by sea. Rivers that are deep and shallow enough to enter from the sea was close to the lake. It can be seen that the Romans and the Greeks had trade relations even before Christ. They mainly bought pepper from Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |last=കിളിമാനൂർ |first=വിശ്വംഭരൻ |authorlink=പ്രൊഫ. കിളിമാനൂർ വിശ്വംഭരൻ |editor= |others= |title=കേരള സംസ്കാര ദർശനം. |year= 1990 |publisher=കാഞ്ചനഗിരി ബുക്സ്‌ കിളിമനൂർ |location=കേരള |language=ml|isbn= |oclc= }}</ref>

For the first time in India, Jewish immigrants reached Kerala through Kottapuram. Their first habitat was Mala, east of the fort. Muslims also reached Kodungallur through Kottapuram. The first muslim mosque in India was built 3 kilometers north of Kottapuram by [[Malik Ibn Dinar]]. In AD 345, many Syrians came here under the leadership of the Babylonian merchant Knai Thomas.<ref>{{cite book | last = പി.കെ | first = ബാലകൃഷ്ണൻ| authorlink = പി.കെ. ബാലകൃഷ്ണൻ | title = ജാതിവ്യവസ്ഥയും കേരള ചരിത്രവും| publisher = [[കറൻറ് ബുക്സ്]] തൃശൂർ| year = 2005 | doi = | isbn = 81-226-0468-4 }}</ref> They also built churches and businesses here. There is a monument erected by the Archdiocese of Kottayam at the place where he is believed to have come.

[[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Portuguese built Cranganore Fort (Portuguese: Fortaleza de São Tomé de Cranganor) in 1523, at the beginning of Portuguese rule, which lasted until 1662.]]

[[Fortaleza da São Tomé]], known locally as Kottappuram Fort/Tipu's Fort, was constructed in Kodungallur by Portuguese in 1523. The fort was enlarged in 1565, and passed into the hands of the Dutch in 1663 who destroyed the fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php|title=Kottappuram fort|work=muzirisheritage.org|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Kodungalur|volume=15|page=885}}</ref>

Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the [[Nedumkotta]] fort built by Travancore under the leadership of [[Eustachius De Lannoy|Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy]] to defend Tipu Sultan.

[[File:Cranganorefort.jpg|thumb| Relics of Cranganore Fort]]

==Etymology==
The word Kottapuram means 'the place around a Fort' (Kotta means [[Fort]]). Since there are many fortresses in Kerala, the state has many places with a similar name. This particular place gets its name from a fort constructed by Portuguese in 1523.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.me/destinations/forts/cranganore_fort|title=Cranganore Fort {{!}}Kodungallur Fort {{!}} Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Kerala {{!}} Kerala|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> Only relics of the fort is seen as it was destroyed by [[Zamorin]] as well as [[Tipu sultan]]. The fort is known as [[Cranganore Fort]]. The fort is almost ruined now.

==Religion==
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram]], which is a [[suffragan]] of the [[Archdiocese of Verapoly]], has its see here.

==Schools==
*St. Micheal's L.P. School, Kottappuram
*St. Anne's Higher Secondary School, Kottappuram

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Fortrelic.jpg|Relics of the cranganore fort - explosive store room
St Micheals Cathedral.jpg|St. Micheal's cathedral
Kottapuramriver.jpg|Kottapuram river, and bridge amidst some Chinese fishing nets
Historicrelic.jpg|Monument erected by government of Travancore
Wikimedians of Kerala at Kottappuram Market on Wikisangamotsavam 2018 IMG 20190121 092126.jpg|Kottappuram Market
Kottappuram Market Amphitheatre DSC 9891 07.jpg|Boat Jetty near Kottappuram market
Kottappuram Market Amphitheatre DSC 9891 16.jpg|Church near Kottappuram Market
Kottappuram Market Amphitheatre DSC 9891 10.jpg|Light at Amphitheatre
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Kottappuram, Thrissur}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Taniya Soki

2025-05-23T14:06:26Z

Kenrique:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Daporijo Assembly constituency|Daporijo]]
| predecessor = [[Dikto Yekar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Taniya Soki''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Daporijo, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/daporijo-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546660-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Daporijo (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Daporijo (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/daporijo |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523140258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/daporijo |archivedate=23 May 2025 |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Daporijo">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Daporijo |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0224.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523140312/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0224.htm |archivedate=23 May 2025 |accessdate=23 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Daporijo Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Taniya Soki wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Daporijo Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Taniya Soki wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/daporijo-assembly-election-results-2024-daporijo-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636430.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523140201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/daporijo-assembly-election-results-2024-daporijo-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636430.cms |archivedate=23 May 2025 |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from [[Delhi Technological University]] (then Delhi College of Engineering) in [[civil engineering]] in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taniya Soki(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DAPORIJO (ST)(UPPER SUBANSIRI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=26 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soki, Taniya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Delhi Technological University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

National symbols of the State of Palestine

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#REDIRECT [[List of national symbols of Palestine]]

Inner Ring Road (Bangalore)

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Kenrique: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Inner Ring Road, Bengaluru]] {{R from modification}}

Shajoon Kariyal

2024-09-22T16:50:21Z

Kenrique: refine information per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian film director and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shajoon Kariyal
| image = Shajoon Kariyal, Malayalam Film Director.jpeg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|07|6}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Film director, producer
| yearsactive = 1984 – present<ref>{{cite web |title=Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye {{!}} Malayalam Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/27579/mrudhu-bhave-dhruda-kruthye/ |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en |date=26 January 2023}}</ref>
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Shajoon Kariyal''' is an Indian [[film director]] and [[film production|producer]] working in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Life==

Shajoon started his film career in 1984, at the age of 21, as an assistant director to [[I. V. Sasi]].<ref name="bio">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/destinys-child/article3230294.ece|title=Destiny's child|date=11 August 2006|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=27 September 2018}}</ref> He worked as the assistant or associate director to many films including ''[[Uyarangalil]]'' (1984), ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]'' (1985), ''[[Karimpinpoovinakkare]]'' (1985), ''[[Aavanazhi]]'' (1986), ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' (1988), ''[[Douthyam]]'' (1989), ''Varthamana Kalam'' (1990), ''Arhatha'' (1990), ''Midhya'' (1991), ''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]'' (1991) and ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' (1997).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0440326|title=Shajoon Karyal Filmography|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=7 March 2011}}</ref>

He debuted as a director with ''[[Rajaputhran]]'' (1996), starring [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Shobhana]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. He has directed many films, including ''[[Thachiledathu Chundan]]'' (1999) and ''[[Vadakkumnadhan]]'' (2006).<ref name="bio"/> After ''Vadakkumnadhan'', he planned two films, ''Raman Police'' and ''Talkies'', but both the projects did not work out.<ref>[http://www.cinebuzz.co.in/news/New-plans-for-lal.htm "New plans for Lal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721153613/http://www.cinebuzz.co.in/news/New-plans-for-lal.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}. Cinebuzz.co.in. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2011.</ref> In 2012, he directed ''[[Chettayees]]'' which he also co-produced, as one of the five partners of the newly launched production house Thakkaali Films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/on-location-chettayees/article3941839.ece|title=On Location: Chettayees|author=Vijay George|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 September 2012|accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref> In 2015 he directed the film ''[[Sir C. P.]]''. His latest movie is ''[[Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shajoon Karyal Comeback directorial titled Mridhu Bhave Dhrida Kruthye |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shajoon-karyal-to-return-as-director-after-7-years-with-mridhu-bhave-dhrida-kruthye-6907597.html |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=News18 |date=24 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> National award-winning singer ''[[Nanjiyamma]]'' released the first look poster of the movie.<ref>{{cite news |title=ഷാജൂൺ കാര്യാൽ ചിത്രം 'മൃദു ഭാവേ ദൃഢ കൃത്യേ'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ ഗായിക നഞ്ചിയമ്മ പുറിത്തിറക്കി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/shajoon-kariyal-movie-mbdk-first-look-poster-releades-by-nanchamma-rv-586238.html |work=News18 Malayalam |date=28 February 2023 |language=ml}}</ref> The movie ''[[Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye]] released in theaters on 02 February 2024.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda KruthyeUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/mrudhu-bhave-dhruda-kruthye/movieshow/107085242.cms |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye]]'' (2024)<ref>{{cite news |title=MBDK {{!}} ഷാജൂൺ കാര്യാൽ വീണ്ടും; പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'മൃദു ഭാവേ ദൃഢ കൃത്യേ' പൂർത്തിയായി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-shajoon-kariyal-finish-shooting-for-his-new-movie-mbdk-mm-578774.html |work=News18 Malayalam |date=23 January 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>''<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye - Official Teaser {{!}} Sunny Leone {{!}} Sooraj Sun {{!}} Shajoon Kariyal {{!}} 2nd Feb | date=13 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2x3vt1jM0I |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en}}</ref>''
* ''[[Sir C. P.]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Chettayees]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Vadakkumnadhan]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Greetings (2004 film)|Greetings]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Saivar Thirumeni]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Thachiledathu Chundan]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Rajaputhran]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]'' (1993) (Only Story)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0440326}}
* {{Facebook|shajoonkariyal|Shajoon Kariyal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kariyal, Shajoon}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Thilaadanam

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Population of India

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Princess Niloufer

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Rajanganam

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#REDIRECT [[Rajaankanam]]