Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Preetam Lodhi

2026-05-05T04:15:24Z

KennyRoss67889: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
'''Preetam Singh Lodhi''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Pichhore Assembly constituency]] of [[Shivpuri district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Pichhore Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Preetam Singh Lodhi Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pichhore-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686835.html |website=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Preetam Singh Lodhi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PICHHORE(SHIVPURI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=372 |website=My Neta}}</ref> He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He received a total of 121,228 votes and won with the margin of 21,882 votes<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Pichhore Election Results 2023: पिछोर सीट पर बीजेपी के प्रीतम सिंह लोधी जीते, कांग्रेस के अरविंद सिंह लोधी को 21882 वोट से हराया |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/pichhore-madhya-pradesh-constituency-assembly-elections-results-analysis-stwn-2262006.html |website=TV9 Hindi}}</ref> by defeating Congress candidate Arvindra Singh Lodhi. BJP made '''Preetam Singh Lodhi''' its candidate for the third time. In 2013 and 2018 also, BJP fielded him against Congress's KP Singh and Preetam Singh lost both elections by less margin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=MP Chunav 2023: तीसरी बार प्रीतम सिंह लोधी पर पार्टी को भरोसा क्यों? इस बार BJP के सियासी पैंतरे में फंस सकता है कांग्रेसी दिग्गज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/mp-chunav-2023-bjp-nominated-pritam-lodhi-for-the-third-time-contest-from-pichor-assembly-seat-bjp-candidate-list/articleshow/102810409.cms |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Election Result Summary
|-
! Year !! Votes !! Margin !! Opponent
|-
| 2023 || 121,228 || 21,882 || Arvindra Singh Lodhi
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodhi, Preetam}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

Sivakotiacharya

2026-05-01T04:27:24Z

KennyRoss67889: stub

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Śivakotiacharya
| alt = Śivakoti Acharya, Śivakotyacharya
| era = 9th–10th century CE
| occupation = [[Jain monk]], writer, scholar
| notable_works = ''[[Vaddaradhane]]''
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambar]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Śivakotiacharya''' (also spelled ''Acharya Śivakoti'' or ''Śivakotyacharya'') was a [[Digambara]] [[Jainism|Jain]] monk, writer, and scholar active around the 9th-10th century CE.<ref name=rao>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=S. Srikanta Sastri |title=History of Kannada Literature |publisher=Karnataka University |year=1940 |page=17}}</ref><ref name=kamath>{{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A Concise History of Karnataka |publisher=Jupiter Books |year=2001 |page=68}}</ref> A prose narrative written in pre-Old-Kannada (''Purva Halegannada''), ''[[Vaddaradhane]]'', is considered the earliest [[Extant literature|extant]] work in the prose genre in the [[Kannada]] language.<ref name="siva">Shastri (1955), p. 356</ref><ref name="siva1">Zvelebil (2008), p. 3</ref><ref name="jain">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4027.</ref>Scholars are, however, still divided about when exactly the text was written, with claims ranging from before the 6th century to the 10th century. Śivakotiacharya flourished under the patronage of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] and [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] who were staunch follower of [[Jainism]].<ref name="mugali" /><ref name="period" /><ref name="khosa" /><ref name="naro" /><ref name="kamath" /><ref name="rao" />

''Vaddaradhane'' consists of nineteen stories that illustrate Jain ideals such as ''karma'', ''rebirth'', and moral conduct, while also reflecting the social, economic, and urban conditions of early medieval Karnataka.<ref name=kamath/><ref>{{cite book |last=Rice |first=B. L. |title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1984 |page=293}}</ref> The work is also significant for its contribution to early Kannada narrative literature and Jain cultural history.<ref name=rao/>

==Content==
According to the scholar R.S. Mugali, ''Vaddaradhane'' is one of the finest pieces of [[Jainism|Jain]] literature, which stands out by itself in all of [[Kannada literature]].<ref name="mugali">Mugali (2006), pp. 177–178</ref> In addition to religious content describing the lives of Jain saints (''Jainas''),<ref name="siva"/> it treats on Jain tenets regarding the torments of flesh and spirit, interpretations of fate (''[[karma]]''), [[reincarnation|rebirth]] and the plight of humans on earth. The text gives useful information about contemporary society including education, trade and commerce, magic and superstitions, the [[caste|caste system]] and untouchability, and position of women in society.<ref name="khosa"/><ref name="naro"/> The text provides details on contemporary urban and rural society: towns with majestic buildings and multi-storied houses; temples (''devalaya''); a street for the prostitutes (''sulegeri''); palaces; streets with people, horses and elephants; homes of cloth merchants (''dusigar''); homes of diamond merchants (''baccara''); feudatories (''samanta''); royal officials (''niyogi''); grain markets and traders; and various types of settlements such as villages (''grama'') and towns (''nagara'').<ref name="town">Adiga (2006), p. 71–72</ref> The text dwells on the evils of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' including [[miscegenation]] and takes a critical look at contemporary [[Brahmin]] practices.<ref name="practice">Adiga (2006), p. 259</ref> It mentions fierce warriors, royal retainers (''velevali'') who were under oath to lay down their life for the king and royalty.<ref name="royalty">Adiga (2006), pp. 233–234</ref>

==Date controversies==
The dating of the work and its authorship has been a controversy. According to the scholar R.S. Mugali, experts are not unanimous whether the prose piece was written before ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (ca. 850) or after.<ref name="mugali"/> According to modern Kannada poet and scholar [[M. Govinda Pai]], the ''Vaddaradhane'' dates much further back. Based on his studies of the text and some pre-2nd century inscriptions from [[Shravanabelagola]], Pai authored two scholarly publications in 1960: ''Kannada Sahityada Halame'' ("Antiquity of Kannada literature") and ''Kannada Sahityada Prachinate'' (also meaning "Antiquity of Kannada literature"), in which he argued ''Vaddaradhane'' more accurately dates to the pre-6th century period. However, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar opines that the writing is from around c. 920.<ref name="period">Bhat (1993), pp. 102–103</ref> Professor Upadhye dates the writing to the post-9th century period while the historians A.R. Naronakar, K.A.N. Shastri, and Dravidian scholar [[Kamil Zvelebil|Zvelebil]] date it to c. 900.<ref name="siva"/><ref name="siva1"/><ref name="mugali"/><ref name="naro">Naronakar (2003), p. 8</ref>

There is an opinion that Sivakoti was not the author of the work, and that his [[Prakrit]] work ''Bhagavati Aaradhane'' may have been the inspiration for this Kannada writing. However, it has been pointed out that the author's name appears in the concluding section of every story in the writing, and that the Prakrit writer, also named Sivakoti, lived in the 2nd or 3rd century A.D. and was the disciple of [[Acharya Samantabhadra]]. Another name, Revakotiacharya, also appears in some places in the Kannada text.<ref name="jain"/> Historian Jyotsna Kamat is of the opinion that the didactic work comprising 19 stories dates to the 10th century and was inspired by the Sanskrit writing ''Brihatkatha-Khosa''.<ref name="khosa">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/literature_kannada.htm|title=Kannada Literature under the Rashtrakutas|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2009-01-27|first=Jyotsna |last=Kamat}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Sastri|first= Nilakanta K. A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year=2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 5|year=1992|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Bhat|first=M. Thirumaleshwara |title= Govinda Pai |year=1993|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-7201-540-2}}
*{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Mugali|first= R.S.|title=The Heritage of Karnataka |orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Lightning Source Inc|isbn=1-4067-0232-3}}
*{{cite book |last= Zvelebil|first= Kamil|title=The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India |year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Naronakar|first= A R|title= Untouchability and Caste System in India |orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=81-261-1418-5}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Jainism in Karnataka]]
* [[Jainism in north Karnataka]]
* [[Jainism in Tulu Nadu]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Western Ganga dynasty]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Jain poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]

Manibandh Shaktipeeth

2026-04-28T10:33:44Z

KennyRoss67889: put up info.

{{Short description|Shaktipeeth in Rajasthan}}
{{Copyedit|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Manibandh Shaktipeeth
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption = Location in
| coordinates = {{coord|26.473558|74.551362|type:landmark_region:NP|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = Rajasthan
| district = [[Ajmer District|Ajmer]]
| location = [[Pushkar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Mahadevi|Gaytri]]
| festivals= [[Navaratri]], [[Pushkar Fair]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| website = https://manibandh.com/
}}

'''Manibandh Shaktipeeth,''' also known as '''Manivedika Shaktipeeth''' or '''Rajarajeshwari Puruhuta Manivedic Shaktipeeth''', is one of the 51 sacred [[Shakta pithas|Shaktipeeths]] in [[Hinduism]]. It is located in [[Pushkar]], [[Rajasthan]], near [[Ajmer]], [[India]]. The temple is believed to mark the site where the [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Goddess Sati's]] wrists (Manibandh) fell, as described in [[Hindu mythology]]. The temple is also known locally as the Chamunda Mata Mandir and holds significant religious importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/Sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html|title=Motherlodes of Power: The story of India's 'Shakti Peethas'|first=Ravi|last=Shankar|date=October 3, 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Location and structure==
The Manibandh Shaktipeeth is situated at the base of Gayatri Mountain (Puruhuta Hill), approximately 11km northwest of Ajmer and 5–7km from the famous [[Brahma Temple, Pushkar|Brahma Temple]] in Pushkar. The temple is now accessible by road, though for centuries it remained hidden due to the remoteness of the hill. The site has gained greater visibility with recent infrastructure improvements, making it a growing [[pilgrimage]] destination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lightuptemples.com/en/sri-manibandh-shakti-peeth-temple-rajasthan/|title=Sri Manibandh Shakti Peeth Temple, Rajasthan|date=March 22, 2021}}</ref> Public and private transport is available from Ajmer and Pushkar with road access. The nearest railway station is Pushkar Station, connecting the temple to major cities. The closest airport is [[Jaipur International Airport]], approximately 150 km from [[Pushkar]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==Religious significance==
According to Hindu mythology, Shaktipeeths are sites where body parts of Goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], the wife of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], are believed to have fallen after her body was divided by [[Lord Vishnu]]'s [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan Chakra]]. This act was performed to stop Lord Shiva's destructive [[Tandava]], which he began out of grief after Sati [[Self-immolation|immolated]] herself during a [[Yajna|yagna]] organised by her father, King [[Daksha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guidedtirth.com/en/destination/rajasthan/ajmer/chamunda-mata-temple/|title=Manibandh Shakti Peeth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mahakavya.com/read-full-information-about-51-shakti-peeth-10-minutes/|title=Read Full Information About 51 Shakti Peeth [10 Minutes]|first=Mahakavya|last=Admin|date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> According to [[Puranas|Puranic texts]], Sati's wrists fell at Manibandh Shaktipeeth, giving the site its name. The temple is also associated with the [[Skanda Purana]], which identifies the site as Rajarajeshwari Puruhuta Manivedic Shaktipeeth, where [[Bhairava]] Sarvanand is the guardian deity.<ref>https://hindutempletalk.org/2023/07/08/skanda-puranaa-journey-through-hindu-mythology-and-sacred-sites/{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana|title=The Skanda Purana|date=December 13, 2019|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref>

The formation of the Shaktipeeths is rooted in [[Hindu mythology]], which narrates the story of [[Saraswati|Goddess Sati]] and [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. After Sati's immolation, Shiva wandered across the universe with her body. To prevent the universe from being destroyed by his grief and anger, [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] dismembered Sati's body, scattering her parts across the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Each site where a part of her body or her ornaments fell became a Shaktipeeth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alightindia.com/manibandh-temple|title=Manibandh shakti peeth - Information, History & Temple timings|website=Manibandh shakti peeth - Information, History & Temple timings}}</ref> At Manibandh Shaktipeeth, Sati's wrists are believed to have fallen. As a result, the site is closely connected to themes of action and spirituality, with worship centred around Goddess [[Gayatri]] and Lord Shiva as Sarvanand Bhairava.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://famoustemplesofindia.com/manibandh-shakti-peeth-chamunda-temple/|title=Manibandh Shakti Peeth Pushkar - Famous Temples Of India|date=June 29, 2016}}</ref>

For centuries, the Manibandh Shaktipeeth remained a relatively unknown pilgrimage site due to its secluded location. Local traditions hold that the temple was discovered after devotees' prayers drew the goddess down from the mountain. Despite its significance, the temple received fewer visitors until recent efforts improved road access and awareness. Today, the temple is seeing a steady increase in pilgrims, thanks to [[infrastructure]] development and growing word-of-mouth [[awareness]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2023 |title=Manibandh Shakti Peeth Mandir- Pushkar, Rajasthan – Orientalzenz |url=https://www.orientalzenz.com/manibandh-shakti-peeth-mandir-pushkar/}}</ref> Local priests and devotees have been instrumental in preserving and developing the temple. Devotees visiting the site report a strong sense of peace and spiritual fulfillment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=51 Shaktipeeth : મણિબંધ મણિદેવિક ગાયત્રી પુષ્કર શક્તિપીઠ - 32 |url=https://m-gujarati.webdunia.com/article/navratri-famous-temples-to-visit/manibandh-shakti-peeth-pushkar-124100100025_1.html |website=Webdunia}}</ref>

=== Cultural and religious practices ===
The temple is a focal point of devotion for local communities and [[Pilgrimage|pilgrims]] alike. Daily prayers and rituals are performed, with heightened activity during significant [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]]. Major celebrations include [[Navaratri]] and [[Durga Puja]], attracting pilgrims from across the region. The temple is also linked to the famous Pushkar [[Melā|Mela]], a cultural and spiritual fair held annually on the banks of [[Pushkar Lake]] during the month of Kartik (October–November).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiatemple.net/article/id/9003/temple/470/manibandh-shakti-peeth-tmeple-pushkar-rajasthan|title=Nirvana India Enterprise|website=indiatemple.net}}</ref>

=== Festivals and celebrations ===
The temple sees large gatherings of worshippers during the Sharadiya Navratri (September–October) and Chaitra Navratri (March–April). Rituals performed during these festivals involve special prayers, offerings, and community participation. In addition to these, the annual [[Pushkar Fair]] or Pushkar Mela is a major event in the area, featuring [[Camel racing|camel races]], cultural exhibitions, and spiritual gatherings that draw visitors from across India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Manibandh Shakti Peeth, Pushkar - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/manibandh-shakti-peeth-pushkar/ |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination | Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://manibandh.com/about-manibandh-shaktipeeth/}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

{{cite book
|last = Sharma
|first = Madan Lal
|title = 108 सिद्ध शक्तिपीठ एवं राजस्थान में अवस्थित सिद्ध शक्तिपीठ

|publisher = JCB Publishing House
|editor =
|url =
|year = 2022
|place = Jodhpur
|isbn = 9788192990088
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:}}
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]

Nisha Sarangh

2026-04-25T14:40:25Z

KennyRoss67889:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Nisha|Sarangh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nisha Sarangh
| image = Nisha Sarangh in October 2019.png
| caption = Sarangh in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Television anchor|Classical dancer}}
| years_active =
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Saranghadhan|Shyamala}}
| spouse =
| children = 2
}}
'''Nisha Sarangh''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Malayalam films]] and television serials. She is best known for playing the character of Neelima in the TV [[sitcom]] ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/I-dont-want-to-be-a-kanneer-nayika-Nisha-Sarang/articleshow/53979330.cms |title=I don't want to be a 'kanneer nayika': Nisha Sarang |website=The Times of India|date=3 September 2016 }}</ref> broadcast on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jul/09/malayalam-actress-nisha-sarang-alleges-harassment-from-uppum-mulakum-director-wcc-extends-support-1840396.html |title=Malayalam actress Nisha Sarang alleges harassment from 'Uppum Mulakum' director; WCC extends support |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/07/09/nisha-sarang-complaint-womens-commission-books-unnikrishnan.html |title=Women's panel acts on actor Nisha's complaint, she has n number of fans at kerala and the majority is from gcc. books serial director |website=OnManorama}}</ref> She won the Kerala State Television Award for Best Comedian in a Special Jury Category in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/228664-latest-news-nisha-sarang-reportedly-breaks-down-in-amma-general-body-meeting.html |title=അമ്മ ജനറല്‍ബോഡി യോഗത്തില്‍ വിവേചനം; പൊട്ടിക്കരഞ്ഞ് നിഷ സാരംഗ് |website=mangalam.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nisha Sarangh was born in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]. Nisha was married to her cousin early in her teenage but later the couple got divorced. She has two daughters, Revathy and Revitha. The elder daughter Revathy got married in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/women-collective-comes-in-support-of-serial-actor-nisha-sarang/article24366180.ece |title=Women collective comes in support of serial actor Nisha Sarang |date=8 July 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
She currently lives at [[Kakkanad]], [[Kochi]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]'' || Kathakali dancer ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Krishna Pakshakkilikal]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Hariharan Pilla Happy Aanu]]'' || Sushama (Maid) ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
| ''Swantham Malavika'' || Raji ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]'' || Sushama ||
|-
| ''[[Manjupoloru Penkutti]]'' || Lilly teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Kaazhcha]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' || Police Inspector's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2005 || ''December'' || Sr. Molly ||
|-
| ''[[Hridayathil Sookshikkan]]'' || Servant ||
|-
| ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' || Mrs. Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Boyy Friennd]]'' || Father Kacharathara's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Police (2005 film)|Police]]'' || Zeenath ||
|-
| ''[[Iruvattam Manavaatti]]'' || Vilasini ||
|-
| ''[[Oridam]]'' || Staff of Jwala ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Raashtram]]'' || Chandy's relative ||
|-
| ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' || Narayani Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''[[Pothan Vava]]'' || Paulachan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2007 || ''Janmam'' || Devaraayar's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' || George's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Payum Puli]]'' || Sarala ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasham]]'' || Raghunanandan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Nagaram (2007 film)|Nagaram]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || Dhwani's kin ||
|-
| ''[[Kichamani MBA]]'' || Seethalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Nadeshan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2008 || ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' || Drunkard's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Police (film)|Kerala Police]]'' || Director's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'' || Nun ||
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Mahendran's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]'' || Drama artist ||
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Puzhayundu]]'' || Mallika ||
|-
| ''[[Chempada]]'' || Lekha ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2009 || ''[[Shudharil Shudhan]]'' || Ramankunju's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Hailesa]]'' || Indu ||
|-
| ''[[Vairam: Fight for Justice]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Malayali (film)|Malayali]]'' || Madhavan's sister ||
|-
| ''Red Balloon'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2010 || ''[[Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram]]'' || Bhanu ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Small Family]]'' || Sweeper in hospital ||
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'' || Sumangala ||
|-
| ''[[Aathmakatha]]'' || Rosie ||
|-
| ''[[Chekavar (film)|Chekavar]]'' || DYSP Menon's wife ||
|-
| ''Nalla Pattukare'' || Jameela ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2011 || ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' || Sulaiman's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Janapriyan]]'' || Drama actor's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Orma Mathram]]'' || Jinnumma ||
|-
| ''[[Achan (2011 film)|Achan]]'' || Mother ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2012 || ''[[MLA Mani: Patham Classum Gusthiyum]]'' || Surabi ||
|-
| ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Roy's wife ||
|-
| ''[[My Boss]]'' || Sneha ||
|-
| ''[[Parudeesa]]'' || Sonichan's wife ||
|-
| ''Nadhabrahmam'' || Lakhmi ||
|-
| ''Crime Story'' || Annie ||
|-
| ''[[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]'' || Jayasree ||
|-
| ''[[Grihanathan]]'' || Nandakumar's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2013 || ''[[Olipporu]]'' || Kumaran's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || Mathachan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Ms Lekha Tharoor Kaanunnathu]]'' || Madhuri's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakatha]]'' || Sivaraman's wife ||
|-
| ''Ithu Manthramo Thanthramo Kuthanthramo'' || Enquired wife ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Pathiramanal]]'' || Kanakam ||
|-
| ''[[Ayaal]]'' || Villager ||
|-
| ''Kittuo'' || Anu || Short Film
|-
| ''[[Drishyam]]'' || School principal ||
|-
| ''Police Maaman'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''3 G Third Generation'' || ||
|-
| ''Thekku Thekkoru Deshathu'' || ||
|-
| ''Namboothiri Yuvavu @43'' || Gigi Gopal ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2014 || ''[[Vegam (2014 film)|Vegam]]'' || Molly ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]'' || Molly ||
|-
| ''[[Villali Veeran]]'' || Pavithran's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Ring Master]]'' || Sathyavel's wife ||
|-
| ''Malayalakkara Residency'' || Residency member ||
|-
| ''Koottathil Oral'' || Manju's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''Namukkore Aakasham'' || Rony's mother ||
|-
| ''Snehikkan Oru Manassu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2016 || ''[[Yathra Chodikkathe]]'' || Suma ||
|-
| ''Romanov'' || Angelin's mother ||
|-
| ''Kolamass'' || Vandana's mother ||
|-
| ''Vayyaveli'' || Jameela ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' || Bindhu Jayamurugan ||
|-
| ''Bobby'' || Bobby's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Clint (film)|Clint]]'' || Ammu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ladoo (film)|Ladoo]]'' || Angelin's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2019 || ''[[Lonappante Mamodeesa]]'' || Sicily ||
|-
| ''[[Jeem Boom Bhaa]]'' || Ravi's wife ||
|-
| ''Oru Nakshathramulla Aakasham'' || ||
|-
| ''Immah'' || Molikutty ||
|-
| ''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]'' || Keerthi's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Bhoomiyile Manohara Swakaryam]]'' || Mariyam ||
|-
| ''[[Kappela]]'' || Mary ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Meppadiyan]]'' || Stella ||
|-
| ''[[Prakashan Parakkatte]]'' || Latha ||
|-
| ''[[Aanandam Paramanandam]]'' || Gireesh's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2023 || ''Laika'' || Vimala ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laika to release this Friday |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/28/laika-to-release-this-friday-41641.html |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]'' || Lalitha ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2022 |title='Jaladhara Pump Set Since 1962' director Ashish Chinnappa: Movie buffs will get to see Urvashi and Indrans in a throughout comedy entertainer - EXCLUSIVE |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jaladhara-pump-set-since-1962-director-ashish-chinnappa-movie-buffs-will-get-to-see-urvashi-and-indrans-in-a-throughout-comedy-entertainer-exclusive/articleshow/92931553.cms |access-date=13 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[King of Kotha]]'' || Sister Reena ||
|-
| ''[[Praavu]]'' || Suchithra ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulquer Salmaan's Wayfarer Films to present Praavu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/16/dulquer-salmaans-wayfarer-films-to-present-praavu-46667.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Theeppori Benny]]'' || Gracy ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Arjun Ashokan-starrer Theeppori Benny's Teaser Unveiled; Check it Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/arjun-ashokan-starrer-theeppori-bennys-teaser-unveiled-check-it-out-8337433.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]'' ||Vijeesh and Ajeesh's mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bullet Diaries'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan and Prayaga Martin join Santosh Mandoor-directed Bullet Diaries |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jan/12/dhyan-sreenivasan-and-prayaga-martin-join-santosh-mandoor-directed-bullet-diaries-2405735.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''Panchavalsara Padhathi'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=16 April 2024 |title=Trailer of Siju Wilson's Panchavalsara Padhathi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/16/trailer-of-siju-wilsons-panchavalsara-padhathi-out |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Big Ben'' ||Susan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=9 June 2024 |title=Anu Mohan and Aditi Ravi's Big Ben gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/09/anu-mohan-and-aditi-ravis-big-ben-gets-a-release-date |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ezhuthola'' ||Parukutty ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Suresh Unnikrishnan's Debut Film Ezhuthola Roars At London Film Festival |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/suresh-unnikrishnans-debut-film-ezhuthola-roars-at-london-film-festival-7483009.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paalum Pazhavum]]'' ||Janani ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=10 August 2024 |title=Meera Jasmine's Palum Pazhavum trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/10/meera-jasmines-palum-pazhavum-trailer-out |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025|| ''Madhura Kanakku'' ||Vimala ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2025 |title='മധുര കണക്ക് ' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ എത്തി; ഡിസംബർ 4ന് പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക്|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/11/10/madhura-kanakku-movie-first-look-poster-released-hareesh-peradi-indrans.html |access-date=21 December 2025|website=Manorama Online|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=3|2026|| ''[[Baby Girl (film)|Baby Girl]]'' || Akash's mother||<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2026 |title=Nivin Pauly's Baby Girl release date confirmed|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Jan/16/malayalamnews2026jan14nivin-paulys-baby-girl-release-date-confirmed |access-date=16 January 2026|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Iruniram'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iruniram Malayalam Movie Now Streaming on manoramaMax , Featuring Thanmaya sol, Nisha Sarang, Dinesh Alpy|url=https://www.keralatv.in/iruniram-malayalam-movie-now-streaming-on-manoramamax/ |access-date=25 April 2026|website=Kerala TV|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kalam Paranja Kadha'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=What To Watch This Week in Theatres: Michael, Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 and more|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Apr/21/what-to-watch-this-week-in-theatres-michael-ginny-wedss-sunny-2-and-more |access-date=25 April 2026|website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==TV serials==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Serial !! Channel!! Notes
|-
| 1999-2000|| Sindoorakuruvi||Surya TV||
|-
| || Durga||Asianet||
|-
|||Motiram||DD Malayalam||Telefilm
|-
|||Makal||DD Malayalam||Telefilm
|-
| || Anantham||DD Malayalam||
|-
| || Kalikoottam|| [[Jeevan TV]]||
|-
| || Pradakshinam||DD Malayalam||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2005|| Alilathali||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| Mounam Nombaram||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|Rowspan=5|2006|| Veendum Jwalayayi||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|-
|| Suryodayam||DD Malayalam||
|-
| Suryaputhri||Asianet||
|-
| Priyam||Kairali TV||
|-
| Manassariyathe||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2007|| Velankani Mathavu||Surya TV||
|-
|Rowspan=6|2008||January||Asianet||
|-
| Indhumukhi Chandramathi||Surya TV||
|-
| Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum||Surya TV||
|-
| Minnal Kesari||Surya TV||
|-
|Ente Alphonsamma||Asianet||
|-
|Vishudha Thomasleeha||Asianet||
|-
|Rowspan=4|2009||Vigraham||Asianet||
|-
|Snehathooval||Asianet||
|-
|Kudumbayogam||Surya TV||
|-
|Gajaraja Guruvayoor Keshavan||Surya TV||
|-
|Rowspan=4|2010|| Parayi Petta Panthirukulum ||Surya TV||
|-
| Mattoruval ||Surya TV||
|-
| Karunyam||DD Malayalam||
|-
| Chakravakam||Surya TV||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2011|| Nilavilakku||Surya TV||
|-
| Ilam Thennal Pole||Surya TV||
|-
|2012||Daivathinu Swantham Devootty||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|Rowspan=4|2013|| Panchagni||Kairali TV||
|-
|Makal||Surya TV||
|-
|Rudraveena||Surya TV||
|-
|Swargavathil||[[Jaihind TV]]||
|-
|Rowspan=4|2014||[[Balaganapathy]]||Asianet||
|-
| Kumkumapottu||Prabhatham||
|-
|[[Sthreedhanam]]||Asianet||
|-
| Vadhu||Surya TV||
|-
|rowspan=4|2015|| Spandanam ||Surya TV||
|-
|[[Akkamma Stalinum Pathrose Gandhiyum]]||Asianet||
|-
| Sundari||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|Kalyanasoughandhikam||Asianet||
|-
|2015-2021 ||[[Uppum Mulakum]]||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||Portrays Neelima Balachandran
|-
|2015-2016|| Bandhuvaru Shathruvaru||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2016|| Vishudha Chavara Achan||Flowers TV||
|-
|2016||Sundarimookku||Kairali TV||
|-
|2018 ||[[Seetha (serial)|Seetha]]||Flowers TV||Special appearance
|-
|2020||Double Decker|| Flowers Online||Web series
|-
|2020||Kas Kas|| Online||Web series
|-
|2020-2021||Pappanum Padminium|| Online||Web series
|-
|2021-2022||Ajmalbismi Kattan|| You Tube||Web series
|-
|2022||[[Erivum Puliyum]]|| [[Zee Keralam]]||
|-
|2022-2024||[[Uppum Mulakum|Uppum Mulakum Season 2]] || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||Portrays Neelima Balachandran
|-
|2024||[[Uppum Mulakum|Uppum Mulakum Season 3]] || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||Portrays Neelima Balachandran<ref>{{Cite news |title='Uppum Mulakum' returns with excitement; Fans hope for Mudiyan's comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-returns-with-excitement-fans-hope-for-mudiyans-comeback/articleshow/111160535.cms |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=The Times of India |date=21 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026– present||''Ee Puzhayum Kadannu''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title=Gomathi Priya is back to Malayalam TV; New show 'Ee Puzhayum Kadannu' coming soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gomathi-priya-is-back-to-malayalam-tv-new-show-ee-puzhayum-kadannu-coming-soon/articleshow/126602831.cms|access-date=2026-01-24 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4191651}}
*[https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=10986 Malayalachalachithram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarang, Nisha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Khed taluka, Pune

2026-04-21T04:25:14Z

KennyRoss67889: creating...

{{distinguish|Khed taluka, Ratnagiri}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khed taluka
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| native_name =
| image_map = Khed tehsil in Pune district.png
| map_caption = Location of Khed in [[Pune district]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rajgurunagar]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 98
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = 2
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = Dilip Mohite <ref>{{cite web|title=Khed Aalandi Vidhan Sabha|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/khed-alandi.html|publisher=elections|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_total = 450116
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 80.77%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 892:1000
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Khed taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in the subdivision, near [[Pune|Pune city]] in [[Pune district]] of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maps of Tahsils in Pune District |url=http://pune.gov.in/maps/tahsilmaps.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310230609/http://pune.gov.in/maps/tahsilmaps.html|archive-date=10 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rajgurunagar]] is the headquarter of the taluka. The taluka is known for being the birthplace of [[Santaji Jagnade]].The name of city is Rajgurunagar on the name of Shivram Hari Rajguru.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Khed taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|3.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|2.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.57}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
}}

Khed taluka has a population of 450,116 according to the 2011 census. Khed had a literacy rate of 80.77% and a sex ratio of 892 females per 1000 males. 56,102 (12.46%) are under 7 years of age. 129,334 (28.73%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.76% and 10.95% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Pune |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/820/download/2927/DH_2011_2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Khed taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 91.99 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 4.62 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 3.39 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 91.99% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 4.62% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In the 2001 India census, Khed taluka had a population of 343,214, with 178,114 males (51.9%), and 165,100 females (48.1%), for a sex-ratio of 927 females per thousand males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2001 Population Finder: Maharashtra: Pune: Khed|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=27&district_code=25|access-date=2013-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003151814/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=27&district_code=25|archive-date=2015-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amboli, Pune]]
* [[Talukas in Pune district]]
* [[Rajgurunagar]]
* [[Bhimashankar Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Delimitation of PC and AC - 2004 Khed Taluka, Pune District, Maharashtra (Administrative Units) |publisher=Pune District |url=http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/DistrictAdmin/tahsil%20maps/Khed.tif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509215313/http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/DistrictAdmin/tahsil%20maps/Khed.tif |archive-date=2013-05-09 }}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Pune district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Sam Dalrymple (historian)

2026-04-18T17:51:14Z

KennyRoss67889:

{{Short description|British historian (born 1997)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sam Dalrymple
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1997|2}}<ref name="coinfo"/>
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| occupation = [[Historian]], author, film-maker, peace activist, social media influencer
| notable_works = Shattered Lands
| movement = [[Project Dastaan]]
| father = [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]
| mother = [[Olivia Fraser (artist)|Olivia Fraser]]
}}
'''Samuel Hew Tantallon Dalrymple''' (born February 1997)<ref name="coinfo">{{cite web|title=Company information |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/E3lGvwWdWLROt7i7a1z-P5eY0AY/appointments |website=gov.uk |publisher=HM Government |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="DBP">{{cite book |year=2019|chapter=Hamilton-Dalrymple (NS) 1698, of North Berwick, Haddingtonshire |editor1-last=Morris |editor1-first=Susan |editor2-last=Bosberry-Scott |editor2-first=Wendy |editor3-last=Belfield |editor3-first=Gervase |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage|volume=2 |edition=150th |location=London |publisher=Debrett's Ltd. |pages=4325–4327|isbn=978-1-999767-0-5-1}}</ref> is a Scottish historian, author, film-maker, activist, and [[influencer|social media influencer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Waquar |date=2023-08-30 |title=Samuel Dalrymple On Showcasing The Partition With Sensitivity |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/editors-picks/celebrating-people/samuel-dalrymple-on-showcasing-the-partition-with-sensitivity |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2023-01-28 |title=How young Instagrammers in India are using social media to give history context |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/instagram-india-history-sam-dalrymple-sruthin-lal-aniruddh-kanisetti-sameera-kazmi-eshan-sharma-eric-chopra-young-historians-reels-visual-storytelling/article66431103.ece |access-date=2023-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dalrymple was born to public historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] and artist [[Olivia Fraser (artist)|Olivia Fraser]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-20 |title=FarmHouses in Delhi - William Dalrymple Opens the doors to his Delhi Farmhouse {{!}} AD India |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/writer-in-residence-william-dalyrimple-opens-the-doors-to-his-delhi-farmhouse/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref> His paternal grandfather was [[Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, 10th Baronet]] of [[North Berwick]],<ref name="DBP"/> and his paternal grandmother was a daughter of [[Walter Keppel, 9th Earl of Albemarle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary: Anne-Louise Mary Hamilton-Dalrymple, Lord Lieutenant's wife who was patron and supporter of many charities |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituary-anne-louise-mary-hamilton-dalrymple-lord-lieutenants-wife-who-was-patron-and-supporter-of-many-charities-1458421 |website=The Scotsman}}</ref> His father is a great nephew of [[Virginia Woolf]] and a cousin of writer [[Alice Albinia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-22 |title=Kolkata, my ancestors, and me |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37687562 |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maclean |first=Rory |date=2008-12-04 |title=Travel books of the year |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/dec/04/travel-christmas-books-gifts |access-date=2023-09-24 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Dalrymple graduated as a [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] scholar from the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=Sam |date=2018-06-08 |title=Opinion {{!}} Couchsurfing With the Taliban |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/08/opinion/couchsurfing-with-the-taliban.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Career==
Dalrymple along with [[Sparsh Ahuja]] and [[Saadia Gardezi]] founded [[Project Dastaan]], a peace-building initiative that reconnects refugees displaced by the [[partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Uttara |title=Border Crossings: Reuniting 1947 Partition Migrants With Their Homelands |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/border-crossings-reuniting-1947-partition-migrants-with-their-homelands-news-216337 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

Dalrymple's first film, ''Child of Empire'', was a VR docudrama detailing the horrors of forced migration and premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=2022-01-28 |title=Flashback 75: Partition in virtual reality in ‘Child of Empire’ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/flashback-75-child-of-empire-partition-in-virtual-reality-sparsh-ahuja-erfan-saadati-project-dastaan/article38339559.ece |access-date=2023-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His animated anthology "Lost Migrations" was a sell-out at the [[British Film Institute]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2022-08-13 |title=‘Lost Migrations’: Using animation to find a place called home |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/lost-migrations-partition-india-pakistan-bangladesh-east-pakistan-project-dastaan-oxford-university-animation-film-bengaluru-lahore-puffball-spitting-image-nahla-nainar-film-review-independence-day-au/article65750262.ece |access-date=2023-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Dalrymple's book, ''Shattered Lands: Five Partitions and the Making of Modern Asia'', was published in 2025 by [[HarperCollins]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shattered Lands: Five Partitions and the Making of Modern Asia |url=https://harpercollins.co.uk/products/shattered-lands-five-partitions-and-the-making-of-modern-asia-sam-dalrymple?variant=54864084763003 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=HarperCollins}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-30 |title=How William Dalrymple’s son, Sam Dalrymple, is changing the way you look at history with his new book |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/how-william-dalrymples-son-sam-dalrymple-is-changing-the-way-you-look-at-history-with-his-new-book-23509458 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> It has been received positively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanzagiri |first=Nishad |date=2025-07-01 |title=Shattered Lands by Sam Dalrymple review – the many partitions of southern Asia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/jul/01/shattered-lands-by-sam-dalrymple-review-the-many-partitions-of-southern-asia |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-25 |title=Retracing the map {{!}} Sam Dalrymple’s 'Shattered Lands' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20250804-retracing-the-map-sam-dalrymples-shattered-lands-2761354-2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalrymple, Sam}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scottish historians]]
[[Category:Dalrymple family|Sam]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish historians]]

Patsoi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:19Z

KennyRoss67889: new

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patsoi
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| mla = [[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh|Sapam Kunjakeswor (Keba) Singh]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:37604}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 19
| map_image = File:Map of Patsoi AC.png
}}

'''Patsoi Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2022/>

It is part of [[Imphal West district]].

== Extent ==
Patsoi is the 19th among 80 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 49 parts namely: 1 - Patsoi Part-VI, 2 - Patsoi Part-III, 3 - Patsoi Part-I, 4 - Patsoi Part-II (A), 5 - Patsoi Part-II (B), 6 - Takyel Kolom Leikai (A), 7 - Takyel Kolom Leikai (B), 8 - Moirang Hanuba Maning, 9 - Moirang Hanuba Mamang, 10 - Takyel Khongbal (A), 11 - Takyel Khongbal (B), 12 - Khumanthem Leikai (A), 13 - Khumanthem Leikai (B), 14 - Sagolband Sapam Leirak (A), 15 - Sagolband Sapam Leirak (B), 16 - Loukrakpam Leikai (A), 17 - Loukrakpam Leikai (B), 18 - Lamjaotongba (A), 19 - Lamjaotongba (B), 20 - Sapam Leirak (A), 21 - Sapam Leirak (B), 22 - Bijoy Govinda (A), 23 - Bijoy Govinda (B), 24 - Loukham Leirak (A), 25 - Loukham Leirak (B), 26 - Lamjaotongba (C), 27 - Lukram Leirak Machin, 28 - Lukram Leirak, 29 - Lamjaotongba (D), 30 - Heinoupok (A), 31 - Heinoupok (B), 32 - Langjing Achouba (A), 33 - Langjing Achouba (B), 34 - Sangaiprou (A), 35 - Sangaiprou (B), 36 - Kwakeithel Thounaojam leikai, 37 - Sangaiprou (C), 38 - Sadokpam Leikai, 39 - Tabungkhok Makha Leikai (A), 40 - Tabungkhok Makha Leikai (B), 41 - Tabungkhok Mayai Leikai, 42 - Ghari, 43 - Ghari Makha Leikai, 44 - Changangei Kabui Khul (A), 45 - Changangei Kabui Khul (B), 46 - Changangei Uchekon, 47 - Changangei, 48 - Konthoujam Leikai, and 49 - Mayaikoibi Chabungbam Leikai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral Officer |first=Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="4"|Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || N. Ibomcha || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2"|Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Moirangthem Nabadwip
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2| Akoijam Mirabai Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh
| {{Full party name with color|BJP}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|34.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|34.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|39.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|38.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}|49.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|26.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|46.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|43.46}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,186 |percentage=34.98% |change=24.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Mirabai Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,499 |percentage=33.01% |change=-9.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Rameshwar Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,741 |percentage=30.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=285 |percentage=0.82% |change=-0.04% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=687 |percentage=1.97% |change=1.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,836 |percentage=92.64% |change= 2.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,604 |change =7.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.63% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Mirabai Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,405 |percentage=42.61% |change=-10.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh]] |party=North East India Development Party |votes=13,291 |percentage=42.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Premananda Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,173 |percentage=10.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkham Thoiba (Bijoy) Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,236 |percentage=3.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=270 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=114 |percentage=0.36% |change=-20.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,460 |percentage=90.10% |change= 3.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,916 |change =11.78% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.02% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Mirabai Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,257 |percentage=52.63% |change=25.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=8,710 |percentage=32.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,515 |percentage=9.28% |change=-18.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pheiroijam Irabot Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,482 |percentage=5.47% |change=-3.51% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,547 |percentage=20.48% |change=14.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,088 |percentage=86.69% |change= -2.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,235 |change =7.04% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 18.45% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,936 |percentage=34.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,292 |percentage=27.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Mirabai Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,196 |percentage=27.53% |change=7.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Nabadwip |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,348 |percentage=8.98% |change=-30.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atom Tondon Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=136 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,644 |percentage=6.29% |change=2.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,141 |percentage=89.58% |change= 1.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,182 |change =16.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -5.37% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Nabadwip |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,622 |percentage=39.55% |change=18.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=7,700 |percentage=35.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Mirabai Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,333 |percentage=19.88% |change=2.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapam Shamungou Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=670 |percentage=3.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atom Tondon Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=423 |percentage=1.94% |change=-8.70% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=922 |percentage=4.23% |change=-13.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,800 |percentage=87.95% |change= -3.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,962 |change =4.74% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 10.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,882 |percentage=38.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leishangthem Thoiren |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,206 |percentage=20.57% |change=2.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Mirabai Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,591 |percentage=17.56% |change=-11.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atom Tondon Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=2,561 |percentage=12.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Nokulsana Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,176 |percentage=10.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,676 |percentage=17.97% |change=7.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,451 |percentage=86.77% |change= -4.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,833 |change =8.92% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,787 |percentage=29.33% |change=-8.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Muhindro Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,742 |percentage=18.97% |change=11.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leisangthem Thoiren Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,616 |percentage=18.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingsubam Shyamjai Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,041 |percentage=10.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sourakpam Indrajit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,859 |percentage=9.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngasepam Nimai Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,766 |percentage=8.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Nokulsana Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=919 |percentage=4.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,045 |percentage=10.36% |change=-1.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,730 |percentage=91.09% |change= 1.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,881 |change =6.11% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |swing= -20.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ibomcha |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=9,103 |percentage=49.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,854 |percentage=37.52% |change=8.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Indrajit Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,361 |percentage=7.45% |change=-9.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Rohinikumar |party=Janata Dal |votes=950 |percentage=5.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,249 |percentage=12.31% |change=2.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,268 |percentage=89.10% |change= 4.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,622 |change =30.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 20.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,792 |percentage=29.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Ibomcha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,474 |percentage=18.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Indrajit Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,220 |percentage=17.01% |change=-5.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nandeibam Mohendro Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=2,180 |percentage=16.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Nokulsana Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=1,850 |percentage=14.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingsubam Shyamjai Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=535 |percentage=4.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,318 |percentage=10.10% |change=5.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,051 |percentage=85.09% |change= 4.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,766 |change =2.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= 2.58% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=3,225 |percentage=26.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Ibomcha |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,718 |percentage=22.32% |change=-23.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngasepam Nimai |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,240 |percentage=18.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapam Ibohal Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,927 |percentage=15.82% |change=3.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Nokulsana Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,905 |percentage=15.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laurembam Nityai Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=165 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=507 |percentage=4.16% |change=-19.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,180 |percentage=80.94% |change= -5.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,352 |change =20.16% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -19.61% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,033 |percentage=46.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Ibomcha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,473 |percentage=22.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Nokulsana Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,105 |percentage=19.28% |change=-14.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapam Ibohal Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,309 |percentage=11.99% |change=-10.40% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,560 |percentage=23.44% |change=14.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,920 |percentage=86.85% |change= -0.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,776 |change =58.59% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.63% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Patsoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,002 |percentage=43.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akojam Kulachandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,359 |percentage=34.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapam Ibohal Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,546 |percentage=22.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=643 |percentage=9.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,907 |percentage=86.95% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,056 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.79|93.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Soul Stories

2026-04-16T03:54:56Z

KennyRoss67889: done - done

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language web series}}

'''Soul Stories''' is a Malayalam language web series with five episodes where each story focus on a socially relevant subject that affects the life of women like sexuality, class difference, gender discrimination and consent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പ്രിവിലേജുകൾ മനസ്സിലാക്കാന്‍ ശ്രമിക്കാറുണ്ട് {{!}} Soul Stories {{!}} Anarkali Marikar {{!}} Manorama Max |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/entertainment/celebrity-chats/2024/10/16/chat-with-team-soul-stories.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=പ്രിവിലേജുകൾ മനസ്സിലാക്കാന്‍ ശ്രമിക്കാറുണ്ട് {{!}} Soul Stories {{!}} Anarkali Marikar {{!}} Manorama Max |language=ml}}</ref> It is directed by Sanil Kalathil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The anthology series is divided into five short stories, each exploring the female psyche and body sensitively and sensibly, though not always smoothly or organically. |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/10/21/soul-stories-manorama-max-webseries-review-suhasini-anarkali.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=കയ്യടി നേടി 'സോൾ സ്‌റ്റോറീസ്'; മനോരമമാക്‌സിന്റെ ഒറിജിനൽ ആന്തോളജി സ്ട്രീമിങ് ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/ott/2024/10/19/soul-stories-streaming-started.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=കയ്യടി നേടി ‘സോൾ സ്‌റ്റോറീസ്’; മനോരമമാക്‌സിന്റെ ഒറിജിനൽ ആന്തോളജി സ്ട്രീമിങ് ആരംഭിച്ചു |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing trends: LGBTQ+, bold themes explored in Malayalam cinema in 2024 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/12/31/malayalam-cinema-changing-trends-queer-lesbian-gay-relationships-2024.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Changing trends: LGBTQ+, bold themes explored in Malayalam cinema in 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soul Stories trailer: Manorama Max's original web series looks at pertinent issues related to women |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/soul-stories-trailer-manorama-max-original-web-series-anarkali-marikar-suhasini/e86f693e66135 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The anthology series is divided into five short stories, each exploring the female psyche and body.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Soul Stories trailer: Manorama Max's original web series looks at pertinent issues related to women |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/soul-stories-trailer-manorama-max-original-web-series-anarkali-marikar-suhasini/e86f693e66135 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |title=Soul Stories OTT: സോൾ സ്റ്റോറീസ് ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/soul-stories-ott-release-date-platform-manorama-max-malayalam-web-series-7294990 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref> as Rani
* [[Anarkali Marikar]] as Vaishnavi
* Dayyana Hameed
* [[Renji Panicker]]
* RJ Karthik
* Wafa Khatheeja
* Asha Madathil
* [[Sminu Sijo]]
* Gopika Manjusha
* Nimna Fathoomi as Raiza<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soul Stories review: Anarkali Marikar's series stands up for women |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/soul-stories-review-anarkali-marikar-and-suhasini-maniratnams-series-stands-up-for-women/fd2623ac9b45 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The web weries was released on [[manoramaMAX]] OTT platform on October 18, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-15 |title=From 1000 Babies to Lubber Pandhu: Watch new OTT releases this week on Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar, Netflix |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-1000-babies-to-lubber-pandhu-watch-new-ott-releases-this-week-on-prime-video-disney-hotstar-netflix/articleshow/114254576.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=Upcoming South OTT Releases In Second Half Of October: 1000 Babies, ARM And More |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/upcoming-south-ott-releases-in-second-half-of-october-1000-babies-soul-stories-netflix-prime-video-hotstar-jiocinema-10194577 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Azad |first=Hardik |date=2024-10-06 |title=Soul Stories OTT Release Date: Official premiere date of Suhasini's upcoming Malayalam web series is finally out |url=https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/soul-stories-ott-release-date-official-premiere-date-of-suhasinis-upcoming-malayalam-web-series-is-finally-out/5330514.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=NewsroomPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=Soul Stories OTT release date Manorama Max: When to watch the Malayalam web series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/soul-stories-ott-release-date-manorama-max-when-to-watch-the-malayalam-web-series-641915.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Reception ==
"Soul Stories" garnered a generally positive reception upon its release on manoramaMAX, with critics and audiences praising its focus on diverse female experiences and its thought-provoking narratives.

'''Critical Response:'''

* '''Themes and Storytelling:''' The web series was lauded for its exploration of socially relevant subjects impacting women, such as sexuality, class differences, gender discrimination, and consent. Reviewers noted how the anthology format allowed for a sensitive and sensible, though not always smooth, portrayal of the female psyche and body. For instance, a review by Onmanorama highlighted the series' attempt to provide a "short guide to understanding women."<ref name=":0" />
* '''Performances:''' The ensemble cast, including Anarkali Marikar, Suhasini Maniratnam, Dayyana Hameed, and Renji Panicker, received appreciation for their nuanced performances. Suhasini Maniratnam's portrayal of a classical dancer and Dayyana Hameed's performance in a daring segment exploring a [[same-sex relationship]] were particularly highlighted by critics, including those from OTTPlay.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Soul Stories review: Anarkali Marikar's series stands up for women |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/soul-stories-review-anarkali-marikar-and-suhasini-maniratnams-series-stands-up-for-women/fd2623ac9b45 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Direction:''' Sanil Kalathil's direction was commended for its honest approach to depicting the travails of women and for staying true to the core idea of the series. As noted by OTTPlay, Kalathil "stays honest to the core idea as it portrays the travails of women."<ref name=":3" />
* '''Specific Episodes:''' Individual episodes were often singled out for their impact. "Kiss of Kochi," starring Anarkali Marikar, was praised for its unique and thought-provoking take on consent, with Onmanorama stating it offers a "unique view of consent that is both straightforward and thought-provoking." "Simhathinte Madiyil" was found relatable by parents of teenagers for its handling of adolescent challenges and the need for psychological help, as highlighted by Mobile Masala<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masala |first=Mobile |title=Home {{!}} Mobile Masala |url=https://www.mobilemasala.com/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Home {{!}} Mobile Masala |language=en}}</ref> and Onmanorama. "Neeril Veezhum Pookkal" was noted for its bold exploration of a same-sex relationship, with Onmanorama acknowledging its "daring" nature.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|34221824|Soul Stories}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]

Charmadi Ghat

2026-04-14T16:44:52Z

KennyRoss67889:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Charmadi Ghat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ghat
| image_skyline = File:Charmadi Ghat Road.jpg
| image_alt = Charmadi Ghat Road
| image_caption = Charmadi Ghat Road
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Charmadi
| coordinates = {{coord|13.05708|N|75.42791|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Chikmagalur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 150
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| elevation_max_point = [[Gadaikallu]]
}}

'''Charmadi Ghat''' (Charmady) is a [[Mountain pass|ghatti]] beginning from [[Belthangady taluk]] of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and ending in [[Mudigere]] taluk of [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]. It is one of the points in [[Western Ghats]] through which motorable road passes connecting Dakshina Kannada with [[Chikmagalur district]]. The section of ghat is known by the name of Charmadi Ghat. It lies on [[National Highway 173 (India)|National Highway 173]] which connects [[Mangalore]] to [[Kadur]]. The nearest places are Charmadi village, [[Ujire]], [[Belthangady]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Kottigehara]], Balur and [[Kalasa]] and [[Banakal]].

Charmadi Ghat starts from Charmadi village (''{{convert|153|m|ft}} above the [[Mean Sea Level|MSL]]'') (11 km from [[Ujire]]) and ends near [[Kottigehara]] (''{{convert|970|m|ft}} above MSL'')(16 km from [[Mudigere]]). Charmadi Ghat connects the north eastern part of Dakshina Kannada<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-paradise-hidden-away-from-the-busy-highway/article4153136.ece|date=1 December 2012|title=A paradise hidden away from the busy highway|access-date=7 June 2015|publisher=The Hindu newspaper}}</ref> to Chikmagalur district and the prominent highway is connecting Ujire (9 km from [[Dharmasthala]]) to Kottigehara (about 50 km from Chikmagalur). Ballarayanadurga is a fort atop a hill located about 10 km from Sunkasale, on the Kottigehara - Kalasa route.

Ballarayanadurga fort can be accessed from 2 sides - the shorter route from Sunkasale, located on the way from [[Horanadu]] or the longer route from Bandaje. In the Charmadi ghat, there is a waterfall named Bandaje Arbi (''arbi'' in Tulu means 'waterfall') which falls from a height of 200 feet. Gadaikallu peak has an elevation of 1700 feet.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/161769/F|date=16 May 2011|title=Varied landscapes of Charmadi|access-date=7 June 2015|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== National Highway 73 ==

The [[National Highway 73 (India)|National Highway 73]] (previously national highway 234) climbs the Western ghats from Charmadi. This ghat section has 12 Hairpin curves and receives very heavy rainfall of over 7000 mm during the monsoon. Some of the prominent peaks in this region include Jenukallu Gudda, Baalekallu Gudda and Kodekallu Gudda. In [[Kannada]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]], ''kode'' means 'umbrella', ''kallu'' means 'rock' and ''gudda'' means 'hill'. The roads in this ghat section are very narrow. Baalekallu Gudda is located at the 11th hairpin curve. On a clear day, the [[Mangalore]] coastline is visible from the top of Charmadi ghat. This ghat section is very deep compared to the other Ghat sections of Karnataka. Compared to other places in Dakshina Kannada, the winter is quite chilly in Charmadi because of the elevation.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/402776/many-faces-charmadi.html|date=29 April 2014|title=The many faces of Charmadi|access-date=7 June 2015|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery>

File:Kodekallu gudda - Charmadi ghat.jpg|Waterfall in Kodekallu Gudda of the Charmadi ghat

Sign showing the 8th Hairpin curve of Charmadi ghat.jpg|Sign by Charmadi ghat
Charmadi Ghat.jpg|Charmadi Ghat
File:Charmadi near Ujire.jpg|
File:Annappa Temple at Charmadi Ghat.png|Annappa Temple at Charmadi Ghat
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.team-bhp.com/forum/travelogues/76612-scenic-charmadi.html A Drive Through Charmadi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061202042009/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/24/stories/2006102414140300.htm Charmadi Ghat]

{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]

{{DakshinaKannada-geo-stub}}

Idar, Gujarat

2026-04-13T05:07:42Z

KennyRoss67889: stub...

{{More citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Idar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Idar hills.jpg
| image_alt = Idar hills
| image_caption = Idar hills
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.839|N|73.002|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sabarkantha district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Shrinivash Vanzara
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 195
| population_total = 295971
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 383430
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Idar''' is a town in [[Sabarkantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is known for the manufacture of handmade wooden toys, tiles, its temples and various beautiful architectural monuments on its hills, and its historical background. Idar is at the southern end of the [[Aravalli Range]].

==Etymology==
[[File:Idar GSRTC Bus Depo.jpg|thumb|Idar Bus Station]]
Idar was historically named '''Ilvadurg''', which means ''the fortress of Ilvan''. Its name was later corrupted into Idar.<ref name="Inamdar1936">{{cite book |last=Inamdar |first=P. A. |title=Some Archaeological Finds in the Idar State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7U9AAAAIAAJ |year=1936 |publisher=Department of Archaeology, Idar State |page=9}}</ref><ref name="Jaipur1967">{{cite book |author=Man Singh (Maharaja of Jaipur)|title=A history of the Indian state forces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zso8AQAAIAAJ |year=1967 |publisher=Orient Longmans}}</ref> It was mentioned in ''[[Padma Purana]]'' as well as in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' as Ila.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Trivedi |editor-first=M.R. |title=Gujarat State Gazetter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKLiAAAAMAAJ |volume=II |year=1991 |publisher=Government of Gujarat |location=Gandhinagar |pages=554–555 |oclc=26504060}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Idar}}
[[File:Mahi Kantha Agency British India map 1878.jpg|thumb|Idar in map of Mahi Kantha Agency, British India, 1878]]

===Legends===
The town is mentioned in ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''Bhavishottar Puran'' as 'Ilvadurg'. The exact date of its origin is not known; but it is believed that it came into
existence at the time when [[Yudhishthira]] was ruling over [[Hastinapur]] at the end
of the [[Kurukshetra War]] of Mahabharata.<ref name="Jaipur1967"/>

According to tradition, Idar has been celebrated from the earliest times. Even in the past cycle, ''[[yuga]]'', it was known, and in the present cycle, before the days of Vikram, the legendary king Veni Vachh Raj ruled at Idar, the possessor of a golden figure which helped him to build the hillfort and its reservoirs. His queen was a Nagputri, the daughter of a snake-king of the under world, whither, the legend says, she and her consort betook themselves when the queen found that men were mortal.<ref name=ghj>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Pálanpur, and Mahi Kántha (Public Domain text)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA437|year=1880|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=434–435}}</ref>

===Ancient history===
The first clear tradition shows Idar in the possession of Bhils.
Raja Mandlik Bhil was King of Ider.
After the fall of [[Vallabhi]] in 770, Kamalavati or Pushpavati, one of the wives of [[Maitraka]] king Shiladitya was at [[Ambaji]] to fulfil a vow. She heard news and took refuge in a cave in the mountains and there gave birth to a son called Gruhaditya or 'Goha', meaning cave-born.<ref name="Naravane1999">{{cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&pg=PA24 |year=1999 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-118-2 |pages=24–}}</ref> Making over the child to a [[Brahmin]] woman, the queen followed her husband through the fire. The young prince, of a daring character and adventurous spirit, soon passed out of his guardian's hands, and joining the Idar Bhils was by them chosen king. Whether in sport or earnest, the election was real, and for several generations his successors ruled in Idar. At last Nagaditya or Aparajita the eighth prince was killed by his subjects. He left a son named [[Bappa Rawal]] who never succeeded to his father's chiefship, but became the founder of [[Mewar dynasty]].<ref name="Wright1922">{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Arnold |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riBJH0J1FR0C&pg=PA120 |year=1922 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=120–}}</ref> The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] (640) mentions a place which he calls ''O-clia-li'', the Chinese way of writing Vadali, a village nearby. British General Cunningham identified this place with Idar. He further noted that in the eleventh century Vadali or Vadari was the capital of a family of chiefs claiming descent from Raja Bhara Gupta, whom the General believed to be the same as the above-mentioned Bappa. According to tradition, Idar was refounded by [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] Rajputs, who, subject to [[Chittor]], ruled there for several generations. Towards the close of the twelfth century, the Idar chief took part with [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], king of Delhi, against the [[Ghurid Sultanate]] and was killed in the [[second battle of Tarain|Battles of Tarain]] (1192). Idar then fell into the hands of a [[Koli People|Bhil]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BExuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sabarkantha+Bhil+king |title=Gazetteers: Sabarkantha District |date=1974 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications |language=en}}</ref> king named [[Hathi Sord]] who founded the Sord dynasty and was succeeded by his son Samalio Bhil. The latter was killed by a Rathod prince named Sonangji, who took occupied Idar, and became the founder of the dynasty of the Raos who
ruled there for several generations. After numerous changes of fortune and many struggles with the Muslims, the Raos had at last to leave Idar, and were, in 1728, succeeded by the Rathod
dynasty from [[Marwar]].<ref name=ghj/>

===Modern history===
{{Main|Idar State}}
Raja Anand Singh, with the help of his brother Rai Singh and a few horseman from [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] and the [[Kolis]] of Gadhwara, he established himself in Idar without difficulty in 1728 or 1729. He died in 1753. Then HH Maharaja Rajendra Singh became the ruler of princely state of [[Idar State|Idar]].<ref>uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/i/idar.html</ref> In 1924 it was made part of the [[Western India States Agency]]. It was transferred to the [[Rajputana]] states in the early 1940s. In 1949 it was dissolved and split between [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]] and [[Mehsana district]]s which were at that point in [[Bombay State]].<ref name="Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer p. 824">''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'', p. 824</ref> Both these districts became part of [[Gujarat]] when it was formed in 1960.

==Notable people==
[[File:Pratap Singh of Idar 1914.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Pratap Singh in 1914]]
* [[Pratap Singh of Idar|'''Lieutenant-General Maharaja Sri Sir Pratap Singh Sahib Bahadur of Idar''']] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order|GCVO]] (22 October 1845 – 4 September 1922), commonly known as '''Sir Pratap''', was a career [[British Indian Army]] officer, Maharaja of the [[princely state]] of Idar (Gujarat). Sir Pratap commanded his regiments heroically during the [[First World War]] in [[France]] and [[Flanders]]. He travelled to Europe often and was close to [[Queen Victoria]] and her family.
* [[Pannalal Patel]] (7 May 1912 – 6 April 1989) who was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] author. He was the recipient of [[Jnanpith Award]] in 1985 and [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1950.<ref name="Jnanpith Website">{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |title=Jnanpith Laureates Official listings |publisher=[[Jnanpith]] Website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122739/http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |archive-date=2007-10-13 }}</ref> Pannalal used to write novels in a dialect which is generally spoken in Sabarkantha district. He was educated at Sir Pratap High School of Idar.
* [[Umashankar Joshi]] (12 July 1911 – 19 December 1988) was an eminent poet, scholar, and writer. He received the [[Jnanpith Award]] in 1967 and [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1939 for his contribution to Indian, especially [[Gujarati literature]].<ref name="Jnanpith Website"/> He was also an alumnus of The Sir Pratap High School of Idar.
* [[Arvind Trivedi]], an [[India]]n actor. He, alongside his brother [[Upendra Trivedi]], has been prolific in [[Gujarati cinema]]. He is also famous for portraying [[Ravana|Ravan]] in [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s television series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]''. Both the brothers belong to village Kukadiya near Idar town.
* [[Rao Sonag]], the first Rao of Idar, who was from the Marwar Dynasty.

==Geography==
[[File:Sir Pratap High School Idar2.jpg|thumb|Sir Pratap High School]]
Idar is located at {{Coord|23.83|N|73.0|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Idar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Idar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 195 metres (639 feet).
Idar is home to the very scenic and beautiful mountains with round shaped grey or red granite rocks.

===Climate===
Idar has a [[tropical savanna climate]] (Köppen ''Aw'') with a very long dry season and a moderate wet season. Daytime temperatures are high throughout the year, but nighttime temperatures can dip below {{convert|10|C|F}} in the dry season.

Highest recorded temperature:{{Convert|48.5|C|F|abbr=on}} on 22 May 2010<ref name="NCEI">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Idar-42651 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/IDAR_42651.xlsx |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=23 March 2024 |format=XLSX}}</ref> Lowest recorded temperature:{{Convert|4.8|C|F|abbr=on}} on 22 January 1962<ref name="NCEI"/>

{{weather box
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|location = Idar (1991–2020, extremes 1957–2020)

| Jan record high C = 35.5
| Feb record high C = 39.5
| Mar record high C = 44.5
| Apr record high C = 46.8
| May record high C = 48.5
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 41.4
| Aug record high C = 38.8
| Sep record high C = 41.5
| Oct record high C = 41.1
| Nov record high C = 39.1
| Dec record high C = 37.0
| year record high C = 48.5
| Jan high C = 28.7
| Feb high C = 31.2
| Mar high C = 36.5
| Apr high C = 39.9
| May high C = 41.3
| Jun high C = 38.7
| Jul high C = 33.1
| Aug high C = 31.6
| Sep high C = 33.4
| Oct high C = 36.3
| Nov high C = 33.6
| Dec high C = 30.4
| year high C = 34.6
| Jan low C = 13.8
| Feb low C = 16.1
| Mar low C = 20.7
| Apr low C = 24.3
| May low C = 26.4
| Jun low C = 26.7
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 24.7
| Sep low C = 24.4
| Oct low C = 23.2
| Nov low C = 19.7
| Dec low C = 15.2
| year low C = 21.7
| Jan record low C = 4.8
| Feb record low C = 5.1
| Mar record low C = 9.0
| Apr record low C = 13.0
| May record low C = 15.0
| Jun record low C = 15.0
| Jul record low C = 16.0
| Aug record low C = 18.0
| Sep record low C = 17.0
| Oct record low C = 11.0
| Nov record low C = 10.0
| Dec record low C = 7.7
|year record low C = 4.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm =0.6
| Feb rain mm =0.7
| Mar rain mm =0.5
| Apr rain mm =1.8
| May rain mm =3.5
| Jun rain mm =69.9
| Jul rain mm =291.1
| Aug rain mm =259.3
| Sep rain mm =147.5
| Oct rain mm =16.1
| Nov rain mm =0.2
| Dec rain mm =0.6
| year rain mm = 791.9
| Jan rain days =0.1
| Feb rain days =0.0
| Mar rain days =0.0
| Apr rain days =0.1
| May rain days =0.2
| Jun rain days =3.2
| Jul rain days =10.3
| Aug rain days =10.6
| Sep rain days =5.8
| Oct rain days =0.8
| Nov rain days =0.1
| Dec rain days =0.1
| year rain days = 31.3
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 32
| Feb humidity = 30
| Mar humidity = 21
| Apr humidity = 21
| May humidity = 24
| Jun humidity = 42
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 71
| Sep humidity = 59
| Oct humidity = 37
| Nov humidity = 34
| Dec humidity = 35
|year humidity = 38
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Idar Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 333–334
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M54
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Economy==
Idar is a region which has become a hub for cotton ginning and processing. It also has a very strong network of dairy co-operatives which helps it stay firm on an economic footing in years where the rains are not good.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Idar had a population of 29,567. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Idar has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 61%. 13% of Idar's population is under 6 years of age.

Jain, Brahmins, Patel, Mansuri, Darbar, Suthar (Mistry), Vaishnav Vaniya, Desai, Darji, Soni (goldsmiths), Vankars, and Thuri community live here.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

==Places of interest==
{{wide image|Panorama of Idar City.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|360° panorama of Idar hills}}
* '''Ramaleshvar lake''', said to have been built by Rao Ranmal, with its western bank covered with picturesque domed cupolas, ''chhatri''s, raised over the ashes of the forefathers of the leading Idar families.<ref name=ghj/>
* '''Shantinath Shwetambar Jain Dersar:''' It is placed on Idar Gadh almost 450 steps. Very ancient and historical temple with full of architectural marvell. Revered place for Jain Community. Chief idol of Shantinath is believed to be old of the Maurya Era.
* '''Fort''': The town was surrounded by a brick wall in the past which had three gateways named Mira Darwaja, Dhuleta Darwaja, marked with many red hands each recording a victim to the rite of [[Sati (practice)|sati]]. Inside of the wall, a road, running round the town, leads to the ''Gantino Darwajo'', a rock-cut passage giving access to the main route to Rajasthan in past. Only a portion of the fortification is present now.<ref name=ghj/>
[[File:Clock Tower Idar Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Idar clock tower]]
* '''Clock Tower''', the starting of old town<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |title=India Guide Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA188 |year=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |page=188}}</ref>
* '''Chaturbhuj Stepwell''', an ancient stone stepwell
* '''Idargadh palaces''': At the end of the town and immediately under the hill is the palace, a large building with no architectural pretensions. The palace is said to have been built by Maharaja Dowlatsinhji in early twentieth century. Behind the palace, on the south-western face of the range of hills, which joins the Vindhya and [[Aravalli Range]], rises '''Idargadh''', so steep, rocky, and well fortified, that according to the local saying, to take Idargadh is to achieve the impossible. So, a famous folk song was mostly sung in traditional marriages, ''Áme Êderio Gadh Ĵitya Re Aanand Bhayo'' (We are very happy that we have conquered Idar Fort). From the palace a steep and easily held pathway leads through more than one gateway and fortified work to the fortress plateau, a table land raised well above the plain surrounded by heights, and with the gaps in the crest filled in and strengthened by ramparts. From below, two buildings, on opposite peaks, attract attention. The other building, on an enormous granite peak to the right, domed and of fine stone, lately smothered with whitewash, is known as the '''Roothi Rani no Mahel''' or Angry Queen's Palace. [[File:Indien 2010 0771 Idargadh Roothi Rani no Mahel.png|thumb|Idargadh Roothi Rani no Mahel]] It measures twenty-five feet long by nineteen broad and twelve high. The story is that when Rao Narayanji or Narandas (1573) driven from Idar by [[Akbar]], took refuge in Polo forests, in spite of a terrible ulcer on his back, he continued to harass the Musalmans. One day, when his back was being dressed, his Rani came into the room, and, seeing the fearful sore, mournfully shook her head. Noticing this in a mirror, the Rao asked why she shook her head. She said 'from what I see I have no hope that you will regain your lost throne.' This so annoyed her husband that he left the house, and, afterward, when he retook Idar, he refused to see the Rani's face. Disgusted at this treatment, and unwilling to live in her husband's palace, the Rani had a dwelling built on the highest peak of the hill and there passed the rest of her life. Some centuries after, this palace was the scene of a cruel assassination. Surajmal, Thakor of Chandni who had saved Idar from the Marathas, was so puffed up by his success that he gave great offence, especially to Bhavanisingh the son and heir- apparent of the old Maharaja Shivsingh. Bent on revenge the prince invited Surajmal to a feast, and, under pretence of inspecting the fort, took him up to the Angry Queen's Palace and there killed him. The way into the fort is by a stone paved pathway, the stone slippery and polished from the wear of ages. Passing under more or less ruined gateways the pathway leads to a part of the hill between, and much lower than, the two peaks.
*Following the path, on the right hand is a house built by the late Maharaja after a Mount Abu pattern. There are some ruins said to be remains of the Raos' old palace. Further on is a well-preserved freestone.
*'''The Queen's palace''' is rather difficult to reach, as, besides climbing to the top of the peak, a high smooth narrow granite ridge, unsafe for booted feet, has to bo crossed.
* '''Sheela Udyan''', a rock garden
* '''Harishchandra Ki Chouri''', where Raja Harishchandra got married
* '''Kharadi Bazaar''', the market of toys

==Main temples==
[[File:Greenery of idar.jpg|thumb|Rani Talav with Jain temple in the centre]]
*'''Shantinath Shwetambar Temple''':This temple belongs to the Śvetāmbara Jain sect and dedicated to Shantinath, the sixteenth Tirthankara. This temple, measuring 160 feet by 125 and 55 high.Chief Idol of Lord Shantinath is evidently of considerable age of Maurya Era- King [[Samprati]], 2300 years old. [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarpal]] maharaja renovated it with the preaching of Kalikalsarvagya [[Hemachandra|Hemchandracharya]] in the 11th century. In the 15th-16th century, temple again renovated. Its last and grand Jirnodhhar/Renovation was done by Samast Shwetambar Murtipujak Jain Sangh in the 1970 Vikram Samvat by the blessings of Kamalsuriji and Labdhisuriji. [[Shankheshwar]] tirth pedhi has given considerable amount. This is revered place for jains. Temple have marvellous structure and architecture. Temple is form in 52 jinalayas
*'''Sambhavanath Temple''' : Sambhavanath Temple is a [[Digambara]] Jain sect and dedicated to [[Sambhavanath]], the third Tirthankara. This seems of even greater age than the other, but, like it, bears no date.
*Within the limits of the fort, with a wall and terraces in front, is a natural cavern twenty-eight feet by eighteen and seven high, containing an image of ''Vajra Mata'' a goddess worshipped by Hindus of all castes. The whole of the hill is surrounded with more or less ruined fortifications. To the rear are the remains of a fortified gateway, opening on the plain behind, a way of escape for the too hard-pressed defenders of the fort. It was through this gateway that Maharaja Anandsingji fled in 1733 and was attacked and slain by a party of Rehvar horse. The interior of the hill-fort, or rather fortified hill, is very striking from the dense brushwood by which the ruins are more or less hid. Perhaps the finest view is near Shambhavnath's temple, whence, looking towards the Angry Queen's Palace, the sheer scarp of the great granite peak, towering above the trees, stands clear against the sky.
* '''Rani Talav''', a lake, half a mile to the north-east of Idar, has an area of ninety-four acres and a greatest depth of seventeen feet. Its supply lasts throughout the year but is used for irrigation. The east side of the lake is banked with masonry steps. It is said, but this is doubtful, to have been dug and built about 380 years ago by the wife of Rao Bhau, chief of Idar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Pálanpur, and Mahi Kántha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA358-IA1|year=1880|publisher=Government Central Press|page=356}}</ref> The '''Pavapuri Jain temple of [[Śvetāmbara|Swetambar]]''' sect built recently in the centre of the lake which can be reached by a bridge. The main temple is around 72 feet high, 72 feet long and is built on 72 pillars. The height of central idol of [[Mahavira]] is 72 cm which is surrounded by 72 carved figurines.

[[File:Shrimad Rajchandra Vihar Idar2.jpg|thumb|Shrimad Rajchandra Vihar]]
* '''Shrimad Rajchandra Vihar''', a Jain temple complex on eastern hillock dedicated to [[Shrimad Rajchandra]].<ref name="Desai2007"/>
*'''Swaminarayan temple''': raised at a cost of about £5000 (Rs. 50,000) around the 1870s.<ref name=ghj/>
*'''Cave temple of Khokhanath Mahadev''', thirty feet long by twenty broad and from four to sis high, supposed to bo upwards of 400 years old. On a rising ground, south of the town and close to the wall, is the '''cave temple of Dhaneshvar Mahadev''', a natural rock cavern twenty feet long by ten broad and from five to seven high. Three-quarters of a mile south-west of the town, on a rising ground, is the '''cave of Mankaleshvar Mahadev''', twenty feet long by twelve broad and from five to ten high.<ref name=ghj/><ref name="Desai2007"/>
*'''Haveli''': A temple belonging to the Vallabhacharya sect, completed around 1878 at a cost of about £2000 (Rs. 20,000).<ref name=ghj/>
*'''Ranmal's Choki''' or guardroom, seems to be an unfinished Jain temple, the building of which was stopped after the flat stone ceiling had been put on.

==See also==
*[[Kadiadara]]
*[[Kava, Idar]]
*[[Sherpur, Sabarkantha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Idar |volume=14 |short=x}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160136/http://www.idartalukapanchayat.org/index.html Idar taluka panchayat]
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/i/idar.html History of idar(2)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930005317/http://www.idartirth.org/ Idar Tirth]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928165603/http://www.jainworld.biz/temples1/temples12/idar/idar.htm Idar jain temples Photo]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sabarkantha district]]

Palasa revenue division

2026-04-12T02:01:09Z

KennyRoss67889: stub.

{{Short description|Revenue division in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Palasa revenue division
| settlement_type = [[Revenue division]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Palasa revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Srikakulam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises 7 [[mandals]]. It was formed on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2022 |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |access-date=31 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The revenue division comprises 7 mandals: Ichchapuram, Kanchili, Kaviti, Mandasa, Palasa, Sompeta, and Vajrapukottur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Srikakulam district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Inder Raj Anand

2026-04-10T12:07:18Z

KennyRoss67889:

{{Short description|Indian film dialogue and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Inder Raj Anand
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan| West Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date|1987|3|6|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film dialogue writer|Screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1940s–1987
| works = ''[[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]]'', ''[[Aah (film)|Aah]]'', ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'', ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'', ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]''
| children = {{ubl|[[Tinnu Anand]]|Bittu Anand}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Siddharth Anand]] (grandson)|[[Mukul Anand]] (nephew)}}
}}
'''Inder Raj Anand''' (died 6 March 1987) was an Indian film dialogue and screenwriter in [[Hindi cinema]], who worked on many [[Raj Kapoor]] films, starting with ''[[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]]'' (1948), ''[[Aah (film)|Aah]]'' (1953), ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'' (1959) and ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'' (1964).<ref>[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 304]]</ref> While formally referred to as a writer for Hindi films, he was actually an [[Urdu literature|Urdu writer]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Nandy|first=Ashis|title=The Secret Politics of Our Desires: Innocence, Culpability and Indian Popular Cinema|date=1998|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=9781856495165|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-mFd5pfgNsC&pg=PA97|language=en}}</ref> writing his scripts and dialogues in [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aḵẖtar|first1=Jāvīd|author-link1=Javed Akhtar|last2=Kabir|first2=Nasreen Munni|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195664621|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=JA: I write dialogue in Urdu, but the action and descriptions are in English. Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into Devnagari because most people read Hindi. But I write in Urdu. Not only me, I think most of the writers working in this so-called Hindi cinema write in Urdu: [[Gulzar]], or [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] or Inder Raj Anand or [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] or [[Wajahat Mirza|Vahajat Mirza]], who wrote dialogue for films like ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' and ''[[Mother India]]''. So most dialogue-writers and most song-writers are from the Urdu discipline, even today.}}</ref>

He was father to actor-director [[Tinnu Anand]] and producer Bittu Anand. Inder's grandson is film director [[Siddharth Anand]] (''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005) and ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010)).<ref>{{cite news |title=Salaam Namaste's director is 'very anxious' |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/06sid.htm |publisher=Rediff.com Movies |date=6 September 2005 }}</ref> Famous director [[Mukul Anand]] was Inder's nephew. [[Shahenshah (1988 film)|''Shahenshah'']], starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], was Inder's last film as a writer. It was produced by his son, Bittu, and was directed by Tinnu. Shahenshah was released after Inder's death and it became one of the biggest hits of that year.

== Early life ==
Anand was born in [[Sargodha, Punjab]] (now [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) and would spend his student years in [[Lahore]] and [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad, Sindh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |edition=2nd |location=Hoboken |pages=43}}</ref>

== Career ==
Anand began his career as a writer associated with [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]’s [[Prithvi Theatres]] and the People’s Theatre movement in Mumbai. He was also closely associated with writer and director [[K. A. Abbas]] through the [[Indian People's Theatre Association|Indian People’s Theatre Association (IPTA)]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nandy |first=Ashis |title=The Secret Politics of Our Desires: Innocence, Culpability and Indian Popular Cinema |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1998 |isbn=9781856495165 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-mFd5pfgNsC&pg=PA97}}</ref>

During his career, Anand wrote screenplays and dialogue for numerous Hindi films, including ''[[Safar]]'', ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'', and ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gulzar |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) |year=2003 |page=304}}</ref> Several films written by Anand such as ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'', ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'', and ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'' were commercially successful and remain well known in popular Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=वो राइटर जिसके बिना अमिताभ बच्चन कभी न बन पाते Shahenshah, मौत से ठीक पहले लिखा था 23 पन्नों का डायलॉग |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/35-years-of-amitabh-bachchan-film-shahenshah-inder-raj-anand-written-23-page-dialogue-just-before-his-death-5554998/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=India.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2022 |title=Do you know Shahenshah writer created 23 pages of dialogues day before his death? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/do-you-know-shahenshah-writer-created-23-pages-of-dialogues-day-before-his-death-101659607294856.html |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Film !! Credit
|-
| 1948 || Phool Aur Kante || Writer
|-
| 1948 || [[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]] || Story and screenplay, dialogues
|-
| 1950 || Birha Ki Raat || Story, screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1951 || [[Naujawan (1951 film)|Naujawan]] || Dialogues and story
|-
| 1953 || [[Aah (film)|Aah]] || Story, screenplays and dialogues
|-
| 1956 || [[New Delhi (1956 film) |New Delhi]] || Screenplay
|-
| 1956 || [[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]] || Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1957 || [[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]] || Screenplay
|-
| 1959 || [[Choti Bahen]] || Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1959 || [[Char Dil Char Rahen]] || Writer
|-
| 1959 || [[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]] || Dialogues, screenplay and story
|-
| 1960 || [[Chhalia]] || Story & Dialogues
|-
| 1961 || [[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]] || Dialogues and screenplay
|-
| 1962 || [[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Deewana]] || Writer
|-
| 1962 || [[Asli-Naqli |Asli-Naqli]] || Writer
|-
| 1963 || [[Hamrahi (1963 film)|Hamrahi]] || Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1963 || [[Bahurani (1963 film)|Bahurani]] || Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1964 || [[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]|| Writer
|-
| 1964 || [[Phoolon Ki Sej]] || Writer and '''Director'''
|-
| 1964 || [[Dulha Dulhan]] || Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1964 || Beti Bete || Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1965 || Aasman Mehel || Writer
|-
| 1966 || Chotta Bhai || Dialogues
|-
| 1968 || Vaasna || Dialogues
|-
| 1968 || [[Sapno Ka Saudagar]] || Story
|-
| 1969 || Nanha Farishta || Dialogues
|-
| 1969 || Bhai Behen || Writer
|-
| 1970 || [[Safar (1970 film)|Safar]] || Writer
|-
| 1970 || [[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1970 || [[Devi (1970 film)|Devi]] || Story, screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1970 || [[Aansoo Aur Muskaan |Aansoo Aur Muskaan]] || Writer, Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1971 || [[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1971 || [[Upaasna]] || Screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1971 || [[Rakhwala (1971 film)|Rakhwala]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1972 || [[Apna Desh]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1972 || [[Anokha Daan]] || Writer
|-
| 1972 || [[Jawani Diwani |Jawani Diwani]] || Writer
|-
| 1973 || [[Gaai Aur Gori|Gai Aur Gori]] || Writer
|-
| 1974 || [[Humshakal (1974 film)|Humshakal]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1974 || [[Faslah]] || Writer
|-
| 1974 || [[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1975 || [[Sunehra Sansar]] || Writer
|-
| 1975 || [[Raaja]] || Writer
|-
| 1975 || [[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1976 || [[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1977 || [[Dildaar]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1977 || [[Aaina (1974 film)|Aaina]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1977 || [[Yehi Hai Zindagi]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1979 || [[Jaani Dushman]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1981 || [[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1981 || [[Kaalia]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1982 || [[Vakil Babu]] || Dialogues
|-
| 1983 || Lovers || Dialogues
|-
| 1984 || [[Raaj Tilak]] || Writer
|-
| 1984 || [[Jeene Nahi Doonga]] || Writer
|-
| 1985 ||[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]|| Dialogues
|-
| 1988 ||[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]|| Screenplay
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite encyclopedia |chapter= Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema |author=Gulzar |author-link= Gulzar|first2= Govind |last2=Nihalani |first3=Saibal |last3=Chatterjee |title=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003|isbn=8179910660 |page=304|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Inder+Raj+Anand+screenwriter&pg=PT328 |ref=Gu }}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|inder-raj-anand}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Inder Raj}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Abdul Halim (communist)

2026-04-01T02:36:10Z

KennyRoss67889: starting basic bio needs work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Halim
| image = Abdul Halim communist.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_names =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Council]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1966
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|12|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Burdwan district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1966|04|29|1901|12|06|df=y}}
| source = https://www.cpim.org/history/biographical-notes-abdul-halim-1901-1966
}}

'''Abdul Halim ''' (6 December 1901 – 29 April 1966) was an Indian politician, and communist activist. He was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Council]] from 1952 to 1966.<ref name="Abdul Halim">{{cite web |title=Biographical Notes: Abdul Halim: 1901-1966 |url=https://www.cpim.org/history/biographical-notes-abdul-halim-1901-1966 |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |language=en |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701004620/https://www.cpim.org/history/biographical-notes-abdul-halim-1901-1966 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Abdul Halim was born on 6 December 1901 to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of [[Katwa subdivision|Keuburi]] in [[Burdwan district]], located in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] of the [[British Raj]]. His father, Abul Husayn, was an employee of the [[Zamindar]]s of Kirnahar, and his grandfather, [[Munshi]] Abdul Baset, was a circle inspector for [[Calcutta Police]].<ref>{{cite book|script-title=bn:নবজীবনের পথে|lang=bn|year=1966|author=Abdul Halim|publisher=National Book Agency|page=4}}</ref>

After studying up to class IX at [[Shivachandra High School]] in Kirnahar, he left home and came to [[Calcutta]], working as a labourer on a ship for some time. During this time, he achieved outstanding proficiency in the Bengali and English languages on his own initiative. He regularly went to the general library and practised his studies. Due to lack of funds, he was unable to complete his secondary education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bairathi |first=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Zb04Eh1gkC&dq=abdul+halim+communist&pg=PA216 |title=Communism and Nationalism in India: A Study in Inter-relationship, 1919-1947 |date=1987 |publisher=Anamika Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85150-00-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political movement==
In 1921, he joined [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] and was imprisoned.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&dq=abdul+halim+communist&pg=PA215 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |language=en}}</ref> After his release, he made contact with [[Muzaffar Ahmad]] and [[Addur Rezzak Khan]]; and joined the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]]. He was involved in the publication of ''Langal'' by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and ''Ganabani'' by [[Muzaffar Ahmad|Muzaffar Amhad]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> When (1929-1936) Ahmad and others were imprisoned in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case|Meerut Conspiracy]] Case, he worked to organise the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]]. In 1933–34, he was influential in reshaping the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI]] Central Committee.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Anjan |title=banglay bamera |date=1 January 2020 |url=https://www.amazon.in/banglay-bamera-Anjan-Basu/dp/B092LGBMQN/ref=sr_1_1?qid=1654768589&refinements=p_27%3AAnjan+Basu&s=books&sr=1-1 |language=Bengali}}</ref> In 1925, he co-founded the [[Labor Swaraj Party]] alongside [[Hemanta Kumar Sarkar|Hemant Kumar Sarkar]], writer Naresh Chandra Sengupta, and advocate Atul Gupta. On the initiative of publishing communist literature, he founded [[Ganashakti]] Publishing House. He has been imprisoned several times for his involvement with the tram, the food movement, and his writing. From 1952 until his death on 29 April 1966, he was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Council]].<ref name=" Abdul Halim" />

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Abdul Halim, Saroj Mukherjee, Muzaffar Ahmed1938.jpg|Abdul Halim, [[Saroj Mukherjee]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad|Muzaffar Ahmed]] (From left to right) at [[Chandannagar|Chandarnagore]]
</gallery>

==Books==
He wrote some books on communism, including<ref name=":0" />
* ''Tikasaha Communist Ishtahar'' ({{lang|bn|টীকা সহ কমিউনিস্ট ইশতেহার}})
* ''Russiar Ganaandolan'' ({{lang|bn|রুশিয়ার গণ-আন্দোলন}})
* ''Communism'' ({{lang|bn|কমিউনিজম}})

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Halim}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:Bengali communists]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the West Bengal Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Deepti Omchery Bhalla

2026-03-24T14:58:44Z

KennyRoss67889: made a article w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Deepti Omchery Bhalla''' (born 1957) is a professor in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Music]] at the Faculty of Music and Fine Arts, [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]], and a [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccrtindia.gov.in/DeeptiOmcherryBhalla.htm |accessdate=24 October 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deepti Bhalla |url=https://music.du.ac.in/professor/deepti-bhalla.php |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=music.du.ac.in}}</ref>

==Education==
Bhalla was born in [[Delhi]] in 1957.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=DEEPTI OMCHERY BHALLA Akademi Award: Mohiniattam |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Deepti_Omchery_Bhalla.pdf |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Sangeet Natak Akademi}}</ref>

She was trained in dancing and singing by her mother [[Leela Omchery]], a [[carnatic music|carnatic]] singer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.heritageindia.org/deepthi/artist.htm | title=Dr. Deepti Omchery Bhalla | publisher=heritageindia.org | accessdate=1 February 2019 | archive-date=18 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218150141/http://www.heritageindia.org/deepthi/artist.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> She learned Mohiniyattam, the female classical solo dance from [[Kerala]], from [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]].

Bhalla attended the University of Delhi, where she obtained her bachelor's degree, masters, and Phd in Carnatic music.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Bhalla served as an assistant secretary at the [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] in Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> She became an [[assistant professor]] at the University of Delhi in 1985. She became an [[associate professor]] in 1995, and a [[professor]] in 1996.<ref name=":0" />

Her research has focused on music and dance from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2016-11-24 |title=One step ahead |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/One-step-ahead/article16687070.ece |access-date=2023-04-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards ==
She received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Dance |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=keralaculture.org |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala}}</ref> and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2007.<ref name="SNA Awardees' List">{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA Awardees' List |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |date=2016 |accessdate=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331060603/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archivedate=31 March 2016 }}</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.heritageindia.org/deepthi.htm Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130182355/http://www.heritageindia.org/deepthi.htm |date=30 January 2020 }}

== See also ==
*[[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]]

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalla, Deepti Omchery}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali

2026-03-22T15:49:09Z

KennyRoss67889: small updated page for accuracy additionally

{{Short description|Educational institute in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
| native_name =
| image_name = IISER-Mohali Logo.svg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng = In Pursuit of Knowledge
| established = {{start date and age|2006}}<ref name=IISER_Mohali>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF IISER MOHALI |url=https://www.iisermohali.ac.in/web/foundationday/about.html |publisher=IISER Mohali}}</ref>
| closed =
| type = [[Public university]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = [[Jhillu Singh Yadav]]
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| founder = [[Narayanasami Sathyamurthy]]
| director = [[Anil Kumar Tripathi (academician)|Anil Kumar Tripathi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=IISER Mohali appoints BHU professor Anil Kumar Tripathi as new Director |date=18 April 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iiser-mohali-appoints-bhu-professor-anil-kumar-tripathi-as-new-director-9277847/}}</ref>
| dean =
| head =
| administrative_staff =
| city = [[Mohali]]
| state = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.663611|76.7275|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| academic_staff = 125<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.iisermohali.ac.in/files/pdf/NIRF/NIRF2024.pdf |publisher=IISER Mohali}}</ref>
| students = 1,668<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| undergrad = 1,085<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad =
| doctoral = 583<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| campus = Urban, 125 acres
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| address = IISER Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector -81, Mohali, Punjab.-140306
| affiliations = Autonomous, Institute of National Importance
| website = {{URL|www.iisermohali.ac.in}}
| logo = IISER-mohaliwordmark.svg
| logo_upright = 1
| footnotes =
}}
'''Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali''' ('''IISER Mohali''') is an autonomous [[Public university|public]] [[research institute]] established in 2007 at [[Mohali]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is one of the seven [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISERs), established by the Ministry of Human Resources and Development, Government of India, to research in frontier areas of science and to provide science education at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. It was established after [[IISER Pune]] and [[IISER Kolkata]] and is recognized as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]] by the GoI. Institute focuses on [[Basic research|pure research]] as well as [[Applied science|interdisciplinary research]] in various fields of science. It is located in Knowledge City, Mohali, where the campuses of other research institutes like [[Institute of Nano Science and Technology|INST]], CIAB and NABI are also located.
[[File:IISER Mohali in Spring 2014.JPG|thumb|IISER Mohali in spring]]

==History==
The institute was approved by The Planning Commission in New Delhi in July 2006 and land was provided by The Punjab State government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/new-science-institute-to-come-up-in-mohali/article3106728.ece |title=New Science Institute to come up in Mohali - OTHER STATES |work=The Hindu |date=2006-07-18 |access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref> The foundation stone of IISER Mohali was laid on 27 September 2006 by the former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iiser-starts-classes-from-new-campus-at-mohali/734905/ |title=IISER starts classes from new campus at Mohali |publisher=Indian Express |date=2011-01-08 |access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref> The Computing Facility of IISER Mohali was inaugurated on 3 September 2007 by [[Thirumalachari Ramasami|T. Ramasami]] (Secretary, Department of Science and Technology).<ref>{{cite web|title=Events - IISER|url=http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/events.html|website=Iisermohali.ac.in|access-date=10 August 2011|archive-date=12 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812175517/http://iisermohali.ac.in/events.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Earth-breaking ceremony for IISER boundary wall was held on 29 December 2008 at the proposed campus site in Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar. The ceremony was performed by [[Narayanasami Sathyamurthy|N. Sathyamurthy]], the founding director of the institute.

[[C.N.R. Rao]] inaugurated the Chemistry Research Laboratory on 8 April 2009. The Central Analytical Facility of IISER Mohali has been inaugurated in March 2010. Initially, the institute started its working from a transit campus in Mahatma Gandhi State Institute of Public Administration (MGSIPA), Chandigarh. In March 2010, the institute started shifting to its permanent campus in Knowledge City at Sector 81 with the opening of Central Analytical Facility (CAF) and completed the shifting in May 2013 by shutting operations in MGSIPAP complex, Sector 26, [[Chandigarh]].

==Academics==
===Academic Programs ===
Source:<ref name="Academics Programs - IISER Mohali">{{Cite web|title=Academics Programs - IISER Mohali|url=https://www.iisermohali.ac.in/academics-programs/academics/academic-programs|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.iisermohali.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IISER Admission 2021|url=http://www.iiseradmission.in/about.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.iiseradmission.in}}</ref>

The institute offers the following programs:
*Integrated Master's level (B.S.-M.S.): Admission to this program is after 10+2 years of school training and is done through the [[IISER]]s Joint Admissions Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=IISER Joint Admissions Committee|url=https://www.iiseradmission.in/|website=www.iiseradmission.in|access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - IISER Mohali|url=https://www.iisermohali.ac.in/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.iisermohali.ac.in}}</ref>
*Integrated Doctoral Program (Int. Ph.D.): Integrated Ph.D. involves a master's degree (M.S. Research) followed by a doctorate (Ph.D.). Students may opt for MS exit after 2 years coursework and 1 year mandatory thesis work(after completing coursework). Students admitted under this program is entitled with Institute fellowship, starting from MS 1st year till 4th year of Ph.D.. Students after three years of undergraduate education can join the program.<ref name="Academics Programs - IISER Mohali"/>
*Doctoral Program ([[Ph.D.]]): IISER Mohali has a separate doctoral program, in hard sciences or in the Humanities & Social Sciences Department, which requires a master's degree as qualification.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PhD Program - IISER Mohali|url=https://www.iisermohali.ac.in/academics-programs/academics/phd-program|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.iisermohali.ac.in}}</ref>

===Admissions===
Admissions to UG courses in IISERs are done exclusively through the [[IISER Aptitude Test]] (IAT)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admission to IISERs |url=https://iiseradmission.in/examination/eligibility.html#adm-cha |website=iiseradmission.in}}</ref>

===Reputation and Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
|NIRF_O_2024=64|NIRF_R_2024=49}}
The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it 49 in research and 64 overall in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Organization and administration ==
===Departments===
IISER Mohali is currently having six departments:
* Department of [[Physics|Physical Sciences]]
* Department of [[Chemistry|Chemical Sciences]]
* Department of [[Mathematics|Mathematical Sciences]]
* Department of [[Biology|Biological Science]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://14.139.227.202/dept/dbs/ |title = IISER | Department of Biological Science, IISER Mohali}}</ref>
* Department of [[Earth science|Earth Science]]
* Department of [[Social science|Humanities and Social Sciences]]

==Student life==
[[File:IISER Mohali Stadium.JPG|thumb|IISER Mohali's stadium (Capacity: >1000)]]
===National Science Day celebrations===
[[National Science Day]] celebrations on 28 February are a regular feature at IISER Mohali, every year.<ref>[http://iisermohali.ac.in/scienceday2014/index.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629025012/http://iisermohali.ac.in/scienceday2014/index.html|date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Invitations are sent to schools in [[Mohali]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Panchkula]] and nearby areas.
The focus of the day is on science and mathematics demonstrations prepared by IISER Mohali students and faculty members. A large number of schools send teams for inter-school competitions such as science quizzes, group discussions, treasure hunt, junkyard wars, poster presentation held on this day. Other non-competitive events such as documentary screening, anti-superstition demonstrations, etc. are also held. The day usually ends with a 'panel discussion' in which the school students ask science-related questions to a panel of faculty members of IISER Mohali.
Since 2015, the Science Day celebrations have been shifted to 27 September, IISER Mohali's Foundation Day, as this date is more convenient for school students in the region.

===Opportunity Cell===
The Opportunity Cell was first proposed by the Student Representative Council, in October 2011 as a joint student-faculty
body to provide guidance to students about research and job opportunities. In the year 2012−13, the opportunity cell established a summer
research and internship programme with [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] (NCBS), Bangalore, Connexios Life sciences <ref>{{cite web |url=http://connexios.com/ |title=Connexios Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd |website=Connexios.com |access-date=2015-12-31 |archive-date=28 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228081509/http://connexios.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Lucid Software Limited (Lucid). It also organised various seminars such as
"Alternative Careers in Science", "Research Opportunities at [[University of St Andrews]]" etc. Currently the cell disseminates information about
summer research programmes, PhD positions and research oriented jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iisermohali.ac.in/OppCell_f1-master/public/index.php/home |title=Home | Opportunity Cell |website=Iisermohali.ac.in |access-date=2015-12-31 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913103253/http://iisermohali.ac.in/OppCell_f1-master/public/index.php/home |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Student representation ===
The students enrolled in the institute are represented by Student Representative Council (SRC), whose members are voted by an election held annually.

=== Festivals ===
Insomnia is the main cultural festival that is held every year but with the access restricted to the students belonging to the campus. The students participate in the Inter-IISERs Cultural Meet (IICM) along with Inter-IISERs Sports Meet (IISM), each of which is hosted by one of the [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research|IISERs]] consortium along with [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]], [[CEBS]] and [[National Institute of Science Education and Research|NISER]].

===Magazine===
Manthan, IISER Mohali's student magazine was revived in the summer of 2018 after a long gap. Six editions, along with a lockdown Life in Quarantine edition, have been published since its revival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://manthanmagazine.wordpress.com/ |title=iisermmag | Manthan: IISER Mohali's Student Magazine |website=manthanmagazine.wordpress.com |access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref>

==Notable people==
===Current faculty===
* [[Inder Bir Singh Passi]], Bhatnagar Prize-winning Mathematician<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail Passi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N89-1026 |title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail |date=2018-05-14 |website=www.insaindia.res.in |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
* [[Anand Kumar Bachhawat]], Geneticist and Biochemist<ref name="Indian fellow - Bacchawat">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P12-1566 |title=Indian fellow |date=2018-05-14 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2018-05-14 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014755/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P12-1566 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Kausik Chattopadhyay]], N-Bios laureate<ref name="Dr. Kausik Chattopadhyay's Lab: Cytolysin Study Group at IISER Mohali">{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/kausikchattopadhyaysite/ |title=Dr. Kausik Chattopadhyay's Lab: Cytolysin Study Group at IISER Mohali |date=2018-05-14 |website=sites.google.com |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
* [[Kapil Hari Paranjape]], Bhatnagar Prize winning Mathematician<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail - Paranjape">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/P10-1522 |title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail |date=2018-05-14 |website=www.insaindia.res.in |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
* [[Sudeshna Sinha]], Physicist<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail - Sudeshna Sinha">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/P15-1700 |title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail |date=2018-05-14 |website=www.insaindia.res.in |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
* [[Anu Sabhlok]], Architect and a well known geographer and feminist scholar<ref name="Anu Sabhlok — Women's Studies">{{Cite web |url=http://womenstudies.psu.edu/directory/anu-sabhlok |title=Anu Sabhlok — Women's Studies |date=2018-05-14 |website=womenstudies.psu.edu |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
* [[Somdatta Sinha]], theoretical biologist
* [[Debi Prasad Sarkar]], Bhatnagar Prize-winning biochemist<ref name="Indian fellow - Sarkar">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1556 |title=Indian fellow - Sarkar |date=2018-05-14 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2018-05-14 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215811/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1556 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Biman B. Nath]], an astrophysicist and a bilingual author
===Former Faculty===
* [[Meera Nanda]], Historian and Philosopher of Science<ref name="Dr. Meera Nanda - IISER Mohali">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/people/faculty-members/dr-meera-nanda |title=Dr. Meera Nanda - IISER Mohali |last=Nanda |first=Dr. Meera |date=2018-05-14 |website=www.iisermohali.ac.in |language=en-gb |access-date=2018-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213546/http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/people/faculty-members/dr-meera-nanda |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Narayanasami Sathyamurthy]], Bhatnagar Prize winning Chemist and President of [[Chemical Research Society of India]]. He was the director of IISER Mohali from 2007 to 2017<ref name="Dr. N. Sathyamurthy - IISER Mohali">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/dcs/dr-n-sathyamurthy |title=Dr. N. Sathyamurthy - IISER Mohali |date=2018-05-14 |website=www.iisermohali.ac.in |language=en-gb |access-date=2018-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213740/http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/dcs/dr-n-sathyamurthy |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Former Directors ===
<ref name="IISER Mohali - Former Directors">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iisermohali.ac.in/directorate#FormerDirectors/ |title=Directorate |date=2025-12-05 |website=iisermohali.ac.in |access-date=2025-12-05}}</ref>

* [[Jayaraman Gowrishankar]] (Jan 2020 - Feb 2024)
* [[Siva Umapathy]] (Officiating) (Aug 2019 - Jan 2020)
* Arvind (Officiating) (Feb 2019 - Aug 2019)
* [[Debi Prasad Sarkar]] (Sep 2017 - Feb 2019)
* [[Narayanasami Sathyamurthy]] (Jun 2007 - Sep 2017)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

{{IISER}}
{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2007 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research|Mohali]]
[[Category:Chemical research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2007]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Education in Mohali]]

Hrithik Roshan

2026-03-21T00:09:39Z

KennyRoss67889: expanded formatting additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1974)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hrithik Roshan
| image = Hrithik Roshan in 2024 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Roshan in 2024
| birth_name = Hritik Rakesh Nagrath<ref name = 'TTOI' />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|1|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| alma_mater = [[Sydenham College]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]])
| occupation = Actor Producer
| years_active = 1980–1986 (as child actor) 2000–present (actor, producer)
| works = [[Hrithik Roshan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sussanne Khan]]|2000|2014|reason=divorced}}
| children = 2
| father = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| partner = [[Saba Azad]] (2022–present)
| family = [[List of Hindi film clans#Roshan family|Roshan family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Hrithik Roshan|Full list]]
}}

'''Hritik Rakesh Nagrath'''<ref name="TTOI">{{cite news |date=22 January 2024 |title=Did You Know What Hrithik Roshan's Real Surname Is? The Actor Reveals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/hrithik-roshans-real-surname-revealed-the-hidden-family-secret/articleshow/107044450.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/hrithik-roshans-real-surname-revealed-the-hidden-family-secret/articleshow/107044450.cms |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Hrithik's real name is 'Hrithik Rakesh Nagrath'.}}</ref> (born 10 January 1974), known professionally as '''Hrithik Roshan''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈɾɪt̪ɪk ɾoːʃən|lang}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |author-link=Komal Nahta |date=14 September 2000 |title=All for a name! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/14rakesh.htm |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321203535/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/14rakesh.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>), is an Indian actor and producer who works in [[Hindi cinema]]. Referred as the millenial superstar,<ref name="Superstar">{{Cite web|title=How Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai positioned Hrithik Roshan as a superstar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/how-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-positioned-hrithik-roshan-as-a-superstar-2662981-2025-01-10|access-date=2025-08-16|website=India Today|date=10 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> he has portrayed a variety of characters and is known for his dancing skills. One of the highest-paid actors in India, he has won [[List of awards and nominations received by Hrithik Roshan|many awards]], including six [[Filmfare Awards]], of which four were for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]. Starting from 2012, he has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Celebrity 100]] several times based on his income and popularity.

Roshan has frequently collaborated with his father, [[Rakesh Roshan]]. He made brief appearances as a child actor in several films in the 1980s and later worked as an [[assistant director]] on four of his father's films. His first leading role was in the box-office success ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), for which he received several awards. Performances in the 2000 terrorism drama ''[[Fiza]]'' and the 2001 ensemble family drama {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]}} consolidated his reputation but were followed by several poorly received films.

The 2003 science fiction film ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'', for which Roshan won two Filmfare Awards, was a turning point in [[Hrithik Roshan filmography|his film career]]; he later starred as the titular superhero in its sequels: ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006) and ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013). He earned praise for his portrayal of an army officer in ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), a thief in ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006), [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] in ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008) and a [[Tetraplegia|quadriplegic]] in ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' (2010). He achieved further commercial success with the comedy-drama ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011), the revenge drama ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' (2012), the biopic ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'' (2019), and action films directed by [[Siddharth Anand]]—''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014), ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (2019), and ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]'' (2024).

Roshan has also performed on stage and debuted on television with the dance reality show ''[[Just Dance (Indian TV series)|Just Dance]]'' (2011). As a judge on the latter, he became the highest-paid film star on Indian television at that time. He is involved with a number of humanitarian causes, endorses several brands and products and has launched his own clothing line. Roshan was married for fourteen years to [[Sussanne Khan]], with whom he has two children.

== Early life and background ==
Roshan was born as Hritik Rakesh Nagrath on 10 January 1974 in [[Bombay]], in [[Maharashtra]], India into the [[List of Hindi film clans#Roshan family|Roshan family]], prominent in [[Hindi cinema]].{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=52}} Roshan is of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] descent. Hrithik's paternal grandmother, [[Ira Roshan|Ira Nagrath]] (née Moitra) was a [[Bengali Brahmin]] from [[Kolkata]] and a singer by profession,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rakesh-Roshan-Hrithik-Roshan-Bollywood-Krrish-3/articleshow/24255933.cms |title=What I don't like about Hrithik is that he trusts everybody: Rakesh Roshan |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=17 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502235902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rakesh-Roshan-Hrithik-Roshan-Bollywood-Krrish-3/articleshow/24255933.cms |archive-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-recalls-his-part-bengali-heritage-in-kolkata-752939 |title=Hrithik Roshan Recalls His Part-Bengali Heritage in Kolkata |date=7 April 2015 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101060612/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-recalls-his-part-bengali-heritage-in-kolkata-752939 |archive-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kaabil star Hrithik Roshan loves Bengal and Rosogolla. Here is why |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kaabil-star-hrithik-roshan-loves-bengal-and-rosogolla-here-is-why-4507620/ |access-date=4 March 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304095950/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kaabil-star-hrithik-roshan-loves-bengal-and-rosogolla-here-is-why-4507620/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while his paternal grandfather, [[Roshan (music director)|Roshanlal Nagrath]] was from [[Gujranwala]] and a music director by profession. Hritik's father is film director, [[Rakesh Roshan]]; while his mother, Pinkie, is the daughter of producer and director, [[J. Om Prakash]]. His maternal grandmother was the sister-in-law of director, [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=7 August 2019 |title=J. Om Prakash: Ever a student |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/j-om-prakash-ever-student/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |quote=Later, Mohan Kumar and he [J. Om Prakash] have married sisters.}}</ref> himself the uncle of model-turned-actor, [[Deepak Parashar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |date=7 August 2019 |title=Filmmaker J Om Prakash, Hrithik Roshan's Grandfather, Dies At 93 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmmaker-j-om-prakash-hrithik-roshans-grandfather-dies-at-93-2081485 |website=[[NDTV]] |quote=Director Mohan Kumar, who died in 2017, was Deepak Parashar's maternal uncle.}}</ref> His uncle, [[Rajesh Roshan]], is a music composer whose daughter, [[Pashmina Roshan]], is an actress.{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=52}}

Roshan is informally referred to as Duggu, a nickname given by his grandmother Ira, who reversed his father Rakesh's nickname Guddu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duggu, don't leave house: Rakesh Roshan recounts call to Hrithik after being shot|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rakesh-roshan-called-hrithik-roshan-after-being-shot-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-2671581-2025-01-28|access-date=2025-10-14|website=India Today|date=28 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan turns 51: Why is he called Duggu? Top Movies and Upcoming Projects|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/hrithik-roshan-turns-51-why-is-he-called-duggu-top-movies-and-upcoming-projects-9181110.html|access-date=2025-10-14|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> Roshan has an older sister, Sunaina, and was educated at the [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|Bombay Scottish School]] in [[Mahim]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Hrithik-Roshan-visited-his-school-Bombay-Scottish-in-Mumbai-and-distributed-Agneepath-merchandise-The-actor-also-got-nostalgic-when-talking-to-some-of-the-teachers-/articleshow/11499960.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan visited his school Bombay Scottish in Mumbai and distributed Agneepath merchandise. The actor also got nostalgic when talking to some of the teachers. |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=15 January 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029015020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Hrithik-Roshan-visited-his-school-Bombay-Scottish-in-Mumbai-and-distributed-Agneepath-merchandise-The-actor-also-got-nostalgic-when-talking-to-some-of-the-teachers-/articleshow/11499960.cms |archive-date=29 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Roshan belongs to a [[Hindu]] family, though he considers himself more spiritual than religious.<ref name="religion" /><ref name="famous">{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/famous-quotes-hrithik-roshan_20269.html |title=Famous Quotes: Hrithik Roshan |last=Shukla |first=Ankita |date=9 January 2009 |website=[[Zee News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126145157/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/famous-quotes-hrithik-roshan_20269.html |archive-date=26 January 2017 |access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Hrithik and Rakesh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Roshan pictured with father Rakesh at the [[Jagran Film Festival]] in 2014<ref name="father">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/if-hrithik-chooses-to-speak-the-truth-it-will-shock-everyone-rakesh-roshan/story-pOGUy2ovSYQJciM19kN4sK.html |title=If Hrithik chooses to speak the truth, it will shock everyone: Rakesh Roshan |last=Chopra |first=Rukmini |date=26 September 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170305/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/if-hrithik-chooses-to-speak-the-truth-it-will-shock-everyone-rakesh-roshan/story-pOGUy2ovSYQJciM19kN4sK.html |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>|alt=Hrithik Roshan photographed with his father, Rakesh Roshan.]]
Roshan felt isolated as a child; he was born with [[Polydactyly|an extra thumb]] [[Syndactyly|fused]] to the one on his right hand, which led some of his peers to avoid him.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/711649.cms |title=Impossible dreams can come true |last=Ahmed |first=Afsana |date=1 June 2004 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405100755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/711649.cms |archive-date=5 April 2010 }}</ref> He has stammered since the age of six; this caused him problems at school, and he feigned injury and illness to avoid oral tests.<ref name="stammering" /> He was helped by daily speech therapy.<ref name="stammering">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/stammering-made-my-childhood-hell-hrithik/521078/ |title=Stammering made my childhood hell: Hrithik |date=24 September 2009 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209024714/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/stammering-made-my-childhood-hell-hrithik/521078 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="special child">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/it-is-not-easy-to-be-a-special-child-hrithik-roshan/story-y204BZNfocemaf6glQuSbI.html |title=It is not easy to be a special child: Hrithik Roshan |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=20 November 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231242/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/it-is-not-easy-to-be-a-special-child-hrithik-roshan/story-y204BZNfocemaf6glQuSbI.html |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> His father has said that Roshan would lock himself up in the bathroom to pronounce sentences fluently.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Hrithik Roshan locked himself in the bathroom to overcome stuttering,' reveals Rakesh Roshan: 'I used to feel bad' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hrithik-roshan-locked-himself-in-the-bathroom-to-overcome-stuttering-reveals-rakesh-roshan-i-used-to-feel-bad/articleshow/119170128.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320085509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hrithik-roshan-locked-himself-in-the-bathroom-to-overcome-stuttering-reveals-rakesh-roshan-i-used-to-feel-bad/articleshow/119170128.cms |archive-date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |date=18 March 2025 }}</ref>

Roshan's grandfather, Prakash first brought him on-screen at the age of six in the film ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]'' (1980); he danced in a song enacted by [[Jeetendra]], for which Prakash paid him {{INR}}100.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/DeccanHerald.com/Content/Nov112007/sundayherald2007111034998.asp |title=How the little stars have twinkled... |date=11 November 2007 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001354/http://archive.deccanherald.com/DeccanHerald.com/Content/Nov112007/sundayherald2007111034998.asp |archive-date=1 January 2017 }}</ref><ref name="40 things" /> Roshan made uncredited appearances in various family film projects, including his father's production ''[[Aap Ke Deewane]]'' (1980). In Prakash's ''[[Aas Paas]]'' (1981), he appeared in the song "Shehar Main Charcha Hai".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6443 |title=2 States of stardom – When child stars grow up! |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=17 April 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219232703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6443 |archive-date=19 February 2015 |access-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> The actor's only speaking role during this period came when he was 12; he was seen as Govinda, the title character's adopted son, in Prakash's ''[[Bhagwaan Dada]]'' (1986).<ref name="itv">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AH9gbJIKPME |title=FTF Hrithik Roshan 3 1 2001 |date=19 December 2011 |publisher=itvindia |time=5:06 |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504040444/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AH9gbJIKPME |archive-date=4 May 2016 |via=YouTube |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="happiness">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-deserves-happiness-says-dad-rakesh/ |title=Hrithik Roshan deserves happiness, says dad Rakesh |date=11 January 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231425/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-deserves-happiness-says-dad-rakesh/ |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Roshan decided that he wanted to be a full-time actor, but his father insisted that he focus on his studies.<ref name="happiness" /> In his early 20s, he was diagnosed with [[scoliosis]] that would not allow him to dance or perform stunts. Initially devastated,<ref name="findia" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-little-known-facts/Hrithik-Roshan/articleshow/20740947.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004949/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-little-known-facts/Hrithik-Roshan/articleshow/20740947.cms |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> he eventually decided to become an actor anyway. Around a year after the diagnosis, he took a chance by jogging on a beach when he was caught in a downpour. There was no pain, and becoming more confident, he was able to increase his pace with no adverse effects. Roshan sees this day as "the turning point of [his] life."<ref name="findia" />

Roshan attended the [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] of [[Dr. Homi Bhabha State University]] in [[Churchgate]], graduating with a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree, where he also took part in dance and music festivals while studying.{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=52}} Roshan assisted his father on four films—''[[Khudgarz]]'' (1987), ''[[King Uncle]]'' (1993) (credited as Hritik Roshan), ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995) and ''[[Koyla]]'' (1997)—while also sweeping the floor and making tea for the crew.{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=52}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Hrithik-Roshan-Lesser-known-facts/The-success-failure-zigzag/photostory/34249433.cms |title=The success-failure zigzag – Hrithik Roshan: Lesser known facts |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211073705/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Hrithik-Roshan-Lesser-known-facts/The-success-failure-zigzag/photostory/34249433.cms |archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> After pack-up, Roshan would enact [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s scenes from ''Koyla'' and film himself to make a judgement about his performance as an actor.<ref name="Rediff2003" /> While he assisted his father, he studied acting under [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]].<ref name="spotlight">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/20hri.htm |title=Making Waves, Hrithik Roshan |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |date=20 August 1998 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009063053/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/20hri.htm |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.knkactinginstitute.com/alumni.html |title=Alumni |publisher=[[Kishore Namit Kapoor|Knkactinginstitute]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225040418/http://www.knkactinginstitute.com/alumni.html |archive-date=25 February 2017 |access-date=4 January 2017 }}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{Main|Hrithik Roshan filmography}}

=== 2000–2002: Breakthrough and setback ===
Roshan was originally scheduled to make his screen debut as a lead actor opposite [[Preity Zinta]] in a cancelled film – [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s ''Tara Rum Pum Pum''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/28news.htm |title=Hrithik in Shekhar Kapur's Next? |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=28 February 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031023/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/28news.htm |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Instead, he starred in his father's romantic drama ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000) opposite another debutante, [[Ameesha Patel]]. Roshan played dual roles: Rohit, an aspiring singer brutally killed after witnessing a murder, and Raj, an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] who falls in love with Patel's character.<ref name="knph review">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/14kaho.htm |title=The review of Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai |last=Suggu |first=Kanchana |date=14 January 2000 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618134306/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/14kaho.htm |archive-date=18 June 2016 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> To prepare, he trained with the actor [[Salman Khan]] to bulk up physically,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/music/indies/7-facts-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-kaho-naapyaar-hai-52192966.html |title=7 Facts We Bet You Didn't Know About 'Kaho Naa..Pyaar Hai' |date=21 October 2014 |publisher=[[MTV India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055740/http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/music/indies/7-facts-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-kaho-naapyaar-hai-52192966.html |archive-date=26 December 2016 |access-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> worked to improve his diction and took lessons in acting, singing, dancing, fencing and riding.<ref name="factfile">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-hrithik-factfile/story-cPi2naZS2mlRkzMnSqCOwO.html |title=The Hrithik Factfile |date=9 January 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080330/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-hrithik-factfile/story-cPi2naZS2mlRkzMnSqCOwO.html |archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> With global revenues of {{INRConvert|800|m}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |title=Top Earners 2000–2009 (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207065532/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=7 February 2008 |access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'' became one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2000|highest-grossing Indian films]] of 2000.<ref name="BoxOffice2000">{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA== |title=Box Office 2000 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323090246/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=23 March 2008 |access-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> His performance was acclaimed by critics;<ref name="Rediff2003">{{Cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/15intro.htm |title=Bollywood's Top 5, 2003: Hrithik Roshan |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=15 December 2003 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628233701/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/15intro.htm |archive-date=28 June 2011 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010107/spectrum/bolly.htm |title=A year of surprises and shocks |last=Mitlal, Madhur |date=7 January 2001 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191612/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010107/spectrum/bolly.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref> Suggu Kanchana on [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "[Roshan] is good. The ease and style with which he dances, emotes, fights, makes one forget this is his debut film ... He seems to be the most promising among the recent lot of star sons we have been subjected to."<ref name="knph review" /> For the role, Roshan received Best Male Debut and Best Actor Awards at the annual [[Filmfare Awards]], [[IIFA Awards]], and [[Zee Cine Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010219/nation.htm#6 |title='Kaho Na Pyar Hai' bags 9 awards |date=18 February 2001 |work=The Tribune |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307161209/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010219/nation.htm |archive-date=7 March 2016 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2001/winners/ |title=2001 – Zee Cine Awards |publisher=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055621/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2001/winners/ |archive-date=26 December 2016 |access-date=25 December 2016 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2001: South Africa |publisher=[[IIFA Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422084020/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> He became the only actor to win both Filmfare [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Debut]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and IIFA [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Best Debut]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] awards for the same film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12-reasons-why-hrithik-roshan-is-the-real-trendsetter-of-bollywood-249204.html |title=12 Reasons Why Hrithik Roshan Is The Real Trendsetter Of Bollywood |last=Shekhar |first=Mimansa |date=10 January 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228124004/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12-reasons-why-hrithik-roshan-is-the-real-trendsetter-of-bollywood-249204.html |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> The film cemented Roshan's status as a leading actor in Bollywood, propelling him to [[superstardom]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/29book.htm |title=Now, it's H for Hrithik!! |last=Fernandes, Vivek |date=29 May 2000 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084223/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/29book.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Superstar"/> The actor found life hard after his overnight success, particularly the demands on his time.<ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/sep/04hrithik.htm |title=Hrithik Roshan speaks about Fiza |last=Khubchandani, Lata |date=4 September 2000 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326084943/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/sep/04hrithik.htm |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>

In his second release, [[Khalid Mohammed]]'s crime drama ''[[Fiza]]'', Roshan played Amaan, an innocent Muslim boy who becomes a terrorist after the [[Bombay riots|1992–93 Bombay riots]].<ref name="rediff1" /> Roshan took on the role to explore new dimensions of his acting.<ref name="the hindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/18/stories/09180221.htm |title=A perfect professional has come to stay |date=18 August 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204033340/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/18/stories/09180221.htm |archive-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Co-starring [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Jaya Bachchan]], ''Fiza'' was moderately successful at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/fiza |title=Fiza |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318010723/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/fiza |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> and Roshan's performance earned him a second nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony.<ref name="Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8247/index.html |title=Hrithik Roshan: Awards & Nominations |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906063435/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8247/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2011 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] praised him as the production's prime asset, commending his "body language, his diction, his expressions, [and] his overall persona."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6577/index.html |title=Fiza: Movie Review |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=15 December 2000 |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814205609/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6577/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Roshan next appeared in [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s action drama ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000) alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]], Preity Zinta, and [[Jackie Shroff]]. Set in the valley of Kashmir during the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani conflicts]], the film addressed the topics of terrorism and crime, and was a financial success.<ref name="BoxOffice2000" /> Roshan was drawn to his complex role of a young man traumatised by the discovery that his adoptive father had been responsible for the death of his entire birth family.<ref name="the hindu" /> In Adarsh's opinion, Roshan "brightens up the screen with his magnetic presence. His body language, coupled with his expressions, is sure to win him plaudits."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mission-kashmir/critic-review/ |title=Mission Kashmir Review |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=15 December 2000 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226223623/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mission-kashmir/critic-review/ |archive-date=26 December 2016 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Hrithik Roshan in 2001.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Roshan at an event for {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]}} (2001)''—''his biggest commercial success to that point<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=30 |title=Hrithik Roshan Filmography |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106010931/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=30 |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>|alt=A picture of Hrithik Roshan taken in 2001.]]
In 2001, Roshan appeared in two films, the first of which was [[Subhash Ghai]]'s ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'', a romantic drama which paired him with [[Kareena Kapoor]] and reunited him with Shroff. Although highly anticipated, ''Yaadein'' was reviled by critics; in ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[Ziya Us Salam]] criticised the director for relying on Roshan's commercial appeal.<ref name="one-trick">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020527-is-hrithik-roshan-a-one-trick-pony-795167-2002-05-26 |title=Hero in slide role |last1=Raval |first1=Sheela |date=27 May 2002 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094109/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/is-hrithik-roshan-a-one-trick-pony/1/219683.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |last2=Bamzai |first2=Kaveree}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/03/stories/09030223.htm |title=Film Review: ''Yaadein'' |last=Ziya |first=Us Salam |date=3 August 2001 |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029015034/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/03/stories/09030223.htm |archive-date=29 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roshan next had a supporting role in [[Karan Johar]]'s ensemble melodrama {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]}} alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]], Jaya Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, [[Kajol]] and Kareena Kapoor. He was cast as Rohan Raichand—the younger son of Bachchan's character who plots to reunite him with his adopted son (played by Khan)—after Johar had watched a [[rough cut]] of ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/08k3g.htm |title=Excerpts from the making of K3g |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124717/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/08k3g.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> {{Lang|hi-latn|Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham}} finished as India's highest-grossing film of the year,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ== |title=Box Office 2001 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223304/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> and among the most successful Bollywood films in the overseas market, earning {{INRConvert|1.36|b}} worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide gross">{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227122644/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=26 December 2016 }}</ref> Writing for Rediff.com, Anjum N described Roshan as "the surprise scene-stealer", praising him for holding his own against the established actors.<ref name="rediffreview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/14kabhi.htm |title=The Rediff Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |last=N, Anjum |date=14 December 2001 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090625/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/14kabhi.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Roshan received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance.<ref name="Awards" />

In 2002 [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s romance ''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]'' reunited him with Ameesha Patel but failed at the box office, as did Arjun Sablok's romance ''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]'' (2002), in which he co-starred with [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Esha Deol]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2002 |title=Releases 2002 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101184033/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2002 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Roshan's final role that year was in a [[Yash Raj Films]] production, the high-profile ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' co-starring [[Rani Mukerji]] and Kareena Kapoor. The romantic comedy was heavily promoted before its release and made money internationally, though not in India.<ref name="boxofficeindia2002">{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg== |title=Box Office 2002 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131949/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=8 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Overseas Box Office">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Overseas |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052405/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=8 January 2008 }}</ref> In another commercial failure, [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]'s ''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]'', Roshan was cast alongside Kareena Kapoor for the fourth time, and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. The press labelled Roshan a "one-trick pony" and suggested that the failure of these films would end his career.<ref name="one-trick" /><ref name="htimes">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-how-the-loverboy-transformed-into-a-super-actor/article1-1171010.aspx |title=Hrithik Roshan: how the loverboy transformed into a super-actor |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |date=9 January 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503113753/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-how-the-loverboy-transformed-into-a-super-actor/article1-1171010.aspx |archive-date=3 May 2014}}</ref>

=== 2003–2007: Revival and widespread success ===
[[File:Mahurat of Koi... Mil Gaya.jpg|thumb|Roshan (second from left) at the launch of ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003)]]
Roshan's career began to revive with a starring role in ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003).<ref name="Rediff2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exploring-the-10-years-journey-of-hrithik-roshan-part-iii/ |title=Exploring the 10 years journey of Hrithik Roshan [Part III] |date=15 May 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118040643/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exploring-the-10-years-journey-of-hrithik-roshan-part-iii/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> The film, directed and produced by his father, centers on his character Rohit Mehra, a [[Developmental disability|developmentally disabled]] young man, who comes in contact with an extraterrestrial being—a role that required him to lose nearly {{convert|8|kg}}. Roshan recalls the experience of starring in the film fondly: "I could live my childhood [again]. I could eat as many chocolates as I wanted. I became a baby and everybody was so caring towards me."<ref name="childhood">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06sld3.htm |title=Hrithik Roshan relives his childhood in Koi Mil Gaya |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310201043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06sld3.htm |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> In the book ''Film Sequels'', [[Carolyn Jess-Cooke]] drew similarities between the character and [[Forrest Gump (character)|Forrest Gump]], portrayed by [[Tom Hanks]] in [[Forrest Gump|the titular film]], but this idea was dismissed by Roshan.<ref name="childhood" />{{sfn|Jess-Cooke|2009|p=117}} Film critics were polarised on their view of the film—some of them negatively compared its storyline to the 1982 Hollywood release ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''—but were unanimous in their praise for Roshan.<ref name="findia" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06koi.htm |title=It is an ET with songs |last=Pais |first=Arthur J |date=6 August 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181210/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06koi.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> In a 2010 retrospective of the Top 80 Iconic Performances of Bollywood, ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted "how flesh and blood Hrithik's act is. Simply because he believes he is the part. Watch him laugh, cry or bond with his remote controlled alien friend and note his nuanced turn."<ref name="iconic">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=80 Iconic Performances 5/10 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325055806/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> A Rediff.com critic agreed that Roshan was "the turbojet that propels the film to the realm of the extraordinary."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07koi.htm |title=Hrithik is paisa vasool! |last=Swaminathan |first=R |date=7 August 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715000545/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07koi.htm |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was one of the most popular Bollywood films of the year, earning {{INRConvert|823.3|m}} worldwide and Roshan won both Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]].<ref name="Awards" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw== |title=Box Office 2003 |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122102508/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D |archive-date=22 January 2008 |publisher=Box Office India }}</ref>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|width=25%|align=right|quote="I am glad I have the intelligence to understand what is happening to me. If I allow myself to get affected by all this hype, I'll stunt my growth as an actor and be damned for life. I know that I still have a long way to go before I can even aspire to equal the achievements of any of the superstars. I know I am good at my job, and I am sure I will be damn good one day but right now, I also know how bad I can be."|source=—Roshan on his position as a popular Bollywood actor<ref name="famous" />}}

The following year, Roshan collaborated with Amitabh Bachchan and Preity Zinta on [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), a fictionalised [[coming-of-age story]] set against events from the 1999 [[Kargil War]]. He also featured in the [[item number]] "[[Main Aisa Kyun Hoon]]" (choreographed by [[Prabhu Deva]]) which proved popular with audiences.{{sfn|Outlook|2005|p=52}} Roshan found it "one of the most challenging films" of his career at the time and said it made him respect soldiers.<ref name="redifflakshya">{{cite web |title=I am so glad Farhan is a day older than me! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/17hrithik.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=25 March 2022 |date=17 June 2004 |archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222173108/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/17hrithik.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Although trade journalists expected the film to do well commercially,<ref name="redifflakshya"/> it failed to attract a wide audience. However, over the years, it has attained a [[cult film|cult]] status.<ref name="i.t.lakshya">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Tatsam |title=12 years of Lakshya: The film many did not get |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/lakshya-12-years-hrithik-roshan-farhan-akhtar-javed-akhtar-cult-14935-2016-06-18 |access-date=25 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=18 June 2016 |location=Delhi |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831195259/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/lakshya-12-years-hrithik-roshan-farhan-akhtar-javed-akhtar-cult-14935-2016-06-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> For the film, Roshan earned Best Actor nominations at the Filmfare and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Zee Cine]] ceremony.<ref name="Awards" />{{sfn|Bharat|Kumar|2012|p=13}} Manish Gajjar of the [[BBC]] praised Roshan's versatility and his transformation from a carefree youth to a determined and courageous soldier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/06/lakshya_review.shtml |title=Lakshya Movie Review |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |date=18 June 2004 |publisher=[[BBC]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617041624/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/06/lakshya_review.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2015 |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Reviewing the film in 2016, Tatsam Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' described his performance as a career-best, highlighting his scene before the climax.<ref name="i.t.lakshya"/>

Roshan was not seen on screen again until 2006, with three new releases, including a cameo at the end of the year in the romance ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]''.<ref name="cameo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/hrithik-roshan/filmography/ |title=Hrithik Roshan Filmography |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228201234/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/hrithik-roshan/filmography/ |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> He co-starred with [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in his father's superhero production ''[[Krrish]]''. A follow-up to his family's production ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', it saw him play dual roles—the title superhero and his character from the original film. Before production, Roshan travelled to China to train with [[Tony Ching]] for the cable work that would be needed to make his character fly.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/31hrit.htm |title=Playing the good guy is boring |last=Jha, Subhash K |date=31 January 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112319/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/31hrit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Among the several injuries he sustained during production, Roshan tore the hamstring in his right leg and broke his thumb and toe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM12/Krrish-the-superhero-is-coming/Article1-111805.aspx |title=Krrish, the superhero is coming |date=21 June 2006 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607123611/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM12/Krrish-the-superhero-is-coming/Article1-111805.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> ''Krrish'' became the third-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2006 with a worldwide revenue of {{INRConvert|1.26|b}}.<ref name="BoxOffice2006">{{Cite news |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |title=Box Office 2006 |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121074208/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=21 January 2008 |publisher=Box Office India }}</ref> It garnered him Best Actor awards at the 2007 [[Screen Awards|Screen]] and the International Indian Film Academy Awards.<ref name="Awards" /> Ronnie Scheib of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' considered Roshan a prime asset of the film, noting that he "pulls off the pic's wilder absurdities with considerable panache."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/krrish-1200514939/ |title=Review: 'Krrish' |last=Scheib |first=Ronnie |date=7 July 2006 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230230238/http://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/krrish-1200514939/ |archive-date=30 December 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref>

For his role as an enigmatic master thief in ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006)—an action sequel co-starring [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Bipasha Basu]] and Abhishek Bachchan—Roshan won his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref name="Awards" /> The film critic [[Rajeev Masand]] called him "the heart, the soul, and the spirit of the film", and praised his stunts, concluding that he "holds the film together and even manages to take your attention away from its many flaws".<ref name="go dhoom">{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-go-dhoom-2/26974-8-1.html |title=Masand's Verdict: Go Dhoom 2 |last=Masand, Rajeev |date=26 November 2006 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127115503/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-go-dhoom-2/26974-8-1.html |archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> Bored by playing the "good guy", Roshan was excited to play an anti-hero who lacks heroic attributes, for the first time.<ref name="rediff" /> At the request of the film's producer [[Aditya Chopra]], Roshan lost {{convert|12|lb|kg}} for the role;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/hrithiks-transformation-for-dhoom-2/ |title=Hrithik's transformation for Dhoom 2 |date=31 January 2006 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228130457/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/hrithiks-transformation-for-dhoom-2/ |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> he also learnt skateboarding, snow boarding, rollerblading and sand surfing.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=14336517&cid=2398 |title=I faced near death experiences in Dhoom 2: Hrithik |date=23 November 2006 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229032703/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=14336517&cid=2398 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2006/skate-010506.html |title=Skating towards success! |date=1 May 2006 |work=[[Oneindia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229033125/http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2006/skate-010506.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref> With earnings of {{INRConvert|1.5|b}}, ''Dhoom 2'' became the highest grossing Indian film at that time, a distinction that was held for two years.<ref name="all time">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |date=3 February 2012 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213224/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |archive-date=5 February 2012 |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> In the 2007 melodrama ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', he made a cameo alongside several Bollywood stars.<ref name="cameo" />

=== 2008–2012: Diversification and acclaim ===
In 2008, Roshan was cast in [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'', a partly fictionalised account of a [[marriage of convenience]] between the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] (played by Roshan) and Hindu princess [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]] (played by Rai). Gowariker believed Roshan possessed the regal bearing and physique required to play the role of a king.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/and-now-its-hrithiks-turn/ |title=And now its Hrithik's turn! |date=16 July 2005 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209083316/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/and-now-its-hrithiks-turn/ |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> For the role, Roshan learned sword-fighting and horse-riding, and also took [[Urdu]] lessons.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Mashallah-Hrithik-learns-Urdu/articleshow/2265339.cms |title=Mashallah: Hrithik learns Urdu |last=Deshmukh |first=Ashwini |date=9 August 2007 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221114417/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Mashallah-Hrithik-learns-Urdu/articleshow/2265339.cms |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/31sli3.htm |title=Teaching Hrithik & Ash how to fight — Slide 3 |last=N |first=Patcy |date=31 January 2008 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217110812/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/31sli3.htm |archive-date=17 December 2016 |access-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> ''Jodhaa Akbar'' earned {{INRConvert|1.2|b}} worldwide.<ref name="all time" /> Roshan's performance earned him his fourth [[Filmfare Best Actor Award]].<ref name="Awards" /> Critics were generally appreciative of Roshan's performance.<ref name="findia" /> [[Raja Sen]] of Rediff.com thought that Roshan "proves a very good Akbar. There are times when his inflection seems too modern, but the actor gives the performance his all, slipping into the skin of the character and staying there."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/14jodha.htm |title=Jodhaa Akbar is okay, but overlong |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=14 February 2008 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310212905/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/14jodha.htm |archive-date=10 March 2013 |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Roshan ended 2008 with an appearance in the popular item number "Krazzy 4" from the [[Krazzy 4|film of same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fx-in-krazzy-4-song-done-in-srk-s-studio-hrithik-1160886 |title=FX in 'Krazzy 4' song done in SRK's studio: Hrithik |date=22 April 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929185347/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fx-in-krazzy-4-song-done-in-srk-s-studio-hrithik-1160886 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following a small role in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' in 2009, Roshan starred in and recorded "Kites in the Sky" for the multi-national romantic thriller ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]'' (2010).<ref name="sing">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/12/16/15085/index.html |title=Hrithik, Farhan and Abhay Deol sing for Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara |date=16 December 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111123801/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/12/16/15085/index.html |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=25 August 2011}}</ref> In the film, produced by his father, he played a man running a [[Permanent residence (United States)|green card]] scam in Las Vegas in which he has married 11 different women in exchange for money. ''Kites'' opened on a record-breaking 3000 screens, and became the first Bollywood film to break into the North American top 10.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2789&p=.htm |title=Arthouse Audit: 'Kites' Flies, 'Babies' Maintains Grip |last=Subers, Ray |date=25 May 2010 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531135712/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2789&p=.htm |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> However, the film eventually underperformed at India's box office and received negative reviews from critics.<ref name="flop">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/12/12/stories/2010121250181000.htm |title=Bollywood hits vs. flops |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625141613/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/12/12/stories/2010121250181000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=25 June 2011 }}</ref> The website [[Box Office India]] attributed this failure to its multilingual dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=1699&nCat=box_office_report |title=Kites Bumper Opening Dull Reports |date=22 May 2010 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525102542/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=1699&nCat=box_office_report |archive-date=25 May 2010 |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> In a review for Rediff.com, Matthew Schneeberger thought that Roshan "overacts. A lot. In ''Kites'', he nails a few scenes, but bungles many more, particularly the film's catastrophically bad ending."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/21/review-kites-a-beautiful-fraud.htm |title=A beautiful fraud |last=Schneeberger, Matthew |date=21 May 2010 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229032917/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/21/review-kites-a-beautiful-fraud.htm |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref>
[[File:Hrithik and Aishwarya at the premiere of Guzaarish, 2010.jpg|right|upright=1.1|alt=Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai are looking away from the camera.|thumb|Roshan with co-star [[Aishwarya Rai]] promoting ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''. A popular on-screen couple, they also starred together in ''Dhoom 2'' and ''Jodhaa Akbar''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/perfect-match-for-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-replaced-aishwarya-2014-09-18-1.563418 |title=Perfect match for Hrithik Roshan: Katrina Kaif replaced Aishwarya? |date=18 September 2014 |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324234132/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/perfect-match-for-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-replaced-aishwarya-2014-09-18-1.563418 |archive-date=24 March 2015 |website=[[Emirates 24/7]]}}</ref>]]
Roshan then collaborated with director [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] on the drama ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' (2010) in which he had the role of Ethan Mascarenhas, a former magician suffering from [[quadriplegia]], who after years of struggle, files an appeal for [[euthanasia]]. Roshan had reservations about the role but agreed to the project after reading the film's story.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-what-happened-at-guzaarish-music-launch.htm |title=Ash said yes, but Hrithik almost said no! |date=21 October 2010 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120330/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-what-happened-at-guzaarish-music-launch.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref> To understand his role better, he interacted with [[paraplegic]] patients.<ref name="40 things" /> In his own words, "I used to spend six hours with the patients, initially once a week and then once a month. I used to go to understand what they go through, what they think, what their needs are. They have taught me a lot of things."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/105235/playing-paraplegic-has-changed-my.html |title=Playing a paraplegic has changed my life: Hrithik Roshan |date=17 October 2010 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020073500/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/105235/playing-paraplegic-has-changed-my.html |archive-date=20 October 2010 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> He also trained with a Ukrainian magician to perform the film's magic stunts, and put on weight to look the part.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-turns-fat-in-guzaarish-85434-2010-11-11 |title=Hrithik Roshan turns fat in Guzaarish |date=12 November 2010 |work=India Today |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229033604/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-turns-fat-in-guzaarish/1/119645.html |archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/A-little-magic/articleshow/15988002.cms |title=A little magic |last=Jha, Subhash K |date=30 January 2010 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229035034/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/A-little-magic/articleshow/15988002.cms |archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> The film failed at the box office, though it and Roshan's performance were positively received by critics.<ref name="findia" /><ref name="flop" /> A writer for [[Zee News]] praised the chemistry between Roshan and Rai, adding that they "break the Bollywood mould of stereotypes."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/review-bhansali-s-guzaarish-is-the-stuff-that-dreams-are-made-of_75795.html |title=Guzaarish Review: Guzaarish Movie Review, Hrithik Roshan, Aishwarya Rai |date=20 November 2010 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202241/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/review-bhansali-s-guzaarish-is-the-stuff-that-dreams-are-made-of_75795.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> Roshan received the [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Zee Cine Award for Best Actor (Critics)]] and nominations for Filmfare, [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|IIFA]] and Zee Cine Award for Best Actor.<ref name="Awards" />

In 2011, Roshan appeared in Zoya Akhtar's ensemble comedy-drama ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' alongside [[Abhay Deol]] and Farhan Akhtar as three friends who embark on a bachelor trip where they overcome their insecurities. Zoya cast Roshan in the role of an uptight [[workaholic]] as she considers him her favourite actor.<ref name="favourite">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-is-zoya-s-all-time-favourite-137475-2011-07-13 |title=Hrithik Roshan is Zoyas all-time favourite |last1=Srivastava |first1=Priyanka |date=14 July 2011 |work=India Today |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818114842/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-is-zoya%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s-all--time-favourite/1/144781.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |last2=Joshi |first2=Sonali |last3=Varma |first3=Lipika}}</ref> For [[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (soundtrack)|the film's soundtrack]], Roshan recorded the song "[[Señorita (Farhan Akhtar, Hrithik Roshan, Abhay Deol and Maria del Mar Fernández song)|Señorita]]" with his co-stars and [[María del Mar Fernández (singer)|María del Mar Fernández]].<ref name="sing" /> ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'' was released to positive reviews and Roshan's performance was praised.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Why-Hrithik-Roshan-cant-stop-smiling/articleshow/9270388.cms |title=Why Hrithik Roshan can't stop smiling |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=19 July 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108151412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Why-Hrithik-Roshan-cant-stop-smiling/articleshow/9270388.cms |archive-date=8 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajeev Masand wrote, "Hrithik Roshan once again brings real depth to his character with a spectacular performance. He's shy and restrained, then lets go with such fantastic intensity that you make the inward journey with his character."<ref name="masandverdict">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/singin-in-the-spain/comment-page-1/#comment-3942 |title=Singin' in (the) Spain! |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |publisher=[[Rajeev Masand|rajeevmasand.com]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125834/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/singin-in-the-spain/comment-page-1/#comment-3942 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|1.53|b}} worldwide and became Roshan's first commercial success in three years.<ref name="all time" /> Later that year, he made a special appearance in Farhan's ''[[Don 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525404 |title=Don 2 (2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515003617/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525404 |archive-date=15 May 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>

Roshan's only screen appearance in 2012 was in [[Karan Malhotra]]'s ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'', a retelling of the [[Agneepath (1990 film)|1990 film of the same name]]. Cast alongside [[Rishi Kapoor]], Sanjay Dutt and Priyanka Chopra, Roshan reinterpreted the character Vijay Deenanath Chauhan (originally played by Amitabh Bachchan), a common man who seeks revenge against an unscrupulous man for framing and murdering his father. Roshan was initially sceptical of taking up a role earlier played by Bachchan, and thought hard before accepting.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/hrithik-says-yes-agneepath-finally-001 |title=Hrithik says yes to Agneepath, finally |date=22 September 2010 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616155505/http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/hrithik-says-yes-agneepath-finally-001 |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> He did not watch the original film for inspiration as he found his role to be completely different.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2839946.ece |title=A new path |last=Thanawala |first=Pooja |date=28 January 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927141557/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article2839946.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> In one of several accidents to happen during production, Roshan suffered a painful back injury. He deemed ''Agneepath'' "the hardest [project] I've ever worked in my life" owing to the exhaustion he felt while filming.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhary, Anuradha |date=18 January 2012 |title=Hrithik Roshan: Trial by fire |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/trial-by-fire-301.html |url-status=dead |journal=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229172424/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/trial-by-fire-301.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref> The film broke Bollywood's highest [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films#Opening day nett gross|opening-day earnings]] record, and had a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|1.93|b}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4378&nCat= |title=Top Worldwide Grossers |date=7 May 2012 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509154836/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4378&nCat= |archive-date=9 May 2012 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4006&nCat= |title=Top Opening Days All Time |date=6 February 2012 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204172910/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4006&nCat= |archive-date=4 December 2013 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> A ''[[Firstpost]]'' reviewer thought Roshan "breathes fire and soul into ''Agneepath''".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-hrithik-roshan-breathes-fire-and-soul-in-agneepath-194805.html |title=Movie Review: Hrithik Roshan breathes fire and soul into Agneepath |last=Khan |first=Rubina A |date=26 January 2012 |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828015200/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-hrithik-roshan-breathes-fire-and-soul-in-agneepath-194805.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 }}</ref> The actor received a third consecutive [[Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Drama]], having won previously for ''Guzaarish'' and ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4404 |title=Nominations for 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 |date=13 January 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116062555/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4404 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jikNM6RkASo |title=Max Stardust Awards 2011 |date=19 February 2011 |publisher=[[SET India Pvt. Ltd.]] |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124321/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jikNM6RkASo |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}} {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJR0DUOCsoE |title=Max Stardust Awards — Max Stardust Awards 2012 – Full Length — Exclusive |date=25 February 2012 |publisher=[[Multi Screen Media]] |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215143030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJR0DUOCsoE |archive-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=live}} {{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-list-of-winners-610426 |title=Stardust Awards 2013: list of winners |date=27 January 2013 |publisher=NDTV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917224935/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-list-of-winners-610426 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 }}</ref>

=== 2013–present: Established actor with limited work ===
Roshan appeared in the third instalment of the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'' film series]]—''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013) which also starred Priyanka Chopra, [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]]. During production, Roshan was injured when he fell down, which resulted in back pain.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-gets-injured-while-shooting-for-krrish-3/story-IJedGZuBySWluqegqt0wkJ.html |title=Hrithik Roshan gets injured while shooting for Krrish 3 |date=13 December 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175607/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-gets-injured-while-shooting-for-krrish-3/story-IJedGZuBySWluqegqt0wkJ.html |archive-date=5 January 2017 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/How-I-got-my-body-back-in-shape-Hrithik-Roshan/articleshow/42439327.cms |title=How I got my body back in shape: Hrithik Roshan |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425064004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/How-I-got-my-body-back-in-shape-Hrithik-Roshan/articleshow/42439327.cms |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics thought that the film was entertaining but lacking in originality, though Roshan's performance garnered praise.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |title=Movie review: Krrish 3 entertains, but lacks originality |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |date=1 November 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510113057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The editor [[Komal Nahta]] lauded Roshan for playing three different characters in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://komalsreviews.wordpress.com/2013/11/01/krrish-3-review/ |title=Krrish 3 Review |last=Nahta, Komal |date=1 November 2013 |publisher=[[Komal Nahta|Komalsreviews]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220084257/https://komalsreviews.wordpress.com/2013/11/01/krrish-3-review/ |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=3 January 2017 }}</ref> ''Krrish 3'' grossed {{INRConvert|3.93|b}} worldwide, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.<ref name="box office">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919181138/http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Roshan received a fourth and fifth consecutive Filmfare nomination for his performances in ''Krrish 3'',<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 January 2014|title=59th Filmfare Awards: Complete list of nominees 2014|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/59th-Filmfare-Awards-list-Complete-list-of-nominees-2014/articleshow/28831289.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226174900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/59th-Filmfare-Awards-list-Complete-list-of-nominees-2014/articleshow/28831289.cms|archive-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> and the 2014 action comedy ''[[Bang Bang!]]'', a remake of the 2010 Hollywood release ''[[Knight and Day]]'' and [[List of most expensive Indian films|one of the most expensive Bollywood films]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/similarities-between-bang-bang-and-knight-and-day-301054-2014-09-26 |title=What's similar between Bang Bang and Knight and Day? |date=26 September 2014 |work=India Today |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011114810/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/similarities-between-bang-bang-and-knight-and-day/1/392950.html |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php |title=Highest Budget Movies All Time |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716143728/http://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php |archive-date=16 July 2016 |access-date=1 January 2017 }}</ref> Playing the role of an eccentric secret agent who plots to track down a terrorist, Roshan became the first actor to perform a [[flyboard]]ing stunt in film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-beats-hollywood-heroes-in-doing-daring-stunts-2005005 |title=Hrithik beats Hollywood heroes in doing daring stunts |last=Talreja |first=Vinod |date=25 July 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316064228/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-beats-hollywood-heroes-in-doing-daring-stunts-2005005 |archive-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> While filming in Thailand, Roshan suffered a head injury from a stunt accident and underwent [[Neurosurgery|brain surgery]] at the [[Hinduja Hospital]] performed by [[B. K. Misra|Dr. B. K. Misra]] to relieve [[subdural hematoma|subacute-subdural hematoma]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dubey, Bharati|date=7 July 2013|title=Hrithik Roshan's brain surgery is successful, says father|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshans-brain-surgery-is-successful-says-father/articleshow/20954002.cms|url-status=live|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112001826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshans-brain-surgery-is-successful-says-father/articleshow/20954002.cms|archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref> Writing for Bollywood news website Koimoi, critic Mohar Basu noted that Roshan was "pitch perfect" and "breez[ed] through his part brilliantly."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/bang-bang-review/ |title=Bang Bang Movie Review – Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif |last=Basu, Mohar |date=2 October 2014 |publisher=Koimoi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207165905/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/bang-bang-review/ |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|3.4|b}} in global ticket sales, making it among the highest-grossing Indian films.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-bang-bang-earns-340-cr-worldwide-super-nani-dull-roar-steady-612875 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Bang Bang' Earns ₹340 cr Worldwide; 'Super Nani' Dull, 'Roar' Steady |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=2 November 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094351/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-bang-bang-earns-340-cr-worldwide-super-nani-dull-roar-steady-612875 |archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Hrithik Roshan promoting Mohenjo Daro.jpg|thumb|Roshan at a promotional event for ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'' in 2016|alt=Hrithik Roshan is looking towards the camera.|left]]
For playing the role of a farmer in 2016 BC who travels to [[Mohenjo-daro]] in Ashutosh Gowariker's ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'' (2016), Roshan was paid {{INRConvert|500|m}}, a record-breaking remuneration for an Indian actor.<ref name="high">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hrithik-roshan-highest-paid-bollywood-actor-charges-50-crore-mohenjo-daro-report-609058 |title=Is Hrithik Roshan the Highest Paid Bollywood Actor? Charges ₹50 Crore for 'Mohenjo Daro': Report |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=14 September 2014 |work=International Business Times |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025721/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hrithik-roshan-highest-paid-bollywood-actor-charges-50-crore-mohenjo-daro-report-609058 |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> He underwent a three-month training to achieve the "lithe" and "agile" physique required for his role.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/hrithik-roshan-wants-uk-trainer-joshua-kyle-baker-for-mohenjo-daro-agility-needed-not-muscles-of/4747× |title=Hrithik Roshan wants UK trainer Joshua Kyle Baker for Mohenjo Daro. Agility needed, not muscles of Krrish 3! |last=Rai |first=K K |date=17 July 2014 |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720002218/http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/hrithik-roshan-wants-uk-trainer-joshua-kyle-baker-for-mohenjo-daro-agility-needed-not-muscles-of/4747 |archive-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> Despite being a highly anticipated release, it failed commercially, and critics were generally unenthusiastic.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hrithik-roshan-ashutosh-gowariker-blame-each-other-poor-box-office-collection-mohenjo-daro-690924 |title=Hrithik Roshan, Ashutosh Gowariker blame each other for poor box office collection of 'Mohenjo Daro'? |date=23 August 2016 |work=International Business Times |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230155952/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hrithik-roshan-ashutosh-gowariker-blame-each-other-poor-box-office-collection-mohenjo-daro-690924 |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Dismissing the film as an "unintentional comedy", [[Anupama Chopra]] wrote that Roshan "pours his soul into every scene. But the burden of carrying this leaden, cartoon-like narrative proves too much even for his Herculean shoulders."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mohenjo-daro-review-by-anupama-chopra-an-unintentional-comedy/story-b3m2Jv3PmzOSwcbdLLt11L.html |title=Mohenjo Daro review by Anupama Chopra: An unintentional comedy |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=12 August 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106010508/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mohenjo-daro-review-by-anupama-chopra-an-unintentional-comedy/story-b3m2Jv3PmzOSwcbdLLt11L.html |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Roshan was next seen alongside [[Yami Gautam]] in [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]'s ''[[Kaabil]]'' (2017), a romantic thriller about a blind man who avenges the rape of his blind wife. To ensure authenticity in his portrayal, Roshan locked himself in a room for four days and avoided contact with people.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Hrithik-Roshan-locks-himself-for-four-days-to-prepare-for-Kaabil/articleshow/55706181.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan locks himself for four days to prepare for 'Kaabil' |date=30 November 2016 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=19 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012715/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Hrithik-Roshan-locks-himself-for-four-days-to-prepare-for-Kaabil/articleshow/55706181.cms |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> Reviews for the film were generally positive with particular praise for Roshan's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Kaabil-box-office-collection-Day-1-Hrithik-Roshan-film-makes-a-strong-start/articleshow/56793388.cms |title='Kaabil' box-office collection Day 1: Hrithik Roshan film makes a strong start |date=26 January 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126092411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Kaabil-box-office-collection-Day-1-Hrithik-Roshan-film-makes-a-strong-start/articleshow/56793388.cms |archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' found his performance to be his best to date,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaabil/movie-review/56749675.cms |title=Kaabil Movie Review |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=27 January 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127003322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaabil/movie-review/56749675.cms |archive-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> and Shubhra Gupta on ''[[The Indian Express]]'' considered him "the only bright spot in this dispirited mess of a movie."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaabil-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-yami-gautam-rakesh-roshan-star-rating-4489671/ |title=Kaabil movie review: Hrithik Roshan is the only bright spot in this dispirited mess of a film |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=24 January 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126143800/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaabil-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-yami-gautam-rakesh-roshan-star-rating-4489671/ |archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> The film accumulated {{INRConvert|1.96|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-kaabil-nearing-200-crores-worldwide-box-office/ |title=Box Office: Kaabil nearing 200 crores at the worldwide box office – Bollywood Hungama |date=8 February 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080315/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-kaabil-nearing-200-crores-worldwide-box-office/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

After two years of screen absence, Roshan starred in two films in 2019, first in [[Vikas Bahl]]'s biographical film ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'', based on the mathematician [[Anand Kumar]] and his [[Super 30|eponymous educational program]]. For the role, Roshan hired a trainer from Bhagalpur to learn Bihari accent.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-learns-bihari-accent-for-super-30-with-lollipop-lagelu-watch-new-video-1570992-2019-07-18 |title=Hrithik Roshan learns Bihari accent for Super 30 with Lollipop Lagelu. Watch new video |date=18 July 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=20 July 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719162135/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-learns-bihari-accent-for-super-30-with-lollipop-lagelu-watch-new-video-1570992-2019-07-18 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released to mixed reviews but was a commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|2.08|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-on-super-30-success-it-s-how-i-felt-when-kaho-na-pyaar-hai-released-1572065-2019-07-22 |title=Hrithik Roshan on Super 30 success: It's how I felt when Kaho Na Pyaar Hai released |date=22 July 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=23 July 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722124317/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-on-super-30-success-it-s-how-i-felt-when-kaho-na-pyaar-hai-released-1572065-2019-07-22 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/super_30_2019 |title=Super 30 (2019) |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722202757/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/super_30_2019 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> While [[NDTV]]'s Saibal Chatterjee found Roshan miscast in his role,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/super-30-movie-review-bronzing-hrithik-roshan-up-to-play-anand-kumar-is-a-formula-that-equals-zero-2-2068243 |title=Super 30 Movie Review: Hrithik Roshan Is Horribly Miscast In Another Botched Bollywood Biopic |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=12 July 2019 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721154038/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/super-30-movie-review-bronzing-hrithik-roshan-up-to-play-anand-kumar-is-a-formula-that-equals-zero-2-2068243 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Michael Gomes of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' called it one of his best performances.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/super-30-review-hrithik-roshan-drives-with-his-earnest-performance |title='Super 30' review: Hrithik Roshan drives with his earnest performance |last=Gomes |first=Michael |date=11 July 2019 |work=Khaleej Times |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712161633/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/super-30-review-hrithik-roshan-drives-with-his-earnest-performance |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Roshan found his biggest commercial success in the [[List of Bollywood films of 2019|highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2019]], the {{INRConvert|4.75|b}}-earning action thriller ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-s-action-film-to-release-on-october-2-2019/story-agmcQWqA1GjG9NvoTVTh9M.html |title=Hrithik Roshan, Tiger Shroff's action film to release on October 2, 2019 |date=3 February 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 February 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203115940/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-s-action-film-to-release-on-october-2-2019/story-agmcQWqA1GjG9NvoTVTh9M.html |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/page/1 |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013072341/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/page/1/ |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film, Roshan's first with [[Yash Raj Films]] since ''Dhoom 2'', tells the story of an Indian soldier ([[Tiger Shroff]]) tasked with eliminating his former mentor (Roshan) who has gone rogue. Reviews for the film and the performances were positive; Rajeev Masand praised Roshan and Shroff for their commitment to the action, "bringing swag to the big stylish sequences and a visceral energy to the one-on-one punch-ups in the movie".<ref>{{cite web |title=War Movie Review: Hrithik Roshan-Tiger Shroff Film Gives You Your Money's Worth |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/war-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-film-gives-you-your-moneys-worth-2331655.html |first=Rajeev |last=Masand |publisher=CNN-News18 |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104205145/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/war-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-film-gives-you-your-moneys-worth-2331655.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Roshan's next release was three years later in ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]'' (2022), a remake of the Tamil [[Vikram Vedha|film of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Vedha first look has Hrithik Roshan on wrong side of the law, Madhavan calls it 'epic' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-first-look-vikram-vedha-hindi-remake-birthday-see-photo-7715340/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070855/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-first-look-vikram-vedha-hindi-remake-birthday-see-photo-7715340/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first1=Tanushree|last1=Roy|title=Saif Ali Khan starts shooting for Hrithik Roshan's Vikram Vedha in Lucknow|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/saif-ali-khan-starts-shooting-for-hrithik-roshan-s-vikram-vedha-in-lucknow-1882913-2021-12-01|url-status=live|work=India Today|date=1 December 2021|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202195815/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/saif-ali-khan-starts-shooting-for-hrithik-roshan-s-vikram-vedha-in-lucknow-1882913-2021-12-01}}</ref> The film tells the story of Vikram, a police inspector (Saif Ali Khan) who sets out to track down and kill Vedha (Roshan), a gangster. It received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikram Vedha |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vikram_vedha_2022 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=1 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001172626/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vikram_vedha_2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rachana Dubey of ''The Times of India'' praised Roshan's performance, writing that he "is menacing, ruthless and extremely emotional in parts".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Rachana |title=''Vikram Vedha'' Review: An action-thriller that plays mind games... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/vikram-vedha/movie-review/94498413.cms |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084657/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/vikram-vedha/movie-review/94498413.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film did not perform well commercially, leading Roshan to question the kind of roles he would do in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title='I will think twice before doing a role' Hrithik Roshan on Vikram Vedha's failure |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/i-will-think-twice-before-doing-a-role-hrithik-roshan-on-vikram-vedhas-failure/articleshow/96620886.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=30 December 2022 |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129080634/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/i-will-think-twice-before-doing-a-role-hrithik-roshan-on-vikram-vedhas-failure/articleshow/96620886.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Roshan starred in Siddharth Anand's action film ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]'' (2024), with [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=''Fighter'' box office collection day 11: Hrithik Roshan-Deepika Padukone film makes stunning comeback, closes on Rs 300 cr global earning |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fighter-box-office-collection-day-11-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-film-makes-stunning-comeback-closes-on-rs-300-cr-global-earning-9144456/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 February 2024}}</ref> For their roles as [[Indian Air Force]] officers, Roshan and Padukone underwent martial arts training.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2022 |title=Hrithik Roshan and Deepika Padukone to undergo intensive martial arts training for ''Fighter'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukone-to-undergo-intensive-martial-arts-training-for-fighter/articleshow/92194435.cms/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511071643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukone-to-undergo-intensive-martial-arts-training-for-fighter/articleshow/92194435.cms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''Firstpost'' praised the emotional depth of Roshan's performance and his dialogue delivery.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aaglave |first1=Ganesh |title=Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone & Anil Kapoor starrer ''Fighter'' movie review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fighter-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-anil-kapoor-starrer-is-a-big-screen-visual-spectacle-13652562.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=Firstpost |date=25 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It emerged as a modest commercial success.{{cn|date=October 2025}}[[File:Hrithik Roshan at trailer launch of The Roshans (cropped).jpg|thumb|Roshan at the trailer launch of ''[[The Roshans]]'' in 2025]]
in 2025, Roshan reprised his role as [[Major Kabir Dhaliwal]] in the sequel ''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]'', which co-starred [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Kiara Advani]]. With a budget of {{INRConvert|4|b}}, it is among the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films]] ever made.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=the-lawyers-vol7-nos89-how-rs-275108-crores-were-diverted-the-law-that-ensurers-the-coverup-augsept1992-4-pp |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-3362-0068 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Human Rights Documents online |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-3362-0068 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> To prepare for the film, he trained in martial arts and learnt combat with a Japanese [[katana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan trains to fight with a Japanese Katana sword for spy thriller War 2 |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni64493862/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> In a negative review, a critic for [[Bollywood Hungama|''Bollywood Hungama'']] credited Roshan with salvaging an otherwise poorly-written script.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-14 |title=War 2 Movie Review: WAR 2 is the weakest film of the YRF Spy Universe |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/war-2/critic-review/war-2-movie-review/war-2-is-the-weakest-film-of-the-yrf-spy-universe/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The film emerged as a [[box-office bomb]], which Roshan attributed to his own complacency during filming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-22 |title=Is War 2 a hit or flop? As Hrithik Roshan, Jr NTR spy thriller crosses ₹300 crore, analysing its box office performance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/is-war-2-a-hit-or-flop-as-hrithik-roshan-jr-ntr-spy-thriller-crosses-300-crore-analysing-its-box-office-performance-101755849385489.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title=Hrithik Roshan breaks silence on War 2 failure, says he ignored a voice within: 'This is too easy' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-breaks-silence-on-war-2-failure-says-he-ignored-a-voice-within-10286096/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He will next reprise his role as [[Krrish (character)|Krrish]] in the fourth instalment in the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'']] franchise, which will also mark his directorial debut and will be jointly produced by his father and [[Aditya Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krrish 4': Rakesh Roshan gives MASSIVE update on Hrithik Roshan starrer, leaving fans excited for fourth installment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/krrish-4-rakesh-roshan-gives-massive-update-on-hrithik-roshan-starrer-leaving-fans-excited-for-fourth-installment/articleshow/123763805.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Times of India |date=8 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He will also star in an as yet-untitled project produced by [[Hombale Films]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan to collaborate with Hombale Films, banner behind KGF and Kantara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-to-collaborate-with-hombale-films-banner-behind-kgf-and-kantara-10034754/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |date=28 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and will produce a web series titled ''Storm'' under his production company HRX Films, which will stream on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan to produce Storm for Prime Video with Parvathy, Alaya F, Saba Azad|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/prime-video-thriller-storm-hrithik-roshan-female-protagonists-mumbai-2801029-2025-10-10|access-date=2025-10-10|website=India Today|date=10 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He will also produce the comedy feature ''Mess'' through HRX Films in collaboration with [[Amazon Prime Video]], marking his second partnership with the streaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2026-03-17 |title=Hrithik Roshan’s HRX Films, Prime Video Team for Comedy ‘Mess’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/hrithik-roshan-hrx-films-prime-video-comedy-mess-1236690572/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan teams up with Prime Video for another project Mess |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-teams-up-with-prime-video-for-another-project-mess/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Other work ==
Roshan has performed on stage, appeared on television, and launched a clothing line. His first tour (Heartthrobs: Live in Concert (2002) with Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Aftab Shivdasani]]) was successful in the United States and Canada.{{sfn|Krämer|2016|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/27hrit.htm |title=Why Britney bowled over Hrithik |last=Jha, Subhash K |date=27 June 2002 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093103/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/27hrit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> At the end of that year, he danced on stage with Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt, Kareena Kapoor, Rani Mukerji and Shah Rukh Khan at [[Kings Park Stadium]] in [[Durban]], South Africa in the show ''Now or Never''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021230/world.htm#12 |title=Bollywood holds Durban captive |date=30 December 2002 |work=The Tribune |access-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021230/world.htm |archive-date=21 November 2013}}</ref> In 2011, Roshan served as a judge alongside [[Farah Khan]] and [[Vaibhavi Merchant]] for the dance competition reality show, ''[[Just Dance (Indian TV series)|Just Dance]]''. He became the highest-paid film star on Indian television after he was paid {{INRConvert|20|m}} per episode. The show ran from June to October 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/hrithik-is-the-highest-paid-filmstar-on-tv/ |title=Hrithik is the highest paid filmstar on TV |date=1 March 2011 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230090302/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/hrithik-is-the-highest-paid-filmstar-on-tv/ |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In November 2013, Roshan launched his clothing line, the casual wear brand HRx.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-23/news/44389921_1_hrithik-roshan-brand-identity-arjun-rampal |title=Hrithik Roshan launches his own casual wear brand HRx |last=Rathore, Vijaya |date=23 November 2013 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126142239/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-23/news/44389921_1_hrithik-roshan-brand-identity-arjun-rampal |archive-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Hrithik charity.jpg|thumb|left|Roshan at a charity football match in 2014]]
Roshan is vocal about his childhood stammer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stutteringhelp.org/content/bollywood-star-talks-about-his-stuttering |title=Bollywood Star Talks About His Stuttering |publisher=stutteringhelp.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922010447/http://www.stutteringhelp.org/content/bollywood-star-talks-about-his-stuttering |archive-date=22 September 2016 |access-date=4 January 2017 }}</ref> He actively supports the Dilkhush Special School for mentally challenged children in Mumbai.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-publicise-your-charity-work-hrithik-roshan-2315008.html |title=Publicise your charity work: Hrithik Roshan |last=Risbood |first=Vaibhavi |date=1 August 2011 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106012039/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-publicise-your-charity-work-hrithik-roshan-2315008.html |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> In 2008, he donated {{INRConvert|2|m}} to the [[Nanavati Hospital]] for the treatment of stammering children.<ref name="special child" /> Roshan set up a charity foundation in 2009 that aims to work for handicapped people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2009/hrithik-roshan-charity-170809.html |title=Hrithik Roshan in a charity mood |date=17 August 2009 |work=Oneindia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106011432/http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2009/hrithik-roshan-charity-170809.html |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=5 January 2017 }}</ref> He donates roughly {{INRConvert|700|k}} for charity every month,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/hrithik-vows-to-spends-crores-on-the-disabled/103836 |title=Hrithik vows to spends crores on the disabled |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=28 November 2010 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106010703/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/hrithik-vows-to-spends-crores-on-the-disabled/103836 |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> and believes that people should publicise their philanthropic work to set an example for others.<ref name="bhaskar" /> In 2013, he took part in a festivity at [[Ghatkopar]], whose proceeds went to an NGO supporting tribal girls suffering from malnutrition and starvation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/hrithik-roshan-supports-charitable-cause-for-tribal-girls/229453 |title=Hrithik Roshan supports charitable cause for tribal girls |date=31 August 2013 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106011123/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/hrithik-roshan-supports-charitable-cause-for-tribal-girls/229453 |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Also that year, he donated {{INRConvert|2.5|m}} to help the victims of the [[2013 North India floods]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/letters-to-the-editor/hrithik-roshan-s-charity |title=Hrithik Roshan's charity |last=K V, Raman |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106011101/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/letters-to-the-editor/hrithik-roshan-s-charity |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref>

Alongside other Bollywood stars, Roshan played a football match for charity organised by [[Aamir Khan]]'s daughter, Ira, in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tigi-foundation-celebraty-football-match-organaised-ira-khan-1627761.html |title=Aamir, Hrithik and Abhishek play football for charity |date=21 July 2014 |work=Firstpost |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822140844/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tigi-foundation-celebraty-football-match-organaised-ira-khan-1627761.html |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> The following year, he appeared with [[Sonam Kapoor]] in the music video for "[[Dheere Dheere]]", whose profits were donated to charity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/how-hrithik-roshan-impressed-sonam-kapoor-during-dheere-dheere-se-song-shoot-645109 |title=How Hrithik Roshan Impressed Sonam Kapoor During 'Dheere Dheere Se' Song Shoot? |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=2 September 2015 |work=International Business Times |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229121311/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/how-hrithik-roshan-impressed-sonam-kapoor-during-dheere-dheere-se-song-shoot-645109 |archive-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> Later that year, Roshan became the Indian brand ambassador for [[UNICEF]] and the Global Goals campaign's World's Largest Lesson that aims to educate children in over 100 countries about the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/hrithik-roshan-to-champion-worlds-largest-lesson/ |title=Hrithik Roshan to champion 'World's Largest Lesson' |date=6 October 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042930/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/hrithik-roshan-to-champion-worlds-largest-lesson/ |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> In 2016, Roshan and other Bollywood actors made donations for building homes for families affected by the [[2015 South Indian floods]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/100416/jacqueline-fernandez-thanks-hrithik-roshan-for-his-generous-donation.html |title=Jacqueline Fernandez thanks Hrithik Roshan for his generous donation |date=10 April 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106012550/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/100416/jacqueline-fernandez-thanks-hrithik-roshan-for-his-generous-donation.html |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref>

Following his debut film, Roshan signed on for endorsement deals with [[Coca-Cola]], Tamarind and [[Hero Honda]], all for three years and for at least {{INRConvert|30|m}}.<ref name="one-trick" /> As of 2010, he is celebrity endorser for such brands and products as [[Provogue]], Parle Hide and Seek, [[Reliance Communications]] and Hero Honda and recently roshan has completed six years with Rado.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dumkhum.com/rado-brand-ambassador-hrithik-roshan-opens-new-store-at-delhi-airport/ |title=Rado brand ambassador Hrithik Roshan opens new store at Delhi Airport {{!}} Dumkhum |website=dumkhum.com |language=en-US |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102455/https://dumkhum.com/rado-brand-ambassador-hrithik-roshan-opens-new-store-at-delhi-airport/ |archive-date=28 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/brand-ambassador-hrithik-roshan-unveils-rado-s-new-featherweight-collection-116080400310_1.html |title=Brand Ambassador Hrithik Roshan unveils Rado's new Featherweight Collection |last=ANI |date=4 August 2016 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327213818/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/brand-ambassador-hrithik-roshan-unveils-rado-s-new-featherweight-collection-116080400310_1.html |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Times of India'' reported that Roshan received {{INRConvert|12|m}} to {{INRConvert|15|m}} for each endorsement, making him one of the highest-paid male celebrity endorsers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETD%2F2010%2F09%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1 |title=Ajab Prem ki ghazab endorsement kahani |date=27 September 2010 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104165044/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETD%2F2010%2F09%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1 |archive-date=4 January 2017 }}</ref> In 2016, [[Duff & Phelps]] estimated his brand value to be US$34.1 million, the eighth highest of Indian celebrities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/bollywood-steals-show-on-celeb-ambassadors-list/articleshow/55167789.cms |title=Bollywood steals show on celeb ambassadors' list |last=Anand |first=Shambhavi |date=1 November 2016 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305194330/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/bollywood-steals-show-on-celeb-ambassadors-list/articleshow/55167789.cms |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Roshan was signed as the brand ambassador of a Health and wellness startup Cure.fit and is touted as one of the largest endorsement deal signed by an Indian startup.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/hrithik-roshan-inks-rs-100-crore-deal-with-startup-cure-fit/articleshow/59961803.cms |title=Hrithik Brand Ambassador of Cure.Fit |last=Shinde |first=Prajwal |date=26 February 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090926/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/hrithik-roshan-inks-rs-100-crore-deal-with-startup-cure-fit/articleshow/59961803.cms |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Hrithik Roshan and Sussanne Roshan at Karan Johar's birthday, 30 May, 2012.jpg|thumb|190px|Roshan and Sussanne Khan (pictured in 2012) were married for fourteen years|alt=Hrithik Roshan with his wife, Sussanne Khan.]]
On 20 December 2000, Roshan married [[Sussanne Khan]] in a private ceremony in Bangalore.<ref name="marriage">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-his-women-kangana-ranaut-wasn-t-the-only-one/story-l4gaoVYuec7U3hzVIla9SM.html |title=Hrithik Roshan and his women: Kangana Ranaut wasn't the only one |last=Nayar Singh, Anjuri |date=22 March 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231074648/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-his-women-kangana-ranaut-wasn-t-the-only-one/story-l4gaoVYuec7U3hzVIla9SM.html |archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Despite their religious difference—Roshan is a [[Hindu]] and Khan is a [[Muslim]]—Roshan says that he equally valued her beliefs.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/18hrit.htm |title='She's a Muslim' |date=15 August 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614142625/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/18hrit.htm |archive-date=14 June 2016 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> The couple has two sons, Hrehaan (born in 2006) and Hridhaan (born in 2008).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/01son.htm |title=Another son for Hrithik and Suzanne |date=1 May 2008 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502090113/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/01son.htm |archive-date=2 May 2008 |access-date=1 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1020810&CatID=1 |title=Hrithik's son to be named Hridhaan |date=29 March 2006 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=29 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427064744/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1020810&CatID=1 |archive-date=27 April 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan dances with sons Hrehaan, Hridhaan at cousin's wedding; fans say: 'Kids have inherited the right things'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-dances-with-sons-hrehaan-roshan-hridhaan-roshan-at-cousin-eshaan-roshan-wedding-fans-react-101766508952212.html|access-date=2026-01-07|website=Hindustan Times|date=23 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Roshan and Sussanne separated in December 2013 and their divorce was finalised in November 2014.<ref name="marriage" /> Both maintained that they parted amicably.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hrithik-Roshan-and-Sussanne-Khan-granted-divorce-by-family-court/articleshow/45003091.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan and Sussanne Khan granted divorce by family court |last=Deshpande |first=Swati |date=1 November 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110131936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hrithik-Roshan-and-Sussanne-Khan-granted-divorce-by-family-court/articleshow/45003091.cms |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, Roshan had filed a lawsuit against ''Krrish 3'' co-star [[Kangana Ranaut]] for cyber stalking and harassment. Denying the charges, Ranaut filed a counter-charge claiming that his lawsuit was an attempt to cover up an affair.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Hrithik-Kangana-face-off-gets-ugly/articleshow/51416765.cms |title=Hrithik, Kangana face off gets ugly |last1=Baghel |first1=Sunil |date=16 March 2016 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907090355/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Hrithik-Kangana-face-off-gets-ugly/articleshow/51416765.cms |archive-date=7 September 2016 |last2=Lohana |first2=Avinash }}</ref> Owing to a lack of evidence, the Mumbai Police closed the case later that year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/hrithik-kangana-fight-affair-details-timeline-352455-2016-11-17 |title=Hrithik-Kangana legal war comes to an end: Timeline of the battle |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=17 November 2016 |work=India Today |access-date=16 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207075336/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-kangana-fight-affair-details-timeline/1/812885.html |archive-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> As of 2022, Roshan is dating actress [[Saba Azad]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saba-azad-hrithik-roshan-girlfriend-hate-paparazzi-mean-comments-troll-101696241775065.html |title=Saba Azad on getting hate, being scrutinised for dating Hrithik Roshan: 'Hatred is palpable, you feel like s***' |date=2 October 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104093014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saba-azad-hrithik-roshan-girlfriend-hate-paparazzi-mean-comments-troll-101696241775065.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Hrithik Roshan with his sons Hrehaan (second from left), Hridhaan (middle), niece Suranika (first from left) and Saba Azad in 2025.jpg|thumb|Roshan with his sons Hrehaan (second from left), Hridhaan (middle), niece Suranika (extreme left) and [[Saba Azad]] in 2025]]

Roshan had considered quitting the film industry after two assailants fired bullets at his father in 2000.<ref name="factfile" /> Later that December, he was involved in a controversy when Nepalese newspapers and [[Jamim Shah]]'s [[Channel Nepal]] accused him of stating in a [[Star Plus]] interview that he hated Nepal and its people. This led to protests in the country, a ban on screening of his films, and four people's deaths after street violence.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/editors-note/story/20010108-why-is-nepal-so-highly-strung-over-hrithik-roshan-776005-2001-01-07 |title=Why is Nepal so highly strung over Hrithik Roshan? |date=8 January 2001 |work=India Today |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231080900/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/why-is-nepal-so-highly-strung-over-hrithik-roshan/1/233351.html |archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Nepalese people threatened to "bury [him] alive" if he ever visited the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/29nep1.htm |title=Nepalese in India to file case against Hrithik |date=29 December 2000 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312041108/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/29nep1.htm |archive-date=12 March 2005 |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Star Plus, for its part, stated that Roshan "did not touch upon Nepal." The violence calmed down after Roshan wrote a two-page rejoinder in which he denied having made any claim against the country. Nepali actress [[Manisha Koirala]] helped distribute it to newspapers and a local television station.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/29mani.htm |title=Manisha Koirala to Hrithik's rescue |last=Joseph |first=Josy |date=29 December 2000 |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075053/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/29mani.htm |archive-date=31 December 2016 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In October 2025, amid rising misuse of public figures' voices and likenesses through [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and [[deepfake]]s, Roshan filed a plea in [[Delhi High Court]] requesting to protect his personality rights following similar actions by [[List of Hindi film families#Bachchan family|the Bachchans]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Kumar Sanu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan moves Delhi High Court seeking protection of personality rights; to safeguard unauthorised use of 'name, image, likeness'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hrithik-roshan-moves-delhi-high-court-seeking-protection-of-personality-rights-to-safeguard-unauthorised-use-of-name-image-likeness/articleshow/124556942.cms|access-date=2025-10-14|website=The Times of India|date=14 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The actor was granted relief on the grounds of "to remove specific posts infringing upon his personality rights with the unauthorized use of his name, image and likeness". However was declined "to order the immediate take down of those which were by the fan pages dedicated to the actor".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi High Court protects Hrithik Roshan's personality rights except for THIS request made by actor|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/delhi-high-court-protects-hrithik-roshans-personality-rights-fan-pages-to-not-be-taken-down-now-case-pending-101760516676910-amp.html#amp_ct=1768593892050&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17685938625638&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com|access-date=2026-01-16|website=The Hindustan Times| date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Artistry and media image ==
As the son of the filmmaker Rakesh, Roshan faced the media spotlight from a young age.<ref name="spotlight" /> Discussing [[nepotism]] in Bollywood, Shama Rana views him as one of several actors who managed film careers with the help of family relations in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100919/spectrum/main8.htm |title=Bollywood's tryst with clans |last=Rana |first=Shama |date=19 September 2010 |work=The Tribune |access-date=9 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080131/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100919/spectrum/main8.htm |archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> On the other hand, Roshan is acknowledged in the media for his devotion to his work and for his ability to commit heavily to each role.<ref name="40 things">{{Cite web |url=http://uswww.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-40-things-you-didnt-know-about-hrithik-roshan/20140110.htm |title=40 Things You Didn't Know About Hrithik Roshan |date=10 January 2014 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003240/http://uswww.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-40-things-you-didnt-know-about-hrithik-roshan/20140110.htm |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=2 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/voices/measuring-up-to-hrithik |title=Measuring up to Hrithik |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=25 June 2011 |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]] |access-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003616/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/voices/measuring-up-to-hrithik |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> He insists on learning any necessary skills and performing stunts himself,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshan-My-idea-of-success-has-got-nothing-to-do-with-the-worldly-definition-of-it-as-all-that-is-a-lie/articleshow/55873355.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan: My idea of success has got nothing to do with the worldly definition of it, as all that is a lie |last=Mukherjee |first=Madhureeta |date=9 December 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210232506/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshan-My-idea-of-success-has-got-nothing-to-do-with-the-worldly-definition-of-it-as-all-that-is-a-lie/articleshow/55873355.cms |archive-date=10 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-will-do-the-action-sequences-on-his-own-for-bang-bang/ |title=Hrithik Roshan will do the action sequences on his own for 'Bang Bang' |date=19 February 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118040538/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-will-do-the-action-sequences-on-his-own-for-bang-bang/ |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> and is particularly known for his professionalism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hrithik-roshan-shooting-21-hours-hrx-commercial-bang-bang-207036-2014-09-03 |title=Hrithik Roshan displays true professionalism, shoots for 21 hours at a go! |date=3 September 2014 |work=India Today |access-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003900/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-shooting-21-hours-hrx-commercial-bang-bang/1/380725.html |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> The director Ashutosh Gowariker praised Roshan when he continued filming ''Mohenjo Daro'' despite several injuries and being in a troubled state of mind.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-despite-the-failure-of-mohenjo-daro-ashutosh-gowariker-lauds-hrithik-roshan-s-professionalism-2255254 |title=Despite the failure of 'Mohenjo Daro' Ashutosh Gowariker lauds Hrithik Roshan's professionalism |date=14 September 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029184237/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-despite-the-failure-of-mohenjo-daro-ashutosh-gowariker-lauds-hrithik-roshan-s-professionalism-2255254 |archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Zoya Akhtar, who considers Roshan her favourite actor, and directed him in ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'', remarks on his ability to display a range of emotions on screen.<ref name="findia" /><ref name="favourite" />

[[File:Hrithik Roshan snapped at Mehboob studio 02 (cropped).jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|left|Roshan is frequently cited as a sex symbol and a style icon by the Indian media.|alt=Roshan in a t-shirt]]
In an attempt to avoid [[Typecasting (acting)|typecasting]], Roshan takes on diverse parts.<ref name="findia">{{Cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/hrithik-roshan-the-tireless-fighter/39237/1 |title=Hrithik Roshan: The tireless fighter |last1=Purandare |first1=Kunal |date=26 December 2014 |work=[[Forbes India]] |access-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004344/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/hrithik-roshan-the-tireless-fighter/39237/1 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |last2=Bhat |first2=Shravan }}</ref><ref name="the hindu" /> He looks at the scripts as a platform to inspire with the strength and courage of his characters and to make his audiences smile.<ref name="findia" /> Roshan was noted by critics for his versatility in portraying a variety of characters in ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' (2003), ''Lakshya'' (2004), ''Jodhaa Akbar'' (2008), and ''Guzaarish'' (2010).<ref name="findia" /> Box Office India ranked him first on its top actors listing in 2000 and later included him in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |title=Top Actors |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> Roshan topped Rediff.com's list of best Bollywood actors in 2003,<ref name="Rediff2003" /> and was ranked fourth in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd8.htm |title=Readers' Picks: Top Bollywood Actors |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000451/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd8.htm |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> ''Filmfare'' magazine included two of his performances—from ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' and ''Lakshya''—on its 2010 list of 80 Iconic Performances.<ref name="iconic" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performance-910-990.html |title=80 Iconic Performances 8/10 |date=9 June 2010 |work=Filmfare |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002080726/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performance-910-990.html |archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> In March 2011, Roshan placed fourth on Rediff.com's list of Top 10 Actors of 2000–2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-these-actors-have-fared-in-the-last-decade/20110308.htm#5 |title=How Bollywood's top actors have fared last decade |date=8 March 2011 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181055/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-these-actors-have-fared-in-the-last-decade/20110308.htm |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

Roshan's dancing ability has drawn praise from the media, an opinion he disagrees with.<ref name="findia" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kites-film-review-29651 |title=Kites – Film Review |last=Tsering |first=Lisa |date=14 October 2010 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103005017/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kites-film-review-29651 |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' finds him to be "a sensational dancer" who "has the dashing, chiseled looks of a silent movie matinee idol."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-21-la-et-capsules-kites-20100521-story.html |title=Movie Review: 'Kites' flies on energy, passion |last=Thomas |first=Kevin |date=21 May 2010 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603091520/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/21/entertainment/la-et-capsules-kites-20100521 |archive-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> Although author Nandana Bose attributed Roshan's popularity to Bollywood's preoccupation with traditional hypermasculinity, she wrote that he sets himself apart by showcasing dancing talent and "transnational, transfigurative corporeality". According to Bose, Roshan's stardom is marked by his ability to seamlessly transition between roles, from dancing star to credible superhero, shaping the industry's landscape.{{sfn|Bose|2020|pp=158–159}} Some critics believe that he is only able to dance and act in his father's films.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/over-the-years-hrithik-roshan/story-YtwXGBbEezjTrYWeQQTqSN.html |title=Over the Years: Hrithik Roshan |last1=Marwah |first1=Navdeep Kaur |date=21 September 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/over-the-years-hrithik-roshan/story-YtwXGBbEezjTrYWeQQTqSN.html |archive-date=4 January 2017 |last2=Bansal |first2=Robin}}</ref> Sanya Panwar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' criticised his inclination towards "glamorous, albeit empty" and stereotypical parts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-times-we-hated-ourselves-for-being-obsessed-with-you-hrithik/story-gZGMqoQBGh7AAEyhn05uCO.html |title=15 times we hated ourselves for being obsessed with you, Hrithik |last=Panwar |first=Sanya |date=16 January 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-times-we-hated-ourselves-for-being-obsessed-with-you-hrithik/story-gZGMqoQBGh7AAEyhn05uCO.html |archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>

Roshan has established himself as a sex symbol and a style icon in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood heartthrob Roshan warns fans against obsession |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/bollywood-heartthrob-roshan-warns-fans-against-obsession |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=3 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hrithik-roshan-voted-ultimate-style-icon-100904-2012-05-01 |title=Hrithik Roshan voted ultimate style icon |date=2 May 2012 |work=India Today |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000150/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-voted-ultimate-style-icon/1/187024.html |archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-roshan-the-new-gay-icon-1612170 |title=Hrithik Roshan, the new gay icon? |last=Banerjee |first=Soumyadipta |date=14 November 2011 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929190851/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-roshan-the-new-gay-icon-1612170 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, Roshan was one of the four Bollywood actors, along with Priyanka Chopra, Kajol and Shah Rukh Khan, whose miniature dolls were launched in the United Kingdom, under the name of "Bollywood Legends".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kajol-hrithik-on-london-streets/21700-8.html |title=Kajol, Hrithik on London streets |last=Banerjee |first=Akanksha |date=16 September 2006 |publisher=CNN-IBN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104001800/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kajol-hrithik-on-london-streets/21700-8.html |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> He topped ''The Times of India''{{'s}} listing of 50 Most Desirable Men in 2010 and ranked among the top five for the next five years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010: The Winners |date=9 January 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510213330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms |archive-date=10 May 2016 }} 
{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners |date=4 February 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live }} 
{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms |title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012 |date=6 May 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912072811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015 }} 
{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms |title=Mahesh Babu is 2013's most desirable man |date=23 May 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070534/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 }} 
{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014 |date=28 April 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 }} 
{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms |title=Ranveer Singh: The Most Desirable Man of 2015 |date=3 May 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127055530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 }}</ref> In 2010 and 2012, the Indian edition of ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]'' included him in their listing of Bollywood's best dressed men.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/08/slide-show-1-glamour-poll-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2010.htm#10 |title=Poll: Best-dressed Indian men of 2010! |date=8 June 2010 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304121359/http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/08/slide-show-1-glamour-poll-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2010.htm#10 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=3 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gqindia.com/content/bollywoods-11-best-dressed-actors/ |title=Bollywood's 11 best dressed actors |last=Shah |first=Megha |date=15 May 2012 |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162823/http://www.gqindia.com/content/bollywoods-11-best-dressed-actors/ |archive-date=4 January 2017 }}</ref> A life-size, wax figure of him was installed at London's [[Madame Tussauds]] museum in January 2011, making him the fifth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue there.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/20/7032/index.html |title=Hrithik Roshan's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussauds |last=Patel, Devnash |date=20 January 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123221526/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/20/7032/index.html |archive-date=23 January 2011 |access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> Versions of the statue were installed at Madame Tussauds' museums in New York, Washington and other cities in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/big-b-srk-aishwaryas-wax-figures-at-washington-tussauds/1040813/ |title=Big B, SRK, Aishwarya's wax figures at Washington Tussauds |date=5 December 2012 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120105117/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/big-b-srk-aishwaryas-wax-figures-at-washington-tussauds/1040813/ |archive-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> Roshan regularly features in the magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'s}} listing of the 50 Sexiest Asian Men. He topped the list in 2011, 2012 and 2014, and featured among the top five in 2010, 2013 and 2015 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm |title=Hrithik Roshan tops Sexiest Asian Men 2011 list |date=2 December 2011 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231035051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm |archive-date=31 December 2016 |access-date=3 January 2017 }} 
{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-named-sexiest-asian-man-again-609460 |title=Hrithik Roshan named sexiest Asian man again |date=13 December 2012 |publisher=NDTV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081006/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-named-sexiest-asian-man-again-609460 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 December 2015 }} 
{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131211/entertainment-bollywood/article/ali-zafar-beats-hrithik-roshan-sexiest-asian-man-planet-title |title=Ali Zafar beats Hrithik Roshan to 'Sexiest Asian Man On The Planet' title |date=12 December 2013 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318110444/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131211/entertainment-bollywood/article/ali-zafar-beats-hrithik-roshan-sexiest-asian-man-planet-title |archive-date=18 March 2016 }} 
{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141211/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/top-10-worlds-sexiest-asian-men-hrithik-roshan-rules-chart |title=World's top 10 sexiest Asian men, Hrithik Roshan rules the chart |date=12 December 2014 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421084656/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141211/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/top-10-worlds-sexiest-asian-men-hrithik-roshan-rules-chart |archive-date=21 April 2016 }} 
{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1011524/ali-zafar-fawad-khan-among-top-10-sexiest-asian-men/ |title=Ali Zafar, Fawad Khan among top 10 'Sexiest Asian Men' |date=17 December 2015 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162939/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1011524/ali-zafar-fawad-khan-among-top-10-sexiest-asian-men/ |archive-date=4 January 2017 }} 
{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/asias-sexiest-men-2016-357941-2016-12-16 |title=Pakistan's chaiwala, Hrithik Roshan feature on top 50 sexiest Asian men list : Current Affairs |date=16 December 2016 |work=India Today |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104163338/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/asias-sexiest-men-2016/1/836162.html |archive-date=4 January 2017 }} {{Cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1583633/4-fawad-khan-comes-sixth-sexiest-asian-men-list/ |title=Fawad Khan comes in sixth in the Sexiest Asian Men list – The Express Tribune |date=14 December 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219161247/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1583633/4-fawad-khan-comes-sixth-sexiest-asian-men-list/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 }} {{Cite news |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/405836-pm-imran-ali-zafar-featured-on-50-sexiest-asian-men-2018-list |title=PM Imran, Ali Zafar featured on 50 sexiest Asian men 2018 list |date=14 December 2018 |work=[[The News International]] |access-date=10 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011143834/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/405836-pm-imran-ali-zafar-featured-on-50-sexiest-asian-men-2018-list |url-status=live }}</ref>

Roshan is among Bollywood's highest-paid actors.<ref name="high" /> Discussing his success ratio at the box office in a 2014 article, ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' credited him as "the most bankable star" in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-roshan-the-most-bankable-star-2023950 |title=Hrithik Roshan: The most bankable star? |last=Tanwar |first=Sania A |date=7 October 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423203034/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-roshan-the-most-bankable-star-2023950 |archive-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> He was named the second most powerful Indian film star by ''[[Forbes]]'' in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html |title=India's Celebrity Film Stars |last=Jatras |first=Todd |date=9 March 2001 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220031815/http://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html |archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> He ranked fourth in ''Filmfare'' Power List in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chopras-top-Filmfare-Power-List/articleshow/2799666.cms |title=Chopras top Filmfare Power List |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=21 February 2008 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chopras-top-Filmfare-Power-List/articleshow/2799666.cms |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2009 poll conducted by ''Daily News and Analysis'' Roshan was voted one of India's most popular icons.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-sach-a-icon-1311240 |title=Sach-a icon |last=Kamble |first=Amol |date=13 November 2009 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020442/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-sach-a-icon-1311240 |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> At the 2009 [[FICCI]]-IIFA Awards, Roshan was one of the ten recipients of the most powerful Bollywood entertainers of the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/big-b-srk-bag-most-powerful-entertainer-awards-at-ficci-frames/story-0bwzyib7mSlgvLCVwJIh6M.html |title=Big B, SRK bag most powerful entertainer awards at FICCI-Frames |date=18 February 2009 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506230856/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/big-b-srk-bag-most-powerful-entertainer-awards-at-ficci-frames/story-0bwzyib7mSlgvLCVwJIh6M.html |archive-date=6 May 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> From 2012 to 2019, Roshan was placed on ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Celebrity 100]]—a list based on the income and popularity of Indian celebrities—peaking at ninth position in 2014 with an annual income of {{INRConvert|850|m}}.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/hrithik-roshan/1587/19 |title=Hrithik Roshan |work=Forbes India |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224144522/http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/hrithik-roshan/1587/19 |archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1 |title=2014 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091856/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1 |archive-date=4 January 2017 }} {{Cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |title=2017 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185628/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |archive-date=11 July 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |title=2018 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213130303/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Hrithik Roshan}}

Roshan has received six [[Filmfare Awards]] out of eighteen nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'', ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', ''Dhoom 2'' and ''Jodhaa Akbar'', [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor – Critics]] for ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Literary sources ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE6ndYKml0C&pg=PA13 |title=Filming the Line of Control: The Indo–Pak Relationship through the Cinematic Lens |last1=Bharat |first1=Meenakshi |last2=Kumar |first2=Nirmal |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-51605-4 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Sen, Meheli |editor2=Basu, Anustup|last1=Bose|first1=Nandana|title=Figurations in Indian Film |date=2020 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-1373-4978-1|chapter=From Superman to Shahenshah: Stardom and the Transnational Corporeality of Hrithik Roshan|pages=158–169}}
* {{Cite book |title=Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow |last=Dawar |first=Ramesh |publisher=[[Star Publications]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-905863-01-3}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De6qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title=Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood |last=Jess-Cooke |first=Carolyn |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7486-3133-9 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFjSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=Bollywood in Britain: Cinema, Brand, Discursive Complex |last=Krämer |first=Lucia |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5013-0758-4}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xP4vAQAAIAAJ |title=Outlook |publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Limited |year=2005 |ref={{harvid|Outlook|2005}} }}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0004335}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|hrithik-roshan}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|hrithik_roshan}}
* {{Instagram|hrithikroshan}}

{{Navboxes
| title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Hrithik Roshan|Awards for Hrithik Roshan]]
| list =
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestActor}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{IIFAAwardBestActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{ProducersGuildFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActor}}
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{{StardustAwardMaleStar}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestActorMale}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut}}
}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
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|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roshan, Hrithik}}
[[Category:Hrithik Roshan| ]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Popping dancers]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:People with polydactyly]]

Sita Devi of Kapurthala

2026-03-20T00:35:49Z

KennyRoss67889: done

{{Short description|Kapurthalian royal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{distinguish|Sita Devi, Maharani of Baroda}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Princess Sita Devi
| image = Sita Devi of Kapurthala.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Princess Sita Devi (mid-1930s)
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 30 September 1915
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2002
| death_place =
| spouse = Prince Karamjit Singh of Kapurthala (m. 1928 - 1967; his death)
| issue = [[Arun Singh (politician, born 1944)|Prince Arun Singh]] [[Martand Singh (textile conservator)|Prince Martand Singh]]
| father = Udai Raj Singh I, Prince of Kashipur
| mother = Princess Devi of Bashahr
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Princess Sita Devi, Princess Karamjit Singh of Kapurthala''' (30 September 1915 − 2002),{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} also known as '''Princess Karam''' and the '''Pearl of India''', was the wife of Prince Karamjit Singh, a younger son of [[Jagatjit Singh|King Jagatjit Singh I]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] in [[Punjab, British India]]. In 1944, she was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Empire of India Medal]] for her work in raising funds for [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian soldiers in the Second World War]].

She was widely regarded as one of the most glamorous women of her day.<ref name="Maharajas pages 113, 116">Made for Maharajas: a design diary of princely India / by Amin Jaffer; pages 113, 116-117. New York: Vendome Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-86565-174-4}} {{ISBN|978-0-86565-174-6}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Maharaj Kumar Rani Sita Devi of Kapurthala, edit.jpg|thumb|right|Maharaj Kumar Rani of Kapurthala by Andre Durst (1934)]]
Sita Devi was born in 1915 to the Hindu [[Rajput]] Raja Uday Raj Singh Rathore of [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=Poddar2015.47>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Kapurthala|pages=47–48 |oclc=932267190 |language=English}}</ref>

At age 13, she married Prince Karamjit Singh, a younger son of the Sikh [[Jagatjit Singh|Maharaja Jagatjit Singh]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] in [[Punjab, British India]].<ref name=Poddar2015.47/> Her sister-in-law was [[Brinda Devi]], making [[Indira Devi of Kapurthala|Princess Indira Devi]] her niece.<ref name=Poddar2015.47/> As a Hindu devote, she kept her Nepalese cooks with her in order to produce vegetarian food and special Hindu meals for [[vrata|fasts]].<ref name=Ray2012>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ray |editor1-first=Krishnendu |editor2-last=Srinivas |editor2-first=Tulasi |title=Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27012-1 |page=63 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7MwDwAAQBAJ&dq=sita+devi+kapurthala&pg=PA63 |language=en |chapter=3. Cosmopolitan kitchens: cooking for princely zenanas in late colonial India}}</ref> At her wish, her husband arranged for her to have lessons in Sanskrit, German, Italian, mathematics, history and Hindu rituals.<ref name=Poddar2015.47/> She subsequently became fluent in five languages.<ref name=BT1934>{{cite news |title=Gossip of London: the pale princess|work= Belfast Telegraph |date=15 June 1934|page=810|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002318/19340615/181/0008|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Life in Europe==
Devi's first trip to Europe was in 1934.<ref name=BT1934/> In London, an "onlooker" in the ''Daily Mail'' wrote that "Princess Karam is pale. In her own country she is considered the most beautiful of the Princesses; they call her the "Rose of India"."<ref name=BT1934/> That year [[Cathleen Mann]]'s sketch of her was displayed at the [[New English Art Club]] show at the [[Royal Society of British Artists|Suffolk Street Galleries]].<ref name=Sket1934>{{cite news |title=What every woman wants to know |work=The Sketch|date=2 November 1938|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001860/19381102/023/0025|page=223|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Subsequently, in Paris, the media widely reported on her looks.<ref name=Poddar2015.47/><ref name=BT1934/> In 1938 her portrait featured in [[Oliver Messel]]'s exhibition.<ref name=Sketch1938>{{cite news |title=Beauty from Oliver Messel's Exhibition |work= The Sketch |date=30 November 1938|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001860/19381130/021/0021|page=415|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

She was a muse for several photographers, including [[Cecil Beaton]] and [[Man Ray]].<ref name=Poddar2015.47/> ''Vogue'' named her "one of the most beautiful women in the world".<ref name=Poddar2015.132>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Kapurthala|pages=132–136 |oclc=932267190 |language=English}}</ref>

At the turn of the 20th century, Indian princesses were increasingly wearing western garments, whether openly or under [[purdah]].<ref name=Jhala2011>{{cite book |last1=Jhala |first1=Angma Dey |title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-1-85196-064-4 |page=24 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGpECgAAQBAJ&dq=sita+devi+kapurthala&pg=PA24 |language=en |chapter=Introduction: cosmopolitan collectors}}</ref> Sita Devi's preferred couturier was [[Mainbocher]], who designed [[Chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]] saris and fur coats for her, and designed the wedding dress for [[Wallis Simpson]]'s nuptials with the [[Duke of Windsor]].<ref name=Jhala2011/><ref name=Scheips2014>{{cite book |last1=Scheips |first1=Charlie |title=Elsie de Wolfe's Paris: Frivolity Before the Storm |date=2014 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=978-1-61312-980-7 |pages=130–132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZeJDQAAQBAJ&dq=sita+devi+kapurthala&pg=PT130 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Jaffer> Jaffer, Amin (10 December 2006) [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061210/spectrum/main1.htm "Made for maharajas"]. ''The Tribune''. Excerpt from ''Made for Maharajas: A Design Diary of Princely India''</ref>

The couturier [[Elsa Schiaparelli]] was so dazzled by Sita Devi that the gowns of the designer’s 1935 collection were constructed [[sari-inspired dress|like Indian saris]].<ref name=Frock2016>{{cite book |title=Frocking Life: Searching for Elsa Schiaparelli |date=2016 |publisher=Rizzoli Publications |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8478-4548-4 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osGfBgAAQBAJ&dq=Princess+Karam+sari-inspired&pg=PT202 |language=en}}</ref> In early 1939, at [[Lady Mendl]]'s tea in honor of the Hollywood dietitian, [[Gayelord Hauser]], Sita Devi was listed among the twelve most glamorous women in the world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103030547/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771512,00.html?promoid=googlep ''Time'' 13 February 1939]</ref>

At the end of the summer in 1939, Devi was a guest of honour at a party hosted by [[Elsie de Wolfe]].<ref name=Frank2004>{{cite magazine |last1=Franklin|first1=Ruth |title=A Life in Good Taste |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/09/27/a-life-in-good-taste |access-date=7 October 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=20 September 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010055717/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/09/27/a-life-in-good-taste|archive-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Devi died in 2002. Her grandson is a jewellery designer, Hanut Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Journey into the world of Jewelry Designer Hanut Singh |url=https://thomasfuchscreative.com/blogs/news/the-eye-has-to-travel-a-journey-into-the-world-of-jewelry-designer-hanut-singh |website=Thomas Fuchs Creative |access-date=10 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours ==
* [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] [in Silver] (1 January 1944) for her work in raising funds for [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian soldiers in the Second World War]].<ref name=Poddar2015.47/><ref name=C&MG1944>{{cite news |title=Kaisar-i-Hind Silver Medal |work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore|date=1 January 1944|volume=LXV|issue=6085|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19440101/011/0001|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category inline|Sita Devi (Maharani of Kapurthala)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sita Devi Of Kapurthala}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:Indian socialites]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]

Lehragaga

2026-03-08T13:15:52Z

KennyRoss67889: general enhance citations for accuracy and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Lehragaga
| settlement_type = City
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Lehragaga
| coordinates = {{coord|29.94|75.81|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Punjab
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
| leader_title =
| altitude =
| population_as_of = 2011<ref name="2011 census" />
| population_total = 22,588
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 10
| elevation_ft = 226
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Municipal Council
| postal_code_type = [[postal index number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 148031
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 01676
| registration_plate = PB-13, PB-75
| sex_ratio =
| unlocode =
| website =
}}
'''Lehragaga''' is a town, [[municipal council]], railway station, community development block, district sub-division and [[vidhan sabha]] constituency in [[Sangrur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] near the border of Punjab and Haryana, 15 km north of [[Jakhal Mandi]] on Haryana border. It has many schools, colleges, financial institutes, and Asia's largest CBG (Compressed Bio Gas) plant named Verbio India. An adjoining village is called Gaga.

==History==
{{unsourced section|date=June 2021}}

It is the location of [[Battle of Lahira]] between [[Sikh]]s Guru and [[Mughals]].

Lehragaga, formerly part of the [[princely state]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], founded by [[Baba Ala Singh]], holds historical significance due to its association with Bhai Mani Singh. He was executed here by the Mughal rulers, prompting the construction of a Gurudwara in his memory. A fair is also held to commemorate his life, particularly his reputation for assisting the poor and needy. In that context, the Lehragaga remembered as the place of Mohan (Baba Mani Singh) in the following couplet:
''"lehro lehr samundar aye jaye jaha Mohan ka was;''
''Inder barse apni rut, or Mohan charo mas..."''
(Mohan's presence is as constant and powerful as the ocean, [[Indra]] [the rain god] rains in his season, and Mohan [is present] all four months.)

[[File:View of badminton court at stadium Lehragaga.jpg | thumb | right]]

==Cultural and social==
[[File:Railway Station , Lehragaga, Punjab.jpg|thumb|Railway Station of Lehragaga, Punjab.]]
There is a railway station in the city that lies on Ludhiana-Hisar railway line. This line divides the city into two parts.
There is Dr B R Ambedkar Stadium in the city which has facilities like indoor badminton court, track , volleyball ground , gym etc.
[[File:Dr B.R Ambedkar Stadium Lehragaga.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | View of Dr B R ambedkar stadium]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0319_PART_B_DCHB_SANGRUR.pdf |website=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK - SANGRUR |publisher=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=20 February 2022 |ref=P 24 + 25}}</ref> Lehragaga had a population of 22,588 of which 12,003 were male, 10,585 were female and 2,710 under 6 years of age. 15,052 were literate; 8,621 males and 6,431 females.

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Lehragaga city, as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Lehragaga city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Lehragaga (M Cl)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male
|-
|Hindu||13,729||6,395||7,334
|-
|Sikh||8,367||3,964||4,403
|-
|Muslim||338||152||186
|-
|Christian||50||23||27
|-
|Jain||45||21||24
|-
|Buddhist||15||8||7
|-
|Other religions||8||4||4
|-
|Not stated||36||18||18
|-
|Total||22,588||10,585||12,003
|}

==Politics==
Lehragaga is one of the 117 Vidhan Sabha Constituencies of Punjab. Its constituency no. is 99. It is part of the [[Lehra Assembly constituency]]. Member of legislative assembly from Lehra constituency is Advocate [[Barinder Kumar Goyal]] from 2022 onwards.

==Education==


* [[Government High School Chotian]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epunjabschool.gov.in/WEBPORTAL/SchoolDirectory.aspx |title=Government of Punjab :: Management Information system |access-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017020334/http://epunjabschool.gov.in/WEBPORTAL/SchoolDirectory.aspx |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Nearby villages==
Notable nearby villages include:-

* [[Changali Wala]]
* [[Dirba]]
* [[Haryau]]
* [[Khai]]
* [[Lehal Kalan]]
* [[Rampura Jawaharwala]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangrur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sangrur district]]

India women's national boxing team

2026-03-07T13:17:15Z

KennyRoss67889: new...

The '''India women's national boxing team''' represents India in international [[boxing]] competitions. It is administered by the [[Boxing Federation of India]] (BFI) which is the official national governing body for amateur boxing in India.<ref name="bfi">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Delhi High Court upholds Boxing Federation of India as only recognised national body for boxing |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/delhi-high-court-upholds-boxing-federation-of-india-as-only-recognised-national-body-for-boxing |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref> It is a member of [[World Boxing]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Boxing Federation of India agrees to join World Boxing |url=https://worldboxing.org/boxing-federation-of-india-agrees-to-join-world-boxing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628231423/https://worldboxing.org/boxing-federation-of-india-agrees-to-join-world-boxing |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=World Boxing |language=en-gb}}</ref> BFI is headquartered in [[Gurugram, Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Bearers of BFIBoxing Federation of India |url=https://boxingfederation.in/office-bearers-of-bfi/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1925, the first governing body for boxing in India, Bombay Presidency Amateur Boxing Federation was formed in Mumbai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Venkat |first=Rahul |date=2023-03-31 |title=History of boxing in India: From a staggered start to a global powerhouse |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-boxing-history-olympics-asian-games-commonwealth-games |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref> Mostly due to the efforts of HV Pointon, the President of the Bombay Presidency Amateur Boxing Federation (1944–48), Indian Amateur Boxing Federation was founded on 25 February 1949.<ref name=":0" /> Major FG Baker became the first secretary at the inaugural meeting at the Governor's Pavilion of the Cricket Club of India in Mumbai. Bombay (Mumbai) became the headquarters of the body. The first national championships were held at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in Mumbai in March 1950.

Indian Boxing Federation was also known as Indian Amateur Boxing Federation (IABF) and was suspended by the [[International Amateur Boxing Association]] in 2014,<ref>[http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/boxing/item/200357-after-olympic-shame-now-indian-boxing-body-suspended Indian Boxing Federation suspended by International body, Sports Ministry asks for re-election]</ref> following which BFI was recognised as the official body.<ref name="bfi2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Delhi High Court upholds Boxing Federation of India as only recognised national body for boxing |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/delhi-high-court-upholds-boxing-federation-of-india-as-only-recognised-national-body-for-boxing |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== Notable performances ==
[[Mary Kom]] is a six-time [[World Amateur Boxing Championships|World Amateur Boxing]] champion, and the only woman boxer to have won a medal in each of the six world championships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnificent Mary |url=http://iseeindia.com/2011/08/13/magnificent-mary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522021741/http://iseeindia.com/2011/08/13/magnificent-mary/ |archive-date=2012-05-22 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=I See India}}</ref> She also became the first Indian woman boxer to win a Gold Medal at the [[Asian Games]] during the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]], South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2014 |title=MC Mary Kom delivers first boxing gold at Asian Games 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/mc-mary-kom-delivers-first-boxing-gold-at-asian-games-2014/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> In the [[London Olympics 2012]], where women's boxing was introduced, [[Mary Kom]] won a bronze in the flyweight (51kg) category. In 202o, [[Lovlina Borgohain]] also won an Olympic boxing bronze medal at Tokyo in the welterweight (69kg) category.<ref name=":0" />

== World Boxing Cup Finals 2025 ==
The following women boxers took part in the World Boxing Cup Finals 2025 at the Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex, Greater Noida which concluded on 20 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2025 |title=World Boxing Cup Finals 2025: Nikhat Zareen, Jaismine Lamboria crowned champions as women lead India’s gold rush on final day |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/world-boxing-cup-finals-2025-indian-medal-winners-list |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> Indian women won seven gold medals.<ref>https://sports.ndtv.com/boxing/world-boxing-cup-finals-woman-boxers-dazzle-with-7-gold-indian-pugilists-sweep-20-medals-9672543</ref>

# [[Minakshi Hooda]] - gold medal in 48kg
# [[Nikhat Zareen]] - gold medal in 51kg
# [[Preeti Pawar]] - gold medal in 54kg
# [[Jaismine Lamboria]] - gold medal in 57kg
# [[Arundhati Choudhary]] - gold medal in 70kg
# [[Nupur Sheoran]] - gold medal in 80+kg
# [[Parveen Hooda]] - gold medal in 60kg
# [[Pooja Rani]] - silver medal in 80kg
# [[Neeraj Phogat]] - bronze medal in 65kg
# [[Saweety Boora]] - bronze medal in 75kg

== See also ==

* [[Boxing in India]]
* [[Boxing Federation of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India]]
[[Category:Boxing in India]]
[[Category:Women's sport in India]]

Appu (1990 film)

2026-03-03T21:24:13Z

KennyRoss67889: starting some data and citations

{{Short description|1990 Indian film by Dennis Joseph}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Appu
| image = Appu VCD cover.webp
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| writer = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| producer = [[G. P. Vijayakumar]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]]
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* [[Santosh Sivan]]
* A. V. Thomas
}}
| editing = [[K. Sankunni]]
| music = {{Plainlist|
* T. Sundararajan (songs)
* [[S. P. Venkatesh]] (score)
}}
| studio = Seven Arts Films
| distributor = Seven Arts Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990|ref1=}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Appu''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)#Drama thriller|drama thriller]] film directed by [[Dennis Joseph]] and written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]. It was produced by [[G. P. Vijayakumar]] of Seven Arts Films. The film stars [[Mohanlal]] as the [[title character]]. The film follows Appu who becomes a suspect in a murder case and his efforts to find the culprits. The film has songs composed by T. Sundararajan and background score by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Santosh Sivan]] and [[K. Sankunni]] respectively.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Appu alias Appukuttan
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Gopan
* [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] as Sarojini, Appu's love interest
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Sugandhi, Stage Artist
* [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa]] as Remani, Gopan's Wife
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Ramankutty
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Chandikunju
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Mangalath Amma
* [[Captain Raju]] as Suresh
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Advocate Prabhakaran
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Alamelu
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Police officer
* [[Alummoodan]] as Pushkaran
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Janardhana Kaimal
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]] as Ramanan
* [[Balan K. Nair]] as Abu
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Thamarakshan
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Varma
* [[Kundara Johny]] as Vijayan
* [[Kanakalatha]] as Elizabeth
}}

== Production ==
The film was the third directorial by Dennis Joseph after ''[[Manu Uncle]]'' (1988) and ''[[Adharvam]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhupal |date=11 May 2021 |title=Adieu, Rajavinte Makan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/may/11/adieurajavintemakan-2300985.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419060813/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/may/11/adieurajavintemakan-2300985.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The screenplay was written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. S. |first=Shibu |date=10 May 2021 |title=Iconic Malayalam scriptwriter Dennis Joseph passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/may/10/iconic-malayalam-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-2300914.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029122636/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/may/10/iconic-malayalam-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-2300914.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[G. P. Vijayakumar]] produced the film under the banner of Seven Arts Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Celluloid |date=11 May 2021 |title=സ്‌നേഹപൂര്‍വ്വം ഡെന്നിസിന് ......ഓര്‍മകള്‍ പങ്കുവെച്ച് രവി മേനോന്‍ |url=https://celluloidonline.com/dennis-joseph-memories-2/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Celluloid |language=ml |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029131652/https://celluloidonline.com/dennis-joseph-memories-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mahabalipuram]] was one of the filming locations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Shevlin |date=25 April 2018 |title=Location Diaries: The kindness of superstars |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/apr/25/location-diaries-the-kindness-of-superstars-5686.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029131643/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/apr/25/location-diaries-the-kindness-of-superstars-5686.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was shot in [[Adoor]] and places such as Mammoodu Junction and [[Pandalam Thekkekara]].<ref>{{cite news|title=34 വർഷത്തിനുശേഷം സ്വന്തം ജില്ലയിൽ ഷൂട്ടിങ്ങിനെത്തി മോഹൻലാൽ|url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/pathanamthitta/news/pathanamthitta-1.9555176|access-date=22 May 2024|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=13 May 2024|language=ml}}</ref>

[[Santosh Sivan]] was the cinematographer for nearly the first half of the movie, while AV Thomas, another [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII Pune]] alumnus, handled the second half, according to [[Dennis Joseph]], the film's director. <ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Dennis|date=2019-01-07|title=ഒരു ഛായാഗ്രാഹകന്റെ സിനിമാജീവിതം|website=Safari|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byT7g5Q6NKo|access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Appu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = T. Sundararajan
| released = {{Start date|1990}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=10|s=04}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| misc = {{External media|audio1={{YouTube|-l-ef9QwpHQ|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The songs are composed by T. Sundararajan, while the lyrics are written by Sreekumaran Thampi.<ref name=":0" /> [[S. P. Venkatesh]] provided the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മനോരമ |date=5 March 2020 |title=ആ പാട്ടുവസന്തത്തിന് ഇന്ന് പിറന്നാൾ; എസ്.പി വെങ്കടേഷ് അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2020/03/04/birthday-of-music-director-sp-venkatesh.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113060228/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2020/03/04/birthday-of-music-director-sp-venkatesh.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[M. G. Sreekumar]] sang the song "Koothambalathil Vecho".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sera |date=10 June 2016 |title=കൂത്തമ്പലത്തിൽ വെച്ചോ ... നിന്റെ കുപ്പിവള ചിരിച്ചുടഞ്ഞൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/songs-of-the-day/koothambalathil-vecho.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029123240/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/songs-of-the-day/koothambalathil-vecho.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "Orikkal Nee Chirichal" was sung by M. G. Sreekumar and [[Sujatha Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മനോരമ |date=31 March 2020 |title=ബേബി സുജാത, വയസ്സ് 57! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2020/03/30/birthday-of-legendary-singer-sujatha-mohan.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029155952/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2020/03/30/birthday-of-legendary-singer-sujatha-mohan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a program named {{Lang|ml|Charithram Enniloode}} on [[Safari TV]], Dennis Joseph said that he approached T. Sundararajan, who was the harmonist of [[Ilaiyaraaja]], to direct the music for the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ9M1xUleYQ&feature=youtu.be |title=Dennis Joseph 15 {{!}} Charithram Enniloode {{!}} Safari TV |date=25 December 2018 |type=Television production |language=ml |publisher=Safari TV |via=YouTube |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029183859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ9M1xUleYQ&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Appu'' is the only film to have music composed by T. Sundararajan.<ref name=":1" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Koothambalathil Vecho
| length1 = 5:00
| extra1 = M. G. Sreekumar
| title2 = Orikkal Nee Chirichal
| length2 = 5:04
| extra2 = M. G. Sreekumar, Sujatha Mohan
| total_length = 10:04
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt0278927|title=Appu}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|appu_1990|Appu}}
{{Dennis Joseph}}
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dennis Joseph]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Society Lady

2026-03-03T21:00:32Z

KennyRoss67889: refine page based on references and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Society Lady
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[A. B. Raj]]
| producer = Areefa Enterprises
| writer = [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
| music = [[K. J. Joy]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|3|3|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Society Lady''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[A. B. Raj]] and produced by Areefa Enterprises. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] and [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]. The film has musical score by [[K. J. Joy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=915|title=Society Lady|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4612|title=Society Lady|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/society-lady-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013160457/http://spicyonion.com/title/society-lady-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 October 2014|title=Society Lady|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Vidhubala]]
*[[Vijaya Lalitha|Vijayalalitha]]
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by K. J. Joy and the lyrics were written by [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aarattu Maholsavam" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Karimbu Villu" || [[Vani Jairam]], Chorus || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 3 || "Sringaara Yamangal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 4 || "Vaakamalarkkaavile" || K. J. Yesudas || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0268646|Society Lady}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sundar Pichai

2026-02-25T23:41:15Z

KennyRoss67889: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|CEO of Alphabet Inc. and Google}}
{{pp|reason=Long term [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]], has spent most of the past few years protected|small=yes|blp|action=edit}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sundar Pichai
| image = Sundar Pichai - 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pichai in 2023
| birth_name = Pichai Sundararajan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|06|10}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm An American Citizen But India is Deeply Within Me: Google's Sundar Pichai |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/im-an-american-citizen-but-india-is-deeply-within-me-googles-sundar-pichai-4809464/ |access-date=July 7, 2023 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162751/https://www.india.com/news/india/im-an-american-citizen-but-india-is-deeply-within-me-googles-sundar-pichai-4809464/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| citizenship = United States
| death_date =
| death_place =
| boards = {{ubl|Alphabet Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/board.asp?privcapId=29096 |title=Company Overview of Alphabet Inc |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=November 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042507/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/board.asp?privcapId=29096 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Magic Leap]] (2014–2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2020/09/26/magic-leap-tried-to-create-an-alternate-reality-its-founder-was-already-in-one/|title=Magic Leap tried to create an alternate reality. Its founder was already in one|website=Fortune|date=September 26, 2020|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713064820/https://fortune.com/2020/09/26/magic-leap-tried-to-create-an-alternate-reality-its-founder-was-already-in-one/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| spouse = Anjali Pichai
| children = 2
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)
| education = [[IIT Kharagpur]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]]) [[Stanford University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]]) [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
| occupation = Businessman
| title = [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]] and [[Google]]
| signature = Sundarpichaisignature.svg
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Sundar Pichai on being CEO of Google.ogg|title=Sundar Pichai's voice|type=speech|description=Pichai on being chief executive officer of Google Recorded December 11, 2018}}
}}

'''Pichai Sundararajan''' (born June 10, 1972), better known as '''Sundar Pichai''' (pronounced: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʊ|n|d|ɜːr|_|p|ɪ|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ}}), is an Indian–American business executive who has been the [[CEO]] of [[Google]] since 2015 and the CEO of its parent company [[Alphabet Inc.]] since 2019.<ref name="britt" />

Pichai began his career as a [[materials engineer]]. Following a short stint at the management consulting firm [[McKinsey & Co.]], Pichai joined Google in 2004,<ref name="britt">{{Cite web|title=Sundar Pichai|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sundar-Pichai|access-date=April 20, 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418214033/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sundar-Pichai|url-status=live}}</ref> where he led the product management and innovation efforts for a suite of Google's client software products, including [[Google Chrome]] and [[ChromeOS]], as well as being largely responsible for [[Google Drive]]. In addition, he went on to oversee the development of other applications such as [[Gmail]] and [[Google Maps]].

As of February 2026, his net worth is estimated at US$1.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundar Pichai |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sundar-pichai/ |access-date=May 5, 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506144800/https://www.forbes.com/profile/sundar-pichai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pichai was born on June 10, 1972<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Happy Birthday Sundar Pichai: Here are 5 videos of Google's CEO that reveal his other side|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/10/happy-birthday-sundar-pichai-here-are-5-videos-of-googles-ceo-that-reveal-his-other-side-2154796.html|access-date=April 16, 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=June 10, 2020|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416045458/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/10/happy-birthday-sundar-pichai-here-are-5-videos-of-googles-ceo-that-reveal-his-other-side-2154796.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=December 4, 2019|title=Factbox: New Alphabet chief started at Google, made name with Android|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-google-factbox-idUSKBN1Y72PS|access-date=April 16, 2021|archive-date=December 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205214026/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-google-factbox-idUSKBN1Y72PS|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sundar Pichai: Latest Sundar Pichai News, Designation, Education, Net worth, Assets|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/panache|access-date=April 16, 2021|website=The Economic Times|language=en|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416195844/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/panache|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-12/news/65490363_1_sundar-pichai-school-days-google-ceo |title=The rapid climb of Sundar Pichai to technology peak: From school days to Silicon Valley |last1=Vaitheesvaran |first1=Bharani |last2=Elizabeth |first2=Shilpa |date=August 12, 2015 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=January 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203140722/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-12/news/65490363_1_sundar-pichai-school-days-google-ceo |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="britt"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Adith|last=Charlie|title=Google gets new parent Alphabet; Sundar Pichai becomes CEO of Google|url=https://www.vccircle.com/google-gets-new-parent-alphabet-sundar-pichai-becomes-ceo-google/|date=August 11, 2015|publisher=[[VCCircle]]|access-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142631/https://www.vccircle.com/google-gets-new-parent-alphabet-sundar-pichai-becomes-ceo-google/|archive-date=March 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> to a [[Tamil Hindu]] family. His mother, Lakshmi, was a [[stenographer]], and his father, Regunatha Pichai, was an [[electrical engineer]] at [[General Electric Company|GEC]], the British [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/A-shy-quiet-boy-who-loved-science/articleshow/48446157.cms|title=A shy, quiet boy who loved science|work=Mumbai Mirror|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|access-date=August 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815024206/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/A-shy-quiet-boy-who-loved-science/articleshow/48446157.cms|archive-date=August 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dailyo.in/technology/sundar-pichai-google-android-alphabet-inc-iit-k-stanford-wharton-eric-schmidt/story/1/5589.html | title=Ten things about Sundar Pichai | publisher=dailyo.in | date=August 11, 2015 | access-date=August 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815205508/http://www.dailyo.in/technology/sundar-pichai-google-android-alphabet-inc-iit-k-stanford-wharton-eric-schmidt/story/1/5589.html | archive-date=August 15, 2015 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Pichai completed schooling in Jawahar Vidyalaya Senior Secondary School<ref>{{cite web | title=From Chennai to California: Google CEO Sundar Pichai's back breaking efforts towards success | website=India Today | date=December 20, 2016 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/google-sundar-pichai-358629-2016-12-20 | access-date=September 9, 2021 | archive-date=September 9, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909213333/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/google-sundar-pichai-358629-2016-12-20 | url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Ashok Nagar, Chennai]] and completed the [[Twelfth grade|Class XII]] from [[Vanavani Matriculation Higher Secondary School|Vana Vani school]] at [[IIT Madras]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/smartbuy/tech-news/sundar-pichai-a-quiet-reserved-boy-in-school/article7526129.ece|title=Sundar Pichai, a quiet boy|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology-topstories/shy-quiet-worker-schoolmates-talk-about-google-ceo-sundar-pichai/article1-1378734.aspx|title=School mates talk about Sundar Pichai|work=The Hindu|access-date=August 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814162630/http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology-topstories/shy-quiet-worker-schoolmates-talk-about-google-ceo-sundar-pichai/article1-1378734.aspx|archive-date=August 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He earned a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in metallurgical engineering from [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/internet/Chennais-Sundar-Pichai-is-dark-horse/articleshow/29744299.cms|title=Chennai's Sundar Pichai is dark horse|work=The Times of India|date=February 2, 2014 |access-date=October 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306211227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/internet/Chennais-Sundar-Pichai-is-dark-horse/articleshow/29744299.cms|archive-date=March 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He holds an [[Master of Science|MS]] from [[Stanford University]] in materials science and engineering and an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/the-rise-and-rise-of-sundar-pichai-new-ceo-of-google/article7525421.ece?homepage=true|title=The rise and rise of Sundar Pichai|newspaper=The Hindu|date=August 11, 2015|access-date=August 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331175204/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/the-rise-and-rise-of-sundar-pichai-new-ceo-of-google/article7525421.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=March 31, 2016|url-status=live|last1=Lakshman|first1=Narayan}}</ref> where he was named a Siebel Scholar and a Palmer Scholar, respectively.<ref name="britannica" /><ref>[http://www.siebelscholars.com/scholars/347 Siebel Scholars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321100430/http://www.siebelscholars.com/scholars/347 |date=March 21, 2013 }}. Siebel Scholars. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Charles |title=Sundar Pichai:Seven prominent Indian-origin people in global IT world |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/people/seven-prominent-indian-origin-people-in-global-it-world/sundar-pichai/slideshow/24183228.cms |access-date=March 14, 2013 |publisher=CNET |date=March 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018022411/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/people/seven-prominent-indian-origin-people-in-global-it-world/sundar-pichai/slideshow/24183228.cms |archive-date=October 18, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Sundar Pichai - SVP, Android, Chrome and Apps, Google.jpg|thumb|left|Pichai speaking at the 2015 [[Mobile World Congress]]]]
Pichai worked in engineering and [[product management]] at [[Applied Materials]] and in [[management consulting]] at [[McKinsey & Company]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Thoppil |first=Dhanya Ann |title=Who Is Google Android's Sundar Pichai? |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/03/14/who-is-google-androids-sundar-pichai/ |access-date=April 29, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429192021/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/03/14/who-is-google-androids-sundar-pichai/ |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pichai joined [[Google]] in 2004, where he led the product management and innovation efforts for a suite of Google's client software products, including [[Google Chrome]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Dave |title=Sundar Pichai: Google's new boss from humble roots |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-33858436 |access-date=August 11, 2015 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=August 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811045122/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-33858436 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[ChromeOS]], as well as being largely responsible for [[Google Drive]]. He went on to oversee the development of other applications such as [[Gmail]] and [[Google Maps]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Charles |title=Meet Google new Android chief Sundar Pichai |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/enterprise-it/strategy/Meet-Googles-new-Android-chief-Sundar-Pichai/articleshow/19003698.cms |access-date=March 14, 2013 |date=March 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624055742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/strategy/37766660_1_sundar-pichai-chrome-os-iit-kharagpur |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Charles |title=Sundar Pichai: The man Google, Twitter fought for |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/slide-show-1-tech-sundar-pichai-the-man-google-twitter-fought-for/20130319.htm |access-date=March 14, 2013 |publisher=CNET |date=March 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230810/http://www.rediff.com/money/report/slide-show-1-tech-sundar-pichai-the-man-google-twitter-fought-for/20130319.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 19, 2009, Pichai gave a demonstration of ChromeOS; the [[Chromebook]] was released for trial and testing in 2011, and released to the public in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Strohmeyer |first=Robert |date=November 19, 2009 |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/182655/Google_Chrome_OS_Unveiled.html |title=Google Chrome OS Unveiled: Speed, Simplicity, and Security Stressed |work=PC World |access-date=November 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924193859/http://www.pcworld.com/article/182655/Google_Chrome_OS_Unveiled.html |archive-date=September 24, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 20, 2010, he announced the open-sourcing of the new video codec [[VP8]] by Google and introduced the new video format, [[WebM]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/video/google-open-sourcing-vp8-as-part-of-webm-project/ |title=Google Open Sourcing VP8 as Part of WebM Project — Online Video News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=May 19, 2010 |access-date=November 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112235125/http://gigaom.com/video/google-open-sourcing-vp8-as-part-of-webm-project/ |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pichai served on [[Jive Software]]'s board of directors from April 2011 to July 2013.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 14, 2013 |title=Who is Sundar Pichai? |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/who-is-sundar-pichai-342476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310143356/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/who-is-sundar-pichai-342476 |archive-date=March 10, 2014 |access-date=February 3, 2014 |publisher=NDTV.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jive Elects Informatica Executive Margaret Breya to Board of Directors |url=http://investors.jivesoftware.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=781347 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025192008/http://investors.jivesoftware.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=781347 |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |access-date=February 12, 2014 |publisher=Jive Software}}</ref><ref name="Helft">{{cite journal |last=Helft |first=Miguel |date=October 27, 2014 |title=The Incredibly Fast Rise of Sundar Pichai |url=http://fortune.com/2014/10/27/google-rise-of-sundar-pichai |url-status=live |journal=Fortune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403015252/http://fortune.com/2014/10/27/google-rise-of-sundar-pichai/ |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref>

On March 13, 2013, Pichai added [[Android (operating system)|Android]] to the list of Google products that he oversaw. Android was formerly managed by [[Andy Rubin]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Olivarez-Giles |first=Nathan |title=Google Replaces Android Boss Andy Rubin With Chrome's Sundar Pichai |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2013/03/andy-rubin-leaving-android/ |access-date=March 13, 2013 |newspaper=Wired |date=March 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317090852/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2013/03/andy-rubin-leaving-android |archive-date=March 17, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pichai was selected to become the next CEO of Google on August 10, 2015,<ref name="g-google">{{cite web|title=G is for Google|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2015/08/google-alphabet.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810210148/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2015/08/google-alphabet.html|archive-date=August 10, 2015|access-date=August 10, 2015|work=Official Google Blog|date=August 10, 2015}}</ref> after previously being appointed Product Chief by CEO, [[Larry Page]]. On October 24, 2015, he stepped into the new position at the completion of the formation of [[Alphabet Inc.]], the new [[holding company]] for the Google company family.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2, 2015|title=SEC Filing (Form 8-K) by Alphabet Inc.|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000119312515336577/d82837d8k12b.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709163139/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000119312515336577/d82837d8k12b.htm|archive-date=July 9, 2017|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Helft" /><ref name="g-google"/>

Pichai had been suggested as a contender for [[Microsoft]]'s CEO in 2014, a position that was eventually given to [[Satya Nadella]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Furrier |first=John |title=Google SVP of Chrome & Apps Sundar Pichai now front runner for Microsoft CEO job |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2014/01/31/breaking-news-google-svp-of-chrome-apps-sundar-pichai-now-front-runner-for-microsoft-ceo-job/ |access-date=February 3, 2014 |newspaper=SiliconANGLE |date=January 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207170411/http://siliconangle.com/blog/2014/01/31/breaking-news-google-svp-of-chrome-apps-sundar-pichai-now-front-runner-for-microsoft-ceo-job/ |archive-date=February 7, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=April 11, 2014 |title=The most powerful Indian technologists in Silicon Valley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/11/powerful-indians-silicon-valley |access-date=February 17, 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref> In August 2017, Pichai drew publicity for firing a Google employee who wrote [[Google's Ideological Echo Chamber|a ten-page manifesto]] criticizing the company's pro-diversity policies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3914586/Googles-Ideological-Echo-Chamber.pdf|title=Google's Ideological Echo Chamber|access-date=August 8, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808062140/https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3914586/Googles-Ideological-Echo-Chamber.pdf|archive-date=August 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html|title=Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech|last=Wakabayashi|first=Daisuke|date=August 7, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 8, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810185646/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/here-are-the-citations-for-the-anti-diversity-manifesto-circulating-at-google/|title=Here Are the Citations for the Anti-Diversity Manifesto Circulating at Google|website=Motherboard|date=August 7, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930054236/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/evzjww/here-are-the-citations-for-the-anti-diversity-manifesto-circulating-at-google|archive-date=September 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/7/16111052/google-james-damore-fired-anti-diversity-manifesto|title=Google fires employee who wrote anti-diversity memo|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=August 7, 2017|website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808042251/https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/7/16111052/google-james-damore-fired-anti-diversity-manifesto|archive-date=August 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/8/16111724/google-sundar-pichai-employee-memo-diversity|title=Read Google CEO's email to staff about anti-diversity memo|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=August 8, 2017|website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808113419/https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/8/16111724/google-sundar-pichai-employee-memo-diversity|archive-date=August 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pichai was appointed to the Alphabet Board of Directors in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Helft|first=Miguel|title=Google CEO Sundar Pichai Appointed To Alphabet Board Of Directors|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/miguelhelft/2017/07/24/google-ceo-sundar-pichai-appointed-to-alphabet-board-of-directors/|access-date=April 16, 2021|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416045457/https://www.forbes.com/sites/miguelhelft/2017/07/24/google-ceo-sundar-pichai-appointed-to-alphabet-board-of-directors/|url-status=live|date=July 24, 2017}}</ref>

On December 11, 2018, Sundar Pichai was questioned by the [[United States House Judiciary Committee]] on a range of Google-related issues such as possible political bias on Google's platforms, the company's alleged plans for a "censored search app" in China, and its privacy practices.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Onfro |first=Jillian |date=December 11, 2018 |title=Google's Sundar Pichai was grilled on privacy, data collection, and China during congressional hearing |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/11/google-ceo-sundar-pichai-testifies-before-congress-on-bias-privacy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203234107/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/11/google-ceo-sundar-pichai-testifies-before-congress-on-bias-privacy.html |archive-date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> In response, Pichai told the committee that Google employees cannot influence search results. He also stated that Google users can opt out of having their data collected and that "there are no current plans for a censored search engine" in [[China]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Abril |first=Danielle |date=December 11, 2018 |title=Lawmakers Grill Google CEO Sundar Pichai. But He Emerges Merely Singed |url=https://fortune.com/2018/12/11/google-ceo-sundar-pichai-congressional-hearing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203232901/https://fortune.com/2018/12/11/google-ceo-sundar-pichai-congressional-hearing/ |archive-date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2019 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref>

In December 2019, Pichai became the CEO of Alphabet Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 3, 2019|title=A letter from Larry and Sergey|url=https://blog.google/inside-google/alphabet/letter-from-larry-and-sergey/|access-date=December 3, 2019|publisher=Google|language=en|archive-date=May 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503135948/https://blog.google/inside-google/alphabet/letter-from-larry-and-sergey|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=December 3, 2019|title=Larry Page steps down as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html|access-date=December 4, 2019|publisher=CNBC|language=en|archive-date=August 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824015937/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His compensation from the company topped $200&nbsp;million in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabet CEO's Pay Soars to $226 Million on Huge Stock Award (1) |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/employee-benefits/alphabet-ceos-pay-soars-to-226-million-on-massive-stock-award |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423231401/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/employee-benefits/alphabet-ceos-pay-soars-to-226-million-on-massive-stock-award |url-status=live }}</ref> which many employees criticized in light of large scale layoffs that Google undertook in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |date=May 3, 2023 |title=Google employees complain about CEO Sundar Pichai's pay raise as cost cuts hit rest of the company |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/03/google-employees-complain-about-ceo-sundar-pichais-pay-raise.html |access-date=June 16, 2024 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214145956/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/03/google-employees-complain-about-ceo-sundar-pichais-pay-raise.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2024, after 28 Google employees were fired for protesting against [[Project Nimbus]], Pichai stated that the office is not a place "to fight over disruptive issues or debate politics", and warned against using the company "as a personal platform".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royle |first=Orianna Rosa |title=Sundar Pichai tells Google staff he doesn't want any more political debates in the office |url=https://fortune.com/2024/04/22/sundar-pichai-google-staff-no-political-debates-office-firing-28-employees-israeli-contract-protest/ |access-date=January 22, 2025 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121163956/https://fortune.com/2024/04/22/sundar-pichai-google-staff-no-political-debates-office-firing-28-employees-israeli-contract-protest/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Pichai was included in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s [[Time 100|annual list of the 100 most influential people]] in 2016<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Nye|first=Bill|title=Sundar Pichai: The World's 100 Most Influential People|url=https://time.com/collection-post/4301266/sundar-pichai-2016-time-100/|access-date=April 16, 2021|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=April 21, 2016|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119052815/https://time.com/collection-post/4301266/sundar-pichai-2016-time-100/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2020.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Sundar Pichai: The 100 Most Influential People of 2020|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888419/sundar-pichai/|access-date=September 23, 2020|magazine=Time|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924085500/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888419/sundar-pichai/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also included in the Time 100 AI list in 2024.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People in AI 2024 |url=https://time.com/collection/time100-ai-2024/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=September 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918032539/https://time.com/collection/time100-ai-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded the 2021 [[Asia Game Changer Awards|Asia Game Changer Award]] by the [[Asia Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2021 |title=Asia Society Announces 2021 Asia Game Changers |url=https://asiasociety.org/asia-society-announces-2021-asia-game-changers |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Asia Society]] |language=en |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929165237/https://asiasociety.org/asia-society-announces-2021-asia-game-changers |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Pichai received the [[Padma Bhushan]] in the category of Trade and Industry<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Sundar Pichai Awarded Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/shundar-pichai-awarded-padma-bhushan/440361 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |website=Entrepreneur India |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414135926/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/shundar-pichai-awarded-padma-bhushan/440361 |url-status=live }}</ref> from the [[Government of India]], the country's third-highest civilian award.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 26, 2022|title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|access-date=January 26, 2022|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126094504/https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Bhushan: Microsoft's Satya Nadella, and Google's Sundar Pichai get Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/microsofts-satya-nadella-and-googles-sundar-pichai-get-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award/articleshow/89122582.cms|date=January 25, 2022|access-date=January 26, 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126103328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/microsofts-satya-nadella-and-googles-sundar-pichai-get-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award/articleshow/89122582.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Personal life ==
Pichai is married to Anjali Pichai (née Haryani) and has two children.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barrabi |first1=Thomas |title=Who is Google CEO Sundar Pichai? |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/who-is-sundar-pichai-google-ceo-at-center-of-political-bias-dispute |website=FOXBusiness |date=December 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120172523/https://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/who-is-sundar-pichai-google-ceo-at-center-of-political-bias-dispute |url-status=live }}</ref> Anjali is originally from [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], India. They became close while studying together at [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=कोटा से सुंदर पिचाई की पत्नी अंजलि पिचाई से मिलें; उनकी दूरदर्शिता ने Google CEO के लिए प्रति दिन 5 करोड़ रुपये का वेतन सुनिश्चित किया|website=DNA India|date=April 22, 2023|language=hi|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-anjali-pichai-sundar-pichai-s-wife-from-kota-her-foresight-ensured-rs-5-crore-per-day-salary-for-google-3037962|access-date=June 24, 2023|archive-date=June 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624022359/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-anjali-pichai-sundar-pichai-s-wife-from-kota-her-foresight-ensured-rs-5-crore-per-day-salary-for-google-3037962|url-status=live}}</ref> His recreational interests include [[cricket]] and [[association football|soccer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/photos/774947/sundar-pichai-googles-ceo-visits-the-club-02-03-17|website=F.C Barcelona website|title=Sundar Pichai visits FC Barcelona|access-date=December 4, 2019|date=March 2, 2017|archive-date=October 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015110212/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/photos/774947/sundar-pichai-googles-ceo-visits-the-club-02-03-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma PunitJ|first=Itika|url=https://qz.com/india/1643816/googles-sundar-pichai-roots-for-india-and-england-cricket-teams/amp|title=Sundar Pichai just proved that you can take an Indian out of India but not India out of an Indian|website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz India]]|access-date=December 4, 2019|date=June 24, 2019|archive-date=June 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623202630/https://qz.com/india/1643816/googles-sundar-pichai-roots-for-india-and-england-cricket-teams/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> He lives in [[Los Altos Hills, California]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/inside-sundar-pichais-ultra-luxurious-california-house-that-has-an-infinity-pool-wine-cellar-know-about-his-226-million-salary-net-worth-lifestyle/3057802/ |title=Inside Sundar Pichai's ultra-luxurious California house that has an infinity pool, wine cellar; Know about his $226 million salary, net worth & lifestyle |date=May 16, 2023 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021230418/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/inside-sundar-pichais-ultra-luxurious-california-house-that-has-an-infinity-pool-wine-cellar-know-about-his-226-million-salary-net-worth-lifestyle/3057802/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dineen |first=J.K. |date=February 25, 2023 |title=One developer is seeking the builder's remedy in two Silicon Valley cities. Here's how the responses have been different |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/mountain-view-los-altos-hills-diverging-builder-s-17804110.php |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021230418/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/mountain-view-los-altos-hills-diverging-builder-s-17804110.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mok |first=Aaron |date=September 30, 2023 |title=Inside the career rise of Sundar Pichai, the Google CEO being paid hundreds of millions to pave the way towards an 'AI-first' company |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sundar-pichai-google-alphabet-ceo-career-life |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930100925/https://www.businessinsider.com/sundar-pichai-google-alphabet-ceo-career-life |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzGdClb7wFo "Sundar Pichai's rise to fame in 90 seconds"], Tech Gurus, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''

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{{s-bef|before = [[Larry Page]]}}
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Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-24T04:29:18Z

KennyRoss67889: article - done

{{Short description|Protected area in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = iv
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in Map of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| image =
| image_alt =
| location = [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|22|11|N|78|51|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_ha = 230.49
| established = 2010
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]
| nearest_city =
| elevation =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary
| designation1_date = 15 July 2024
| designation1_number = 2561<ref name="Ramsar">{{cite web|title=Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary|work=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]]|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2561|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[bird sanctuary]] in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Established in 2012, it is spread across an area of {{cvt|230.49|ha}}. It has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2024.

== Geography ==
Sakkarakottai [[bird sanctuary]] is located in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Established in 2012, it is spread across an area of {{cvt|230.49|ha}}.<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx|title=Wildlife Sanctuaries|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=25 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625060917/https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Desig">{{cite report|url=https://tnswa.tn.gov.in/pdf/ris_document/Sakkarakottai%20Bird%20Sanctuary.pdf|title=Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is a [[protected area]] under the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]].<ref name="Desig"/> The wetland ecosystem is fed by small rivulets during the rainy seasons. The water rich with nutrients augmented by bird droppings served primarily as a source of water for agriculture purposes.<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="Desig"/> It has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2024.<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="IE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Feb/01/two-more-ramsar-sites-take-total-to-20-in-tamil-nadu|title=Two more Ramsar sites take total to 20 in Tamil Nadu|date=1 February 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The area consists of about 165 species of plants including a number of [[Acacia nilotica]] trees, most of which were planted by the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] and serves as the main nest-supporting trees.<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="Desig"/> About 124 species of birds have been recorded in the sanctuary, including [[Egyptian vulture]], [[Indian spotted eagle]], [[Black-headed ibis]], [[Spot-billed pelican]], [[Oriental Darter]], [[Asian woolly-necked stork]], and [[Pallid harrier]].<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="Desig"/> The wetlands are also home to 10 [[mammal]], 14 [[reptile]], eight [[amphibian]], and various [[insect]] species.<ref name="Desig"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of birds of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Jatin Chakraborty

2026-01-30T08:32:30Z

KennyRoss67889: page...

{{Short description|Indian politician, trade unionist (1911–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Jatin_Chakraborty,_at_a_1992_protest.jpg|thumb|Jatin Chakraborty at a 1992 protest against transfer of the [[Tin Bigha Corridor]] to Bangladesh]]'''Jatindra Chandra Chakraborty''' (1911 – 1996) was an Indian politician and [[trade union]]ist. Chakraborty played a prominent role in [[West Bengal]] politics and was often entangled in controversies. He was a founding leader of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] and the [[United Trade Union Congress]]. Chakraborty was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 1957 to 1962, 1969 to 1970 and 1977 to 1991. He served in ministerial posts in the state governments of the [[United Front (West Bengal)|United Front]] (1969) and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] (1977–1988). After falling out with the Left Front in 1988, Chakraborty became a vocal critic of the state government.

==Youth==
Jatindra Chandra Chakraborty was born on 10 September 1911 in [[Comilla]].<ref name=who/><ref name=who69/> He was the son of Surendra Chandra Chakraborty.<ref name=who/> He attended the [[Hare School]] in [[Calcutta]] and would later study at the [[Scottish Church College]], [[Surendranath College|Ripon College]] and [[Vidyasagar College]].<ref name=who/> During his student years, he became politically active, being associated with the revolutionary [[Anushilan Samiti|Anushilan Samiti.]]<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=VFm4AAAAIAAJ Who's who in 1982 Assembly Election, West Bengal: Personalities and Party Manifesto]''. Merchants' Club, 1982. p. iii</ref> As a college student, he was a leader of the All-Bengal Students' Association, an organisation banned by the British colonial authorities, and a member of the Students' Radical Party.<ref name=rch/> He was imprisoned by the British authorities in 1932, after being arrested during the non-cooperation movement.<ref name=who/><ref name=rch>Robi Chakravorti. ''[https://www.epw.in/journal/1962/34/special-articles/studies-voting-behaviour-vi-decline-left-calcutta.html Studies in Voting Behaviour-VI The Decline of the Left in Calcutta Muchipara Constituency]''. ''The Economic Weekly''. Vol. 14, Issue No. 34, 25 Aug 1962. pp. 1381-1386</ref> Chakraborty obtained Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees from [[Calcutta University]].<ref name=who/><ref name=who69/><ref name=rch/> Chakraborty was a founding member of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP) in 1940.<ref name=who/><ref name=mfi>{{cite news|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-02-mn-1787-story.html|title=Poverty and Harsh Critics Surround Calcutta's Island of Communism : India|author=Mark Fineman|date=2 March 1991|archive-date=5 April 2025|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405125543/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-02-mn-1787-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was again imprisoned by the British authorities in 1942 during the [[Quit India]] movement.<ref name=who/><ref name=rch/>

==Labour leader==
Chakraborty was a leader of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] and served as secretary of the Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress.<ref name=rch/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=pFtZAAAAYAAJ Information Bulletin, Issues 51-74]''. World Federation of Trade Unions, 1948. p. 11</ref> In 1949, Chakraborty, K.T. Shahand, and Mrinal Kanti Bose founded the [[United Trade Union Congress]] (UTUC).<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=N6kQAQAAMAAJ The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414094242/https://books.google.at/books?id=N6kQAQAAMAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. 1982. p. 304</ref>

RSP fielded Chakraborty as its candidate in the [[Belgachia Assembly constituency|Belgachia seat]] in the [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. Chakraborty finished in seventh place with 571 votes (2.64%)<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095211/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

Chakraborty was part of a small group of RSP Central Committee members who dominated the party leadership after the departure of the ageing [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]] from the helm of the organisation.<ref name=who/><ref name=mwe>Myron Weiner. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=xz_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 Party Politics in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414083305/https://books.google.at/books?id=xz_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Princeton University Press, 2015. p. 122</ref> Chakraborty was the foremost trade union leader and organiser of the RSP in West Bengal.<ref name=mwe/> Between 1947 and 1962, Chakraborty was arrested 13 times in connection with different agitations, such as the January 1956 struggle against the Bihar-Bengal merger and the July 1960 central government employees' strike.<ref name=rch/><ref>Ranabir Samaddar. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 From Popular Movements to Rebellion: The Naxalite Decade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414090246/https://books.google.at/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Routledge, 2018</ref><ref>[[S. A. Dange]]. ''[https://www.indianlabourarchives.org/bitstream/20.500.14121/2203/1/78.%20All%20glory%20to%20the%20valiant%20strikers%20A%20review%20of%20the%20Strike%20of%20Central%20Government%20Employees%2C%20July%201960.pdf ALL GLORY TO THE VALIANT STRIKERS - A Review of the Strike of Central Government Employees, July 1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414142935/https://www.indianlabourarchives.org/bitstream/20.500.14121/2203/1/78.%20All%20glory%20to%20the%20valiant%20strikers%20A%20review%20of%20the%20Strike%20of%20Central%20Government%20Employees%2C%20July%201960.pdf |date=14 April 2025 }}''. AITUC. p. 32</ref> In 1952, Chakraborty was part of a UTUC delegation visiting [[China]] for [[International Workers' Day|May Day]]. In 1953, he took part in a study visit to trade unions in the [[United Kingdom]] under the [[Colombo Plan]], and in 1954, he was a delegate to the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] congress held in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=rch/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=UtSGAAAAIAAJ Daily News Release]''. Hsinhua News Agency, 1952. p. 19</ref>

==Legislator==
Chakraborty contested the [[Muchipara Assembly constituency|Muchipara seat]] in the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. Muchipara was a constituency located in three central Calcutta wards (wards number 30, 43 and 45).<ref name=rch/> This time, RSP was part of a [[Communist Party of India]]-led left coalition.<ref name=rch/> Chakraborty won the seat, obtaining 15,251 votes (50.27%).<ref name=eciwb57>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006032945/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He won by a margin of 511 votes.<ref name=rch/><ref name=eciwb57/> His support was concentrated in wards 30 and 43, the latter characterized by housing a large red light district.<ref name=rch/> During his tenure as a legislator, he actively sought to maintain links with his constituents, often visiting homes and attending social gatherings in the area.<ref name=rch/> He kept offices in each ward and regularly attended these offices at fixed evening hours.<ref name=rch/> Chakraborty had a high profile as a legislator; his actions in the legislature were often reported in Calcutta newspapers.<ref name=rch/> Per a prominent Congress politician he was second among opposition politicians only to the communist [[Leader of the Opposition]] [[Jyoti Basu]].<ref name=rch/>

After the death of UTUC general secretary M.K. Bose in 1957, the [[Bolshevik Party of India]] leader [[Sisir Roy]] became the new UTUC general secretary. However, according to [[Harold Crouch]] (1966), the real power within UTUC lay with Chakraborty.<ref name=hacr>Harold A. Crouch. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=q8AyAAAAMAAJ Trade Unions and Politics in India]''. Manaktalas, 1966. p. 232</ref> Chakraborty was one of the secretaries of UTUC.<ref name=who/><ref name=hacr/><ref name=dolo>United States. Bureau of International Labor Affairs. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=EAXx2LaXyE0C&pg=SA16-PA64 Directory of Labor Organizations, Asia and Australasia, Vol. 1]''. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963. p. 16-59, 16-64</ref> Chakraborty became a member of the Governing Body of the [[National Productivity Council]] when it was founded in 1957.<ref name=who/><ref name=rch/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=PIsVi4CguvsC The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414092131/https://books.google.at/books?id=PIsVi4CguvsC |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Bennett, Coleman & Company, 1961. p. 1102</ref> In 1961, Chakraborty visited [[Czechoslovakia]] as a member of a National Productivity Council delegation.<ref name=rch/>

Chakraborty lost the Muchipara seat in the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 18,141 votes (49.26%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006192934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He lost the seat to Congress candidate [[Pratap Chandra Chunder]], who won by a margin of 545 votes.<ref name=rch/> Chakraborty remained the most voted candidate in wards 30 and 43, but the increase in Congress vote in ward 45 shifted the balance in Chunder's favour.<ref name=rch/>

==United Front==
Chakraborty was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Council]] during the 1960s.<ref>Maitra, Swati. ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/44156654 ASSEMBLING ON ROAD : AN UNFORGETTABLE TALE OF 4 DAYS AND 3 NIGHTS (19TH TO 22ND APRIL, 1966)]''. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 76, 2015, pp. 851–57.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=SP3VAAAAMAAJ The Indian Railway Gazette, Vol. 63-64]''. 1965. p. 225</ref> Chakraborty and other UTUC leaders played an important role in shaping left unity for the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>Michael v. d Bogaert. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=_oVjAAAAMAAJ Dock Worker Unions in Calcutta and Bombay: A Case Study of Trade Union Growth in a Developing Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414130439/https://books.google.at/books?id=_oVjAAAAMAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Industrial Relations Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, 1967. p. 354</ref> In the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Chakraborty won the [[Sealdah Assembly constituency|Sealdah seat]]. He obtained 27,797 votes (55.32%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Chakraborty became one of two RSP ministers in the [[Second Mukherjee ministry|United Front state government]] formed after the 1969 election.<ref>Bidyut Chakrabarty. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=R0xWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 Left Radicalism in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414091305/https://books.google.at/books?id=R0xWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Routledge, 2014. p. 64</ref> He held the post of Minister for Parliamentary Affairs and served as the Chief Whip in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly since February 1969.<ref name=agh/><ref name=who69>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=f4HiAAAAMAAJ The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who]''. 1969. p. 874</ref> He attended the seventh congress of the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]], held in [[Budapest]] in 1969.<ref name=gli/> He also visited [[East Germany]], where he was received by the [[Free German Trade Union Federation]].<ref name=gli>Georg Lilie. ''[https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00005872/lilie_gdr_en.pdf Trade Union Relations and Delegations between the German Democratic Republic (FDGB) and India (AITUC, INTUC, HMS) from 1964 to 1982] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405161735/https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00005872/lilie_gdr_en.pdf |date=5 April 2025 }}''. 2022</ref>

==1971 and 1972 elections==
In the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Chakraborty contested the [[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat seat]] instead. He finished in second place with 22,941 votes (42.11%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> In the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], RSP fielded him in the [[Dhakuria Assembly constituency|Dhakuria seat]], finishing in second place with 20,550 votes (38.63%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> During the election campaign, he survived an assassination attempt, as a bomb exploded on 27 February 1972.<ref>Jyoti Basu. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=XpraAAAAMAAJ Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1971-1972] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414085954/https://books.google.at/books?id=XpraAAAAMAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. National Book Agency, 1997. p. 437</ref>

==Left Front minister==
Chakraborty won the Dhakuria seat in the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 32,029 votes (48.92%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062834/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He was appointed Minister-in-Charge of the Public Works Department (excluding the Metropolitan Development Branch) and the Department of Housing in the first [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] state government.<ref name=who/><ref name=agh>Anjali Ghosh. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=s3EeAAAAMAAJ Peaceful Transition to Power: A Study of Marxist Political Strategies in West Bengal, 1967-1977]''. Firma KLM, 1981. pp. 92, 169</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=5sgQAQAAMAAJ The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who]''. 1978. p. 873</ref> In the midst of the post-electoral frenzy, the incoming minister, Chakraborty, had the dome of the [[Shaheed Minar, Kolkata|Shaheed Minar]] monument painted [[Red#Socialism and communism|red]]. The move proved unpopular in the city, and Chakraborty was forced undo the colour change of the monument.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Gulf Times|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/93462/kolkata-turns-blue-as-cm-orders-makeover|title=Kolkata turns blue as CM orders makeover|date=18 February 2012}}</ref><ref>Indian History Collective. ''[https://indianhistorycollective.com/lessons-from-the-left-bengal/ Power is an Unforgiving Mistress: Lessons from the Decline of the Left in Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405125543/https://indianhistorycollective.com/lessons-from-the-left-bengal/ |date=5 April 2025 }}''</ref><ref>Kheya Bag. ''[https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii70/articles/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall Red Bengal’s Rise and Fall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405162521/https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii70/articles/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall |date=5 April 2025 }}''. ''New Left Review''</ref>

He retained the Dhakuria seat in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 51,151 votes (60.60%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006142613/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He retained his ministerial portfolios in the second Left Front government.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=FXuoGz0Sh_MC The Education Quarterly, Vol. 35-36] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414084717/https://books.google.at/books?id=FXuoGz0Sh_MC |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Ministry of Education & Social Welfare., 1983. p. 61</ref>

In mid-1983, Chakraborty was embroiled in a dispute with [[Pop music|pop]] singer [[Usha Uthup]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Sunday Observer|url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/clippings.nsf/(docid)/DC13B6C8233DFAF76525694200313C6B?OpenDocument|title='When Marxists come across sex in a novel, they think it's retrograde'|date=16 October 1983|author=Sunil Gangopadhyay}}</ref> The controversy lasted for about two months.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |date=4 September 1983 |title=Marxist Leader Fails to Silence Indian Singer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/04/world/marxist-leader-fails-to-silence-indian-singer.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Chakraborty decried Uthup's performances as "''apasanskriti''" ([[Decadence|decadent]]).<ref name=lopo>{{cite news|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/love-politics/|title=Love & politics|date=30 March 2024}}</ref> Chakraborty publicly argued that he wanted to protect Bengali society from "cheap, [[disco]], perverted culture".<ref name=nyt/> Chakraborty declared that Uthup would be stopped from performing in state-run auditoriums.<ref name=int>{{cite news|newspaper=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19830630-singer-usha-uthup-gets-ban-threat-for-promoting-a-decadent-culture-in-bengal-770770-2013-07-19|title=Singer Usha Uthup gets ban threat for 'promoting a decadent culture' in Bengal|date=30 June 1983|archive-date=5 April 2025|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405130805/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19830630-singer-usha-uthup-gets-ban-threat-for-promoting-a-decadent-culture-in-bengal-770770-2013-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Chakraborty and RSP workers disrupted Uthup's shows.<ref name=lopo/><ref name=usro/> Uthup sued Chakraborty for defamation because of his comments against her.<ref name=nyt/><ref name=toiiw2/> A Calcutta High Court judge ruled in favour of Uthup.<ref name=nyt/><ref name=usro>{{cite news|newspaper=Harmony|url=https://harmonyindia.org/people_posts/usha-rocks/|title=Usha rocks!|date=May 2008|author=Rajashree Balaram|archive-date=5 April 2025|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405125545/https://harmonyindia.org/people_posts/usha-rocks/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He again won the Dhakuria seat in the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], with 53,361 votes (53.10%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063052/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1987 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Chakraborty retained his role as Minister of the Public Works Department in the third Left Front state government formed after the 1987 election.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=VkS6AAAAIAAJ Near East/South Asia Report, Issue 87057] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414083409/https://books.google.at/books?id=VkS6AAAAIAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1987. p. 79</ref>

==Bengal Lamps controversy==
In 1988, Chakraborty was at the centre of a major political controversy, which almost brought down the state government. On 18 September 1988, the Bengali daily ''[[Ananda Bazar Patrika]]'' published a note attributed to Chakraborty, which alleged that he had received instructions from the Chief Minister [[Jyoti Basu]] to favour the [[Jadavpur]] based loss-making firm Bengal Lamps company (where Jyoti Basu's son [[Jyoti Basu#Personal life|Chandan]] was employed at that time) with bulk orders from the Public Works Department.<ref name=psgu/> At the time, it was widely believed that Chakraborty himself had leaked the note.<ref name=psgu/> Political commentators speculated that recent decisions to remove the State Housing Board from his responsibilities and to hand over road construction to the Public Works Department and the [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]]s could have provoked Chakraborty to leak the note.<ref name=psgu/> Another explanation, circulating at the time, was that Chakraborty had leaked the note upon orders from the RSP, in the wake of a low point in RSP-CPI(M) relations after violence committed by CPI(M) cadres against the members of other Left Front parties in the lead up to the 1988 [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] elections.<ref name=psgu/> In the run-up to the panchayat elections, Chakraborty had called Basu "arrogant and haughty" in a speech at a rally, and had apologize soon thereafter.<ref name=toiiw2/> Other commentators speculated that the note might have originated from the bureaucracy and was linked to disputes among bureaucrats.<ref name=psgu/> The CPI(M) accused Chakraborty of fabricating a false accusation against Basu and asked him to apologize, admit the note was false, and resign from his ministerial post.<ref name=psgu/><ref name=tte1/> Chakraborty refused to back down.<ref name=tte1/> Initially, RSP supported Chakraborty, and it appeared that the Left Front was heading towards a break-up.<ref name=psgu/> Eventually, the crisis was averted as RSP changed position and asked Chakraborty to resign.<ref name=psgu>Gupta, Prasanta Sen. ''[https://doi.org/10.2307/2644833 Politics in West Bengal: The Left Front versus the Congress (I)]''. Asian Survey, vol. 29, no. 9, 1989, pp. 883–97.</ref><ref name=tte1/> Chakraborty resigned from his ministerial post on 28 October 1988.<ref name=tte1/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=59ONAAAAMAAJ The Journal of Parliamentary Information, Vol. 35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414083209/https://books.google.at/books?id=59ONAAAAMAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1989. p. 68</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19881130-west-bengal-rsp-leader-jatin-chakraborty-resigns-under-pressure-797937-1988-11-29|title=West Bengal: RSP leader Jatin Chakraborty resigns under pressure|date=30 November 1988|author=Kamaljeet Rattan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205074055/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19881130-west-bengal-rsp-leader-jatin-chakraborty-resigns-under-pressure-797937-1988-11-29 |archive-date=5 December 2023 }}</ref> Chakraborty was expelled from RSP.<ref name=tte1>{{cite news|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/controversies-that-dogged-the-pragmatic-chief-minister/cid/555483|title=Controversies that dogged the pragmatic chief minister|date=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=mfi/>

==In the political wilderness==
Chakraborty's departure from the party diminished the RSP's clout.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/left-front-split-on-gorkhaland-issue-196101801166_1.html|title=Left Front Split On Gorkhaland Issue|date=18 October 1996}}</ref> After the rupture with the Left Front, he emerged as a vocal critic of the government.<ref name=mfi/><ref name=parlance/> Around 1991, he tried to mobilise Left Front dissidents into a "third front" ahead of the upcoming elections, and garnered a degree of support in Calcutta.<ref name=mfi/> He would describe the first 5–7 years of Left Front governance as a positive experience, but that in later years, 'decay crept in'.<ref name=parlance/> In particular, Chakraborty criticized the economic policies of the Left Front government.<ref name=parlance>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=tG9DAAAAYAAJ Parlance, Vol. 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414094904/https://books.google.at/books?id=tG9DAAAAYAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. O.P. Shah, 1990. p. 7</ref> He publicly criticized the installation of a statue of [[Ho Chi Minh]], instead calling for a [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] statue to be raised at the same spot.<ref name=mfi/> [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] leader [[Subhash Ghising]] invited Chakraborty to [[Darjeeling]] to discuss support for autonomy for the Gorkha Hills.<ref>Kalyan Chaudhuri. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=EZ9KAQAAIAAJ Ghising losing out in Darjeeling]'', in '' Frontline, Vol. 9''. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons, 1992. p. 32</ref>

He contested the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] with Congress(I) support.<ref>Meenu Roy. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=tl-NAAAAMAAJ The Battle of the Ballot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414093506/https://books.google.at/books?id=tl-NAAAAMAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Classic Publishing House, 1992. p. 83</ref> Chakraborty ran as an [[independent (politician)|independent candidate]] in the Dhakuria seat, finishing in second place with 40,426 votes (34.14%) and losing the seat to the RSP candidate [[Kshiti Goswami]].<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Chakraborty died in August 1996.<ref>Ana Ganza. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=mo4wyWVQu84C&pg=PT229 Journey of Hope - Authorized by Mother Teresa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414104131/https://books.google.at/books?id=mo4wyWVQu84C&pg=PT229 |date=14 April 2025 }}''. 2014</ref>

==Legacy==
Popularly known as "Jakie Da", Chakraborty played a major role in West Bengal politics.<ref name=sray>Sudhir Ray. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=loYOAQAAMAAJ Marxist Parties of West Bengal in Opposition and in Government, 1947-2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414131300/https://books.google.at/books?id=loYOAQAAMAAJ |date=14 April 2025 }}''. Progressive Publishers, 2007. p. 182</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Millenium Post|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/cm-inaugurates-floodlights-at-east-bengal-and-mohammedan-sporting-club-grounds-291354|title=CM inaugurates floodlights at East Bengal and Mohammedan Sporting Club grounds|date=26 March 2018}}</ref> A controversial figure, he was described variably as "sharp-tongued, witty, vigorous, courageous - but somewhat lacking in decorum", "a man of colourful personality" and "ebullient".<ref name=sray/><ref name=parlance/><ref name=int/> In 1988, ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' stated that Chakraborty had an "uncanny ability to spout utterances which embroil him in needless, unsavoury controversies".<ref name=toiiw2>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=6EcdAQAAMAAJ Times of India Illustrated Weekly, Vol. 109, Issues 27-39]''. 1988. p. 53</ref> In 1966, the ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'' commentator [[Flibbertigibbet]] stated that "Jatin Chakraborty has never been known to be an easy person to accommodate in any alliance".<ref>Flibbertigibbet. ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4357104 White Caps in the Ring]''. Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 1, no. 10, 1966, pp. 404–05</ref> He was known to be a cigar smoker.<ref name=tte2>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bloc-follows-buddha-jatin-script/cid/542641|newspaper=The Telegraph|title=Bloc follows Buddha, Jatin script|date=26 September 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Jatin}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the West Bengal Legislative Council]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]

Tejas Patel

2026-01-24T07:56:37Z

KennyRoss67889: info

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{for|the Indian cricketer|Tejas Patel (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tejas Patel
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Prof. (Dr.) Tejas Madhusudan Patel, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2015.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Ahmedabad, [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Interventional cardiologist]]
| spouse = Sonali Patel
| children = 1
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]<nowiki> (2024)</nowiki> [[Padma Shri]]<nowiki> (2015)</nowiki> [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]<nowiki> (2008)</nowiki> <nowiki>IMA Dr. K. Sharan Cardiology Excellence Award (2002)</nowiki>
| website = {{Url|http://www.apexheart.in}}
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| known for = Transradial interventions, cardiology, [[Angioplasty]], Robotic Coronary Interventions
| alma_mater = [[B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad|B.J. Medical College]], [[Gujarat University]]
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Tejas M. Patel''' is an Indian cardiologist and the chairman and chief interventional cardiologist at Apex Heart Institute, [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="Transradial world">{{cite web | url=http://www.transradialworld.com/presentations/dr_tejas_patel_cv.pdf | title=Transradial world | publisher=Transradial world | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Apex">{{cite web | url=https://www.apexheart.in/dr-tejas-patel | title=Apex | publisher=Apex | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Patel has received several honors, including the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]],<ref name="Best Indian Cardiologists">{{cite web | url=https://bestindiancardiologists.blogspot.ae/2013/07/best-cardiologists-in-india.html | title=Best Indian Cardiologists | publisher=Best Indian Cardiologists | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> the [[Padma Shri]] in 2015,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref> and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2024, for his contributions to the medical field.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title=Dr Tejas Patel receives Padma Bhushan, 5 others get Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/dr-tejas-patel-receives-padma-bhushan-5-others-get-padma-shri/articleshow/107159189.cms |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tejas Patel was born in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] and did his schooling with a national scholarship.<ref name="Transradial world" /> He graduated in medicine (MBBS) from [[B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad|B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad]] affiliated with [[Gujarat University]]<ref name="Lybrate">{{cite web | url=https://www.lybrate.com/doctor/tejaspatel | title=Dr. Tejas Patel| publisher=[[Lybrate]] | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> with the first rank and gold medal, did his residency at the civil hospital of the college and secured his masters studies, (MD) from there.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Apex" /> He also obtained a DM<ref name="Lybrate"/> from the U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre<ref name="Apex" /><ref name="U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre ">{{cite web | url=http://www.unmicrc.org/ | title=U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre | publisher=U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre | date=2015 | access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> where he was the chief resident cardiologist for two years during his period of study.

== Career ==
He continued at the institute to start his career, in 1991, as an assistant professor of cardiology and was promoted in 1997 as an associate professor while he also worked as a visiting professor at the Gujarat Research and Medical Institute (GRMI), a post he held till 2000.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Ebudilla">{{cite web | url=http://www.edubilla.com/award/padma-shri/tejas-patel/ | title=Ebudilla | publisher=Ebudilla | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> He joined [[Krishna Heart Institute]], Ahmedabad<ref name="Lybrate" /> as the director and chief interventional cardiologist in 2000 and worked there till his move to [[Sterling Hospitals]], Ahmedabad in 2004 for a two-year stint.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Ebudilla" /> In 2006, he moved to TCVS, which was rebranded as Apex Heart Institute in 2012<ref name="TCVS">{{cite web | url=http://ahmedabad.citizensindia.com/hospital_medical-centre/apex-heart-institute(a-unit-of-tcvs-pvt-ltd)/id_127368 | title=TCVS | publisher=Citizens India | date=2015 | access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> where is the incumbent chairman and the chief interventional cardiologist.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Ebudilla" /><ref name="Divya Bhaskar">{{cite web|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-AHM-dr-tejas-patel-cardiologist-ahmedabad-wins-padma-shri-award-2015-4884867-PHO.html|title=Divya Bhaskar|date=2015|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131850/http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-AHM-dr-tejas-patel-cardiologist-ahmedabad-wins-padma-shri-award-2015-4884867-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During a brief interlude, he also served SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre,<ref name="SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre">{{cite web | url=http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=274 | title=SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre | publisher=Medical Council of india | date=2015 | access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Gujarat as a professor of cardiology.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Ebudilla" /> He is also a professor and head of the department of cardiology at institutions such as [[Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad]], [[Healthcare in Ahmedabad|Sheth Vadilal Sarabhai General Hospital (VS Hospital)]]<ref name="Apex" /> and Sheth K. M. School of Post Graduate Medicine and Research<ref name="MCI India">{{cite web | url=http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=147 | title=MCI India | publisher=MCI India | date=2015 | access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> since 2008<ref name="Transradial world" /> and is a visiting faculty at [[Virginia Commonwealth University]] Medical Centre, Richmond USA.<ref name="Apex" /> He is the first Asian to be appointed as visiting professor in Mayo Clinic, USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/ahmedabad-gets-first-coronary-surgery-robot/articleshow/62372473.cms |title=Ahmedabad Mirror |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref>

Patel is a pioneer of transradial angioplasty in India.<ref name="Cath Lab Digest">{{cite web | url=http://www.cathlabdigest.com/articles/Announcing-Free-Interactive-Tutorial-Transradial-Intervention-Dr-Tejas-Patel | title=Cath Lab Digest | publisher=Cath Lab Digest | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> He has published several medical papers and abstracts<ref name="Ebudilla" /><ref name="Cath Lab Digest" /><ref name="Microsoft Academic Search">{{cite web | url=http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/22825715/tejas-v-patel | title=Profile on Microsoft Academic Search | publisher=Microsoft Academic Search | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015 | archive-date=19 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219210521/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/22825715/tejas-v-patel | url-status=dead }}</ref> besides two books, ''Patel’s Atlas of Transradial Intervention: The Basics''<ref name="Patel’s Atlas of Transradial Intervention: The Basics">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Tejas |title=Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention: The Basics |publisher=Seascript Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-0978543631 |page=198}}</ref> and ''Patel’s Atlas of Transradial Intervention: The Basics and Beyond'',<ref name="Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention - The Basics and Beyond">{{cite web | url=http://www.patelsatlas-basicsandbeyond.com/node/20 | title=Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention - The Basics and Beyond | publisher=Patel's Atlas | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention - The Basics and Beyond (2)">{{cite book | title=Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention - The Basics and Beyond (2) | publisher=Hmp Communications | author=Tejas Patel | year=2012 | page=242 | isbn=978-1893446052}}</ref> both reference books on the subject.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Apex" /><ref name="Cath Lab Digest" /> He has undertaken several [[clinical trials]]<ref name="Apex" /> related to stenting, transradial interventions, low molecular weight [[heparin]], [[glycoprotein]] IIb, IIIa inhibitors and mitral balloon [[Valvuloplasty|valvuloplasties]] as the chief investigator or co-investigator and has participated in the design and development of guiding [[catheters]] for use in transradial route.<ref name="Transradial world" />

Patel has conducted classes and has performed live demonstrations at many countries<ref name="Apex" /> such as France, USA, Spain, Japan, Singapore, the Netherlands, and UK.<ref name="Transradial world" /> He has delivered lectures on invitation at [[American College of Cardiology]] and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, USA.<ref name="Transradial world" /> He is a member of the editorial boards of Indian Heart Journal, Journal of [[American College of Cardiology]] (Indian Edition) and Journal of Invasive Cardiology<ref name="Apex" /> and is a reviewer for [[American Journal of Cardiology]], [[International Journal of Cardiology]] and JACC Interventions.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Apex" /> He is the director of TRICO (Transradial Intervention) course,<ref name="Trico">{{cite web | url=http://www.transradialworld.com/index.php?pid=5 | title=Trico | publisher=Trico | date=2015 | access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> an annual course hosted at Ahmedabad since 2005.<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Apex" />

In early 2018, Patel-owned Apex Heart Institute<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/ahmedabad-gets-first-coronary-surgery-robot/articleshow/62372473.cms|title=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=1970-01-01|access-date=2018-03-27|publisher=[[Times Internet]]}}</ref> became the first hospital outside USA to introduce robotic angioplasty & stenting by acquiring Corindus Corpath Vascular Robotic System GRX200 for $1.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/now-a-robot-to-perform-angioplasty-surgery/article10011608.ece|title=Now, a robot to perform angioplasty surgery! - Business Line|date=4 January 2018 |publisher=M.thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref> The system is designed to make angioplasty safer, precise and more accurate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gujarat-doctor-makes-history-performs-worlds-1st-robotic-heart-surgery-30-km-away-from-patient-1961729.html|title=Gujarat Doctor Makes History, Performs World's 1st Robotic Heart Surgery 30 km Away from Patient|last=Sharon|first=Meghdoot|date=5 December 2018|access-date=13 January 2019|publisher=News18}}</ref>

On 5 December 2018, Tejas Patel, Sanjay Shah and the team of doctors at Apex Heart Institute created a history in the field of interventional cardiology by performing world's first-in-man telerobotic coronary intervention from Akshardham temple located in Gandhinagar roughly 32 kilometers away from the patient. The operation used the high speed internet provided by Reliance Jio Infocomm and Corindus Vascular Robotics Corpath GRX 200 which the hospital had acquired in January 2018.
The surgery was broadcast live on the Internet and at the press conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/ahmedabad-hospital-pioneers-worlds-first-telerobotic-coronary-intervention-surgery/articleshow/66952971.cms|title=Ahmedabad hospital pioneers world's first telerobotic corona|work=Indiatimes.com|access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Tejas Patel, whose name was listed in the 18th edition of [[Marquis Who's Who]],<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Apex" /><ref name="Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention - The Basics and Beyond" /> is a recipient of the Dr. K. Sharan Cardiology Excellence Award from the [[Indian Medical Association]].<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Apex" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], the highest Indian medical award, in 2005<ref name="Transradial world" /><ref name="Apex" /> and the [[Padma Shri]] in 2015.<ref name="Ebudilla" /> In 2024, he was further recognized with the [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)|Padma Bhushan]] and named a Master Fellow of SCAI ([https://scai.org/membership/awards-and-recognition/master-interventionalists-scai-mscai MSCAI]).

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Interventional cardiology]]
* [[Bioresorbable stents|Bio-absorbable stents]]
* [[Transradial catheterization|Transradial intervention]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention: The Basics | publisher=Seascript Company | author=Tejas Patel, Carol Garzona, Gopal Limbad | year=2007 | page=198 | isbn=978-0978543631}}
* {{cite book | title=Patel's Atlas of Transradial Intervention - The Basics and Beyond | publisher=Hmp Communications |author1=Tejas Patel |author2=Samir B. Pancholy |author3=Sanjay Shah | year=2012 | page=242 | isbn=978-1893446052}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY4TbjQFTr0 | title=Life history of Dr. Tejas Patel - Renowned Cardiologist | publisher=Noble Media | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=19 April 2013 | access-date=27 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/22825715/tejas-v-patel | title=Profile on Microsoft Academic Search | publisher=Microsoft Academic Search | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2015 | archive-date=19 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219210521/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/22825715/tejas-v-patel | url-status=dead }}
* [https://m.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/now-a-robot-to-perform-angioplasty-surgery/article10011608.ece Apex Heart Institute pioneers robotic angioplasty] - The Hindu Business Line
* [https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/robot-performs-angioplasty-in-ahmedabad-hospital.html Robot performs angioplasty in Ahmedabad Hospital] - The Week

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Tejas}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Scientists from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Cardiology]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]

Pavitra (disciple)

2026-01-21T01:15:13Z

KennyRoss67889: new

{{about|the disciple|other uses|Pavitra (disambiguation) }}

{{Sri Aurobindo}}

'''Pavitra''' (January 16, 1894 – May 16, 1969) (from the [[Sanskrit]] word for "pure") was one of the very early disciples of [[Sri Aurobindo]] and [[Mirra Alfassa|The Mother]]. The name was one of [[Srimati Radharani]]'s 1000 names.

==Early life==
He was born Philippe Barbier Saint-Hilaire in [[Paris]]. In 1914, he graduated from the [[École polytechnique|Ècole Polytechnique]] with a degree in [[Engineering]]. He served in the army in [[World War I]] as an artillery officer, and after the war worked as a junior engineer in Paris, at the Ministry of transport and communication.<ref name=Search>{{cite web | url=http://www.searchforlight.org/lotusgroove/Pavitra/Index.htm | title=Pavitra | publisher=Searchforlight.org | accessdate=January 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Intyoga>{{cite web | url=http://intyoga.online.fr/pavitra.htm | title=Pavitra (1894-1969) | publisher=Intyoga | date=February 10, 2002 | accessdate=January 3, 2013}}</ref>

==Quest==
He was interested in [[occultism]], and in 1920 departed for [[Japan]] to study [[Zen Buddhism]]. In 1924, he left Japan and spent time with [[Vajrayana|tantric]] [[lama]]s in [[Monastery|monasteries]] in North China and [[Mongolia]].<ref name=Search/>

In 1925 Saint-Hilaire came to India and met [[Sri Aurobindo]] and [[Mirra Alfassa|The Mother]] in Pondicherry, where he was accepted as a [[Sādhaka|sadhak]], and Sri Aurobindo gave him the name ''Pavitra'' meaning "Pure". In 1951 The Mother appointed him director of the newly founded [[Sri Aurobindo International University Centre]]. He served in this position for 18 years, as well as being general secretary of the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], until his death in 1969.

==Death==
The Mother reports in [[The Agenda (Mother)|Agenda]] of May 1969 <ref>[http://intyoga.online.fr/pavdeath.htm link]</ref> that Pavitra left his body in a [[yoga|yogic]] way and merged with her.<ref name=Search/>

According to [[Satprem]] (see note to "On Pavitra and Pavitra's Death"), Pavitra left memoirs of his conversations with Sri Aurobindo and Mother in 1925 and 1926, large parts of which were destroyed (almost a third of Pavitra's notebooks) by his closest collaborator, with the pretext that it would be "better left unsaid". What was left was published as ''Conversations avec Pavitra''.<ref name=Search/>

==Partial bibliography==
* ''L'évolution future de l'Humanité'' a compilation of texts by Sri Aurobindo (1962)
* ''The Message of Sri Aurobindo Ashram'', Pondicherry, (1954)
* ''Conversations avec Pavitra''. Paris: "Fayard". Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust. Pondicherry, 1972

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050510084349/http://www.aurobindo.ru/persons/main_e.htm Name Index] - brief biography
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216072843/http://www.lightendlesslight.org/Pavitra%20Notebook/Pavitra_01.htm Pavitra's Notebook - The conversation with Sri Aurobindo - 1925-1926(also [http://www.searchforlight.org/lotusgroove/Pavitra/Pavitra1972.htm - Saturday, November 6, 1926] - mentions that pages have been torn out)
* [http://intyoga.online.fr/pavdeath.htm On Pavitra and Pavitra's Death] - From Mother's Agenda
{{Integral Yoga|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism]]
[[Category:French expatriates in India]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:French military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Engineers from Paris]]
[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:20th-century translators]]
[[Category:École polytechnique alumni]]

Semra, Ghazipur

2026-01-20T08:08:53Z

KennyRoss67889: new - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Semra
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiamapia.com/Ghazipur/Sherpur.html |title=Sherpur Pin Code, Sherpur, Ghazipur Map, Latitude and Longitude, Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Indiamapia.com |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5849134| 83.7558707|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| native_name = Semra
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1680}}
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5500
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| population_demonym =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 233236<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiapincode.in/Khardiha |title=Pincode: Sherpur, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh | Post Office address Sherpur, Uttar Pradesh |publisher=IndiaPinCode.in |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018202459/http://indiapincode.in/Khardiha |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05493
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#UP—Uttar Pradesh|UP]]-61
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance from [[New Delhi]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
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| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1100|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|32.0|C}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|33.0|C}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|5|C}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 133
}}

'''Semara''' is a village in [[Ghazipur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. [[Sadhopur, Ghazipur|Sadhobur]] village, also known as Rampur, is located across the [[Ganges]] opposite Semara. These villages are jointly called Rampur-Semara by the locals. Semara village comes under [[Sherpur, Ghazipur|Sherpur]] [[gram panchayat]] of [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad tehsil]]. The population of this village is around 5500 while the number of [[Voting|voters]] is 3800.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title="Flood woes spilling in Semra village"|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Flood-woes-spilling-in-Semra-village/articleshow/10022266.cms}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title="गाजीपुर का सेमरा गांव, पांच साल में कटान से 634 घर गंगा में समाए,"|url=http://amritprabhat.com/ghazipur-the-existence-of-semra-village-is-in-danger/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122507/http://amritprabhat.com/ghazipur-the-existence-of-semra-village-is-in-danger/|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title="Semra Villagers Rebuilding Their Lives"|url=http://www.landcoalition.org/en/news/semra-villagers-rebuilding-their-lives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122133/http://www.landcoalition.org/en/news/semra-villagers-rebuilding-their-lives|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geographic location ==
[[File:Semra land coalition site in flood.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|Image of a Land Colistion in Semara Village.]]
[[File:Semara land coalition in flood.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|Image of Ganga River from Semara.]]

The village is located {{convert|30|km}} east of the district headquarters in the eastern direction. The nearest railway station [[Yusufpur]] is at a distance of 8 km from here, while the village is {{convert|5|km}} from [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Muhammadabad]] town on [[Ghazipur]]-[[Ballia]] [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]]. Semara is a part of Sherpur Gram Panchayat. In practice, Shiv Rai Ka Pura and Chhanbaiya are also part of Semara.The village is situated on the banks of the Gangas and has been badly plagued by Ganga Katan for over two decades. As a result of this erosion, 80 percent of Shiv Rai's entire population and 50 percent of Semra's have been absorbed into the [[Ganges]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Agriculture ==
[[File:Semra embankment.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|Image of a river bet in Semara.]]
The Semara village is good in aspects of Agriculture. The Land of the village is fertile and water level is not deeper than 100 foot. The farmers of the village also have good information about the farming and new tools and technology related to it. Machinery like [[tractor]]s, [[combine harvester]]s are mostly used in the village for agriculture. [[Fish farming]], [[cattle]] rearing, and [[poultry farming]] are also done in the village. [[Commerce|Commercial activities]] are also done in the village. One of the common problems of the farmers of the village is flooding because the village is located on the banks of [[Ganges|Ganga River]] and also suffers flood some times. The village is located almost 30 ft above the average water flow of Gangas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

Vijay Kumar Kapahi

2026-01-18T15:35:36Z

KennyRoss67889: done - done

{{Short description|Indian astrophysicist (1944–1999)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vijay Kumar Kapahi
| image = Dr_V_K_Kapahi_(1987).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|1|21}}
| birth_place = [[Quetta]], British Balochistan
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|3|16|1944|1|21}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| fields = {{ublist | [[Astrophysics]] | [[Radio astronomy]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]] | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] | [[Bombay University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Govind Swarup]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]}}
| doctoral_students = {{ublist | [[Prajval Shastri]], [[Ramana Athreya]]}}
| known_for = Studies on [[radio galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[observational cosmology]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1987 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1987 Vikram Sarabhai Research Award | 1991 [[American Astronomical Society|AAS]] Henri Chretien Research Grant Award }}
}}
'''Vijay Kumar Kapahi''' (21 January 1944 – 16 March 1999) was an Indian astrophysicist and the director of the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]], an autonomous division of [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]. Known for his research on [[radio galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[observational cosmology]], Kapahi was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies – [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] – as well as of the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] for his contributions to physical sciences in 1987.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Tifr main.jpg|thumb|235px|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
Vijay Kumar Kapahi was born on 21 January 1944 at [[Quetta]] in [[British India]].<ref name="Vijay Kumar Kapahi on Neglected Science">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neglectedscience.com/alphabetical-list/k/vijay-kumar-kapahi |title=Vijay Kumar Kapahi on Neglected Science |date=2017 |publisher=Neglected Science |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928021007/http://www.neglectedscience.com/alphabetical-list/k/vijay-kumar-kapahi |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Presently in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]}} His pre-graduate and graduate studies were completed at [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]] (then under [[Mysore University]]) in 1959 and 1962 respectively before his move to Mumbai where he did a one-year course at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] Training School.<ref name="A Tribute">{{Cite journal|title=A Tribute |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |volume=27 |pages=229 |date=1999 |bibcode = 1999BASI...27..229.}}</ref> In 1963, he joined the Radio Astronomy Group of [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and this gave him the opportunity to work with [[Govind Swarup]], who would later design the [[Ooty Radio Telescope]].<ref name="2007 Grote Reber Medal to Professor Govind Swarup">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/newsletter/jun07/Swarup.htm |title=2007 Grote Reber Medal to Professor Govind Swarup |date=2017 |publisher=Australia Telescope National Facility}}</ref> During his service at TIFR, he simultaneously pursued his doctoral studies mentored by Swarup and secured a PhD from [[Bombay University]] in 1975 for his thesis, ''Angular structures of extragalactic radio sources and cosmology''.<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N97-1217 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193728/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N97-1217 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Radio Astronomy Group meanwhile developed into an autonomous division of TIFR, with a new name, [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]],<ref name="A brief history of NCRA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/ncra1/history |title=A brief history of NCRA |date=2017 |publisher=National Centre for Radio Astrophysics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913032757/http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/ncra1/history |archive-date=13 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and he served as the director of the institution since 1994. He was holding the position and simultaneously serving as a professor at TIFR at the time of his death at the age of 55 on 16 March 1999.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> In between., he also served as a visiting scientist at [[Carnegie Institution for Science]], [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] and [[Dwingeloo Radio Observatory]].<ref name="A Tribute" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Centauros a-spc.png|thumb|235px|[[False-colour]] image of the nearby radio galaxy [[Centaurus A]].]]
Kapahi's work was mainly focused on [[observational cosmology]] and his work covered the studies of [[radio galaxies]] and [[quasar]]s.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=339 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> During his doctoral studies under the guidance of Govind Swarup, together they developed an imaging technique for capturing rapid images of solar radio bursts<ref name="Vijay Kumar Kapahi on Neglected Science" /> and the details were published by way of an article, ''A simple image forming technique suitable for multifrequency observations of solar radio bursts'' in [[Solar Physics (journal)|Solar Physics]] journal in 1970.<ref name="A simple image forming technique suitable for multifrequency observations of solar radio bursts">{{Cite journal |last=G. SwarupV. K. Kapahi |title=A simple image forming technique suitable for multifrequency observations of solar radio bursts |journal=Solar Physics |publication-date=1970 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=404–413 |doi=10.1007/BF00221326|bibcode=1970SoPh...14..404S |year=1970 |s2cid=121226985 }}</ref> Through his studies with the help of [[Ooty Radio Telescope]], he discovered for the first time in 1975 that radio galaxies were smaller in linear sizes during earlier [[Chronology of the universe|cosmic epochs]].<ref name="Vijay Kumar Kapahi on Neglected Science" /> He was one of the first astronomers to study ''Compact Steep‐Spectrum'' radio sources and he published a series of articles on the subject during 1981–98.<ref name="The Compact Steep‐Spectrum and Gigahertz Peaked‐Spectrum Radio Sources">{{Cite journal|title=The Compact Steep-Spectrum and Gigahertz Peaked-Spectrum Radio Sources |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=110 |issue=747 |pages=493–532 |date=1998 |doi=10.1086/316162 |last1=O'Dea |first1=Christopher P. |bibcode=1998PASP..110..493O |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Compact steep-spectrum sources from the S4 sample">{{Cite journal |title=Compact steep-spectrum sources from the S4 sample |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=321 |pages=37–43 |date=2001 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04017.x |last1=Saikia |first1=D. J. |last2=Jeyakumar |first2=S. |last3=Salter |first3=C. J. |last4=Thomasson |first4=P. |last5=Spencer |first5=R. E. |last6=Mantovani |first6=F. |issue=1 |doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0009175 |bibcode=2001MNRAS.321...37S |s2cid=15748503 }}</ref><ref name="The V/Vm test for a sample of compact steepspectrum sources">{{Cite web |last=V. K. Kapahi, D. G. Banhatti |title=The V/Vm test for a sample of compact steepspectrum sources |date=1983 |arxiv=0708.1152 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3109792}}</ref> These studies assisted in the later-day development of a paradigm known as ''unifying scheme of radio galaxies and [[Quasar|quasers]]''<ref name="A Tribute" /> which explained the relativistic beaming in nuclear jets of quasars<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> and in integrating the properties of lobe-dominated and core-dominated types of quasars.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> His work with [[Very-long-baseline interferometry]] telescopes helped discover hot spots on the twin-lobes of ''extragalactic radio sources'' as well as distant radio galaxies.<ref name="A Tribute" /> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Kapahi=3AVijay_Kumar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed 101 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/7904139_V_K_Kapahi |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref> Besides, he edited five books<ref name="A Tribute" /> including ''Quasars: proceedings of the 119th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union'',<ref name="SymposiumSwarup1986">{{cite book|author1=International Astronomical Union. Symposium|author2=Govind Swarup|author3=V. K. Kapahi|title=Quasars: proceedings of the 119th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Bangalore, India, December 2–6, 1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICgpAAAAYAAJ|year=1986|publisher=D. Reidel Pub. Co.|isbn=978-90-277-2297-3}}</ref> ''Lectures on Observational Cosmology'',<ref name="SciamaKapahi1967">{{cite book|author1=Dennis William Sciama|author2=V. K. Kapahi|author3=S. Ramadurai|title=Lectures on Observational Cosmology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNjPAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|bibcode=1967looc.book.....S }}</ref> ''Proceedings of the Workshop Diffuse Thermal and Relativistic Plasma in Galaxy Clusters''<ref name="Kapahi1999">{{cite book|author=V. K. Kapahi|title=Proceedings of the Workshop Diffuse Thermal and Relativistic Plasma in Galaxy Clusters: Ringberg Castle, Germany, April 19–23, 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpUoAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik}}</ref> and ''Asian-Pacific Astronomy: Proceedings of the 6th Asian- Pacific Regional Meeting on Astronomy of the International Astronomical Union''.<ref name="Kapahi1995">{{cite book|author=V. K. Kapahi|title=Asian-Pacific Astronomy: Proceedings of the 6th Asian- Pacific Regional Meeting on Astronomy of the International Astronomical Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYUoAAAAYAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He also contributed chapters to books published by others<ref name="Sato1999">{{cite book|author=Katsuhiko Sato|title=Cosmological Parameters and the Evolution of the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41U_Y7K54rwC&pg=PA251|date=31 January 1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-5459-8|pages=251–}}</ref><ref name="HewittBurbidge2012">{{cite book|author1=Adelaide Hewitt|author2=Geoffrey Burbidge|author3=Li Zhi Fang|title=Observational Cosmology: Proceedings of the 124th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Held in Beijing, China, August 25–30, 1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2noCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-3853-3|pages=264–}}</ref><ref name="EkersFanti2012">{{cite book|author1=R. Ekers|author2=C. Fanti|author3=L. Padrielli|title=Extragalactic Radio Sources: Proceedings of the 175th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Held in Bologna, Italy 10–14 October 1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0r1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA394|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-0295-4|pages=394–}}</ref> and his work has drawn citations from other scientists.<ref name="HeeschenWade2012">{{cite book|author1=D.S. Heeschen|author2=C.M. Wade|title=Extragalactic Radio Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bHvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-7781-5|pages=400–}}</ref><ref name="Kundt2012">{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Kundt|title=Astrophysical Jets and Their Engines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBn_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-3927-1|pages=183–}}</ref><ref name="SymposiumAaronson1988">{{cite book|author1=International Astronomical Union. Symposium|author2=Marc A. Aaronson|author3=Sándor Szalay|title=Large Scale Structures of the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhTF_LJiXQsC&pg=PA368|date=31 July 1988|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-277-2744-2|pages=368–}}</ref>

Kapahi was directly involved in the establishment of the Ooty Radio Telescope,<ref name="Ooty Radio Telescope">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/students/External%20students/old-programs/ras-2013-1/ras-lectures/ooty-radio-telescope/view |title=Ooty Radio Telescope |date=2017 |publisher=National Centre for Radio Astrophysics }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> especially in the development of [[Phased array|phase-shifter array]].<ref name="A Tribute" /> Later, he was involved in the development and establishment of [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] near [[Pune]] which was the core theme of two of his articles published in 1991 and 1995 respectively.<ref name="Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope">{{Cite journal |last=G. Swarup, S. Ananthakrishnan, V. K. Kapahi, A. P. Rao, C. R. Subrahmanya, V. K. Kulkarni |title=Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/560/1/308.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=1991 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=95–105}}</ref><ref name="Astronomy with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope">{{Cite journal |last=V. K. Kapahi, S. Ananthakrishnan |title=Astronomy with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/560/1/308.pdf |journal=Bulletin of Astronomical Society of India |date=1995 |volume=23 |pages=265–268}}</ref> His contributions were reported in the initiation of the ''Joint Astronomy Programme'' of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] and he was associated with the [[Astronomical Society of India]] which he presided from 1997 until his death in 1999.<ref name="Executive council members of the Astronomical Society of India during 1973-2009">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astron-soc.in/executive_past.html |title=Executive council members of the Astronomical Society of India during 1973–2009 |date=2017 |publisher=Astronomical Society of India |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320022800/http://www.astron-soc.in/executive_past.html |archive-date=20 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was also a member of the Indian Physics Association and [[International Astronomical Union]]<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> and the doctoral scholars mentored by him included Joydeep Bagchi, Dhruba Jyoti Saikia, Prajval Shastri, C. H. Ishwar-Chandra and Ramana Athreya.<ref name="A Tribute" />

== Awards and honors ==
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Kapahi the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in 1987.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> He received two more honors in 1987; the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] selected him for Hari Om Ashram Prerit Vikram Sarabhai Research Award<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as their fellow.<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Kapahi,_Prof._Vijay_Kumar |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He received the Henri Chretien Research Grant Award of the [[American Astronomical Society]] in 1991 and became an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1997.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He was also an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="A Tribute" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=Dennis William Sciama|author2=V. K. Kapahi|author3=S. Ramadurai|title=Lectures on Observational Cosmology|year=1967|publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|bibcode=1967looc.book.....S }}
* {{cite book|author1=International Astronomical Union. Symposium|author2=Govind Swarup|author3=V. K. Kapahi|title=Quasars: proceedings of the 119th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Bangalore, India, December 2–6, 1985|year=1986|publisher=D. Reidel Pub. Co.|isbn=978-90-277-2297-3}}
* {{cite book|author=V. K. Kapahi|title=Asian-Pacific Astronomy: Proceedings of the 6th Asian- Pacific Regional Meeting on Astronomy of the International Astronomical Union|year=1995|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}
* {{cite book|author=V. K. Kapahi|title=Proceedings of the Workshop Diffuse Thermal and Relativistic Plasma in Galaxy Clusters: Ringberg Castle, Germany, April 19–23, 1999|year=1999|publisher=Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik}}

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author=[[Katsuhiko Sato (physicist)|Katsuhiko Sato]]|title=Cosmological Parameters and the Evolution of the Universe|date=31 January 1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-5459-8|pages=251–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Adelaide Hewitt|author2=Geoffrey Burbidge|author3=Li Zhi Fang|title=Observational Cosmology: Proceedings of the 124th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Held in Beijing, China, August 25–30, 1986|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-3853-3|pages=264–}}
* {{cite book|author1=R. Ekers|author2=C. Fanti|author3=L. Padrielli|title=Extragalactic Radio Sources: Proceedings of the 175th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Held in Bologna, Italy 10–14 October 1995|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-0295-4|pages=394–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=G. Swarup, V. K. Kapahi, J. D. Isloor, R. P. Sinha |title=Radio Observations of the Quiet Sun at 49 cm |journal=Nature |publication-date=1966 |volume=212 |issue=5065 |pages=910–911 |doi=10.1038/212910a0|bibcode=1966Natur.212..910S |year=1966 |s2cid=34431061 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=G. SwarupV. K. Kapahi |title=A simple image forming technique suitable for multifrequency observations of solar radio bursts |journal=Solar Physics |publication-date=1970 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=404–413 |doi=10.1007/BF00221326|bibcode=1970SoPh...14..404S |year=1970 |s2cid=121226985 }}
* {{Cite web |last=V. K. Kapahi, D. G. Banhatti |title=The V/Vm test for a sample of compact steepspectrum sources |date=1983 |arxiv=0708.1152 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3109792}}
* {{Cite journal |last=G. Swarup, S. Ananthakrishnan, V. K. Kapahi, A. P. Rao, C. R. Subrahmanya, V. K. Kulkarni |title=Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/560/1/308.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=1991 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=95–105}}
* {{Cite journal |last=V. K. Kapahi, S. Ananthakrishnan |title=Astronomy with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/560/1/308.pdf |journal=Bulletin of Astronomical Society of India |date=1995 |volume=23 |pages=265–268}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Chronology of the universe]]
* [[Phased array]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://inspirehep.net/author/profile/V.K.Kapahi.1 |title=Kapahi, Vijay K. |date=2017 |publisher=InSPIRE HEP |work=Author profile}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://photos.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/photos/kapahi-v-k-b1 |title=V. K. Kapahi at the International Astronomical Union (IAU) 74 conference at Cambridge, United Kingdom |date=2017 |publisher=American Institute of Physics |work=Informal Portrait}}
* {{cite journal |title=Vijay Kumar Kapahi (21 January 1944 – 16 March 1999). |journal=Khagol |date=1999 |volume=38 |pages=4 |bibcode=1999Khago..38....4.}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |last1=Kapahi |first1=V. K. |last2=Subrahmanya |first2=C. R. |title=The Evolution of Linear Sizes |journal=Symposium - International Astronomical Union |date=14 August 2015 |volume=97 |pages=401–410 |doi=10.1017/S0074180900028291 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kapahi |first1=V. K. |last2=Ananthakrishnan |first2=S. |title=Astronomy with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |date=1995 |volume=23 |pages=265 |bibcode=1995BASI...23..265K |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/560/1/308.pdf}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapahi, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Quetta]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:St. Joseph's College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]

Eki Movement

2026-01-13T12:32:15Z

KennyRoss67889: made new article w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Tribal movement in Rajasthan region, British India during 1921 to 1922}}
The beginning of the ''Eki'' Movement is generally attributed to the events at the Matrikund fair in Chittod. Here, a group of ''adivasis'' agreed to desist from paying taxes to ''jagirdars'' until the [[Maharana]] addressed the problems with the ''jagirdari'' system.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/926/1/bhanat_sa_thesis_sociology.pdf|title=મોતીલાલ તેજાવત અને ગોવિંદગુરુનું આ􏰅દવાસી 􏰆આંદોલન : એક 􏰇તુલનાત્મક અભ્યાસ|last=Bhanat|first=Stenly|publisher=Saurashtra University|year=2006|location=Rajkot|pages=134–135}}</ref>

== Beginnings of the Movement ==
The immediate inspiration for the movement was [[Motilal Tejawat]]'s exposure to the [[Bijolia movement]].<ref name=":5" /> Pamphlets associated with the Bijolia movement were circulating throughout Mewar around 1920.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Nilsen|first=Alf Gunvald|date=2015|title=Subalterns and the State in the Longue Durée: Notes from "The Rebellious Century" in the Bhil Heartland|journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|volume=45:4|pages=574–595|doi=10.1080/00472336.2015.1034159|via=doi|doi-access=free|hdl=1956/10964|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tejawat distributed copies of these pamphlets in Jharol ''thikana'', whose ''jagirdar'' was known to oppress ''adivasis''<ref name=":1" /> and followed up by calling a series of meeting in ''adivasi'' villages in the area, leading to formation of a committee that sought to articulate the grievances and demands of the ''adivasi'' peasantry.<ref name=":1" />

In May 1921, Tejawat was able to utilize a large gathering of ''adivasi'' peasants at the annual peasant fair Matri Mundiya near [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]] to spread his message and mobilize his followers on the issues of ''[[begar]]'' and unfair taxation.<ref name=":1" /> After the fair, a large number of protesting peasants marched to Udaipur to seek an audience with the Maharana who agreed to meet them and conceded some, but not all demands.<ref name=":1" /> Three important issues on which the Maharana granted no concession were: the use of forests by ''adivasis'', ''begar'', and the rounding up of ''adivasis'' for the royal ''shikhar'' (hunt).<ref name=":1" />

== Support of Reformist Press ==
The reformist newspaper 'Navin [[Rajasthan]]' strongly supported the Eki Movement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119311|title=Role of the Press in the Growth of Representative Institutions in Rajputana|last=Mathur|first=L.P.|publisher=Books Treasure|year=1998|location=Jodhpur|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119311/page/n82 47]–48}}</ref> The newspaper condemned the violence against the movement in the states of [[Idar State|Idar]] and [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]], and [[Vijay Singh Pathik]] wrote a series of articles highlighting the conditions of the ''adivasis'' that gave rise to the movement.<ref name=":0" /> Navin Rajasthan sent Ram Narain Chaudhary to study the situation.<ref name=":0" /> The newspapers 'Lokvani' and 'Praja Sevak' also published articles on the conditions of the peasants associated with the Eki Movement.<ref name=":0" />

== No support of Indian National Congress ==
Gandhi did not approve of Tejawat's methods and distanced himself from Tejawat in an article in [[Young India]]:

I hear that a gentleman by name Motilal Pancholi hailing from Udaipur claims to be my disciple and to preach temperance and what not among the rustics of the Rajputana States. He is reported to be surrounded by an armed crowd of admirers and establishing his kingdom or some other -dom wherever he goes. He claims too, miraculous powers. He or his admirers are reported to have done some destructive work. I wish that people will once and for all understand that I have no disciples.[6].<ref name=":0" />

== Violent suppression of movement ==

On March 7, 1922, several thousand agitators gathered in the village of Palchitaria in [[Idar State]] (the village was renamed Dadhvav and now lies in Vijaynagar taluka, [[Sabarkantha district]] in present-day [[Gujarat]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/secret-massacre-slaughter-by-british-that-the-indians-helped-to-cover-up-1235674.html|title=Secret Massacre: Slaughter by British that the Indians Helped to Cover Up|last=Popham|first=Peter|date=12 October 1997|work=Independent|access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> Troops of the [[Mewar Bhil Corps]] under the command of Major H.G. Sutton opened fire on the crowds.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/investigation/story/19970901-palchitaria-the-carnage-that-took-place-in-gujarat-three-years-after-jallianwala-massacre-830500-1997-08-31|title=The Other Jallianwala|last=Mahurkar|first=Uday|date=September 1, 1997|work=India Today|access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> While Major Sutton described the engagement as a 'skirmish' in which 22 persons were killed, local oral tradition claims that between 1,000 and 1,500 were killed.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC&d|title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas|last=Hardiman|first=David|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-231-13114-3|location=139-142|pages=140–141}}</ref> Tejawat himself managed to escape the carnage, and the movement continued for another two months.<ref name=":4" />

The events at Dadhvav received little coverage in the then-contemporary press, and is often an ignored chapter in later historical accounts.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Histories for the Subordinated|last=Hardiman|first=David|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2006|isbn=81-7824-099-8|location=Delhi}}</ref> While some claim that this oversight is because "those killed were poor, illiterate tribals",<ref name=":3" /> at least one historian attributes the oversight to the fact that "Motilal Tejawat's movement did not conform to Gandhain precepts...[and]...publicity about the massacre did not at the moment accord with the overall political agenda of the nationalist leadership."<ref name=":5" />

On May 8, 1922, the villages of Bhula and Balohiya were besieged by police who fired shots on the Bhil residents and set fire to houses. According to one journalistic account of the event, 1,800 Bhils were killed and 640 houses were burnt or destroyed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119627|title=The Political Movements And Awakening In Rajasthan|last=Saxena|first=K.S.|publisher=S. Chand and Co. (Pvt.) Ltd.|year=1971|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119627/page/n183 180]}}</ref> By the end of May 1922, the movement had "all but collapsed."<ref name=":4" />

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Social movements in India]]

Panchasara Parshvanath Temple

2026-01-11T08:18:50Z

KennyRoss67889: done.

{{Short description|Śvetāmbara Jain temple in Patan, Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha Jaina Temple.jpg
| alt = Pañcásar Parshwanath temple
| caption = Image of Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha at Patan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|23|51|14.3|N|72|07|01.5|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Patan, Gujarat]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]
| deity = [[Parshvanath]]
| established = 8th century
| creator = [[Vanaraja Chavda]]
| governing_body = Shri Panchasara Parshvanath Jain Derasar Trust
| temple_quantity =
}}

'''Panchasara Parshwanath Temple''' is a [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain temple located in [[Anhilwad Patan|Patan]], [[Gujarat]].{{Sfn|Patan|Gujarat government}} The temple was constructed in 8th century during the reign of [[Vanaraja Chavda]] of [[Chavda dynasty]].

== History ==
[[Vanaraja Chavda]] (c. 746 CE to c. 780 CE),{{Sfn|Mishra|Ray|2016|pp=35-36}}<ref name="bl">{{cite web |title=Carved wooden ceiling dome in the Parsvanatha Temple, Patan |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho001000s18u01910000.html |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> the most prominent ruler of the [[Chavda dynasty]] established the territory of Patan in 746 CE{{Sfn|Mehta|2017|p=15}}{{Sfn|Katariya|2007|p=352}} and built the Panchasara Parshwanath temple with main idol of [[Parshvanatha]] brought from [[Panchasar]] village.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=64}}{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|1896|p=152}}

During the rule of [[Chaulukya dynasty]] (or Solanki dynasty), Patan was a major pilgrimage centre of [[Jainism]]. There are more than 100 temples in the region.{{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=217}} The temple was rebuilt in the 16th-17th century after destruction by Muslim invaders.{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=192}}

== Temple ==
[[File:Exterior of the Hemchandracharya Jain Library Patan Gujarat India 01.jpg|thumb|Hemchandracharya Jain Library Patan]]
This temple is one of the largest temples in Patan.{{Sfn|Benanav|Bindloss|2019|p=315}} The temple belongs to the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of [[Jainism]]. The temple is built with white marble with rich stonework with sacred carvings.{{Sfn|Cort|1998|p=122}}{{Sfn|Benanav|Bindloss|2019|p=315}}{{Sfn|Gujarat Tourism|Panchasara Parshwanath Jain Derasar}} The central idol is an {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} tall marble idol{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=193}} of Parshvanatha is completely covered in ''parikara''{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=64}} with image of [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] holding 2 lotuses in upper hand, noose in right and goad in left hand.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=273}}
The domical ceiling is decorated by concentric circles of figures and bands of ornament with a lotus-shaped pendant extending from the dome of the center roof. The ceiling features eight bracket figures of musicians or dancers; between these figures are seated tirthankaras with yaksha and yakshi on either side.<ref name="bl"/>

In [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition, idols tends to derive their name from a geographical region, the Pañcásar Parshvanath is one of 108 prominent idols of Parshvanath idols.{{Sfn|Cort|2001|p=234}} The temple also houses an idol of [[Vasupujya]] in [[padmasan position]] sitting on big lotus with long stalk. The idol has images of [[yakshi]] and [[yaksha]] on both sides and the sculpture is covered with foliage of ''Chaitya'' tree to commemorate the penance of Vasupujya.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=148}} The temple also houses idols of Jain monk ''Kakkasuri'', ''Devachandrasuri'' and ''Yashodevsuri''.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=190}}

Hemachandrayacharya Jain Gyan Mandir is an ancient library built by [[Hemachandra]]. This library is one of the most important Jain libraries in Gujarat and the collection includes several ancient palm-leaf manuscripts.{{Sfn|Hunter|1881|p=313}}{{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=217}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=83}} The temple also houses a paper manuscript of ''Parshvanathacaritra'' as well as the oldest available manuscript of the [[Bhaktāmara Stotra]].{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=270}}

== See also ==
* [[Shankheshwar Jain Temple]]
* [[Roda Group of Temples]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Benanav |first1=Michael |last2=Bindloss |first2=Joe |title=Lonely Planet India |url={{Google books|tmuyDwAAQBAJ|page=315|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |date=2019 | isbn=9781788686822 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|page=234|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803037-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. | author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|nII8DwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=9780195385021 }}
* {{cite book | last=Cort | first=John E. | author-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url={{Google books|yoHfm7BgqTgC|plainurl=yes}} | series=SUNY series in Hindu Studies |publisher=[[SUNY|SUNY Press]] |date=1998 | isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh | author-link=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo | volume=1 | series=[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]] |url={{Google books|ObFCT5_taSgC|page=15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |date=1987 | isbn=9788126018031 }}
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |title=India Guide Gujarat |url={{Google books|gZRLGZNZEoEC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=India Guide Publications |date=2007 |isbn=9780978951702 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|jdjNkZoGFCgC|page=83|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
* {{cite book | author=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency | author-link=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency | title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: History of Gujarat | url={{Google books|0bkMAAAAIAAJ|page=152|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Government Central Press | location=[[Bombay]] | year=1896 | volume=1 | edition=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson | author-link=William Wilson Hunter |title=Naaf to Rangmagiriliterature | volume=7 |url={{Google books|GYoIAAAAQAAJ|page=313|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Trübner & Co.]] |date=1881 }}
* {{cite book | last=Katariya | first=Adesh |title=Ancient History of Central Asia: Yuezhi origin Royal Peoples: Kushana, Huna, Gurjar and Khazar Kingdoms |url={{Google books|ihFUDAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes|page=352}} | publisher=Adesh Katariya | date=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pratap Singh |title=Guns and Glories: Rajputana Chronicles |url={{Google books|IVs1DwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes|page=15}} |date=2017 |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |isbn=9789352066018 }}
* {{cite book |last1= Mishra |first1=Susan Verma | last2=Ray | first2=Himanshu Prabha | author-link2=Himanshu Prabha Ray |title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE | series=Archaeology and Religion in South Asia |url={{Google books|CtDLDAAAQBAJ|page=159|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2016 |isbn=9781317193746 }}
* {{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Peter |title=Detailed Report of Operations in Search of Sanskrit Mss. in the Bombay Circle | volume=3 |url={{Google books|d-5DAAAAYAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |date=1887 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn |first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|plainurl=yes}} |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-208-X }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes|page=59}} |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/north-zone/patan/panchasara-parshwanath-jain-derasar.html | title=Panchasara Parshwanath Jain Derasar | publisher=[[Gujarat Tourism]] | ref={{sfnref|Gujarat Tourism|Panchasara Parshwanath Jain Derasar}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Panchasara Jain Temple|url=https://patan.nic.in/tourist-place/panchasara-jain-temple |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]
| ref={{sfnref|Patan|Gujarat government}} }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Panchasara Parshvanath Temple}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Patan district]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Peters's tube-nosed bat

2025-12-16T09:53:18Z

KennyRoss67889: new

{{Short description|Species of bat}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Peters's tube-nosed bat
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref=<ref name="iucn 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Csorba| first1= G.| last2= Molur| first2= S.| last3= Srinivasulu| first3= C.| last4= Chakravarty| first4= R.| year= 2016| title= Harpiola grisea| journal= The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species| volume= 2016| page= e.T13941A22093890| doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13941A22093890.en| doi-access= free}}</ref>
| genus = Harpiola
| species = grisea
| authority = ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1872)
| range_map=Distribution of Murina grisea.png
| synonyms =
}}

'''Peters's tube-nosed bat''' (''Harpiola grisea'') is a species of [[vesper bat]] in the family [[Vespertilionidae]], found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly in the [[Western Himalayas]]. They have [[wikt:Tube|tube]]-shaped [[nostrils]] (hence the name) which assist them with their feeding. They are brown with white-yellow and underparts and have specks of orange around their neck. While they are [[Bird#Resting and roosting|roosting]], their fur, which seems to appear as a dead plant, [[camouflage]]s them from [[predator]]s. They are 3.3-6.0 cm in length and have round heads, large eyes and soft fur. This bat is found in [[India]]. They are endangered due to clearing of the rain forests in which they live in and are not protected by the [[World Conservation Union]]. They feed on rain forest [[fruit]] and blossoms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=632167 ITIS.gov: ''Harpiola grisea'' (Peters's tube-nosed bat)]
* [http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/species_info.asp?id=85 Edgeofexistence.org: ''Harpiola grisea'' (Peters's tube-nosed bat)]

{{Murininae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2043915}}

[[Category:Murininae]]
[[Category:Bats of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:EDGE species]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1872]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters]]
[[Category:Bats of India]]

{{Vespertilionidae-stub}}

2020 Kerala local elections

2025-12-08T14:02:15Z

KennyRoss67889: minor update

{{Short description|Indian municipal elections}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 Kerala Local Elections
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = [[2015 Kerala local elections]]
| previous_year = [[2015 Kerala local elections|2015]]
| next_election = [[2025 Kerala local elections]]
| next_year = [[2025 Kerala local elections|2025]]
| election_date = 8, 10 and 14 December 2020
| seats_for_election = 1199 of 1200 local bodies in Kerala {{Efn|[[Mattanur]] municipality elections are held in a different cycle, hence elections to this municipality are not held in 2020.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Explained: How has Kerala planned its three-tier local body elections?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-kerala-has-planned-its-three-tier-local-body-elections-6990612/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>|name=|group=}}
| 1blank = Grama Panchayat
| 2blank = Block Panchayat
| 3blank = District Panchayat
| 4blank = Municipality
| 5blank = Corporation
| turnout = 76.2% ({{decrease}}1.5%)
| alliance1 = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1data1 = 514
| 2data1 = 108
| 3data1 = 11
| 4data1 = 43
| 5data1 = 5
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = 40.2%<ref name="g2020">{{Cite web|url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/Content/index/election-2020|title = State Election Commission}}</ref>
| swing1 = ({{increase}}2.8%)
| alliance2 = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1data2 = 321
| 2data2 = 38
| 3data2 = 3
| 4data2 = 41
| 5data2 = 1
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 = 37.9%
| swing2 = ({{increase}}0.7%)
| alliance3 = {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1data3 = 19
| 2data3 = 0
| 3data3 = 0
| 4data3 = 2
| 5data3 = 0
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 = 15.0%
| swing3 = ({{increase}}1.7%)
| map_caption = 2020 Kerala local elections results
| map_image = File:2020 Kerala local elections results.png
| image1 =
}}

Elections to local bodies ([[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996|Panchayats]], [[Municipal governance in India|Municipalities]] and [[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporations]]) in [[Kerala]] were held in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-04|title=Local body polls in Kerala to be held on November 2 and 5|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/local-body-polls-in-kerala-to-be-held-on-november-2-and-5/article7721259.ece|access-date=2020-09-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Polling took place over 3 days; on 8, 10 and 14 December, with the votes counted and results announced on 16 December.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kerala local body polls in three phases in December|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/06/kerala-local-body-polls-in-three-phases-in-december-2220220.html|access-date=2020-11-06|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]], who also formed the [[First Vijayan ministry|state government]], won majorities in more than half of all [[gram panchayat|grama panchayat]]s, two-thirds of [[District Councils of India|district panchayats]] and in all municipal corporations barring [[Kannur Municipal Corporation|Kannur]]. [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]], led by [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]], despite improving its vote share by 0.7% won just three out of fourteen district panchayats and one corporation, in comparison to seven and two respectively in the [[2015 Kerala local elections|previous election in 2015]]. [[National Democratic Alliance|National Democratic Alliance (NDA)]], led by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]], increased their tally of wards won and secured a majority in two municipalities and nineteen panchayats.

== Background ==
Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 made provisions for the creation of local bodies at the village, [[Block panchayat|block]] and district levels. The Kerala Municipalities Act, 1994 made provisions for the creation of municipalities and corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business – Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/bus_1_5.htm|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

In total, the state has 1200 local self-governing bodies – 941 grama panchayats, 14 district panchayats, 152 block panchayats, 87 municipalities and 6 corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Self-Governance – Government of Kerala, India|url=https://kerala.gov.in/local-self-governance#:~:text=Local%20Self-Governance%20Page&text=At%20present,%20there%20are%201200,Municipalities%20and%206%20Municipal%20Corporations.|access-date=2020-09-27|website=kerala.gov.in|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925172016/https://kerala.gov.in/local-self-governance#:~:text=Local%20Self-Governance%20Page&text=At%20present,%20there%20are%201200,Municipalities%20and%206%20Municipal%20Corporations.|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
An all-party meeting filed a plea in [[Kerala High Court]] to defer the polls, which was set for November 2020, considering the increasing COVID cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 11, 2020|first1=P. S. |last1=Gopikrishnan Unnithan|title=Kerala all-party meeting agrees to cancel assembly bypolls, postpone local body elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-all-party-meeting-agrees-to-cancel-assembly-bypolls-local-body-polls-1720848-2020-09-11|access-date=2020-10-19|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

An ordinance by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of the state, which temporarily amended Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994, allowed COVID-19 quarantined patients to vote via postal ballots and increases the voting time by two hours.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2020-10-02|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Kerala promulgates Ordinance to allow COVID-19 patients vote through postal ballots|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-promulgates-ordinance-to-allow-covid-19-patients-vote-through-postal-ballots/article32752280.ece|access-date=2020-10-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Postal Ballot For Covid Patients In Local Polls: Kerala Election Panel|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/postal-ballot-for-covid-patients-in-local-polls-kerala-election-panel-2332324|access-date=2020-12-01|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Parties and coalitions==
The [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] is the coalition of left wing and far-left parties, led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]. The [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] is a coalition consisting chiefly of centrist and centre-left parties led by the [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. The [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] is led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Explained: How has Kerala planned its three-tier local body elections?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-kerala-has-planned-its-three-tier-local-body-elections-6990612/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

[[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam]], officially a [[Nonprofit organisation|nonprofit]] [[charitable organization]] formed by [[Anna Kitex Group]], fielded candidates in five panchayats, including in Kizhakkambalam where they had won in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Kerala firm that won panchayat in 2015 to contest four more|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-firm-that-won-panchayat-in-2015-to-contest-four-more-7036835/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[V4 Kochi]], an apolitical organisation had 74 candidates contesting in all wards of [[Kochi Municipal Corporation|Kochi Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=74 candidates in fray, V4Kochi may make election tough to call|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/nov/11/74-candidates-in-frayv4kochi-may-make-election-tough-to-call-2222087.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Kerala Janapaksham (Secular)|KJS]], led by [[Poonjar (State Assembly constituency)|Poonjar]] MLA [[P. C. George]], contested independently in four district panchayats, four block panchayats and two grama panchayats in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local body polls: Elections a test for PC George's Janapaksham|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/25/local-body-polls-electionsa-test-for-pc-georges-janapaksham-2227657.html|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Thiruvananthapuram Vikasana Munnettam]] an apolitical organisation contested in 14 wards of [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 22, 2020|title=14 candidates on fray for TVM in local body polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/14-candidates-on-fray-for-tvm-in-local-body-polls/articleshow/79344856.cms|access-date=2022-01-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Previous composition ==
{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance in 2015'''<ref name = "sec2015">{{Cite book|title=Election report, 2015|publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala|year=2016|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=24, 55, 56|url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/images/electionreport2015.pdf}}</ref>|other=yes|label1=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|color1={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|label2=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|color2={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|label3=[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]|color3={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|value1=37.4|value2=37.2|value3=13.3}}

=== Local body wise ===
<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Election 2015|url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/News/2015/Election2015/dist.html?id=english|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017163325/https://specials.manoramaonline.com/News/2015/Election2015/dist.html?id=english |archive-date=2020-10-17 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+
2015 Kerala local body elections
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="4" |Local Bodies in lead
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
| style= "background:black|
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others/Hung
|-
|Gram Panchayats
|5F
|365
|14
|13
!941
|-
|Block Panchayats
|90
|61
|0
|1
!152
|-
|District Panchayats
|7
|7
|0
|0
!14
|-
|Municipalities
|44
|41
|1
|0
!86
|-
|Corporations
|4
|2
|0
|0
!6
|}

=== Ward-wise ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="4" |Wards won
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|grama Panchayats
|7,623
|6,324
|933
|1,078
!15,962
|-
|Block Panchayats
|1,088
|917
|21
|53
!2,076
|-
|District Panchayats
|170
|145
|3
|4
!331
|-
|Municipalities
|1,263
|1,318
|236
|259
!3,122
|-
|Corporations
|196
|143
|52
|24
!414
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+
Municipal Corporations
! rowspan="3" |Corporation
! colspan="4" |Wards won
! rowspan="3" |Total
! rowspan="3" |Alliance in majority
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|'''[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram]]'''
|42
|21
|35
|3
!100
|''Hung (LDF mayorship)''
|-
|'''[[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation|Kozhikode]]'''
|50
|18
|7
|0
!75
|'''LDF'''
|-
|'''[[Kochi Municipal Corporation|Kochi]]'''
|23
|38
|2
|11
!74
|'''UDF'''
|-
|'''[[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam]]'''
|36
|16
|2
|1
!55
|'''LDF'''
|-
|'''[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation|Thrissur]]'''
|23
|21
|6
|5
!55
|''Hung (LDF mayorship)''
|-
|'''[[Kannur Municipal Corporation|Kannur]]'''
|26
|27
|0
|2
!55
|''Hung (UDF mayorship)''
|}

== Campaign ==
The president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Kerala|Kerala unit of BJP]] K. Surendran claimed that the incumbent LDF government would face a setback in the election due to the [[2020 Kerala gold smuggling case]], in relation to which the Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]'s then principal secretary was arrested by [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-21|title=Kerala Local Body Elections: Political Fronts Get Ready for Fight|url=https://www.newsclick.in/kerala-local-body-elections-political-fronts-read-fight|access-date=2020-12-14|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> The opposition UDF faced several infightings, one among which an alliance partner, [[Kerala Congress (M)]], underwent a split with the faction led by [[Jose K. Mani]] joining LDF.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hiran|first=U.|date=2020-11-07|title=Stakes high for Jose K. Mani|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/stakes-high-for-jose-k-mani/article33049648.ece|access-date=2020-11-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> BJP faced factionalism between some of its top leaders and the state president.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Govind|first=Biju|date=2020-11-19|title=Local body polls a litmus test for BJP|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/local-body-polls-a-litmus-test-for-bjp/article33133748.ece|access-date=2020-11-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 21, 2020|title=Sobha Surendran skips BJP pre-poll meeting in Kochi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sobha-surendran-skips-bjp-pre-poll-meeting-in-kochi/articleshow/79333080.cms|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Voters and polls ==
Voters list for the election was published on 17 June.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 17, 2020|first=Aswin J.|last=Kumar|title=Kerala: Voters' list for local body polls published |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-voters-list-for-local-body-polls-published/articleshow/76428205.cms|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The final list was published on 1 October with a supplemental list published on 10 November.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|first1=P. S. Gopikrishnan|last1=Unnithan|title=Kerala: Local body elections to be held in 3 phases, counting of votes on December 16|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-local-body-elections-to-be-held-in-3-phases-counting-of-votes-on-december-16-1738660-2020-11-06|access-date=2020-11-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Voters list<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 13, 2020|title=2.76 crore voters in Kerala for local body election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/2-76-crore-voters-in-kerala-for-local-body-election/articleshow/79205415.cms|access-date=2020-11-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
!Group of voters
!Voters population
|-
|Male
|1,31,72,629
|-
|Female
|1,44,83,668
|-
|Transgenders
|282
|-
|'''Total Voters'''
|'''2,76,56,579'''
|}
As the term of the current members of local bodies end on November 11, three-member administrative committees would be formed and take over administration in each local body, in accordance with Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994, and the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-04|title=Administrative panels to take over local bodies|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/administrative-panels-to-take-over-local-bodies/article33023488.ece|access-date=2020-11-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Kerala High Court dismissed petitions which alleged that reservation of local body constituencies continued for a third successive term citing that the court would not interfere in elections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 11, 2020|first=Mahir|last=Haneef|title=Continuous reservation of constituencies: Kerala HC declines to interfere; criticizes election commission|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/continuous-reservation-of-constituencies-kerala-hc-declines-to-interfere-criticizes-election-commission/articleshow/79173603.cms|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

1.68 lakh candidates filed nominations to various local bodies,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-19|title=Over 1.68 lakh file nominations for local body elections|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/over-168-lakh-file-nominations-for-local-body-elections/article33136064.ece|access-date=2020-11-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which was dwindled down to 74,899 candidates after the rest were either rejected or withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Madhu|date=2020-11-27|title=74,899 candidates in fray in Kerala local body polls|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-kerala-local-body-polls-74899-candidates-in-fray-667839|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> In total there are 34,744 polling booths; 29,321 in panchayats, 3,422 in municipalities and 2,001 in corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Local Body Elections 2020|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/kerala-local-body-elections-2020.html|access-date=2020-11-21|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Schedule
!Event
!Date
|-
|''Publishing of final voters' list''
|1 October 2020
|-
|''Announcement of election schedule''
''Enactment of Model Code of Conduct''
|6 November 2020
|-
|''Last date to file nomination''
|19 November 2020
|-
|''Scrutiny of nomination''
|20 November 2020
|-
|''Last date to withdraw nomination''
|23 November 2020
|-
| rowspan="3" |''Polling''
|'''Phase I''': 8 December 2020
|-
|'''Phase II''': 10 December 2020
|-
|'''Phase II''': 14 December 2020
|-
|''Announcement of results''
|16 December 2020
|}

''Phase I:'' [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Idukki district|Idukki]] districts

''Phase II:'' [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] districts

''Phase III:'' [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts

== Result ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Districts
! colspan="4" |Voter Turnout<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala local body election 2020 live updates: Polling of votes for first phase under way|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-local-body-elections-2020-live-updates/liveblog/79617280.cms|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ജയപ്രകാശ്|first=എസ് എൻ|title=ആദ്യഘട്ട പോളിങ് 72.67 ശതമാനം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/kerala-local-body-election-2020-1.5265203|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=തദ്ദേശ തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ്: രണ്ടാംഘട്ടത്തില്‍ 76 ശതമാനം പോളിങ്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/election/2020/local-body-election/local-body-election-polling-1.5270007|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=മൂന്നാം ഘട്ടത്തില്‍ പോളിങ് 78 ശതമാനത്തിലധികം; വോട്ടെണ്ണല്‍ ബുധനാഴ്ച|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/election/local-polls-kerala-2020-live-updates-third-phase-voting-44364/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Indian Express Malayalam|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala local body polls 2020 live updates: 78.64% polling in final phase : In the first phase of the polling, the voter turnout was 73.12 and in the second phase it was 76.78%.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-local-body-elections-2020-live-updates/liveblog/79713159.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! {{nowrap|District wise map of Kerala}}
!Phase
!District
! colspan="2" |%
|-
| rowspan ="14"| [[File:2020 Kerala local elections results (Thrissur district).png|center|thumb|250x250px|Thrissur District]][[File:2020 Kerala local elections results (Palakkad district).png|center|thumb|Palakkad District]]
| rowspan="5" |''Phase I''
|Thiruvananthapuram
|''70.0''
| rowspan="5" |''73.1''
|-
|Kollam
|''73.8''
|-
|Pathanamthitta
|''69.7''
|-
|Alappuzha
|''77.4''
|-
|Idukki
|''74.7''
|-
| rowspan="5" |''Phase II''
|Kottayam
|''73.9''
| rowspan="5" |''76.4''
|-
|Ernakulam
|''77.1''
|-
|Thrissur
|''75.0''
|-
|Palakkad
|''78.0''
|-
|Wayanad
|''79.5''
|-
| rowspan="4" |''Phase III''
|Malappuram
|''78.9''
| rowspan="4" |''78.7''
|-
|Kozhikode
|''79.0''
|-
|Kannur
|''78.6''
|-
|Kasaragod
|''77.2''
|-
! colspan="3" |Kerala
! colspan="2" |76.2
|}
{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''<ref name="g2020"/>|other=yes|value1=40.2|label1=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|color1={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value2=37.9|label2=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|color2={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value3=15.0|label3=[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]|color3={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}}}

=== Popular votes ===
All of the three major pre-poll alliances in the state increased their vote share compared to that in the [[2015 Kerala local body elections|previous election]].
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 2020 Kerala local body elections<ref name="g2020"/><ref name = "sec2015"/><ref name="DP">{{Cite web|url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/images/Votes-Obtained-by-Parties-DP.pdf|title=Kerala: Voteshare in District Panchayat (Rural) Election - 2020|access-date=2020-12-26|website=sec.kerala.gov.in|publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala}}</ref><ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/images/Stateview_votes_by_parties_M.pdf|title=Kerala: Voteshare in Municipalities (Urban) Election - 2020|access-date=2020-12-26|website=sec.kerala.gov.in|publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala}}</ref><ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/images/Stateview_votes_by_parties_C.pdf|title=Kerala: Voteshare in Municipal Corporations (Urban) Election - 2020|access-date=2020-12-26|website=sec.kerala.gov.in|publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
! class="unsortable" |
! colspan="2"|Alliance
! Political party !! Votes !! Vote % !! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
|colspan=7 bgcolor="{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
|-
|rowspan=12 bgcolor="{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
!rowspan=12|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|{{party color cell|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
! ''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]''
!''8,450,430''
!''40.18%''
!''{{increase}}2.82%''
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,628,188
|26.71%
|{{nowrap|{{n/a}}}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|1,459,396
|6.93%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (M)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
|534,759
|2.54%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Loktantrik Janata Dal}}
| [[Loktantrik Janata Dal]]
|293,814
|1.40%
|{{increase}}1.40%
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|175,613
|0.83%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National League}}
| [[Indian National League]]
|139,016
|0.66%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|132,933
|0.63%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Congress (Secular)}}
| [[Congress (Secular)]]
|45,215
|0.21%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (B)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (B)]]
|39,140
|0.19%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}
| [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]]
|1,612
|0.01%
|{{increase}}0.01%
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)]]
|744
|0.00%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|colspan=7 bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
|-
|rowspan=9 bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
!rowspan=9|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|{{party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
! ''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]''
!''7,988,255''
!''37.92%''
!''{{increase}}0.69%''
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|5,327,605
|25.29%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|1,909,729
|9.06%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Joseph)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Joseph)]]
|419,049
|1.99%
|{{increase}}1.99%
|-
|{{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|171,483
|0.82%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Marxist Party (John)}}
| [[Communist Marxist Party (John)]]
|80,304
|0.38%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
|48,448
|0.23%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|19,174
|0.09%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Bharatiya National Janata Dal]]
|12,463
|0.06%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|colspan=7 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|-
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
!rowspan=6|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! ''[[National Democratic Alliance]]''
!''3,164,454''
!''15.02%''
!''{{increase}}1.74%''
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,118,249
|14.80%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
| [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
|26,336
|0.13%
|{{increase}}0.13%
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Kamaraj Congress}}
| Kerala Kamaraj Congress
|14,358
|0.07%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Thomas)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]]
|4,975
|0.02%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|536
|0.00%
|{{nochange}}
|-
|colspan=7 bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|-
|rowspan=10 bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
!rowspan=10|Others
|{{party color cell|Social Democratic Party of India}}
| [[Social Democratic Party of India]]
|132,423
|0.63%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam}}
| [[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam|Twenty 20]]
|41,845
|0.20%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|36,284
|0.17%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Welfare Party of India}}
| [[Welfare Party of India]]
|32,630
|0.15%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Janapaksham (Secular)}}
| [[Kerala Janapaksham (Secular)]]
|27,995
|0.13%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Peoples Democratic Party (India)}}
| [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]
|26,223
|0.12%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}}
| [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]
|24,899
|0.12%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|10,539
|0.05%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}
| [[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]]
|2,140
|0.01%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)}}
| [[Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag)]]
|2,055
|0.01%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|colspan=7 bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
!rowspan=2|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|Independents]]
|1,206,878
|5.73%
|{{n/a}}
|-
! colspan=7 |
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
! colspan = 4|Total
! 21,068,782 !! 100.00%
! {{nochange}}
|}

=== Local body wise ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Seat Share in Grama Panchayats (By alliance)
|label1 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|value1 = 54.62
|color1 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label2 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|value2 = 34.11
|color2 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|value3 = 2.01
|color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 9.24
|color4 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Seat Share in Block Panchayats (By alliance)
|label1 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|value1 = 71.05
|color1 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label2 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|value2 = 25.00
|color2 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 3.95
|color4 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Seat Share in District Panchayats (By alliance)
|label1 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|value1 = 78.57
|color1 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label2 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|value2 = 21.43
|color2 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Seat Share in Municipalities (By alliance)
|label1 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|value1 = 50.00
|color1 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label2 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|value2 = 47.67
|color2 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|value3 = 2.33
|color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Seat Share in Corporations (By alliance)
|label1 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|value1 = 83.33
|color1 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label2 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|value2 = 16.67
|color2 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
}}
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Body Elections 2020 – Trend by State Election Commission Kerala|url=http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|access-date=2020-12-18|website=www.trend.kerala.gov.in|archive-date=2020-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216221743/http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
2020 Kerala local body elections
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="5" |Local Bodies in lead
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
!Tie
|-
|'''Grama Panchayats'''
|514 ({{decrease}}35)
|321 ({{decrease}}44)
|19 ({{increase}}5)
|23 ({{increase}}15)
|64 ({{increase}}51)
!941
|-
|'''Block Panchayats'''
|108 ({{increase}}20)
|38 ({{decrease}}24)
|0 ({{steady}})
|0 ({{decrease}}1)
|6 ({{increase}}5)
!152
|-
|'''District Panchayats'''
|11 ({{increase}}4)<ref name="mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web|title=14-ല്‍ 11 ജില്ലാ പഞ്ചായത്തുകളിലും എല്‍ഡിഎഫ് അധികാരത്തിലേറി; വയനാട് നറുക്കെടുപ്പിലൂടെ യുഡിഎഫിന്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/district-panchayat-president-election-1.5318047|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>
|3 ({{decrease}}4)
|0 ({{steady}})
|0 ({{steady}})
|0 ({{steady}}){{Efn|The ties were later resolved, LDF now control 11 and UDF controls 3 district panchayats. Refer Aftermath section|name=|group=}}
!14
|-
|'''Municipalities'''<ref name="twentyfournews.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=mistake trend software; UDF does not have the upper hand in the number of municipalities ട്രെന്‍ഡ് സോഫ്റ്റ് വെയറിലെ പിഴവ്; മുനിസിപ്പാലിറ്റികളുടെ എണ്ണത്തിലും യുഡിഎഫിന് മേല്‍ക്കൈ ഇല്ല|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2020/12/17/udf-does-not-have-the-upper-hand-in-the-number-of-municipalities.html|access-date=2020-12-18|website=www.twentyfournews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|43 ({{decrease}}2)<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web|title=New administrative committees take office in Corporations and Municipalities|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/new-administrative-committees-take-office-in-corporations-and-municipalities-1.5315526|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>
|41 ({{increase}}1)
|2 ({{increase}}1)
|0 ({{steady}})
|0 ({{steady}}){{Efn|The ties were later resolved and LDF now control 43 municipalities and UDF controls 41. Refer Aftermath section|name=|group=}}
!86
|-
|'''Corporations'''
|5 ({{increase}}1)
|1 ({{decrease}}1 )
|0 ({{steady}})
|0 ({{steady}})
|0 ({{steady}})
!6
|}

=== Ward-wise ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="4" |Wards in lead
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|'''Grama Panchayats'''
|7,262 ({{decrease}}361)
|5,893 ({{decrease}}431)
|1,182 ({{increase}}249)
|1,620 ({{increase}}542)
!15,962
|-
|'''Block Panchayats'''
|1,266 ({{increase}}178)
|727 ({{decrease}}190)
|37 ({{increase}}16)
|49 ({{decrease}}4)
!2,080
|-
|'''District Panchayats'''
|212 ({{increase}}42)
|110 ({{decrease}}35)
|2 ({{decrease}}1)
|6 ({{increase}}2)
!331
|-
|'''Municipalities'''
|1,167 ({{decrease}}96)
|1,172 ({{decrease}}146)
|320 ({{increase}}84)
|416 ({{increase}}157)
!3,078
|-
|'''Corporations'''
|207 ({{increase}}11)
|120 ({{decrease}}23)
|60 ({{increase}}8)
|27 ({{increase}}3)
!414
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Municipal Corporations
! rowspan="3" |Corporation
! colspan="4" |Wards won
! rowspan="3" |Total
! rowspan="3" |Previous alliance in majority
! rowspan="3" |Alliance in majority
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
| style="background:black|
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|'''[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram]]'''
|'''51 ({{increase}}9)'''
|10 ({{decrease}}11)
|35 ({{steady}})
|5 ({{increase}}4)
!100
|'''LDF'''
|'''LDF'''
|-
|'''[[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation|Kozhikode]]'''
|'''51 ({{increase}}1)'''
|17 ({{decrease}}1)
|7 ({{steady}})
|0 ({{Steady}})
!75
|'''LDF'''
|'''LDF'''
|-
|'''[[Kochi Municipal Corporation|Kochi]]'''
|'''34 ({{increase}}11)'''
|31 ({{decrease}}7)
|5 ({{increase}}3)
|4 ({{decrease}}7)
!74
|''Hung (UDF lead)''|'''UDF'''
|'''LDF'''
|-
|'''[[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam]]'''
|'''39 ({{increase}}3)'''
|9 ({{decrease}}7)
|6 ({{increase}}4)
|1 ({{steady}})
!55
|'''LDF'''|'''LDF'''
|'''LDF'''
|-
|'''[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation|Thrissur]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=UDF rebel likely to become mayor as LDF wins Thrissur corporation|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/udf-rebel-likely-to-become-mayor-as-ldf-wins-thrissur-corporation-1.5288108|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>
|'''24 ({{increase}}1)'''
|'''24 ({{increase}}3)'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2021/jan/22/udf-shocks-ldf-in-thrissur-coup-victory-in-pullazhi-with-the-corporation-party-status-111404.amp|title=തൃശൂരിൽ എൽഡിഎഫിനെ ഞെട്ടിച്ച് യുഡിഎഫ്; പുല്ലഴിയിൽ അട്ടിമറി ജയം; കോർപറേഷൻ കക്ഷിനില ഒപ്പത്തിനൊപ്പം | Samakalika Malayalam}}</ref>
|6 ({{steady}})
|1 ({{decrease}}4)
!55
|''Hung (LDF lead)''|'''LDF'''
|'''''Hung{{Efn|LDF later won mayorship over the corporation with support from independent members|name=|group=}}'''''
|-
|'''[[Kannur Municipal Corporation|Kannur]]'''
|19 ({{decrease}}7)
|'''34 ({{increase}}7)'''
|1 ({{increase}}1)
|1 ({{decrease}}1)
!55
|'''Hung ''(UDF mayorship)'''''
|'''UDF'''
|}

== Aftermath ==

=== Result analysis ===
All of the three major pre-poll alliances, LDF, UDF, and NDA, improved their vote share compared to that in the previous election. The result showed popular support in favour of LDF led government, led by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]. Jose K. Mani faction of [[Kerala Congress (M)]], which left UDF to join LDF, performed well in traditional UDF strongholds in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] and [[Idukki district|Idukki]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=Explained: Why Kerala local body election results are a victory for Pinarayi Vijayan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala-local-body-election-results-explained-pinarayi-vijayan-ldf-7107149/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> UDF improved its position in the districts of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]].

=== Reactions ===
Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan hailed his alliance's victory as that of secularism and inclusive development, while remarking that the results were a befitting reply to UDF and BJP. Leader of the Opposition [[Ramesh Chennithala]] said that UDF voter base was intact highlighting that they had won more municipalities and mentioned that he would introspect into their poor performance in Thiruvananthapuram corporation. BJP national president [[J. P. Nadda]] and state president K. Surendran thanked the voters for providing an improved mandate to their party in the election<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=Kerala Local Body Election Results 2020 HIGHLIGHTS: JP Nadda thanks people for improved mandate for BJP in Kerala|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kerala-local-body-election-results-2020-live-updates-cpm-led-ldf-congress-led-udf-bjp-led-nda/2150860/|access-date=2020-12-18|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala civic body polls bring cheers and tears for BJP|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/17/kerala-civic-body-polls-bring-cheers-and-tears-for-bjp.html|access-date=2020-12-18|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>

=== TREND software error ===
The final results of a few panchayats and municipalities were changed due to an error in the TREND software, which was used for displaying election results, as per the State Election Commission. This meant that the lead UDF had over LDF in municipalities was cut from 10 municipalities to 4. The Election Commission published the results in its official website after rectifying the error.<ref name="twentyfournews.com"/>

=== Post-election incidents ===
LDF won control in 43 municipalities, UDF in 41 and BJP in 2 municipalities.<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com"/> In [[Kalamassery]] municipality, UDF won control of the municipality by drawing lots, as both they and LDF had equal backing in the administrative council.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-20|title=Draw of lots to break the tie|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/draw-of-lots-to-break-the-tie/article33379576.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> LDF also controls 11 district panchayats, while UDF got the remaining 3. The latter assumed control of [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] district panchayat after drawing lots.<ref name="mathrubhumi.com"/>

21 year old [[Arya Rajendran]] became the mayor of Thiruvananthapuram corporation, thereby becoming the [[List of the youngest mayors in India|youngest ever mayor of a municipal corporation in India.]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2020|first=Aswin J.|last=Kumar|title=Arya Rajendran takes oath as mayor of Thiruvananthapuram civic body|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/arya-rajendran-takes-oath-as-mayor-of-thiruvananthapuram-civic-body/articleshow/79989694.cms|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=21-Year-Old College Student Elected Mayor Of Kerala Capital|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/arya-rajendran-21-set-to-be-next-mayor-of-kerala-capital-thiruvananthapuram-2344197|access-date=2020-12-29|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Reshma Mariam Roy, who was the youngest candidate in the elections, became the youngest ever president of a panchayat in Kerala at 21 years old after being elected as the president of [[Aruvappulam|Aruvappulam Grama panchayat]] in [[Pathanamthitta]]. She had filed her nomination on November 18, days before she turned 21.<ref>{{Cite web|title=21-Year-Old College Student Reshma Mariam Roy youngest in fray for LSG polls |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-reshma-mariam-roy-youngest-in-fray-for-lsg-polls/articleshow/79231210.cms|website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=21-Year-Old College Student Reshma Mariam Roy to be Kerala's youngest panchayat president|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/12/27/reshma-mariam-roy-youngest-panchayat-president-kerala.html|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= CPI(M) chooses 21-year-old to lead Aruvappulam grama panchayat|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reshma-sets-a-youngest-chairperson-record/article33439968.ece|newspaper= The Hindu |date= 28 December 2020|last1= Hiran|first1= U.}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Elections in Kerala]]
* [[2015 Kerala local body elections]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2020 Paravur Municipal election]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216153428/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php |date=2020-12-16 }}

{{Kerala elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2020 elections in India]]
[[Category:Local elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:2020 Kerala local body elections| ]]

Asikni (goddess)

2025-11-29T13:33:18Z

KennyRoss67889: starting basic entry w/ sources!

{{good article}}
{{short description|Consort of Daksha in Hinduism}}
{{Infobox deity
| other_names = Panchajani, Virani, Virini
| gender = Female
| Devanagari = असिक्नी
| parents = Virana or Panchajana (father)
| type = Hindu
| image =
| consort = [[Daksha]]
| name = Asikni
| children = {{unbulleted list|[[Haryashvas and Shabalashvas]]|60 daughters including [[Aditi]], [[Diti]], [[Kadru]], [[Vinata]], [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]], [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], and [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revati]]}}
| god_of =
}}
In [[Hindu mythology]], '''Asikni''' ({{langx|sa|असिक्नी|Asiknī|the dark one' or 'night}}), also known as '''Panchajani''' and '''Virani''', is a consort of [[Daksha]] in the Puranic pantheon. Most [[Puranas|scriptures]] mention her as the mother of 6000 sons and 60 daughters.

==Etymology and epithets==
The [[Sanskrit]] word "Asikni" means 'dark' or 'night'; it can also refer to "a girl attending woman's apartment".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=Asikni&pg=PA379|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-012841-3|page=39|language=en}}</ref><ref name="M">{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Monier|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=120|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|last2=Leumann|first2=Ernst|last3=Cappeller|first3=Carl|date=1899|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House|isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|pages=120|language=en}}</ref> The word is used in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (c. 1500 BCE) to describe the [[Chenab River]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Habib|first=Irfan|date=2001|title=Imaging River Sarasvati: A Defence of Commonsense|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518272|journal=Social Scientist|volume=29|issue=1/2|pages=48|doi=10.2307/3518272|jstor=3518272|issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=B. R.|date=1957|title=ON SAPTÁ—IN THE ṚGVEDA|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930810|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=18|pages=298|jstor=42930810|issn=0045-9801}}</ref>{{Efn|Mentioned in RV 7.20.25 and 10.75.5.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neelis|first=Jason|chapter=TRADE NETWORKS IN ANCIENT SOUTH ASIA|date=2011|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks|pages=193|series=Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|publisher=Brill|doi=|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h16r.9}}</ref> Medieval literature notes it to be a river of pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=1979|title=Tīrtha-pratyāmnāyāḥ: Ranking of Hindu Pilgrimage Sites in Classical Sanskrit Texts|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43376115|journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft|volume=129|issue=1|pages=112, 115|jstor=43376115|issn=0341-0137}}</ref>}}

She is also known by the patronymic "Panchajani" and "Virani".<ref name="VM">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=1975|title=Aksini|encyclopedia=Puranic Encyclopedia: a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|location=Delhi, India|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=PE&page=057|last=Mani|first=Vettam|pages=57–58}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Birth ===
Puranas differ about her parentage.

[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]],<ref name="VM" /> Kalika Purana,<ref name="VM2">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=1975|title=Dakṣa|encyclopedia=Puranic Encyclopedia: a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi, India|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241512.html|last=Mani|first=Vettam|pages=192–193}}</ref> [[Garuda Purana]], and [[Brahma Purana]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Söhnen-Thieme|first1=Renate|title=Brahmapurāṇa: Summary of Contents, with Index of Names and Motifs|last2=Schreiner|first2=Peter|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1989|isbn=978-3-447-02960-5|location=Wiesbaden, Germany|pages=4–5|language=en}}</ref> note Asikni to have been born of [[Brahma|Brahma's]] left thumb. According to the [[Bhagavata Purana]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Tagare|first=Ganesh Vasudeo|title=The Bhagavata Purana: Part II|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1976|series=Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology|volume=8|location=Delhi, India|pages=803–809}}</ref> and [[Shiva Purana]],<ref name=":6" /> she was the daughter of [[Prajapati]] Panchajana.

Brahma Purana,<ref name=":0" /> Brahmanda Purana,<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=G. V. Tagare|url=https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart2|title=Brahmanda Purana - English Translation - Part 2 of 5|date=1958|pages=407–414}}</ref> [[Vayu Purana]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Tagare|first=G. V.|url=https://archive.org/details/the-vayu-purana-part-2-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology|title=The Vayu Purana: Part II|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|editor-last=Bhatt|editor-first=G. P.|series=Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology|volume=38|location=Delhi, India|pages=478, 494–497}}</ref> [[Kalika Purana]], [[Kurma Purana]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/kurma-purana-full-parts-1-and-2|title=Kurma Purana Full (Parts 1 and 2)|date=1951-01-01|pages=142–143, 177}}</ref> Padma Purana,<ref name=":9" /> Garuda Purana,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=J.L. Shastri|url=https://archive.org/details/GarudaPuranaEnglishMotilal3VolumesIn1|title=Garuda Purana English Motilal 3 Volumes In 1|date=1957-01-01|pages=20, 24–25}}</ref> and [[Shiva Purana]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Shastri|first=J. L.|url=https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart1|title=The Siva Purana: Part I|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1950|series=Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology|volume=1|publication-place=Delhi, India|pages=252, 328–335}}</ref> note her to be the daughter of [[Prajapati]] Virana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus|date=1985|title=THE ORIGINAL DAKṢA SAGA|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40872713|journal=Journal of South Asian Literature|volume=20|issue=1|pages=96|jstor=40872713|issn=0091-5637}}</ref>

=== Marriage ===
The broad theme is common to Vayu Purana,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=J. Bruce|date=1977|title=Dakṣa: Divine Embodiment of Creative Skill|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062496|journal=History of Religions|volume=17|issue=1|pages=57|doi=10.1086/462778|jstor=1062496|s2cid=162060462|issn=0018-2710|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bhagavata Purana,<ref name="VM2" /> and [[Brahma Purana]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="VM" />{{Efn|Other Puranas typically skip the detailed narrative of Vishnu's boon.}}

[[Daksha|Daksa]] was delegated by [[Brahma]] to create beings to populate the cosmos; he went on to create gods, sages, asuras, yaskhas and rakhashas from his mind, but failed to be further successful.<ref name="VM" /><ref name=":0" />{{Efn|Brahma Purana notes Daksa to have also created Gandharvas from his mind.}}{{Efn|Brahmanda Purana and Vayu Purana gives a longer list of creations inc. plants, human beings, ghosts, serpents, deer, flesh-eating demons, and birds. Va. P. also mentions that Mahadeva had rebuked him, after the mind-created species failed to propagate.}} Upon a successful penance, Vishnu granted Asikni as his wife and urged him to engage in sexual union.<ref name="VM" /><ref name=":2" />{{Efn|Asikni is noted to be supporting the entire world in Vayu Purana.}}

===Children===
{{see also|List of Daksha's daughters|Haryashvas and Shabalashvas}}Through their union, numerous children were born.<ref name="VM2" /> A common theme spans across the Brahmanda Purana,<ref name=":10" /> Bhagavata Purana,<ref name=":2" /> [[Linga Purana]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shastri|first=J. L. Ed|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460751|title=The Linga-purana|pages=242}}</ref>{{Efn|Does not mention her as Asikni. Suti and Virini are used instead.}}, Garuda Purana,<ref name=":8" /> Kurma Purana,<ref name=":7" /> Shiva Purana,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":1" /> Vishnu Purana,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=PUI Cologne Scan|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=PUI&page=2-226|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-11|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|page=226, 229|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711212906/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=PUI&page=2-226 |archive-date=2021-07-11 }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Vayu Purana,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Padma Purana<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=N. A.|first=Dehpande|url=https://archive.org/details/the-padma-purana-part-1-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology|title=The Padma Purana: Part I|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|editor-last=G. P.|editor-first=Bhatt|series=Ancient Indian Tradition And Mythology|volume=39|location=Delhi, India|pages=47}}</ref>{{Efn|Does not mention her as Asikni. Uses Virini and note her to be Daksa's "maid-servant"!}}, and Brahma Purana<ref name=":0" /> in this regard.<ref name="VM2" />

Daksha and Asikni initially produced five thousand sons, who were known as [[Haryashvas and Shabalashvas|Haryashvas]].<ref name="VM" /> They were interested in populating the Earth but upon the advice of [[Narada]], took to discovering worldly affairs instead and never returned back.<ref name="VM" />{{Efn|Both Bh. P and Sh. P. note Brahma to have consoled a grievous Daksa after this loss.}} Daksha and Asikni again produced another thousand sons ([[Haryashvas and Shabalashvas|Shabalashvas]]), who had similar intentions but were persuaded by Narada to the same results.<ref name="VM" />{{Efn|Bhagavat Purana and Shiva Purana note the sons to have already started a penance at the confluence of the Sindhu (to fulfill their duty) both the times, before being led astray by Narada. Bh. P. also describes the sayings of Narada in detail. Kurma Purana skips the case of Sabalasvas.}} An angry Daksha cursed Narada to be a perpetual wanderer. This time, he birthed sixty daughters from Asikni.<ref name="VM2" />{{Efn|In Vayu Purana, Narada is cursed with the perennial pain of staying in a womb. In Kurma Purana, he is cursed to be issue-less.}} They were married off to different sages and deities, and went on to give birth to various species.<ref name="VM2" /><ref name=":0" />{{efn|Marriage list is as follows:
{{bulleted list|10 (Arundhati, Vasu, Yami, Lamba, Bhanu, Maruvati, Sankalpa, Muhurta, Sadhya, Vishva) of those daughters were married to [[Yama (Hinduism)|Dharma]]|13 ([[Aditi]], [[Diti]], [[Danu (Asura)|Danu]], Arishta, [[Surasa]], Khasa, [[Surabhi]], [[Vinata]], Tamra, [[Krodhavasha]], Ira, [[Kadru]], Muni) to sage [[Kashyapa]]|27 ([[Ashvini]], [[Bharani (star)|Bharani]], [[Kṛttikā|Krttika]], [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]], [[Mrigashīra|Mrigashira]], Tarakam or Ardra, [[Punarvasu]], [[Pushya]], [[Ashlesha (nakshatra)|Ashlesha]], Janakam or [[Magha (nakshatra)|Magha]], [[Nakshatra#List of Nakshatras|Phalguni]], [[Uttara Phalgunī|Uttarphalguni]], [[Hasta (nakshatra)|Hasta]], [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chitra]], [[Svati]], [[Vishakha]], [[Anuradha (nakshatra)|Anuradha]], [[Jyeshtha (nakshatra)|Jyestha]], [[Mula (nakshatra)|Mula]], [[Pūrva Ashādhā|Purvashadha]], [[Uttara Ashadha|Uttarasadha]], Srona or [[Shravana]], [[Dhanistha]] or [[Shatabhisha]], [[Abhijit (nakshatra)|Abhijit]] or Prachetas, [[Pūrva Bhādrapadā|Purvabhadrapada]], [[Uttara Bhādrapadā|Uttarabhadrapada]] and [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revati]]) to [[Chandra]]|4 to Arishtanemi|2 to Bahuputra|2 to sage [[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]]|2 to Krisasva}}}}{{efn|[[Vishnu Purana]] notes these sixty daughters to have been created from His mind.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Hara|first=Minoru|date=2009|title=Divine Procreation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24664700|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=52|issue=2/3|pages=231|doi=10.1163/001972409X12562030836697|jstor=24664700|issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription}}{{pb}}Also, {{Cite book|last=Schreiner|first=Peter|title=Visnupurana : Althergebrachte Kunde über Visnu|publisher=Verlag der Weltreligionen im Insel Verlag|year=2013|isbn=9783458734956|edition=2|language=German}}</ref> Agni Purana notes the same.<ref name="Agni">{{Cite book|last=J. L. Shastri|first=G. P. Bhatt|url=https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal|title=Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal|date=1998-01-01|page=44}}</ref> Further, there is no mention of Asikni or their 6000 sons.<ref name="Agni" />}}

The Shiva Purana notes that thereafter Shiva had himself reincarnated within Asikni's womb; Asikni was widely respected and eulogized by all the deities during this span.<ref name=":6" />{{Efn|This was the result of a boon granted by Shiva to Daksa, much prior to his marriage, as the result of a long penance.}} In the tenth month, Asikni gave birth to Sati; she and Daksa went on to take good care of her.<ref name=":6" />{{Efn|"Sati", true to the boon (see prev. note), desired for Shiva since an early age and went on to marry Him. Also, see [[Daksha#Daksha_Yajna|Daksha Yajna]] myth.}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake

2025-11-25T05:13:29Z

KennyRoss67889: updated details

{{Short description|Earthquake and tsunami in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox earthquake
|title= 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
|pre-1900 = yes
|local-date= {{Start date text|16 June 1819}}
|local-time = 18:45 to 18:50
|map2 = {{Location map | India |relief=1
| label=
| lat=23.0
| long=71.0
| mark=Bullseye1.png
| marksize=40
| position=top
| width= 250
| float=right
| caption=}}
|magnitude = 7.7–8.2 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|depth=
|intensity= {{MMI|XI}}<ref name="NGDC">{{citation|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1642|title=Significant Earthquake Information|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|year=1972 |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |author-link=National Geophysical Data Center|accessdate=30 July 2022|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K}}</ref>
|location={{coord|23.0|71.0|display=inline,title}}
|countries affected = [[India]], [[Gujarat]]
|tsunami = local
|casualties = >1,543<ref name="Martin"/>
}}
[[File:Kachchh Area.png|thumb|260px|Satellite photo showing location of the Allah Bund and Lake Sindri]]
The '''1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake''' occurred at about 18:45 to 18:50 local time on 16 June 1819. It had an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (''Extreme'') on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]]. It triggered a [[tsunami]] and caused at least 1,543 deaths.<ref name="Martin"/> The [[earthquake]] caused an area of subsidence that formed the Sindri Lake and a local zone of uplift to the north about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} high that dammed the Koree / Kori / Puran / [[Nara Canal|Nara river]]. This natural dam was known as the Allah Bund ("Dam of God").

==Tectonic setting==
The [[Kutch District]] of modern-day [[Gujarat]] lies on the [[Indian plate]], {{convert|300|–|400|km|abbr=on}} southeast of the plate boundary between the Indian plate and the [[Eurasian plate]], but the current tectonics is still governed by the effects of the continuing [[continental collision]] along this boundary. During the break-up of [[Gondwana]] in the [[Jurassic]] period, this area was affected by rifting with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and the development of new low-angle [[thrust fault]]s. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch. The [[focal mechanism]] of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults. The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.<ref name="Bodin">{{cite journal|last=Bodin|first=P.|author2=Horton S.|year=2004|title=Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=94|issue=3|pages=818–827|url=http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/people/shorton/AFTERSHOCK/bhuj1.pdf|accessdate=2 April 2012|bibcode = 2004BuSSA..94..818B |doi = 10.1785/0120030176 }}</ref>

==Earthquake==
The earthquake lasted for two to three minutes. It was felt over an enormous area, from [[Chennai]] to [[Kolkata]] in the east, as far north as [[Kathmandu]] and as far west as [[Balochistan]]. The main shock was followed by prolonged [[aftershock]] activity, with major earthquakes continuing for at least 50 years, including one with estimated magnitude of more than 6.5 in 1846.<ref name="Bilham"/>

Maximum displacement during the earthquake is estimated at {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}}, based on the height of the bund and the amount of subsidence to the south. Combined with a lateral extent of at least {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, this gives an estimated [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 7.7±0.2. This matches well with magnitudes estimated using both the total felt area and the area of VIII intensity.<ref name="Bilham"/> Other estimates based on intensity measurements give magnitudes as high as 8.2.<ref name="Ambraseys">{{cite journal|last=Ambraseys|first=N.N.|author2=Douglas J.|year=2004|title=Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes|journal=[[Geophysical Journal International]]|volume=159|issue=1|pages=165–206|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02323.x|bibcode = 2004GeoJI.159..165A |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Modelling of the surface deformation indicates that the fault that slipped during the earthquake dipped to the north at between about 50°–67°. As faults that dip in excess of 50° are normally unfavourable for slip, it has been suggested that there was relatively high pore-fluid pressure developed at depth to allow this displacement to occur.<ref name="Bilham"/> There is evidence that the Indus river shifted westwards after this earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/indus-river-re-enters-india-145091-2011-11-06 |title=Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar |work=India Today|date=7 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-07}}</ref>

===Allah Bund===
[[File:Gujarat Geological map.jpg|thumb|1854 map of the region by [[George Bellas Greenough]]]]
The most obvious topographic effect of this earthquake was the formation of a ridge about {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} high, extending for 80 km (possibly as much as {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}}) that formed a natural dam across the Puram or Kori River.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.akshardhool.com/2013/09/two-disasters-that-changed-indias-south.html|title=Two disasters that defined India's south-west border with Pakistan for ever|accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Publications/MetamorphosisofIndus.pdf|title=Anthropocene Metamorphosis of the Indus Delta and Lower Floodplain|accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref> To distinguish it from the man-made dams that were common in the region, the uplifted area became known as the Allah Bund, or Dam of God.<ref name="Bilham"/> The mound produced had a markedly asymmetric geometry, with a shorter and steeper south-dipping margin, about 600 m wide and a dip of 0.65°, and a broader north-dipping margin over 5 km wide with a dip of only about 0.05°.<ref name="Bilham"/>

===Sindri Lake===
Sindri Lake, with a surface area of more than {{convert|1000|km2|abbr=on}}, was formed due to subsidence of up to {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} south of the Allah Bund. Initially, the lake was cut off from the river (damming further upstream had stopped the flow) and was filled with seawater. On the western margin of the lake a small delta built out from the eastern part of the larger [[Indus River|Indus Delta]]. After 1826 the river broke through the artificial dam and eventually broke through the bund itself, causing the lake to become freshwater again.<ref name="Bilham"/>

===Later earthquakes===
The [[1956 Anjar earthquake]] was due to [[reverse fault]]ing, similar in type to that which is thought to have caused the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake.<ref name="Chung & Gao">{{cite journal | title=Source parameters of the Anjar earthquake of July 21, 1956, India, and its seismotectonic implications for the Kutch rift basin | author=Chung W.-Y. & Gao H. | journal=Tectonophysics | year=1995 | volume=242 | issue=3–4 | pages=281–292 | doi=10.1016/0040-1951(94)00203-L|bibcode = 1995Tectp.242..281C }}</ref>

Changes in stress caused by [[coulomb stress transfer]] due to the 1819 earthquake may have been sufficient to trigger the [[2001 Bhuj earthquake]] and other historic earthquakes that occurred in the region during the intervening period.<ref name="To">{{cite journal|last=To|first=A.|author2=Bürgmann R. & Ollitz F.|year=2004|title=Postseismic deformation and stress changes following the 1819 Rann of Kachchh, India earthquake: Was the 2001 Bhuj earthquake a triggered event? |journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=31|issue=13|pages=L13609|doi=10.1029/2004GL020220|bibcode = 2004GeoRL..3113609T |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Tsunami==
There was a local tsunami that flooded the area known as the [[Great Rann of Kutch|Great Rann]] immediately after the earthquake. The [[Sindhri Fort|fort at Sindri]] was destroyed by the earthquake and then partly submerged by the tsunami, "forcing survivors to climb to the top of the ruins."<ref name="Bilham">{{cite book|last=Bilham|first=R.|title=Coastal tectonics|editor=Stewart I.S. & Vita-Finzi C.|publisher=[[Geological Society]]|location=London|year=1998|series=Special Publications|volume=146|pages=295–319|chapter=Slip parameters for the Rann of Kachchh, India, 16 June 1819 earthquake, quantified from contemporary accounts|isbn=9781862390249|chapter-url=http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/gif_images/1819article.pdf|accessdate=2 April 2012}}</ref>

==Damage==
The towns of [[Kothara, Kutch|Kothara]], [[Mothala, Gujarat|Mothala]], [[Naliya]] and [[Vinzan]] suffered particularly heavy damage. [[Anjar, India|Anjar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Lakhpat]], [[Mandvi]] and [[Tera, Kutch|Tera]] were also severely affected.<ref name="Martin">{{cite journal|url=http://www.seismosoc.org/publications/bssa_html/bssa_100-2/2008328-esupp/annotations.html |title=Electronic Supplement to A Catalog of Felt Intensity Data for 570 Earthquakes in India from 1636 to 2009 |journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=562–569 |last=Martin |first=S. |author2=Szeliga W. |year=2010 |doi=10.1785/0120080328 |accessdate=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211225650/http://www.seismosoc.org/publications/bssa_html/bssa_100-2/2008328-esupp/annotations.html |archivedate=11 December 2013 |bibcode=2010BuSSA.100..562M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> At least 1,543 people were killed in the larger towns; the number of casualties in smaller towns and villages is unknown. There was some degree of damage to buildings over most of [[Gujarat]], including the destruction of the "shaking minarets" of the [[Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad|Jama Masjid]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. At [[Jaisalmer]] in [[Rajasthan]], "at least 500 guests were smothered at a wedding feast".<ref name="Martin"/>

==See also==
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]
* [[List of historical earthquakes]]
* [[List of tsunamis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in India}}

[[Category:Earthquakes in Gujarat|1819 Rann]]
[[Category:1819 earthquakes]]
[[Category:Kutch district]]
[[Category:19th century in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1819 in India]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India|1819 Rann]]
[[Category:19th-century tsunamis]]
[[Category:June 1819]]
[[Category:1810s disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]

Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex

2025-10-29T16:30:07Z

KennyRoss67889: enhance layout based on references and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|Cricket stadium in Jaypee greens}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex
| image =
| caption = Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Stadium [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| location = Jaypee greens [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.47047|N|77.51994|E|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:IN}}
| establishment = 2013
| seating_capacity = 8,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/Officials-from-ICC-and-BCCI-inspect-Greater-Noida-stadium/articleshow/55967311.cms|title=Greater Noida stadium inspected by ICC and BCCI officials|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
| owner = [[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]
| operator = [[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]
| tenants = [[Afghanistan national cricket team]]
| end1 = Far End
| end2 = Pavilion End
| international = true
| onlytestdate =
| onlytestyear =
| onlytesthome =
| onlytesthomevar =
| onlytestaway =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttesthome =
| lasttestaway =
| firstodidate = 15 March
| firstodiyear = 2017
| firstodihome = Afghanistan
| firstodihomevar = 2013
| firstodiaway = Ireland
| lastodidate = 24 March
| lastodiyear = 2017
| lastodihome = Afghanistan
| lastodihomevar = 2013
| lastodiaway = Ireland
| firstt20idate = 8 March
| firstt20iyear = 2017
| firstt20ihome = Afghanistan
| firstt20ihomevar = 2013
| firstt20iaway = Ireland
| lastt20idate = 10 March
| lastt20iyear = 2020
| lastt20ihome = Afghanistan
| lastt20ihomevar = 2013
| lastt20iaway = Ireland
| year1 = 2015-present
| club1 = [[Afghanistan national cricket team]]
| date = 10 March
| year = 2020
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/942501.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

The '''Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex''' or '''Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground''' is a cricket and association football stadium in [[Greater Noida]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. It has served as a home ground of the [[Afghanistan national cricket team]]. In 2017, it lost its status to hold any matches conducted by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI), after staging a private league which was not permitted by BCCI.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/noida-stadium-banned-by-bcci/article19716020.ece|title=Noida stadium banned by BCCI|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 September 2017|last1=Lokapally|first1=Vijay}}</ref>

The stadium is named after [[Vijay Singh Pathik]], an Indian revolutionary who fought against British rule. The stadium conforms to the specifications prescribed by [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) with associated amenities like media and corporate boxes, medical facilities, merchandise stores, a food court, an information kiosk and many others. In December 2016, the ICC gave approval for the ground to host international matches between [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full Member teams]].<ref name="Dec16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1073873.html |title=ICC approves Greater Noida for Full Member games |access-date=23 December 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==History==

[[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association]] secretary [[Rajeev Shukla]] in November 2009 said the [[Jaypee Group]], who are developing a [[Jaypee Greens Sports City|Sports city]] in [[Greater Noida]] are building a cricket stadium there and [[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association|UPCA]] has already inked a fifty-year agreement with them to hold matches. At that time, he added that stadium will be ready by 2011 and would hold [[Twenty20]] and [[One-Day International]] matches. Initially, the spectator capacity at the stadium will be 40,000 which would be increased to 100,000.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The stadium had discussions with ICC to give it a status for holding Tests and One Day International matches. Previously, the stadium qualified for holding all matches except Tests and ODIs,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/why-historic-ferozshah-kotla-has-competition-from-greater-noida-cricket-stadium/story-R7wfCTruqjwaiVcPZpbLeI.html|title=Ferozshah Kotla faces challenge from Greater Noida stadium}}</ref> but later confirmed to host any international match.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

It is also the home ground of the [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan cricket team]]. However, the seating capacity of the stadium is currently 8,000 with no current plans to upgrade it to what was initially planned.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Shukla said they were ready to take [[Green Park Stadium]] on lease from the state government but they have not been successful in convincing the authorities. He said they were looking for a land between [[Kanpur]] and [[Lucknow]] to have their own stadium.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/UP-to-get-one-more-cricket-stadium-by-2011/articleshow/5276470.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811051638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-27/top-stories/28090124_1_cricket-stadium-green-park-stadium-uttar-pradesh-cricket-association|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-08-11|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=UP to get one more cricket stadium by 2011| date=2009-11-27}}</ref><ref>[http://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/sports Official Website]</ref>

It is built as per the latest [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] specifications and guidelines, and is named Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex. The stadium is fully equipped with all the facilities with floodlights, a bowling alley, an indoor stadium, lawn tennis courts in the premises. The stadium is located near YMCA and [[Jaypee Resorts]] in [[Greater Noida]]. The stadium hosted its first ever [[Ranji Trophy]] match between [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]] and [[Baroda cricket team]] from 1 to 4 December 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/UP-Vadodara-Ranji-match-shifted-to-Greater-Noida/articleshow/49857182.cms |title=UP-Vadodara Ranji match shifted to Greater Noida |publisher=Times Of India |date=2015-11-20 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>

Greater Noida has hosted the [[2016–17 Duleep Trophy|2016 Duleep Trophy]] matches. All the matches were played with pink ball under [[Day/night cricket|lights]].

==Home ground for Afghanistan==
The stadium became the home ground for the [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan cricket team]] after they decided to shift their home ground from [[Sharjah]].<ref name="AfgHome">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/content/story/950961.html |title=India to host Afghanistan home games |access-date=11 December 2015 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/soon-a-noida-home-for-afghan-cricketers/article7937869.ece |title=Soon a Noida home for Afghan cricketers |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/11121_f.html |title=First-Class Matches played on Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground, Greater Noida (1) |website=CricketArchive |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> The stadium hosted [[2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup]] match between [[Afghanistan cricket team]] and [[Namibia cricket team]] in April 2016 as [[Afghanistan cricket team|Afghanistan]] beat [[Namibia cricket team|Namibia]] by an innings and 36 runs.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/952195.html ICC Intercontinental Cup, Afghanistan v Namibia at Greater Noida, 10-13 April 2016]</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-intercontinental-cup-2015-17/content/story/997015.html Shahzad, spinners give Afghanistan innings win]</ref>

On 25 July 2016, it was announced that Afghanistan will host a full [[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2016–17|series against Ireland]] at this stadium.<ref name="Afg Vs Ireland-2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/81552/ireland-afghanistan-set-to-play-nine-matches-in-india| title=Ireland, Afghanistan set to play nine matches in Greater Noida|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> Besides a 4-day [[ICC Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental cup]] match, [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] and Afghanistan played 5 ODIs and 3 T20Is in March 2017. Afghanistan won both T20I series 3–0,<ref name="T20I">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/347858 |title=Nabi, Shahzad lead Afghanistan sweep |access-date=12 March 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> and ODI series 3–2.<ref name="ODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan-v-ireland-2016-17/engine/series/1040465.html |title=Afghanistan v Ireland ODI Series, 2016-17 |access-date=24 March 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

The ground was also set to host its first ever Test match between Afghanistan and New Zealand in [[New Zealand cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2024–25|September 2024]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-and-new-zealand-set-to-play-one-off-test-in-september-1444617 |title=Afghanistan and New Zealand set to play one-off Test in September |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/afghanistan-announce-dates-and-venue-for-one-off-home-test-against-new-zealand |title=Afghanistan announce dates and venue for one-off home Test against New Zealand |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> However the Test was abandoned without a single ball being bowled due to a wet outfield on days one and two, followed by heavy rain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/afghanistan-new-zealand-test-abandoned-without-a-ball-being-bowled-3189121 |title=Afghanistan-New Zealand Test abandoned without a ball being bowled |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> This was only the eight instance of a Test match being abandoned without where single ball being bowled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afg-vs-nz-tests-abandoned-without-a-ball-bowled-how-many-times-has-it-happened-before-1450846 |title=Tests abandoned without a ball bowled - how many times has it happened before? |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>

The ground will no longer host international cricket due to poor drainage.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==International Centuries==
The following table summaries the centuries scored at Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex, Greater Noida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=3203;type=ground|title=Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground, Greater Noida / Records / One-Day Internationals / High scores|website=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

=== ODIs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No. !!Score !!Player !!Team !!Balls !!Inns. !!Opposing team !!Date !!Winning team
|-
| 1 || 119 || [[William Porterfield]] || {{cr|IRE}} ||98 || 2 || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 15 March 2017 || {{cr|AFG|2013}}
|-
| 2 || 101 || [[Asghar Stanikzai]] ||{{cr|AFG|2013}} || 90 || 1 ||{{cr|IRE}} || 17 March 2017 || {{cr|AFG|2013}}
|-
| 3 || 108* || [[Rahmat Shah]] ||{{cr|AFG|2013}} || 128 || 2 ||{{cr|IRE}} || 24 March 2017 || {{cr|AFG|2013}}
|}

==List of Five Wicket Hauls==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|{{dagger}}
|The bowler was [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|-
|{{double-dagger}}
|10 or more wickets taken in the match
|-
|§
|One of two five-wicket hauls by the bowler in the match
|-
|'''Date'''
|Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]] was held
|-
|'''Inn'''
|[[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] in which five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|'''Overs'''
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled.
|-
|'''Runs'''
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
|'''Wkts'''
|Number of [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] taken
|-
|'''Econ'''
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
|'''Batsmen'''
|[[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
|'''Drawn'''
|The match was [[Draw (cricket)|drawn]].
|}

===ODIs===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" width="100%";
|+ Five-wicket hauls in ODIs at Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="100"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing Team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Econ
! scope="col" width="160" class="unsortable" |Batsmen
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 || [[Paul Stirling]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|3|17}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{sort|0124|55}} || {{sort|06188|6}} || {{nts|5.50}} || align=left |
*[[Samiullah Shenwari]]
*[[Mohammad Nabi]]
*[[Gulbadin Naib]]
*[[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]]
*[[Shafiqullah (cricketer)|Shafiqullah Shafiq]]
*[[Dawlat Zadran]]
|| Lost<ref name= odi3851>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan-v-ireland-2016-17/engine/match/1040493.html | title=Afghanistan tour of India, 2nd ODI: Afghanistan v Ireland at Greater Noida, Mar 17, 2017 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 2 || [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|3|17}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|9.3}} || {{sort|0124|43}} || {{sort|06188|6}} || {{nts|4.52}} || align=left |
*[[Paul Stirling]]
*[[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]]
*[[William Porterfield]]
*[[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]
*[[Andy McBrine]]
*[[Peter Chase]]
|| Won<ref name= odi3851 />
|}

===T20Is===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" width="100%";
|+ Five-wicket hauls in T20Is at Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="100"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing Team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Econ
! scope="col" width="160" class="unsortable" |Batsmen
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 || [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|3|10}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|2}} || {{sort|0124|3}} || {{sort|06188|5}} || {{nts|1.50}} || align=left |
*[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]
*[[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]
*[[Lorcan Tucker]]
*[[Greg Thompson (cricketer)|Greg Thompson]]
*[[Barry McCarthy]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan-v-ireland-2016-17/engine/match/1040487.html | title=Afghanistan tour of India, 2nd T20I: Afghanistan v Ireland at Greater Noida, Mar 10, 2017 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Greater Noida]]
* [[2016–17 Duleep Trophy]]
* [[Noida Cricket Stadium]]
* [[Tehra Cricket Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811051638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-27/top-stories/28090124_1_cricket-stadium-green-park-stadium-uttar-pradesh-cricket-association UP to get one more cricket stadium by 2011]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/942501.html cricinfo]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/11121.html cricketarchive]

{{Greater Noida}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Noida]]
[[Category:Jaypee Group]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2013]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Bihar]]

Avadi Police

2025-10-14T17:50:47Z

KennyRoss67889:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Avadi Police Commissionerate
| commonname = Avadi City Police
| abbreviation =
| logo =
| logocaption = Logo of the Avadi Police Commissionerate
| motto = Truth alone triumphs
| mottotranslated =
| formedyear = 2022
| preceding1 = Greater Chennai Police
| employees =
| budget =
| country = India
| divtype = State
| divname = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivtype = City
| subdivname = [[Chennai]]
| map =
| mapcaption =
| governingbody = [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|Department of Home]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| constitution1 =
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| headquarters = [[Avadi]], Chennai
| sworn =
| unsworn =
| minister1name = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] & [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = K. Shankar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]], [[Avadi]]
| parentagency = [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
| unitname = {{collapsible list |Aviation |Emergency Service
|Organized Crime Control Bureau |Scuba Team and Harbor |Special Victims
|Major Case Squad |Taxi Squad |Movie and Television |School Safety
|Real Time Crime |Auxillay Police |Crime Scene |Evidence Collection
|Transit Bureau |Housing Bureau |Highway Patrol |Transportation Bureau}}
| officetype = Borough
| officename = {{collapsible list |}}
| stationtype = Station
| stations = 25
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| website = {{URL|tnpolice.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Avadi City Police''' officially '''Avadi Police Commissionerate''' is a city police administration for the north and northwestern neighborhoods and suburbs of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Located in the western neighbourhood of [[Avadi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-two-more-police-commissionerates-opened-to-crack-down-on-criminals/articleshow/88641853.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: Two more police commissionerates opened to crack|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 January 2022|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> it was created by the trifurcation of the Greater Chennai City Police jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-instructions-trifurcation-greater-chennai-commissionerate-7565536|title=Tamil Nadu DGP issues instructions for trifurcation of Greater Chennai Commissionerate|website=indianexpress.com|date=11 October 2021 }}</ref> [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu State government]] created [[Tambaram Police|Tambaram]] and Avadi Police commissionerates in an attempt of reforming greater Chennai city police. Avadi Police Commissionerate was formally inaugurated by [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. K. Stalin]] on 1 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-police-commissionerates-in-tambaram-avadi-opened/article38085909.ece|title=New Police Commissionerates in Tambaram, Avadi opened|newspaper=The Hindu|date=January 2022 }}</ref> The newly created Avadi Commissionerate jurisdiction covers twenty-five police stations from the police districts of Avadi and Redhills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-city-police-to-have-104-stations-under-its-jurisdiction/articleshow/86912949.cms|title=Chennai city police loses 33 stations, to have 104 under its|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 October 2021 }}</ref> It is the second largest police commissionerate in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] next to its preceding agency [[Greater Chennai Police]]. The head the agency hold the same rank (ADGP) as the [[Greater Chennai Police]] Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/oct/02/special-officers-named-for-tambaram-and-avadi-commissionerates-2366558.html|title=Special officers named for Tambaram and Avadi commissionerates|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 October 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Government of Chennai]]
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]

Opsarius ardens

2025-10-03T19:32:18Z

KennyRoss67889: stub

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author=Dahanukar, N. |year= 2023|title= ''Opsarius ardens'' |article-number=e.T173252821A173252878|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T173252821A173252878.en|access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Opsarius
| species = ardens
| authority = Knight, Rai, d'Souza & Vijaykrishnan, 2015<ref name=Knight2015>{{cite journal|author=Knight, J.D.M.|author2= Rai, A.|author3= D'Souza, R.K.P.|author4= Vijaykrishnan, B. |year=2015|title=''Barilius ardens'' (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), a new species from the Western Ghats, India, with redescription of ''B. malabaricus'' and ''B. canarensis''|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3926|issue=3|pages=396–412|doi= 10.11646/zootaxa.3926.3.5|pmid= 25781791}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Barilius ardens''
}}

'''''Opsarius ardens''''' is a fish in genus ''[[Opsarius]]'' of the family [[Danionidae]]. It is found in [[Seetha River|Sita]] and [[Swarna River]] systems in the Western Ghats of [[India]].<ref>{{FishBase species|Opsarius|ardens|id=68016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21248068}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Opsarius ardens}}
[[Category:Opsarius|ardens]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2015]]

{{Danioninae-stub}}

National Highway 92 (India, old numbering)

2025-09-23T21:23:23Z

KennyRoss67889: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 719 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Ravivaar With Star Parivaar

2025-08-21T12:08:59Z

KennyRoss67889:

{{Short description|Indian television game show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ravivaar With Star Parivaar Title.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arjun Bijlani]]
* [[Amaal Mallik]]
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Rupali Ganguly]]
* [[Harshad Chopda]]
* [[Gaurav Khanna]]
* [[Pranali Rathod]]
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]]
* [[Fahmaan Khan]]
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]]
* [[Neil Bhatt]]
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 16

| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|06|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|25|df=y}}
| company = Fullscreen Entertainment
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| runtime = 120 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related = ''[[Enkitta Modhaade]]'' ''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]''
}}

'''''Ravivaar With Star Parivaar''''' ({{Translation}} "Sunday with Star Family") is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television game show that premiered on 12 June 2022 on [[StarPlus]]. It digitally streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The series is a remake of the Tamil reality script show [[Enkitta Modhaade]] The series is hosted by [[Arjun Bijlani]] and [[Amaal Mallik]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Bijlani and Amaal Mallik to host new show 'Ravivaar with Star Parivaar' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arjun-bijlani-and-amaal-mallik-to-host-new-show-ravivaar-with-star-parivaar/articleshow/92161838.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India|date=12 June 2022 }}</ref> and features various StarPlus television series casts competing in a music competition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-12 |title=The lead stars of Anupamaa, Imlie, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin and Saath Nibhaana Saathiya give their best shot! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/ravivaar-star-parivaar-first-episode-review-anupamaa-imlie-akshara-show-their-real-strong-avatars-1141949 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> The show features eight shows competing against each other to win the title of ''Best Parivaar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/amaal-mallik-arjun-bijlani-to-co-host-new-show-with-soap-stars-news-206091/amp|title=Amaal Mallik, Arjun Bijlani To Co-Host New Show With Soap Stars|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|The Outlook India]]|date=1 July 2022}}</ref> Team ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' emerged as the winner of the show.<ref name="RWSPW">{{Cite web|title=Ravivaar With Star Parivaar: Team 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' emerges as the winner and lifts the trophy|work=The Times of India|date=25 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-lift-the-trophy/articleshow/94432567.cms}}</ref>

==Cast==
'''Team ''[[Anupamaa]]'':'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/anupama-fame-sudhanshu-pandey-gave-challenge-in-ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-2173857/amp|title=अनुपमा फेम सुधांशु पांडे ने 'रविवार विद स्टार परिवार' में सभी को दी खुली चुनौती|work=[[ABP News]]|language=hi|date=22 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] (Episode 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16)
* [[Gaurav Khanna]] (Episode 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16)
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] (Episode 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,15,16)
* [[Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty]] (Episode 1,2,5,7,8,9)
* Aashish Mehrotra (Episode 2,11,15,16)
* Alpana Buch (Episode 2,4,5,9,16)
* Shekhar Shukla (Episode 2,5,9,13,16)
* [[Tasneem Sheikh]] (Episode 2,5,9,12,13,16)
* [[Nidhi Shah]] (Episode 11,15,16)
* Muskaan Bamne (Episode 5,16)

'''Team ''[[Imlie]]'':'''
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]] (Episode 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,15,16)
* [[Fahmaan Khan]] (Episode 1,3,5,7,8,9,12,13,14,15,16)
* Gaurav Mukesh (Episode 1,3,4,5,7,13,16)
* Nilima Singh (Episode 1,3,4,5,7,9,12,13,16)
* [[Rajshri Rani]] (Episode 3,5,16)
* Neetu Pandey (Episode 3,16)
* Resham Prashant (Episode 3,4,5,16)
* Vaibhavi Kapoor (Episode 3,5)

'''Team ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'':'''
* [[Pranali Rathod]] (Episode 1,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,14,15,16)
* [[Harshad Chopda]] (Episode 1,3,4,7,8,14,16)
* Karishma Sawant (Episode 1,3,16)
* Sachin Tyagi (Episode 1,3,7,15,16)
* Mayank Arora (Episode 3,16)
* Sharan Anandani (Episode 3,16)
* Vinay Jain (Episode 3,4,16)
* Pragati Mehra (Episode 3,4,16)
* [[Ami Trivedi]] (Episode 7,8,11,16)
* Paras Priyadarshan(Episode 11,16)

'''Team ''[[Pandya Store]]:'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/pandya-store-actor-kanwar-dhillon-proposes-to-girlfriend-alice-kaushik-on-ravivar-with-star-parivaar-set-watch-video-2198018/amp|title=पांड्या स्टोर एक्टर ने सरेआम किया गर्लफ्रेंड को प्रपोज|work=[[ABP News]]|language=hi|date=22 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Shiny Doshi]] (Episode 1,6,7,13,14,16)
* [[Kinshuk Mahajan]] (Episode 1,6,13,14,16)
* Alice Kaushik (Episode 1,6,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16)
* [[Kanwar Dhillon]] (Episode 1,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)
* [[Akshay Kharodia]] (Episode 6,16)
* Simran Budharup (Episode 6,7,10,16)
* [[Krutika Desai Khan]] (Episode 6,7,9,11,16)
* Mohit Parmar (Episode 6,16)

'''Team ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'':'''
* Ayesha Singh (Episode 1,2,7,8,10,11,16)
* [[Neil Bhatt]] (Episode 1,2,7,8,9,12,15,16)
* [[Aishwarya Sharma|Aishwarya Sharma Bhatt]] (Episode 1,2,7,12,16)
* [[Kishori Shahane]] (Episode 1,2,7,12,13,16)
* Sheetal Maulik (Episode 2)
* Mridul Kumar Sinha (Episode 2)
* [[Tanvi Thakkar]] (Episode 2)
* [[Sachin Shroff]] (Episode 2)

'''Team ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]'':'''
* [[Ulka Gupta]] (Episode 1,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,15,16)
* [[Pravisht Mishra]] (Episode 1,6,7,9,12,13,14,15,16)
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] (Episode 1,6,7,9,16)
* Parvati Sehgal (Episode 1,6,7,9,16)

'''Team ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]'':'''
* Sneha Jain (Episode 1,7)
* [[Gautam Vig]] (Episode 1,7)
* [[Akanksha Juneja]] (Episode 1)
* Roma Bali (Episode 1,7)
* Hargun Grover (Episode 7)

'''Team ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]'':'''
(Eliminated Week 7)
* [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] (Episode 1,4,7)
* [[Abrar Qazi]] (Episode 1,4,7)
* Mallika Nayak (Episode 1,4,7)
* Swarna Pandey (Episode 1)
* Siddharth Shivpuri (Episode 1,7)

'''Team ''Saas'' (Week 4):'''
* Alpana Buch - ''[[Anupamaa]]''
* Mallika Nayak ''-[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
* Nilima Singh - ''[[Imlie]]''
* Pragati Mehra - ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''

'''Team ''Bahu'' (Week 4):'''
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] - ''Anupamaa''
* [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] - ''Yeh Hai Chahatein''
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]] - ''[[Imlie]]''
* [[Pranali Rathod]] - ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''

'''Team ''Pati'' (Week 8):'''
* [[Gaurav Khanna]] - ''[[Anupamaa]]''
* [[Kanwar Dhillon]] - ''[[Pandya Store]]''
* [[Fahmaan Khan]] - ''[[Imlie]]''
* [[Harshad Chopda]] - ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
* [[Neil Bhatt]] - ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] - ''[[Anupamaa]]''
* Vinay Jain - ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''

'''Team ''Patni'' (Week 8):'''
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] - ''Anupamaa''
* Alice Kaushik - ''Pandya Store''
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]] - ''[[Imlie]]''
* [[Pranali Rathod]] - ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''
* Ayesha Singh - ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''
* [[Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty]] - ''Anupamaa''
* [[Ami Trivedi]] - ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''

'''''Team Ladki Wale'' (Week 9)'''
* Kanwar Dhillon - ''Pandya Store''
* Alice Kaushik - ''Pandya Store''
* [[Fahmaan Khan]] - ''Imlie''
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]] - ''[[Imlie]]''
* [[Pranali Rathod]] - ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''
* [[Krutika Desai Khan]] - ''Pandya Store''
* [[Tasneem Sheikh]] - ''Anupamaa''
* Nilima Singh - ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''

'''Team ''Ladke Wale'' (Week 9)'''
* Rupali Ganguly - ''Anupamaa''
* Gaurav Khanna - ''Anupamaa''
* Sudhanshu Pandey - ''Anupamaa''
* Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty - ''Anupamaa''
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] - ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
* Parvati Sehgal - ''Banni Chow Home Delivery''
* Alpana Buch - ''Anupamaa''
* Neil Bhatt - ''Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin''

'''Team ''Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi [RNBDJ]'' (Week 14)'''
* Alice Kaushik - ''Pandya Store''
* Kanwar Dhillon - ''Pandya Store''
* [[Pranali Rathod]] - ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''
* [[Harshad Chopda]] - ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] - ''Anupamaa''
* [[Gaurav Khanna]] - ''Anupamaa''

'''Team ''Ek Duje Ke Liye [EDKL]'' (Week 14)'''
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]] - ''[[Imlie]]''
* [[Fahmaan Khan]] - ''[[Imlie]]''
* Shiny Doshi - ''Pandya Store''
* Kinshuk Mahajan - ''Pandya Store''
* Ulka Gupta - ''Banni Chow Home Delivery''
* Pravisht Mishra - ''Banni Chow Home Delivery''

==Team status==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! colspan="2" |Teams
!Status
!Place
!Exit Week
!Ref.
|-
|style="background:#FF55A3;"|
|{{Nowrap|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''}}
!style="background:lightgreen; text-align:center;" |Winner
|1st
|style="background:white; text-align:center;"| {{nowrap|Week 16}}
|<ref name="RWSPW" />
|-
| style="background:purple;" |
|''[[Imlie]]''
| style ="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" | '''1st Runner-up'''
|2nd
| style="background:white; text-align:center;" | Week 16
|<ref name="RWSPW" />
|-
|style="background:red;"|
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" | {{nowrap|'''2nd Runner-up'''}}
|3rd
|style="background:white; text-align:center;"| Week 16
|<ref name="RWSPW" />
|-
|style="background:yellow;" |
|{{no wrap|''[[Pandya Store]]''}}
|style="background: #DDA0DD; text-align:center;"| '''{{no wrap|3rd Runner-up}}'''
|4th
|style="background:white; text-align:center;"| Week 16
|<ref name="RWSPW" />
|-
|style="background:lightgreen;" |
|{{Nowrap|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''}}
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" | '''4th Runner-up'''
|5th
|style="background:white; text-align:center;"| Week 16
|<ref name="RWSPF">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=बन्नी चाउ का जबरदस्त डांस परफॉर्मेंस तो अनुज की कॉमेडी...'स्टार परिवार' के ग्रैंड फिनाले में होगा डबल धमाल |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/ravivar-with-star-pariwar-grand-finale-anuj-kapadia-comedy-and-imlie-dance-performance-will-rock-the-stage-2221691 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:orange;" |
|{{Nowrap|''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''}}
|style="background: #FF00FF; text-align:center;" |'''5th Runner-up'''
|6th
| style="background:white; text-align:center;"| Week 16
|<ref name="RWSPF" />
|-
|style="background:violet;" |
|{{nowrap|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]''}}
|{{cRemoved|'''Dropped'''}}
|7th
| style="background:white; text-align:center;" | Week 8
|<ref name="RWSPF" />
|-
|style="background:blue;" |
|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
|style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |'''Eliminated'''
|8th
|style="background:white; text-align:center;" | Week 7
|<ref name="RWSPF" />
|}
==Winning status==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Team'''
! scope="col" colspan="5" | '''Week 1'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The dynamic Star Parivaar face each other in a series of battles, including dancing, and other fun activities, and the winning family will be crowned 'The Best Parivaar'. |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/pushpa-fever-gets-to-anupamaa-403242 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]]}}</ref>
! colspan="4" |Week 2<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravivaar with Star Parivaar: Team 'Anupamaa' and 'Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin' gear up for fun challenges - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-anupamaa-and-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-gear-up-for-fun-challenges/articleshow/92319037.cms |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India|date=19 June 2022 }}</ref>
! colspan="4" |Week 3<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ravivaar with Star Parivaar: Cast of 'Imlie' and 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' gear up for fun challenges - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-cast-of-imlie-and-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-gear-up-for-fun-challenges/articleshow/92472574.cms |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India|date=26 June 2022 }}</ref>
! colspan="8" |Week 4
! colspan="4" |Week 5<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Ranbir Kapoor learns how to be 'world's best father' from Anupamaa star Rupali Ganguly in weekend show Ravivaar With Star Parivaar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-learns-how-to-be-worlds-best-father-from-anupama-rupali-ganguly-watch-8015466/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
! colspan="4" |Week 6<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-16 |title=Banni vs Dhara: Pandya family compete with Banni and Rathod family in this week's Ravivaar With Star Parivar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/banni-vs-dhara-pandya-family-compete-banni-rathod-family-weeks-ravivaar-star-parivar/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
! colspan="4" |Week 7
! colspan="8" |Week 8<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bharti Singh jokingly taunts hubby Haarsh Limbachiyaa saying 'your waist is slimmer than Anupamaa'; watch Rupali Ganguly's reaction - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bharti-singh-jokingly-taunts-hubby-haarsh-limbachiyaa-saying-your-waist-is-slimmer-than-anupamaa-watch-rupali-gangulys-reaction/articleshow/93213136.cms |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India|date=29 July 2022 }}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Week 9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Families of 4 top TV soaps to appear in 'Banni Chow' wedding sequence - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/families-of-4-top-tv-soaps-to-appear-in-banni-chow-wedding-sequence/articleshow/93429525.cms |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India|date=8 August 2022 }}</ref>
! colspan="4" |Week 11<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravivaar With Star Parivaar: Watch Pandya Store's Kanwar Dhillon propose to Alice Kaushik with peacock feather|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ravivaar-star-parivaar-watch-pandya-stores-kanwar-dhillon-propose-alice-kaushik-peacock-feather-1180234?amp|access-date=2022-08-22|website=Pinkvilla|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929004123/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ravivaar-star-parivaar-watch-pandya-stores-kanwar-dhillon-propose-alice-kaushik-peacock-feather-1180234?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! colspan="8" |Week 13<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's time to revisit our childhood days with this week's 'Bachpan Special' on 'Ravivaar with Star Parivaar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/its-time-to-revisit-our-childhood-days-with-this-weeks-bachpan-special-on-ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-428760 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]]}}</ref>
! colspan="8" |Week 14
! colspan="8" |Week 15<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravivaar With Star Parivaar: Shaan says he ate biryani made by Kumar Sanu; Here's how he'll return the favour|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=16 September 2022|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-shaan-says-he-ate-biryani-made-by-kumar-sanu-heres-how-hell-return-the-favour-1190558%3famp}}</ref>
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#FCC200" |'''WEEK 16 GRAND FINALE'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravivaar with Star Parivaar Finale: Pranali Rathod makes 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' win the show|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=26 September 2022|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-finale-pranali-rathod-makes-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-win-the-show-1192227%3famp|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926175048/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-finale-pranali-rathod-makes-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-win-the-show-1192227?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Round 1
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Round 2
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Round 3
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Round 4
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Final round
! rowspan="2" |Round 1
! rowspan="2" |Round 2
! rowspan="2" |Round 3
! rowspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Round 1
! rowspan="2" |Round 2
! rowspan="2" |Round 3
! rowspan="2" |Result
! colspan="2" |Round 1
! colspan="2" |Round 2
! colspan="2" |Round 3
! colspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Round 1
! rowspan="2" |Round 2
! rowspan="2" |Round 3
! rowspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Round 1
! rowspan="2" |Round 2
! rowspan="2" |Round 3
! rowspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Round 1
! rowspan="2" |Round 2
! rowspan="2" |Round 3
! rowspan="2" |Result
! colspan="2" |Round 1
! colspan="2" |Round 2
! colspan="2" |Round 3
! colspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Team
! rowspan="2" |Round 1
! rowspan="2" |Round 2
! rowspan="2" |Round 3
! rowspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Round 1
! rowspan="2" |Round 2
! rowspan="2" |Round 3
! rowspan="2" |Result
! colspan="2" |Round 1
! colspan="2" |Round 2
! colspan="2" |Round 3
! colspan="2" |Result
! colspan="2" |Round 1
! colspan="2" |Round 2
! colspan="2" |Round 3
! colspan="2" |Result
! colspan="2" |Round 1
! colspan="2" |Round 2
! colspan="2" |Round 3
! colspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" | Round 1
! rowspan="2" | Round 2
! rowspan="2" | Round 3
! rowspan="2" | Final Round
! rowspan="2" | Result
|-
!Saas
!Bahu
!Saas
!Bahu
!Saas
!Bahu
!Saas
!Bahu
!Pati
!Patni
!Pati
!Patni
!Pati
!Patni
!Pati
!Patni
!Boys
!Girls
!Boys
!Girls
!Boys
!Girls
!Boys
!Girls
!RNBDJ
!EDKL
!RNBDJ
!EDKL
!RNBDJ
!EDKL
!RNBDJ
!EDKL
!Team Baazigar
!Team Don
!Team Baazigar
!Team Don
!Team Baazigar
!Team Don
!Team Baazigar
!Team Don
|-
! style="background:#FF55A3;" |
! scope="row" | '''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
| colspan="2" {{CEmpty}}
| bgcolor="gold" |'''Winner'''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|colspan="2" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
!rowspan=3|''Ladke wale''
|rowspan=3 style="background:#FFCCCC;"|Lost
|rowspan=3 style="background:#FFCCCC;" |Lost
|rowspan=3 style="background:#FFCCCC;" |Lost
|rowspan=3 style="background:#FFCCCC;"|Lost
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
| colspan="8" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
| style ="background:lightgreen;" | '''''Winner'''''
|-
! style="background:purple;" |
! scope="row" | '''''[[Imlie]]'''''
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
| bgcolor="gold" | '''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
| style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|colspan="2" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
| style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
| style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
| style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
| style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Won}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|style ="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" | '''''1st Runner-up'''''
|-
| style="background:red;" |
! scope="row" | '''''[[Anupamaa]]'''''
|{{Won}}
| colspan="3" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
| bgcolor="gold" | '''Winner'''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
| colspan="3" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" | {{no wrap|'''''2nd Runner-up'''''}}
|-
! style="background:yellow;" |
! scope="row" | '''''[[Pandya Store]]'''''
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="3" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="8" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|bgcolor=gold|'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
!rowspan=2|''Ladki wale''
| rowspan=2 style="background: #90EE90;"|Won
| rowspan=2 style="background: #90EE90;"|Won
| rowspan=2 style="background: #90EE90;"|Won
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=gold|'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|colspan=2 style="background: #DDA0DD;" | {{no wrap|'''''3rd Runner-up'''''}}
|-
! style="background:lightgreen;" |
! scope="row" | {{no wrap|'''''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'''''}}
| colspan="2" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="8" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
| colspan="3" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="8" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|colspan=3 style="background:#FF69B4;" | '''''4th Runner-up'''''
|-
! style="background:orange;" |
! scope="row" | '''{{no wrap|''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''}}'''
| colspan="3" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="8" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|colspan="2"{{CEmpty}}
| colspan="8" {{CEmpty}}
!colspan=5| '''''Bride and Groom'''''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
|{{Lost}}
|colspan=4 style="background:#FF00FF;" |'''''5th Runner-up'''''
|-
! style="background:violet;" |
! scope="row" | '''''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]'''''
| colspan="2" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="2" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="8" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
| colspan="3" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="46" {{cRemoved| '''''Dropped (Week 8 onwards)'''''}}
|-
! style="background:blue;" |
! scope="row" | '''''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]'''''
| colspan="3" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Won}}
|{{Lost}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Winner'''
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
| colspan="4" {{CEmpty}}
|{{CEmpty}}
|{{Lost}}
|{{Lost}}
| colspan="47" style="background:salmon; text-align:center;" |'''''Eliminated (Week 7)'''''
|}

==Guests==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:Plum" | Guest(s)
! style="background:Plum" | Notes
! style="background:Plum" | Episode
! style="background:Plum" | Ref.
|-
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Vaani Kapoor]]
|To Promote ''[[Shamshera]]''
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Arjun Bijlani on his reunion with childhood friend Ranbir Kapoor: I felt the best way to cherish that moment forever was to just go and hug him - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-arjun-bijlani-on-his-reunion-with-childhood-friend-ranbir-kapoor-i-felt-the-best-way-to-cherish-that-moment-forever-was-to-just-go-and-hug-him/articleshow/92910445.cms |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India|date=16 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Bharti Singh]] and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
|Guest Appearance in ''Pati vs Patni Special''
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharti Singh and Rupali Ganguly discuss baby-plans; says 'By next year we should have another one to play with our kids' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bharti-singh-and-rupali-ganguly-discuss-baby-plans-says-by-next-year-we-should-have-another-one-to-play-with-our-kids/articleshow/93269607.cms |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India|date=August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Akshay Kumar]]
|To Promote [[Raksha Bandhan (film)|''Raksha Bandhan'']]
| 10
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/akshay-kumar-reveals-rupali-ganguly-tied-him-rakhi-for-five-years-watch-video-8086890/|title=Akshay Kumar reveals Rupali Ganguly tied him rakhi for five years, Anupamaa star promises to continue tradition|work=The Indian Express|date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and Sunita Ahuja
|Guest Appearance in ''Ganesh Chaturthi Special''
|12
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govinda and wife Sunita to grace Ganesh Utsav of Ravivaar with Star Parivaar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/govinda-and-wife-sunita-to-grace-ganesh-utsav-of-ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-425871 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website= [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|Guest Appearance in ''Semi Finale Episode''
|15
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravivaar With Star Parivaar: Kumar Sanu asks Rupali Ganguly 'If she is abusing him?' Find out why|work=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-kumar-sanu-asks-rupali-ganguly-if-she-is-abusing-him-find-out-why-1190743%3famp|access-date=17 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bharti Singh]], [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]], [[Megha Chakraborty]], [[Karan Vohra]], Seerat Kapoor, Celesti Bairagey, [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]]
|Guest in ''Grand Finale Episode''
|16
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-25 |title=Ravivaar with Star Parivaar Grand Finale: Arjun Bijlani sings a song and leaves everyone teary-eyed |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-grand-finale-arjun-bijlani-sings-a-song-and-leaves-everyone-teary-eyed-1192068 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023157/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-grand-finale-arjun-bijlani-sings-a-song-and-leaves-everyone-teary-eyed-1192068 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:30%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:18%;"| Last Aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:27%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Enkitta Modhaade]]'' என்கிட்ட மொதாடே
| 21 April 2018
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 29 September 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Ravivaar With Star Parivaar'' रविवार विथ स्टार परिवार
| 12 June 2022
| [[StarPlus]]
| 25 September 2022
| rowspan="2" | Remake
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]'' आता होऊ दे धिंगाणा
| 10 September 2022
| [[Star Pravah]]
| Ongoing
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar/1260104889 Ravivaar With Star Parivaar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128160821/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar/1260104889 |date=28 November 2022 }}'' at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|tt21744296}}

{{StarPlus Shows}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Kshetram vadyam

2025-08-09T00:42:26Z

KennyRoss67889: small fix

{{Short description|Ritual music of South India}}
{{One source|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
'''Kshetram vadyam''' is the ritual music of [[South India]]. This is the main traditional music of [[Kerala]] state. It is a [[percussion]] dominated music.

==Basis==

Even in comparison to the classical [[carnatic music]] of South India, the hallmark of Kerala music lies in the dominance of percussion instruments, having its roots in the traditional kavu ritual music and the natural environment. Modern Kerala gives us hints of the sources from which these early musicians had created such a mighty and powerful music: the hammering sound of the woodpecker; the various sounds of falling rain on leaves or thatched roofs in the long [[Wet season|rainy season]]; the croaking of the frogs after heavy rainfall; storm and wind moving the leaves of trees, bushes and grass. Or the man-made sounds: the regular noise of wood cutting and chopping; the washer women beating the dirty clothes onto the stones at the river or temple pond. The Malayalees only distinguish two forms of music kutuka (to drum) and pattu (to sing). The term pattu is also used for solo instrumental genres, with instruments like kuzhal (oboe) and kombu pattu (horn).

Percussion domination means that the musical framework of the pieces is not determined by a melody or raga, but consists of a very sophisticated rhythmical structure and content. The ‘melody’ of a piece is formed through a prominent rhythmic sound. Depending on the ritual this rhythm melody is more or less elaborated, and more or fewer compositional or improvisational elements are employed. A melody or raga, where it is used, is usually subordinated to the rhythm (an exception of this rule is kuzhal pattu). The term percussion-dominated indicates that the main instruments are drums and cymbals and the rhythmic structure is the main feature of the music. The wind instruments have in this sense a subordinated role to play. Actually, the function and entry of kuzhal and kombu in the big orchestras is very much the same as a rhythm instrument. The wind instruments have to embellish and to prolong the beat of the drums, to give signs for taking up the kalasom (a kind of cadential phrase) and have to play some pattern on the given talam.
Common to all percussion items is that each single [[music genre]] represents a unique [[Musical composition|musical piece]]. Therefore, one of the bigger orchestral pieces, like the chenda melam (or melam), is always played with the same rhythmic structure. The beauty of every performance is the result of an intelligent and experienced combination of time and tempo. This combination is mainly responsible for whether the concert develops into a superior or merely an [[Best, worst and average case|average performance]]. The main responsibility for this very difficult artistic task lies with the skill of the band leader, who is always a drum player and belongs to the Marar or Pooduval community. He is responsible for guiding the other musicians through the given time frame, to perform a chenda melam in one, two, three or even four hours. The position of the bandleader in melam is to be the most important solo musician, responsible for the pace and progress of the piece, rather than being a conductor guiding the orchestra from the front. The informal and relaxed atmosphere is enhanced by the band playing in front of the elephants, the audience pushing from all sides and punching the air with their fists.

A point of confusion, especially in relationship to Karnatik music, are the terms and descriptions of the many talam (rhythm) cycles used in Kerala music. Though there are a certain distinctive number of talam cycles en vogue (i.e. with distinct numbers of beats and subdivisions) the terms vary by region, genre, and musician groups. We mention the talam cycles and subdivisions as we deal with each genre, using the name most commonly mentioned by the musicians of that genre.

==Kerala percussion genres kshetram vadyam and other Indian music systems==

There has been some confusion about how to categorize the many [[Music of India|Indian music]] systems. The widely used great-little traditions dichotomy (great for "classical" and little for local or "folk" systems) or – their Indian variation – margi-desi sangit - seems unsuitable to be forced upon Kerala's musics. Many criteria for the 'great traditions', like professional status and training of the musicians, could be applied to the majority of the kavu and kshetram musical genres. Kerala musics – like Indian musics in general – consist of complex and interrelated traditions, established on a secular–sacred, and canonised–less canonised continuum, performed by professional, [[semi-professional]] and/or amateur musicians.
In Kerala there has always been a strong emotional debate about whether the musical styles of Kerala constitute an independent category within Indian music or merely count as a subdivision of the Karnatik music system. While the Karnatik vocalist Venkitasubramonia Iyer, for instance, states that "the [[music of Kerala]] is fundamentally identical with the music of the rest of South India" (1969:5), the dramatist Kavalam Panikkar asserts "...each region of the south had its own musical culture which continues to retain its identity..." (1991:132). From an 'all-Indian perspective' we would suggest that there is no close relationship between Karnatik music and Kshetram vadyam and therefore both should be regarded as distinct music systems. The main differences are the ritualistic concepts, the relationship of music and musicians towards the ritual, the musician communities, genres, [[musical instrument]]s, the tala (rhythmic) system, and the organisation and importance of rhythm within the overall concept. The similarities between both systems are not more significant than between Kshetram vadyam and any other music system in India. In the face of the ancient trade relations between Kerala and [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asia]] it might even be interesting to compare Kerala music with some of the genres prevalent on the Indonesian islands of Bali or Java. Finally, it needs to be said that the performers, being part of a living and still amazingly popular tradition, are not particularly concerned about these questions.<ref>From: Killius, Rolf. 2006 ''Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala.'' New Delhi: BR Rhythms. {{ISBN|81-88827-07-X}}; with the author's permission.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Culture of Kerala}}
{{Music of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kshetram Vadyam}}
[[Category:Kerala music]]
[[Category:Percussion music]]

Madin Sahib

2025-06-01T07:47:22Z

KennyRoss67889: put up pg.

{{short description|Former mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Madin Sahib Mosque
| image = Madin_Sahib_Mosque_in_Srinagar_02.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The former mosque in 2016
| location = [[Zadibal]], [[Srinagar]], [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| country = [[India]]
| status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| functional_status = '''Inactive'''; {{small|(partial ruinous state)}}
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| year_completed = 1448
| founded_by = [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Sultan Zain-ul-Abideen]]
| length =
| width =
| spire_quantity = One {{small|([[pagoda]])}}
}}


The '''Madin Sahib Mosque''', also known as the '''Madeen Sahab Masjid''' and the '''Madin Saeb Masjid''', is a former [[mosque]], now in partial ruins, located in the [[Zadibal]] area of [[Srinagar]], in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The mosque is listed as a [[State Protected Monuments|State-protected monument]].<ref name="ASI MNI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |title=List of State Protected Monuments |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/ |archive-date=2011-06-29 |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

== History ==
The Madin Sahib Mosque was built by [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Sultan Zain-ul-Abideen]] in 1448. He named it after his teacher, Syed Mohammad Madani, who is also buried to the left of the mosque.<ref>{{cite book |author=Khan, Mohammad Ishaq |year=2011 |title=Sufis Of Kashmir |page=313 |publisher=Gulshan Books |location=Srinagar, Kashmir |isbn=978-81-8339-095-8}}</ref> Syed Mohammad Madani became Madin Saeb for Kashmiris. Syed Madani came from [[Medina]] to India with [[Timur]] in 1398. He was sent to Kashmir as Timur's envoy to Sultan Sikander. Madin Sahib liked Kashmir so much that he decided to stay.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mishkati, Baba Dawood |title=Asrar-ul-Abrar |lang= |year= |publisher= |page=39 |isbn= }}</ref> He initially stayed in [[Rainawari]] after becoming a disciple of Syed Mohammad Hamadani. He later on moved close to Badshah's Capital [[Nowshahr|Nowshahar]], where Budshah built him the Khankhah. He died on 11 Rajab 849 (13 October 1445). Khwaja Baha-Ud-Din (Ganj-Bakhash) lead his funeral prayer.

Following a dispute between [[Sunni Muslims|Sunni]] and [[Shia Muslims|Shia]] Muslims over ownership of the mosque, the mosque was locked in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |author=Razdan, Viniyak |url=https://searchkashmir.org/2014/12/why-is-madin-sahib-locked.html |title=Why is Madin Sahib locked? |work=Search Kashmir |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=7 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The tile work at the Madin Saeb Mosque is considered one of the unique examples of this art and it is not seen anywhere else in Kashmir or Indian sub-continent.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sabus, Mulla Ahmed |title=Khwarik-us-Salikeen |lang= |year= |publisher= |page=f., 9a |isbn= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Diddamari, Khwaja Muhammad Azam |title=Waqiat-i-Kashmir |lang= |year= |publisher= |pages=95–96 |isbn= }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Madeen Sahib (Madin Sahib) Front..jpg|The front of the mosque
Madeen Sahib (Madin Sahib) Door, showing the orininal writing from the 15th century..jpg|The original writing from the 15th century
Madeen Sahib (Madin Sahib) another picture showing the left side of the front door with recent repairs..jpg|The left side of the front door with recent repairs
File:Madin_Sahib_Mosque_in_Srinagar_01.jpg|Pagoda spire
File:Madin_Sahib_Mosque_in_Srinagar_06.jpg|Front of the mosque
File:Madin_Sahib_Mosque_in_Srinagar_07.jpg|Front of the mosque
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Madin Sahib}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1448]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1440s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with spires]]

Nikhil B.

2025-04-14T22:09:09Z

KennyRoss67889: made

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Krishnanduvil B. Nikhil''' (born 2001)<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Chaudhary |first=Amit |date=2022-08-28 |title=Passion, dreams, hardships unite Kho Kho League players |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/passion-dreams-hardships-unite-kho-kho-league-players/articleshow/93825988.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> is an Indian kho kho player from [[Kerala]]. He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as an all-rounder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> He was part of the Indian men's team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three from Odisha in Indian kho kho teams |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODU2OA== |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He played for [[Rajasthan Warriors]] in the first season and was picked up by [[Odisha Juggernauts]] for the second season in the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]], a franchise based league tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: All you need to know — Preview, Teams, Format, Schedule, Where to Watch, Live Streaming |url=https://thebridge.in/kho-kho/ultimate-preview-teams-schedule-when-live-stream-34526 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Nikhil is from Kuriyathi village, [[Uzhamalackal|Uzhamalakkal]] panchayat, [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], Kerala. He is the son of A. Binu Kumar, a truck driver, and homemaker Bindu, a former kho kho player. She introduced Nikhil to kho kho, and he has a twin brother, Nidhim and another brother.<ref name=":1" /> He did his schooling at Sree Narayana Higher Secondary School. His first coach in the school was S. Sanjay Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഖോ ഖെ‌ാ ഇന്ത്യൻ ടീം അംഗം നിഖിലിന് ജന്മനാട്ടിൽ സ്വീകരണം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thiruvananthapuram/2025/01/26/kho-kho-world-cup-winner-nikhil-uzhamalaykkal.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=ഖോ ഖെ‌ാ ഇന്ത്യൻ ടീം അംഗം നിഖിലിന് ജന്മനാട്ടിൽ സ്വീകരണം |language=ml}}</ref> He completed his bachelor's degree in physical education. He played for SNSC Kerala team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nikhil B Profile 328 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/nikhil-b-profile-328 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In January 2025, he was part of the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=India edge closer to Kho Kho World Cup knockouts after outclassing Brazil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-outclass-brazil-kho-kho-world-cup-edge-closer-to-knockouts-2664829-2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] 62–42 in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feel blessed": India's Gowtham MK after reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 final |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Feel Blessed': India's Gowtham MK & Sachin Bhargo Expressed There Feelings After Reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-sachin-bhargo-expressed-there-feelings-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In the finals, India defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 54–36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In domestic events, he represented Kerala in the Senior National Kho Kho Championship and won a bronze medal. He also participated in the [[Khelo India Youth Games]] and won a silver medal as part of the [[Kerala]] team.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:B., Nikhil}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kerala]]

Vice Presidency of Kamala Harris

2025-04-03T23:15:30Z

KennyRoss67889:

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Harshad Atkari

2025-03-07T15:34:53Z

KennyRoss67889: new...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date= October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| known_for = * ''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
*''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]''
* ''[[Kunya Rajachi Ga Tu Rani]]''
}}

'''Harshad Atkari''' is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] television and film industry. He was born on 17 October 1987 and currently lives in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He is widely known for his roles in ''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]'' as Keshav Sane and ''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]'' as Shubham Jamkhedkar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Phulala Sugandha Maticha to go off-air, netizens share their disappointment |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulala-sugandha-maticha-to-go-off-air-netizens-share-their-disappointment/articleshow/95377119.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title='एकदा शेवटचंच...'; कीर्ती आणि शुभमला कायमचा निरोप देताना कलाकार भावुक |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/star-pravah-serial-phulala-sugandha-maticha-taking-exit-last-episode-shoot-complete-mhnk-791176.html |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
Atkari started his career with Marathi series ''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]'' in 2013 as Keshav Sane.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-13 |title=Marathi serial Durva ends |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/Marathi-serial-Durva-ends/articleshow/55404253.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He starred in ''[[Anjali - Jhep Swapnanchi]]'' in 2016. He also appeared in the series ''[[Saare Tujhyachsathi]]''. In 2020, he played a lead role in ''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]'' as Shubham Jamkhedkar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshad Atkari to play lead role in Phulala Sugandha Maticha |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/actor-harshad-atkari-to-play-lead-role-in-fulala-sugandh-maticha-127647303.html}}</ref>

His most recent lead role was in [[Star Pravah|Star Pravah's]] ''[[Kunya Rajachi Ga Tu Rani]]'' as Kabir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गावातले आहोत, गावंढळ नाही! स्टार प्रवाहवर येतेय नवी मालिका; या दमदार अभिनेत्रीला ओळखलंत का? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/star-pravah-new-serial-kunya-rajachi-tu-rani-starrer-sharvari-jog-and-harshad-atkari/articleshow/101064278.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

He has worked in the Marathi film Sshort and Ssweet.

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2013-2016
|''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
|Keshav Sane
|
|-
|2017
|''Anjali - Jhep Swapnanchi''
|Dr. Yashaswi Khanapurkar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-22 |title=Anjali - Zee Yuva Serial |url=https://marathistars.com/tv-serial/anjali-zee-yuva-serial/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Marathi Stars}}</ref>
|-
|2018-2019
|''[[Saare Tujhyachsathi]]''
|Kartik
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-31 |title=Harshad Atkari and Gautami Deshpande to be seen in Saare Tujhyasathi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/harshad-atkari-and-gautami-deshpande-to-be-seen-in-saare-tujhyasathi/articleshow/65215896.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2020-2022
|''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]''
|Shubham Jamkhedkar
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Harshad Atkari aka Shubham gets emotional as his show Phulala Sugandha Maticha goes off-air |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/harshad-atkari-aka-shubham-gets-emotional-as-his-show-phulala-sugandha-maticha-goes-off-air/articleshow/95980513.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|2023-2024
|''[[Kunya Rajachi Ga Tu Rani]]''
|Kabir Sarpotdar
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netizens praise Harshad Atkari for his performance in Kunya Rajachi Tu G Rani |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/netizens-praise-harshad-atkari-for-his-performance-in-kunya-rajachi-tu-g-rani/articleshow/101933142.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Moon's Shadow''
|Dev
| rowspan="2" |Short film
|-
|''The Judgment Day''
|Shashank
|-
|2023
|''[[Sshort And Ssweet]]''
|Sanju
|Lead role<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-28 |title='Sshort & Ssweet' teaser: Ganesh Kadam gives us sneak peek into Sonali Kulkarni and Shridhar Watsar starrer-Watch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sshort-ssweet-teaser-ganesh-kadam-gives-us-sneak-peek-into-sonali-kulkarni-and-shridhar-watsar-starrer-watch/articleshow/104019027.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8135362}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/harshad_atkari/?hl=en Harshad Atkari] [[Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkari, Harshad}}
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Jaitharia

2024-11-08T01:56:12Z

KennyRoss67889: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bhumihar#Common surnames]]

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Sikkim women's football team

2024-11-01T21:41:46Z

KennyRoss67889: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Sikkim Football Association]]

Champions of Change (award)

2024-04-27T19:11:20Z

KennyRoss67889: rework section to improve readability and added references for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Champions of Change]]

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Bollywood Movie Award – Best Playback Singer Male

2024-04-16T22:00:58Z

KennyRoss67889: corrected section for accuracy and cleaned formatting based on references

#Redirect [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]

Manju Warrier filmography

2024-03-31T17:29:30Z

KennyRoss67889: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Manju Warrier]]

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2019 Rajasthan State Men's League

2024-03-21T23:13:05Z

KennyRoss67889:

{{one source|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Rajasthan State Men's League]]
| season = 2019
| winners = [[Rajasthan United Football Club|JECRC FC]] (1st title)
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| matches = 25
| total goals = 105
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless = Ajmer FC
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[2021 R-League A Division|2021]]
| updated = 6 October 2019
}}
The '''2019 Rajasthan State Men's League'''<ref>{{cite web|title=First Ever Rajasthan State Men's League 2019 Started|url=https://udaipurkiran.com/first-ever-rajasthan-state-mens-league-2019-started/amp/|work=udaipurkiran|date=21 September 2019}}</ref> was the 1st season of the top tier state level football league in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Rajasthan]] conducted by [[Rajasthan Football Association]] starting from 20 September 2019 with 8 participating teams and concluded on 6 October 2019. [[Rajasthan United Football Club|JECRC FC]] become 1st champions.
All matches were played on single venue Rajasthan University Sports Complex.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan State Men’s League|url=https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/|date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

==Teams==
* [[Ajmer FC]]
* [[AU Rajasthan FC]]
* [[Rajasthan United Football Club|JECRC FC]]
* [[Mewar FC]]
* [[Neerja Modi FA]]
* [[Playspace FC]]
* [[Poornima Panthers]]
* [[Zinc Football Academy]]

==Standings==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/rajasthan-state-mens-league-2019/ indiafooty.com]
|update=6 October 2019


|team3=ZF |team7=PP |team6=PL |team4=NM |team5=MW |team1=JE |team2=AU |team8=AJ

|result1=C


|win_ZF =5 |draw_ZF =0 |loss_ZF =2 |gf_ZF =15 |ga_ZF =4 
|win_PP =1 |draw_PP =0 |loss_PP =6 |gf_PP =6 |ga_PP =24 
|win_PL =2 |draw_PL =0 |loss_PL =5 |gf_PL =15 |ga_PL =26 
|win_NM =5 |draw_NM =0 |loss_NM =2 |gf_NM =17 |ga_NM =9 
|win_MW =4 |draw_MW =0 |loss_MW =3 |gf_MW =17 |ga_MW = 14 
|win_JE =6 |draw_JE =0 |loss_JE =1 |gf_JE =29 |ga_JE =7 
|win_AJ =0 |draw_AJ =0 |loss_AJ =7 |gf_AJ =5 |ga_AJ =32 
|win_AU =5 |draw_AU =0 |loss_AU =2 |gf_AU =20 |ga_AU =8 


|name_ZF=[[Zinc Football Academy]]
|name_PP=[[Poornima Panthers]]
|name_PL=[[Playspace FC]]
|name_NM=[[Neerja Modi FA]]
|name_MW=[[Mewar FC]]
|name_JE=[[Rajasthan United Football Club|JECRC FC]]
|name_AU=[[AU Rajasthan FC]]
|name_AJ=[[Ajmer FC]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored;


|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Champions

}}
</onlyinclude>

==Matches==
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 September 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Mewar FC'''
|score= 2-3
|team2= Zinc FA
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 September 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Ajmer FC'''
|score= 1-7
|team2= JECRC FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 September 2019
|round=
|team1= AU Rajasthan FC
|score= 3-0
|team2= '''Neerja Modi FC'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 September 2019
|round=
|team1= Playspace FC
|score= 5-0
|team2= '''Poornima Panthers'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 22 September 2019
|round=
|team1= '''AU Rajasthan FC'''
|score= 1-2
|team2= JECRC FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 22 September 2019
|round=
|team1='''Ajmer FC'''
|score= 0-3
|team2= Zinc FA
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 22 September 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Playspace FC'''
|score= 3-4
|team2= Mewar FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 22 September 2019
|round=
|team1= Neerja Modi FC
|score= 1-0
|team2= '''Poornima Panthers'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 24 September 2019
|round=
|team1= Neerja Modi FC
|score= 2-1
|team2= '''JECRC FC'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 24 September 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Ajmer FC'''
|score= 1-5
|team2= AU Rajasthan FC
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 24 September 2019
|round=
|team1= Mewar FC
|score= 3-1
|team2= '''Poornima Panthers'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 24 September 2019
|round=
|team1= Zinc FA
|score= 3-0
|team2= '''Playspace FC'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 September 2019
|round=
|team1= Neerja Modi FC
|score= 5-0
|team2= '''Zinc FA'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 September 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Ajmer FC'''
|score= 0-3
|team2= Mewar FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 September 2019
|round=
|team1= JECRC FC
|score= 3-0
|team2= '''Poornima Panthers'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 September 2019
|round=
|team1= AU Rajasthan FC
|score= 5-0
|team2= '''Playspace FC'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 2 October 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Playspace FC'''
|score= 1-11
|team2= JECRC FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 2 October 2019
|round=
|team1= Neerja Modi FC
|score= 7-0
|team2= '''Ajmer FC'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 2 October 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Mewar FC'''
|score= 0-1
|team2= AU Rajasthan FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 2 October 2019
|round=
|team1= Zinc FA
|score= 3-0
|team2= '''Poornima Panthers'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 4 October 2019
|round=
|team1= JECRC FC
|score= 1-0
|team2= '''Zinc FA'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 4 October 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Ajmer FC'''
|score= 1-4
|team2= Playspace FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 4 October 2019
|round=
|team1= AU Rajasthan FC
|score= 7-2
|team2= '''Poornima Panthers'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 4 October 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Neerja Modi FA'''
|score= 2-3
|team2= Mewar FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 6 October 2019
|round=
|team1= '''Playspace FC'''
|score= 2-4
|team2= Neerja Modi FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 6 October 2019
|round=
|team1= Poornima Panthers
|score= 3-2
|team2= '''Ajmer FC'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 6 October 2019
|round=
|team1= JECRC FC
|score= 4-2
|team2= '''Mewar FC'''
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 6 October 2019
|round=
|team1= '''AU Rajasthan FC'''
|score= 0-3
|team2= Zinc FA
|goals1=
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Rajasthan University Sports Complex]]
|location= [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Rajasthan]]