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Thennarasu. K.

2026-05-06T18:53:10Z

KennyReveley866: created new page needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Thennarasu. K.''' (born 1990) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thennarasu.K, SRIPERUMBUDUR (SC) constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/thennarasu-k-779/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Kanchipuram district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Thennarasu is from [[Kanchipuram]], Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Kanniyappan. He runs his own business as a commission agent. He studied at Government Higher Secondary School, [[Thiruputkuzhi]] but discontinued before completing Class 10 in 2005. He declared assets worth Rs.52 lakhs in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thennarasu.K(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- SRIPERUMBUDUR (SC)(KANCHEEPURAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=779 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Thennarasu became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 1,47,611 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[K. Selvaperunthagai]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 54,246 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Sriperumbudur Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's Thennarasu K. defeats INC's K. Selvaperunthagai with 54246 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sriperumbudur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905882-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Sriperumbudur election results 2026: TVK’s Thennarasu K wins by 54,246 votes, defeats Congress and AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sriperumbudur-election-results/articleshow/130668485.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Sriperumbudur election result LIVE: Thennarasu K of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sriperumbudur-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072047.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thennarasu, K.}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]

Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)

2026-05-04T18:21:07Z

KennyReveley866:

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Thiru}}
{{About|the 2014 film|the 1985 film|Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naan Sigappu Manithan
| image = Naan Sigappu Manithan 2014 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]
| producer = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapoor]]
| writer = Thiru
| starring = Vishal [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Vishal Film Factory]]
| distributor = [[Vendhar Movies]] [[Ayngaran International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|04|11}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{INRConvert|76|c}}([[#Box office|see{{nbsp}}below]])
}}
'''''Naan Sigappu Manithan''''' ({{translation|I am a Red Man}}) is a 2014 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAAN SIGAPPU MANITHAN (2014) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/naan-sigappu-manithan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzcwnde |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617183914/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/naan-sigappu-manithan-2014 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed by [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]] and produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]]. Co-produced by [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], the film stars himself in the leading role with [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] and [[Ineya]] in supporting roles, while [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] composed the film's music. The film deals with [[narcolepsy]]. It was released on 11 April 2014, and was declared a commercial success. The film opened to positive reviews from critics, many praising Vishal's performances, screenplay, fast-paced narration, while some criticized its second half, which was apparently vulgar to them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naan Sigappu Manithan box office collection |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naan-sigappu-manithan/naan-sigappu-manithan-box-office-apr-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005071951/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naan-sigappu-manithan/naan-sigappu-manithan-box-office-apr-13.html |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the middle of the night, Indhiran, accompanied by his friends Sathish and Karuna, purchases a gun illegally from a local gangster. Back home, Indhiran stares at his wish list and recalls his past.

'''Past''': Since childhood, Indhiran has [[narcolepsy]], a rare disorder which makes him fall asleep whenever his emotions reach an extreme level and keeps him from living an ordinary life. He needs to be accompanied constantly. Companies hesitate to hire him, although he has excelled in academics, and he cannot impregnate women since he falls asleep during [[sexual intercourse|sex]]. However, he can still hear whatever is being said while he sleeps. Indhiran creates a [[Wish list|bucket list]] with goals that he wants to achieve on his own. One day, he ventures out alone, which was one of his goals. When he is almost hit by a vehicle while crossing the road, his fear mounts, and he falls asleep in the middle of the road.

A passerby makes him pose as an orphaned corpse and gathers money from onlookers for his burial. Meera, who passes by, takes pity and shells out almost 5000 rupees. Later, Meera meets Indhiran in a [[shopping mall]] and faints from shock upon seeing him alive. After clearing the misunderstanding, they start dating and fall for each other. Meera makes one of Indhiran's dreams come true (i.e., getting a kiss from a beautiful woman by kissing him), but her father opposes their marriage as Indhiran cannot stay awake during sex. Meera urges Indhiran to find a way to stay awake. It dawns on Indhiran that he had never fallen asleep while showering. Believing that her father will accept Indhiran only when his sexual potency is proved, Meera and Indhiran have sex in his swimming pool, resulting in Meera becoming pregnant.

On a late-night drive, Meera drives her car on an under-construction bridge. Another car hits Meera's car, and the shock makes Indhiran doze off while Meera is brutally attacked and raped by unknown thugs. Indhiran can hear the entire ordeal but remains asleep and sheds a tear for being helpless. Meera falls into a coma, her child is aborted, and a heartbroken Indhiran vows to exact revenge on the perpetrators.

'''Present''': Deciding to exact vengeance alone, Indhiran fails to testify to the police. He begins to question people who knew Meera. Inquiring Meera's friends, Indhiran first suspects Karthik, a rich but ill-mannered guy whose marriage proposal was rejected by Meera. Indhiran confronts him, but he denies any knowledge about the incident, even offering to help Indhiran if required. Indhiran realises that the sound of sudden obstacles makes him sleep. To prevent this, he buys a [[portable audio player]] and uses it with full volume. A transformer explosion right next to him has no effect on him because of the music, and thus, he realises his newfound advantage.

Indhiran also reaches out to a meditation teacher who teaches him to stay calm and be immune to shock by anticipating the event beforehand. Indhiran stays awake a whole night and tries to control his sleep by standing between two loud trains with the audio player at full volume. After obtaining control, Indhiran gets information from a sympathetic police officer regarding attack cases to find a lead. He remembers one of the thugs' names, Sekhar, and his ringtone, while the police find out that the criminals drove a red car. Indhiran stumbles upon a red car at a petrol bunk and inquires the driver, who claims that the car was with a mechanic named Sekhar on the day the crime occurred.

At the workshop, Indhiran spots the mechanic who tries to run upon recognizing him, and a chase ensues, leading them to a building under construction. Informed by Sathish, Karuna arrives there and kills Sekhar. He then injures himself to convince Indhiran that he was assaulted by Sekhar, who escaped the scene. He is then admitted for treatment.

'''Past''': Married to Karuna for two years, Kavitha was dissatisfied with her drunkard husband. She begins an affair with Aravind, a wealthy friend of Karuna. He spends a lot of money buying her expensive gifts. Indhiran gains knowledge of this and advises Kavitha against it. It turns out that Karuna, to realise his ambitions of running a business in the [[United States|US]], had been using his wife to manipulate Aravind. Citing Indhiran's confrontation, Kavitha lied to Aravind that if Karuna learns of their affair, he would kill them both. She suggested that the only way to solve it once and for all is to arrange {{INR}} 20 million that Karuna needs to settle in the US. With him gone, they could enjoy being together. Aravind agreed to finance Karuna out of his lust for her.

Later, when Karuna and Kavitha celebrate their success, Indhiran drops by unexpectedly. Indhiran suspects them and informs Aravind, who confronts the couple. When Aravind realises that he had been cheated, he hits Kavitha in a fit of rage, and she dies after the hit lands her head on the corner of a cupboard. Infuriated, Karuna kills Aravind. He arranges for disposing of the two bodies with the help of the thugs and lies to Indhiran that Kavitha has eloped with Aravind. Since he assumed that Indhiran was responsible for Kavitha's death, Karuna had planned to take vengeance by making him suffer the same way and requested the thugs to attack Meera.

'''Present''': The remaining thugs insist that Karuna bring Indhiran to the same place where Sekhar was killed. Finding out that it was Karuna who had killed Sekhar, they beat him up. When Indhiran arrives, the thugs remove the audio player from Indhiran, who gets an adrenaline rush and dozes off. While the thugs are thrashing him, one of them breaks a [[Water pumping|water pump]], which splashes water all over and awakens Indhiran, who kills them all, except Karuna. Indhiran says that he saw Karuna killing Sekhar. When Indhiran questions Karuna why he sent thugs to attack Meera, Karuna angrily tells him that it was revenge for Kavitha's death, which was caused by Indhiran telling Aravind the truth.

Karuna angrily attacks Indhiran, and Indhiran retaliates by hitting Karuna violently. Despite feeling bad for his friend and being hesitant to kill him due to their close friendship, he remembers Meera and kills Karuna by kicking him into a [[steel bar]]. With all his wishes fulfilled, Indhiran has a new wish to help Meera recover soon. The final scene shows Indhiran hugging Meera, who is tearful hearing him, showing that she is definitely recovering.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Indhiran
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] as Meera ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Deepa Venkat]])
* [[Ineya]] as Kavitha ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Suchitra]])
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Sumathi
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Meera's father
* [[Sunder Ramu]] as Karuna
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Sathish
* Chethan Cheenu as Aravind
* [[Prinz Nithik]] as Guna
* [[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]] as Karthik
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Passerby
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Periyanayaki
* [[V. I. S. Jayapalan]] as Kottaiperumal
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Doctor
* [[Nisha Ganesh|Nisha Krishnan]] as Gayathri, Meera's friend
* Shyamili Sukumar
{{colend}}

==Production and distribution==
[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] announced that director [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]] would direct a film under his production house in June 2013, and that [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] would play the lead role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal bets on Jai and Thiru, Thiru, Samar |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vishal-bets-on-jai-and-thiru--thiru-samar-12-07-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031302/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vishal-bets-on-jai-and-thiru--thiru-samar-12-07-13.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> However, in October 2013, Jai announced that his schedules were busy and thus Vishal himself opted to play the lead role in the film. [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] was selected to play the lead heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal is set to work with director Thiru for the third time in a row |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/vishal-is-set-to-work-with-director-thiru-for-the-third-time-in-a-row.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033522/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/vishal-is-set-to-work-with-director-thiru-for-the-third-time-in-a-row.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

The film began production on 29 November 2013, and it was announced that [[Ineya]] was added to the cast to play another leading female role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal starts Rajinikanth's role |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vishal-starts-Rajinikanths-role/articleshow/26565641.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129105156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vishal-starts-Rajinikanths-role/articleshow/26565641.cms |archive-date=29 November 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[STAR Vijay]] bought the satellite rights.<ref>{{Cite news |title=STAR Vijay bags Naan Sigappu Manithan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Vijay-TV-bags-Naan-Sigappu-Manithan/articleshow/33487518.html |work=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naan Sigappu Manithan
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Naan Sigappu Manithan
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 13 March 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Sony Music
| producer = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| prev_title = [[Nimirndhu Nil]] / [[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Saivam]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal's 'Naan Sigappu Manithan' Tracklist Released |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/538965/20140216/vishal-naan-sigappu-manithan-tracklist-teaser-release.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043402/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/538965/20140216/vishal-naan-sigappu-manithan-tracklist-teaser-release.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=17 February 2014 |work=[[IBTimes]]}}</ref>

| title1 = Yelelo
| extra1 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], Chorus
| length1 =

| title2 = Lovely Ladies
| extra2 = [[Gana Bala]], [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam|Aryan Dinesh]], G. V. Prakash Kumar
| length2 =

| title3 = Penne Oh Penne
| extra3 = [[Vandana Srinivasan]], Al-Rufian
| length3 =

| title4 = Idhayam Unnai Theduthe
| extra4 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, [[Saindhavi]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Aadu Machi (Remix of Lovely Ladies)
| extra5 = DJ Vijay Chawla
| length5 =

| title6 = A Restless Soul
| extra6 = Theme
| length6 =
}}

==Critical reception==
The film opened to positive reviews from critics, many praising Vishal's performances, screenplay, fast-paced narration, while some criticized its second half, which was apparently vulgar to them.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2014 |title='Naan Sigappu Manithan' Review Roundup: Gripping Action Thriller |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/547790/20140411/naan-sigappu-manithan-review-positive-nsm-naansigappumanithan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411215748/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/547790/20140411/naan-sigappu-manithan-review-positive-nsm-naansigappumanithan.htm |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The hero is a narcoleptic, and this aspect is not just a cool marketing gimmick. It has been integrated into the very fibre of the film...The first half is strong..the director, Thiru, displays a lot of control in scenes that could have erupted into melodrama....And then we enter the second half, and the film goes haywire...Still, given the general state of hero-oriented Tamil cinema, where a hollow kind of masculinity is endlessly celebrated, it’s nice to root for a hero who isn’t a slacker but a brilliant student, and who sits down with his pals for a cup of tea, rather than booze, and who gets rejected by a girl his mother sets him up with".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naan-sigappu-manidhan-a-doze-of-action/article5904961.ece Naan Sigappu Manidhan: A doze of action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124312/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naan-sigappu-manidhan-a-doze-of-action/article5904961.ece%20/ |date=26 December 2018 }} ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' stated, "Thiru is able to make an engrossing actor driven entertainer without any super hero gimmicks. ''Naan Sigappu Manithan '' is an gripping entertainer which is not run-of-the-mill".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411182310/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-sigappu-manithan-review-tamil-15053046.html Movie Review : Naan Sigappu Manithan] ''[[Sify]]''</ref> Siddarth Srinivas of ''Cinemalead'' gave 3.5/5 and concluded, "Vishal sleeps, you wont!"<ref>[http://cinemalead.com/moviereview-id-nsm-review--naan-sigappu-manithan-review--vishal--thiru--gvp--review284.htm Naan Sigappu Manithan review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629080755/http://cinemalead.com/moviereview-id-nsm-review--naan-sigappu-manithan-review--vishal--thiru--gvp--review284.htm |date=29 June 2014 }} ''Cinemalead''</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3/5 and wrote, "There is intelligence in this script...but Thiru slips quite a bit in the second half as he goes for one twist too many in explaining why Meera is attacked. What we are left with is a feeling of mild discontent, as a promising premise is compromised for a generic revenge drama".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/moviereviewarticlelist/naan-sigappu-manithan/movie-review/33624886.cms Naan Sigappu Manithan movie review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129045614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/naan-sigappu-manithan/movie-review/33624886.cms |date=29 November 2021 }} ''[[Times of India]]''</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 3/5 and stated, "''Naan Sigappu Manithan'' is a riveting revenge drama with an honest narrative, excellent performances and many entertaining twists and turns".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-naan-sigappu-manithan-is-a-riveting-revenge-drama/20140411.htm Review: Naan Sigappu Manithan is a riveting revenge drama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414033620/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-naan-sigappu-manithan-is-a-riveting-revenge-drama/20140411.htm |date=14 April 2014 }} ''[[Rediff]]''</ref> Anupama Subramanian of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote, "Overall, a gripping entertainer with an unusual theme.".<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140412/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-naan-sigappu-manithan-vishal-gives-laudable Naan Sigappu Manithan (aka) Nan Sigapu Manidhan review] ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' gave 2.75/5 and concluded, "A fair entertainer that loses the steam through the second half.".<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/naan-sigappu-manithan-tamil-movie-review-18189 Naan Sigappu Manithan – A brimming start that dozes through the second half] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728050639/http://www.indiaglitz.com/naan-sigappu-manithan-tamil-movie-review-18189 |date=28 July 2014 }} ''Indiaglitz''</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave it 2.75/5 stars and stated, "Despite minor moments where the script deviates from its USP, ''Naan Sigappu Manithan'' pulls through as a pretty tense drama that ticks the commercial requirements".<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naan-sigappu-manithan/naan-sigappu-manithan-review.html Naan Sigappu Manithan review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414015921/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naan-sigappu-manithan/naan-sigappu-manithan-review.html |date=14 April 2014 }} ''Behindwoods''</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 2.5/5 and wrote, "NSM stands testimonial to the fact that a simple story that has been milked dry over the years can still be narrated in myriad engaging ways. One such way is what we see in this film, which is not an exceptional thriller, but definitely has the potential to keep you hooked."<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/naan-sigappu-manithan-keeps-you-hooked-ians-tamil-movie-review-114041200278_1.htmlNaan Sigappu Manithan review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129045611/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/naan-sigappu-manithan-keeps-you-hooked-ians-tamil-movie-review-114041200278_1.html |date=29 November 2021 }} ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]''</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2/5 and stated, "Despite a novel subject, Naan Sigappu Manithan fails to deliver".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140412082955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-despite-a-novel-subject-naan-sigappu-manithan-fails-to-deliver/article1-1207257.aspx Movie review: Despite a novel subject, Naan Sigappu Manithan passes to deliver] ''[[Hindustan Times]]''</ref> Bharath Vijaykumar of ''Moviecrow'' gave 2.75/5 and concluded, "NSM has a neat first half and a decent second half with disconnect between the two halves.".<ref>[http://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1486/naan-sigappu-manithan-tamil-movie-review Naan Sigappu Manithan review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718135448/http://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1486/naan-sigappu-manithan-tamil-movie-review |date=18 July 2014 }} ''Moviecrow''</ref>

===Box office===
{{Unreliable sources|section|date=April 2020}}
The film opened to magnificent response at the box office by collecting {{INR}}12.14 crore in its first day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2014 |title=Naan Sigappu Manithan First Day Collection At Box Office |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/naan-sigappu-manithan-first-day-collection-box-office-136428.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207134240/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/naan-sigappu-manithan-first-day-collection-box-office-136428.html |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=5 December 2014 |website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}}30.1 crore in its first weekend despite competition from ''[[Tenaliraman (film)]]''. The film grossed {{INR}}3.52 crore in Chennai first week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naan Sigappu Manithan box office collection |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naan-sigappu-manithan/naan-sigappu-manithan-box-office-apr-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207045527/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naan-sigappu-manithan/naan-sigappu-manithan-box-office-apr-13.html |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3569788}}
{{UTV Movies}}
{{Vishal Film Factory}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films about sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thiru (director)]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Fiction about narcolepsy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Baliyan Akki

2026-05-02T19:12:56Z

KennyReveley866: creating a bio from scratch

{{short description|Indian professional wrestler}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name = Baliyan Akki
|image =
|caption = Baliyan Akki in 2023
|birthname =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|05|30|mf=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=35533|title=Baliyan Akki • General Information|website=wrestlingdata.com|first=Axel|last=Saalbach|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[India]]
|names = '''Baliyan Akki'''
|height = 175 cm<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=20364|title=Baliyan Akki/Career Data|work=cagematch.de|language=de|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>
|weight = 78 kg
|resides =
|billed =
|trainer =
|debut = 2015
|retired =
}}
'''Ankur Baliyan''', better known by his [[ring name]] '''Baliyan Akki''', is an Indian [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] currently working for the Japanese promotion [[Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling]]. He also appears in Wrestling Xtreme Mania (WXM) and is known for his performances in various other promotions from the Japanese independent circuit such as [[DDT Pro-Wrestling]] and [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/baliyan-akki-17303.html|title=Baliyan Akki Profile & Match Listing|work=profightdb.com|author=InternetWrestling Database (IWD)|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>

== Professional wrestling career ==

=== WXM (Wrestling Xtreme Mania) (2025-Present) ===
Akki joined [[WXM Powerbomb|WXM]] which is wrestling Xtreme Mania a new Indian wrestling promotion in 2025, as part of a faction with [[Mei Suruga]] and [[Anthony Greene]] as his tag team members. Faction name is [[JAI connection]] (Japan-America-India connection). They have become the first tag team champions from WXM.

=== Indian Independent Circuit (2015–2017) ===
Baliyan made his [[professional wrestling]] debut in Wrestle Square, a promotion from the [[Professional wrestling in India|Indian independent scene]]. He succeeded in holding the intercontinental championship of the promotion on three different occasions. He spent roughly two years in various promotions from the circuit, before going to Japan at the beginning of 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Scott |date=March 27, 2021 |title=ChocoPro Origins: An Exclusive Interview with Gatoh Move's Baliyan Akki |url=https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2021/03/27/chocopro-origins-gatoh-moves-baliyan-akki/ |access-date=July 21, 2021 |work=Last Word on Pro Wrestling}}</ref>

=== Gatoh Move (2017–present) ===
Baliyan is mainly known for his tenure with [[Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling]]. He made his debut at ''Gatoh Move Japan Tour #325'' on December 2, 2017, where he teamed up with [[Choun Shiryu]] to defeat [[Emi Sakura]] and [[Masahiro Takanashi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gatohmove.com/?p=2256|script-title=ja:Gatoh-Move Japan Tour・325　2017年12月2日　市ヶ谷チョコレート広場|work=gatohmove.com|author=''[[Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling]]''|language=Japanese|date=December 3, 2017|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref> During his time in the promotion, he formed the tag team of "Best Bros" with Mei Suruga, alongside whom he would chase for the [[Asia Dream Tag Team Championship]], titles which they first won at ''ChocoPro 76'' on December 31, 2020, by defeating Reset (Emi Sakura and [[Kaori Yoneyama]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=475575|title=Gatoh Move GTMV #41|publisher=Wrestlingdata.com}}</ref> He is also a former [[Super Asia Championship|Super Asia Champion]], a title which he first won in an interim phase by defeating Choun Shiryu at ''ChocoPro 197'' on January 29, 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://proresu-today.com/archives/180839|script-title=ja:【チョコプロ】＜ChocoPro 197＞スーパーアジア暫定王者選手権はアッキが勝利|website=www.proresu-today.com|author=Masked TODAY|date=January 29, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2022|language=ja}}</ref> and then lineal champion [[Minoru Fujita]] to became the undisputed titleholder at ''ChocoPro 200'' on February 13, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=336393|title=Gatoh Move ChocoPro #200 Day 2|work=cagematch.net|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|date=February 13, 2022|access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref>

Baliyan competed in [[Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling]]'s 2021 edition of the [[Ganbare Climax]] tournament, where he fell short to [[Yumehito Imanari]] in the first rounds, a competition which was also disputed for the inaugural [[Spirit of Ganbare World Openweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ddtpro.com/results/16816|script-title=ja:ガンバレ☆クライマックス2021 1st ROUND|trans-title=Ganbare☆Climax 2021 1st Round|work=[[DDT Pro-Wrestling]]|date=October 24, 2021|access-date=October 29, 2021|language=ja}}</ref> He competed at [[NJPW Strong]]'s [[Fighting Spirit Unleashed (2023)|Fighting Spirit Unleashed]] on October 28, 2023, where he teamed up with [[Titus Alexander]] and Jakob Austin Young, losing to [[Team Filthy]] ([[Jorel Nelson]], [[Royce Isaacs]], and [[Danny Limelight]]).

=== All Japan Pro Wrestling (2020–2022) ===
Baliyan made his first appearance in [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] (AJPW) on the second night of the ''AJPW Summer Action Series II 2020'' on August 23, where he fell short to [[Francesco Akira]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://happywrestlingland.com/2020/08/26/captain-lous-review-ajpw-summer-action-series-ii-8-23-2020/|title=Captain Lou's Review: AJPW Summer Action Series II (8/23/2020)|work=happywrestlingland.com|author=''Captain Lou''|date=August 26, 2020|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref> He continued to make sporadic appearances, especially in signature events. One of them was the [[Champion Carnival]], in which he competed in the 2020 edition, but not as part of the big tournament. He teamed up with [[Yusuke Okada (wrestler)|Yusuke Okada]] on the third night of the event, September 13, where they fell short to Jin ([[Fuminori Abe]] and [[Jake Lee (wrestler)|Jake Lee]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voicesofwrestling.com/2020/09/13/ajpw-champion-carnival-2020-night-2-september-13-results-review/|title=AJPW CHAMPION CARNIVAL 2020 NIGHT 2 (SEPTEMBER 13) RESULTS & REVIEW|work=voicesofwrestling.com|first=Di Trolio|last=Gerard|date=September 13, 2020|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref> On the first night of the ''AJPW New Year Wars 2022'' from January 2, he competed in the traditional [[Battle royal (professional wrestling)|battle royal]] won by [[Rising Hayato]], which also involved other notable opponents like [[Menso-re Oyaji]], [[Shigehiro Irie]], [[Shuji Ishikawa]], [[Takao Omori]], [[Yoshi Tatsu]], and the [[Saito Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voicesofwrestling.com/2022/01/02/ajpw-new-year-wars-2022-night-1-january-2-results-review/|title=AJPW NEW YEAR WARS 2022 NIGHT 1 (JANUARY 2) RESULTS & REVIEW|work=voicesofwrestling.com|first=Di Trolio|last=Gerard|date=January 2, 2022|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>

=== North American independent circuit (2022–present) ===
Baliyan briefly competed in several promotions from the American independent scene as a talent sent overseas by Gatoh Move. In [[All Elite Wrestling]], he started in [[AEW Dark]], making his first appearance at ''AEW Dark #157'', which was taped July 16, 2022 and released on August 16, where he fell short against [[Angélico]] in singles competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwmania.com/video-watch-aew-dark-8-16-22-episode-157|title=Video: Watch AEW Dark (8/16/22) – Episode 157|work=pwmania.com|author=''PWMania Staff''|date=August 17, 2022|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref> At ''AEW Dark #180'' on December 17, 2022, he teamed up with Marcus Kross and Vary Morales in a losing effort against [[The Dark Order]] ([[Beaver Boys|Alex Reynolds]] and [[John Silver (wrestler)|John Silver]]) in a six-man tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wrestling.pt/aew-dark-episodio-180/|title=AEW Dark (Episódio 180)|work=wrestling.pt|first=Luís|last=Salvador|date=December 18, 2022|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>

In [[Game Changer Wrestling]], Baliyan made his first appearance at ''GCW Jimmy Lloyd's D-Generation F'' on March 31, 2023, where he teamed up with Mei Suruga and fell short to Wasted Youth (Dyln McKay and Marcus Mathers), CPF (Danny Black and Joe Lando), and The Bang Bros (August Matthews and Davey Bang) in a four-way tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/1244832/gcw-jimmy-lloyds-d-generation-f-2023-results/|title=GCW Jimmy Lloyd's D-Generation F 2023 Results (3/31): Jimmy Lloyd Faces 15-Year-Old Bodhi Young Prodigy, More|work=wrestlinginc.com|first=Danny|last=Wolstanholme|date=March 31, 2023|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>

In [[CMLL]], Baliyan participated in the [[CMLL International Gran Prix|Grand Prix Internacional 2023 Torneo Cibernetico]], in a bout in which he teamed up with Adrian Quest, [[Francesco Akira]], [[Hiromu Takahashi]], [[Kushida (wrestler)|Kushida]], [[Rocky Romero]], [[Kalisto (wrestler)|Samuray del Sol]], and [[T. J. Perkins|TJP]] as "Team International" in a losing effort to Team Mexico ([[Ángel de Oro]], [[Averno (wrestler)|Averno]], [[Dragón Rojo Jr.]], [[Gran Metalik|Mascara Dorada]], [[Místico]], [[Templario]], [[Ultimo Guerrero]], and [[Volador Jr.]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/2023/8/25/23846256/cmll-roundup-mistico-wins-grand-prix-2023-more|title=CMLL Roundup: Mistico wins Grand Prix 2023, more!|work=cagesideseats.com|first=Has Pizzazz|last=Manolo|date=August 25, 2023|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>

At ''TRP The Spindle City Rumble'', an event promoted by [[Top Rope Promotions]] on December 30, 2022, Baliyan competed in the [[Royal Rumble match|Spindle City rumble]] won by Jora Johl and involving notable opponents such as [[Evan Markopoulos|Elia Markopoulos]] and [[Bob Evans (wrestler)|Bob Evans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=362229|title=TRP The Spindle City Rumble 2022|work=cagematch.de|language=de|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|date=December 30, 2022|access-date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>

== Championships and accomplishments ==
*'''[[Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling]]'''
**[[Super Asia Championship]] ([[Super Asia Championship#Title history|1 time]])
**Interim [[Super Asia Championship]] ([[Super Asia Championship#Title history|1 time]])
**[[Asia Dream Tag Team Championship]] ([[Asia Dream Tag Team Championship#Title history|2 times]]) – with [[Mei Suruga]]
*'''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
**Ranked No. 378 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[PWI 500]]'' of 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tjrwrestling.net/news/complete-2023-pwi-500-list-revealed-top-njpw-star-absent/|title=Complete 2023 PWI 500 List Revealed, Top NJPW Star Absent|work=tjrwrestling.net|first=Sondra|last=Ruth|date=September 14, 2023|access-date=September 20, 2023}}</ref>
*'''Wrestling Xtreme Mania'''
**WXM World Tag Team Championship (1 time, inaugural, current) - with [[Anthony Greene]]
*Wrestle Square
**Wrestle Square Intercontinental Championship (3 Times)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Twitter|baliyanxakki|Baliyan Akki バリヤン•アッキ}}

{{navboxes
|list1=
{{Super Asia Championship}}
{{Asia Dream Tag Team Championship}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akki, Baliyan}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Super Asia Champions]]
[[Category:Asia Dream Tag Team Champions]]

Komala Varadan

2026-04-29T04:41:23Z

KennyReveley866: Added A Stub Needs Work

{{short description|Indian classical dancer of Bharatnatyam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Komala Varadan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Classical dancer Painter Photographer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Bharatnatyam]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{Url|http://www.komalavaradan.com/home.html|komalavaradan.com}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Sahitya Kala Parishad Samman Bharat Shiromani Award [[Kalaimamani Award]] [[Rajyotsava Prashasthi]] Natya Rani [[International Biographical Centre|IBC]] International Woman of the Year Award Full Circle Inner Flame Award
}}
'''Komala Varadan''' is an Indian classical dancer of [[Bharatnatyam]], writer<ref name="Komala Varadan Performing in Athens">{{cite web | url=http://elinepa.org/2007/10/01/komala-varadan-performing-in-athens/?lang=en | title=Komala Varadan Performing in Athens | publisher=Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Development | date=1 October 2007 | access-date=3 December 2015 | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060650/http://elinepa.org/2007/10/01/komala-varadan-performing-in-athens/?lang=en | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the founder of ''Kalaikoodam'', a Delhi-based institute for promoting arts, literature and culture.<ref name="Kalaikoodam (Komala Varadan Institute of Art)">{{cite web | url=http://www.delhievents.com/2009/05/kalaikoodam-komala-varadan-institute-of.html | title=Kalaikoodam (Komala Varadan Institute of Art) | publisher=Delhi Events | date=2015 | access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> She is known to be proficient in various art forms such as choreography, photography and painting.<ref name="Exploring relationship between art forms">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001110/cth2.htm | title=Exploring relationship between art forms | publisher=Tribune | date=9 November 2000 | access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==
Varadan learnt classical dance from one of the leading dance maestros of India, [[Vazhuvoor B. Ramaiyah Pillai|Vazhuvoor Ramiah Pillai.]] She has performed on many stages in India and abroad. Her paintings have been exhibited at many galleries including the [[Russian Centre of Science and Culture]] (RCSC), New Delhi and the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi. She has published two novels and a text on Bharatnatyam and has served as the member of the Jury of the 30th National Film Awards for the feature films section. She is also a member of the Authors Guild of India.<ref name="Exploring relationship between art forms" />

Varadan is a recipient of the [[Kalaimamani Award]] of the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Rajyotsava Prashasthi]] of the Government of [[Karnataka]], Natya Rani title, International Woman of the Year Award (1998 -1999) of the [[International Biographical Centre]], [[Cambridge]], Sahitya Kala Parishad Samman and the Full Circle Inner Flame Award (1999).<ref name="World Dance Day by Komala Varadan_‘Natya Rani’ title in Singapore">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xpsoo7_world-dance-day-by-komala-varadan-natya-rani-title-in-singapore_news | title=World Dance Day by Komala Varadan_'Natya Rani' title in Singapore | publisher=Naresh Kumar Sagar | date=30 March 2012 | access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Prakritim Vande - Dance by Padmashri Komala Varadan in Austin">{{cite web | url=http://www.austinindian.com/desi/prakritim-vande-dance-by-padmashri-komala-varadan--event-39106 | title=Prakritim Vande - Dance by "Padmashri" Komala Varadan in Austin | publisher=Austin India | date=2012 | access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2005, for her contributions to Indian classical dance.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> Three years earlier, Varadan was in the news for a [[civil suit]] filed by her against the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), for categorising performing artists over the age of 45 as ''lecture-demonstration presenters''. However, the court ruling was against her.<ref name="Past your Prime -Ageism in dance">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/articles/art85.html | title=Past your Prime -Ageism in dance | publisher=Narthaki | date=25 April 2003 | access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> Her life has been documented in an autobiography, ''Komala Varadan'', published in 1985.<ref name="Komala Varadan">{{cite book | asin=B0040IWSNK | title=Komala Varadan | publisher=Komala Varadan Institute of Art | author=Komala Varadan | year=1985}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bharatnatyam]]
* [[30th National Film Awards]]
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6vXDGXrbYE | title=Komala Varadan Performance | publisher=Soundravalli Mayandi | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 June 2010 | access-date=3 December 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWwSNaumGC0 | title=Komala Varadan talks about 'Expressions' Bharatanatyam recital | publisher=Delhi Events | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=13 April 2009 | access-date=3 December 2015}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Komala Varadan | publisher=Komala Varadan Institute of Art | author=Komala Varadan | year=1985 | asin=B0040IWSNK}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varadan, Komala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Dancers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Photographers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Novelists from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Satish Chandra Sharma

2026-04-23T04:32:44Z

KennyReveley866: created first biography basic info

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{about||the Indian politician|Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satish Chandra Sharma
| image = Justice Satish Chandra Sharma.jpg
| office = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 9 November 2023
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|32nd Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel|D. N. Patel]]|[[Vipin Sanghi]] ''(acting)''}}
| term_start1 = 28 June 2022
| term_end1 = 8 November 2023
| nominator1 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| successor1 = [[Manmohan (judge)|Manmohan]]
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Telangana High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Telangana High Court]]
| term_start2 = 11 October 2021
| term_end2 = 27 June 2022
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[Hima Kohli]]|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. R. Rao]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor2 = [[Ujjal Bhuyan]]
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator2 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office3 = Judge of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start3 = 4 January 2021
| term_end3 = 10 October 2021
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator3 = [[S. A. Bobde]]
| term_start4 = 31 August 2021
| term_end4 = 10 October 2021
| appointer4 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| successor4 = [[Ritu Raj Awasthi]]
| predecessor4 = [[A. S. Oka]]
| office5 = Judge of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start5 = 18 January 2008
| term_end5 = 3 January 2021
| appointer5 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator5 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| website = [https://api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges/ Supreme Court of India]
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]]
| education = [[B.Sc]] and [[LL.B]]
| status4 = Acting Chief Justice
}}
'''Satish Chandra Sharma''' (born 30 November 1961) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Satish Chandra Sharma {{!}} Supreme Court of India {{!}} India |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-satish-chandra-sharma/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250907084102/https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-satish-chandra-sharma/ |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.sci.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a former chief justice of the [[Delhi High Court]] and [[Telangana High Court]]. He has also served as the acting chief justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]] and judge of the Karnataka High Court and [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://117.239.39.52/?q=node/70|title = Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works}}</ref><ref name="mphc">{{cite web|url=http://www.mphc.gov.in/honble-judges|title=Hon'ble Judges | High Court of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=mphc.gov.in|accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma enrolled as an advocate on 1 September 1984 and became one of the leading lawyers of Madhya Pradesh. In 2003, he was designated as a Senior Advocate by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at the young age of 42 being one of the youngest senior advocates of Madhya Pradesh High Court. He practiced in constitutional, service, civil and criminal matters in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="239a">{{cite web|url=http://117.239.39.52/?q=node/70|title=HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE SATISH CHANDRA SHARMA, B.Sc., LL.B. | High Court Of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=117.239.39.52|accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref>

He was elevated as an additional judge of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] on 18 January 2008 and permanent on 15 January 2010. He was transferred as judge of the [[Karnataka High Court]] on 31 December 2020 and took oath on 4 January 2021. Sharma was later appointed acting chief justice of the Karnataka High Court on 31 August 2021 consequent upon the appointment of [[A. S. Oka]] as a judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]. He was elevated as chief justice of the [[Telangana High Court]] on 11 October 2021. He was transferred as chief justice of the [[Delhi High Court]] on 28 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Satish Chandra Sharma {{!}} Welcome To Delhi High Court |url=https://www.delhihighcourt.nic.in/web/Judges/justice-satish-chandra-sharma |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

==Education==
Sharma graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1981 with distinction in three subjects. He was awarded National Merit Scholarship for Post Graduate Studies. He enrolled as a student of law in [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] in 1981. Graduated on top of the class and obtained a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree in 1984 with three university Gold Medals.<ref name="mphc"/>

==Family==
His father, Dr. B N Sharma apart from being an agriculturalist, was also an eminent academic who served as a professor of Jabalpur University and as the Vice Chancellor of Barkatullah University. His mother, Shrimati Shanti Sharma was a principal at Maharani Lakshmibai Higher Secondary school and also worked as district education officer at Jabalpur before retirement.<ref name="239a"/>

==Further information==
Sharma is on the advisory board of Law Journal published by National Law Institute University, Bhopal.<ref name="mphc"/><ref name="239a"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Satish Chandra}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal]]

Idaya Kovil

2026-04-20T13:33:36Z

KennyReveley866: Added New Article Added Tags

{{Short description|1985 film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Idaya Kovil.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| producer = [[Kovaithambi]]
| screenplay = [[M. G. Vallabhan]]
| story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| starring = [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Raja Rajan
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = [[Motherland Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|9|14|ref1=}}
| runtime = 160 minutes{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Idaya Kovil''''' ({{translation|Temple of the Heart}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], starring [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Goundamani]]. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] which went on to become hits. The film, released on 14 September 1985,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=14 September 2022 |title=இதயம் எனும் இசைக் கோயில்! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/37-years-of-idhayakoil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914110129/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/37-years-of-idhayakoil |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu magazine|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> did well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-02 |title=Happy birthday Ilaiyaraaja and Mani Ratnam! |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-and-mani-ratnam-672992.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510104524/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-and-mani-ratnam-672992.html |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=2020-05-02 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Suriya, a college girl, wishes to get popular singer Shankar to sing in her college festival. Initial attempts to meet Shankar prove futile as he is a recluse. Nonetheless, she breaks into his home to meet him but is shocked to discover him in an inebriated state. She makes efforts to make him sober and come to the festival. It works as Shankar performs at the festival. Over time, as they become friends, Shankar stops drinking and Suriya falls in love with him, but he has a dark past which is then revealed.

Before becoming famous, Shankar grew up in a village where he used to sing in the festivals. He loved a woman named Gauri and, with encouragement from her, wishes to become a famous singer and leaves for [[Chennai|Madras]]. He soon gets an opportunity to sing for a radio program but unknown to him, Gauri arrived at Madras on the same day. Without Shankar to receive her at the bus stop, she gets lost in the city when trying to find Shankar and is chased by a group of thugs and finds refuge in a temple, where she commits suicide. At the same time Shankar sings for the program and later finds her body in the temple. This incident drives Shankar into an alcoholic recluse.

Meanwhile, Suriya's parents arrange for her to be married to her friend. Although Suriya wants to marry Shankar, he refuses stating that his only true love is Gauri even though he cares about her. On the day of the wedding, just before the ceremony, Suriya collapses and dies, having consumed poison prior to the marriage.

The film ends as Shankar looks over the graves of both Gauri and Suriya.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Shankar{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Suriya{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Gowri{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
* [[Goundamani]] as Logidhasan Bhagavathar
* Kapil Dev as Suresh
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Suresh's friend
* [[Charle]] as Charle
* [[Senthil]] as Logidhasan Bhagavathar's assistant
* [[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as Reddiar (Gowri's father)
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Suresh's friend
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Shankar's friend
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Kanagasabai
* [[Meesai Murugesan]] as Petti Shopper
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Violinist
* [[Typist Gopu]] as Kadam Player
* [[Pasi Narayanan]] as Ponnabalam
* [[Master Haja Sheriff|Kaaja Sheriff]]
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Music conductor (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 3, 2025 |title=Veteran Tamil Actor And Music Composer Madan Bob Passes Away |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/veteran-tamil-actor-and-music-composer-madan-bob-passes-away-2940665.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803030326/https://zeenews.india.com/people/veteran-tamil-actor-and-music-composer-madan-bob-passes-away-2940665.html |archive-date=2025-08-03 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Producer [[Kovaithambi]] of [[Motherland Pictures]] had the dates of [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], as well as a story ready for a potential film. He sent over the narration of his story in an audio cassette to [[Mani Ratnam]], who he wanted to direct the script. Ratnam was then busy finishing work on ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' (1985) and initially turned down the opportunity to direct the film. Kovaithambi subsequently called up the managers of Radha and Ambika and postponed their schedules, and stated that he would wait for Ratnam to finish work on ''Pagal Nilavu'' and was adamant that Ratnam should direct his script.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|page=42}}

After finishing his other film, Ratnam returned and narrated a script titled ''Divya'', which later went on to become ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986), to Kovaithambi, but he refused and insisted that Ratnam worked on his original script with Radha and Ambika. Ratnam initially wrote a screenplay for the film, inspired from the American film ''[[Limelight (1952 film)|Limelight]]'' (1952), with the plot being narrated from the perspective of a star. Kovaithambi was unimpressed with the idea and demanded that Ratnam concentrate only on the technical work of the film. The producer also insisted on inserting a comedy track written by Veerapan featuring [[Goundamani]] into the film.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|page=42}} Ratnam wanted [[P. C. Sreeram]] to be the cinematographer, but that position instead went to Raja Rajan.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=31}} While shooting a scene where Radha rides a horse, the horse galloped and Radha got hurt after falling down.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 1985 |title=குதிரை சவாரி செய்த ராதா கீழே விழுந்தார் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_255/4.jp2/full/1000,1348/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250117150109/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_255/4.jp2/full/1000,1348/0/default.jpg |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=17 January 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]] }}</ref>

Despite the film's commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=9 November 2012 |title=Leader for all times |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/leader-for-all-times/article4079107.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051415/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/leader-for-all-times/article4079107.ece |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=22 April 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ratnam told film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] that the filming process had made him "miserable", and that he understood that the reason he came into cinema was not to make films like ''Idaya Kovil'', and was adamant to not make any more commercial compromises to his films.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|page=42}} Irked by Ratnam's remarks on ''Idaya Kovil'', Kovaithambi expressed regret for providing Ratnam an opportunity. He said Ratnam spent the amount equivalent to making three films while making ''Idaya Kovil''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=மணிரத்னத்துக்கு வாய்ப்பு கொடுத்ததே தவறு: கோவைத் தம்பி |trans-title=It was a mistake to give Mani Ratnam a chance: Kovaithambi |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/11292.art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422101009/http://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/11292.art |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idhaya Kovil (1985) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119155540/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000057 |archive-date=19 January 2014 |access-date=21 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Idhaya Koyil |url=https://avdigital.in/products/idhaya-koyil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909063526/https://avdigital.in/products/idhaya-koyil |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> Ratnam said the song "Naan Paadum Mouna Raagam" was his homage to the 1957 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Pyaasa]]'' and the inspiration for the title of ''Mouna Ragam'' came from the song.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|page=43}} The song was written by [[Vairamuthu]], in his first collaboration with Ratnam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=18 December 2019 |title=Vairamuthu not a part of Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vairamuthu-not-a-part-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-6172752/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033512/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vairamuthu-not-a-part-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-6172752/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> "Idhayam Oru Kovil" is Ilaiyaraaja's debut as a lyricist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=M. Bharat |date=4 February 2019 |title=Ilayaraja 75: Even without SPB, it was nostalgic trip for maestro fans |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/02/04/ilayaraja-75-even-without-spb-it-was-nostalgic-trip-for-maestro-fans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190318070714/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/02/04/ilayaraja-75-even-without-spb-it-was-nostalgic-trip-for-maestro-fans/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=[[News Today]]}}</ref> He dedicated the song to his wife Jeeva, and it was written in such a way that her name would be repeated throughout the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2018 |title=Happy Birthday Ilaiyaraaja: 10 soulful songs that will make you a huge fan of the composer |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/jun/02/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-10-soulful-songs-that-will-make-you-a-huge-fan-of-the-composer-7932.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402175215/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/jun/02/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-10-soulful-songs-that-will-make-you-a-huge-fan-of-the-composer-7932.html |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Idhayam Oru Kovil
| note1 = solo
| lyrics1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| extra1 = Ilaiyaraaja
| title2 = Yaar Veettil
| lyrics2 = [[Mu. Metha]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Kootathilae
| lyrics3 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Paattu Thalaivan
| lyrics4 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 4:43
| title5 = Naan Paadum Mouna Raagam
| lyrics5 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Vaanuyarntha
| lyrics6 = Pavalar Varadharasan
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 5:14
| title7 = Idhayam Oru Kovil
| note7 = duet
| lyrics7 = Ilaiyaraaja
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| title8 = Oororama
| lyrics8 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
| extra8 = Ilaiyaraaja, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length8 = 4:51
| total_length = 28:21 
}}

== Critical reception ==
The magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''{{'s}} critic appreciated the film for the cinematography and music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 September 1985 |title=இதய கோயில் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/sep/29-09-1985/p62.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729114310/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/sep/29-09-1985/p62.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=22 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=62 |language=ta}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, cinematography, music and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=22 September 1985 |title=இதயக்கோயில் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_312/6.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704065751/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_312/6.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |archive-date=4 July 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] India |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}

[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. G. Vallabhan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=January 2026}}

Narendranagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:40Z

KennyReveley866: New...

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttarakhand state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narendranagar
| state = Uttarakhand
| latest_election_year = 2022
| district = [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
| established = 
| mla = [[Subodh Uniyal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 11
| map_image = Narendranagar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Narendranagar Legislative Assembly Constituency''' is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] a northern state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> Narendranagar is part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Subodh Uniyal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Om Gopal Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Subodh Uniyal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Narendranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subodh Uniyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,430 |percentage=47.83% |change={{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Gopal Rawat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,632 |percentage=44.70% |change={{increase}}36.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Singh Pundir |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,187 |percentage=3.81% |change={{decrease}}2.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Rawat |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=698 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=589 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Kuliyal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=461 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbeer Singh Aswal |party=Uttarakhand Janata Party |votes=350 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,798 |percentage=3.14% |change= {{decrease}}6.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,347 |percentage=61.99% |change= {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,505 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Narendranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subodh Uniyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,104 |percentage=45.86% |change={{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Gopal Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=19,132 |percentage=36.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Himanshu Bijalwan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,328 |percentage=8.23% |change={{decrease}}35.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,314 |percentage=6.30% |change={{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=563 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Kuliyal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=427 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hakim Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=417 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,972 |percentage=9.46% |change= {{increase}}8.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,562 |percentage=62.25% |change= {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,441 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Narendranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subodh Uniyal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,220 |percentage=43.30% |change={{increase}}14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Gopal Rawat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,819 |percentage=42.48% |change={{increase}}17.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,445 |percentage=7.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aditya Kothari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,600 |percentage=3.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rukam Singh Pokhriyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=584 |percentage=1.19% |change={{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kothiyal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=575 |percentage=1.17% |change={{decrease}}27.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soban Singh Negi |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=573 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=401 |percentage=0.82% |change= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,005 |percentage=64.90% |change= {{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,506 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |swing= {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Narendranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Gopal Rawat |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=13,729 |percentage=28.91% |change={{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subodh Uniyal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,725 |percentage=28.90% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhiram Joshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,808 |percentage=24.86% |change={{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,660 |percentage=7.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Singh |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=1,775 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Prakash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,033 |percentage=2.18% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prema Upreti |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=572 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sharan Bhatt |party=Vishwa Vikas Sangh |votes=477 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabeer Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=367 |percentage=0.77% |change={{decrease}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Singh Dhanola |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=347 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4 |percentage=0.01% |change= {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,493 |percentage=62.63% |change= {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,978 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Narendranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subodh Uniyal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,798 |percentage=28.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhiram Joshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,267 |percentage=24.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,930 |percentage=11.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Gopal Rawat |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,525 |percentage=7.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,691 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,653 |percentage=4.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sab Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,516 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram Bhatt |party= Shivsena |votes=856 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajendra Singh |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=849 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Prasad |party=Communist Party of India |votes=609 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=550 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,531 |percentage=4.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,971 |percentage=47.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,334 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tehri Garhwal district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|30.16|78.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:58Z

KennyReveley866: created new details more to come - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Santhanuthalapadu
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (107-Santhanuthalapadu highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 107
| mla = [[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 211,326
}}
'''Santhanuthalapadu''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[B. N. Vijay Kumar]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 211,326 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Naguluppalapadu mandal|Naguluppalapadu]]
|-
| [[Maddipadu mandal|Maddipadu]]
|-
| [[Santhanuthalapadu mandal|Santhanuthalapadu]]
|-
| [[Chimakurthi mandal|Chimakurthi]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Tavanam Chenchaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[V. C. K. Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Aareti Kotaiah]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Yellaiah Vema]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Aareti Kotaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Kasukurthi Adhenna]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Venkata Seshu Gurrala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Chenchaiah Thavanam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[David Raju Palaparthi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Dara Sambaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Audimulapu Suresh]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[T. J. R. Sudhakar Babu]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| B. N. Vijay Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Tavanam Chenchaiah]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=18,649 |percentage=47.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Vemula Nagaratnam]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=15,658 |percentage=39.92% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,991 |percentage=7.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,496 |percentage=61.61% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,350 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ V.C.K.Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=29,478 |percentage=54.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tavanam Chenchaiah]] |party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,657 |percentage=36.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,821 |percentage=18.15% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,535 |percentage=70.96% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,669 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Aareti Kotaiah]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=26,051 |percentage=62.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tavanam Chenchaiah]] |party= Independent politician |votes=12,482 |percentage=30.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,569 |percentage=32.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,058 |percentage=46.95% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,588 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Vema Yellaiah]]|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=34,270 |percentage=46.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tavanam Chenchaiah]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,228 |percentage=27.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,042 |percentage=19.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,902 |percentage=63.16% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,590 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress (I) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Aareti Kotaiah]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=52,139 |percentage=63.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Vema Yellaiah]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=18,280 |percentage=22.28% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,859 |percentage=41.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,364 |percentage=64.93% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,381 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Gurrala Venkata Seshu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=58,405 |percentage=54.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tavanam Chenchaiah]] |party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=46,514 |percentage=43.33% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,891 |percentage=11.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,923 |percentage=63.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,566|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tavanam Chenchaiah]]|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=56,120 |percentage=54.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gurrala Venkata Seshu]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=31,186|percentage=30.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,934 |percentage=24.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,375 |percentage=68.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,309 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Adenna Kasukurthy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=48,115 |percentage=52.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chinthapalli poulu]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=40,008|percentage=43.80% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,107 |percentage=8.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,572 |percentage=66.81% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,556 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[David Raju Palaparthi]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=56,543|percentage=49.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gurrala Venkata Seshu]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=46,192 |percentage=40.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,351 |percentage=9.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,232|percentage=64.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,853|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dara Sambaiah]]
|votes = 66,464
|percentage = 55.72
|change = +15.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[David Raju Palaparthi]]
|votes = 50,829
|percentage = 42.61
|change = -8.94
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,635
|percentage = 13.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 119,290
|percentage = 74.57
|change = +12.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]
|votes = 63,769
|percentage = 43.90
|change = -11.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Anjaiah Jala]]
|votes = 54,238
|percentage = 37.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Kommuri Kanaka Rao]]
|votes = 19,129
|percentage = 13.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,531
|percentage = 6.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 145,171
|percentage = 72.80
|change = -1.77
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Audimulapu Suresh]]|votes=80,954|percentage=48.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]|votes=79,678|percentage=47.46|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,276
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 167,888
|percentage = 83.19
|change = +10.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate= T. J. R. Sudhakar Babu
|votes= 89,160
|percentage= 49.45%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Telugu Desam Party
|candidate=[[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]
|votes= 80,082
|percentage= 44.42%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate=[[Anjaiah Jala]]
|votes= 5,988
|percentage= 3.32%
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,078
|percentage = 5.03%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,290
|percentage = 85.28
|change = +2.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Santhanuthalapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]|votes=1,05,757|percentage=55.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Merugu Nagarjuna]]
|votes = 75,372
|percentage = 39.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vijesh Raj Palaparthi|votes=2,715|percentage=1.43|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,725|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=30,385|percentage=16.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,89,916|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.54|79.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prakasam district]]

Chandpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:24Z

KennyReveley866: Made New Details...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandpur
| constituency_no = 23
| map_image = 23-Chandpur.svg
| mla = [[Swami Omvesh]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 278,379 (2012)
| type = SLA
}}

'''Chandpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Bijnor district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the delimitation order (DPACO – 1956) was passed in 1956. The constituency was assigned identification number 23 after "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="DPACO (1956) ">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 August 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf#|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 August 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chandpur.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Chandpur Assembly constituency is KCs Chandpur, Basta, PCs Aurangabad, Azamgarh Urf Ratangarh, Azampur, Dharupur, Dhundli, Govli, Heempur Bujurg, Jujhaila, Majhaula Gujar, Murahat, Dhammalpuri, Phoona, Yusufa of Phoona KC & Chandpur MB of Chandpur Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Chandpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chandpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nardeo Singh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Shiv Mahendar Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Dharam Vir Singh
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Ameer Uddin]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kunwar Devendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Tejpal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Amar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Tejpal Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Swami Omvesh]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Iqbal (Politician)|Iqbal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Kamlesh Saini]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Swami Omvesh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Swami Omvesh
|votes = {{formatnum:90522}}
|percentage = 40.34
|change = +23.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kamlesh Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:90288}}
|percentage = 40.24
|change = -2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shakeel Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:37359}}
|percentage = 16.65
|change = -9.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:854}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:234}}
|percentage = 0.1
|change = -16.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224374}}
|percentage = 68.86
|change = -0.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kamlesh Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:92345}}
|percentage = 42.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Iqbal
|votes = {{formatnum:56696}}
|percentage = 25.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mohd Arshad
|votes = {{formatnum:36531}}
|percentage = 16.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sher Baaz Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:15826}}
|percentage = 7.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Surendra Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:11880}}
|percentage = 5.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:932}}
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35649}}
|percentage = 16.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218484}}
|percentage = 69.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]]

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Chandpur<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Iqbal (Politician)|Iqbal]]
|votes = 54,941
|percentage = 29.2
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shairbaz Khan
|votes = 39,928
|percentage = 21.22
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kavita Singh
|votes = 36,941
|percentage = 19.63
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 candidates
|votes = 56,355
|percentage = 29.94
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15,013
|percentage = 7.98
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 188,165
|percentage = 67.59
|change = –
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Source:<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 August 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
*[[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bijnor district]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:18Z

KennyReveley866: created initial entry with sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uluberia Uttar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Uluberia Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Uluberia Uttar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| constituency_no = 177
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Nirmal Maji]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 170,566
}}
'''Uluberia Uttar''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 177 Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: Amta, Bhandargachha, Chandrapur, Khardah, Raspur, Sirajbati, Udang I and Udang II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Amta I (community development block)|Amta I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Baniban, Basudevpur, Joyargori, Tehatta Kantaberia I, Tehatta Kantaberia II and Tulsiberia gram panchayats of [[Uluberia II (community development block)|Uluberia II]] community development bloc.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency is part of No. 26 [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Uluberia''
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Bijoy Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Bibhuti Bhusan Ghosh
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Abani Kumar Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bijoy Bhusan Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Uluberia North''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bejoy Bhusan Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Apurbalal Majumdar
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Kalipada Mondal
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="6"|Raj Kumar Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ram Janam Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Mohan Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
!colspan="4"|''Uluberia Uttar''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|Dr. Nirmal Maji
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Uluberia Uttar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bimal Kumar Das
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chiran Bera
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Dolui
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalyani Haldar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Uluberia Uttar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nirmal Maji]]
|votes = 91,501
|percentage = 49.25
|change = +1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chiran Bera
|votes = 70,498
|percentage = 37.95
|change = +29.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ashok Dalui
|votes = 19,292
|percentage = 10.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,248
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nirapada Pandit
|votes = 1,181
|percentage = 0.64
|change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Avijit Das
|votes = 935
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vibekananda Mondal
|votes = 758
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ganesh Chandra Hazra
|votes = 367
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 185,780
|percentage = 82.78
|change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Uluberia Uttar (SC) constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dr. Nirmal Maji
|votes = 79,390
|percentage = 48.13
|change = -4.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amiya Kumar Mondal
|votes = 65,208
|percentage = 39.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ananya Pandit
|votes = 13,457
|percentage = 8.16
|change = +3.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,909
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyamapada Dhara
|votes = 1,208
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amiya Mondal
|votes = 1,050
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nirapada Pandit
|votes = 937
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|candidate = Mohit Kar
|votes = 875
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bimal Singha
|votes = 617
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ajit Dutta
|votes = 314
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 164,965
|percentage = 82.71
|change = -2.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Uluberia Uttar (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=177| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163545/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=177| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Uluberia Uttar| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dr. Nirmal Maji
|votes = 76,469
|percentage = 52.45
|change = +4.92#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bhim Ghuku
|votes = 58,021
|percentage = 39.79
|change = -9.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Archana Ray
|votes = 6,381
|percentage = 4.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subal Ghuku
|votes = 1,559
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyamapada Dhara
|votes = 1,427
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|candidate = Mohit Kar
|votes = 1,180
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Maji
|votes = 767
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 145,840
|percentage = 85.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 14.03#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> state assembly elections Mohan Mondal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Uluberia North assembly seat defeating Gopal Dolui and Ram Janam Majhi, both of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Ram Janam Majhi representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Asta Das of CPI(M) in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Raj Kumar Mondal of CPI(M) defeated Gunakar Sinha of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Gobinda Sinha of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Gunakar Singh of Congress in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Arun Pramnik of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp170.htm |title = 170 - Uluberia North (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Raj Kumar Mandal of CPI(M) won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Kalipada Mondal of Forward Bloc won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> A.L. Majumdar of Forward Bloc won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Bejoy Bhusan Mondal of Forward Bloc won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> In 1957 and 1951 Uluberia had a double seat. Abani Kumar Basu of Congress and Bijoy Bhusan Mondal of Forward Bloc won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Bijoy Mondal and Bibhuti Bhusan Ghosh, both of [[All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)]] won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Rajanagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:46Z

KennyReveley866: started the details w/ sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Rajanagar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajanagar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 99
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,62,707{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Rajanagar''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kendrapara district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417024943/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=99|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Rajanagar (99) District: Kendrapara|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Pattamundai|Pattamundai (M)]], Rajanagar block and 18 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Bachhara, Srirampur, Damarpur, Sansarphal, Khanata, Oupada, Chandanagar, Sasana, Dosia, Khadianta, Gangarampur, Aradapali, Sanjharia, Badapada, Bilikana, Badamohanpur, Dihudipur and Balabhadrapur) of Pattamundai block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp32.htm|title= 32 - Rajanagar Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 16 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.46}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.81}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.15}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.11}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|71.11}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|53.40}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|59.20}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|50.85}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|55.93}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|59.09}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections have been held here till date including one bypoll in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=BY-ELECTIONS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1955-2012)|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/449-450.pdf|publisher=Govt. Of Odisha|accessdate=27 February 2014|page=450|year=2011}}</ref>

List of members elected from Rajanagar constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Rajanagar Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/rajanagar.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajanagar Assembly Election Results 2024: Rajanagar Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/rajanagar-constituency-result-18099 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajanagar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajanagar-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|[[Anshuman Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Alekh Kumar Jena
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="7" |Nalinikanta Mohanty
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Biju Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1971 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Prahlad Mallik}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Prahlad Mallik
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Raja Sailendra Narayan Bhanja Deo
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Padma Charan Naik
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ananta Charan Tripathy
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Saraswati Devi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Lalit Kumar Behera by a margin of 18,241 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Rajanagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]]
|votes = 81,237
|percentage = 46.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lalit Kumar Behera
|votes = 62,996
|percentage = 36.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Pratihari
|votes = 26,299
|percentage = 15.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 791
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,241
|percentage = 10.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,74,840
|percentage = 66.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Anshuman Mohanty]] by a margin of 18,408 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Rajanagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]]
|votes = 78,926
|percentage = 45.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anshuman Mohanty]]
|votes = 60,518
|percentage = 35.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alekh Kumar Jena
|votes = 27,134
|percentage = 15.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 716
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,408
|percentage = 10.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,286
|percentage = 70.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Anshuman Mohanty]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]] by a margin of 5,429 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Rajanagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anshuman Mohanty]]
|votes = 76,806
|percentage = 49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]]
|votes = 71,377
|percentage = 45.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jnandev Beura
|votes = 6632
|percentage = 4.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 976
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,429
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,747
|percentage = 71.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Alekh Kumar Jena defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Nalinikanta Mohanty by a margin of 4,335 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=4335 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Rajanagar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Alekh Kumar Jena
|votes = 63,683
|percentage = 48.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nalinikanta Mohanty|votes=59,348|percentage=44.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bijay Ketan Swain|votes=6,661|percentage=5.04|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,335|percentage=3.28{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,275|percentage=68.70|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,92,554
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendrapara district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|20.58|86.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Hirabhai Solanki

2026-04-07T15:03:35Z

KennyReveley866: Added A Pg Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hirabhai Odhavjibhai Solanki
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2017
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| constituency = [[Rajula (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajula]]
| native_name = હીરાભાઈ ઓઢવજીભાઇ સોલંકી
| state =
| country = [[India]]
| parents = Odhavjibhai Solanki
| relations = [[Parshottambhai Solanki]] (brother)
| honorific_prefix = Sir
}}

'''Hira Solanki''' is a [[Member of Legislative assembly]] from Rajula [[constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] for its [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|12th legislative assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TWELFTH GUJARAT LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|publisher=Gujarat Vidhan Sabha|accessdate=19 May 2012|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226045131/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Solanki belongs to [[Koli people|Koli]] community of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolis want Hira Solanki; No thanks, he says|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kolis-want-hira-solanki-no-thanks-he-says-1242021|access-date=2021-12-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Hira}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Anmol Gagan Maan

2026-04-07T01:13:09Z

KennyReveley866: creating the stub initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician and singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anmol Gagan Maan
| image = Anmol Gagan Maan.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Maan in 2022
| order =
| office = [[Mann ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{unbulleted list| Tourism & Culture Affairs|Investment Promotion|Labour|Removal of Grievances| Hospitality}}
| term_start = 4 July 2022
| term_end = 22 September 2024
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end1 = 
| constituency1 = [[Kharar Assembly constituency|Kharar]]
| majority1 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| nickname =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed=yes
| name = Anmol Gagan Maan
| background = solo_singer
| image =
| landscape = no
| caption = Anmol Gagan Maan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mansa, Punjab]], India
| occupation = Singer, model
| years_active = Model 2004–2013 Singer 2014–present
| website = {{URL|AnmolGaganMaanMusic.com}}
}}
}}

'''Anmol Gagan Maan''' is an [[Indian politician]], minister of the [[Government of Punjab, India]] and [[List of Punjabi singers|Punjabi singer]]. She is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] representing the [[Kharar Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Anmol Gagan Maan is also known as Gagandeep Kaur Maan. She is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] singer known for her [[Punjabi folklore|Punjabi folk]] and [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] songs.

==Political career==
Anmol Gagan Maan is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] since 2020.<ref name="Banking">{{cite news |title=Assembly elections: Banking on Punjabi singers to woo youth |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/banking-on-singers-to-woo-youth-349556 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=12 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She sang the campaign song for AAP, "Bhagat Singh, Kartar Sarabha saare hi ban challe, bhai hun jaago aaiyaan, sarkaar badlan challey, bhai hun jaago aaiyaan". ''[[Indian Express]]'' called the song a "huge hit during campaigning".<ref name="The Chosen 12 March 2022">{{cite news|last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=The Chosen 13: 'Padwoman', Moga's doctor among Punjab's women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
She represents the [[Kharar Assembly constituency]] as MLA in [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Basic amenities">{{cite news |title=Basic amenities will be provided to all: Kharar MLA Anmol Gagan Mann |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/basic-amenities-will-be-provided-to-all-says-anmol-gagan-mann-kharar-mla-391224 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=2 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Maan won the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kharar, SAS Nagar]] on an [[Aam Aadmi Party]] ticket. She defeated Ranjit Singh Gill of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] by 37,718 votes.<ref name="AAP magic">{{cite news |title=AAP magic plays out in Mohali district too |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/broom-magic-plays-out-in-mohali-dist-too-376825 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly|16th Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Accounts|Committee on Public Accounts]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library|Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library]]<ref name="Committee on Papers">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Allegations of Mass Corruption==
In August 2025, residents of [[Tewar, Punjab|Teur village]] in the [[Kharar Assembly constituency|Kharar constituency]] publicly accused Anmol Gagan Mann of mass corruption. They alleged that during her tenure as a minister, she amassed vast wealth illegally, citing the purchase of 70 acres of land and collection of money from tehsildars in Majri and Kharar. The villagers also claimed that she threatened those who spoke against her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Residents of Teur village in Kharar up in arms against AAP MLA Anmol Gagan Mann, alleges mass corruption by her |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/teur-village-in-kharar-up-in-arms-against-aap-mla-anmol-gagan-mann-alleges-mass-corruption-by-aap-mla-296426 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=www.punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref>

==Cabinet Minister==
5 MLAs including Anmol Gagan Maan were inducted into the Punjab cabinet and their swearing in ceremony took place on 4 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: CM Bhagwant Mann expands Cabinet, 5 MLAs inducted as ministers |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/punjab-cm-bhagwant-mann-expands-cabinet-5-mlas-inducted-as-ministers |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 5 July, Bhagwant Mann announced the [[Mann ministry#Council of Ministers|expansion of his cabinet of ministers]] with five new ministers to the departments of Punjab state government. Anmol Gagan Maan was among the inducted ministers and was given the charge of following departments.<ref name="Tribune News 05 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet expansion: Anmol Gagan gets tourism; Indervir Nijjar local bodies, Chetan Singh health |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-cabinet-expansion-anmol-gagan-gets-tourism-indervir-nijjar-local-bodies-chetan-singh-health-409731 |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=Tribune India News Service |date=5 July 2022 |language=en }}</ref>
:{{unbulleted list| Tourism & Culture Affairs|Investment Promotion|Labour|Removal of Grievances}}

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Kharar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Kharar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==Discography==
===Singles===
*Phullan Wali Gaddi
*Gal Chakvi
*Patola (feat. Mixsingh)
*Shoukeen Jatt
*Kala Sher (feat. Desi Routz)
*Sohni
*Patandar
*Royal Jatti
*Jagga (Rang Virse Da)
*Jagga
*Jatti (feat. Randy J)

===''Punjabi'' (album)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song

|-
| 2015 || Velly
|-
| 2015 || Kundi Muchh
|-
| 2015 || Ghaint Purpose
|-
| 2015 || Zamantan
|-
| 2015 || Golden Girl
|-
| 2015 || Red Fulkari
|-
| 2015 || Still Love You
|-
| 2015 || Daawedariyan
|-
| 2015 || Nach Le Sohniya
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|AnmolGaganMaan|Anmol Gagan Maan}}
*[http://www.hungama.com/artist/anmol-gagan-maan/83561855 Anmol Gagan Maan on Hungama.com]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Harjot Singh Bains]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Tourism & Culture Affairs]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Investment Promotion]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Labour]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Removal of Grievances]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Kharar
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gagan Maan, Anmol}}
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]

Play House (Mumbai)

2026-04-05T16:28:02Z

KennyReveley866: started a details w/ sources

{{Short description|Play House is an area located in Grant Road, Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Play House''' or '''Pila House''' is a locality in the Eastern part of [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]] area, in [[South Mumbai]], [[India]]. It was developed as an entertainment district by the British in 1857.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Choukroune |first1=Leïla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7ZeDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Play+House%22+%221857%22+india+%22Pila%22&pg=PA154 |title=Exploring Indian Modernities: Ideas and Practices |last2=Bhandari |first2=Parul |date=2018-06-04 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-7557-5 |language=en}}</ref> Many famous theatres (some now defunct) are present in this locality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leïla Choukroune |first=Parul Bhandari |title=Exploring Indian Modernities : Ideas and Practices |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2018 |isbn=978-9811075575 |pages=154 |language=English}}</ref> It was surrounded by the [[red light area]] of [[Kamathipura]] on one side, and the Congress House, occupied by traditional dancers and musicians such as the [[tawaif]]s on the other side.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cinema City: Mumbai – IV: PILA HOUSE, BOMBAY/ MUMBAI – PSBT |url=https://psbt.org/films/cinema-city-mumbai-iv-pila-house-bombay-mumbai/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Infobox settlement|
| other_name = Pila House
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in [[Mumbai]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| mapframe =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.961810|N|72.823091|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = Mumbai
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1857
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 400008
| registration_plate = MH-01
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| name = Play House
| official_name = Play House
}}

==Overview==

'''Pila House''' or '''Play House,''' as the British dubbed this area, bordering Kamathipura due to the many theatres (play-houses) in this locality. Today, most of the theatres have been destroyed or converted to another use.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Meera |first=Kosambi |title=Gender, Culture, and Performance : Marathi Theatre and Cinema Before Independence. |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781351565905 |pages=214–215 |language=}}</ref>

It was named as '''Play House''' by the British but the locals could not pronounce it well and started calling the area as '''Pila House''' or '''Pila Haus'''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=Last Chance to See These Structures Before They're Gone |url=https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/last-chance-to-see-these-structures-before-theyre-gone-forever/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Paper Planes |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Prostitution==
As '''Play House''' was surrounded by red-light districts, prostitution spilled into the Play House area as well. The area meant to be an "entertainment district" turned into a mini red-light area. Mainly Nepali [[sex worker]]s gave [[prostitution]] services in Play House. Most of their customers were labourers and workers on daily wages. New-York based author [[Suketu Mehta]] in his book '''<nowiki/>'Maximum City : Bombay lost and found'''' describes it as ''"The men who go there are labourers, cart pullers, coolies: men who work with their bodies all day long and, in the night, buy another working body."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suketu |first=Mehta |title=Maximum City : Bombay lost and found |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |year=2012 |isbn=9780143417910 |pages=344 |language=English}}</ref>

However, the sex-workers and [[Brothel|brothels]] in Play House had the same fate as those in [[Kamathipura]]. Due to interest of many builders for redevelopment of the area,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pila House Redevelopment: Bombay HC rejects PIL alleging irregularity in granting additional FSI |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/pila-house-redevelopment-bombay-hc-rejects-pil-alleging-irregularity-in-granting-additional-fsi |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Bombay HC dismisses PIL against nod for redevelopment of 'Pila house' at Kamathipura |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bombay-hc-violations-bmc-commissioner-redevelopment-pila-house-kamathipura-8456638/lite/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> sex-work has mostly stopped in the area.

==Theatres==
'''Play House''' ''was an entertainment hub of the city that staged Parsi plays and Marathi tamashas.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Mrigank |date=2017-05-27 |title=The old cinema experience of alfred talkies |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/in-other-news/270517/the-old-cinema-experience-of-alfred-talkies.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=asian |language=en}}</ref>

The British shut down all the [[graveyards]] in the area and built many theatres (play-houses).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashwin |first=Sanghi |title=The Sialkot Saga : Bharat Series 4 |publisher=[[Harper Collins]] |year=2022 |isbn=9789356292468 |pages=35–36 |language=English}}</ref> Many of these theaters, over a century old, now show classic Hindi films or adult movies, catering to migrant labourers and low-income sex workers from the nearby red-light district, i.e. Kamathipura.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-10 |title=Rich & Working Class: When the Bombay Cinema Hall Enthralled them All |url=https://hindi.sabrangindia.in/article/rich-working-class-when-bombay-cinema-hall-enthralled-them-all |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en}}</ref>

The theatres such as Gulshan Talkies, Alfred Talkies, New Roshan Talkies, Nishat Talkies, Super Cinema, Royal Cinema once were an integral part of the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gianani |first=Kareena N. |title=Once upon a play house |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/special-once-upon-a-play-house-1202576 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> These theatres once had a variety of entertainment from [[Parsi theatre|Parsee theatre]] to Silent theatre to [[Sound film|Talkies]] to [[Play (theatre)|plays]]. But now, most of them have shifted to screening adult C/B grade movies.<ref name=":0" /> For example, Alfred Talkies, originally known as Rippon Theatre established in the year 1880 now screens adult C/B grade movies and old blockbuster Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Meher |title=The arc lights have dimmed on South Mumbai's Alfred Talkies |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-the-arc-lights-have-dimmed-on-south-mumbai-s-alfred-talkies-yesteryear-s-silver-screen-star-2012858 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The New Roshan Talkies, initially known as Elphistone Theatre, established in the early 1930s screened mainly adult movies and the old Hindi films for survival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.projectcinemacity.in/assets/docs/graphic-works//atlas/Pila%20House%20map.pdf|title=Project Cinema City : Pila House}}</ref> However, it could not sustain and had to shut down. Similarly, Gulshan Cinema could not sustain despite the dirt-cheap prices and screening of Bhojpuri and Adult C/B grade movies<ref>{{Cite web |last=AOTP |date=2024-01-25 |title=Larger Than Life : An Ode to Single Screen Cinemas of Mumbai |url=https://aotp.in/an-ode-to-the-single-screen-cinemas-of-mumbai/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Art of the Possible |language=en}}</ref> due to the intense competition and had to shut down as well.<ref name=":2" /> The Royal Cinema / Talkies, established in the year 1911 opened up mainly for short plays and [[documentaries]]. Unlike other talkies/theatres in Play House, Royal Cinema has a small audience capacity. In the year 1930, the cinema started screening big commercial movies for better business opportunities. However, now the Royal Cinema mainly screens Bhojpuri and adult C/B grade movies. The Nishat Talkies, located right opposite to the Royal Cinema, was established in the year 1952. Nowadays, it screens Bhojpuri movies and old Hindi movies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trisha |first=Gupta |title=Bought and Sold on Mutton St. |url=https://punemirror.com/columns/columnists/bought-and-sold-on-mutton-st/cid5116065.htm |work=[[Pune Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Collin |first=Rodrigues |title=A look at the oldest theatres in Mumbai. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/a-look-at-the-oldest-theatres-in-mumbai/story-6AZ7yt5trZbEUAoWcGWpRK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The Super Cinema / Talkies / Super Plaza Cinema, established in the late 1920s began with short-plays. Now, it only screens Bhojpuri movies. It is also one of the few theatres still doing well in Play House and not on the verge of shutting down.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-06 |title=The 16 Best Cinema Halls in Mumbai {{!}} BestMumbai |url=https://bestmumbai.in/cinema-hall/#superplazacinema |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=bestmumbai.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Last Picture Show? Reimagining India's Single-Screen Cinemas |url=https://rax.rochester.edu/s/1676/21/1col.aspx?sid=1676&gid=2&pgid=10602&crid=0&calpgid=13&calcid=664 |website=[[University of Rochester]]}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
'''Play House''' is well connected to most parts of [[South Mumbai]].

'''Indian Railways :'''

Play House is located at a distance of 750m from the [[Grant Road railway station]].

Play House is located at a distance of 2 kilometers from the [[Sandhurst Road railway station]].

It is located at a distance of 1.5 kilometers from the important sub-urban and terminal railway station of [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]].

It is located at a distance of 2.7 kilometers from the [[Byculla railway station]].

All these stations are at a walkable distance, however, taxis are still available if one does not wish to walk.

'''Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (B.E.S.T.) :'''

The 'Play House' bus-stop caters to the Play House area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Mumbai BEST Bus Stops (BEST Bus stops) - Go4Mumbai.com |url=http://go4mumbai.com/List_of_Bus_Stops.php |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=go4mumbai.com}}</ref> Several buses go through the Play House bus-stop. The List of buses stopping at the Play House bus-stop and their routes are as follows :

• A-102 : From [[Pydhonie|Vijay Vallabh Chowk (Pydhonie)]] to [[Grant Road railway station]] and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalo App : A-102 |url=https://chalo.com/app/live-tracking/route-map/GZDJIHic |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=chalo.com}}</ref>

• A-104 : From [[Pydhonie|Vijay Vallabh Chowk (Pydhonie)]] to [[Malabar Hill|J. Mehta Marg (Malabar Hill)]] and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalo App : A-104 |url=https://chalo.com/app/live-tracking/route-map/zhnRWSPu |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=chalo.com}}</ref>

• A-105 : From [[Pydhonie|Vijay Vallabh Chowk (Pydhonie)]] to [[Kamala Nehru Park, Mumbai|Kamla Nehru Park]] and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalo App : A-105 |url=https://chalo.com/app/live-tracking/route-map/UCSXBvTe |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=chalo.com}}</ref>

• A-135 : From [[Ferry Wharf]] to [[Malabar Hill|J. Mehta Marg (Malabar Hill)]] and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalo App : A-135 |url=https://chalo.com/app/live-tracking/route-map/WFgoNmZv |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=chalo.com}}</ref>

B.E.S.T. directly connects Play House to important localities such as the Grant Road railway station, Sandhurst Road railway station, [[Dockyard Road railway station]], Pydhonie, Malabar Hill, [[Walkeshwar]], [[Girgaon Chowpatty]], [[Nana Chowk]], [[August Kranti Maidan]], [[Bhendi Bazaar]], [[Mazgaon]], [[Tardeo]], etc.

'''Mumbai Metro :'''

Play House is located at a distance of 700m from the [[Grant Road metro station]] on the [[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 3 (Aqua Line)]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]].

It is located at a distance of 1.6 kilometers from the [[Mumbai Central metro station]] on the Line 3 (Aqua Line) of the Mumbai Metro.

It is located at a distance of 1.7 kilometers from the [[Girgaon metro station]] on the Line 3 (Aqua Line) of the Mumbai Metro.

'''State Transport Buses :'''

Play House is located at a distance of 1.5 kilometers from the Mumbai Central State Transport or [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] Bus Depot.

==In popular culture==
The movie '''Dukaan : Pila House''' directed by Indian film-maker [[Iqbal Durrani]], released on 21 May 2004 in India, starring actors and actresses such as [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Vikas Kalantri]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Salim Ghouse]], [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaaz Khan]], [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] and more showed the story of a young woman living in Mumbai's Pila House / Play House area, an area infamous for prostitution. The film explores her journey through the hardships, exploitation, and stigma associated with her life as a sex worker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dukaan: Pila House (2004) |url=https://www.gawby.com/en-us/movies/4467 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=GAWBY |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|human sexuality|Prostitution|Sex work|Feminism
}}

* [[Sex work]]

* [[Prostitution]]
* [[Prostitution in Mumbai]]
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[Kamathipura]]
* [[Sonagachi]]
* [[Arab Lane]]
* [[List of cinemas in Mumbai]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://pad.ma/OS/player/AJ Interview with the owner of 'Gulshan Talkies']
* [https://pad.ma/OX/player/AE Interview with the caretaker of a Dargah located in Play House]
* [https://pad.ma/OZ/player/Z Interview with the owner of 'Delhi Darbar', a renowned restaurant in the Play House area.]
* {{IMDb title|tt0414953}}

[[Category:Mumbai]]

Babu Ishwar Sharan Singh

2026-04-04T03:36:38Z

KennyReveley866: creating first bio w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Politician (general)
| name = Babu Ishwar Sharan Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|08|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|08|26|1902|08|05|df=yes}}
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]](MLA), from [[Gonda Assembly constituency|Gonda]]
| constituency =
| country = [[India]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1969
| district =
}}
'''Babu Ishwar Sharan Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=कम उम्र में ही स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन छेड़ा था बाबू ने |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gonda-9561711.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=खिलाफत से ही युवाओं ने देश आजाद कराने की पकड़ ली थी जिद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/gonda/youth-stole-to-liberate-the-country-gonda-news-lko535049778 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Info |first=Gonda |date=6 May 2020 |title=#PrideOfGonda बाबू ईश्वर शरण जिनके नाम पर है जिला अस्पताल का नाम |url=https://gondainfo.in/babu-ishwar-sharan/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=GondaInfo |language=en-US}}</ref> was an Indian [[Indian freedom fighter|freedom fighter]], social worker and politician. He was born in [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gonda Assembly constituency]]. He died on 26 August 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पुण्य तिथि पर याद किए गए गोण्डा के गांधी बाबू ईश्वर शरण, जिलाधिकारी ने अर्पित किए श्रद्धासुमन |url=http://uppatrika.com/read-news.php?newsid=3754 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.uppatrika.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samachar |first=Gonda |date=27 August 2018 |title=गोण्डा- जिला चिकित्सालय में पूर्व विधायक बाबू ईश्वर शरण के स्मृति दिवस पर अर्पित किये श्रद्धा सुमन// राजन कुशवाहा, |url=https://gondasamachar.wordpress.com/2018/08/27/9478/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Gonda Samachar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ishwar Sharan Singh was born on 5 August 1902 in [[Gonda district]], Uttar Pradesh.

He completed his primary education from Ramdas Arya Pathshala, Etah. In 1915 and 1916 he admitted in Rajkiya High School, Gonda.

== Legacy ==
On his memory a district governmental hospital, Babu Ishwar Sharan Singh Chikitshalaya in Gonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pride of Gonda {{!}} Find & View All Talents In Gonda |url=https://gondainfo.in/pride-of-gonda/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=GondaInfo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Fasi-ur-Rehman Munnan Khan]]
* [[Gonda district]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]

Maharaja (2005 film)

2026-04-03T18:16:26Z

KennyReveley866: Done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maharaja
| image = Maharaja Kannada Movie.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Sai Prakash|Om Sai Prakash]]
| producer = R.S. Gowda
| story = B.A. Madhu
| screenplay = B.A. Madhu M.S. Abhishesh
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sudeep]]|[[Nikita Thukral]]}}
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = H.C. Venu
| editing = P.R. Soundarraj
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|01|14}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 154 min
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Maharaja''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[family drama]] film directed by [[Sai Prakash|Om Sai Prakash]] featuring [[Sudeep]] and [[Nikita Thukral]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_maharaja.asp | title='Maharaja' - new film of Sudeep directed by Saiprakash }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/southern-spice/topstory/maharaja_0804.html|title=Here comes MAHARAJA|website=Indiainfo|access-date=18 April 2025|date=4 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209162323/http://movies.indiainfo.com/southern-spice/topstory/maharaja_0804.html|archive-date=9 December 2004}}</ref> The film features background score and soundtrack composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] and lyrics by [[K. Kalyan]] and [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]. The film released on 14 January 2005.

== Plot ==
A married couple have a child and they adopt a child ([[Sudeep]]). However, their own son starts to feel vengeful about his adopted brother.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sudeep]] as Surya
* [[Nikita Thukral]] as Sitara
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] as Annapoorna (Surya's mother)
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Rajashekar (Surya's father)
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Vishakantayya
* [[Doddanna]] as Kithapathi Naaga
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Gunjappa
* [[Sundar Raj]] as Surya's uncle
* Dharma as Surya's brother-in-law
* Adarsh as Kiran (Surya's brother)
* Bharath Bhagavathar as Surya's brother
* Aravind as Surya's brother
* Baby Priyanka
* Baby Prathiksha
* [[Kishan Shrikanth|Master Kishan]]
* [[Amulya]]
}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Maharaja
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|g55ogtHNMn0|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}
Soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Songs Download, All MP3 Songs, Raaga.com All Songs | url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/album/K0000075.html | access-date=2025-06-25 | website=www.raaga.com}}</ref> "Kandamma Kandamma" song reused From "Chaamanthi Poobanthi" from Telugu film ''[[Puttintiki Ra Chelli]]''.

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| lyrics_credits =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chukku Bukku
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length1 = 04:05
| title2 = Gopala Gopala
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra2 = Rajesh, Kalpana
| length2 = 04:41
| title3 = Hettavaru Beku
| extra3 = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length3 = 04:12
| title4 = Kandamma Kandamma
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| length4 = 01:21
| title5 = Kandamma Kandamma
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan
| length5 = 05:45
| title6 = Kuni Kunu
| extra6 = Rajesh
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| length6 = 05:16
| title7 = Santheya Beediyalli
| extra7 = Rajesh, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics7 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length7 = 04:51
}}

== Reception ==
Film critic [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "Director Sai Prakash's latest offering "Maharaja" is made in the mould of a 1960s south Indian melodrama - like many of his earlier films".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1992/kannada/maharaja/397/review.htm|title = Maharaja Review | via = Nowrunning | date=14 January 2005 |work = [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] }}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "If you like to see Sudeep only as an action hero, Maharaja is not for you!"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_maharaja.asp | title='Maharaja' film review - a film starring Sudeep and Nikhita directed by Saiprakash }}</ref> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Director Sai Prakash has effectively handled the story which revolves around family values. He has taken care not to glorify the mannerisms of Sudeep and included a number of sentimental scenes, comedy episodes (without double meaning) and action scenes in the film. Sudeep does a great job".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan162005/mr2.asp|title=Maharaja|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|date=16 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210114519/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan162005/mr2.asp|archive-date=10 February 2005|access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> ''Music India Online'' wrote "Why Sudeep has accepted this type of subject? Has he really gone bankrupt? Or is he looking for money but not good roles? This is not a film for his caliber. This is an out and out tearjerker. In Kannada many such stories have come and gone".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/7612/1/|website=Music India Online|access-date=4 May 2025|title=Movie Review: Maharaja (2005)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317000912/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/7612/1/|archive-date=17 March 2005}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="infobox" style="width: 22.7em; text-align: left; font-size: 85%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #eef;"
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #d9e8ff; text-align: center;" | Awards and nominations
|- style="background-color:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;" | Award
| style="background:#cceecc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Wins
| style="background:#eecccc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Nominations
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|0}}
|}
|- style="background-color:#d9e8ff"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''Totals'''
|-
| {{won|Awards won}}
| colspan="2" width=50 {{won|1}}
|-
| {{nom|Nominations}}
| colspan="2" width=50 {{nom|0}}
|}
'''[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] :-'''
*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[K.S. Chitra]]<ref name="KSFAW">{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05|publisher=viggy.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2953740|Maharaja}}
{{Sai Prakash}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Sai Prakash]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]

Kameeswarar temple

2026-03-27T18:07:15Z

KennyReveley866: Added New Place Initial Version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kameeswarar Temple
| image = Kameeswarar temple (9).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|54|52.3|N|79|45|20.9|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| | other_names =
| proper_name =
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| district =
| location = [[Villianur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kameeswarar([[Shiva]])
| important_festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| date_built =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Thirukameeswarar Temple''' (also called '''Kokilamba - Kameeswarar temple''' or '''Villianur Temple''' or '''kameeswarar temple''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in [[Villianur]], a town in the [[South India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Shiva is worshiped as Kameeswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as KokilambaAmman.

The temple complex covers an area of two acres and all its shrines are enclosed with concentric rectangular walls. The temple has a number of shrines, with those of Kameeswarar, his consort KokilambaAmman and Ranganathar being the most prominent.

The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and many yearly festivals on its calendar. Brahmotsavam, the prime festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aadi'' (July - August) is the most prominent festival celebrated in the temple.

The original complex is believed to have been built by [[Cholas]], with later additions from different ruling dynasties. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Puducherry]].

==Legend and history==
[[File:Kameeswarar temple (11).jpg |250px|thumb|left|The main shrines of the temple]]
As per [[Hindu]] legend, while [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]] contested for superiority, Shiva appeared as a flame, and challenged them to find his source. Brahma took the form of a swan, and flew to the sky to see the top of the flame, while Vishnu became the boar [[Varaha]], and sought its base. The scene is called ''lingothbava'', and is represented in the western wall at the sanctum of most Shiva temples. Neither Brahma nor Vishnu could find the source, and while Vishnu conceded his defeat, Brahma lied and said he had found the pinnacle. In punishment, Shiva ordained that Brahma would never have temples on earth in his worship. He also asked Brahma to build a temple on the banks of Mutharu River in Thondaimandalam. Brahma built the temple and got relieved of the curse.<ref name=dinamalar/>

The original structure is believed to have been constructed during 12th century, while the later additions are believed to have been built by [[Medieval Cholas]] and [[Vijayanagar Empire]], while the present masonry structure was built during the 16th century. There are inscriptions from Raja Narayana Sambuvarayar (1339–63),<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of India: Pondicherry|publisher=Rima Publications|year=1992|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|page=68}}</ref> who is believed to have donated around {{convert|850|acre|ha|abbr=on}} to the temple and it was irrigated by Ossudu Lake.<ref>{{cite book|title=Environmental Management of Urban Lakes: With Special Reference to Oussudu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsUBJAzPLbIC&q=villianur+temple&pg=PA221|page=3|first1=Shahid A.|last1=Abbasi|first2=K.B.|last2=Chari|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2008|accessdate=14 March 2016|isbn=9788183563482}}</ref> [[File:Kameeswarar temple (2).jpg |200x200px|thumb|A gopuram of the temple]]
Kameeswarar temple is located in [[Villianur]], a village on Puducherry - Villupuram main road. The temple has a flat entrance tower facing South, and all the shrines of the temple are enclosed in concentric rectangular granite walls. The central shrine is approached through pillared halls. The central shrine facing East houses the image of Kameeswarar in the form of [[Lingam]] (an iconic form of Shiva). The shrine of KokilambaAmman, facing South, is located in separate shrine around the first precinct. The central shrine is approached through a Mahamandapam and Arthamandapam. As in other Shiva temples in South India, the shrines of [[Vinayaka]], [[Murugan]], [[Navagraha]], Chandekeswara and [[Durga]] are located around the precinct of the main shrine. The second precinct has the temple tank and a garden around the periphery of the compound wall.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Literary mention==
[[U V Swaminatha Iyer]], the great [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scholar obtained the palm manuscripts from his French friend Mulian Vensam and published the book in 1940 titled ''Villai Puranam'' written by Veeraraghava Kavi. [[Arunachala Kavi]] has written verses revering the importance of the deity Muthukumaraswamy of the temple in the book ''Villai Muthukumarar Pillai Tamil''. Kanchipuram Sababathi Mudaliyar has published a book called ''Kuyilammai Malai'' about the temple. There are inscriptions in the temple indicating the establishment of Saiva Math by Meignana Maamunigal Swamigal.<ref name=Saiva5>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|language=Tamil|year=2013|page=516}}</ref>

==Religious importance and festivals==
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed three times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m. and ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Kameeswarar and Gnanambigai. Unlike other shiva temples, anointing with oil is not performed in the temple. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Brahmotsavam, the prime festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aadi'' (July - August) is the most prominent festival celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Kameeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=917|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Villianur pano.jpg|650px|thumb|center|Panorama of the temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kameeswarar temple}}
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Puducherry]]

Laheji, Bihar

2026-03-26T12:10:00Z

KennyReveley866: Added New Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Village in Siwan district, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Laheji
| native_name = लहेजी
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name = Lahejee
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =

| image_map = Map of Hasanpura.pdf
| map_caption = Laheji (#608) in [[Hasanpura]] block map
| image_caption = People on High School, Laheji during [[COVID-19]]<ref>{{cite web |title=सीवान : लहेजी में 182 लोगों की हुई कोरोना जांच, 14 की रिपोर्ट आयी पॉजिटिव |url=https://abhibharat.com/bihar-siwan-corona-investigation-of-182-people-in-lahji-14-reported-positive/ |website=Abhi Bharat |access-date=26 July 2025 |date=7 August 2020}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|26.094|N|84.380|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Seal of Bihar.svg|size=23px}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siwan district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hasanpura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Government
| governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| leader_title = [[Gram Panchayat|Panchayat]]
| leader_name = Laheji<ref name="Laheji Panchayat">{{Cite web |title=Laheji Panchayat |url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=siwan.nic.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| leader_name2 = [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| leader_title3 = Assembly seat
| leader_name3 = [[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.6
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Pakari Elevation">{{Cite web |title=Sea Level of Laheji Village |url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=freemaptools.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,771
| population_as_of = 2,011 Census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy in Bihar|Literacy]]
| demographics2_info2 = 54.29%
| demographics2_title3 = Sex ratio
| demographics2_info3 = 1108/1000 (Males: 3686, Females: 4085)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 841233
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR29]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|siwan.bih.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Laheji'''<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Villages in Siwan |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/23536 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[National Register of Citizens|Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]] |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> or ''Lahejee'' is a gram panchayat located in the [[Hasanpura]] Block of [[Siwan district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
Laheji covers a total area of approximately 5.6 sq. kilometres.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Villages in Siwan |url=https://villageinindia.com/india/bihar/siwan/hasanpura/hasanpura-laheji/ |website=villageinindia.com |date=16 July 2022 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> [[Agriculture]] is the primary occupation due to rich [[alluvial soil]].

== Administration ==
Laheji functions under the panchayati raj system. The village is governed by a [[gram panchayat]] and administrated by an elected Mukhiya.<ref name="siwan district">{{Cite web |title=Villages & Panchayat of Siwan |url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats |website=District of Siwan |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Laheji has a total population of 7,771 living in 1172 households.<ref name="villageinfo">{{Cite web |title=Laheji Village (Pincode: 841406), Basantpur, Siwan – Bihar – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/231674 |website=villageinfo |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> There are 3,686 males and 4,085 females, resulting in a sex ratio of 1,108 females per 1,000 males.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=Laheji Village Population – Siwan, Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=10&district=218&subdistrict=1245&town_village=232608&geo_level=4&format=csv |website=Census 2011 India |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Age distribution ===
Children aged 0–6 years number 1337 including 678 girls, accounting for 17.20% of the population. The child sex ratio is 954.<ref name="villageinfo" />

=== Literacy ===
According to the 2011 Census, the literacy rate in Laheji is 52.9% (4113). The male literacy rate is 77.1%, while the female literacy rate is 22.9% (1779).<ref name="villageinfo" />

== Notable people ==
* [[Om Prakash Yadav]], National Vice-president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Kisan Morcha or Ex-MP of [[Siwan, Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting with President - President of India - Digital Library |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/NjY1Mg== |website=dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in |publisher=RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN, [[Government of India]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Anushree |title=Om Prakash Yadav: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/om-prakash-yadav-32925.html |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=www.oneindia.com |publisher=[[Oneindia]] |date=22 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]], Hindi writer or Poet & awarded [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Book lif of Hrishikesh Sulabh |url=https://rajkamalprakashan.com/author/hrishikesh-sulabh |website=rajkamalprakashan.com |publisher=[[Rajkamal Prakashan]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About-Hrishikesh Sulabh |url=https://notnul.com/Pages/About-Author.aspx?AuthorID=160 |website=notnul.com |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hasanpura]]
* [[Merahi]]
* [[Pakari, Bihar]]
* [[Siwan district]]
* [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
* [[List of villages in Siwan district]]
* [[Siwan subdivision]]
* [[Administration in Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Siwan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Siwan district]]

{{Siwan-geo-stub}}

List of Indian artists

2026-03-26T02:44:41Z

KennyReveley866: adjust details after review also and added references

{{Short description|none}} 
This is a list of [[WP:GNG|notable]] artists who were born in [[India]] and or have a strong association with India.
{{Dynamic list}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!First
!Middle
!Last
!Birth
!Death
!Notes
|-
|[[Nandalal Bose|Nandalal]]
|
|[[Nandalal Bose|Bose]]
|1882
|1966
|
|-
|[[Akbar Padamsee|Akbar]]
|
|[[Akbar Padamsee|Padamsee]]
|1928
|2020
|painter, printmaker
|-
|[[Sunil Das|Sunil]]
|
|[[Sunil Das|Das]]
|1939
|2015
|
|-
|[[Manishi Dey|Manishi]]
|
|[[Manishi Dey|Dey]]
|1909
|1966
|
|-
|[[Mukul Chandra Dey|Mukul]]
|[[Mukul Chandra Dey|Chandra]]
|[[Mukul Chandra Dey|Dey]]
|1895
|1989
|printmaker
|-
|[[Kalipada Ghoshal|Kalipada]]
|
|[[Kalipada Ghoshal|Ghoshal]]
|1906
|1995
|
|-
|[[Maniam|T.U]].
|
|[[Maniam|Subramaniam]]
|1924
|1968
|pseudonym [[Maniam]]
|-
|[[Benode Behari Mukherjee|Benode]]
|[[Benode Behari Mukherjee|Behari]]
|[[Benode Behari Mukherjee|Mukherjee]]
|1904
|1980
|
|-
|[[Annada Munsi|Annada]]
|
|[[Annada Munsi|Munsi]]
|1905
|1985
|painter, writer
|-
|[[Manu Munsi|Manu]]
|
|[[Manu Munsi|Munsi]]
|1924
|2009
|painter, sculptor
|-
|[[Sobha Singh Naqqashi|Sobha]]
|[[Sobha Singh Naqqashi|Singh]]
|[[Sobha Singh Naqqashi|Naqqashi]]
|1901
|1986
|director, illustrator
|-
|[[Satyajit Ray|Satyajit]]
|
|[[Satyajit Ray|Ray]]
|1921
|1992
|
|-
|[[Jamini Roy|Jamini]]
|
|[[Jamini Roy|Roy]]
|1887
|1972
|
|-
|[[Amrita Sher-Gil|Amrita]]
|
|[[Amrita Sher-Gil|Sher-Gil]]
|1913
|1941
|Hungarian-Indian descent
|-
|[[Silpi|P.M.]]
|
|[[Silpi|Sreenivasan]]
|1919
|1983
|pseudonym [[Silpi]]
|-
|[[S. G. Thakur Singh|S.G.]]
|[[S. G. Thakur Singh|Thakur]]
|[[S. G. Thakur Singh|Singh]]
|1899
|1976
|
|-
|[[Abanindranath Tagore|Abanindranath]]
|
|[[Abanindranath Tagore|Tagore]]
|1871
|1951
|
|-
|[[Gaganendranath Tagore|Gaganendranath]]
|
|[[Gaganendranath Tagore|Tagore]]
|1867
|1938
|
|-
|[[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]]
|
|[[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]
|1861
|1941
|pseudonym Bhanusimha
|-
|[[Raja Ravi Varma|Raja]]
|[[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi]]
|[[Raja Ravi Varma|Varma]]
|1848
|1906
|
|-
|[[Ramkinkar Baij|Ramkinkar]]
|
|[[Ramkinkar Baij|Baij]]
|1906
|1989
|painter, sculptor
|-
|[[Bapu (director)|Sattiraju]]
|
|[[Bapu (director)|Lakshminarayana]]
|1933
|2014
|pseudonym [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
|-
|[[Manjit Bawa|Manjit]]
|
|[[Manjit Bawa|Bawa]]
|1941
|2008
|
|-
|[[Bikash Bhattacharjee|Bikash]]
|
|[[Bikash Bhattacharjee|Bhattacharjee]]
|1940
|2006
|
|-
|[[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna]]
|
|[[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Reddy]]
|1925
|2018
|printmaker, sculptor
|-
|[[Nek Chand|Nek]]
|[[Nek Chand|Chand]]
|[[Nek Chand|Saini]]
|1924
|2015
|sculptor
|-
|[[Bijan Choudhury|Bijan]]
|
|[[Bijan Choudhury|Choudhury]]
|1931
|2012
|
|-
|[[Dhiraj Choudhury|Dhiraj]]
|
|[[Dhiraj Choudhury|Choudhury]]
|1936
|2018
|
|-
|[[Edmund Thomas Clint|Edmund]]
|[[Edmund Thomas Clint|Thomas]]
|[[Edmund Thomas Clint|Clint]]
|1976
|1983
|child prodigy who painted over 25,000 paintings during his life of 6 years 11 months
|-
|[[Prafulla Dahanukar|Prafulla]]
|
|[[Prafulla Dahanukar|Dahanukar]]
|1934
|2014
|
|-
|[[M R D Dattan|M.R.D.]]
|
|[[M R D Dattan|Dattan]]
|1935
|2006
|sculptor
|-
|[[Kanu Desai|Kanu]]
|
|[[Kanu Desai|Desai]]
|1907
|1980
|director, illustrator
|-
|[[John Wilkins (Indian artist)|John]]
|
|[[John Wilkins (Indian artist)|Wilkins]]
|1927
|1991
|
|-
|[[Somalal Shah|Somalal]]
|
|[[Somalal Shah|Shah]]
|1905
|1994
|

|-
|[[S.H. Raza|Sayed]]
|[[S.H. Raza|Haider]]
|[[S.H. Raza|Raza]]
|1922
|2016
|
|-
|[[Piraji Sagara|Piraji]]
|
|[[Piraji Sagara|Sagara]]
|1931
|2014
|painter, sculptor
|-
|[[Mohan Samant|Mohan]]
|
|[[Mohan Samant|Samant]]
|1924
|2004
|
|-
|[[Francis Newton Souza|Francis]]
|[[Francis Newton Souza|Newton]]
|[[Francis Newton Souza|Souza]]
|1924
|2002
|
|-
|[[Bholekar Srihari|Srihari]]
|
|[[Bholekar Srihari|Bholekar]]
|1941
|2018
|painter, sculptor, printmaker
|-
|[[Y.G. Srimati|Srimati]]
|
|[[Y.G. Srimati|Y.G.]]
|1926
|2007
|painter, dancer
|-
|[[K.G. Subramanyan|Kalpathi]]
|[[K.G. Subramanyan|Ganpathi]]
|[[K.G. Subramanyan|Subramanyan]]
|1924
|2016
|
|-
|[[Anil Kumar Dutta|Anil]]
|[[Anil Kumar Dutta|Kumar]]
|[[Anil Kumar Dutta|Dutta]]
|1933
|2006
|painter, writer

|-
|[[S. Rajam|Sundaram]]
|
|[[S. Rajam|Rajam]]
|1919
|2010
|
|-
|[[B. Prabha|B.]]
|
|[[B. Prabha|Prabha]]
|1933
|2001
|

|-
|[[Rajan Krishnan|Rajan]]
|
|[[Rajan Krishnan|Krishnan]]
|1933
|2001
|

|-
|[[Bhupen Khakkar|Bhupen]]
|
|[[Bhupen Khakkar|Khakkar]]
|1934
|2003
|
|-
|[[Abdul Kadar Khatri|Abdul]]
|[[Abdul Kadar Khatri|Kadar]]
|[[Abdul Kadar Khatri|Khatri]]
|1961
|2019
|master craftsmen, printmaker
|-
|[[M.F. Husain|Maqbool]]
|[[M.F. Husain|Fida]]
|[[M.F. Husain|Husain]]
|1915
|2011
|director, painter
|-
|[[Satish Gujral|Satish]]
|
|[[Satish Gujral|Gujral]]
|1925
|2020
|
|-
|[[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|Vasudeo]]
|[[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|S.]]
|[[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|Gaitonde]]
|1924
|2001
|
|-
|[[Badri Narayan|Badri]]
|
|[[Badri Narayan|Narayan]]
|1929
|2013
|illustrator, writer
|-
|[[Rabin Mondal|Rabin]]
|
|[[Rabin Mondal|Mondal]]
|1929
|2019
|
|-
|[[K. K. Menon|K.K.]]
|
|[[K. K. Menon|Menon]]
|1925
|1999
|
|-
|[[Srimati Lal|Srimati]]
|[[Srimati Lal|Priyadarshini]]
|[[Srimati Lal|Lal]]
|1959
|2019
|painter, poet
|-
|[[Zarina (artist)|Zarina]]
|
|[[Zarina (artist)|Hashmi]]
|1937
|2020
|printmaker, sculptor
|-
|[[Pilloo Pochkhanawala|Pilloo]]
|
|[[Pilloo Pochkhanawala|Pochkhanawala]]
|1923
|1986
|sculptor
|-
|[[Gogi Saroj Pal|Gogi]]
|[[Gogi Saroj Pal|Saroj]]
|[[Gogi Saroj Pal|Pal]]
|1945
|2024
|
|-
|[[Mrinalini Mukherjee|Mrinalini]]
|
|[[Mrinalini Mukherjee|Mukherjee]]
|1949
|2015
|sculptor
|-
|[[Lalita Lajmi|Lalitha]]
|
|[[Lalita Lajmi|Lajmi]]
|1932
|2023
|
|-
|[[Latika Katt|Latika]]
|
|[[Latika Katt|Katt]]
|1948
|2025
|
|-
|[[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima]]
|
|[[Pratima Devi (painter)|Devi]]
|1893
|1969
|
|-
|[[Hema Upadhyay|Hema]]
|
|[[Hema Upadhyay|Upadhyay]]
|1972
|2015
|sculptor
|-
|[[Atasi Barua|Atasi]]
|
|[[Atasi Barua|Barua]]
|1921
|2016
|
|}

== Contemporary artists ==

* [[Dhruvi Acharya]] (born 1971), visual artist
* [[Ratnadeep Adivrekar]] (born 1974)
* [[Anurag Anand]] (born 1978), visual artist and writer
* [[Sekar Ayyanthole]] (born 1954)
* [[Bhuri Bai]] (1968), Bhil artist
* [[Madhuri Bhaduri]] (born 1958)
* [[Dimpy Bhalotia]] (born 1987), street photographer
* [[Maya Burman]] (born 1971)
* [[Jogen Chowdhury]] (born 1939)
* [[Daku (artist)|Daku]], pseudonymous graffiti artist
* [[Jahar Dasgupta]] (born 1942), painter
* [[Vikash Maharaj]] (born 1957), artist
* [[Kurchi Dasgupta]] (born 1974)
* [[Shashikant Dhotre]] (born 1982), drawing, painter, installations
* [[Gurpreet Singh Dhuri]] (born 1983)
* [[Atul Dodiya]] (born 1959), painter
* [[Aman Singh Gulati]] (born 2000), world's first almond artist
* [[Manav Gupta]] (born 1967)
* [[Shilpa Gupta]] (born 1976)
* [[Saba Hasan]] (born 1962) contemporary artist
* [[S. Jithesh]] (born 1974)
* [[Reena Saini Kallat]] (born 1973)
* [[Anish Kapoor]] (born 1954)
* [[Siddharth Katragadda]] (born 1972)
* [[Mohammed Yusuf Khatri]] (born 1967), Bagh printer
* [[Sanjay Khatri]] (born 1987), ballet dancer
* [[Bharti Kher]] (born 1969), painter, sculptor and installation artist
* [[Nandita Kumar]] (born 1981), new media artist
* [[Paris Mohan Kumar]]
* [[Madhan (writer)|Madhan]] (born 1947)
* [[Paresh Maity]] (born 1965), painter and sculptor
* [[Ananta Mandal]] (born 1983), watercolorist
* [[Ravi Mandlik]] (born 1960), painter
* [[Kailash Chandra Meher]] (born 1954), painter
* [[Bhavna Mehta]] (born 1968), paper-cut artist
* [[Anjolie Ela Menon]] (born 1940), painter
* [[Amitabh Mitra]] (born 1955)
* [[Samir Mondal]] (born 1952), watercolourist
* [[N.K.P. Muthukoya]] (born 1941)

* [[Balan Nambiar]] (born 1937), sculptor, painter and research scholar
* [[Satyendra Pakhale]] (born 1967)
* [[Gogi Saroj Pal]] (born 1945)
* [[Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri]] (born 1983), photographer, film director
* [[Aditya Pande]] (born 1976), painter, sculptor, digital artist
* [[Jayant Parikh]] (born 1940)
* [[Baiju Parthan]] (born 1956), painter
* [[Gieve Patel]] (born 1940)
* [[Sudarsan Pattnaik]] (born 1977), sand artist
* [[Pranava Prakash]] (born 1979)
* [[Gargi Raina]] (born 1961), painter
* [[Devajyoti Ray]] (born 1974)
* [[Sajitha R. Shankar]] (born 1967)
* [[Suvigya Sharma]] (born 1983)
* [[Ram Chandra Shukla]] (1925–2016)
* [[Vibhor Sogani]] (born 1967)
* [[Karuna Sukka]] (born 1980), printmaker
* [[Vivan Sundaram]] (born 1943), installation artist
* [[K.R.Sunil]] (born 1975)
* [[Surekha (artist)|Surekha]], artist, video and photo installations
* [[Thukral & Tagra]] (born 1976, born 1979)
* [[K. P. Thomas (artist)]] (born 1951)
* [[Tom Vattakuzhy]] (born 1967)

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Lists|Visual arts}}
* [[List of Indian women artists]]
* [[List of most expensive Indian artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asian artists}}
{{Artists by nationality}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian artists}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian artists| ]]
[[Category:Lists of artists by nationality|Indian]]

James W. Massey

2026-03-25T04:21:48Z

KennyReveley866: Added Initial Details First Draft

'''James William Massey''', (born 1877), commanded 184 troops of the 1st garrison battalion, [[Somerset Light Infantry]], at Amritsar in 1919.

==Career==
James Massey was born in 1877.<ref name=Perkins.189>Perkins, pp. 189-191</ref> He was at first commissioned in the [[Royal Hampshire Regiment|Hampshire Regiment]].<ref name=Perkins.189/> In early 1900 he sailed to South Africa, where he served with the [[East Griqualand Commando|East Griqualand Mounted Rifles]] during the [[Boer War]] and received a [[brevet]] rank of captain in 1901.<ref name=Perkins.189/> In 1915 he rejoined the Hampshire,<ref name=Perkins.189/> and was appointed captain in October of that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Memoranda |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29328/page/10160 |access-date=17 March 2026 |issue=29328 |date=15 October 1915 |page=10160}}</ref>

In February 1917 Massey sailed from [[Plymouth]] to India with the [[Somerset Light Infantry]].<ref name=Perkins.189/><ref>{{cite news |title=War Office |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29928/page/1169 |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=The London Gazette |issue=29928 |date=2 February 1917 |page=1169 |quote=Capt. J. W. Massey (Hamps. R. Spec. Res.) is apptd. to a Bn. 18 Jan. 1917, but with seniority from 18 Oct. 1915}}</ref> By the end of 1918, he was stationed in Amritsar, commanding a small garrison of 184 troops from the 1st Garrison Battalion.<ref name=Perkins.189/><ref name=Wagner.33>Wagner, p. 33</ref><ref name=Datta.39>Datta, pp. 39-40</ref><ref name=Wagner.70>Wagner, pp. 70-74</ref> On 11 April 1919, upon [[Reginald Dyer]]'s arrival at Amritsar, Massey was replaced with Major MacDonald.<ref name=Collett.236>Collett, pp. 236-242</ref>

Having served in the army throughout the Punjab disturbances and martial law, though not present at Jallianwalla Bagh on the 13th April, Massey testified at the Hunter Inquiry.<ref name=Perkins.189/><ref name=Swinson.101>Swinson, p. 101</ref> After [[Reginald C. A. Plomer]]'s testimony and before [[Henry "Jullundur" Smith|Henry Smith's]], Massey told the committee that Amritsar remained largely calm before the Rowlatt Bill, with only politically conscious and educated Indians showing concern, while the wider population became agitated only after the arrests of [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] and [[Satyapal]] on 10 April 1919.<ref name=Perkins.189/><ref name=Wagner.225>Wagner, p. 225</ref> In November 1920 he was noted Captain with the 3rd Hampshire.<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Reserve of Officers |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32282/supplement/2773 |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=The London Gazette |issue=32282 |date=5 April 1921 |page=2773 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|According to medal collector Roger Perkins, Massey did not return to his regiment but moved to [[Bahawalpur]] to join in the service of Nawab Sir [[Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V]].<ref name=Perkins.189/> There, he converted to Islam.<ref name=Perkins.189/> By 1933, he had been promoted to Colonel, commanding the 1st Bahawalpur Sadiq Battalion, and several of his medals were inscribed with his new name, Abdul Rahman Massey.<ref name=Perkins.189/> He died in 1936 and was buried at [[Ahmedpur East|Dera Nawab]].<ref name=Perkins.189/>}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab, Etc: Amritsar |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cE1AQAAMAAJ|volume=I-III |language=en|pages=45-50}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel|author-link=Nigel Collett |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |date=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=1-85285-575-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=V. N. |last2=Datta |first2=Nonica |author1-link=Vishwa Nath Datta|title=Jallianwala Bagh: A Groundbreaking History of the 1919 Massacre |date=2021 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-143450337 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnEhEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Perkins |first1=Roger |title=The Amritsar Legacy: Golden Temple to Caxton Hall, the Story of a Killing |date=1989 |publisher=Picton Publishing|location=Chippenham |isbn=0-948251-44-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiduAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Swinson |first1=Arthur|author-link=Arthur Swinson |title=Six Minutes to Sunset: the story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair |date=1964 |publisher=Life Span Publishers and Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoR0AAAAMAAJ|language=en|isbn=
978-81-939094-3-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A.|author-link=Kim A. Wagner |title=Amritsar 1919: An empire of fear & the making of a massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Massey, James W.}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Somerset Light Infantry officers]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Bhishma

2026-03-21T07:06:34Z

KennyReveley866:

{{Short description|Statesman and patriarch of Kuru kingdom in the Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox character
| image = Statue of Bhishma.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = A contemporary sculpture of Bhishma during the Kurukshetra War
| aliases = {{cslist
|Devavrata
|Gauranga
|Bhishma
|Pitamaha
|Gangaputra
|Mahamahima
|Gangadatta
|Kurushreshtha}}
| info-hdr = Information
| home = [[Hastinapura]]
| family = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Shantanu]] (father)
* [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (mother)
* [[Satyavati]] (step-mother)
* [[Chitrāngada]] (half-brother)
* [[Vichitravirya]] (half-brother)
* [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]] and [[Devapi]] (elder uncles)
}}
| weapon = {{cslist|[[Bow and arrow]]
|[[sword]]| [[axe]]| [[Gada (mace)|gada]]|[[spear]]}}
| gender = Male
| relatives = [[Kuru dynasty]]-[[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]]
| title = Supreme commander of the Kuru army
| class = [[Maharathi]]
| affiliation = [[Kauravas]]
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}

'''Bhishma''' ({{Langx|sa|भीष्म|lit=|translit=Bhīṣma}}), also known as '''Pitāmaha''', '''Gangāputra''', and '''Devavrata''', is a central figure in the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]. He was a statesman and military commander of the ancient [[Kuru kingdom]]. Renowned for his wisdom, valor, skill in battle and unwavering principles, Bhishma served as the supreme commander of the [[Kaurava]] forces during the first ten days of the [[Kurukshetra War]] until his fall.

Born to [[King Shantanu]] and the river goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], he was originally named Devavrata and the designated the heir-apparent to the throne. However, he renounced his claim and took a vow of lifelong celibacy to facilitate his father's marriage to [[Satyavati]]. This sacrifice earned him the title Bhishma, meaning "the one who undertakes a severe vow," and he was blessed with ''Ichcha Mrityu''—the boon of choosing his time of death.

Bhishma's life after his vow was marked by his steadfast loyalty to the Kuru dynasty and his navigation of complex political and familial challenges. He served as the chief adviser and regent to successive rulers of [[Hastinapura]], including his half-brothers [[Chitrāngada|Chitrangada]] and [[Vichitravirya]], as well as their successors—[[Pandu]] and [[Dhritarashtra]].
During this period, he came into conflict with his preceptor in warfare, [[Parashurama]], over the abduction of [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], a princess whom he had carried off for Vichitravirya’s marriage. He also played a decisive role in arranging the marriages of Pandu and Dhritarashtra, and in overseeing the upbringing of their children—the five [[Pandava]] brothers led by [[Yudhishthira]], and the hundred Kauravas led by [[Duryodhana]]. Bhishma further acted as a mediator in several internal disputes within the royal family, including the division of the Kuru kingdom between Duryodhana and Yudhishthira.
Despite his personal adherence to [[dharma]], his loyalty to the throne ultimately compelled him to side with the Kauravas during the [[Kurukshetra War]].

In battle, Bhishma was unmatched in skill and strategy, holding off the Pandava forces for ten days. On the tenth day, however, the Pandava prince [[Arjuna]], aided by [[Shikhandi]] (reincarnation of Amba), incapacitated him with a volley of arrows, leaving him lying on a [[Bhishma#Death|bed of arrows]]. Bhishma spent fifty-one days in this state, offering counsel to the Pandavas and Kauravas alike. Before his death, timed to the auspicious [[Uttarayana]] (winter solstice), he imparted the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] to [[Yudhishthira]] and shared his vast knowledge on governance, dharma, and the duties of a king.

Revered in Hindu tradition, Bhishma is extolled for his sacrifice and duty. His death anniversary, observed as [[Bhishma Ashtami]], falls on the eighth lunar day of the bright half of the [[Magha (month)|Magha]] month (January–February).

==Etymology and epithets==
According to [[Monier Monier-Williams]], the word ''Bhishma'' (Bhīṣma, भीष्म) means "extreme" or "fierce". The word is also used to describe [[Rudra]], the fierce god, as well as the [[Rakshasa]].{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=712}} In the epic, Devavrata received this as he undertook a fierce or terrible vow (Bhishma pratigya) and fulfilled it.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=135}}{{sfn|Long|2020|p=91}} Bhishma was given the name Devavrata (देवव्रत) at his birth, meaning one who is devoted to Gods.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=432}}

As Bhishma was the only surviving son of Ganga, he was given many epithets which mean "son of Ganga" {{mdash}} ''Gangaputra'' (Gangāputra, गंगापुत्र), ''Gang'' (गंग), Gangasuta (Gangāsuta, गंगासुत) and Gangeya (गांगेय). The word ''Gangadatta'' (Gangādatta, गंगादत्त) means the gift of Ganga.{{sfn|Gandhi|2004|p=115}} Patronymics of Bhishma include Shantanava (Śāntanava, शान्तनव), Shantanuputra, Shantanusuta and Shantanuja.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=137}} Bhishma was also referred as:
* Gaurānga (गौरांग) – the one with fair body
* Shvetaveera (Śvetavīra, श्वेतवीर) – a white warrior or the one who is heroic white and has all weapons in white Colour
* Bhārata (भारत) – a descendant of Bharata
* Mahāmahima (महामहिम) – his excellency
* Parashuramashishya (Paraśurāmaśiṣya, परशुरामशिष्य) – disciple of [[Parashurama]]
* Pitāmaha (पितामह) – Grandfather (also known as Bhishma Pitamaha; called by Pandavas and Kauravas)
{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=137}}

==Birth and early life==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Ganga and Shantanu (1890).jpg|175px|left|thumb|Shantanu stops Ganga from drowning their eighth child, who later was known as Bhishma. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]

Bhishma's birth and youth are mainly narrated in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' book of the epic. He was the only surviving son of [[Shantanu]], a king belonging to the [[lunar dynasty]], and his first wife [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], a river goddess. It is believed that he was the avatar of a [[Vasus|Vasu]] named Dyu, alias Prabhasa.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=134}}

According to the legend, Shantanu, the youngest son of the king [[Pratipa]] and the king of [[Kuru kingdom]], was on a hunting trip, when he saw a beautiful woman on the banks of the river [[Ganga]]. He fell in love with her and asked for her hand in marriage. The lady agreed to his proposal but with one condition that he will never question her actions; and if this condition was broken, she would abandon him. Shantanu accepted it and lived a happy marital life with her. However, when a child was born, the queen used to drown him in the river Ganga. One by one, seven sons were born and drowned, while Shantanu remained silent because of his commitment. When she was about to throw the eighth child into the river, Shantanu, unable to control himself, stopped her and confronted her about her actions. After hearing Shantanu's harsh words, the woman revealed herself to be the goddess Ganga and justified her actions and narrated the following story.<ref name = "Adi Parva 98" />{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=135}}

Once the celestial Vasus and their wives were enjoying themselves in the forest when the wife of Dyu spotted an excellent cow and asked her husband to steal it. The cow was Nandini, daughter of the wish-fulfilling cow [[Surabhi]], and was owned by the sage [[Vashishtha]]. With the help of his brothers, Dyu tried to steal it but Vashishtha caught them and cursed them to be born as mortals and suffer a miserable life. Upon their pleading, Vashishta showed mercy and told the other seven Vasus that they will be liberated soon after their birth. However, Dyu being the protagonist of the theft was cursed to endure a longer life on the earth. Before the birth of her sons, Ganga was requested to kill the seven children soon after their birth.<ref name = "Adi 99" >[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01100.htm Ganguly], Adi Parva: section 99</ref>{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=135}} Hearing this, Shantanu was filled with grief and regrets and Ganga decided to abandon him as her condition was broken. Before disappearing, she promised Shantanu to return his heir.<ref name = "Adi Parva 98" >[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01099.htm Ganguly], Adi Parva: Section 98
</ref>
[[File:The scene from the Mahabharata of the presentation by Ganga of her son Devavrata (the future Bhisma) to his father, Santanu..jpg|thumb|175px|[[Ganga]] handing over her son Devavrata to his father. Painting by BP Banerjee.]]
Ganga named her son Devavrata and took him to different ''loka'' (realms), where he was brought up and trained by many eminent sages.<ref name = "Adi 100" >[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01101.htm Ganguly], Adi Parva: section 100</ref><ref>[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a037.htm Ganguly], Shanti Parva: section 38</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-12|title=Why Devavrata came to be known as Bhishma?|url=https://zeenews.india.com/spirituality/why-devavrata-came-to-be-known-as-bhishma-1995354.html|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

* [[Brihaspati]] and [[Shukracharya]] taught Devavrata the duties of kings (Dandaneeti), or political science and other [[Shastras]].
* The sages [[Vashishtha]] and [[Chyavana]] taught the Vedas and [[Vedangas]] to Devavrata.
* [[Sanatkumara]]: The eldest son of the god [[Brahma]] taught Devavrata the mental and spiritual sciences.
* [[Markandeya]]: The immortal son of [[Mrikanda]] of Bhrigu's race who acquired everlasting youth from the god [[Shiva]] taught Devavrata in the duties of the Yatis.
* [[Parashurama]]: The son of [[Jamadagni]] trained Bhishma in warfare.
* [[Indra]]: The king of the Devas. He bestowed celestial weapons on Bhishma.
Bhishma possessed many esteemed divine weapons and was resistant against magical warfare. Weapons inducing stupor and mental clouding rendered no effect on him.

Years later, Shantanu was roaming on the banks of the Ganga and observed that the water of the river had turned shallow. He saw a young man blocking the water currents with a dam made up of arrows. Shantanu recognised his son because of the similarities and begged Ganga to return him. Ganga appeared in a youthful form and handed her son to Shantanu as per her promise. The young Devavrata was known as Gangadatta as he was handed over by Ganga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narasimhan|first=Chakravarthi V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-P56leXRgAYC&q=santanu+sees+a+beautiful+woman&pg=PA8|title=The Mahābhārata: An English Version Based on Selected Verses|date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1673-2|language=en}}</ref>

==The oath==
[[File: Bheeshma oath by RRV.jpg|190px|left|thumb|Devavrata taking his oath, painting by Raja Ravi Varma]]
Devavrata was made the heir-apparent, and the citizens loved him because of his divine background and eligibility. Meanwhile, Shantanu went to the forest and met a fisherwoman named [[Satyavati]], who operated the boats crossing the [[Yamuna]]. He fell in love with her and asked for her hand in marriage from her father. However, the fisherman-chief told that he would only agree if Shantanu promised to put the son born to Satyavati as the heir. Shantanu rejected the offer as he had already promised the throne to Devavrata and returned to the palace. He started to avoid any company and spend his time in bed in grief and solitude. Devavrata noticed his father's sorrow and discovered the reason behind it from a minister.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=135}}

Devavrata immediately rushed to the cottage of the fishermen-chief and begged him for Satyavati, but the fishermen-chief repeated his former condition. For his father's pleasure and happiness, Devavrata ceded his rights to the throne and promised to put the son of Satyavati on the throne of the kingdom. Satyavati's father was not assured as he claimed that disputes were likely to arise between Satyavati's son and Devavrata's children regarding the rights to the throne. To satisfy him, Devavrata took the vow of lifelong ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' (celibacy), thus denying himself the pleasures of marital life.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=135}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=Jai Gopal |url= |title=कलरव |publisher=Al- Lina Publications |isbn=979-8-4370-5396-6 |location=New Delhi |publication-date=22 March 2022 |pages=34–42 |language=hi |trans-title=Chirping}}</ref>

The celestials showered flowers from heaven and he came to be known as "Bhishma" as he took a terrible vow. With the consent of the fisherman, Bhishma took Satyavati to his father on a chariot and informed him about his vows. A loving father Shantanu gave him a boon of ''Iccha Mrityu'', the control over the time of his death.<ref name = "Adi 100" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ireland|first=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LEIAAAAQAAJ&q=Santanu+sees+a+beautiful+woman&pg=PA31|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|date=1879|publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-07|title=Devavrata's oath|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/Devavrata%E2%80%99s-oath/article14475999.ece|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Shantanu and Satyavati soon married and two children – [[Chitrangada (son of Shantanu)|Chitrangada]] and [[Vichitravirya]] were born.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=135}}

==Affairs of Kuru Kingdom==
After the death of his father, Bhishma played a major role in the affairs of the Kuru kingdom. He managed the kingdom when there were succession crises. He also arranged the marriage of his nephews and tried to bring peace between his grand-nephews, the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]].

The text ''[[Harivamsa]]'' mentions that during the mourning period after Shantanu's death, Bhishma killed Ugrayudha Paurava, a statesman of [[Panchala kingdom]] who lusted for Satyavati and tried to buy her with wealth.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004|p=21–25}} According to the ''Mahabharata'', Chitrangada was crowned as the king, however, he was soon killed by a ''[[Gandharva]]'' (celestial musician). Bhishma performed Chitrangada's funeral rites.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=135}}<ref name = "Sec 101">[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01102.htm Ganguly], Adi Parva: Section 101</ref> Vichitravirya, who was too young to rule, was crowned as the king by Bhishma but the actual control of the kingdom was under Satyavati until he reached adulthood. Bhishma aided Satyavati during that time.<ref name = "Section 102">[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01103.htm Ganguly], Adi Parva: Section 102</ref>

===Swayamvara of the Kashi princesses and battle with Parashurama===
[[File:Parasurama shoots Bhima , ca. 1616.jpg|thumb|Parashurama shoots Bhishma while [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] watches them, folio from ''[[Razmnama]]'' (Persian translation of the Mahabharata), ca. 1616]]
When Vichitravirya grew up, Bhishma decided to bring [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]]{{mdash}}the princesses of [[Kashi kingdom]]{{mdash}}and get them married to him. Bhishma reached the kingdom and fought Shalva, easily defeating him and rightfully won over the princesses, who were choosing their spouse in a ''[[Swayamvara]]'' (ceremony where a woman chooses her husband from a group of suitors either by holding a competition or a task and the winner marries the princess). [[Shalva (Mahabharata)|Shalva]], the ruler of Shalwa or Saubala Kingdom and the lover of Amba, attempted to stop Bhishma but failed. Upon reaching [[Hastinapura]], Ambika and Ambalika consented to marry Vichitravirya, while Amba told Bhishma about her love for Shalva. Learning about her feelings, Bhishma sent Amba to Saubala Kingdom.

The ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'' further narrates about Amba as well as the battle between Bhishma and Parashurama. When Amba requested Shalva to marry her, he rejected her, claiming that he was already humiliated during the Svayamvara. He also told her that he could not accept a woman who was won by another man. A variant suggests that after Amba returned to Hastinapur, Bhishma then asked Vichitravirya to marry her, but he also refused to marry her as she loved another man. With no one to accept her, Amba blamed Bhishma for her misery and wanted revenge from him. She went to the kings of several kingdom and tried to convince them to slay Bhishma; but none of them agreed. After she was advised by some sages, she met Parasurama, Bhishma's teacher and successfully convinced him to vow to help her.<ref name=B>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India – Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=30–8}}</ref>

Parasurama went to [[Kurukshetra]] and sent a message to Bhishma to meet him. Bhishma arrived at the place and offered his service to his teacher. Wanting to solve the situation, Parasurama ordered him to marry Amba, telling him that it was his [[dharma|duty]]. However, Bhishma denied it, reminding him about his vow. This enraged Parashurama and he threatened Bhishma with death. Bhishma tried to calm him but it failed. An intense battle began with both protecting their words. They fought for twenty-three days, each using celestial weapons. Ganga tried to stop them but was unsuccessful.<ref name=B/> On the twenty-fourth day of battle, Bhishma attempted to use the Prashwapastra against [[Parashurama]], but the divine sage [[Narada]] and the gods intervened and showed their concern over the use of powerful weapons which could destroy the world. Parashurama ended the conflict and the battle was declared a stalemate. After hearing about the event, Amba decided to take her revenge on her own and did severe austerities to please the god [[Shiva]]. Shiva appeared in front of her and assured that she would be reborn and become instrumental in Bhishma's death. Satisfied, she then made a funeral pyre of woods and killed herself. Years later, she was reborn as [[Shikhandini]], daughter of King [[Drupada]] of [[Panchala kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahabharata Story By Rajaji – Page 5 {{!}} Mahabharata Stories, Summary and Characters from Mahabharata|url=http://www.mahabharataonline.com/rajaji/mahabharata_summary_5.php|access-date=2020-08-29|website=www.mahabharataonline.com}}</ref>

===Political influences===
[[File:Razmnamah.jpg|thumb|Yudhishthira with Bhishma, from the Razm-Namah, by Fattu, 1598]]
Vichitravirya was crowned as the king of Hastinapura and he ruled for a few years, before he died of [[tuberculosis]]. He had no offspring and the lineage was at the risk of extinction. [[Satyavati]] persuaded Bhishma to marry the widows of Vichitravirya and rule as the king or at least impregnate them to produce an heir.<ref>Meyer pp. 165–6</ref> However Bhishma refused the proposal and told her about his vow. He then suggested that a sage could be requested to perform ''[[Niyoga]]'' (a practice in which another person is requested to impregnate a woman, whose husband is deceased or impotent).<ref name = "ganguliCIV">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 1: Adi Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01105.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=SECTION CIV}}</ref> Satyavati called her premarital born son, [[Vyasa]], to impregnate her daughters-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choppra|first=Kusum|date=2017-06-17|title=Satyavati, the feminist who stood up to patriarchy|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/column-satyavati-the-feminist-who-stood-up-to-patriarchy-2475404|access-date=2020-10-26|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref name = "ganguliCIII">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 1: Adi Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01104.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=SECTION CIII}}</ref><ref>Meyer p. 165</ref> Three children were born{{mdash}} [[Dhritarashtra]] from Ambika, [[Pandu]] from Ambalika and [[Vidura]] from a maid. Bhishma trained them and also got them married. He arranged the wedding of Dhritarashtra with [[Gandhāri|Gandhari]], the princess of [[Gandhara Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Diwaker Ikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmxCDwAAQBAJ&q=shakuni+gandhri+marries+dhritrashtra&pg=PT66|title=Decoding the Metaphor Mahabharata|date=2017-12-11|publisher=One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5201-000-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CX|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01111.htm|access-date=2020-09-01|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> He also brought [[Madri]] for [[Pandu]] from [[Madra Kingdom]] and also got Vidura married to the daughter of Devaka.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=136}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Debalina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hfHDwAAQBAJ&q=bhishma+gets+pandu+married+with+Madri&pg=PT123|title=Into the Myths: A Realistic Approach Towards Mythology and Epic|date=2019-12-20|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-5437-0576-8|language=en}}</ref>

Despite Dhritrashtra being the eldest among the brothers, he was denied the throne because of his blindness. Pandu was appointed as the king, but later, he renounced his position and went to the forest with his wives. Dhritarashtra was made the de facto king and Gandhari gave birth to the [[Kauravas]] siblings. Meanwhile, Pandu's two wives gave birth to the five [[Pandava]] brothers. After the premature death of Pandu, his first wife Kunti returned to Hastinapur with her sons. Satyavati, along with Ambika and Ambalika, decided to retire to the forest for penance, leaving Bhishma with the responsibility of the kingdom. A Brahmin warrior [[Drona]], was hired by Bhishma to train the princes in warfare.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=bhishma+appoints+drona&pg=PT450|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}</ref>

From their childhood, the Kauravas hated their cousins and tried to kill them multiple times. One such was the event of [[Lakshagriha]], in which [[Duryodhana]]—the eldest Kaurava—decided to burn the Pandavas. Bhishma was despondent but Vidura consoled him and told them that the Pandavas were alive. The event led to the succession dispute between Duryodhana and [[Yudhishthira]]. To resolve this, Bhishma advised Dhritarashtra to divide the kingdom among the princes. The Pandavas made their capital in [[Indraprastha]] and performed the ''[[Rajasuya]]'' to achieve sovereignty and the status of the emperor. Bhishma supported them and attended the ceremony. He suggested Yudhishthira give [[Krishna]] the highest place in the ceremony, but this enraged [[Shishupala]]{{mdash}}an enemy of Krishna. He initially protested to give the position to Bhishma, but after Bhishma showed no objection in honouring Krishna, Shishupala started insulting him.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=136}}

Bhishma was present during the gambling game in [[Hastinapur]], where [[Draupadi]]—the wife of the Pandavas—was humiliated in the court. When she questioned the [[dharma]] of Yudhishthira losing her in the game, Bhishma tried but failed to answer her and described dharma to be subtle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hudson|first=Emily T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcFE9O-IgQUC&q=Bhisma|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata|date=2013|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-986078-4|language=en}}</ref>

Bhishma also led the Virata war, an operation undertook by the Kauravas and the [[Trigarthas ]] to rob the cows from King [[Virata]] and to reveal the hidden Pandavas. The combined Kaurava and Trigartha forces were defeated by Arjuna alone.
Arjuna handed Bhishma a defeat in their duel, but when the former used the 'Sammohana', Bhishma remained unaffected while the rest of the army fell into stupor.

After the Pandavas returned following the completion of their exile, Bhishma encouraged Dritharashtra and Duryodhana to give back [[Indraprastha]] to them , doing his best to avoid the war. Bhishma was present during Krishna's peace mission visit to the court of Hasthinapura and when the true form of the lord was revealed following Duryodhana's hostility, he was among few who were not blinded by the divine light emanating from the [[Viswaroopa]].

==The Kurukshetra War==
{{multiple image
| image1 =
| caption1 =Pandavas meet Pitamaha Bhishma before the war to seek his blessings
| image2 =
| caption2 = Duryodhana accuses Bhishma for showing partiality towards the Pandavas}}

In the great battle at [[Kurukshetra]], Bhishma was the supreme commander of the Kaurava forces for ten days. He fought reluctantly on the side of the [[Kauravas]], having vowed to protect the city of Hastinapur from all threats and invasions.

Before the battle, at the Kauravas army's assembly, Bhishma analysed and classified the warriors of the Kaurava side and famously describe [[Karna]] as an Athirathi, a class of warrior inferior to a [[Maharathi]]. This infuriated Karna and he took a vow that as long as Bhishma is commanding the forces, he will not participate in the war. In truth, both sides of the affront were aware of Karna's true lineage, and had to make pretext to prevent Karna from battling his brothers.

Bhishma was one of the most powerful warriors of his time and in history. He acquired his prowess and invincibility from being the son of the sacred [[Ganga]] and by being a student of Lord Parashurama. Despite being about five generations old, Bhishma was too powerful to be defeated by any warrior alive at that time. Every day, he slew at least 10,000 soldiers and about a 1,000 [[ratha]]s.

At the beginning of the war, Bhishma vowed not to kill any of the Pandavas, as he loved them, being their grand-uncle. Duryodhana often confronted Bhishma alleging that he was not actually fighting for the Kaurava camp as he would not kill any of the Pandavas. He also tried his best to prevent the death of any of the Kauravas in the war, as he loved all his grand-nephews.

Duryodhana approached Bhishma on the night of the eighth day and accused him of not fighting the battle to his full strength because of his affection for the Pandavas. On the next day there was an intense battle between Bhishma and Arjuna. Although Arjuna was very very skilled and powerful, he was not fighting seriously as his heart was not in it to hurt his beloved grandsire Bhishma. Bhishma fired arrows such that Arjuna and Krishna were both injured. [[Krishna]], enraged over Bhishma's devastation of the Pandavas army and Arjuna's hesitation to fight him with full force, got down from his charioteer seat and picked up a displaced wheel, intending to use it in place of his [[Sudarshana Chakra]]. Seeing this, both Arjuna and Bhishma stopped their battle, with the protector of Hastinapur humbly telling the avatar of Vishnu that he would immediately lay down his life should Krishna took action here and now. Arjuna ultimately convinced Krishna to remain true to his vow and returned themselves to their chariot. Thus Bhishma fulfilled his vow of forcing Krishna to raise a weapon. Then Arjuna used stronger weapons, injuring Bhishma. Bhishma and Arjuna's duel was praised by the gods themselves as they watched over it from the sky.

The war was thus locked in a stalemate. As the Pandavas mulled over this situation, Krishna advised them to visit Bhishma himself and request him to suggest a way out of this stalemate. Bhishma loved the Pandavas and knew that he stood as an obstacle in their path to victory and so when they visited Bhishma, he gave them a hint as to how they could defeat him. He told them that if faced by one who had once been of the opposite gender, he would lay down his arms and fight no longer.

Later Krishna told Arjuna how he could bring down Bhishma, through the help of [[Shikhandi]]. The Pandavas were not agreeable to such a ploy, as by using such tactics they would not be following the path of Dharma, but Krishna suggested a clever alternative. And thus, on the next day, the tenth day of battle Shikhandi was accompanied by Arjuna as Arjuna was his chariot protector and they faced Bhishma who avoided Shikhandi. He was then felled in battle by [[Arjuna]], pierced by innumerable arrows. Arjuna shot arrows at Bhishma, piercing his entire body. Thus, as was preordained (Mahadeva's boon to Amba that she would be the cause of Bhishma's fall) Shikhandi, that is, Amba reincarnated was the cause of Bhishma's fall.
[[File:Fall of Bhisma.jpg|thumb|Fall of Bhisma]]
As Bhishma fell, his whole body was held above the ground by the shafts of Arjuna's arrows which protruded from his back, and through his arms and legs. Seeing Bhishma lying on such a bed of arrows humbled even the gods who watched from the heavens in reverence. They silently blessed the mighty warrior. When the young princes of both armies gathered around him, inquiring if there was anything they could do, he told them that while his body lay on the bed of arrows above the ground, his head hung unsupported. Hearing this, many of the princes, both Kaurava and the Pandava alike brought him pillows of silk and velvet, but he refused them. He asked Arjuna to give him a pillow fit for a warrior. Arjuna then removed three arrows from his quiver and placed them underneath Bhishma's head, the pointed arrow tips facing upwards. To quench the war veteran's thirst, Arjuna shot an arrow into the earth, and a jet stream of water rose up and into Bhishma's mouth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vyāsa Deva|first=Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana|title=Mahābhārata : Sanskrit text and English translation; translation according to M.N. Dutt|publisher=Parimal Publications|others=Manmatha Nath Dutt, Ishvar Chandra, O. N. Bimali|year=2018|isbn=978-81-7110-196-2|edition=4th|location=Delhi|pages=427–428|oclc=855398616}}</ref> It is said that Ganga herself rose to quench her son's thirst.<ref name=B/>

After the proceedings of the tenth day, Karna visited Bhishma alone at night and Bhishma reveals to him that he had prior knowledge of his birth secret and urges him to make peace with the Pandavas. Bhishma also tells him that declaring him as an Athirathi and tricking him to make the vow of not fighting was his ploy to avert Karna clashing with his brothers. He declares that he considered Karna as a Maharathi as well and that he had deep appreciation for his skill as a warrior. Karna however declines to join the Pandavas and leaves after a brief moment of sharing his respect and admiration to Bhishma.

==Death==
After the war, while on his deathbed (arrow bed), he gave deep and meaningful instructions to [[Yudhishthira]] on statesmanship and the duties of a king. Bhishma always gave priority to [[Dharma]]. He always walked in the path of Dharma, despite his state because of the vow, he was supposed to forcefully follow the orders of his king Dhritharashtra, which were mostly [[Adharma]], he was totally upset. He was sure he must let dharma win and Pandavas win, but the way he led the war and stayed silent were his sins in a way and he paid for it with the bed of arrows. Finally, Bhishma gave up the fight, focusing his life force and breath, sealing the wounds, and waiting for the auspicious moment to give up his body on the arrow bed. He did wait for about 58 nights for the [[winter solstice]] and chose "'''''Magh maha Sukla paksha Astami tithi'''''" after [[Uttarayana]] to give up his body on the arrow bed. His body was later cremated by Emperor Yudhishthira in a great ceremony.

''Mahabharata'' states that he attained [[salvation]] after his death. He was granted the [[Maharloka|Maatru Lok]] (which is considered even above Swarga, the heaven). [[Magha (month)]] Shukla Ashtami marks the death anniversary of Bhishma Pitamah (Patriarch), the day being known as [[Bhishma Ashtami]]. Hindus observe Ekodishta [[Śrāddha]] for him on this day, for many generations, and can only be performed by those whose fathers are not alive. Bhishma Panchaka vrata (fast) is observed in all [[Vishnu]] temples, starting from Bhishma Ashtami, for five days until Bhishma Dwadasi.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} People believe that they will have a son with the steadfast qualities of Bhishma if they observe these holy rituals on the river banks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/bhishma-ashtami/bhishma-ashtami-date-time.html | title=Bhishma Ashtami | publisher=Drik Panchang | access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref> It is also said that those who will perform this fast will live a happy life and attain salvation after their death.
[[File:Angkor_Wat_Bhishma.jpg|thumb|left|Bhishma on bed of arrows depicted in [[Angkor Wat]]]]

==In popular culture==
===Films and television===
His life has been made into many films in different Indian languages. The first silent film was made in 1922. During the talkie period, the first film was made in Hindi (1937). It was followed by a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film in 1942 directed by Jyotish Bannerjee. Jahar Ganguli played the title role.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

* [[Telugu cinema]], two films were made. The first film on Bhishma was made in 1944 directed by [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao]]. Jandhyala Gourinatha Sastry played the role of Bhishma. [[B. A. Subba Rao]] made a film in 1962 titled ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]''. The title role was played by [[N. T. Rama Rao]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
* Bhishma's character was played by [[Mukesh Khanna]] in the B.R. Chopra's classic television series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988).
* [[Sotigui Kouyaté]] played Bhishma in [[Peter Brook]]'s 1989 film [[The Mahabharata (1989 film)|''The Mahabharata'']].
* In [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s television series ''[[Shri Krishna (TV series)|Shri Krishna]]'' (1993) Sunil Nagar portrayed the character.
* [[Surendra Pal]] portrayed the character in [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]'s ''[[Ek Aur Mahabharat]]''.
* In the television series ''[[Draupadi (TV series)|Draupadi]]'' (2001) [[Pankaj Dheer]] played the character.
* In [[Balaji Telefilms]]' ''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]'' (2008) [[Ronit Roy]] played the role.
* In Star Plus' television series ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (2013) [[Arav Chowdharry]] played the role of Bhishma.
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] has also voiced the character in the animated ''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]'' (2013).
* [[Naved Aslam]] in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV's]] ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''. {{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
* [[Ambareesh]] played the role of Bhishma in the 2019 mythological Kannada movie ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'', which was his last film as well.
* In the 2022 Malayalam movie [[Bheeshma Parvam]], the lead character (played by [[Mammootty]] ) was based on Bheeshma. The story and characters were inspired by both ''[[Mahabharat]]'' and ''[[The Godfather]]''.

=== Modern references ===
The tank [[T-90]] [[main battle tank]] (MBT), one of the world's most advanced MBTs acquired from Russia for the [[Indian Army]], is named after Bhishma.<ref name="Jackson2007">{{cite book|author=Robert Jackson|title=Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-3dNmei_N8C&pg=PA295|access-date=24 June 2012|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Parragon Incorporated|isbn=978-1-4054-8664-4|pages=295–}}</ref><ref name="Muthiah2008">{{cite book|author=S. Muthiah|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA288|access-date=24 June 2012|year=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|pages=288–}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite web|last=Ganguly|first=Kisari Mohan|author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|title=Sacred-Texts: Hinduism|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm|access-date=2021-02-12|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}
*{{cite book |title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/134/mode/1up | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year = 1975| isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 |first = Vettam|last = Mani|pages=134–137}}
* {{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzRDAQAAMAAJ&q=Bhishma|title=A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages|date=1872|publisher=Clarendon Press|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ94y_-jChMC&q=Bhisma|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names for Boys|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303168-0|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Long|first=Jeffery D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWXRDwAAQBAJ&q=bh%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3ma+terrible&pg=PA91|title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|date=2020-04-15|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-2294-5|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Johann Jakob |title=Sexual life in ancient India|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=81-208-0638-7|orig-year = 1971}}
*{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56fr2p5f7l0C&q=bhisma&pg=PA193|title=Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata|last2=|first2=|last4=|date=2007-08-09|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11995-0|editor-last=Brodbeck|editor-first=Simon|location=|pages=|language=en|editor-last2=Brian|editor-first2=Black}}
*{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Bhishma&pg=PT450|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}
*{{cite book |author1=B. R. Rajam Aiyar |title=Rambles in Vedanta |date=30 September 1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarasi Das Publishers Pvt Ltd |pages=113–114 |isbn=9788120809123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89doofWiWJIC&q=bhishma |access-date=7 May 2020}}
* {{cite book|first=Manish|last=Verma|title=Fasts and Festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&pg=PA73|access-date=13 June 2012|year=2000|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-076-4|pages=73–}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bhattacharya|first=Pradip|date=May–June 2004|title=Of Kunti and Satyawati: Sexually Assertive Women of the Mahabharata|journal=[[Manushi]]|issue=142|pages=21–25|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20142/04%20panchakanya%20pg%2021-25.pdf}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Bhīṣma}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117032308/http://mahabharataonline.com/ Persons and stories from the ''Mahābhārata'']
* [http://moralstories.wordpress.com/2006/09/24/dharmabalam/ Small story illustrating Bhishma's greatness]

{{Mahabharata}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kuru dynasty]]

Gates of Delhi

2026-03-15T14:31:03Z

KennyReveley866: added info

{{Short description|Historical monuments in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350
| header = Gates of Delhi
|image1 = Delhi - Alai Darwaza at Qutb complex.jpg|width1=2048|height1=1536|caption1=[[Alai Darwaza]]: [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb complex]]
|image2 = Kashmiri gate now preserved as Heritage Monument.JPG|width2=1840|height2=1232|caption2=[[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmiri Gate]]
|image3 = Purana Qila 01.jpg|width3=1024|height3=768|caption3=West Gate: [[Purana Qila]]
|image4 = Delhi Gate.JPG|width4=1840|height4=1232|caption4=[[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi Gate]]
|image5 = RedFort.jpg|width5=768|height5=512|caption5=[[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi|Lahori Gate]], [[Red Fort]]
|image6 = India gate.jpg|width6=770|height6=571|caption6=[[India Gate]]
}}
The '''Gates of Delhi''' were [[city gate]]s at various medieval townships around [[Delhi]], built under dynastic rulers in the period that could be dated from the 8th century to the 20th century. They are the gates in:
* The ancient city of [[Qila Rai Pithora]] or Lal Kot, also called the first city of Delhi (period 731–1311) in [[Mehrauli]] – [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb Complex]]
* The second city of [[Siri Fort]] (1304)
* The third city [[Tughlaqabad]] (1321–23);
* The fourth city of [[Jahanpanah]] (mid-14th century)
* The fifth city of [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Firozabad]] (1354)
* The sixth city of Dinpanah/Shergarh (1534), near [[Purana Qila]]
* The seventh city [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]] (mid 17th century)
* The eighth modern city [[New Delhi]], built in the 1920s during the [[British Raj|British rule]]

In 1611, the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] merchant William Finch<ref>Finch's journal, 1608–11, was excerpted and published by [[Samuel Purchas]], ''Purchas His Pilgrimes'', London, 1625; the material concerning India was republished in Sir William Foster, ''Early travels in India, 1583-1619'' (1921; reprinted 1985) pp 125–87.</ref> described [[Delhi]] as the city of seven [[castle]]s ([[Fortification|forts]]) and 52 gates. More gates were built after that period during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule and during the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] rule. Only 13 gates exist in good condition, while all others are in ruins or have been demolished. Like all gates denote, the direction of the destination station is the starting name of the gate.<ref name=times>{{cite web|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/754510.cms|title=Wisps of the past through Dilli's golden gates|access-date=10 June 2009|first=Arundhati|last=Basu|work=The Times of India|date=26 June 2004|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124611/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/754510.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Peck>{{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Lucy|title=Delhi – A thousand years of Building|work=Siri Fort and Humayun|pages=43,44,45,107,137–138,146–148, 209, 211, 212,236, 266, 268|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|access-date=27 August 2009|archive-date=12 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312215021/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name =finch>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveindia.com/delhi/delhigate.html|title=Gates of Delhi|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528221802/http://www.liveindia.com/delhi/delhigate.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name =India>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/history/|title=History of Delhi|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-date=27 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227182647/http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=fanshawe>{{Cite book|author=Fanshawe.H.C|title= Delhi, Past and Present|access-date=10 June 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&q=Gates+in+Delhi&pg=PA6|work=general introduction|pages=1–8|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year= 1998|isbn= 978-81-206-1318-8}}</ref><ref name =gates>{{cite web|url=http://www.indfy.com/places-to-see-in-delhi/old-delhi/gates-of-old-delhi.html|title=Gates of Old Delhi|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-date=5 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205011808/http://www.indfy.com/places-to-see-in-delhi/old-delhi/gates-of-old-delhi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gates in the 1st city==
{{multiple image|total_width=350
| header = Gates in the First Medieval city of Delhi, in Qutub Complex
| image1 = Delhi - Alai Darwaza at Qutb complex.jpg|width1=2048|height1=1536
| image2 = Chaumukh Darwaza built during Delhi Sultanatae reign1.JPG|width2=1597|height2=1097
| caption1 = [[Alai Darwaza]] in [[Qutb Complex]] next to [[Qutub Minar]]
| caption2 = A refurbished Chaumukh Darwaza – Four faced Gate in the [[Qutub]] Archaeological Village
}}
In the first city of Delhi, 13 gates were built in the 11th-century citadel of [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]], with the extended [[Qila Rai Pithora]], which was ruled by the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]] from 1192 with the establishment of the [[Qutb complex]]. These were in the rubble-built ramparts of Lal Kot ({{convert|5|-|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} thickness) of which only a few remain, either in ruins or under renovation. These are the Chaumukha, Sohan, Ranjit, Fateh, Hauz Rani, Barka, Badaun, and Budayuni gates. Of these, the Chaumukha, Ranjit, Sohan, and Fateh Darwaza have been listed by the [[INTACH]] as [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] [[monuments]]. The ruins of Hauz Rani and Barka are seen around the remains between giant gaps in the long stretches of the Lal Kot wall, surrounded by a wide [[moat]] on the outside. [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) has proposed to conserve all the identified gates.<ref name=times/><ref name =finch/><ref name =India/><ref>Peck p.229,236</ref><ref name="asi">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf|title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments|work=Qila Rai Pithora Wall|page=55|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi Circle|year=2006|access-date=29 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160921/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Chaumukha Darwaza (Chaumukha in [[Hindi language]] means four faces) is inferred as the gateway of [[Lal Kot]] since it aligns with Lal Kot walls. It is near the Qutb Complex and has been categorized as Grade B in [[archaeological]] value. It has been conserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]. The gate's architectural style is traced to the [[Tuglaq]] period in view of its massive thickness. It has a "horned" outwork with paved stones in an engraved grid pattern that indicates that it was designed for defense purposes. The purpose for which it was built has not been discerned. Hence, it has also been conjectured that it could have been built by [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas Metcalfe]] as one of his follies, close to his original 'Dilkusha' mansion (now seen in ruins) to enhance the elegance of his retreat.<ref name=times/><ref>Peck p.236</ref>

The Ranjit gate towards the north wall of Lal Kot is in ruins. It was once considered as a grand gate through which the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] had entered the city. Hence, it was subsequently fortified to prevent any further foreign incursions. Only part of the gate is visible and is yet to be listed as a heritage monument.<ref name=times/>

The Fateh Gate close to Fateh Burj has convoluted features and is about {{convert|24|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter. The Sohan Gate guarded by a large bastion called the Sohan Burj was stated to be the location of a Sun temple.<ref name=times/>

Hauz Rani and Budayuni Gates, which were reportedly once-prominent gates, are now traced in ruins. An anecdote of history of the Budayuni gate, considered then as the principal gate of the city by [[Ibn Battuta]] (the chronicler of the period, mentions it as the main gate to the city), is that Allauddin Khalji had resolved to shun drinking of alcohol by emptying his wine caskets and breaking his rich [[Chinaware]] at this gate. The gate was also known for the punishment meted out to the guilty. They were tortured and beheaded in public view at this gate. A strict watch was maintained at this gate to detect and prevent incursions by [[Mongols]].<ref name=times/><ref name="asi"/>

[[Alauddin Khalji]] had planned, as part of his ambitious architectural achievements, to build four Darwaza (gates), but he could build only one during his lifetime, the [[Alai Darwaza]] (1311). This gate is seen at the southern end of the Qutb complex of the enlarged [[Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]], built entirely on the principles of Islamic architecture. The gate made of rectangular bands of red [[sandstone]] and white [[marble]] has inscriptions of verses from [[Koran]] and [[Hadis]] in elaborate carvings on its windows. It is a square building ({{convert|17.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} square) with [[dome]] with [[horse shoe]] pointed shaped [[arch]]es on three sides and with a semicircular arch on the northern side. The underside of the arches have fringed lotus bud embellishments.<ref name=times/><ref name =finch/><ref>Peck p.42</ref> Historian Fanshawe writing euphorically on the beauty of the gate extolled:<ref>Sharma p.57,58</ref><ref name=siri>{{Cite book|author=Anon|title= Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Delhi, the capital of India|access-date=19 May 2009|work= Alaidarwaza|pages=55–56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&q=Jahanpanah&pg=PA62|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year=1997|isbn= 978-81-206-1282-2}}</ref> <blockquote>"The Alai Darwaza is not only the most beautiful structure at the Kutub, but is one of the most striking specimens of external polychromatic decoration not merely in India, but in the whole world, while the carving of interior may challenge comparison with any work of the kind. Both exterior and interior merit detailed and leisurely examination. The effect of the graceful pointed arches in the three external sides of the gate, and in the corner recesses is extremely pleasing, and the view from the exterior through the southern archway to the round-headed arch of the north side, and the court beyond, is very striking. The decoration of the north arch is curious and unique. The effect of exterior suffers, from a distant point of view, from the absence of a parapet above the walls; this was unfortunately removed by Captain Smith, as it was greatly ruined. The gate was finished five years before the emperor died, and is specially mentioned by the chronicler of his reign."'</blockquote>

==Gates in the 2nd city==
[[File:Siri Fort wall at Panchsheel Park.jpg|thumb|180px|Southern Gate of [[Siri Fort]] in ruins]]
The second medieval city of [[Siri Fort]] was built during the rule of [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala-ud-Din Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] with the major objective of protecting the city from the onslaught of the [[Mongols]].<ref name = fort>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/tourist-attractions/delhi/siri-fort/|title=Siri Fort|access-date=7 May 2009|archive-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613070051/http://www.indiaprofile.com/tourist-attractions/delhi/siri-fort/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book|last=Sharama|first=Y.D.|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|work=Siri Fort & A- Siris|pages=22, 83–84|access-date=24 April 2009|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|archive-date=31 August 2005}}</ref> The city, when built with an oval plan, was best described as presenting an embodiment of richness with palaces and other structures and had seven gates for entry and exit. But, at present, only the Southeastern gate exists, also in ruins (pictured). The destruction of the fort and its gates are attributed more to the local rulers of subsequent dynasties who removed the stones, bricks and other artifacts of the fort for their own buildings and palaces.<ref>Peck p.</ref>

==Gates in the 3rd city==
[[File:Entry gate to Tugalaqabad fort and palace.jpg|thumb|180px|Entry gate to [[Tughlaqabad]] fort and Palace]]
[[Tughlaqabad]], the third city of medieval Delhi, built by Ghazi Malik is well known as [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] who established the [[Tughlaq Dynasty]] in 1321 after ousting the Khaljis, was enclosed within a fort of massive proportions completed in a short span of four years. The fort has inclined walls with triple storied citadels, enormous towers, mosques, and halls. The city when built is stated to have had 52 gates but only 13 remain today, mostly in ruins. Of the remaining gates, the main entry gate to the fort was built in typical [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] style, which is described as made of red sandstone with sloping face and jambs which merge well with the towers of the fort. But the fort was abandoned soon after Ghiyasuddin's death for two reasons namely, water shortage and the foolhardy decision of his successor Sultan, the [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] who forcibly shifted his capital to the new city of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and returned to found the fourth city of Jahanpanah.<ref name = fort/><ref>Peck p.135–138</ref><ref name=Tugh>{{Cite book|author=Anon|title= Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Delhi, the capital of India|access-date=19 May 2009|work= Tugulaqbad|pages=64–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&q=Jahanpanah&pg=PA62 |publisher= Asian Educational Services |year=1997 |isbn= 978-81-206-1282-2}}</ref>

==Gates in the 4th city==
[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], first built [[Adilabad]], then Nai-ka-Kot, towards the south of Tughlaqabad. These were two small fortresses. But he soon abandoned them. He built a new city by enclosing the areas lying between the cities of Siri, Tughlaqabad and Lal Kot. The city was named as [[Jahanpanah]], an asylum of the world, in 1334. The city had 13 gates. The ruins of gigantic ramparts of his two fortresses and some portions of the Jahanpanah walls have survived the ravages of time but are seen now only in total ruins. The watchtower Bijai Mandal still stands in ruins in the city of Jahanpanah. But no fort gates are traced.<ref name = fort/><ref>Peck p.58</ref>

==Gates in the 5th city==
[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] built a new capital city on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]] in 1351 and called it [[Firozabad (Delhi)|Firozabad]]. The architecture of the fort was fairly simple and straightforward. The city had three palaces and a citadel known as [[Feroz Shah Kotla]]. The king's, as well as his wife's quarters, were situated along the riverfront. The structures within the enclosure walls of the fort were barracks, armories, servant's rooms, halls for audience, an imposing mosque as well as public and private baths and a stepped well or baoli. An [[Ashoka]]n pillar brought from Topara, [[Ambala]] was mounted on top of a pyramidal three-tiered construction. No gates of this period exist.<ref name = fort/><ref>Peck p.82–85</ref>

==Gates in the 6th city==
{{multiple image|total_width=350
| header = Bara Darwaza & Talaqi Darwaza
| image1 = South Gate.jpg|width1=2048|height1=1536
| image2 = North Gate, or Talaqi Darwaza.jpg|width2=1536|height2=2048
| caption1 = South Gate [[Purana Qila]]
| caption2 = View of Talaqi Darwaza of [[Purana Qila]]
}}
Three main gates on the north, south and west are part of the fortifications of the [[Purana Qila]], the sixth city of Delhi, built by [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1538–45). Sher Shah Suri raised his citadel after demolishing [[Dinpanah]], the city built by [[Humayun]]. The fortifications of the [[Qila]] extended to a boundary of ({{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}}) on an irregularly oblong plan. Bastions adorned the corners and the western wall. Of the existing three gates, the west gate forms the entrance to the Qila and is called the Bara Darwaza (big gate). All three gates are double–storied structures built with red sandstone and have [[chhatris]]. The enclosure wall inside has cells in two–bay depth. The northern gate, built in 1543–44, is called the Talaqi-Darwaza for reasons unknown. On this gate, in the front, carved marble leogryphs in combat with a man are seen above the [[oriel window]]s. Built in random rubble masonry with dressed stone facing, the gate has a tall arch enclosed by two smaller arched openings. Two [[bastions]] adorn the gate with high [[ceiling]] rooms. On the second floor of the gate, there are two openings. Exterior surface of the gate had coloured tiles and the inner rooms were covered with incised plaster work. The [[Purana Qila]] was stated to have been left unfinished by Suri, which was later completed by Humayun. The southern gate is called the Humayun Darwaza; the reasons attributed for the name are that either Humayun built it or the gate overlooked Humayun's tomb. An inscription in ink on the gate refers to Sher Shah with the date as 950 A.H. (1543–44).<ref name =finch/><ref name="asi"/><ref>Peck p.134–138</ref><ref>Sharma p.122–123</ref>

[[File:Moti Gate of Sher Shah Suri 2.jpg|thumb|Sher Shah Gate]]

===Sher Shah Gate===

[[File:Lal Darwaza.jpg|thumb|180px|Sher Shah gate or Lal Darwaza]]
Sher Shah gate located to the south of Khairu’l-Manazil-Masjid is said to be an entrance to the large city of Delhi that Sher Shah built in front of his fortress of Purana Qila. The gate, mostly built with red sandstone but with use of local [[grey]] [[quartzite]] in its upper storey, is thus called the Lal Darwaza (red gate). [[Arcade (architecture)|Arcades]] were built from this gate into the city, which were provided with series of dwellings with frontage of a [[verandah]], which may have been used for commercial establishments. Kabuli or Khuni–Darwaza (explained in the following section) is another gate on the fringes of Sher Shah's city. ASI has undertaken extensive conservation works of the gate and its surroundings at a cost of Rs 7.5 million (US$150,000).<ref name="asi"/><ref>Peck p.138</ref><ref>Sharma p.128–129</ref>

==Gates in the 7th city==
[[File:1863 Dispatch Atlas Map of Delhi, India - Geographicus - Delhi-dispatch-1867.jpg|thumb|right|300px| [[Shahjahanabad]] ([[Old Delhi]]) in 1863, showing all the gates to walled city.]]
[[Shahjahanabad]], the seventh city of Delhi, was built by [[Shah Jahan]] in 1649 like a fortress encircled by strong and high red–brick walls with 14 entry gates to the city, in addition to 16 wicket gates called windows (khirkis in [[Urdu]] language). A number of [[bastion]]s built of stone were added by the British, in addition to repairing the earlier fort, to make the fort more secure. The gates were designed and built for the people to have access and the royal procession to enter or exit when going out in diverse directions. Out of the 14 gates, four gates have survived, namely, the [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]] on the north, the Ajmeri Gate on the south-west, the [[Delhi Gate (Delhi)|Delhi Gate]] on the south-east, [[Turkman Gate]] on the south, all of which express vividly the splendor of the city. All the gates are located within a radius of {{convert|5|-|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} in the present day [[Old Delhi]]. The Lahori gate on the Northeast, in the old city, was demolished (some remnant walls are seen at the crossing as may be seen in picture) and the area converted into the present day Lahori Bazar. The gates have a square plan with high arched openings, except for low height of the Nigambodh gate, and two openings—one for entry and another for exit—of the Kashmiri gate.<ref name="asi"/> The names of all the gates, which existed during Shahjahan's time are the Dilli Darwaza (also known as Delhi Gate), Kabuli Darwaza, Raj Ghat Darwaza, Khizri Darwaza, Nigambodh Darwaza, Kela Ke Ghat ka Darwaza, Lal Darwaza, Kashmiri Darwaza, Badar Darwaza, Patthar Khati Darwaza, Lahori Darwaza, Ajmeri Darwaza, Turkuman Darwaza and Mori Darwaza.

The names of the wicket gates or windows (now none exist) through which people entered and exited from the old fort city were:
* Zeenatul Masajid Khirkee
* Nawab Ahmad Bakhsh ki Khirkee
* Nawab Ghaziuddin ki Khirkee
* Musamman Burj ki Khirkee
* Muslim Garh ki Khirkee
* Naseer Ganj ki Khirkee
* Nai Khirkee
* Shah Ganj Khirkee
* Ajmeri Darwaza ki Khirkee
* Sayyad Bhole ki Khirkee
* Buland Bagh ki Khirkee
* Farash Khana ki Khirkee
* Ameer Khan ki Khirkee
* Khalil Khan ki Khirkee
* Bahadur Ali Khan ki Khirkee
* Nigambodh ki Khirkee.

===Kashmiri gate===
{{Main|Kashmiri Gate, Delhi}}
{{multiple image|total_width=350
| header =Kashmiri Gate in Shahajahanabad, Delhi
| image1 = Kashmiri gate now preserved as Heritage Monument.JPG|width1=1840|height1=1232
| image2 = 1857 cashmeri gate delhi.jpg|width2=703|height2=495
| caption1 = [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]] preserved as a Heritage monument
| caption2 = Mortar damage to [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]], [[Delhi]], 1858
}}

[[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]] is one of the original 14 gates built into the wall to the north of the city. It was built by British Major Robert Smith in 1835. Local people also call it Truckman gate. It has a square plan. There are two openings of the gate: one for entry and another for exit (pictured). During 1835, the British enlarged and straightened it into a two-way gate as defensive measure against enemy attacks. In the present city setting, the gate is close to the [[Inter State Bus Terminals]]. It is now preserved as monument on the road to the Old Secretariat and the [[Delhi University]]. It was named as Kashmiri Gate since it was used by the emperors to go through on their visits to [[Kashmir]] and [[North India]]. It was also the historic venue of the intense fighting which took place in 1857, between British forces and Indian rebels. The fortifications were used to fire cannons at the British forces encamped at Ludlow Castle. The rebels gathered at a place close to the [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James Church]] to discuss war strategy. British forces fought fiercely at this gate and re-captured the city from the rebels. During the war, the gate was badly damaged by British cannon fire to get control over Delhi. Subsequently, area surrounding the Kashmiri Gate became the commercial hub of Delhi, when the [[Civil Lines]] were developed by the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&q=Gates+in+Delhi&pg=PA6 |title=Delhi, Past and Present |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120613188 |pages=1–8 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name =gates/><ref name="asi"/><ref>{{Cite book |surname1=Horton , Finlay , Plunkett |first1=Patrick , Hugh , Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=Delhi+Gates&pg=PA92 |title=Delhi |date=2002 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781864502978 |pages=92–94 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofasia.com/html/india/kashmir-gate-delhi.html|title=Kashmeeri gate, Delhi|access-date=18 May 2009|archive-date=5 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105073714/http://imagesofasia.com/html/india/kashmir-gate-delhi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Peck p.192</ref>

===Delhi Gate, of the Walled City of Shahjahanabad===
[[File:Delhi_Gate.JPG|thumb]]
{{Main|Delhi Gate (Delhi)}}
The Delhi Gate ([https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Delhi_Gate_%28Delhi%29&params=28.641196_N_77.240511_E_ Coordinates 28.641196N 77.240511E]) is the southern gate in the historic [[Old Delhi|walled city of (Old) Delhi]], or [[Shahjahanabad]]. The gate links the [[New Delhi]] city with the old walled city of [[Delhi]]. It stands in the middle of the road, at the end of Netaji Subhash Chandra Road (or Netaji Subhash Marg), at the edge of the [[Daryaganj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120612822 |pages=123 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> There is another Delhi Gate of Delhi, which is also situated in Najafgarh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapliyal |first=Uma Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv21AAAAIAAJ |title=Gazetteer of Rural Delhi |date=1 January 1987 |publisher=Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration |asin=B085LF1314 |pages=420 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ajmeri Gate===

[[File:View of Ajmeri gate.JPG|thumb|180px|Ajmeri Gate]]
Ajmeri Gate, built in 1644, to the south–west of Shahjahanabad with a square plan, has high arched openings. It was one of the battlefields of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]] or the first war of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1857. The road, through this gate, leads to the city of [[Ajmer]] in [[Rajasthan]], and hence its name. A lovely park surrounds the gate. [[Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan]], built by Nawab Ghaziuddin Bahadur father of [[Asaf Jah I|the first]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in 1811, west of the college lies the tomb of the founder and a mosque<ref name=he/> In the following years, it converted to Delhi college and was one of the constituent colleges of the [[Delhi University]]. The college has shifted to a new building now and the [[Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School]] runs in the old building. Nearby outside a ditch, once lied remains of the underground apartments of [[Safdarjung]], which at one point were one of the important sights of Delhi.<ref name=he/> At present, the old walls of the fort have been demolished and replaced by commercial buildings and residential complexes, but the gate on the west exists.<ref name =gates/><ref name="asi"/><ref>{{Cite book |surname1=Horton , Finlay , Plunkett |first1=Patrick , Hugh , Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=Delhi+Gates&pg=PA92 |title=Delhi |date=2002 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781864502978 |pages=92–94 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name = Milli/>

===Turkman Gate===

[[File:Turkman gate view.JPG|thumb|180px|Turkman gate]]
Turkman Gate, located to the southern edge of Shahajahanabad ([https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Delhi_Gate_%28Delhi%29&params=28.642231_N_77.232591_E_ Coordinates: 28.642231N 77.232591E]), is named after the [[Sufi]] [[Saint]] Shah Turkman Bayabani. His [[tomb]] dated to 1240, before building of Shahjahanabad, is located to the east of the gate. It is approached from the [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] [[Road]], the old Circular Road, in the vicinity of the [[Ramlila grounds]]. It has a square plan with high arched openings. The tomb of [[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultan]] and Kali Masjid or Kalan Masjid are located in close proximity of the gate.<ref name =gates/><ref name="asi"/><ref>{{Cite book |surname1=Horton , Finlay , Plunkett |first1=Patrick , Hugh , Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=Delhi+Gates&pg=PA92 |title=Delhi |date=2002 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781864502978 |pages=92–94 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name = Milli/> The gate was the scene of [[Turkman gate demolition and rioting]] in 1976.

===Lahori Gate, of the Walled City of Shahjahanabad===

[[File:Remnant of old Lahori Gate.JPG|thumb|180px|Remnant of old Lahori Gate at Lahori Bazar crossing]]The Lahori Gate of the walled city of [[Old Delhi]] ([https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Lahori_Gate_%28Delhi%29&params=28.657110_N_77.218831_E_ Coordinates: 28.657110N 77.218831E]) is now only a market location with small remnants at one end, which faced the direction of the city of Lahore<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Shashank Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ej9AEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA4 |title=Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri: Monuments, Cities and Connected Histories |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=9789389104097 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> and which used to lead east along the [[Chandni Chowk]] to the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort. Inside the Lahori gate is the grain market. Outside the gate stands a mosque built by Sirhindi Begum, wife of [[Shah Jahan]], whom he married after the death of Arjumand Banu Begum, [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. This Lahori Gate was also one of the last points captured during the siege of 1857.<ref name=he>[[#He|Hearn, p. 44]]</ref>

===Lahori Gate, of the Red Fort===

{{Main|Red_Fort#Lahori_Gate}}The Lahori Gate ([https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Lahore_Gate_%28Red_Fort%29&params=28.655879_N_77.238666_E_ Coordinates: 28.655879N 77.238666E]) is the main gate to the [[Red Fort]] named after its orientation towards [[Lahore]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&q=Gates+in+Delhi&pg=PA6 |title=Delhi, Past and Present |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120613188 |pages=1–8 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name =gates/><ref>{{Cite book |surname1=Horton , Finlay , Plunkett |first1=Patrick , Hugh , Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=Delhi+Gates&pg=PA92 |title=Delhi |date=2002 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781864502978 |pages=92–94 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name = Milli>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Jun04-Print-Edition/011506200496.htm|title=Dilli's gates and windows|access-date=17 May 2009|first=Mahtab|last=Jahan|publisher=MG The Milli Gazette Indian Muslims leading new paper|year=2004|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619160902/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Jun04-Print-Edition/011506200496.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Sharma p.143</ref>

===Delhi Gate, of the Red Fort===

{{Main|Red_Fort#Delhi_Gate}}The southern public entrance to the Red Fort ([https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Delhi_Gate_%28Red_Fort%29&params=28.652148_N_77.240112_E_ Coordinates: 28.652148N 77.240112E]).

===Mori Gate===

It was located close to the Kashmiri Gate, north of the walled city of Shahjahanabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Charanjit S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TH-MtAEACAAJ&pg=PA106 |title=Redefining Indian Smart & Sustainable Cities |date=6 June 2015 |publisher=I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Limited |isbn=9789385909627 |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref> This gate was the site of a battle during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] in order to enter the city during the [[Siege of Delhi (1857)|siege of Delhi]] in 1857. Cannons were fired at [[Ludlow Castle, Delhi|Ludlow Castle]] from this gate at [[Company rule in India|British company soldiers]]. The gate was blown up during September of 1857 under the British command. It was close to the Mori [[Bastion]], which was between the Mori Gate and the Kabuli Gate. It was from the bastion that the rebels repeatedly fired at the British company soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masselos |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8GpAfifFvEC&pg=PT52 |title=Beato's Delhi: 1857 and Beyond |date=7 December 2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9789351181996 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref> Dirty water and sewage of the city used to pass through here and drain out from there. There is a neighbourhood called 'Ganda Nala Bazar', which is situated around the Mori Gate. The Mori Gate probably got its name because of the dirty surroundings that were there; today only the city walls remain there as well as the Mori bastion.<ref name = Milli/>

===Kabuli Gate===

There is nothing to remember if a gate stood there; neither are there ruins, nor does the place or the location where the gate stood retain the name.<ref name = Milli/> It was located on the extreme west end of the walled city of Shahjahanabad, just right next to the [[Tis Hazari]] area, which is outside the walled city; the gate was facing towards [[Kabul]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huq |first=Sabiha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7JjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=The Mughal Aviary: Women's Writings in Pre-Modern India |date=15 April 2022 |publisher=Vernon Art and Science Incorporated |isbn=9781648894275 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Shashank Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ej9AEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA4 |title=Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri: Monuments, Cities and Connected Histories |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=9789389104097 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> A significant part of the city was dedicated to railway construction from the north and west, the railway departments were laying down railway-lines a major chunk of the wall as well as the gate was razed for railway construction.<ref>{{Cite book |surname1=Gill , Sethi |first1=Jitender , Namita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yka8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 |title=In Search of Delhi: A Translation of Brij Kishan Chandiwala's Dilli ki Khoj |date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000873306 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> Many historical buildings in this locality, including the tomb of Begum [[Zeb-un-Nissa]], who died in 1702 AD, were said to have been buried here her burial was said to have been built just outside the Kabuli gate where the Tis Hazari area lies, but it was completely destroyed when the rail route was being constructed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&pg=PA7 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=25 June 2001 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=9788121207607 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref> This gate saw heavy resistance by the rebel fighters against the [[Company rule in India|British company soldiers]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]] against the advancing company troops towards the walled city for a month before it was captured.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Sukhendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMg0EQAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 |title=Delhi: The Heart and Soul of India |date=26 November 2024 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9798896107798 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>

===Nigambodh Gate===

It was built on the north eastern side of the [[Shahjahanabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://archive.org/details/Aravindctmt_AncientBuildingMaterialsInIndia/page/n183/mode/2up |title=History of Architecture and Ancient Building Materials in India |date=21 May 2009 |publisher=Tech Books International |isbn=9788188305032 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref> It is located on the [[Ring Road]] near the [[Yamuna]] [[Bazaar]]. It derives its name from the [[Nigambodh Ghat|Nigambodh]] Ghat, which is a burial ground here. The etymology of Nigambodh is derived from [[Sanskrit]] words 'Nigam' which means the "Ved" and 'bodh' means "knowledge", meaning realization of knowledge. According to a folk legend, Lord [[Brahma]] (the creator) took a bath in the [[Yamuna River]] at this ghat to recover his lost memory and by this act Brahma not only got back his memory but also remembered the place he had kept his sacred books. In the past, the gate was closer to the ghat and nearer to the [[Salimgarh Fort]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narisetti |first=Kim Barrington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3FyDwAAQBAJ |title=Urban Crayon: Delhi |date=13 October 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-9353053468 |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref> The gate no longer exists as when the Yamuna river changed its course the gate disappeared and fell out of maintenance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Channa |first=Subhadra Mitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1cdEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=Dhobis of Delhi: An Urban Ethnography from the Margins, 1974–2023 |date=4 June 2025 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780198926221 |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref>

===Khooni Gate===

[[File:Khuni Darwaza.jpg|thumb|180px|Khuni Darwaza or Bloody Gate]]
Kabuli Gate or [[Khooni Darwaza]] ([https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kabuli_Gate_%28Delhi%29&params=28.635974_N_77.241042_E_ Coordinates: 28.635974N 77.241042E]), literally translated means "Bloody Gate", a "morbid sounding name".
It is a double–storied structure. Its construction is credited to [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s reign from 1540 to 1545 (though the fort walls of the Suri period have not been seen to extend to this gate). It was built largely with grey stone but red stones were also used in the frames of its windows.<ref name =finch/><ref name="asi"/><ref name = Milli/>
Though not within the walls of the Shahajahan's fort, it is located on the Mathura road opposite to the [[Ferozshah Kotla]] near [[Maulana Azad Medical College]].
At this gate, on 21 September 1857, during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]], three sons of the last [[Mughal Emperor]], [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], were executed by the British Officer, Captain [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|William Hodson]].

===Bahadur Shahi Gate===

{{multiple image|align=left|total_width=350
| header =Bahadur Shah Gate and Salimgarh Fort Gate
| image1 = View of Gate and Bridge linkingSalimgarh Fort to Red Fort.JPG|width1=1840|height1=1232
| image2 = Bahadur Shah Zafar gate to the Salimgarh Fort.JPG|width2=1840|height2=1232
| caption1 = Bahadurshah gate linking [[Red Fort]] and [[Salimgarh Fort]] through the arched bridge
| caption2 = Entry Gate to [[Salimgarh Fort]] (renamed as Swatantrata Senani Smarak)
}}
Salimgarh Fort, which is now part of the Red fort complex, was constructed on an island of the Yamuna River in 1546. But a gate called the Bahadur Shahi Gate for entry into the Fort from the northern side was constructed only in 1854–55 by [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], the last Mughal ruler of India. The gate was built in brick masonry with moderate use of red sandstone. The fort was used during the Uprising in 1857 and also as a prison, which housed [[Zebunnisa]], daughter of Aurangzeb; the British imprisoned the freedom fighters of [[Indian National Army]]. The layout of the [[Red Fort]] was organized to retain and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort through the Bahadur Shah Gate.<ref name =heritage>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/red_fort.pdf|title=Press Release on Inscription of the Red Fort in the World Heritage List – 2007|access-date=28 May 2009|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410034319/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/red_fort.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |surname1=Horton , Finlay , Plunkett |first1=Patrick , Hugh , Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=Delhi+Gates&pg=PA92 |title=Delhi |date=2002 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781864502978 |pages=93 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gates in the 8th city==
{{multiple image|total_width=350
| header = India Gate, New Delhi
| image1 = Tricolour Lighting Night view at India Gate Delhi.jpg|width1=1600|height1=1200
| image2 = Entrance gate to Rashtrapati Bhavan1.jpg|width2=1409|height2=881
| caption1 = [[India Gate]] (east face at night) commemorates Indian soldiers who lost their lives in [[World War I]] and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
| caption2 = Entrance steel gates to [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] with a Victory pillar called [[Jaipur Column]] in the background
}}
Delhi became the capital of [[British India]] after the seat of power was shifted from [[Calcutta]] in 1911. With this shift, the new city of [[New Delhi]] was established and the seventh city of Shahajahanabad to its north became the [[Old Delhi]].<ref name =islam>{{Cite book|title= Dictionary of Islamic architecture|publisher= Routledge|access-date=19 May 2009|work=Jahapanah|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/63 63]–65|first= Andrew|last= Petersen|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr|url-access= registration|quote= Jahanpanah.|year=1996|isbn= 978-0-415-06084-4}}</ref> Based on the designs of [[Edwin Lutyens]], New Delhi was built over 20 years. One of the important landmarks built during this period was the [[India Gate]].<ref name =India/> Built in 1921, it is officially known as All India War Memorial (an arch) to the Indian soldiers killed in the [[World War I]], the Northwest Frontier operations of the same time and the 1919 Afghan fiasco. The gate has an impressive stone arch of {{convert|42|m|ft|abbr=on}} height; the names of over 90,000 soldiers are engraved on it. The base of the gate is built in red [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] stone and displays a shallow domed bowl. The past tradition was to fill this bowl with oil and light it as a lamp on anniversaries but is no more practiced, instead, an eternal flame burns below the arch. The eternal flame was added in the 1970s in the arch of the Gate to honour the Immortal Soldier. It is flanked by two uniformed soldiers. The place takes a carnival atmosphere in the evenings when it is well lighted and visitors flock to the gate.

Seen behind the India Gate is an impressive Chhatri, which displayed the statue of [[George V|King George V]], designed by British sculptor [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]] till 1968. This statue has been shifted to the [[Coronation Park, Delhi]], which was the site of the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|declaration of the new capital of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-13 |title=In Coronation Park's empty durbar, George V waits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/in-coronation-parks-empty-durbar-george-v-waits/articleshow/94161401.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612071807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/in-coronation-parks-empty-durbar-george-v-waits/articleshow/94161401.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DATTA |first=RANGAN |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Coronation Park: Delhi's graveyard of colonial statues |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/coronation-park-delhis-graveyard-of-colonial-statues/cid/1848981 |website=Telegraph India, My Kolkata |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508072004/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/coronation-park-delhis-graveyard-of-colonial-statues/cid/1848981 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was suggested that the government should install [[Mahatma Gandhi|M.K. Gandhi]]'s statue under the canopy. Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] opposed the suggestion to have a statue of Mahatma Gandhi under the canopy. Governments turned down the proposal in 1969, 1979, and 1982. In June 1989, it was announced that a statue of Mahatma Gandhi would replace that of George V on the [[Gandhi Jayanti|Mahatma’s birthday]]. But by September, the proposal was shot down again.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=The history of the Grand Canopy at India Gate — and all about the statue of Netaji Bose that was unveiled there |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/netaji-bose-statue-india-gate-grand-canopy-inauguration-modi-explained-8138401/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520184154/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/netaji-bose-statue-india-gate-grand-canopy-inauguration-modi-explained-8138401/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 January 2022, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that a statue of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] would be installed in the canopy at India Gate. The announcement came two days before the 125th anniversary of his birth. A 28 feet high and 6 feet wide 3D [[Holography|holographic]] statue of Bose was inaugurated at the site on 23 January 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forgotten Heroes Now Being Remembered, Says PM, Unveiling Netaji Hologram |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/subhas-chandra-bose-hologram-statue-at-india-gate-netaji-refused-to-bow-before-british-pm-at-hologram-statue-launch-2725295 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> celebrated as [[Netaji Jayanti|Parakram Diwas]] (Courage Day). On 8 September 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the newly made statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose near the India Gate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Damini |date=2022-09-08 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kartavya Path, unveils Netaji statue at India Gate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-kartavya-path-unveils-netaji-statue-at-india-gate/article65866826.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

There is an impressive set of a large central steel gates flanked by asymmetrically designed smaller gates that provides entry into the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (President's palace). A commemorative column called the [[Jaipur Column]] with a "distinctly peculiar crown: a glass star springing out of bronze lotus blossom", is located midway between the entry gates and the Rashtrapati Bhavan.<ref>Peck p.276</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="145">
File:Alai Darwaza, an ancient view.jpg|Ancient view of [[Alai Darwaza]]
File:South gate entry to Tughlaqbad fort.jpg|South gate entry to [[Tughlaqabad Fort]]
File:West Gate Of Firoz Shah's Cotillah, Delhi - British Library .X768-2(11)jpg.jpg|West gate of [[Firozabad (Delhi)|Firozabad]]
File:South Gate.jpg|South Gate [[Purana Qila]]
File:North Gate1.jpg|North gate [[Purana Qila]]
File:Lal Darwaza detail.jpg|[[Khooni Darwaza|Lal Darwaza]] detail
File:Purana Qila.jpg|[[Purana Qila]]
File:Red Fort 01.jpg|[[Red Fort]] entry gate
File:Moori Gate Delhi.jpg|Mori Gate
File:Water Gate of the Red Fort in 1858.jpg|Water Gate of [[Red Fort]]
File:Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img1.jpg|Delhi Gate of [[Red Fort]]
</gallery>

The grave to the east of Turkman Gate is not the mausoleum of the 13th century Sufi Shams-ul-Arifeen Shah Turkman Byabani. The Shrine of the Sufi is deep inside Mohalla Qabristan and can be approached either through Mohammad Deen Ilaichi Marg or through the road leading to Chitli Qabar from Turkman Gate. The grave to the east of Turkman Gate has nothing to do with the Sufi and this is some imposter who is using a lack of information on the Sufi Sanit to make some quick buck.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Gates in India]]
* [[History of Delhi]]
* [[Gates in Aurangabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Gordon Risley|title=The Seven Cities of Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear#page/44/mode/2up/search/Kutb|year=1906|publisher=W. Thacker & Co., London|ref=He}}
{{commons category|Gates in Delhi}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Delhi}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}
}}

[[Category:Gates of Delhi| ]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Lists of gates in India|Delhi]]

Kumar Dharmasena

2026-03-15T02:41:48Z

KennyReveley866:

{{Short description|Sri Lankan cricket umpire (born 1971)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| honorific_prefix = [[Deshabandu]]
| name = Kumar Dharmasena
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Handunnettige Deepthi Priyantha Kumara Dharmasena
| nickname = Unanduwa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|4|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| heightm = 1.72
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = [[All-rounder]], [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 1993–2004
| country = Sri Lanka
| testdebutdate = 6 September
| testdebutyear = 1993
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 59
| lasttestdate = 8 March
| lasttestyear = 2004
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| odidebutdate = 24 August
| odidebutyear = 1994
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 82
| lastodidate = 25 February
| lastodiyear = 2004
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt = 66

| club1 = [[Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club]]
| year1 = 1988–2006
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Nondescripts Cricket Club]]
| year2 = 1992
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Moratuwa Cricket Club]]
| year3 = 1994
| clubnumber3 =

| umpire = true
| testsumpired = 93
| umptestdebutyr = 2010
| umptestlastyr = 2025
| odisumpired = 140
| umpodidebutyr = 2009
| umpodilastyr = 2026
| t20isumpired = 52
| umpt20idebutyr = 2009
| umpt20ilastyr = 2026
| wodisumpired = 1
| umpwodidebutyr = 2008
| umpwodilastyr =

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 31
| runs1 = 868
| bat avg1 = 19.72
| 100s/50s1 = 0/3
| top score1 = 62[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 6,939
| wickets1 = 69
| bowl avg1 = 42.31
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/72
| catches/stumpings1 = 14/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 141
| runs2 = 1,222
| bat avg2 = 22.62
| 100s/50s2 = 0/4
| top score2 = 69[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 7,009
| wickets2 = 138
| bowl avg2 = 36.21
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/37
| catches/stumpings2 = 34/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 155
| runs3 = 6,550
| bat avg3 = 36.18
| 100s/50s3 = 9/37
| top score3 = 157
| deliveries3 = 25,549
| wickets3 = 495
| bowl avg3 = 20.77
| fivefor3 = 30
| tenfor3 = 5
| best bowling3 = 7/30
| catches/stumpings3 = 78/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 206
| runs4 = 2,281
| bat avg4 = 26.21
| 100s/50s4 = 0/9
| top score4 = 94[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 9,747
| wickets4 = 234
| bowl avg4 = 28.62
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/14
| catches/stumpings4 = 50/–
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{SRI}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 India-Pakistan-Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2002 ICC Champions Trophy|2002 Sri Lanka]]|}}
| date = 24 November 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/48469.html Cricinfo
}}

[[Deshabandu]] '''Handunnettige Deepthi Priyantha Kumar Dharmasena''' (born 24 April 1971) is a Sri Lankan [[cricket]] [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] and former international cricketer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/657430 |title=International cricketers turned umpires |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]] and the first person to participate in an ICC Cricket World Cup final both as a player and an umpire. A right-handed batsman and a right-arm [[off break]] bowler, Dharmasena was a member of the Sri Lankan side that won the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and the side which were joint-winners of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]] with India.

== Playing career ==
Dharmasena was born in Colombo on 24 April 1971.<ref name="Cricinfo-profile">{{cite web|author=Austin, Charlie|title=Kumar Dharmasena|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/48469.html|access-date=16 December 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> He started his cricketing career as a teenager at [[Nalanda College Colombo]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 October 2020|title=Kumara Dharmasena now a planter of 'liquid gold'|url=http://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2020/10/25/sports/kumara-dharmasena-now-planter-%E2%80%98liquid-gold%E2%80%99|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Sunday Observer|language=en}}</ref> His first foray into international cricket was in 1994 in a Test match against [[South African cricket team|South Africa]].<ref name="Cricinfo-profile" />

His obscure action made him perfect for bowling in one-day matches, yet Dharmasena also proved a useful batsman, especially after he was investigated in 1998 by the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] for overstretching his bowling action to illegal proportions. Having been cleared in July 2000, he played for the one-day team on several occasions since, but rarely played Test cricket.<ref name="Cricinfo-profile" />

Dharmasena was the 59th Sri Lankan cricketer to receive a Test cap (Sri Lanka v South Africa at Colombo Sinhalese Sports Club 1993).

Kumar Dharmasena has the record for playing the most number of ODI innings before being dismissed for a duck (72 innings).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/284081.html|title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Most innings before first duck {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>

He along with [[Dulip Liyanage]] set the record for the highest 8th wicket runstand for Sri Lanka in ODI cricket (91).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=2;id=8;type=team|title=Cricket Records {{!}} Records {{!}} Sri Lanka {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Highest partnerships by wicket {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64556.html|title=Only ODI: West Indies v Sri Lanka at Port of Spain, Jun 6, 1997 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

==Umpiring career==
Following his retirement as a cricketer in November 2006, Dharmasena announced plans to become a competitive umpire, as he wished to remain "close to the game which I love so dearly".<ref name="umpireannounce">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/267959.html | title=Kumar Dharmasena to pursue umpiring career | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=15 November 2006 | access-date=16 December 2012 | author=Thawfeeq, Sa'adi}}</ref> Prior to his retirement, he had already umpired several domestic matches in the Sara Trophy, the major first-class cricket tournament in Sri Lanka.<ref name="umpireannounce"/> He umpired his first international match in 2009, overseeing the [[one-day international]] between India and Sri Lanka at the Rangiri International Stadium in [[Dambulla]]:<ref>{{cite book | title=[[Wisden Cricketer's Almanack]] | publisher=John Wisden & Co | year=2010 | location=London | pages=1333 | chapter=Sri Lanka v. India, 2008–09 | isbn=978-1-4081-24642}}</ref> he remains the youngest ever Sri Lankan to umpire any international match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/match_officials/panel_of_umpires.php |title=Match Officials – Emirates Elite Panel of Umpires |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=16 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216100710/http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/match_officials/panel_of_umpires.php |archive-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He umpired in the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], and was appointed to the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]] later that year.<ref name="Cricinfo-profile"/> Dharmasena was named the Umpire of the Year at the [[2012 ICC Awards]], receiving the [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] Trophy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/582366.html | title=Kumar Dharmasena voted Umpire of the Year | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=15 September 2012 | access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>

He was selected as one of the twenty umpires to stand in matches during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |title=ICC announces match officials for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 |publisher=ICC Cricket |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330201852/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref> and umpired in [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final|the final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/656495.html |title=ICC Cricket World Cup, Final: Australia v New Zealand at Melbourne, Mar 29, 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> In doing so he became the first to play in and to umpire World Cup finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/cricket-world-cup-kumar-dharmasena-first-to-play-and-umpire-in-final-20150327-1m9mne.html|title=Cricket World Cup: Kumar Dharmasena first to play and umpire in final|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|author=Jesse Hogan|date=28 March 2015|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> He stood in the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final|final]] of the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref name="2016T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951373.html |title=World T20, Final: England v West Indies at Kolkata, Apr 3, 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Kumar Dharmasena has worked as an umpire in 18 matches of ICC World T20, the most by any umpire from Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_umpire.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=Cricket Records {{!}} Records {{!}} World T20 {{!}} Most matches as an umpire {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>

In January 2019, he won the David Shepherd Trophy for the ICC Umpire of the Year at the 2018 [[ICC Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/980940 |title=Finch, Macleod, Pant and Williamson named for ICC Player Awards |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> In April 2019, he was named as one of the sixteen umpires to stand in matches during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1198051 |title=Match officials for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1182149.html |title=Umpire Ian Gould to retire after World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, he was named as one of the two on-field umpires for the second semi-final match, between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1266863 |title=Officials appointed for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup semi-finals |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Later the same month, he was also named as one of the two on-field umpires for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup Final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27174119/kumar-dharmasena-umpire-final-jason-roy-controversy |title=Kumar Dharmasena to umpire final despite Jason Roy controversy |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> England won the match in a Super Over.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jul/14/england-new-zealand-cricket-world-cup-final-match-report-super-over|title=England win Cricket World Cup after super-over drama against New Zealand |website=The Guardian|date=14 July 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |last1=Marks |first1=Vic }}</ref> He admitted an error at a critical moment in the match, but said he did not regret it. Had the right decision been made, England would have required 4 runs instead of 3 to win off the last 2 balls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/kumar-dharmasena-admits-his-error-in-world-cup-2019-final-overthrow-controversy-doesnt-regret-decision-7029611.html|title=Kumar Dharmasena admits 'error' in World Cup 2019 final overthrow controversy, doesn't regret decision|date=21 July 2019|agency=Agence France-Presse |website=Firstpost|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

He also umpired the final match of the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] between Pakistan and England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=These 2 umpires to assume on-field duties in Pakistan vs England T20 World Cup 2022 Final – Check |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/pak-vs-eng-t20-world-cup-2022-final-marais-erasmus-and-kumar-dharmasena-to-assume-on-field-duties-confirms-icc-2534244.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, he was named as one of the sixteen match officials for [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="2023 Officials">{{cite news |title=Match officials for the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 named |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3676407 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ICC announce Match Officials for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3676805 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Records==
* Dharmasena is the one of two people (alongside [[Richard Illingworth]]) to have played in a Final of the [[Cricket World Cup]] as well as officiated in the final of the World Cup. He had played in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup Final]] and featured as an on-field umpire twice in [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final|2015]] and [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|2019]] World Cup finals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumar Dharmasena First to Play and Umpire in World Cup Final {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/kumar-dharmasena-first-to-play-and-umpire-in-world-cup-final-1502948 |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket umpires]]
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=48469}}

{{ICC Umpire of the Year}}
{{Elite Panel of ICC Umpires}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Sri Lanka squads
|bg=blue
|fg=#FFCC00
|bordercolor=#FFCC00
|list1=
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1997 Asia Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmasena, Kumar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Basnahira North cricketers]]
[[Category:Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Test cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo]]
[[Category:North Central Province cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Cricket Combined XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Deshabandu]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Colombo]]

Thuraimugam

2026-03-13T18:24:58Z

KennyReveley866: created some post w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thuraimugam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Rajeshwar]]
| writer = K. Rajeshwar
| producer = Georgi George
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arun Pandian|C. Arun Pandian]]|[[Shobana]]}}
| cinematography = G. P. Krishna
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Adithyan]]
| studio = Megnam Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|10|28}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thuraimugam''''' ({{translation|Port}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by [[K. Rajeshwar]]. The film stars [[Arun Pandian|C. Arun Pandian]] and [[Shobana]], with [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Alex (actor)|Alex]], [[Poornam Viswanathan]], [[Charle]], [[Jai Ganesh]] and [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 28 October 1996.

==Plot==
Naamam was a union leader respected by the labourers. He lived with his wife Punniyalakshmi and two children in abject poverty. He even went on a [[hunger strike]] over a salary dispute. The last day of the hunger strike, he was poisoned by his friend Ethiraj and thus Ethiraj became the new union leader. Punniyalakshmi and her children suffered hunger, thus her baby girl died. Punniyalakshmi, with her child Johnny into her arms, jumped into the sea. They were later saved by labourers and admitted at the hospital. There, Johnny ran away from his mother.

Many years later, Johnny became a gangster in a port city. Johnny had met his mother but he still hated her and he preferred to maintain the distance between them. The police Inspector Alexander Veeramuthu waited for the right moment to arrest Johnny. Johnny was the friend of the transsexual Gowri Kumar who was Ethiraj's son. One night, Gowri Kumar killed a prostitute. Johnny was then wrongly accused with Gowri Kumar for killing the prostitute. At the court, Gowri Kumar was sentenced to life imprisonment, whereas Johnny got a seven-year prison sentence.

Seven years later, Johnny is urged to take revenge on the public prosecutor Ramanujam. His first attempt to murder him fails. So he decides to spoil his daughter Rukkumani's life and he even stops her wedding. In the meantime, Johnny clashes with the smuggler Ethiraj. When Ethiraj's henchmen try to kill Johnny, his mother Punniyalakshmi intervenes and dies. Ethiraj then dies in a car accident. Fate leads Johnny to marry Rukkumani. Rukkumani then changes him into a good person and Johnny starts to work as a labourer in the port. All goes well until Gowri Kumar is released from jail. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arun Pandian|C. Arun Pandian]] as Johnny
*[[Shobana]] as Rukkumani
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Gowri Kumar
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as Ethiraj
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Ramanujam, Rukkumani's father
*[[Charle]] as Jana
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Johnny's father (guest appearance)
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Punniyalakshmi
*Georgi George as Inspector Alexander Veeramuthu
*[[K. R. Savithri]] as Mangalam, Rukkumani's mother
*[[Disco Shanti]]
*[[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] as Radha, Rukkumani's mother
*[[Shakeela]]
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]] as Narayanan
*Manager Cheena as Doctor
*Master Udaya Raj as Johnny (child)
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] as Alexander Veeramuthu
*Nellai Kabilan as Pattakathi Paalayan
*Jayamani
*Vincent Roy
}}

==Production==
The shoot of the film took place in natural surroundings in and around [[Chennai Port|Madras harbour]]. The director desisted from using any sets for the sake of authenticity.<ref name="bonanza">{{Cite news |date=21 October 1995 |title=Big screen bonanza |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222033105/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Adithyan]], with lyrics by the film director K. Rajeshwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thuraimugam (0) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Thuraimugam-songs-T0004072 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306055818/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Thuraimugam-songs-T0004072 |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannemela |first=Dev |date=11 September 1994 |title=Ilaiyaraaja's recent compositions (was Re: May Madham) |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/VMl6yIi8sXs/m/NMkEiChKcsgJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709081933/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/VMl6yIi8sXs/m/NMkEiChKcsgJ |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=[[Google Groups]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Chinna Chinna" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:32
|-
| "Rukkumani Wrongapora" || K. S. Chithra || 4:37
|-
| "Soda Bottle" || [[Suresh Peters]], [[Adithyan]] || 5:46
|-
| "Yeanda Porandha" || M. G. Sundar || 4:21
|-
| "Amma Amma" || Suryaraja || 4:11
|-
| "Raja Rajavin" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra || 4:11
|}

==Release and reception==
The film, which was initially read for release in October 1995,<ref name="bonanza" /> was delayed for an entire year, before its eventual release on 28 October 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thuraimugam ( 1996 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1982 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203195051/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1982 |archive-date=3 December 2005 |access-date=7 November 2016 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=11 September 1996 |title=Tamil Movie News--Deepavali "Kutti News" Edition |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/z1WmCTek-bw/m/NFEwRqSpWjwJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306063458/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/z1WmCTek-bw/m/NFEwRqSpWjwJ |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=[[Google Groups]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The director embellishes each the various segments with suitable situations and songs, the drama content not losing its fire. His choice of angles for the action sequences matches a foreign movie."<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 1995 |title=Cinema: Thurai Mugam |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951118/03/1726b.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221233043/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951118/03/1726b.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1996 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Rajeshwar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Adithyan]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gorakhpur

2026-03-13T16:45:15Z

KennyReveley866: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the city in Uttar Pradesh, India|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gorakhpur
| other_name = Gorakshapuram
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<ref name="amarujala.com"/>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|total_width = 300
|caption_align = center
| image5 = Front gate of Gorakhpur Junction railway station.jpg
| caption5 = [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur railway station]]
| image2 = MMMUT main building, admin block.jpg
| caption2 = [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology|MMM university]]
| image1 = Gorakhnath Mandir in nutshell.jpg
| caption1 = [[Gorakhnath Math|Gorakhnath Temple]]
| image6= Gorakhpur Airport new terminal building.jpg
| caption6 = [[Gorakhpur Airport]]
| image3 = AIIMS Gorakhpur In Nutshell.jpg
| caption3 = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur|AIIMS Gorakhpur]]
| image4= Gorakhpur University Gate.jpg
| caption4 = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|Gorakhpur University]]
}}
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = upward
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7637152|83.4039116|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label = Gorakhpur
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|40|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|18|°C|°F}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1801
| named_for = [[Gorakhnath]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Manglesh Kumar Srivastava]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gorakhpur-seat-stays-with-bjp-vote-share-rises/articleshow/100220057.cms?from=mdr|title=Gorakhpur seat stays with BJP, vote share rises|work=The Times of India|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref>
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Ravi Kishan]], ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Avinash Singh<ref>{{cite web|title=Gorakhpur Nagar Nigam|url=https://nagarnigamgkp.org/cmes.aspx |website=nagarnigamgkp.org|access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Merged">{{Cite news|url=https://gorakhpur.nic.in/demography/ |title=NIC GORAKHPUR 2011 CENSUS|access-date=19 May 2021 |work=Government of India, NIC|date=2020}}</ref>
| total_type = GMC
| area_total_km2 = 226.0
| area_blank1_title = Metro <ref name="amarujala.com">{{cite news |title= गोरखपुर को महानगर बनाने की अधिसूचना जारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/notification-issued-to-make-gorakhpur-a-metropolis-population-should-be-minimum-10-lakhs-to-run-metro-or-light-metro |date=21 November 2021 |work=Amar Ujala |access-date=21 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="m.jagran.com">{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Anurag |date= 20 November 2021 |title= गोरखपुर भी महानगर क्षेत्र घोषित-यूपी सरकार ने जारी की अधिसूचना, अब हो सकेगा मेट्रो का संचालन |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-gorakhpur-also-declared-a-metropolitan-area-up-government-issued-notification-now-metro-can-be-operated-22224812.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=20 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="News18_Dec2018">{{cite news |last=द्विवेदी |first=रामगोपाल |date=31 December 2021 |title= गोरखपुर के विकास के लिए 2031 तक का मास्टर प्लान तैयार, शहरी सीमा का ढाई गुना होगा विस्तार |url=https://www.hindi.news18.com/amp/news/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-new-master-plan-for-development-of-gorakhpur-nodnc-3929785.html |work=News18 हिंदी |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>
| area_blank1_km2 = 1041.0
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 75
| population_total = 1300000
| population_as_of = 2011-2020 hybrid
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title= outer-village-of-gorakhpur-included-in-municipal-corporation-boundary
|url=https://www.amarujala.com/gorakhpur/outer-village-of-gorakhpur-included-in-municipal-corporation-boundary |website=Amarujala}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title= बढ़ गया नगर निगम गोरखपुर का दायरा, अब संझाई समेत ये 32 गांव होंगे शहरी |url=https://newstrack.com/uttar-pradesh/scope-of-gorakhpur-municipal-corporation-has-increased-now-these-32-villages-including-sanjhai-will-be-urban-736287.html |website=Amarujala|date=23 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-gorakhpur-city-population-increased-by-one-lakh-20092972.html |title=एक लाख और बढ़ गई गोरखपुर शहर की आबादी,छह और गांव होंगे शहरी|publisher=Dainik jagran|date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_blank1_title = Metro
| population_blank1 = 2500000<ref name="amarujala.com"/><ref name="m.jagran.com"/><ref name="News18_Dec2018"/>
| population_blank2_title = Metro Rank
| population_blank2 =
| population_demonym = Gorakhpuri, Gorakhpuriya
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=23 February 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhojpuri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bho |website=Ethnologue |access-date=11 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 2730xx
| area_code = +91-0551
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[male|♂]]1000/903[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|26|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|http://gorakhpur.nic.in}} {{URL|https://lokdarpan.com/state/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/|Gorakhpur News}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gorakhpur''' ({{IPA|hns|ɡoˈɾəkʰ.pʊɾ}}) is a city in the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], along the banks of the [[West Rapti River|Rapti river]] in the [[Purvanchal | Purvanchal region]]. It is situated 272 kilometres east of the state capital, [[Lucknow]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Gorakhpur district]], [[North Eastern Railway Zone]] and [[Gorakhpur division]]. The city is home to the [[Gorakhnath Math]], a [[Gorakhnath]] temple. The city also has had an [[Indian Air Force]] station since 1963. [[Gita Press]], the world's largest publisher of [[Hindu religious texts]] like [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], has been established here since 1926.{{efn|name=fn1|''Gita press was initially formed in 1923 and started publishing only since 1927''}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Gita Press {{!}} Hindu publishing organization |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1547777/Gita-Press |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Lalmani |date=28 July 2022 |title=A century old, how Gita Press came to be 'leading purveyor of print Hinduism' |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/how-gita-press-came-to-be-leading-purveyor-of-print-hinduism-8002943/ |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Gorakhpur" comes from the Sanskrit ''Gorakshapuram'', which means abode of [[Gorakhnath|Gorakshanatha]], a renowned ascetic who was a prominent saint of the ''[[Nath|Nath Sampradaya]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=History – Origin of Name|url=http://gorakhpur.nic.in/history|website=gorakhpur.nic.in|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Mallison railway museum_2011_p407-428">{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17972/1/Nath%20Sampradaya.FP.pdf|title=Mallinson, James (2011) 'Nāth Saṃpradāya.' In: Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol. 3. Brill, pp. 407–428.|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The earliest forerunners of the settlement at Gorakhpur were probably "considerably to the north of the present town" because the course of the Rapti was then more to the north and east than it is today; it would have flowed through the present-day city and gone through what is now the Ramgarh Tal. Farmers digging wells in the 1800s/early 1900s would sometimes encounter pieces of old boats, which is indicative of the river's shift in course. The site of Gorakhpur would have been desirable for a human settlement because of its secure location — it is protected on the south and west by the Rapti and Rohin rivers, and in the past there were dense forests on the north and east, offering protection on those sides as well.<ref name="Gazetteer 1909">{{cite book |editor1-last=Nevill |editor1-first=H. R. |title=Gorakhpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXI of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1909 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94287 |access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|235}}

The earliest event described in local tradition is the legendary construction of the Mansarowar and Kauladah tanks, in the area now called Purana Gorakhpur, in the 10th century. They are said to have been built by a married couple — Mansarowar is attributed to the husband, the prince Man Sen, while Kauladah is attributed to the wife, Kaulavati. Sometime after that, the area is said to have been ruled by a group known as the Domkatars Bhumihars,<ref>{{cite web |title=History - District Basti |url=https://basti.nic.in/history |website=Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> who built the [[Domingarh]] fort at the confluence of the Rapti and Rohin rivers. Still later, Gorakhpur is said to have been ruled by the Shrinet Rajputss of [[Satasi]]. Sometime around 1400, a family dispute is said to have prompted one branch of the Satasi dynasty to leave the old stronghold, on the shore of Ramgarh Tal, and move to a new location in what is now Purana Gorakhpur, near the shrine of the renowned ascetic [[Gorakhnath]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1909"/>{{rp|235–6, 239}}

===Mughal period===
In any case, Gorakhpur had become a large town by the time of [[Akbar]], in the late 1500s. The earliest contemporary reference to a Mughal garrison at Gorakhpur is in 1572, when it was governed by Payanda Khan on behalf of [[Munim Khan]], then ''[[subahdar]]'' of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. Gorakhpur was for a long time the main Muslim garrison north of the Ghaghra, which may explain why it has such a prominent Muslim presence compared to other parts of the district.<ref name="Gazetteer 1909"/>{{rp|178, 235–6}}

In the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' ({{circa}} 1595), Gorakhpur is listed as the capital of a ''[[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]'' in the ''[[subah]]'' of [[Awadh]]. ''Sarkar'' Gorakhpur was divided into 24 ''[[mahalla|mahal]]''s, and Gorakhpur itself was one of them. The ''mahal'' of Gorakhpur was listed with an assessed revenue of 567,385 ''[[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]''s and was expected to supply 200 infantry and 40 cavalry to the Mughal army. It was described as having a brick fort on the Rapti.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |author1-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last1=Jarrett |translator-first1=Henry Sullivan |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>{{rp|174–5}}

Gorakhpur also had a [[mint (facility)|mint]] under Akbar, issuing copper coins only. By the time of [[Aurangzeb]], the Gorakhpur mint was also issuing silver coins. During the 1600s, based on [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]]'s account of his travels in India, Gorakhpur played an important role as a centre for trade with the northern mountain regions.<ref name="Habib 1982">{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author1-link=Irfan Habib |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195603796 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Buo9AQAAIAAJ |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>{{rp|33}}

In the late 1600s, Gorakhpur was officially renamed ''Mu'azzamabad'' in honour of Prince Mu'azzam (the later [[Bahadur Shah I]]), and this name was used in official documents until the British takeover in 1801.<ref name="Gazetteer 1909"/>{{rp|236}} After Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]]'s ascension in 1707, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Chin Qulich Khan]] was appointed faujdar of Gorakhpur but resigned in 1710 due to a loss of favour. From this time, local Rajput chiefs, known as rajas, exercised de facto control over the region, assigning lands and titles, with minimal intervention from the Mughal imperial officers.

===Awadh Period===
In 1722, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] was appointed subahdar of Avadh, which included Gorakhpur. By 1724, he established himself as the independent ruler of Avadh, although he remained nominally under the Mughal emperor. His early efforts focused on reducing the power of powerful local rajas in the southern parts of the region, while his authority was weaker in the northern areas. The Gorakhpur region experienced significant lawlessness in the north, with marauding Banjaras under the leadership of Tilak Sen of Butwal causing destruction. Saadat Khan sent forces to suppress these activities, though the Banjaras would often return to plunder once the Nawab's army withdrew.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978">{{cite web |title=District Gazeteer Gorakhpur Gazeteer (1978 publication) |url=https://gorakhpur.nic.in/district-gazeteer/}}</ref>

Saadat Khan's death in 1739 saw his nephew, [[Safdar Jang]], take control. During Safdar Jang's reign, a Muslim garrison stationed at Gorakhpur mutinied, which was quelled by a large army sent by the Nawab. The region remained under the control of the Nawabi administration, but local rulers still held considerable sway. Agriculture flourished, and essential goods like rice became abundant, though the Banjaras continued to raid the area.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978" />

In 1754, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] succeeded Safdar Jang. His reign saw continued agricultural prosperity, and in 1769-70, he visited Gorakhpur on a hunting trip where he encountered wild elephants in the forest. Shuja-ud-Daula's rule was followed by that of his son [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]. During Asaf-ud-Daula's time, Colonel Hannay, a British officer, was appointed to oversee the district's military and revenue affairs. His harsh methods caused significant suffering, with many cultivators abandoning their lands. The Banjaras also played a disruptive role in the local politics.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978" />

In 1801, following financial difficulties, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Nawab Saadat Ali Khan]] ceded Gorakhpur to the [[East India Company]] through the Treaty of 10 November 1801, bringing an end to the control of the Nawab of Awadh over the region.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978" />

===British Period===
In the early 19th century, the British [[East India Company]] took control of Gorakhpur and its surrounding territories following the Treaty of 1801, marking the beginning of British rule in the region. Owing to the proximity of this region to Nepal, the British started to station troops in the area to resist Nepalese incursions. A cantonment was set up in the eastern part of the city, and the region played a role in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816). Although General Wood’s campaign from Gorakhpur to [[Butwal]] was unsuccessful, the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] (1815), which concluded the conflict, ensured that the region remained under British control. After the war, Gorakhpur underwent various administrative changes. In 1829, it was made the headquarters of a [[Administrative divisions of India|division]], and over the following decades, it was restructured several times as part of British administrative reforms.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978" />

In the 1840s, the British implemented land revenue settlements in the region. These policies were designed to standardise revenue collection, but they led to growing dissatisfaction among local zamindars and peasants. The area also suffered from natural disasters, including the drought of 1837 and the [[Bihar famine of 1873–1874|famine of 1873-74]], which contributed to the region’s economic difficulties. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Gorakhpur witnessed local participation in the uprising. Muhammad Hasan, a local leader, declared himself the ruler of Gorakhpur and forced the British to retreat temporarily. However, the British reasserted control by August 1858 with the help of Gurkha forces. Following the reoccupation, the British confiscated estates and executed or exiled several key figures involved in the revolt. They also established the Moti Jail in Gorakhpur, where many of the rebels were imprisoned.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978" />

Municipal governance in Gorakhpur began to take shape in the late 19th century. A local committee was formed on 7 September 1869, and the municipal committee was officially established on 4 December 1873 under the North-Western Provinces and Oudh Municipalities Act. It became a municipal board in 1884. The municipality managed local taxation and civic services, with revenue derived from octroi, livestock taxes, and market fees.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978" />

In the early 20th century, Gorakhpur became a center of political activity. The region gained national attention during the [[Chauri Chaura incident]] in February 1922, when a violent confrontation between police and protestors led to the deaths of 22 policemen. This event resulted in the suspension of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. In the years that followed, Gorakhpur remained an important site for nationalist movements, including the [[Civil disobedience|Civil Disobedience Movement]] and the [[Quit India Movement]]. The region saw visits from leaders such as [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and [[Sarojini Naidu]], who supported the anti-colonial protests. During the Quit India Movement, Gorakhpur experienced widespread protests, arrests, and repression by the British authorities. Local fighters from Gorakhpur also participated in the [[Indian National Army]]’s struggle against British rule. In 1947, India gained independence, and Gorakhpur became part of the newly formed state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Gazetteer 1978" />

==Geography==
Gorakhpur city is located in the north-easterrn part of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, within the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. The city's geographical coordinates are 26.7663° N latitude and 83.3689° E longitude, with an altitude of 69 metres (229 feet) above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Gorakhpur, India |url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Gorakhpur.html |website=www.fallingrain.com |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref> Gorakhpur is situated about 100 km from the [[Nepal]] border, 193 km from [[Varanasi]], 260 km from [[Patna]] and 270 km from [[Lucknow]]. Gorakhpur has been ranked 4th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Topography ===
[[File:Ramgarh Tal Lake, Gorakhpur, 8 Apr 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Ramgarh Tal Lake]]]]
Gorakhpur lies within the Indo-Gangetic Plain, characterised by its flat and low-lying terrain. This plain, composed of fertile alluvial soil, is a result of centuries of sediment deposition by the region’s rivers.<ref name="UGC">{{cite web |url=https://ugcmoocs.inflibnet.ac.in/assets/uploads/1/146/5059/et/6%20INDO-GANGETIC%20PLAIN200304050503030404.pdf |title=Indo Gangetic Plain |work=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109071837/https://ugcmoocs.inflibnet.ac.in/assets/uploads/1/146/5059/et/6%20INDO-GANGETIC%20PLAIN200304050503030404.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city itself, at an altitude of 69 metres (229 feet), is situated in this expansive landscape, which is predominantly flat with minimal elevation changes. This vast alluvial plains around the city provides fertile soil for agriculture.

Gorakhpur is situated at the confluence of [[Rohni River|Rohni]] with [[West Rapti River|Rapti river]], which is a tributary of the [[Ghaghara]] river. The Rapti River is the primary watercourse that flows through Gorakhpur, significantly influencing the city’s topography. The river's course once shifted, leading to the formation of [[Ramgarh Tal Lake]], located in the eastern part of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ऐसे अस्तित्‍व में आया गोरखपुर का रामगढ़ ताल, जानें-क्‍या है इसका इतिहास Gorakhpur News|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-history-of-ramgarh-tal-of-gorakhpur-19719722.html|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> This lake, originally covering an area of 723 hectares (1,790 acres) in 1970, now spans around 678 hectares (1,680 acres).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/Lakes/Ramgarh%20Taa1.pdf|title=Lake Ramgarh Tal|website=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Bakhira Sanctuary]], located 44 km west of Gorakhpur, is the largest natural floodplain wetland in India, covering 29 sq km. It serves as an important habitat for migratory birds and is recognised as a [[Ramsar site]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2465|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> Another notable aquatic feature is the Maheshra Tal lake, located to the north of the city, which supports a rich ecosystem of phytoplankton and zooplankton.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Gorakhpur is one of the flood vulnerable districts in [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]. Data over the past 100 years show a considerable increase in the intensity and frequency of floods, with extreme events occurring every three to four years. Roughly 20% of the population is affected by floods, which are an annual occurrence in some areas, causing huge loss of life, health, and livelihoods for the poor inhabitants, as well as damage to public and private property.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/resource/integrating-climate-change-into-disaster-planning-gorakhpur/ Integrating climate change concerns into disaster management planning: The case of Gorakhpur, India] by Shiraz A. Wajih and Shashikant Chopde, the Climate and Environment Knowledge Network, 2014</ref>

===Climate===
Gorakhpur experiences a tropical wet and dry climate, with three distinct seasons: [[summer]], [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]], and [[winter]]. The [[Köppen climate classification]] subtype for this climate is ''Cwa'' (dry-winter [[humid subtropical climate]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=97324&cityname=Gorakhpur,+Bihar,+India&units=|title=Gorakhpur, India Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121185520/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=97324&cityname=Gorakhpur%2C+Bihar%2C+India&units=|url-status=dead}}</ref> The summer season in Gorakhpur is characterised by high temperatures, especially in April and May, when maximum temperatures often reach 49.4°C (120.9°F).<ref name=IMDextremes /> The average daily maximum temperature during summer is 37.4°C (99.3°F) in April and 38.0°C (100.4°F) in May.<ref name=TCC1 /> Precipitation during the summer months is limited, with May receiving 46.2 mm (1.82 inches) of rainfall.

[[File:Sunset views.jpg|thumb|Clouds over Gorakhpur during Monsoon season]]
The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall to Gorakhpur, contributing to the city's annual average rainfall of 1,240.9 mm (48.85 inches). The heaviest rainfall occurs in July and August, with 353.5 mm (13.92 inches) and 330.8 mm (13.02 inches) respectively. The average maximum temperature during this period is 32.9°C (91.2°F) in June, which gradually decreases in the subsequent months.<ref name=TCC1 /> The region experiences high humidity, reaching up to 76% in August. Winter in Gorakhpur is relatively mild, with the coldest month being January. The daily minimum temperature can drop to 1.0°C (33.8°F) in December and January.<ref name=IMDextremes /> The maximum temperature during the winter months averages 20.7°C (69.3°F) in January.<ref name=IMDextremes /> Rainfall during winter is minimal, with only 14.8 mm (0.58 inches) in January and 1.1 mm (0.04 inches) in November.

{{Weather box
| location = Gorakhpur (1991-2020, extremes 1901-2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 30.0
| Feb record high C = 35.4
| Mar record high C = 42.4
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 49.4
| Jun record high C = 46.5
| Jul record high C = 43.2
| Aug record high C = 39.5
| Sep record high C = 38.5
| Oct record high C = 37.4
| Nov record high C = 36.8
| Dec record high C = 30.5
| year record high C = 49.4
| Jan high C = 20.7
| Feb high C = 26.0
| Mar high C = 32.1
| Apr high C = 37.4
| May high C = 38.0
| Jun high C = 36.3
| Jul high C = 32.9
| Aug high C = 32.7
| Sep high C = 32.6
| Oct high C = 32.3
| Nov high C = 29.4
| Dec high C = 23.8
| year high C = 31.2
|Jan mean C = 14.8
|Feb mean C = 19.1
|Mar mean C = 24.2
|Apr mean C = 29.5
|May mean C = 31.4
|Jun mean C = 31.4
|Jul mean C = 29.6
|Aug mean C = 29.4
|Sep mean C = 28.9
|Oct mean C = 26.5
|Nov mean C = 21.6
|Dec mean C = 16.6
| Jan low C = 8.8
| Feb low C = 11.8
| Mar low C = 16.3
| Apr low C = 21.3
| May low C = 24.5
| Jun low C = 26.1
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 20.9
| Nov low C = 14.8
| Dec low C = 10.3
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 1.0
| Feb record low C = 2.8
| Mar record low C = 8.1
| Apr record low C = 12.2
| May record low C = 16.6
| Jun record low C = 16.1
| Jul record low C = 18.1
| Aug record low C = 20.2
| Sep record low C = 17.4
| Oct record low C = 12.5
| Nov record low C = 6.7
| Dec record low C = 2.8
| year record low C = 1.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 14.8
| Feb rain mm = 15.6
| Mar rain mm = 7.9
| Apr rain mm = 10.5
| May rain mm = 46.2
| Jun rain mm = 187.8
| Jul rain mm = 353.5
| Aug rain mm = 330.8
| Sep rain mm = 220.7
| Oct rain mm = 47.8
| Nov rain mm = 1.1
| Dec rain mm = 4.1
| year rain mm = 1240.9
| Jan rain days = 1.2
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 0.7
| Apr rain days = 0.9
| May rain days = 3.1
| Jun rain days = 7.4
| Jul rain days = 13.2
| Aug rain days = 13.0
| Sep rain days = 8.7
| Oct rain days = 2.0
| Nov rain days = 0.2
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 52.3
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 67
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 39
| Apr humidity = 31
| May humidity = 39
| Jun humidity = 56
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 74
| Oct humidity = 68
| Nov humidity = 67
| Dec humidity = 69
| year humidity = 59
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Gorakhpur Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 297–298
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M216
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42379
| title = Normals Data: Gorakhpur – India Latitude: 26.75°N Longitude: 83.37°E Height: 78 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

=== Flora and fauna ===
[[File:Nature photo of bakhira bird sanctuary clicked by saurabh.jpg|thumb|The [[Bakhira Sanctuary|Bakhira Bird Sanctuary]], a [[Ramsar site|Ramsar Site]], plays a significant role in the preservation of migratory bird habitats.]]
Gorakhpur’s geography is marked by several protected areas and diverse ecosystems. The Kushmi Forest, located to the east of the city, is a dense, government-managed forest area primarily dominated by [[Shorea robusta|Sal]] trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of growing stock and species distribution of Sal dominated Kushmi forest Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333718026_Analysis_of_growing_stock_and_species_distribution_of_Sal_dominated_Kushmi_forest_Gorakhpur_Uttar_Pradesh_India |website=researchgate.net |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref> This forest is part of a broader conservation effort and has been designated for eco-tourism development by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. The region's flora thrives in the fertile alluvial soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with various species found in the city's parks and protected areas.

Gorakhpur's fauna includes a diverse range of species, particularly within the [[Gorakhpur Zoo|Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Zoological Park]] and the nearby [[Bakhira Sanctuary|Bakhira Bird Sanctuary]]. The zoo houses over 387 animals from 58 species, including [[Asiatic lion]]s, [[tiger]]s, [[rhinoceros]], and various species of birds.<ref name = "zoo">{{cite web |title=Gorakhpur Zoological Garden |url=http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/AboutGorakhpurZoo.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112092413/http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/AboutGorakhpurZoo.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2019 |accessdate=14 January 2019 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=Environment, Forest and Climate Change Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bakhira Bird Sanctuary is especially significant for migratory birds, including those from [[Siberia]], which travel over 5,000 km to winter in the wetlands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://easternuptourism.com/Bakhira-Bird-Sanctuary-G.jsp |title=Bakhira Bird Sanctuary |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002123906/http://easternuptourism.com/Bakhira-Bird-Sanctuary-G.jsp |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Maheshra Tal to the north of the city also supports aquatic life, adding to the region's biodiversity.{{Cn|date=September 2025}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| 1901 | 64148
| 1911 | 56892
| 1921 | 57985
| 1931 | 75644
| 1941 | 95127
| 1951 | 132436
| 1961 | 180255
| 1971 | 230911
| 1981 | 307501
| 1991 | 505566
| 2001 | 622701
| 2011 | 673446
| source = District Census Handbook 2011 <ref name="dchb">{{cite book |last1=Uttar Pradesh |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=India - Census of India 2011 - Uttar Pradesh - Series 10 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Gorakhpur |date=2016 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1220 |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
}}
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Gorakhpur had a total population of 673,446, of which 353,907 were males and 319,539 were females. It has a [[sex ratio]] of 903 females per 1000 males. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 69,596. Gorakhpur had a literacy rate of 75.2%, of which male literacy was 79.4% and female literacy was 70.6%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Gorakhpur was 83.9%, of which the male literacy rate was 88.7% and the female literacy rate was 78.6%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 62,728 and 2,929, respectively. Gorakhpur had 112,237 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Gorakhpur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=212078 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

The population of Gorakhpur has shown consistent growth from 64,148 in 1901 to 673,446 in 2011. After a slight decline in the early years, the population started increasing steadily, with notable growth after 1951. By 1981, the population had grown significantly, reaching over 300,000. The growth continued through the 1990s, with the population more than doubling from 1981 to 1991. From 2001 to 2011, the population rose by 8.1%, reaching 673,446.<ref name="dchb" />

According to a 2020 report, 31 villages have been incorporated in the municipal corporation limits increasing the population to over 1 million. The city area has also increased from 145.5 km2 in 2011 to 226.6 km2.<ref name="Merged"/>

The state government has also declared Gorakhpur, as a metropolis on 22 November 2021. Apart from [[Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation]], the government has declared three nagar panchayats and eight development blocks as a metropolitan area. For this, the urban Development Department has issued a notification to the city. According to the order issued by the Additional Chief Secretary, Urban Development, now in Gorakhpur Metropolitan Region, Municipal Corporation, Nagar Panchayat [[Pipraich]], Nagar Panchayat PPganj, Nagar Panchayat Mundera Bazar, Chargawa, Khorabar, Pipraich, Sardar Nagar, Piprauli, Jungle Kaudiya, Campierganj and The entire area of Bhathat development block has been covered. After this the population of Gorakhpur metropolis will be around 25 lakhs.<ref name="amarujala.com"/>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Gorakhpur City (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=[[Religion]]
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|20.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.77}}
}}
[[Hinduism]] is the predominant religion in Gorakhpur, with 77.88% of the population adhering to it. [[Islam]] is the second most widely practised faith, followed by about 20.61% of the city's residents. [[Christianity]] is practised by 0.74% of the population, while [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Buddhism]] are followed by 0.04%, 0.18%, and 0.07%, respectively. Additionally, 0.01% of people identify with "Other Religions," and around 0.48% do not follow any particular religion.<ref name="religion" />

===Languages===
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Gorakhpur (2011)<ref name="Lang"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 82.41 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 10.57 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value3 = 6.26 |color3 = gold
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.76 |color4 = grey
}}

As per the 2011 Census data for Gorakhpur, the majority of the population speaks [[Hindi]], accounting for 82.41% of the total population. [[Urdu]] is the second most spoken language, with 10.57% of the people using it, while [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is spoken by 6.26% of the population. 0.76% of the residents speak other languages.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Hindi is the most widely spoken language in the city and serves as the official language for administration and education being the official language of the state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Amita |last2=Wilson |first2=A. Jeyaratnam |title=The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Political and Constitutional Problems |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-11874-6 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Post_Colonial_States_of_South_Asia/Fnv5sQXOlVAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22hindi%22%2B%22language%22%2B%22official%22%2B%22administration%22%2B%22uttar+pradesh%22&pg=RA1-PT117&printsec=frontcover |access-date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Urdu is the additional official language of the state and is mostly spoken by the Muslim residents of the city.<ref name="2011lang">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 49–53 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}</ref> [[English language|English]] is also used as a medium for instruction in some schools.

Although Hindi is the most spoken language in the city, many of those recorded as speaking 'Hindi' actually speak Bhojpuri. The specific dialect spoken in and around Gorakhpur is known as 'Gorakhpuri', a sub-dialect of the Northern Standard Bhojpuri, which is typically spoken between the [[Ghaghara]] and [[Gandaki River|Gandak]] rivers.<ref name="survey">{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Linguistic Survey of |title=Linguistic Survey of India |date=1903 |publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing, India |page=324 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Linguistic_Survey_of_India/Fj5BAQAAMAAJ |access-date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The Gorakhpuri dialect closely resembles those of Central and Northern [[Saran division|Saran]], with only slight differences.<ref name="survey" /> It is believed that this dialect originated from a blend of [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]] and [[Magahi language|Magadhi]] languages.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1907 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |page=247 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal/ig_gAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Governance ==
Gorakhpur's governance is structured through multiple administrative bodies to ensure effective management and inclusivity. The Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation ([[Nagar Nigam Gorakhpur]]) serves as the city's primary governing entity, responsible for infrastructure, public services, and special initiatives for vulnerable groups, including Persons with Disabilities (PwD). It is led by a democratically elected mayor and council members. The Gorakhpur Development Authority (GDA<ref name="Gorakhpur Development Authority">{{Cite web |title=Gorakhpur Development Authority |url=https://gdagkp.in/Home/Aboutus |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=gdagkp.in}}</ref>), established under the Uttar Pradesh Urban Planning and Development Act of 1973, focuses on the city's urban planning and development initiatives, emphasising accessibility for all people. At the divisional level, the Divisional Commissioner oversees four districts, including Gorakhpur, and is responsible for local government institutions, infrastructure development, and maintaining law and order. Additionally, the Gorakhpur Industrial Development Authority (GIDA<ref name="Gorakhpur Development Authority"/>), formed by the Uttar Pradesh Government on 30 November 1989, under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act, manages industrial development while integrating accessibility standards for inclusive growth.

These entities collaborate to ensure efficient governance, sustainable development, and inclusivity, addressing the needs of all citizens, including PwD.

=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/gorakhpur |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> the Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹197 crore (US$24 million) and total expenditure of ₹187 crore (US$22 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 14.7% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹152 crore in grants during the financial year.

==Transport==

===Railways===
{{Main|Gorakhpur Junction railway station}}
[[File:Front gate of Gorakhpur Junction railway station.jpg|thumb|240px|Gorakhpur Junction railway station]]
Gorakhpur is connected through a rail network and [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur railway station]]. Until March 2021, it had world's longest platform of 1366 meters.{{Efn|Since March 2021 Hubballi railway station's Pf no.1 is world longest platform, its length is 1,505 meters.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Huralimath |first=Arunkumar |date=21 March 2021 |title=World's longest railway platform in Hubballi in its final stage of construction |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/mar/21/worlds-longest-railway-platform-in-hubballiin-its-final-stage-of-construction-2279648.html |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> In February 2020, 100 flowering pots with the support structures were made and installed on the hydrant pipe at platform No.2 to increase the plantation and natural cover, using local resources of the Gorakhpur coaching depot.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nikita |first1=Prasad |title=Indian Railways unique initiative! Flowering pots installed over hydrant pipe at Gorakhpur station; details |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-unique-initiative-flowering-pots-installed-over-hydrant-pipe-at-gorakhpur-station-details/1866804/ |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

The station offers Class A-1 railway station facilities. From 6 October 2013, Gorakhpur had the [[Railway platform#Longest|world's longest railway platform]], after inauguration of the remodelled Gorakhpur Yard, with a stretch of around {{Convert|1355.40|m|mi|abbr=|sigfig=2}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gorakhpur gets world's largest railway platform |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Gorakhpur-gets-worlds-largest-railway-platform/articleshow/23616764.cms |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mynews.in/News/gorakhpur_railway_station_to_have_longest_platform_in_asia_N33503.html |title=Gorakhpur Railway Station to have longest platform in Asia |last=Jha |first=Aditi |date=23 December 2009 |work =MyNews |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002082734/http://www.mynews.in/News/gorakhpur_railway_station_to_have_longest_platform_in_asia_N33503.html |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gorakhpur railway station's remodelling in final stage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/gorakhpur-railway-stations-remodelling-in-final-stage/articleshow/20388999.cms |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=longest_platform>{{cite news|title=Gorakhpur gets world's longest railway platform|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gorakhpur-gets-world-longest-railway-platform--28952.html|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[Amar Ujala|अमर उजाला (Amar Ujala)]]|date=13 February 2012}}</ref>

Gorakhpur is the headquarters of [[North Eastern Railway Zone (India)|North Eastern Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283 |title=North Eastern Railway |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref>

===Air===
{{Main|Gorakhpur Airport}}
[[File:Gorakhpur_Airport_new_terminal_building.jpg|thumb|240px|A look at the entrance of Mahayogi Gorakhnath Airport]]
An Air Force station of [[Indian Air Force]] was established in Gorakhpur in 1963 named [[Mahayogi Gorakhnath Airport]] and extended for public air transport.<ref>[http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=42 No. 105 Helicopter Unit]. [[Indian Air Force]]</ref>

===Metro===
{{Main|Gorakhpur Metro}}
[[Gorakhpur Metro]] is a light metro project with 2 line and 27 stations is [[light rail transit]] (LRT) system approved to be built in Gorakhpur. It consist two corridors covering a distance of 27.84 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-cabinet-decision-gorakhpur-metro-rail-dpr-gets-green-signal-from-uttar-pradesh-cabinet-4672-crores-will-be-spent-20858589.html|date=10 March 2020|title=Gorakhpur metro rail gets green signal from up cabinet,4672 crores will be spent|publisher=Dainik jagran|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref>
On 1 December 2021 the central government has also approved the DPR of Gorakhpur light metro project.<ref>{{cite web|title= Gorakhpur Metrolite: पब्लिक इन्वेस्टमेंट बोर्ड (पीआईबी) की बैठक में गोरखपुर मेट्रोलाइट रेल प्रोजेक्ट के फेज-1 को अप्रूवल मिला है.|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/yogi-adityanath-said-gorakhpur-metrolite-phase-1-project-gets-pib-approval-ann-2008462/amp |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:MMMUT main building, admin block.jpg|thumb|Administrative Block of [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology|MMMUT]]]]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Gorakhpur}}



* [[AIIMS Gorakhpur]]
* [[Baba Raghav Das Medical College]]
* [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
* [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology]]
* [[Maha Yogi Guru Gorakhnath Ayush University]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazette - Government of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://upvidhai.gov.in/MediaGallery/6of2021.pdf |website=upvidhai.gov.in/ |access-date=12 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* [[Mahayogi Gorakhnath University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Satish Chandra |date=23 April 2021 |title=गोरखपुर में दो सौ एकड़ में बनकर तैयार हुआ महायोगी गुरु गोरखनाथ विश्वविद्यालय Gorakhpur News|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-study-from-july-at-mahayogi-guru-gorakhnath-university-21583946.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=29 August 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology]], Gorakhpur,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazette - Government of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.nielit.gov.in/gorakhpur/ |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
* [[Veer Bahadur Singh Sports College, Gorakhpur|Veer Bahadur Singh Sports College]]

==Sports==
*[[Veer Bahadur Singh Sports College, Gorakhpur]]
*[[Syed Modi Railway Stadium]]
*Mini Sports complex, Bhati Vihar Gorakhpur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/cm-to-open-gkps-1st-mini-sports-complex/articleshow/116893436.cms|title=CM to open Gkp's 1st mini sports complex|access-date=2 January 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>
*Regional Stadium, Civil Lines.
*Water Sports Complex, Nauka Vihar,Gorakhpur,

==Notable people==


* [[Yogi Adityanath]], 21st and current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, has served in Gorakhpur as a Member of Parliament and is the head priest of the Gorakhnath Temple.
* [[Zoya Afroz]], actress and model, winner of [[Femina Miss India]] Indore 2013, linked to Gorakhpur.
* [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]], National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party and a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha)
* [[Leo Amery]], Former Secretary of State for the Colonies of the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Mahant Avaidyanath]], Indian politician and Hindu guru, led the Gorakhnath Temple in Gorakhpur.
* [[Janaki Devi Bajaj]], illiterate social reformer from Pipraich Block near Gorakhpur.
* [[Premindra Singh Bhagat]], recipient of Victoria Cross, connected with Gorakhpur.
* [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], revolutionary, executed for the [[Kakori Conspiracy]] in Gorakhpur.
* [[Herbert Bridgman]], A prominent member of the family that established a massive estate in the [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] forests. The family was central to the colonial administration of the "Terai" (lowlands) and many of their descendants were born on these rural estates.
* [[A. C. L. Carlleyle]], was an English archaeologist active in India.
* [[Markandey Chand]], Indian politician.
* [[Hemant Chaturvedi]], Indian cinematographer.
* [[Pankaj Chaudhary]], Indian politician and a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha.
* [[Reena Choudhary]], Political and social worker and a member of parliament.
* [[Edmund Craigie]], English first-class cricketer and barrister.
* [[Alexander Cunningham]], British Army engineer who was interested in Indian archaeology. In 1861, he was appointed as archaeological surveyor to the government of India and he founded and organised what later became the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].
* [[Sir Frederick Currie, 2nd Baronet]], English baronet, the eldest child of [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet]].
* [[Baba Raghav Das]], social worker and philanthropist, established Kushth Sewa Ashram in Gorakhpur.
* [[Ram Upendra Das]], economist, associated with Gorakhpur.
* [[Digvijaynath]], founder of Gorakhpur University, nationalist leader.
* [[Amrapali Dubey]], actress, primarily in Bhojpuri films, hails from Gorakhpur.
* [[Preeti Dubey]], Indian field hockey player.
* [[Ravi Dubey]], actor, model, television presenter, and producer, born in Gorakhpur. Also worked in [[Hans Zimmer]]'s Ramayanam (2026 film) and many shows & web series.
* [[Saurabh Dubey (Uttar Pradesh cricketer)]], Indian cricketer.
* [[Sourav Dubey]], is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman who currently plays for Tripura.
* [[Saeeda Faiz]], educator and social reformer from Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, with connections to Gorakhpur.
* [[Saqi Farooqi]], British-Pakistani poet who wrote in both Urdu and English.
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], Urdu poet, recipient of the [[Gyanpeeth Award]], associated with Gorakhpur.
* [[Majnun Gorakhpuri]], Urdu writer and literary critic
* [[Narendra Hirwani]], cricketer, set a national record for wickets in a test match, based in Gorakhpur.
* [[Cheddi Jagan]], His parents migrated from the [[Basti district|Basti]] district. He became the first Chief Minister and later the President of [[Guyana]].
* [[Anurag Kashyap]], film director, renowned for his contributions to Hindi cinema, associated with Gorakhpur. Director of [[Gangs of Wasseypur]], [[Bombay Talkies]], [[Bombay Velvet]] and [[No Smoking (2007 film)]]
* [[Nitasha Kaul]], British-Indian academic, writer and poet based in London.
* [[Farhat Basir Khan]], photographer and media studies academic, associated with Gorakhpur.
* [[Kamal Kishor]], Indian politician and a former Member of Parliament of India.
* [[Nurul Ain Lari|Ahmar Lari]], Urdu writer and poet from Gorakhpur.
* [[Suhail Zaheer Lari]], Pakistani historian and author who focused on the history of the [[Sindh]] region.
* [[Zafrul Ahsan Lari]], was an ICS (Punjab Cadre) Administrator from the 1934 batch.
* [[Zahirul Hasnain Lari]], was a lawyer, a known [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader.
* [[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)]], he was the Revenue Surveyor of Gorakhpur (1833)
* [[Honoria Lawrence]], Though born in [[Ireland]], she was the first European woman to live extensively in the Gorakhpur/Basti region (1833–1837). Her journals provide the most detailed account of "white" life in Gorakhpur during that era.
* [[Surjit Singh Majithia]], industrialist and philanthropist, contributed to the development of Gorakhpur.
* [[Tabassum Mansoor]], Indian educationist in [[Libya]], from Gorakhpur.
* [[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]] ([[Trinidad and Tobago]]):, His grandparents were from [[Basti district|Basti]]. He was a legendary politician and the founder of the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]] in [[Trinidad]].
* [[Daler Mehndi]], famous Punjabi singer, started his career in Gorakhpur.
* [[Vidya Niwas Mishra]], Hindi-Sanskrit littérateur and journalist, associated with Gorakhpur.
* [[Syed Modi]], national badminton champion and Arjuna Awardee, trained in Gorakhpur.
* [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]], officer of the Indian Navy, recipient of Maha Vir Chakra, born in Gorakhpur.
* [[Muhibbullah Lari Nadwi]], was an Indian Islamic scholar.
* [[Meenakshi Narain]], an Indian-born American experimental physicist. She was a Professor of [[Physics]] and Chair of the [[Department of Physics]] at [[Brown University]] from [[Providence, Rhode Island]], and was also Chair of the Collaboration Board of US institutions in the [[Compact Muon Solenoid]] (CMS) Collaboration in the [[United States]]. She contributed to the discovery of the [[top quark]] in 1995 and [[Higgs Boson]] in 2012.
* [[Jamuna Nishad]], Indian politician, connected with Gorakhpur.
* [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]], Indian politician, associated with Gorakhpur.
* [[Sanjay Nishad]], politician, founder of NISHAD Party, linked to Gorakhpur.
* [[Sarvan Kumar Nishad]], Indian politician, engineer, and a member of the 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly.
* [[Sri Niwas]], Indian geophysicist and a professor at the Department of [[Earth science]]s of [[IIT Roorkee]].
* [[Vinod Panday]], Indian politician, current National Executive Member and former President of BJP Kisan Morcha.
* [[Kamlesh Paswan]], politician and Member of Parliament, 17th Lok Sabha, connected to Gorakhpur.
* [[Vipin Patwa]], politician and social worker, involved in activities related to Gorakhpur.
* [[Hanuman Prasad Poddar]], editor of Kalyan, propagated Hinduism globally through his publications in Gorakhpur.
* [[Mahaveer Prasad]], Indian politician.
* [[Visharad Phirangi Prasad]], Indian politician. He was the member of 6th Lok Sabha.
* [[Premchand]], Hindi writer, worked as a teacher in Gorakhpur (1916-1921).
* [[Nivruti Rai]], head of Intel India and vice-president of [[Intel Foundry Services]].
* [[Abdur Raqib (cricketer)]], former Pakistani first-class cricketer, born in Gorakhpur, India.
* [[Hansu Ram]], Indian politician, farmer, and a member of the 18th Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Lawrence Reade (cricketer, born 1846)]], was a [[New Zealand]] solicitor and cricketer.
* [[Subrata Roy]], Indian businessman, founder of Sahara India Pariwar, linked to Gorakhpur.
* [[Sushila Saroj]], Member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India.
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]], Bollywood actor, has ties to Gorakhpur.
* [[Sunil Shastri]], Former Rajya Sabha MP, Former-MLA Gorakpur Urban, Former Minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], actor, known for work in Hindi and Punjabi cinema, has roots in Gorakhpur. Worked in films like [[Mohabbatein]], [[Special 26]], [[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]] and many more.
* [[Bandhu Singh]], revolutionary and freedom fighter, linked to Gorakhpur.
* [[Billy Arjan Singh]], conservationist and author, active in Gorakhpur.
* [[Lilavati Singh]], social worker, born in Gorakhpur.
* [[Pradeep Shukla]] is an Indian politician and a member of 18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Prakash Shukla]], Indian contract killer, known for his criminal activities in Gorakhpur.
* [[Saurabh Shukla]], actor, director, known for roles in films like [[PK (film)]], [[Kick (2014 film)]], [[Bala (2019 film)]], [[Raid 2 (film)]], [[Jolly LLB 2]], [[Jolly LLB 3]] and many more, born in Gorakhpur.
* [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]], the Governor of [[Himachal Pradesh]], has ties to Gorakhpur.
* [[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]], famous wrestler, known as Bharat Bhim, trained in Gorakhpur.
* [[Amardeep Singh]], Indian researcher, writer, photographer and documentary filmmaker based in Singapore.
* [[Geetanjali Singh]], actress, known for television roles in shows like [[Tumhari Paakhi]], born in Gorakhpur.
* [[Kedarnath Singh]], poet, critic, from Gorakhpur.
* [[Ravindra Singh (politician)|Ravindra Singh]], Indian politician.
* [[Vir Bahadur Singh]], former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, architect of modern Gorakhpur.
* [[Prem Maya Sonir]], hockey player, Arjuna Awardee, Indian Women’s Hockey Team captain, from Gorakhpur.
* [[Neelam Sonkar]], Indian politician.
* [[K. K. Srivastava]], Indian poet and author
* [[Manglesh Kumar Srivastava]], mayor of Gorakhpur
* [[Bhishma Shankar Tiwari]], is an Indian politician.
* [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]], politician, notable for his influence in Uttar Pradesh politics, from Gorakhpur.
* [[Aman Mani Tripathi]], Indian politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Amarmani Tripathi]], politician, former MLA from Uttar Pradesh
* [[Rishi Tripathi]], Indian politician and a member of the 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly.
* [[Surti Narayan Mani Tripathi]], first ICS of UP, founder of Gorakhpur University.
* [[Mahadevi Varma]] was an Indian poet and essayist who studied at Gorakhpur University.
* [[Abhishek Yadav (cricketer)]], Indian cricket.
* [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)]], politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly, Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Baleshwar Yadav (politician)]], Indian politician.
* [[Baleshwar Yadav (singer)]], politician, former MP from Uttar Pradesh, active in Gorakhpur.
* [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)]], Indian cricketer
* [[Vijay Bahadur Yadav]], Indian politician and a member in 15th and 16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], yogi and spiritual teacher, introduced [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]] globally, has ties to Gorakhpur.



==See also==
* [[Gorakhpur Cantonment railway station]]
* [[St. John's Church, Gorakhpur]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gorakhpur district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

==External links==
*[https://gorakhpur.nic.in/ Gorakhpur municipal government National Informatics Centre (NIC)]
*[http://up.gov.in/upmap.aspx Uttar Pradesh Government District NIC]

[[Category:Gorakhpur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

The Face of the Faceless

2026-03-10T21:16:37Z

KennyReveley866: created initial article from scratch - done

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = Shaison P. Ouseph
| writer = Jayapal Ananthan
| producer = Sandra D'Souza Rana
| starring = [[Vincy Aloshious|Vincy Aloshius]]
| cinematography = Mahesh Aney
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| music = [[Alphons Joseph]]
| distributor = Tri light creations
| released = {{Film date|2023}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''The Face of the Faceless''''' is a 2023 Malayalam language movie directed by Shaison P Ouseph and written by Jayapal Anandan. [[Vincy Aloshious]] is the main actress in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Face Of The FacelessUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/the-face-of-the-faceless/movieshow/105257370.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film has been made to the list of [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] eligibility for the best Original score categories at the [[96th Academy Awards]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-19 |title=Oscars 2024: 'The Face of the Faceless' starring Win. C makes it to the eligibility list for the original score and song |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/oscars-2024-the-face-of-the-faceless-starring-win-c-makes-it-to-the-eligibility-list-for-the-original-score-and-song/articleshow/106116788.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The movie is based on the true story of [[Sr Rani Maria|Sr. Rani Maria]], her life among the most vulnerable, and her tragic death in their cause.<ref name="Croix2023">{{cite web |title=Indian martyr Blessed Rani Maria now on the silver screen |url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/culture/indian-martyr-blessed-rani-maria-now-on-the-silver-screen/18802 |publisher=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |access-date=24 December 2023 |language=en |date=5 December 2023}}</ref> In addition to the original Hindi version, the movie has also been released in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Spanish editions.

The film has received over 123 international awards and has been recognised as the Best Christian Film of 2024. With strong ratings on acclaimed platforms such as IMDb (7.9/10), BookMyShow (9.3/10), and The Times of India (4.7/5), the film has garnered universal praise and appreciation. Its poignant portrayal of justice, sacrifice, and forgiveness has deeply moved audiences worldwide and even earned special acclamation during an audience at the Vatican with the Holy See.

== Plot ==
[[Sr Rani Maria|Sr. Rani Maria]] is a Catholic [[Nun#Christianity|nun]] and social worker who works among the poor and marginalized people in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is known as "Indore Ki Rani" or "Queen of Indore" by the villagers who respect and love her for her service and compassion. She also has a loving family in [[Kerala]], where she was born and raised.

However, some powerful and influential people are threatened by her work and advocacy for the rights and dignity of the poor. They hired a hitman named Samander Singh to assassinate her. Samander Singh follows her and waits for the right opportunity to strike.

One day, he attacks [[Sr Rani Maria|Sr. Rani Maria]] on a bus while she is traveling to Kerala for a vacation. He stabs her multiple times in front of the horrified passengers and escapes. Sr. Rani Maria dies on the spot, leaving behind a trail of blood and tears.

The police arrest Samander Singh and charge him with murder. The media covers the incident and the public expresses outrage and grief. The villagers in Indore mourn the loss of their beloved "Queen". Sr. Rani Maria’s family in [[Kerala]] receives the news and is devastated. They also receive a letter from Sr. Rani Maria that she wrote before her death, in which she expresses her love and forgiveness for her killer and asks them to do the same.

Sr. Rani Maria’s family decides to forgive Samander Singh and accept him as their brother. They visit him in prison and embrace him. They also attend his trial and plead for his release. Samander Singh is moved by their gesture and repents of his crime. He converts to [[Christianity]] and joins the [[Franciscan order]]. He dedicates his life to serving the poor and spreading the message of forgiveness and peace. The story ends with a message of hope and reconciliation. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title="Face of the Faceless": Film about Indian martyr Blessed Rani Maria - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2023-12/face-of-the-faceless-india-blessed-sister-rani-maria.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2023-08-01 |title=Shaison Ouseph on his debut feature film, 'The Face of the Faceless', on the life of Sister Rani Maria, who was beatified |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-face-of-the-faceless-directed-by-shaison-ouseph-is-a-hindi-movie-about-sister-rani-maria/article67141495.ece |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Christianity in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27304247/ The Face of the Faceless] on [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Face of the Faceless, The}}
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]

{{2020s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Palitana State

2026-03-09T13:16:39Z

KennyReveley866: started the bio basic info

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Palitana State
|common_name = Palitana
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1194
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat = Palitana-coa2.jpg
|image_map = SaurashtraKart.jpg
|image_map_caption = Location of Palitana in Saurashtra
|stat_area1 = 777
|stat_year1 = 1921
|stat_pop1 = 58000
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Palitana Temples 1860 2013-11-22 00-48.jpg|thumb|270px|View of the [[Palitana Temples]] in 1860]]
'''Palitana''' was a [[princely state]] in [[British India]] until 1948. The capital was the city of [[Palitana]]. It ceased to exist when India became independent.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==History==
Palitana was a [[princely state]] in [[British India]]. It formed a part of the [[Kathiawar Agency]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Palitana |volume=20 |page=635}}</ref> Area, 289 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 52,856, showing a decrease of 15% in the decade.<ref name=EB1911/> Gross revenue, £42,000; tribute jointly to the [[Gaekwar of Baroda]] and the [[Nawab of Junagadh]], £700. The capital of the state, Palitana, had a population of 12,800.<ref name=EB1911/>
Its ruler enjoyed a [[salute state|9-guns salute]].<ref>''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'' p. 1417.</ref>

===Rulers===
The rulers bore the title of [[Thakur Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html|title=Indian Princely States K-Z|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>

*1697 - 1734 Prithvirajji Kandhaji
*1734 - .... Nonghanji III
*.... - 1766 Sartanji II
*1766 - 1770 Alubhai
*1770 - 1820 Undaji
*1820 - 1840 Kandhaji IV
*1840 - 1860 Nonghanji IV
*1860 Pratapsinghji
*1 Jun 1860 - Nov 1885 Sursinhji
*24 Nov 1885 – 29 Aug 1905 Mansinhji Sursinhji
*29 Sep 1905 – 15 Aug 1947 Bahadursinhji Mansinhji

==See also==
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{coord|21.52|N|71.83|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:States under the Kathiawar Agency]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1194]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1194 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]

List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand

2026-03-09T10:42:16Z

KennyReveley866: small fix

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{TOCright}}
The '''list of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand''' includes universities and autonomous institutes.

==Institutes of National Importance==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location !! Institute name !! Established !! Specialization
|-
|[[Roorkee]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] || 1847 (2001‡)||Technology and management
|-
| [[Srinagar]] ||[[National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand]]|| 2010 || Technology
|-
|[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] ||[[Indian Institute of Management Kashipur]] || 2011 ||Management
|-
| [[Rishikesh]] ||[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh]] || 2012 || Medical research and technology
|-
|}

'''‡'''University of Roorkee was granted status of IIT in 2001.

==Central universities==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location !! University name !! Established !! Specialization
|-
| [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand]]||[[H.N.B. Garhwal University]] || 1973 (1989‡)|| General
|}

'''‡'''The university was renamed to Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in 1989. It became a central university with effect from 2009 onwards.

==State universities==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Location !! University name !! Established !! Specialization
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Doon University]] ||2005 || General
|-
| [[Pantnagar]] || [[G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]] || 1960 || Agriculture and technology
|-
| [[Dehradun]]|| [[H.N.B. Uttarakhand Medical Education University]]||2014||[[Medicine]]
|-
| [[Nainital]] & [[Bhimtal]] || [[Kumaun University]]
(2 campuses)
| 1973 || General
|-
| [[Almora]], [[Bageshwar]] & [[Pithoragarh]]|| [[Soban Singh Jeena University]] || 2020<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/almora/ssj-university-almora-almora-news-hld3925982108 | title=एसएसजे विवि को कुलपति की नियुक्ति का इंतजार, अभी नैनीताल से ही चल रही है व्यवस्था }}</ref>|| General
|-
| Badhshahithaul (Tehri) ||[[Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University]] || 2012 || General
|-
| [[Almora]]|| [[Uttarakhand Residential University|Uttarakhand Aawasiya Vishwavidyalaya]] || 2016 || General
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Uttarakhand Ayurveda University]] || 2009 || [[Ayurveda]]
|-
| [[Haldwani]] || [[Uttarakhand Open University]] || 2005 || Distance learning
|-
| [[Haridwar]]|| [[Uttarakhand Sanskrit University]] || 2005|| [[Sanskrit]]
|-
|[[Haldwani]]
|Uttarakhand State Sports University
|2025
|Sports
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Uttarakhand Technical University|Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University]] || 2008 || Technology
|-
| Bharsar (Pauri) and Ranichauri (Tehri) || [[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry]]
(2 campuses)
| 2011 || [[Horticulture]] and [[forestry]]
|}

==Deemed universities==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Location !! University name !! Established !! Specialization
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]]|| 1906 (1991‡) || Forestry research
|-
| [[Haridwar]] || [[Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya]]^ || 1902 (1962‡) || Ancient Vedic, technology and management
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Graphic Era University]] || 1993 (2008‡) || Engineering, Management, Humanities & Social Sciences, Commerce and Computer Applications
|}

'''‡''' Granted status of deemed university.
'''^''' Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya is divided into three campuses: Main Campus, Haridwar; Kanya Gurukul Campus, Dehradun; and Kanya Gurukul Campus, Haridwar.

==Private universities==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Location !! University name !! Established !! Specialization
|-
|[[Haldwani]]
|Amrapali University
|(2024‡)
|
|-
|[[Kotdwar]]
|[[Bhagwant Global University]]
|2016
|Technology and management
|-
|[[Roorkee]]
|[[College of Engineering Roorkee]]
|1998
|Engineering
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|DBS Global University
|
|
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University
|2005
|
|-
| [[Haridwar]]||[[Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya]]|| 2002 || [[Yoga]], [[psychology]], [[animation]], and [[computer science]]
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[DIT University]] || 2013 || Technology and management
|-
|Uregi, Pauri Garhwal
|Ethics University
|
|
|-
| [[Haldwani]], [[Bhimtal]] & [[Dehradun]]|| [[Graphic Era Hill University]]
(3 campuses)
| 2011 || Technology and management
|-
|[[Roorkee]]
|Haridwar University
(formerly Roorkee College Of Engineering)
|2010 (2023)
|
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[IMS Unison University]] ||2013|| Law, technology and management
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Jigyasa University]]
(formerly Himgiri Zee University)
| 2003 || Communication, technology and management
|-
|[[Pauri Garhwal district]]
|[[Maharaja Agrasen Himalayan Garhwal University]]
|2016
|
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|Maya Devi University
|
|
|-
|[[Bhimtal]]
|Mind Power University
|
|
|-
|[[Roorkee]] || [[Motherhood University]]
(2 campuses)
|2015|| |Law, Pharmacy, Paramedical and Management
|-
|[[Roorkee]]
|Phonics University
|
|
|-
|[[Roorkee]] ||Quantum University || |2017 ||IR 4.0 Technologies, Management and Interdisciplinary Programs, Law and Arts
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|[[Ras Bihari Bose Subharti University]]
|2016
|
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|[[Sardar Bhagwan Singh University]]
|
|
|-
|[[Haridwar]]
|Shree Om University
|
|
|-
||[[Dehradun]] ||[[Shri Guru Ram Rai University]] || |2017 ||Technology, Management and others
|-
|[[Uttarkashi]]
|Smt. Manjira Devi University
|
|
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|Sparsh Himalaya University
|
|
|-
|[[Kichha]]
|[[Surajmal University]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Swami Rama Himalayan University]] || 1989 (2007‡) || [[Medicine]] and [[technology]]
|-
|[[Dehradun]]|| The [[ICFAI University, Dehradun]]|| 2003 ||Law, Technology, Management, Education
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|The University of North West Himalayas
|
|
|-
| [[Haridwar]] || [[University of Patanjali]]|| 2006 || [[Yoga]]
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[University of Petroleum and Energy Studies]] || 2003 || Computer Science, Petroleum and energy
|-
| [[Dehradun]] || [[Uttaranchal University]] ||2013|| Law, technology and management
|}

==Other notable colleges/institutes==
* [[Law College, Dehradun]]
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College|G.B. Pant Engineering College]], Ghurdauri, [[Pauri Garhwal]] now known as Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pauri Garhwal
* [[Kumaon Engineering College]], [[Dwarahat]]
* [[Seemant Institute of Technology]], [[Pithoragarh]]
* [[Himalayan Institute of Technology]], [[Dehradun]]
* [[Kukreja Institute]], [[Dehradun]][https://kukrejainstitute.in/]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Uttarakhand}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by state or union territory|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists|Education]]
[[Category:Education in Uttarakhand]]

Jaffna University Helidrop

2026-03-08T16:52:46Z

KennyReveley866: improved article

{{Short description|1987 Indian special operation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Jaffna Helidrop
| partof = [[Operation Pawan]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 11 – 12 October 1987
| place = [[Jaffna Peninsula]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| result = LTTE victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}} {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|15px}} [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[R.I.S. Kahlon]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|15px}} [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]
| units1 = {{tree list}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Indian Armed Forces]]
**[[IPKF|Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
***{{army|India}}
****[[File:Balidaan badge vector.svg|15px]] [[Para Commandos (India)|10th Para Commando]]
****[[File:Sikh Light Infantry Insignia (India).svg|15px]] [[Sikh Light Infantry|13th Sikh Light Infantry]]
****[[File:ADGPI Indian Army.svg|20px]] 65th Armoured Regiment
***{{air force|India}}
****[[No. 109 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]
****[[No. 107 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]
****[[No. 112 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list}}
*{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]]
** {{flagicon image|Air_Force_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg}} [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]
{{tree list/end}}
| units2 = Unknown
| strength1 = [[File:Balidaan badge vector.svg|10px]] 120 commandos of [[Para Commandos (India)|10th Para Commando]] [[File:Sikh Light Infantry Insignia (India).svg|10px]] 360 soldiers of [[Sikh Light Infantry|13th Sikh Light Infantry]] 3 [[T-72]] tanks [[File:Air Force Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg|15px]] 1 SLAF [[Bell 212]] gunship
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = 6 killed [[Para Commandos (India)|10th Para Commando]] 30 killed 1 captured [[Sikh Light Infantry|13th Sikh Light Infantry]]
| casualties2 = Unknown
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indian Peace Keeping Force}}
{{Campaignbox Sri Lankan Civil War}}
}}

The '''Jaffna University Helidrop''' was the first of the operations launched by the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF)]] aimed at disarming the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) by force and capturing the city of [[Jaffna]], Sri Lanka, in the opening stages of [[Operation Pawan]] during the [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Indian intervention]] in the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. Mounted on the midnight of 12 October 1987, the operation was planned as a fast heliborne assault involving [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]]'s of the [[No.109 Hellicopter Unit|No.109 Helicopter Unit]], the [[Para Commandos (India)|10th Para Commando]]s and a contingent of the [[Sikh Light Infantry|13th Sikh Light Infantry]]. The aim of the operation was to capture the LTTE leadership at [[Jaffna University]] building which served as the [[Military tactics|Tactical]] Headquarters of the LTTE, which was expected to shorten [[Operation Pawan]], the battle for Jaffna. However, the operation ended disastrously, failing to capture its objectives due to intelligence and planning failures. The heli-dropped force suffered significant casualties, with nearly the entire Sikh LI detachment of twenty-nine troops, along with six Para commandos, killed in action.

==Background==
[[File:University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka.JPG|right|thumb|Jaffna University]]
{{Main|IPKF}}
{{see also|Sri Lankan Civil War|Indo-Sri Lanka Accord|LTTE|Operation Poomalai}}

===An uneasy truce===
The signing of the [[Indo-Sri-Lankan accord]] on 29 July 1987<ref name=USDS>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm |title=Background Note: Sri Lanka. |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State |date=6 April 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> brought a temporary truce to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. Under the terms of the agreement,<ref name=iclq>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.551|title = Ethnic Politics and Constitutional Reform: The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord|journal = International and Comparative Law Quarterly|volume = 37|issue = 3|pages = 551–587|year = 1988|last1 = Marasinghe|first1 = M. L.}}</ref><ref name=atimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=1 October 2002 |title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord |work=Asia Times|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref>
[[Colombo]] agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, Sri Lankan troops were to withdraw to their barracks in the north, and the Tamil rebels were to disarm.<ref name= TamilNation>[http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/india/88saty.htm New Delhi & the Tamil Struggle. The Indo Sri Lanka Agreement. Satyendra N. Tamil Nation]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref> Also, on the request of [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] [[J. R. Jayewardene]], India was to send a contingent, the [[IPKF]], to Northern Sri Lanka as a [[peacekeeping]] force.<ref name= dixitrediff>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/24lanka.htm |title=J N Dixit (ex-Indian Ambassador to Colombo) speaking to Rediff.com |publisher=In.rediff.com |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

The LTTE, who had enjoyed support from India till then<ref name=fo>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/ |title=Research and Analysis Wing |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901094318/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/ |archive-date=1 September 2006 }}</ref> however, agreed to the truce only reluctantly. The Tigers had rejected the Provincial Council framework as inadequate and [[Prabhakaran]] had protested against the Indian military intervention.<ref name= TN>[http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/india/90ltte.htm New Delhi & the Tamil Struggle- An Amoral Role. A Post Mortem on the Indian Intervention. Tamilnation.org]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref> The Tigers resisted the spread of what was deemed India's self-serving aim of binding Sri Lanka into India's geopolitical sphere of influence,<ref name= TN/> as well as a sympathy for Sri Lanka's ruling Sinhala community in India outside the support-base in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name= TN/> With the induction of the Indian troops, the Tigers initially complied by surrendering arms along the terms of the truce. However, the LTTE [[boycott]]ed the elections that were held in October and November 1988 along the lines outlined in the accord.<ref name= assalgat>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/25lanka.htm |title=The day the elected government was in place, the military role of the IPKF was over. Lt. Gen A S Kalkat, speaking to rediff.com |publisher=In.rediff.com |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> The opposition to the induction of Indian troops soon flared into active confrontation. The Indian administration had not expected opposition from the Tigers<ref name= dixitrediff/> and was initially taken by surprise. The support for Tamil Nationalism in India also raised the spectre to the Indian Govt. of a possible situation of Tamil [[Separatist movements of India|secessionist]] movement in Tamil Nadu<ref name=TN/><ref name=JCR>[http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/india/jaincommission/vol5/ch1sec6.html Jain Commission Interim Report.Growth of Sri Lankan Tamil Militancy in Tamil Nadu.Chapter I – Phase II (1987–1988)]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref> However, faced with growing diligence from its erstwhile partner, India adopted a strategy of aiding alternative Tamil power bases, including the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front,<ref name= GenHK>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/31lanka.htm |title=Shoot Prabhakaran, shoot Mahathiah!. Gen Harikat Singh speaking to Josy Joseph on the IPKF role. |publisher=In.rediff.com |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> which had emerged strongly in the November 1988 elections, and at the same time continue negotiations with the LTTE.<ref name=GenHK/>

===Peace by any means===
The incident that marked the turning point of Indo-LTTE relationship occurred in early October. On 4 October 1987, the [[Sri Lankan Navy]] captured an LTTE [[Sea Tigers]] boat off [[Point Pedro]] with seventeen Tigers, including some high-profile leaders of the movement, on board.<ref name= UTHR>{{cite web|url=http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume2/Chapter1.htm |title=Background to the Breakdown of the Accord. |publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights |location=Jaffna, Sri Lanka |date=1 October 1989 |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> The Colombo government alleged the boat was involved in smuggling arms across the [[Palk Strait]] and on the grounds denied immunity to these captured Tiger separatists.<ref name= UTHR/> The LTTE denied this claiming the separatist's movement were in accordance with the truce, being in the process of transferring documents for shifting the Tigers Headquarters from [[Madras]] to Jaffna. The Sri Lankan government intended to bring a number of the separatists captured, including [[Pulendran]], [[Kumarappa]] and others, to trial in Colombo for allegedly masterminding the massacre of a hundred and fifty civilians.<ref name= UTHR/> The Tigers, who were at the time still in negotiation with the Indian authorities, appealed for enforcement of protection by the [[IPKF]]. The rebels were at this time in IPKF custody at [[Jaffna Airport|Palali]] Airbase pending transfer to Sri Lankan authorities. Although the Indian authorities insist that they had explained the possible repercussions<ref name= GenHK/> of such an action on the fragile truce and exerted considerable pressure on the Sinhalese authorities to desist from proceeding,<ref name=UTHR/> ultimately the IPKF withdrew allowing the Sri Lankan forces to proceed with transferring the captured rebels to Colombo. The detainees however, attempted [[mass suicide]] by swallowing [[cyanide]]- a common LTTE practice when faced imminent capture.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} The night of 5 October saw large scale slaughter of Sri Lankan people who had returned to Jaffna,<ref name=UTHR/> including eight troops of the [[Sri Lankan Army]] who were at the time being held hostages by the LTTE. These coincided by armed confrontations between the Tiger cadres and the Indian troops in and around Jaffna.<ref name= UTHR/> On 8 October, the LTTE carried out a number of mortar attacks and ambushes on the IPKF.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Armed Resistance & the Law |url=http://www.tamilnation.org/tamileelam/armedstruggle/ipkf.htm |work=Tamil Nation }}</ref>
The deterioration of the situation put the Indian government into a position of having to enforce peace in Jaffna by force. The Indian government had already been accused of inaction in the face of a failing accord.<ref name=UTHR/> It was declared on 9 October that the IPKF was to launch a terminal campaign against the LTTE.

==Prelude==
The Indian intelligence reports received on 10 October indicated that a Tigers' meeting was to be held at [[Kokkuvil]] in the [[Jaffna University]] campus on the night of 11 October. Intelligence further indicated the meeting was to be attended by a number of high-profile Tiger leaders, including [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]], [[Mahattaya|Gopalaswamy Mahendraraja]] (''alias'' Mahattaya), as well as the LTTE local commanders.<ref name=BS>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter3.html |title=Descent into Danger. The Jaffna University Helidrop. |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date=20 October 1987 |access-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609123127/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter3.html |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> The [[Indian Army]] was aware even before this that the LTTE had been using the university as their operational headquarters. The Indian forces had already prepared for a Special Helicopter Borne Operation against Jaffna University. With these reports, [[General (India)|General]] Harikat Singh- [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]], decided to use the window offered by this meeting to capture the LTTE leadership<ref name=rediffintHK>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/apr/01lanka.htm |title=Nobody sounded even a Last Post for our dead in Colombo. Gen Harikat Singh to Josy Joseph. |publisher=In.rediff.com |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref>—a move that was expected to leave the rebel movement directionless in the face of the impending assault on the LTTE strongholds by the IPKF.<ref name=BS/>

The final plan tasked a hundred and twenty commandos from the [[Para Commandos (India)|10th Para Commando]] group and three hundred and sixty troops from the [[Sikh Light Infantry|13th Sikh Light Infantry]] for the mission. The Para Commandos and the delta company of 13 Sikh LI were to be heli-dropped into the University Football ground in three waves of four helicopters. The rest of the Sikh LI contingent was to advance on the ground to link up with the heliborne troops. To minimise exposure to ground-fire, [[fast-roping]] was ruled out and the decision was made to assign the first wave of the Paras with the additional responsibility as [[Pathfinders (military)|pathfinder]]s to mark the drop-zone.<ref name=BS/> The operation was to use four [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8s]] flying from Palay airfield, two from the [[No. 109 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 109 Helicopter Unit]], and one each from the [[No. 107 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 107 Helicopter Unit]] and the [[No. 112 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 112 Helicopter Unit]]. The Mi-8s had provisions for fitting rocket pods; this was deemed not necessary since the IPKF did not anticipate any significant resistance from the ground. A [[Sri Lankan Air Force]] [[Bell 212]] [[Helicopter gunship|gunship]] was detailed to carry out a diversionary strike west of the drop-zone across the railway tracks, which the Indian troops were under strict orders not to exceed.<ref name=BS/>

On the morning of 11 October, a [[Aerial reconnaissance|reconnaissance]] flight over the university however revealed that the football field- the designated drop-zone- may be unable to accommodate four helicopters in a single wave.<ref name=BS/> Holding off outside the drop zone in the face of expected hostile fire was ruled out and a change in the plans saw the decision made to divide each wave into two flights of a pair of Mi-8s. The second flight was to leave Palay Airfield - about four minutes flying time from the drop zone- only after the first flights had started on their return leg after disembarkation of their contingent. The whole operation was expected to last for ninety minutes.<ref name=BS/>

==Operation==
Unknown to the Indian intelligence, the Tigers had intercepted Indian radio communications, had advanced knowledge of the operation, and had correctly identified the landing ground. [[Jaffna University]] had been turned into a fortress. Several 50 calibre machineguns had been moved to the north of the football field, and Tiger cadres had laid an ambush for the Indian troops.<ref name=BS/><ref name=TARL>[http://www.tamilnation.org/tamileelam/armedstruggle/ipkf.htm Tamil Armed Resistance & the Law Tamil Nation]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref>

===First insertion - The Bravo Team, 10 Para Commando===
The operation [[H-Hour]] was set at midnight of the 11th. Led by Major Sheonan Singh as the Team Commander of the Para Commandos along with Major Rajiv Nair and Captain Ranbir Bhadauria, the first stick of forty [[Para Commandos (India)|Para Commandos]] were inserted in the first flight of two Mi-8s.<ref name=BS/> The helicopter formation, led by Wg Cdr Sapre and Sqn Ldr Vinayraj as number two, approached the drop zone in low visibility observing complete black-out. The flights had only their formation lights—situated on top of the tail boom—switched on. These were turned off as the flight entered its short finals. Because of this complete blackout, the direction of approach of the first flights was missed by the Tigers. The two helicopters therefore entered the landing ground unopposed. However, as the commandos disgorged and moved to take defensive positions, they were pinned down by sustained fire from the Tiger positions. Both Sapre and Vinayraj's flight came under fire as they took off on full power, but did not suffer any hits.<ref name= BS/> Under heavy fire, the Para commandos were unable to mark the drop-zone in time for the next stick. As the second flight approached the drop zone, the pilots Flt Lt V Prakash and Sqn Ldr Duraiswami could identify the flashes of small arms fire and grenades. However, added to this, the tracers from the SLAF gunship detailed for the diversionary attack were also identified as groundfire. The pilots, unable to identify the drop zone after considerable efforts, aborted the mission. The paras on the ground were by this time nearly completely encircled by the Tigers.<ref name=BS/>

By the time the first flight of the second wave—flown again by Sapre and Vinayraj—took off from [[Jaffna Airport|Palali]] Airbase however, the Tigers had been able to identify the approach route and moved troops and heavy machine guns to the rooftop of a building north of the field. As Sapre and Vinayraj approached their target zone, the Tigers directed heavy and sustained machinegun fire to the choppers, aiming at the cargo-hold. As the heavy machine gun fire pierced the metal skin of the helicopters, at least one commando on Vinayraj's flight was hit and wounded badly. The pilots however, were able to land and drop their load. Under increasingly intense ground fire, they took off to head back to Palali.

As the Para commandos tried to hold their ground, waiting for the rest of the detail to reinforce, however, they came under sniper fire. The LTTE had already moved in snipers armed with telescopic sights, and as the battle raged, they were able to inflict casualties on the Paras trying to hold their ground.<ref name=BS/>

However, Duraiswamy and Prakash, unable to identify the LG, had not commenced on their second flight. By the time the first flight of the second wave landed back at [[Jaffna Airport|Palali]], the paras numbered eighty instead of the preplanned hundred and twenty. The decision was made for the two flights to exchange pilots, with Sapre and Vinayraj as the flight leaders of both the flights.<ref name=BS/>

===Delayed insertion of Delta Company, 13 Sikh Light Infantry===
As the pilots prepared to insert the first troops of the Delta company, [[Sikh Light Infantry|13th Sikh Light Infantry]], the operation was delayed by twenty minutes. Later analysis would show this may have been due to the Sikh Light Infantry troops, who were infantrymen, not being aware of the embarkation routine of heliborne operations.<ref name=BS/> Furthermore, the troop load of twenty had to be reduced to fifteen to accommodate the ammunition boxes for the troops.

The third shuttle departed with Wg Cdr Sapre leading and Sqn Ldr Duraiswami as No.2. Under intense fire from LTTE positions, the load of 40 paras and 15 Sikh LI along with the ammunition boxes unloaded. Sapre's Mi-8 was heavily damaged.<ref name=BS/>

As the second shuttle came in for their insertion, however, they faced a new threat as the Tigers brought [[Rocket propelled grenade|RPG]] fire to bear against the helicopters. Heavy machine gun fire also hit the helicopters.<ref name=BS/>

Vinayraj's load of forty paratroopers quickly disembarked; however, although the Sikh LI troops from Prakash's flight disembarked without any problems, it seems that there was some delay in dislodging the ammunition boxes, which further delayed the return flight<ref name= BS/> Under heavy ground fire, the Mi-8s limped home to [[Jaffna Airport|Palali]].<ref name=BS/>

===Aborting further insertions===
As the heavily damaged choppers returned to Palali airbase, it became clear that further missions might be impossible. Sqn Ldr Vinayraj's helicopter had sustained significant damage. The undercarriage had been hit, the portside battery compartment cover was missing and the whole fuselage was peppered with bullet holes. Wg Cdr Sapre's Mi-8 returned with its hydraulic system damaged.<ref name=BS/>

It was also evident that the Tigers had improved the organisation and accuracy of ground fire during the third run. The Indian helicopters also faced a possible situation of RPG fire. Although Duraiswami's and Prakash's Mi-8s were still serviceable, it would have been very risky to fly directly over LTTE battlements in order to drop another 30 more troops.<ref name=BS/>

After great deliberation, the decision was made by the IAF Commander, Gp Capt. M.P Premi, to abort further drops by the helicopters. GOC 54 Div, [[Major general (India)|Maj. Gen.]] Harkirat Singh, was informed by [[Group captain (India)|Gp. Capt.]] Premi about the situation, and told the Mi-8s were not in a position to carry out further troop insertions. As Maj Sheonan Singh, the battalion second in command with the Para Commandos, was informed that no more support was available, Sheonan asked the GOC for the plan of action. By this time, although 103 Para commandos were in position, only thirty Sikh LI troops had been inserted under the command of Major Birendra Singh,<ref name= BS/> LTTE snipers had immediately picked off the Sikh Light Infantry radio by accurate gunfire. All messages that received were relayed via the Paras through hand-held short-range walkie-talkies. At the landing ground, the battle was so intense that in many cases the Indian troops were not able to see the LTTE snipers and attackers. Under heavy fire from all sides, and coming under sniper fire, the troops were under orders not to use heavy weapons. The Sikh Light Infantry, as well as the commandos, were in danger of getting bogged down.<ref name=BS/>

Debating whether to scrub the mission and extract the troops, or to press on with the possibility of capturing the LTTE high command and in particular hunting down Prabhakaran, the decision was taken by Harikat Singh to instruct the Paras to stick to the operational plans previously set. The Paras would leave the LZ and hunt for the place where the LTTE leaders were supposed to be hiding, while the Sikh Light Infantry troops would be left behind to hold the LZ.<ref name=BS/>

Although under intense fire and with few troops, Major Birendra Singh, leading the Delta Company, 13 Sikh Light Infantry, had earlier communicated to Sheonan Singh that he would prefer to hold the landing ground and wait for the rest of his company to arrive. As the battle progressed the Paras informed the Sikh Light Infantry of the turn of events. By this time, the Paras had already set off and had separated from the Sikh LI troops. Maj. Gen. Harkirat Singh would later claim that Birendra Singh had not dug in with his troops at the LZ, nor taken cover in the nearby buildings despite the Paras' advice.<ref name=GenHK/> Over the course of their search, the Paras ran into a local Tamil professor at the polytechnic university who claimed to know the location of the Paras' targets. Taking the professor's son in law with them, the commandos were soon ambushed by 300-500 LTTE fighters. By daybreak, they had retreated to a couple of houses in the area and fortified themselves.

With all radio contact with the Sikh Light Infantry platoon lost and their fate unknown, the Paras' situation now became the major concern for all those in HQ 54 Div. As the morning progressed, GOC Maj. Gen. Harkirat Singh arrived in an Army [[HAL Chetak]] helicopter to carry out a personal reconnaissance of the situation, drawing heavy small arms fire from the ground. One bullet went clean through the floor and into the space between where Harkirat was sitting and the pilot.<ref name=BS/>

===Rescue===

With the commandos still holding out, plans were put in place at the 54 Division to extricate them. Lt. Col. [[Dalvir Singh]], leading a relief force consisting of a small group of SF commandos. On the way, he came across three [[T-72 tank]]s from the 65th Armoured Regiment, led by Major Anil Kaul and decided to collaborate with the tank troops to extricate his men. However, the LTTE had laid an [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] field on the approach roads, through which the rescue team simply could not proceed.<ref>When Lt Col Dalvir Singh heard of the disaster he took the first flight out of Colombo and landed in Palaly and with a small team of commandos set off to rescue his men from Jaffna. Along the way, he spotted three T-72 tanks led by Major Anil Kaul from an Armoured Regiment. Lt Col Dalvir Singh studied the maps and realised that a railway track ran parallel to the University where his men had holed up and were surrounded by the LTTE. He chose to fight his way into Jaffna using the railway tracks as his infiltration route, supported by the three tanks. India's Special Forces: History and Future of Indian Special Forces</ref>

It was at this point that the commander of the tank troop, Major Anil Kaul, devised an alternate route. Kaul was aware that the railway tracks of the Palaly-Jaffna rail line passed behind Jaffna university. Kaul decided to drive his tanks on the rail tracks. However, as the tanks fought their way in, passing through the narrow lanes, [[Rocket propelled grenade|RPG]] fire hit his tank in the turret. The explosion sprayed splinters over his eye and arm and severed his wedding ring finger. He was put on morphine by his men.

Lt. Col. [[Dalvir Singh]] had to take over the command of both the SF troops as well as the tank troops from thereon,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gautam Das |first1=Mrinal K.Gupta-Ray |title=Srilanka Misadventure India's Military Peace-keeping Campaign, 1987-1990 |date=2008 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124113639 |pages=109, 110}}</ref> even though he had never operated a tank prior to that.<ref>Lt Col Dalvir Singh, who had never operated tanks had to take over command and direct them as they continued to fight their way into Jaffna. After two days of heavy fighting since the operation was launched Lt Col Dalvir Singh managed to link up with his beleaguered assault team and bring them back to Palaly. India's Special Forces: History and Future of Indian Special Forces</ref> The 4/5 [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkhas]] and ground detachment of the 13 Sikh Light Infantry had linked up by this time. The besieged Para commandos were successfully extricated after 2 days of fighting by Lt. Col. [[Dalvir Singh]] and the rescue team.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Katoch |first1=Prakash Chand |title=India's Special Forces: History and Future of Indian Special Forces |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India |edition=Kindle}}</ref>

Both Lt. Col. [[Dalvir Singh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=LT. COL. DALVIR SINGH- VIR CHAKRA |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/dalvir-singh |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> as well as Major Anil Kaul,<ref>{{cite web |title=MAJ ANIL KAUL- VIR CHAKRA |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/anil-kaul |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> was awarded [[Vir Chakra]] for their courage and leadership.

===Delta Company, 13 Sikh Light Infantry===
Although the Para Commandos were successfully extricated, the fate of the Sikh Light Infantry remained largely unknown until recounted by [[Sepoy]] Gora Singh, who had been taken prisoner, and was later released. Through the night, the Sikh Light Infantry had progressively been annihilated. Birendra Singh and his Platoon Commander [[Subedar]] Sampuran Singh fell to enemy fire sometime in the morning. By 11:30 am on 12 October, Delta Company was down to three [[Private (rank)#India and Pakistan|jawan]]s surviving. When they ran out of ammunition, the three survivors attempted a bayonet charge. Two were killed by LTTE gunfire and the last man, Sepoy Gora Singh, was taken prisoner. When the Indian Army finally reached the area after a week of heavy fighting, they found the battlefield littered with pieces of Sikh Light Infantry's uniforms and equipment, along with thousands of .50 MG shells.

According to Singh, the dead Sikhs were stripped of their weapons, uniforms and equipment and their bare bodies laid out in a row at the nearby Buddhist Nagaraja Vihar temple. The corpses were burnt with a barrel of oil. The LTTE claimed to have tried to get in touch with the IPKF HQ at Palaly, but their efforts to get them collect the dead bodies were in vain. The bodies had started to decompose, and they had no option but to cremate them.<ref name=BS/>

In total the Delta company lost 30 men killed in action, accounting for almost all of the Sikh LI casualties. The Para Commandos lost six men in the battle.

==Aftermath==
Following the operation, the Indian Army awarded 10 gallantry medals.<ref>[https://fountainink.in/reportage/a-short-hot-day-in-kokkuvil A short, hot day in Kokkuvil]</ref> Major Birendra Singh of the Sikh Light Infantry was posthumously awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] on the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] of 1988.<ref>[http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/birendra-singh MAJ BIRENDRA SINGH]</ref> Lt. Col. [[Dalvir Singh]], the Commanding Officer of 10 [[Para SF]] who volunteered and led the rescue mission, was awarded Vir Chakra for "conspicuous courage and valiant leadership".<ref>{{cite web |title=LT COL DALVIR SINGH VIR CHAKRA |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/dalvir-singh |website=GallantryAwards.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Defence India |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> Major Anil Kaul of the 65 Armoured Regiment, was also awarded the Vir Chakra for his actions, having lost his right eye and left hand. He retired from the army as a [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]], having his career affected by his wounds.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/disabled-veterans-fight-for-their-rights-1711958 'We Just Followed Orders': Disabled Army Veterans Fight For Rights]</ref> The lone survivor Sepoy Gora Singh was later promoted to the rank of [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]. Every year, on 11 October, 13 Sikh Light infantry conducts [[ardās]] after [[bhog]] of the [[Akhand Path]] in memory of the soldiers and officers of 13 Sikh Light infantry who were killed in the Jaffna University heli-drop.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==See also==
*[[List of Sri Lankan Civil War battles]]
*[[Operation Poomalai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India]]
[[Category:Battles of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:History of Jaffna|University Helidrop]]
[[Category:Operations involving special forces of India]]
[[Category:University of Jaffna]]
[[Category:October 1987 in Sri Lanka]]

Disco Singh

2026-03-08T02:50:00Z

KennyReveley866: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Disco Singh
| image = Disco Singh.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
| producer = Rajiee M. Shinde Rabindra Narayanan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/11/disco-singh.html|title=Here comes Diljit Donsajh with his next 'Disco Singh'|publisher=CinePunjab|date=19 November 2013}}</ref>
| writer = Anurag Singh
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = Jatinder Shah
| cinematography = Anshul Chobey
| editing = Manish More
| studio = PTC Motion Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|04|11}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''DISCO SINGH'' (12A)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/disco-singh-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132241/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/disco-singh-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2014|work=Urban Vibez Entertainment|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=10 April 2014|accessdate=10 April 2014}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = {{INRConvert|6|c}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|18.00|c}}
}}
'''''Disco Singh''''' is a 2014 Punjabi [[comedy film]] directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]] and starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Surveen Chawla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabimania.com/tag/disco-singh/|title=Diljit, Surveen in Anurag Singh's 'Disco Singh'|publisher=Punjabi Mania|date=1 December 2013|access-date=2 December 2013|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411052419/http://punjabimania.com/tag/disco-singh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is the third collaboration between Singh and Dosanjh after the blockbusters ''[[Jatt and Juliet]]'' (2012) and ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' (2013). The shooting of ''Disco Singh'' began on 19 November 2013 in [[New Delhi]] apparently. The film released on 11 April 2014 to excellent [[box office]] collections all over Punjab. Despite receiving disastrous reviews from critics, it performed exceptionally well at the box office, breaking several records.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disco Singh Punjabi Movie|url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/disco-singh-punjabi-movie-diljit-dosanjh|publisher=Punjabiportal|accessdate=13 Mar 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140313180830/http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/disco-singh-punjabi-movie-diljit-dosanjh|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is loosely based on 2009 Bollywood film ''[[Do Knot Disturb]]'' which in turn was a remake of the 2006 French film ''[[The Valet (2006 film)|The Valet]]'' (French: La Doublure). ''Disco Singh'' was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Haripad Bandwala]]'' under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] starring [[Ankush Hazra]] and [[Nusrat Jahan]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiddaan.com/5-hit-punjabi-movies-remakes-in-other-languages/#google_vignette|title=5 Hit Punjabi Movies Remakes In Other Languages|first=Kiddaan.com|last=Team|date=8 May 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows a singer named Lattu (Diljit Dosanjh) who is in love with Sweety (Surveen Chawla), a model. When don Bhupinder Singh (Manoj Pahwa) hires Lattu to perform at a wedding which Sweety also attends, a picture of the trio is captured by a spy who was hired by Bhupinder's wife Pammi (Upasna Singh) who suspects he is having an affair. When the news of Bhupinder cheating on his wife with Sweety is published in the newspaper, Bhupinder tells Pammi that Sweety is Lattu's girlfriend as he was also captured in the photo. Bhupinder's henchmen kidnap Lattu and Bhupinder tells him to pretend to be Sweety's boyfriend in order to make his wife's suspicion go away. Whilst pretending, Sweety and Lattu enter a real relationship which soon enrages Bhupinder who decides to take matters into his own hands, leading to a hilarious climax.

==Cast==

* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as Bandmaster Lattu Singh
* [[Surveen Chawla]] as Model Sweety
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Don Bhupinder Singh
* [[Upasna Singh]] as Pammi
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Papaji
* [[B.N. Sharma]] as Ikki
* [[Karamjit Anmol]] as Baai
* [[Apoorva Arora]] as Priya
* [[Rana Ranbir]] as Director
* [[Chandan Prabhakar]] as CID Officer

==Soundtrack==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Ae Ji Oo Ji
| extra1 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| title2 = Beautiful Billo
| extra2 = Diljit Dosanjh
| title3 = Disco Singh
| extra3 = Diljit Dosanjh, Adrija
| title4 = Faisley
| extra4 = Kamal Khan
| title5 = Happy Birthday
| extra5 = Diljit Dosanjh
| title6 = Lattu
| extra6 = Diljit Dosanjh, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title7 = Sweetoo
| extra7 = Diljit Dosanjh
}}

==Box office==
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}
According to [[Box Office India]], ''Disco Singh'' has been overwhelmingly successful. In its first week in theatres, it grossed over {{INRConvert|7|c}}, making it the biggest Punjabi film ever in terms of opening numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Disco-Singh-fares-well-at-box-office-Disco-Singh-makes-money/articleshow/33786153.cms|title='Disco Singh' dances its way to the box-office|date=12 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015==

''Disco Singh'' won six awards at the 5th PTC Punjabi Film Awards in 2015.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Winner's Name
|-
| Best Dialogues || [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]] / Amberdeep Singh
|-
| Best Music Director || Jatinder Shah
|-
| Best Popular Song Of The Year || [[Diljit Dosanjh]] for Happy Birthday
|-
| Best Performance in a Comic Role || [[B.N. Sharma]]
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || [[Upasna Singh]]
|-
| Best Actress || [[Surveen Chawla]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3684370}}

{{Anurag Singh (director)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Disco Singh}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Punjabi remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Singh]]
[[Category:Punjabi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Francis Veber]]
[[Category:Films about fashion in India]]
[[Category:Films about modeling]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]

Vedantu

2026-03-06T10:06:40Z

KennyReveley866: created initial page needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian Multinational Educational technology company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vedantu
| logo = Vedantulogo orange.png
| logo_class = skin-invert-image
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2014||}}
| area_served = India
| revenue = {{Unbulleted list|{{Increase}} {{INR|169 crore}} (2022)}}
| industry = [[Educational technology|EduTech]]
| founders = {{Unbulleted_list|Vamsi Krishna {{small|([[Chief executive officer|CEO]] & [[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]])}}|Pulkit Jain {{small|(Products Head & [[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]])}}|Anand Prakash {{small|(Academics Head & [[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]])}}|Saurabh Saxena {{small|([[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]])}}}}
| location_city = [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = India
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.vedantu.com/|vedantu.com}}
}}

'''Vedantu''' is an Indian [[online tutoring|multinational online tutoring]] platform launched in 2014 based in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], India. It primarily provides services to students in grades 4 to 12.

== History ==
The company was launched in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India - Knowledge, Wisdom And Vedantu: How Live Online Tutoring Classes Propelled The Edtech Company Into The $1-billion Club |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/knowledge-wisdom-and-vedantu-how-live-online-tutoring-classes-propelled-the-edtech-company-into-the-1billion-club/70843/1 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Its name, ''Vedantu'', is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''[[Vedas|Veda]]'' (knowledge) and ''Tantu'' (network).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Xaif |title=Extensive SWOT Analysis of Vedantu - 2023 {{!}} IIDE |url=https://iide.co/case-studies/swot-analysis-of-vedantu/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> The organization is run by [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] alumni Vamsi Krishna (co-founder and CEO), Pulkit Jain (co-founder and head of product), Saurabh Saxena (co-founder) and Anand Prakash (co-founder and head of academics).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/Jv6YWtrqrqAEVhlx8tKqNJ/An-online-platform-that-makes-education-more-personalized.html|title=An online platform that makes education more personalized|last=Poovanna|first=Sharan|date=2015-10-14|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/vedantu-raises-5-mn-from-accel-partners-tiger-global-115050700718_1.html|title=Vedantu raises $5 mn from Accel Partners, Tiger Global|last=Babu|first=Anita|date=2015-05-07|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/india-vedantu-raises-fresh-funding/|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=www.techinasia.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> Earlier, the team founded Lakshya, which was acquired by MT Educare (a subsidiary of [[Zee Learn]]) in 2012.

It primarily provides services to students from grades 4 to 12 of the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) and [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. The company's primary business is live online tutoring <ref>{{cite news
|title=Video learning app for Bengali medium kids
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/video-learning-app-for-bengali-medium-kids/cid/1809246
|work=The Telegraph
|date=12 March 2021
|publisher=ABP Group
}}</ref> in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]], [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[environmental science]], and [[social science]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vedantu.com/tutors|title=List of tutors for different subjects at Vedantu}}</ref> It uses a White Board Audio Video Environment (WAVE) method for their 1-1 student-teacher live sessions. It provides test preparation courses for the [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination]] (JEE) Foundation, [[National Talent Search Examination]] (NTSE), [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test]] (NEET) and Problem Solving Assessment (PSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/vedantu-5-million-funding/47187315|title=Vedantu raises $5 million funding from Accel Partners & Tiger Global - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|website=ETtech.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> Other courses include [[Computer programming|coding]], [[mathematics]], reading and public speaking.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 2019, Vedantu suffered a data breach exposing the data of about 687,000 users, including email addresses, IP addresses, names, phone numbers, genders and passwords.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Have I Been Pwned: Pwned websites |url=https://haveibeenpwned.com/PwnedWebsites |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=[[haveibeenpwned.com]]}}</ref>

In January 2022, the company joined [[Byju's]], Simplilearn, Unacademy, PrepInsta Prime and upGrad and became one of the founding members of [[IAMAI]]'s India EdTech Consortium.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2022-01-12|title=IAMAI sets up India EdTech Consortium to uphold code of conduct by edtech platforms|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/iamai-sets-up-india-edtech-consortium-to-uphold-code-of-conduct-by-edtech-platforms/article38248144.ece|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In March 2022, it launched W.A.V.E 2.0, an interactive platform that aims to support [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]]/[[Machine learning|Machine Learning]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soni |first=Yatti |title=Vedantu launches interactive learning platform W.A.V.E 2.0 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/vedantu-launches-interactive-learning-platform-wave-20/article65277946.ece |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

Vedantu reported a net loss of ₹696 crore in financial year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=BL Bengaluru Bureau |date=2023-01-31 |title=Vedantu records net loss of ₹696 crore in FY22 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/vedantu-records-net-loss-of-696-crore-in-fy22/article66454790.ece |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2024, Vedantu collaborated with TagHive to introduce new learning solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=TagHive and Vedantu partner for innovative learning solutions |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-taghive-and-vedantu-partner-for-innovative-learning-solutions-3405466/ |access-date= |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Funding==
The firm raised its first round of funding after six months of the current operational format. In its series A funding, the firm raised {{currency|5|USD}} million from [[Accel Partners]] and [[Tiger Global Management]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/07/vedantu/|title=Indian Online Tutoring Platform Vedantu Nabs $5M From Accel And Tiger Global|last=Shu|first=Catherine|work=TechCrunch|access-date=2017-10-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/micromax-to-invest-400-m-to-pick-up-stake-in-20-startups/article7182468.ece|title=Micromax to invest $400 m to pick up stake in 20 start-ups|date=8 May 2015|access-date=5 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> It planned to utilize the funding to develop technology solutions for tablets and mobile with scalability, which can run hundreds of live learning sessions concurrently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/Bd95CKooByYVTbNlLreRII/Tiger-Global-enters-invests-in-Vedantu.html|title=Tiger Global enters invests in Vedantu|first=Ashna|last=Ambre|date=7 May 2015|website=livemint.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> Vedantu raised {{currency|11|USD}} million in a series B funding round led by Silicon Valley impact investment firm [[Omidyar Network]] with additional investment from previous investor [[Accel Partners]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/XBZY03bhHwhkRCXI1qkLJM/Omidyar-leads-11-million-funding-in-live-tutoring-platform.html|title=Omidyar leads $11 million funding in live tutoring platform Vedantu
|website=livemint.com|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

On 29 August 2019, Vedantu announced that it had raised {{currency|42|USD}} million in a series C financing round for expansion in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/29/indias-vedantu-raises-42m-to-expand-its-live-and-interactive-online-tutoring-platform/|title=India’s Vedantu raises $42M to expand its live and interactive online tutoring platform|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>

In July 2020, Vedantu raised {{currency|100|USD}} million in funding led by US-based [[Coatue Management|Coatue]]. With the latest funding, Vedantu's total fund tally was over {{currency|200|USD}} million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-17|title=Vedantu raises $100 million, claims now 2nd most-valued ed-tech company|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/vedantu-raises-100-million-claims-now-2nd-most-valued-ed-tech-company/2026673/|access-date=2020-07-17|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> According to Fintrackr calculations, in September 2021, Vedantu raised {{currency|100|USD}} million at a post-money valuation of over {{currency|500|USD}} million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive: Vedantu seeks $1 Bn valuation in a new round |url=https://entrackr.com/2021/06/exclusive-vedantu-seeks-1-bn-valuation-in-a-new-round/ |website=ENTRACKER |publisher=Harsh Upadhyay}}</ref>

In September 2021, The platform achieved unicorn status by raising $100 million in a Series E round led by ABC World Asia, valuing the company at $1 billion, making it the fifth edtech company in India to achieve unicorn status, following [[Byju's]], [[Unacademy]], Eruditus, and upGrad.<ref name=":0" />

Due to reduced funding for Indian startups, Vedantu laid off one hundred employees in July 2022, making 720 redundancies for 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=2022-08-02 |title=Exclusive: After Firing 620 Employees, Vedantu Lays Off 100+ Employees As Part Of Restructuring |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/exclusive-edtech-unicorn-vedantu-lays-off-another-100-employees/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> It further laid off 350 more people from its team in December 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tarush |first=Bhalla |date=30 Sep 2021 |title=Vedantu Joins Unicorn Club with $100 Million Fundraise |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/vedantu-becomes-fifth-edtech-to-achieve-unicorn-status-with-fresh-fundraise-11632915419161.html |access-date=30 Sep 2021 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==
* In February 2021, Vedantu made its first acquisition by acquiring Instasolv in an undisclosed deal. Vedantu had invested {{currency|2|USD}} million in Instasolv in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vedantu acquires Instasolv, a doubt-solving app – the latest in buzzing edtech acquisitions in India|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/vedantu-acquires-instasolv-a-doubt-solving-app-the-latest-in-buzzing-edtech-acquisitions-in-india/articleshow/81151506.cms|access-date=2021-07-16|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
* In July 2021, it invested in AI-enabled learning platform Pedagogy''.''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Edtech startup Vedantu acquires majority stake in Pedagogy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/edtech-startup-vedantu-acquires-majority-stake-in-pedagogy/articleshow/84442331.cms|access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions#Infinity Learn|Infinity Learn]]
* [[Unacademy]]
* [[Byju's]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.vedantu.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian educational websites]]
[[Category:Distance education institutions based in India]]
[[Category:Educational technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Online tutoring]]
[[Category:Virtual learning environments]]
[[Category:Education companies of India]]
[[Category:E-learning in India]]
[[Category:Indian educational programmes]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Test preparation companies]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority

2026-03-06T04:51:58Z

KennyReveley866:

{{Short description|State agency of Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
| nativename =
| logo = Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority Logo.jpg
| logo_width = 150px
| logo_caption = CMDA Logo
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 1974
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.07790|N|80.26489|E|display=title}}
| motto = Better Chennai is Our Motto
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = P.K.Sekar Babu
| minister1_pfo = Minister for CMDA| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| agency_type = Urban Planning Agency
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency = Municipal Administration and Urban Development
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority''' ('''CMDA''') is the urban planning agency of [[Chennai]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The CMDA administers the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Region]], spread over an area of {{Convert|5904|km2|abbr=on}} and covers the districts of [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], Ranipet and [[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]].<ref name="About CMDA">{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/government-issues-order-for-expanding-chennai-metropolitan-planning-area-to-5904-sq-km/article66041750.ece |title=Order issued for expansion of Chennai to 5,904 sq. km; over 1,200 villages set to be added |publisher=The Hindu |date=2022-10-22}}</ref> It was set up for the purposes of planning, co-ordination, supervising, promoting and securing the planned development of the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. It coordinates the development activities of the municipal corporations, municipalities and other local authorities.

== History ==
The CMDA was constituted as an ad hoc body in 1972 under the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act 1971. It was formed as the nodal [[Town planning]] authority for the city of Madras (now [[Chennai]]) and its suburbs and became a statutory body in 1974.<ref name="Hindu_CMDADeclaredAResearchCentre">{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = CMDA declared a centre for research
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 13 February 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmda-declared-a-centre-for-research/article4408375.ece
| access-date = 17 Feb 2013}}</ref> It is headed by minister for housing as its chairman.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cmdachennai.org/english/aboutus/
| title = Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
| date = n.d.
| publisher = CMDA Chennai
| access-date = 30 November 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182620/http://www.cmdachennai.org/english/aboutus/
| archive-date = 25 July 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In January 2013, CMDA was recognised as a research centre by the Centre for Research, [[Anna University]].<ref name="Hindu_CMDADeclaredAResearchCentre" />

== Jurisdiction ==
The CMA falls in five Districts of the Tamil Nadu State viz. Chennai District, Tiruvallur District (except Pallipattu, RK Pet & parts of Tiruttani Taluks), Kancheepuram District (except Uthiramerur Taluk), Chengalpattu District (except Madurantakam & Cheyyur Taluks) & Ranipet District (parts of Arakkonam Taluk). New construction in areas under the CMDA needs their approval to start work.

In [[Chennai district]]
#[[Alandur taluk|Alandur]]
#[[Ambattur taluk|Ambattur]]
#[[Aminjikarai taluk|Aminjikarai]]
#[[Ayanavaram taluk|Ayanavaram]]
#[[Egmore taluk|Egmore]]
#[[Guindy taluk|Guindy]]
#[[Madhavaram taluk|Madhavaram]]
#[[Maduravoyal taluk|Maduravoyal]]
#[[Mambalam taluk|Mambalam]]
#[[Mylapore taluk|Mylapore]]
#[[Perambur taluk|Perambur]]
#[[Purasawalkam taluk|Purasawalkam]]
#[[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur]]
#[[Thiruvottiyur taluk|Thiruvottiyur]]
#[[Tondiarpet taluk|Tondiarpet]]
#[[Velachery taluk|Velachery]]

In [[Chengalpattu district]]
#[[Pallavaram taluk|Pallavaram]]
#[[Tambaram taluk|Tambaram]]
#[[Vandalur taluk|Vandalur]]
#[[Chengalpattu taluk|Chengalpattu]]
#[[Thiruporur taluk|Thiruporur]]
#[[Tirukalukundram taluk|Tirukalukundram]]

In [[Kanchipuram district]]
#[[Kundrathur taluk|Kundrathur]]
#[[Sriperumbudur taluk|Sriperumbudur]]
#[[Kanchipuram taluk|Kanchipuram]]
#[[Walajabad taluk|Walajabad]]

In [[Tiruvallur district]]
#[[Avadi taluk|Avadi]]
#[[Poonamallee taluk|Poonamallee]]
#[[Ponneri taluk|Ponneri]]
#[[Gummidipoondi taluk|Gummidipoondi]]
#[[Uthukottai taluk|Uthukottai]]
#[[Tiruvallur taluk|Tiruvallur]]
#[[Tiruttani taluk|Tiruttani]] (partial)

In [[Ranipet district]]
#[[Arakkonam taluk|Arakkonam]] (partial)

== Projects ==
Some of the notable projects undertaken by the CMDA include:
* [[Chennai Mofussil bus terminus]], [[Koyambedu]]
* [[Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex|Wholesale vegetable market]], [[Koyambedu]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Outer Ring Road, Chennai|Outer Ring Road]]
*[[Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus]], [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]
*[[Kilambakkam bus terminus|Kilambakkam Mofussil Bus Terminus]], [[Kilambakkam]]
*Kuthambakkam Mofussil Bus Terminus, Kuthambakkam
*Ambattur Industrial Estate Bus Terminus, [[Ambattur Industrial Estate]]
*Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar Bus Terminus, [[Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar]]
*Periyar Nagar Bus Terminus, [[Periyar Nagar]], [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]
*M. K. B Nagar Bus Terminus, [[Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar|M. K. B Nagar]], [[Vyasarpadi]]
*Kaviyarasu Kannadasan Nagar Bus Terminus, [[Kaviyarasu Kannadhasan Nagar|KKD Nagar]], [[Kodungaiyur]]
*Ennore Bus Terminus, [[Ennore]]

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/ CMDA Homepage]

{{State Agencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Government of Chennai]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Planning authorities in Tamil Nadu]]

Tejashwi Yadav

2026-03-06T03:55:20Z

KennyReveley866:

{{short description|5th Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar (born 1989)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tejashwi Yadav
| caption = Tejashwi Yadav in 2023
| image =
Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg
| Caption =
| office2 = 5th [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]]
| governor2 = *[[Phagu Chauhan]]
*[[Rajendra Arlekar]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| term_start2 = 10 August 2022
| term_end2 = 28 January 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Tarkishore Prasad]] [[Renu Devi]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = *Health & Family Welfare
*Road Construction
*Housing & Urban Development
*Rural Development
| governor3 = *[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
*[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| successor3 = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata3 = *Road Construction
*Building Construction
*Backward Class Development
| office = 22nd [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| successor2 = [[Samrat Choudhary]] [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| office4 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
| predecessor4 = [[Satish Kumar Yadav]]
| predecessor1 = [[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]

| birth_name = Tejashwi Prasad Yadav
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|11|09}}
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], [[Bihar]], India
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (2015–present)
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[Cricketer]]}}
| signature = Tejashwi Yadav Signature.png
| spouse = {{marriage|Rajshree Yadav |2021}}<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kumar Singh |first1=Rohit |date=10 December 2021 |title=Rachel turns Rajeshwari (Rachel Godinho) to marry Tejashwi but uncle Sadhu Yadav is not happy |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rachel-turns-rajeshwari-to-marry-tejashwi-but-uncle-sadhu-yadav-not-happy-1886573-2021-12-10 |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
| residence = 5, Desh Ratna Marg, [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| relations = [[Tej Pratap Yadav]] (brother) [[Misa Bharti]] (sister) [[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]] (brother-in-law) Chiranjeev Rao (brother-in-law) [[Sadhu Yadav]] (uncle) [[Subhash Prasad Yadav]] (uncle)
| children = 2
| father = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| mother = [[Rabri Devi]]
| module = {{Infobox cricketer
| embed = yes
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm bowler
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Middle order|Middle-order batter]]
| club1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| year1 = 2009–10
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 20
| bat avg1 = 10.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 19
| deliveries1 = 30
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = —
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = —
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/0
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 2
| runs2 = 14
| bat avg2 = 7.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 9
| deliveries2 = 24
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 23.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/10
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/0
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 4
| runs3 = 3
| bat avg3 = 3.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 3
| deliveries3 = 36
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = —
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = —
| catches/stumpings3 = 1/0
| date = 2 May,
| year = 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/344286.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
| termstart3 = 20 November 2015
| termend3 = 26 July 2017
| constituency2 =
| termstart = 16 February 2024
| termstart1 = 28 July 2017
| termend1 = 9 August 2022
| termstart4 = 1 December 2015
| successor1 = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| image_size = 200
}}

'''Tejashwi Prasad Yadav''' (born 9 November 1989) is an Indian politician and former professional cricketer.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Bihar Assembly Elections: Two More Parties Join Mahagathbandhan |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-assembly-elections-two-more-parties-join-mahagathbandhan-seat-sharing-deal-to-get-complex/articleshow/123756184.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Rahul Gandhi on stage, Tejashwi Yadav declares himself chief ministerial face |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tejashwi-yadav-bihar-chief-ministerial-face-rahul-gandhi-elections-tightrope-2779245-2025-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Tejashwi Yadav projected as CM face of INDIA bloc in Bihar by Congress leaders |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/tejashwi-yadav-projected-as-cm-face-of-india-bloc-in-bihar-by-congress-leaders/article69744619.ece/}}</ref> He has previously served for two terms as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]] and current leader of opposition in lower house.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest news of Tejashwi Yadav |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/topic/tejashwi-yadav }}</ref> He is the youngest son of former [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Ministers of Bihar]] [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Rabri Devi]].

== Early life and education ==
Mr. Yadav was born in [[Gopalganj, Bihar]] to [[Rabri Devi]] and [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], both former [[Chief Ministers of Bihar|chief ministers of Bihar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="DQs4r" /> He is the youngest of the nine siblings and has seven sisters and a brother.<ref name=":3" /> He went to school in [[Patna]] and later, moved to [[Delhi]], along with his eldest sister, [[Misa Bharti]].<ref name=":1" /> In Delhi, he attended [[Delhi Public School]] in [[Vasant Vihar]] for primary classes till Class V.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

He also studied at [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]] from Class 6 but dropped out.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> He did not complete his Class 10 and discontinued his studies to pursue sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-09 |title=Who is Tejashwi Yadav? Early Life, Cricket & Political Career, Net Worth |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-tejashwi-yadav-early-life-cricket-and-political-career-net-worth-1660052478-1 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10वीं पास करने के बाद तेजस्वी यादव ने पढ़ाई छोड़ दी, शिक्षा में अपने पिता से भी पीछे हैं दोनों बेटे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/education/know-about-education-of-tejaswi-yadav |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 9 December 2021, Yadav married his long-time friend, Rachel Godinho, a [[Goan Catholic]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Santosh |date=2021-12-28 |title=When Tejashwi Yadav wed Rachel Godinho: The knots of a Bihar wedding |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/when-tejashwi-yadav-wed-rachel-godinho-the-knots-of-a-bihar-wedding-7693750/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> she later changed her name to Rajshree Yadav.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/tejashwi-yadav-gets-married-in-low-key-ceremony-rjd-leaders-family-members-say-werent-invited/779504/|title=Tejashwi Yadav marries Haryana girl & long-time friend Rachel in low-key ceremony in Delhi|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=10 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tejas-gets-hitched-to-long-time-friend/articleshow/88193343.cms|title=Tejashwi Prasad Yadav marries his long-time friend Rachel Iris|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 December 2021 }}</ref> She is from [[Rewari]], [[Haryana]], and has been living in [[Delhi]] since childhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/told-my-dad-shes-christian-want-to-marry-her-tejashwi-yadav-to-ndtv-3246089|title=Told My Dad "Want To Marry Her, But She's Christian": Tejashwi Yadav To NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/tejashwi-yadav-married-childhood-friend-in-delhi-pics-7664622/|title=Tejashwi Yadav gets married to school friend in Delhi; see first pics|date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> She and Yadav studied together at DPS school in [[Rama Krishna Puram|RK Puram]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejashwi-yadavs-comments-on-wife-rachel-godinho-go-viral-5-facts-about-her-3249202|title=Tejashwi Yadav's Comments On Wife Rachel Godinho Go Viral: 5 Facts About Her}}</ref>

==Cricket career==
As a professional cricketer, he was in the [[Delhi Daredevils]] and the [[Jharkhand cricket team]].<ref name="azzlX" /><ref name="XtLGk" /> He is noted to have been both the youngest [[Deputy Chief Minister]] of Bihar and the youngest [[Leader of Opposition]] in India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> He was featured in the [[Indian Express]] '100 Most Powerful Indians' in 2020 and 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IE100: The list of most powerful Indians in 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]language=en}}</ref>

He captained his school cricket team.<ref name=":4" /> He played in the Delhi Public School's cricket team and was selected for the U-15 cricket team of Delhi as an all rounder at the age of 13.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> His team also included [[Virat Kohli]] as its captain.<ref name=":3" /> The U-15 team won the national championship, where Mr. Yadav had a match winning partnership with [[Ishant Sharma]] in the finals.<ref name=":1" /> He dropped out of his school in Class X to pursue a sports career<ref name="ItX7P" /> and was eventually got into U-17 and U-19 cricket team of Delhi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> He was also selected in the list of standby players for the world cup winning [[India national under-19 cricket team|U-19 Indian national cricket team]], later in the same year.<ref name=":1" />

He was contracted by the [[Delhi Daredevils]] for the [[2008 Indian Premier League]] franchise.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> But remained in the reserve bench of the team for the entire seasons between 2008 and 2012.<ref name=":5" />

He was also selected for the state level [[Jharkhand cricket team]] in 2009.<ref name=":6" /> His professional cricket debut began with four [[Twenty20]] matches, primarily, in the capacity of a bowler in the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name=":7" /> Following when he was called for a first class game against [[Vidarbha cricket team]] at Dhanbad.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

In 2010, he made his one-day debut in the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and played two matches against [[Odisha cricket team]] and the [[Tripura cricket team]], respectively.<ref name=":7" />

In 2013, Mr. Yadav retired from his cricket career.<ref name=":8" />

== Political career ==

Mr. Yadav started his political life in 2010, campaigning for the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name="TMPhZ" /><ref name=":2" />

He first became an MLA winning the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], representing the ''[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandan]]'' (grand alliance) from the [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]] constituency.<ref name="KE7MJ" /> The alliance won the elections<ref name="tkx47" /> and he became the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]] and was minister for public works, forestry and environment in the [[Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry|5th Nitish Kumar cabinet]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name="WifE9" />

In March 2018, he become the [[de facto]] leader of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name="fNgfL">{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Amitabh|date=2 April 2018|title=The rise of Chhota Lalu: Why Tejashwi Yadav will be a man to watch in 2019 polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20180402-bihar-lalu-prasad-tejashwi-yadav-rjd-chief-bypoll-win-1196383-2018-03-23|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> He led the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]s, as the chief ministerial candidate of the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]. The alliance won 110 seats in total out of 243, with RJD winning 75 seats, continuing to remain the single largest political party in Bihar. Since the majority required was 122, the alliance was unable to form the government, and he was elected as the [[Leader of Opposition]] of [[Bihar]].

On 10 August 2022, he took oath as the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar with [[Nitish Kumar]] taking oath as chief minister as part of the Mahagathbandan formed with RJD, Congress and other Opposition Parties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-10 |title=Bihar: JD(U), RJD, Congress realign after two months of secret discussions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-jd-u-rjd-congress-realign-after-two-months-of-secret-discussions-101660071006846.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107134751/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-jd-u-rjd-congress-realign-after-two-months-of-secret-discussions-101660071006846.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Nitish Kumar left the Mahagathbandhan and formed the government with BJP, effectively terminating Mr. Yadav's tenure as deputy chief minister once again.

He led the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]s, as the chief ministerial candidate of the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]. The alliance won 35 seats in total out of 243, with RJD winning 25 seats, a record low.

==Positions held==
Tejashwi Yadav has served 2 times as MLA.

{| class= wikitable width=60%
|-
! From
! To
! Position
! Constituency
|-
| 2015
| 2020
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|16th Bihar Assembly]]
| [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
|-
| 2020
| 2025
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|17th Bihar Assembly]]
| [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
|}

==Criminal cases==
===IRCTC Hotel Tender Scam===
In 2017, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed a case against Lalu Prasad Yadav, Rabri Devi, Tejashwi Yadav, and others alleging irregularities in awarding contracts to maintain IRCTC hotels in Ranchi and Puri during Lalu’s tenure as Railway Minister.<ref name="hAlmb" /><ref name="symT0" /> The CBI alleged that in exchange for awarding these tenders to a private company, prime land in Patna was transferred to a shell company named "Sujata Hotel" controlled by the Yadav family at a fraction of its market value.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Munish Chandra|title=Tejashwi Yadav ignores ED summons in IRCTC case; agency likely to move court|website=India Today|date=2017-10-24|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tejaswi-yadav-ignores-ed-summons-irctc-lalu-rabri-court-1070394-2017-10-24|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> A detailed charge sheet named Tejashwi Yadav as an accused for offences under IPC sections 120B (criminal conspiracy) and 420 (cheating), along with provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBI files charge sheet against Lalu, Rabri, Tejashwi in IRCTC case |url=https://ddinews.gov.in/national/cbi-files-charge-sheet-against-lalu-rabri-tejashwi-irctc-case |work=DD News |date=18 August 2018 |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>

This caused Nitish Kumar to pull the Janata Dal (United), out of the alliance and form a new government along with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Paj5C" /> In 2018, he was granted bail, and the case remains under trial in a Delhi court.<ref name="g1n1G" />

===Land-for-Jobs Scam===
In 2022, the CBI filed a new case accusing Lalu Prasad Yadav, Rabri Devi, Tejashwi Yadav, and other family members of taking plots of land from people in return for giving them Group D railway jobs during Lalu’s tenure as Railway Minister between 2004 and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Hindu Bureau|title=Illiterate people were given jobs due to pressure by Lalu’s Rail Ministry, CBI tells court in ‘land for jobs’ scam case|website=The Hindu|date=2025-06-04|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/illiterate-people-were-given-jobs-due-to-pressure-by-lalus-rail-ministry-cbi-tells-court-in-land-for-jobs-scam-case/article69657649.ece|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> The Enforcement Directorate also began a separate investigation under the money laundering law, claiming the money from these deals was moved through shell companies and benami properties to benefit the family. The ED attached several properties linked to Mr. Yadav and questioned Tejashwi several times. In 2023, the CBI filed a charge sheet naming him, and the court is currently hearing arguments on whether to formally frame charges.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhardwaj|first=Ananya|title='Jobs for land, payments through shell companies'|website=ThePrint|date=2023-03-16|url=https://theprint.in/india/jobs-for-land-payments-through-shell-companies-what-cbi-ed-are-probing-against-lalu-family/1446248/|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>

===Shakti Malik Murder Allegation===
In October 2020, former RJD leader Shakti Malik was shot dead in Purnia district, Bihar. He was killed by three men in Purnea district of Bihar on Sunday. The attackers, who arrived on a bike, entered Malik’s house while he was sleeping and shot him in the head, killing him instantly.<ref name="k604"/>

After his murder, his family filed an FIR accusing Tejashwi Yadav and his brother Tej Pratap Yadav of planning the killing and issuing threats against him.<ref>{{cite web|title=दलित नेता हत्याकांड: शक्ति मलिक की हत्या वाली जगह से फॉरेंसिक टीम ने लिए खून के नमूने, एक सप्ताह के अंदर देगी रिपोर्ट (Dalit leader murder case: Forensic team took blood samples from the place where Shakti Malik was murdered, will submit the report within a week)|website=Dainik Bhaskar|date=2020-10-05|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/dalit-leader-shakti-malik-murder-case-forensic-team-collected-blood-samples-today-from-bihar-purnea-district-127782594.html|language=hi|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> After the killing, a video went viral in which Malik claimed that Tejashwi Prasad Yadav had demanded Rs 50 lakh as a donation for giving him a party ticket to contest from the Raniganj seat and had threatened to eliminate him if he continued his work in the constituency.<ref name="k604">{{cite web|last=Taneja|first=Nidhi|title=Dalit leader Shakti Malik killed in Bihar's Purnea; Tejashwi, Tej Pratap Yadav booked|website=India TV News|date=2020-10-05|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/crime/dalit-leader-shakti-malik-killed-bihar-purnea-tejashwi-tej-pratap-yadav-booked-fir-police-654387|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> The case was registered under sections for murder, criminal conspiracy, and the Arms Act.<ref name="k604"/>

===Other Cases Declared in Election Affidavit===
In his 2020 election affidavit, Tejashwi Yadav disclosed that he faces 11 criminal cases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tejashwi Prasad Yadav (RJD): Constituency- RAGHOPUR (VAISHALI)|website=MyNeta|date=2007-07-10|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10981|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> These include charges such as criminal conspiracy, cheating, forgery, and offences under anti-corruption and money-laundering laws. Many of the cases are tied to the IRCTC and land-for-jobs scams, while others stem from FIRs filed over political protests and alleged public order violations in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Santosh|title=Tejashwi, Tej among Bihar ministers facing serious cases: From murder and criminal conspiracy to graft to dowry|website=The Indian Express|date=2022-08-22|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tejashwi-tej-among-bihar-ministers-facing-serious-cases-8101406/|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
===Defamation Case over “Gujarati Thugs” Remark===
In 2024, Tejashwi Yadav courted controversy by remarking that “only Gujaratis can be thugs,” in an apparent jibe at economic offenders. A social worker in Gujarat filed a criminal defamation complaint against him under IPC sections 499 and 500. Tejashwi withdrew his remark in court, and in February 2024, the Supreme Court of India quashed the defamation proceedings, bringing the case to an end.<ref>{{cite web|title=SC directs Tejashwi Yadav to file 'proper statement' withdrawing his 'Gujarati thugs' remark|website=ETLegalWorld.com|date=2024-01-29|url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/sc-directs-tejashwi-yadav-to-file-proper-statement-withdrawing-his-gujarati-thugs-remark/107240169|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
*[[Rabri Devi]]
*[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
*[[List of politicians from Bihar]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Madan|date=4 October 2020|title=Bihar: 30-year-old Tejashwi Prasad Yadav is the youngest CM candidate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-30-year-old-tejashwi-prasad-yadav-is-the-youngest-cm-candidate/articleshow/78479913.cms|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Vatsa|first1=Aditi|last2=Malhotra|first2=Sahil|date=21 November 2015|title=From cricket to politics: Tejashwi Prasad pads up on a different wicket|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/from-cricket-to-politics-tejashwi-pads-up-on-a-different-wicket/|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=1 July 2017|title=Who is Tejaswi Yadav?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/who-is-tejaswi-yadav/article19194267.ece|access-date=29 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Atharva|date=3 April 2019|title=Tejashwi Yadav: From middle-order batsman to the 'chosen one' of Bihar politics|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/know-your-leader-tejashwi-yadav-from-middle-order-batsman-to-the-chosen-one-of-bihar-politics-3754521.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Satyavrat|last2=Munjal|first2=Dhruv|date=28 November 2015|title=Tejashwi Yadav: The chosen one|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/tejashwi-yadav-the-chosen-one-115112701152_1.html|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Doval|first=Nikita|date=1 August 2017|title=Lalu Prasad's heir apparent is also his Achilles heel|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/WwQL9O4xw6aSm04DTAweKL/Lalu-Prasads-heir-apparent-is-also-his-Achilles-heel.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Paulami|date=20 November 2015|title=Tejashwi Yadav: From cricket to politics|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/tejashwi-yadav-from-cricket-to-politics-356891|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Nikhil Kumar|date=13 February 2017|title=7 matches, 37 runs, 1 wicket: the short story of Tejaswi Yadav's cricket career|url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/7-matches-37-runs-1-wicket-the-short-story-of-tejaswi-yadav-s-cricket-career-1448207619.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Catch News]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=KP Narayana|date=6 October 2013|title=Tejashwi Yadav: After a stint in cricket & IPL, Lalu's son gears up for career in politics|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tejashwi-yadav-after-a-stint-in-cricket-ipl-lalus-son-gears-up-for-career-in-politics/articleshow/23594992.cms|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Talib|date=28 October 2020|title=Bihar Elections 2020: From cricket pitch to political tug of war, Tejashwi Yadav's journey awaits prime success|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/bihar-elections-2020-from-cricket-pitch-to-political-tug-of-war-tejashwi-yadavs-journey-awaits-prime-success-10018945|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Jagran English]]}}</ref>
<ref name="XtLGk">{{Cite web|last=Chowrasia|first=Shalu|date=23 October 2020|title=Bihar Election 2020: From cricketer to political heir, the rise of Tejashwi Yadav|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/election-2020/bihar-election-2020-from-cricketer-to-political-heir-the-rise-of-tejashwi-yadav-906193.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="azzlX">{{Cite web|last=Jamal|first=Nabila|date=26 October 2020|title=Bihar Elections 2020: Who is Tejashwi Yadav?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/bihar-elections-2020-who-is-tejashwi-yadav-1735323-2020-10-26|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="DQs4r">{{Cite web|title=Tejashwi Yadav {{!}} Player Profile|url=https://cricket.one/player-profile/1K/tejashwi-yadav|website=OneCricket|language=en|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070608/https://cricket.one/player-profile/1K/tejashwi-yadav|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="ItX7P">{{Cite web|last=Abhay|first=Kumar|date=13 August 2020|title=Like Jharkhand minister, get enrolled and complete class X: JD(U) tells Tejashwi Yadav|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/like-jharkhand-minister-get-enrolled-and-complete-class-x-jdu-tells-tejashwi-yadav-872872.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="TMPhZ">{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Bihar Election 2020: Tejashwi Yadav - the Delhi Daredevil who never played a single IPL match|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bihar-election-2020-tejashwi-yadav-the-delhi-daredevil-who-never-played-a-single-ipl-match|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="KE7MJ">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Srishti|date=9 November 2015|title=With stunning comeback, Lalu back in limelight|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/NPJubQQwBps2OClLfl8BVO/With-stunning-comeback-Lalu-back-in-limelight.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="tkx47">{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Mayank|date=6 April 2016|title=Bihar prohibition: Why liquor ban is bad economics and risky politics|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/bihar-prohibition-why-liquor-ban-is-bad-economics-and-risky-politics-116040600309_1.html|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="WifE9">{{Cite web|date=20 November 2015|title=Tejashwi Yadav appointed Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/tejaswi-yadav-appointed-deputy-chief-minister-of-bihar/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="hAlmb">{{Cite news|date=6 October 2017|title=Railway Hotel Scam Case: Tejaswi Yadav Appears Before CBI|work=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/railway-hotel-scam-case-tejaswi-yadav-appears-before-cbi-1759428}}</ref>
<ref name="symT0">{{Cite news|date=3 November 2017|title=Railway hotel scam: ED asks Tejashwi Yadav to appear on 13 November|work=[[Livemint]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/e4tfjyq6ScAmlFrdXxuf9H/Railway-hotel-scam-ED-asks-Tejashwi-Yadav-to-appear-on-13-N.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Paj5C">{{Cite web|date=30 December 2019|editor-last=Tiwari|editor-first=Vaibhav|title=New Year 2020: Top 10 Political Debuts Of The Decade|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-year-2020-top-10-political-debuts-of-the-decade-2155359|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
<ref name="g1n1G">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=6 October 2018|title=Bail in IRCTC scam may help Tejashwi settle scores|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/bail-irctc-scam-may-help-696518.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
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{{IN Assembly succession box
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| constituency= Raghopur
| before= Satish Kumar
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| years= [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]– }}
{{s-off}}
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| title = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]] in the [[Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry]]
| years = 2015 – 2017
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}}
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| title = [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| years = 2017 – 
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}}
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{{Current Indian deputy chief ministers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Tejasvi}}
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Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu

2026-03-05T18:48:25Z

KennyReveley866: started new bio v1

{{short description|Indian anthology crime drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu
| image = Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Keshav Moorthy
| writer = Keshav Moorthy
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Magesh Ravindran Kubendran
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dileep Raj]]
*[[Shilpa Manjunath]]
*Apoorva Bharadwaj
*Prasanna Shetty
*Govind Madhusudhan
*Hari Samashti
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Harsha Kumar Gowda
| editing = Kubendran
| music = Prasad K Shetty
| studio = Picture Shop Native Craft
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|1|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu''''' ({{Translation|You are responsible for your belongings}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[anthology film|anthology]] [[crime drama film]] directed by Keshav Moorthy starring [[Dileep Raj]], [[Shilpa Manjunath]], Apoorva Bharadwaj, Prasanna Shetty, Govind Madhusudhan and Hari Samashti. The film was released on 10 January 2025 to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-offers-a-comedic-look-at-materialism/articleshow/117085026.cms|title=Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu offers a comedic look at materialism|date=10 January 2025|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is an anthology crime drama set in modern-day [[Bengaluru]], exploring human attachment to material possessions and the insecurities they conceal. The film unfolds through three distinct stories, each delving into characters whose vulnerabilities lead them into morally ambiguous territory.

===Segment One: Inayath’s Obsession===
The first story introduces Inayath (Prasanna V. Shetty), a water filter salesman grappling with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and a strained interfaith marriage. His compulsive need for control manifests in an unusual obsession—stealing motorbikes. When his own prized bike goes missing, Inayath’s fragile world spirals into chaos. His desperate attempts to reclaim it expose deeper emotional turmoil, turning petty theft into a metaphor for rebellion against societal expectations and personal loss.

===Segment Two: Love Among Kleptomaniacs===
The second narrative follows Rohith (Govind Madhusudhan) and Rathna (Apoorva Bharadwaj), two kleptomaniacs whose shared thrill for stealing sparks an unconventional romance. Initially portrayed as harmless fun, their escapades soon blur the line between playful indulgence and compulsive addiction. As their bond deepens, the couple’s petty thefts escalate, forcing them to confront the consequences of their unchecked impulses. This segment, vibrant and mischievous, gradually darkens, offering a commentary on desire and obsession.

===Segment Three: The Honey Trap===
The final story shifts to a tense, noir-inspired drama featuring Albert (Dileep Raj), a politically connected operator, and Jennifer (Shilpa Manjunath), his accomplice. Together, they orchestrate a honey trap targeting a wealthy man suspected of hoarding black money. What begins as a calculated scheme soon spirals into betrayal and suspense, culminating in a gripping climax that exposes greed and manipulation at their rawest. This chapter, steeped in deception, contrasts sharply with the earlier segments’ lighter tone, delivering a chilling finale.

===Themes and Tone===
Across its three stories, the film examines how materialism intertwines with emotional fragility, revealing characters who are not hardened criminals but ordinary people succumbing to moments of weakness. The anthology oscillates between humor, romance, and thriller elements, ultimately offering a nuanced reflection on identity, desire, and the weight of possessions.

==Cast==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! "width:33.33%" | First segment
! "width:33.33%" | Second segment
! "width:33.33%" | Third segment
|-
| valign="top" |
*Prasanna Shetty as Inayaat
| valign="top" |
*Apoorva Bharadwaj as Rathna
*Govind Madhusudhan as Rohit
| valign="top" |
*[[Dileep Raj]] as Albert
*[[Shilpa Manjunath]] as Jennifer "Jenny"
*Hari Samashti as Sanketh Purohith
*Vamshi Krishna
*Lakshmi Srinivas Murthy as Albert's accomplice
|}

== Production ==
The film was shot in 90 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/24/thievery-with-a-twist-makes-nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-unique-keshav-moorthy|title=Thievery with a twist makes 'Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu' unique Keshav Moorthy|date=24 December 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Music==
Prasad K Shetty composed the score for the film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-original-motion pciture soundtrack|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-original-motion/1790835045 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=AppleMusic}}</ref> with audio rights going to PRK Audio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.prostudiomasters.com/album/page/323572 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Prostudiomasters.com}}</ref> The lyrics were written by the director Keshav Murthy.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Middle Class
| lyrics1 = Keshav Murthy
| extra1 = Vidya Prakash
| length1 = 4:23
| title2 = Sadhaa
| lyrics2 = Keshav Murthy
| extra2 = Padmaja Srinivasan
| length2 = 5:01
| title3 = Hungamaa
| lyrics3 = Keshav Murthy
| extra3 = Siddharth Belmannu
| length3 = 5:03
| title4 = Gaayab
| lyrics4 = Keshav Murthy
| extra4 = [[Naveen Sajju]]
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Ekanthave
| lyrics5 = Keshav Murthy
| extra5 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length5 = 4:40
}}

== Reception ==
Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and praised the actors, music and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-movie-review-stainless-steal-winsome-stories-of-guileless-thieves-3349272|title='Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu' movie review | Stainless steal: Winsome stories of guileless thieves|website=Deccan Herald|first=Pranati A|last=S}}</ref> Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "Authentic performances, with content that is brand new, at least for the Kannada audience, ''Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu'' makes for a good theatre outing, especially for the thrilling second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu/movie-review/117094281.cms|title=Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu Movie Review : Performances steal the show in this new-age film|work=The Times of India|first=Sridevi|last=S}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "The film’s pacing, though unhurried, allows viewers to immerse themselves in its offbeat rhythm and savour the simple, human moments that reveal complex truths about identity and belonging".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/09/nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-movie-review-a-thoughtful-exploration-of-attachment-and-possessions|title='Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu' movie review: A thoughtful exploration of attachment and possessions|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=9 January 2025|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 January 2025|archive-date=19 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119054743/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/09/nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-movie-review-a-thoughtful-exploration-of-attachment-and-possessions|url-status=live}}</ref>

Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and concluded that "[y]oungesters will enjoy this film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-quirks-of-life/articleshow/117127644.cms|title=Kannada Movie Review-Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu: Quirks of life|website=Bangalore Mirror|first=Y. Maheswara|last=Reddy|access-date=2025-01-20|archive-date=2025-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114234727/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-quirks-of-life/articleshow/117127644.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "''Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu'' is a rare anthology that is inventive, cheeky, and feather-light in its approach. It gets most things right and a few wrongs, but its delectable spread of characters and amusing situations make up for those occasional glitches".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/nimma-vasthugalige-neeve-javaabdaararu-a-cheeky-compelling-exploration-of-human-desire-2|title=Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu: A cheeky, compelling exploration of human desire|first=Swaroop|last=Kodur|date=9 January 2025|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|30825000}}

[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]

Apthamitra

2026-03-04T07:27:07Z

KennyReveley866: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|2004 film directed by P. Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apthamitra
| image = Apthamitra poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = [[Dwarakish]]
| screenplay = P. Vasu
| story = Madhu Muttam
| based_on = ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' 
{{small|(1993)}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
*[[Soundarya]]
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]]
*Dwarakish
}}
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = N. P. Satish
| studio = Dwarakish Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2004|8|27|df=y}}
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}3 crore<ref name="th1">{{cite web |last1=Pillai |first1=Sreedhar |title=Year 2004 — a flashback |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/year-2004-a-flashback/article28578111.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210527044612/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/year-2004-a-flashback/article28578111.ece |archive-date=27 May 2021 |language=en-IN |date=31 December 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}25 crore<ref name="th1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3152-2004-year-round-up.html |title=2004 Year Round Up |publisher=chitraloka.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409175729/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3152-2004-year-round-up.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3218879.ece | title=Gandhinagar Gossip | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 July 2006 | access-date=26 May 2022 | archive-date=3 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203062016/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3218879.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Apthamitra''''' ({{translation|Close friend}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[psychological horror]] film written and directed by [[P. Vasu]] and produced by [[Dwarakish]]. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Soundarya]] and [[Ramesh Arvind|Ramesh]] in the lead roles, while [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] and Dwarakish appear in supporting roles. It marks posthumous film for Soundarya in Kannada, released after her death on 17 April 2004.
The film was released on 27 August 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-may-be-the-villain-hero-or-comedian/articleshow/48524084.cms|title='I may be the villain, hero or comedian'|date=18 August 2015|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418214909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-may-be-the-villain-hero-or-comedian/articleshow/48524084.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=We list down 5 Bollywood movies which found their inspiration down south |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-5-bollywood-movies-which-found-their-inspiration-down-south-27242.html |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616222731/https://www.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-5-bollywood-movies-which-found-their-inspiration-down-south-27242.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a remake of [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Manichithrathazhu]]'' with some plot changes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-gets-nostalgic-as-apthamitra-completes-16-years/articleshow/77783633.cms|title=Ramesh Aravind gets nostalgic as Apthamitra completes 16 years|date=27 August 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429000412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-gets-nostalgic-as-apthamitra-completes-16-years/articleshow/77783633.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Amal |date=2024-08-06 |title=31 years of 'Manichitrathazhu': A legacy set for its re-release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/16/31-years-of-manichitrathazhu-a-legacy-set-for-its-re-release |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''Apthamitra'' ran for 365 days in theaters across [[Karnataka]] and was the highest ever grossing Kannada movie at that time and was an industry hit. The plot changes from the original film were retained in the Tamil film ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005). The film was later followed by a sequel titled ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-miss-vishnuvardhan-malavika-avinash/articleshow/47438676.cms|title=I miss Vishnuvardhan: Malavika Avinash|date=27 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418214908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-miss-vishnuvardhan-malavika-avinash/articleshow/47438676.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ram |first=Arun |date=25 October 2004 |title=Remake ripples |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20041025-rajnikant-shoots-for-film-chandramukhi-produced-by-shivaji-productions-788989-2004-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105135250/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rajnikant-shoots-for-film-chandramukhi-produced-by-shivaji-productions/1/195023.html |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ramesh and Ganga are a married couple who have recently moved to [[Mysore]] to buy an ancient palace against the wishes of his uncle Shivananda and family elders. Shivananda agrees to reside with them with his two daughters Vani and Hema on the condition that the room on the first floor which is locked and sealed should not be visited by anyone in the family. They have their caretaker Rangajja, who lives in the outhouse with his granddaughter Sowmya. During their stay in the house, they learn that the palace once belonged to Raja Vijaya Rajendra Bahaddur, who had a court dancer named ''Nagavalli'' from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Raja was in love with Nagavalli, but she had already loved a fellow dancer named ''Ramanatha'', who used to reside in a house just behind the palace. After discovering their affair on a [[Durga Ashtami|Durgashtami day]], Raja beheaded Ramanatha and burned Nagavalli alive. Before her death, Nagavalli vowed to burn the Raja alive on the very same Durgashtami day.

Strange things occur in the palace and everyone suspects Sowmya, who is always found at the place of the incident. Ramesh calls his psychiatrist friend Vijay to help him clear the misconceptions regarding the palace and its history. Shivananda is unhappy with Vijay's ways and is suspicious of him. Ramesh's cousin Vani is in love with an orphan dance teacher Mahadev who incidentally resides in the same house behind the palace. Vijay learns about this and tells Shivananda, who approves the alliance and their marriage is fixed. When the whole family is out of town to visit Mahadev to decide on his wedding with Vani, Ganga opens the room on the first floor with the key given by Sowmya. During the time, there are attempts to kill Ramesh by some mysterious being, which every time is foiled by Vijay. Vani is also attacked by an anonymous entity and these incidents make Shivananda to call Acharya Ramachandra Shastri, a popular exorcist to perform some peace ritual upon the palace.

Though not interested in all these proceedings, Ramesh agrees with his advice of Vijay. On the eve of Mahadev and Vani's engagement ceremony, Ganga accuses Mahadev of trying to molest her - which is refused by both Mahadev and Vijay. Upon hearing this, Ramesh gets angry at Vijay, where Acharya tells Vijay to reveal the mystery behind the strange incidents. Vijay reveals to everyone that Ganga (who turned into Nagavalli personality) is behind all the strange incidents and had tried to kill Ramesh and Vani because Nagavalli thinks that Mahadevan is her lover Ramanathan. Ganga who visited the first-floor room was enamored by Nagavalli and her diary. Since Ganga suffered from [[Split personality disorder]], the mystery behind Nagavalli's story made her develop an unusual empathy for Nagavalli,which resulted in the personality of Nagavalli to enter Ganga's body.

Ganga (in her Nagavalli personality) now intends to kill Vijay as he had posed in front of her as Raja Vijaya Rajendra Bahaddur on the coming Durgashtami day as vowed by Nagavalli while dying. On Durgashtami in the dance hall, the family and Acharya allow Ganga (in her Nagavalli personality) to burn Vijay alive. Acharya then blows smoke and ash on Ganga's face when she is given a torch to burn Vijay. Ramesh then opens a trapdoor to let Vijay escape, and an effigy of Raja gets burnt instead. Convinced that Raja is dead, Nagavalli personality inside Ganga, as promised to Acharya, leaves Ganga and she gets cured. Vijay helps Ganga psychologically later to regain herself, where Ramesh thanks Vijay for his help. Before leaving, Vijay meets Sowmya in person and asks her to meet his parents, if she really loves him and wishes to marry him. Mukunda, Shivananda's elder brother, another of Ramesh's maternal uncles, accompanies Vijay on his journey to the States as he had now developed an affection and respect for him.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in a dual roles as Dr. Vijay and Vijaya Rajendra Bahaddur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/feb/19/south-kannada-movie-review-aptharakshaka.htm|title=Vishnuvardhan scores with Aptharakshaka|date=19 February 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=15 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315221851/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/feb/19/south-kannada-movie-review-aptharakshaka.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Soundarya]] in a dual roles as Ganga and Nagavalli<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-took-up-the-role-as-a-challenge-upendra/articleshow/15325873.cms|title=I took up the role as a challenge: Upendra|date=16 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429000410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-took-up-the-role-as-a-challenge-upendra/articleshow/15325873.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Sowmya
* [[Dwarakish]] as Mukunda
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Acharya Ramachandra Shastri<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-most-famous-screen-guruji-get-a-new-avatar/articleshow/62514049.cms|title=The most famous screen 'guruji' get a new avatar|date=16 January 2018|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418002111/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-most-famous-screen-guruji-get-a-new-avatar/articleshow/62514049.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pramila Joshai]] as Rukku
* [[Shivaram]] as Rangajja
* [[Satyajit (Kannada Actor)|Satyajit]] as Shivananda
* Shridhar Jain as Dancer Ramnath and Prof. Mahadev
* Bhoomika Shetty as Hema
}}

== Production ==
The film began production after [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] agreed to act in a film directed by [[P.Vasu]] and produced by [[Dwarakish]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/18/slide-show-1-south-friends-colleagues-remember-.htm|title=Fondly remembering Vishnuvardhan|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=18 February 2010|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114012916/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/18/slide-show-1-south-friends-colleagues-remember-.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan and Dwarakish has starred together in several films including ''[[Kalla Kulla]]'' (1975).<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_aaptha_mitraa.asp|title=Aptha Mitra - film review|work=Viggy|date=2004|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418011511/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_aaptha_mitraa.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[P. Vasu]], seventy percent of the film is similar to ''[[Manichithrathazhu]]'' (1993).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13vasu.htm|title=Vasu on the three most-talked about films!|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Warrier|first=Shobha|date=13 April 2005|author-link=Shobha Warrier|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418002112/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13vasu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This was Soundarya's last film in her career. Shashikala dubbed for Soundarya.<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hidden-stars-voices-driving-hundreds-of-stories-on-screen/articleshow/76382984.cms|title=Hidden stars: Voices driving hundreds of stories on screen|date=15 June 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418005205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hidden-stars-voices-driving-hundreds-of-stories-on-screen/articleshow/76382984.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Apthamitra
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 26 July 2004
| recorded = Ashwini Recording Company
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:31
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = Ashwini Audio
| producer = [[Gurukiran]]
| prev_title = Kanti
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Omkara (2004 film)|Omkara]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

[[Gurukiran]] scored the film's background music and composed for its soundtrack, with lyrics for the tracks written by [[V. Manohar]], [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]], V. Nagendra Prasad and Goturi. The soundtrack album, which received positive reviews from critics, consists of six tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apthamitra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=26 August 2004|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/apthamitra-original-motion/id983522666|publisher=iTunes|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714123222/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/apthamitra-original-motion/id983522666|url-status=dead}}</ref> The track "Kaalavannu Tadeyoru" was taken from the 1977 film, ''[[Kittu Puttu]]'' (composed by [[Rajan-Nagendra]]) which had [[Dwarakish]] and [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] playing the lead roles as well; the lyrics for which was written by [[Chi. Udayashankar]]. The music for the film was well received upon release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/amma-i-love-you-is-a-technically-sound-film-yogish-dwarakish/articleshow/64575934.cms|title=Amma I Love You is a technically sound film: Yogish Dwarakish|date=15 June 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429000414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/amma-i-love-you-is-a-technically-sound-film-yogish-dwarakish/articleshow/64575934.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The chorus of "Raa Raa" was reused in ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005) by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] after [[Rajinikanth]]'s insistence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai, Sreedhar |date=3 June 2005 |title=Back with a bang ! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/06/03/stories/2005060304040100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140922141749/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/06/03/stories/2005060304040100.htm |archive-date=22 September 2014 |access-date=26 September 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2004 |title=Borrowing tunes! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13635848 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326124246/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13635848 |archive-date=26 March 2005 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:42
| title1 = Anku Donku
| lyrics1 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Kaalavannu Tadeyoru
| lyrics2 = [[Chi. Udayashankar]]
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Gurukiran]]
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Kana Kanade
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra3 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Pata Pata
| lyrics4 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:32
| title5 = Baara Baara
| lyrics5 = Goturi
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Nanditha]]
| length5 = 4:43
| title6 = Raa Raa
| lyrics6 = Goturi
| extra6 = [[Nithyashree Mahadevan]], Rajesh Krishnan
| length6 = 4:41
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "This is a well made film in which talented actress Soundarya made her last appearance in a Kannada film which is a supernatural thriller. Gurukiran’s music is a major advantage for the film and on the whole ''Aptamithra'' is worth a watch."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-25 |title=Aptamithra Review |url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13556819&ctid=5&cid=2427 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225081121/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13556819&ctid=5&cid=2427 |archive-date=25 December 2004 }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Viggy]]'' wrote that "Multi-starrer Aptha Mitra is a perfect treat for people who wants quality entertainer".<ref name="V"/> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Suspense, horror, comedy, superstition and sentiments continue the story well. A kitchen scene which tries to creates suspense seems to have escaped the director’s concentration. The story picks up tempo in the suspense scenes in the first part and starts unfolding slowly in the post-interval part. Above all, the film also throws light on human psychology."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug292004/mr1.asp|title=Apthamithra|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 March 2025|date=29 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040919185710/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug292004/mr1.asp|archive-date=19 September 2004}}</ref> By the film's 34th week it collected over 10 crores at box office. The release of ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' did not affect the film's collections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-04-27 |title='Chandramukhi' is a hit in Bangalore! - Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13724238 |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427173556/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13724238 |archive-date=27 April 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-29 |title=2004- A flashback! |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13637343 |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229091035/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13637343 |archive-date=29 December 2004 }}</ref> It completed one year (52 weeks) screening at Santosh theatre in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-14 |title='Aptha Mitra' completed one year|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/index.php |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050914080937/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/index.php |archive-date=14 September 2005 }}</ref>

==Awards==

;52nd [[Filmfare Awards South]]

The film, won five [[Filmfare Awards]] that include:<ref>News from Viggy.com [http://www.viggy.com/english/current_filmfare_award_2004.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131092110/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_filmfare_award_2004.asp|date=31 January 2020}}.</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]: [[Dwarakish]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]: [[P. Vasu]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]: [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]: [[Soundarya]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director – Kannada]]: [[Gurukiran]]

== In popular culture ==
The dialogues "Nannu vaadi to velladaniki vadalava?" ({{translation|Won't you leave me to go with him?}}) spoken by Soundarya and "Ide, illeno samasye ide." ({{translation|There is some problem here.}}) by Avinash's character became popular.<ref name="S"/><ref name="A"/> In an introduction scene of [[Sudeepa|Sudeep]] from ''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]'', Sudeep's character is shown watching ''Apthamitra'' featuring Vishnuvardhan in a fight/intro scene in a theatre with other fans. He is also shown imitating the character of the actor in a fight scene from ''Apthamitra'' with archive scenes from the film, which was shown to be a tributary scene for the actor from the film.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1339248}}
* [http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/aptha_rev.htm Film review]
* [http://alummoottil.com/ alummoottil.com]
{{P. Vasu}}
{{Dwarakish}}
{{Films inspired by Manichitrathazhu}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2004 horror films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Prema Tarangalu

2026-03-03T20:15:19Z

KennyReveley866: General cleanup and improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Tarangalu
| image = Prema Tarangalu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Chitti Babu]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1980|10|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Prema Tarangalu''''' ({{translation|Waves of love}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[S. P. Chitti Babu]]. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], and [[Chiranjeevi]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' (1978).<ref>{{cite web |title=రెబల్‌ స్టార్‌, మెగాస్టార్‌ల చిత్రానికి 40 ఏళ్ళు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/krishnam-raju-chiranjeevi-combo-prema-tarangalu-completes-40-years/articleshow/78839024.cms |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |access-date=18 February 2021 |language=te |date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Orphaned and abused at a very young age, a young boy, Vijay struggles to make a living by slaving day and night, working in the house of a wealthy man named Ranga Rao ([[Kanta Rao]]). Rao does not like Vijay. It is later revealed that another orphan had taken advantage of his kindness in the past, hence his animosity. Rao's young daughter Sujata, however, empathizes with the boy and they form a friendship. Eventually, he is adopted by a woman ([[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]) who also works for Ranga Rao. On Sujata's birthday, Vijay who promised to replace one of her dolls which he had broken, steals an expensive doll from a shop to give as a gift. However, Rao refuses to let the boy attend the party and when Vijay breaks into Sujata's room to deliver the doll he is caught and accused of trying to rob the house. He and his mother are banished from the Rao household. Shortly thereafter, Vijay's mother dies, leaving him with the responsibility of looking after her daughter.

As Vijay is crying in the graveyard, a [[fakir]] comes to him and asks him to embrace the woes of life and find happiness in sadness, for then he would become the conqueror of fate. A grown up Vijay ([[Krishnam Raju]]) has amassed a fortune by turning in smuggled goods to the police and receiving the reward payouts. With all his wealth, he has built an impressive house for himself and set up a profitable business.

Vijay still has not forgotten Sujata ([[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]) from his childhood. She and her father have fallen on hard times, and Vijay is anonymously supporting them. Eventually, he gets up the nerve to try to talk to Sujata, but she still believes that he betrayed her family, and she snubs him. Vijay is upset by the refusal and becomes a heavy drinker. He also visits [[Jaya Sudha]]'s [[brothel]] on a regular basis. One night, in the bar Vijay meets up with Kumar ([[Chiranjeevi]]) and a friendship, is formed between them when Kumar risks his own life to save Vijay from a [[bomb blast]]. Vijay introduces Kumar to Ranga Rao and the two begin to work together.

Jaya eventually falls in an unrequited love with Vijay, and this in turn angers Gangulu ([[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]), a hardcore criminal who loves Jaya and will kill anyone who lays an eye on her. Upon finding that Vijay is frequently visiting Jaya, Gangulu confronts Vijay and in the ensuing fight is thrashed by him. He swears to kill Vijay.

Sujata discovers Vijay's kindness to her family and goes to thank him. Encouraged, Vijay tries to profess his love to Sujatha through a love letter. Because Vijay himself is illiterate, Kumar transcribes the letter for him, but the plan backfires when Sujata mistakes the letter as actually being from Kumar. Kumar, unaware that Sujata is the girl Vijay loves, reciprocates her love, and the two begin to date. Vijay, upon learning this, struggles with his emotions but decides he must sacrifice his love for the sake of his friendship with Kumar. Kumar and Sujata plan to marry.

Vijay's visits to Jaya have hampered his reputation, and the upcoming marriage of his sister is at risk of being canceled over his behavior. Kumar, knowing Vijay don't change, visits Jaya and offers to pay her if she abandons Vijay. Jaya, upon learning the reason, promises Kumar that she would sooner die than let Vijay visit her again. Later, Vijay arrives at Jaya's brothel and she refuses to let him in. Vijay demands entry and when Jaya is unable to stop him she kills herself by swallowing a diamond and dies in his arms.

Gangulu, in the meanwhile, has formed an alliance with Vijay's arch enemy and upon learning of Jaya's death hatches a plan to destroy Vijay and his family. Sujata and Vijay's sister are preparing for their weddings; the goons kidnap Vijay's sister but Kumar follows them and rescues her. Gangulu kidnaps Sujata, but Vijay follows him. He rescues Sujata and sends her home while he fights Gangulu. In the final battle, both Gangulu and Vijay are mortally wounded and Vijay tells Gangulu that he never loved Jaya. Gangulu feels regret and dies. A dying Vijay reaches the wedding of Sujata and Kumar. Just as the wedding ceremony is completed, Vijay collapses. His dying words inadvertently reveal his love for Sujata and he dies.

==Cast==
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
*K.V. Chalam as Vijay's friend
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Vijay
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Kumar
*[[Jayasudha]] as dancer
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Sujata
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Gangulu
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Ranga Rao

==Soundtrack==
* "Kalayaina Nijamaina Kadanna Ledanna" (Lyricist: [[C. Narayana Reddy]]; Singers: [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[P. Susheela]])
* "Manasu Oka Mandaram Chelimi Tana Makarandam" (Lyricist: [[Atreya]]; Singer: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Manasu Oka Mandaram" (Lyricist: Atreya; Singer: [[S. P. Sailaja]])
* "Naa Hridayam Tella Kagitam" (Lyricist: Atreya; Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela)
* "Navvenduke Ee Jeevitam Navvokkatera Shashwatam" (Lyricist: Atreya; Singer: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Prema Tarangalu Navajeevana Ragalu" (Lyricist: C. Narayana Reddy; Singer: S. P. Balasubramanyam)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0246166|title=Prema Tarangalu}}
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0002241 Listen to Prema Tarangalu songs at Raaga.com]

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1980 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]

Anchakkallakokkan

2026-03-03T09:37:49Z

KennyReveley866: creating basic post from scratch - done

{{Short description|2024 film by Ullas Chemban}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anchakkallakokkan
| image = Anchakkallakokkan.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ullas Chemban
| writer = {{Plain list |
* Ullas Chemban
* Vikil Venu
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Lukman Avaran]]
* Chemban Vinod Jose
* [[Manikandan R. Achari]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]]
* [[Senthil Krishna]]
}}
| cinematography = Armo
| editing = Rohit V.S. Variyath
| music = Manikandan Ayyappa
| studio = Chembosky Motion Pictures
| distributor = Dreamz Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2024|03|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|20 million}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=20 April 2024 |title=Malayalam crime drama Anchakkallakokkan now available on OTT |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/malayalam-crime-drama-anchakkallakokkan-now-available-on-ott-890339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421032831/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/malayalam-crime-drama-anchakkallakokkan-now-available-on-ott-890339 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Anchakkallakokkan: Porattu''''' ({{translation|[[Boogeyman]]}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/anchakkallakokkan-porattu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmdy2|title=Anchakkallakokkan Porattu|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|quote=Scenes of brutal violence reflect the intense tone and dark themes of this Malayalam language action drama, in which a newly qualified police officer on his first posting is caught up in a prisoner's plans for revenge.}}</ref> directed by Ullas Chemban (in his directorial debut), written by Chemban and Vikil Venu, and produced by [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] through Chembosky Motion Pictures. The film stars [[Lukman Avaran]], Chemban Vinod Jose, and [[Manikandan R. Achari]]. The narrative follows the investigation of a landlord's homicide and the truths uncovered as events progress.

Development of ''Anchakkallakokkan'' began during the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] when a friend of Ullas Chemban shared an anecdote about a police officer. Collaborating with Vikil Venu, Ullas commenced scripting in 2022, which took 10 months to complete. Shortly after, pre-production work began. Principal photography took place between January 2023 and March 2023 and was primarily shot in [[Vandiperiyar]] and [[Kumily]].

The film was released in theatres on 15 March 2024. In their year-end report, Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce classified ''Anchakkallakokkan'' as an "average hit". The film released digitally on Amazon Prime Video on April 19. <ref>{{cite news |title=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/12/21/mollywood-2024-big-list-of-films-losses-faced-by-malayalam-film-industry-producers.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
1986: Chaapra, a planter gets murdered on a night he was drinking with Punnari Rajan and Chippan. Vasudevan, a meek and stammering youth arrives at the village the next day to take charge as police constable. He meets Nadavaramban Peter another policeman at the station. Peter is sympathetic towards Vasudevan and helps him settle into his new job. The investigation starts into the murder and police start questioning all villagers who were involved with Chaapra, including Chaapra's maid Padmini. Chaapra's two sons 'Gillappis' are also out to find their father's murderer. They create havoc in the village and terrorize the villagers. Punnari Rajan had done a land deal for Chaapra and was due to give him the money from the transaction. He conspires with Maveli Antu, the local politician, to arrange for someone to surrender to the police for the murder since [[Elections in India|elections]] are approaching, and they cannot afford to keep the case open. But before the man he arranges reaches the station, Kollan Shankaran turns up at the station and surrenders as the murderer.

It's revealed that Peter Nadavaramban is having an affair with Padmini, and it was he who planned Chaapra's murder at Padmini's behest. Padmini's husband was Chaapra's assistant, but Chaapra cheated and killed him since he had his eyes on Padmini. He starts harassing Padmini and makes her his concubine eventually. To get her revenge, Padmini plots with Nadavaramban, who uses another criminal Kolliyan to stab Chaapra in the night. Vasudevan however is confused about Sankaran's motive to commit the murder. Sankaran reveals that Peter had killed his daughter in the past when she had an epileptic attack as Peter was trying to molest her. The death gets passed off as unnatural due to her health condition, but Sankaran's neighbor finds out the truth about the circumstances. Sankara gets himself inside the police station since he wants to kill Peter.

Peter now knows that Vasudevan is also aware of his crimes and wants to finish him off as well. He catches Kolliyan from the forests and strikes a deal to use him to kill Sankaran. Meanwhile, The Gillapies discover Maveli and Punari's misappropriation of their father's funds and retaliate by killing them both. They target Punari with a crude bomb during his speech at a congregation, distracting the police on duty at night. Coincidently Sankaran gets out of the cell with the fake key made by his friend when he comes to do work at the police station and attacks Peter and Kolliyan. A fight ensues with the three of them when Gillapis arrives at the scene to finish off Sankaran after they learn of his surrender. They throw a bomb at the station and the elder Gillapi gets killed when the flames detonate the rest of the bombs with him. The younger Gillapi shoots and kills Sankaran, and a shootout ensues between him, Kolliyan, and Peter. Vasudevan, who was subdued by Peter and tied to a window escapes and revives his original aggressive self finally to fight and kill the 3 of them.

In the end, it is revealed that Vasudevan's father was a Porat drama artist and was a downright aggressive and violent man. Vasudevan was raised to be frightened of the demon Kokkan so that he does not get wayward like his father. However, due to his paternal influence, he is also very violent by nature and is gradually raised as a timid person by his mother. His violent childhood character finally comes out during the showdown as he hacks Peter to a bloody death.

== Cast ==
{{Cast list|
* [[Lukman Avaran]] as Vasudevan
** Master Aloshy as young Vasudevan
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Nadavaramban Peter
* [[Manikandan R. Achari]] as Kollan Shankaran / Shankarabharanam
* Megha Thomas as Padmini
* [[Merin Philip]] as Daisy
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Chaapra
* [[Senthil Krishna]] as Kolliyan
* Praveen T. J. as younger Gillapi
* Merin Jose Pottackal as elder Gillapi
* R. J. Murugan as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sudarshanan Bairi
* Joji John as Urumal
* Pramod Veliyanad as Malaga
* Achuthanandan as Punnari Rajan
* Bitto Davis as Chippan
* Baiju as Maveli Antu
* Nivedith as Karivand Maniyan
* Anu Prabha as Devu
* Ullas Chemban as Siddhan
* Ram Kumar as Rascal Kochuvarkey}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
During the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] in 2020, Ullas Chemban found inspiration for the film from a casual conversation with a friend who shared a 10-second [[anecdote]] about a police officer. Ullas found the anecdote amusing, and encouraged by his brother Chemban Vinod Jose, he began developing it by collaborating with co-writer Vikil Venu. Scripting began in early 2022 and was finished by late 2022, after which pre-production work commenced. Ullas, who was working in Australia while writing the film, resigned from his job and came to Kerala to start production works. Chemban Vinod Jose agreed to produce the film after Ullas narrated the story to senior technicians, which convinced Chemban of its potential. Ullas chose the title ''Anchakkallakokkan'' because it referred to the [[Bogeyman|Boogeyman]], a [[folklore]] figure commonly told by mothers across [[Kerala]] to discipline or coerce children to sleep by instilling fear during his childhood. The technical crew of the film included Manikandan Ayyapa, who had worked with Ullas on his short film ''Pambichi'', serving as the film's composer. Rohith served as the editor, while Armo was the cinematographer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=VM |first=Abhijith |date=13 March 2024 |title=അഞ്ചക്കള്ളകോക്കാൻ: 'പൊറാട്ട്' തുടങ്ങുന്നു |script-title= |trans-title=Anchakkallakokkan: Porattu begins |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/video/celebrity-interviews/anchakkallakokkan-malayalam-movie-lukman-chemban-interview-sa7yae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313040342/https://www.asianetnews.com/video/celebrity-interviews/anchakkallakokkan-malayalam-movie-lukman-chemban-interview-sa7yae |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |type=Video Interview}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Stalin |first=Joel |date=24 March 2024 |title='ഏതൊരു ഫിലിംമേക്കറുടെയും ബൈബിളാണ് പൾപ്പ് ഫിക്ഷൻ'; ഉല്ലാസ് ചെമ്പൻ |trans-title='Pulp Fiction is any filmmaker's bible'; Ullas Chemben |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/r-special/2024/03/24/director-ullas-chemban-shares-the-experience-of-anchakallakkokkan-movie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174015/https://www.reporterlive.com/r-special/2024/03/24/director-ullas-chemban-shares-the-experience-of-anchakallakkokkan-movie |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Reporter Live |language=ml |type=Video Interview}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Lukman Avaran]], who worked on Chembosky Films' earlier production [[Sulaikha Manzil|''Suleikha Manzil'']], was approached by Ullas to play Vasudevan, an officer who joins the police as a rookie. Vasudevan is a timid and compassionate person due to his dysfunctional upbringing, and the film portrays his change in behavior from timid to daring due to the circumstances. Ullas initially cast Chemban as Nadavaramban Peter, a character Chemban chose from two options given by Ullas. Ullas wanted Chemban's look to be different from his earlier films. Ullas contacted [[Manikandan R. Achari]] via Chemban, and Manikandan agreed to play the role of Kollan Shankaran after he listened to the script.<ref name=":2" /> Megha Thomas plays the role of Padmini, the housemaid of Chapara. Chemban recommended her to Ullas, whom she subsequently met. During their interaction, Ullas discussed her character, which required a different makeover and physique to align with the 1980s setting, which she found unique and interesting.<ref name=":1" /> Ullas envisioned Praveen T. J. and Merin Jose Pottackal as the Gillapi brothers before scripting commenced. Impressed by his performance in [[Kammatipaadam|''Kammatipadam'']], Ullas cast Praveen to play the younger Gillapi brother, who is mute. Praveen agreed to play the role after being contacted by a friend of Ullas. Merin Jose Pottackal, who worked with Ullas on ''[[Angamaly Diaries|Angamally Diaries]],'' was cast to portray the elder Gillapi brother, a youth with a stutter who is also as cruel as his brother. Ullas insisted Merin not cut his hair to match the character's look.<ref name=":2" />

=== Filming ===
During pre-production, location scouting was done from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Kannur]] and involved a search for [[hill station]]s. The scouting locations included [[Malayattoor]], [[Athirappilly|Athirapally]], [[Kannavam]], [[Bonacaud]], and several areas in [[Idukki district|Idukki]], the latter of which was finalized as Chemban felt it resonated with the narrative. Artworks were done minimally, and the majority of the locations were actual places. Scenes at the police station were shot in an old building designed by the art team. Principal photography took place in two schedules between January 2023 and March 2023. The film was primarily shot in [[Vandiperiyar]] and [[Kumily]] in Idukki, with another two-day shoot taking place in [[Palakkad]].<ref name=":2" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Anchakkallakokkan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Manikandan Ayyappa
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 42:39
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Manikandan Ayyappa
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|4VWLJsl7j0w|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| single1 = Thumbi
| single1date = 9 March 2024
| single2 =
| single2date =
}}
}}

The soundtrack and background score is composed by Manikandan Ayyappa. The first single titled ''Thumbi'' was released on 9 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=9 March 2024 |title=Anchakkallakokkan song Thumbi – People can be seen dancing to an upbeat song in the midst of chaos |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/anchakkallakokkan-song-thumbi-people-can-be-seen-dancing-to-an-upbeat-song-in-the-midst-of-chaos/fdb3944c8f148 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502174130/https://www.ottplay.com/news/anchakkallakokkan-song-thumbi-people-can-be-seen-dancing-to-an-upbeat-song-in-the-midst-of-chaos/fdb3944c8f148 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack was released by [[Think Music]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=22 March 2024 |title=കൈയടികളുമായി കൂടുതല്‍ തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്; രണ്ടാം വാരം സ്ക്രീന്‍ കൗണ്ട് വര്‍ധിപ്പിച്ച് 'അഞ്ചക്കള്ളകോക്കാന്‍' |trans-title=To more theaters with applause; 'Anchakallakokan' increases screen count in the second week |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/anchakkallakokkan-movie-into-second-week-with-more-theatres-chemban-vinod-jose-lukman-avaran-ullas-chemban-nsn-saqb4g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322031336/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/anchakkallakokkan-movie-into-second-week-with-more-theatres-chemban-vinod-jose-lukman-avaran-ullas-chemban-nsn-saqb4g |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thumbi
| length1 = 3:16
| lyrics1 = Malu, Manikandan Ayyappa
| extra1 = Malu
| title2 = Thenmala
| length2 = 4:06
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Nanniyod Kanakan, Raju Palanthoni
| title3 = Mandharam
| length3 = 2:35
| lyrics3 = Madhavan Kizhakkedath
| extra3 = Krishna Arun
| title4 = Soul of AKK
| length4 = 3:14
| lyrics4 = Manikandan Ayyappa
| extra4 = Manikandan Ayyappa
| title5 = The Gillappies
| length5 = 3:11
| lyrics5 = Kumbari, Gabriel Anaman
| extra5 = Kumbari, Gabriel Anaman, Sreerag Ravindran, Sreehari Ravindran, Abhijith Manikandan
| title6 = Kaana Theeyo
| length6 = 1:42
| lyrics6 = Sadan Thoppil
| extra6 = Manikandan Ayyappa
| title7 = Waves of AKK
| length7 = 3:38
| lyrics7 = Gabriel Anaman, Madhavan Kizhakkedath
| extra7 = Gabriel Anaman, Manikandan Ayyappa
| title8 = Maane Maruthakam
| length8 = 2:44
| lyrics8 = Thadathil Appu Ashan, Nandhakumar Kazhimbram
| extra8 = Chandran, Kochubalan
| title9 = Thumbi Trance – Extended
| length9 = 8:37
| lyrics9 = Malu, Manikandan Ayyappa
| extra9 = Malu
| title10 = Nothing has changed
| length10 = 2:59
| lyrics10 = Gabriel Anaman
| extra10 = Gabriel Anaman
| title11 = Mannu Thedum
| length11 = 3:43
| lyrics11 = Madhavan Kizhakkedath
| extra11 = <nowiki>Sreerag Ravindran, Sreehari Ravindran, Abhijith Manikandan, Manikandan Ayyappa, Manikandan Perumpadappu</nowiki>
| title12 = Anchakkallakokkan
| length12 = 2:54
| lyrics12 = Kumbari
| extra12 = [[Niranj Suresh]], Nanniyod Kanakan
| total_length = 42:39
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was theatrically released on 15 March and initially limited to [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]. However, due to its positive reception, it was further expanded to more screens across India.<ref name=":0" /> The streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and released on 19 April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=19 April 2024 |title=Anchakkallakokkan on OTT – Here's where you stream the Chemban Vinod-starrer cop drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/anchakkallakokkan-on-ott-heres-where-you-stream-the-chemban-vinod-starrer-cop-drama/4d55120f93308 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514164328/https://www.ottplay.com/news/anchakkallakokkan-on-ott-heres-where-you-stream-the-chemban-vinod-starrer-cop-drama/4d55120f93308 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2024 |title='Anchakkallakokkan' OTT release: Lukman starrer starts digital streaming |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-ott-release-lukman-starrer-starts-digital-streaming/articleshow/109422752.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419053405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-ott-release-lukman-starrer-starts-digital-streaming/articleshow/109422752.cms |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On its release day, ''Anchakkallakokkan'' grossed ₹1.8 million, followed by ₹3.1 million on the subsequent day, and ₹4.4 million on the third day. By the fourth day, it garnered an additional ₹2.4 million, resulting in a cumulative total of ₹11.7 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2024 |title='Anchakkallakokkan' box office collections day 4: Lukman's action flick collects Rs 1.17 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-box-office-collections-day-4-lukmans-action-flick-collects-rs-1-17-crore/articleshow/108610585.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319075636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-box-office-collections-day-4-lukmans-action-flick-collects-rs-1-17-crore/articleshow/108610585.cms |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> In 12 days the film collected a total of ₹2.37 crores domestically and ₹2.23 crores overseas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2024 |title='Anchakkallakokkan' box office collections day 12: Chemban Vinod starrer mints Rs 16 lakhs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-box-office-collections-day-12-chemban-vinod-starrer-mints-rs-16-lakhs/articleshow/108813126.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327073750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-box-office-collections-day-12-chemban-vinod-starrer-mints-rs-16-lakhs/articleshow/108813126.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> However, the film's collections began to decline with the release of ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]'', grossing only ₹200,000 on 31 March.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2024 |title='Anchakkallakokkan' box office collections day 16: Chemban Vinod starrer collects Rs 2 lakhs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-box-office-collections-day-16-chemban-vinod-starrer-collects-rs-2-lakhs/articleshow/108920199.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-box-office-collections-day-16-chemban-vinod-starrer-collects-rs-2-lakhs/articleshow/108920199.cms |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> By its fourth week, the film collection ₹5.53 crores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2024 |title='Anchakkallakokkan' struggles at box Office: Lukman and Chemban Vinod Jose starrer collects Rs 2 lakhs on day 27 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-struggles-at-box-office-lukman-and-chemban-vinod-jose-starrer-collects-rs-2-lakhs-on-day-27/articleshow/109368356.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502013715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anchakkallakokkan-struggles-at-box-office-lukman-and-chemban-vinod-jose-starrer-collects-rs-2-lakhs-on-day-27/articleshow/109368356.cms |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt29521808}}

[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya

2026-03-03T05:40:56Z

KennyReveley866: Made New Article...

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dhruba K Bhattacharyya
| image = Inspire1.jpg
| caption = Prof. Dhruba K Bhattacharyya in 2015 at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1966|2|25}}
| birth_place = [[Tinsukia]], Assam, India
| fields = [[Machine Learning]] [[Bioinformatics]] [[Network Security]]
| workplaces = [[Tezpur University]] (1995 - present) [[Jorhat Engineering College]] (1992 - 1995 )
| website =
}}

'''Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya''' (born 25 February 1966) is a senior member of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] and a professor in the department of Computer Science and Engineering in [[Tezpur University]], [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruba Kr Bhattacharyya |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=aeEuoSEAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruba Kr Bhattacharyya |url=https://www.routledge.com/authors/i976-dhruba-kumar-bhattacharyya |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=dblp: Dhruba Kumar Bhattacharyya |url=https://dblp.org/pid/34/4138.html%20Publications |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=dblp.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IEEE, Dhruba Kr Bhattacharyya |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37658537800 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM |url=https://tezu.irins.org/profile/37178 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
{{empty section|date=February 2023}}

== Career ==
Bhattacharyya served as the Dean of School of engineering, Tezpur University from February 2013 to February 2016 and also as the Dean of Academic affairs from January 2016 to March 2021. He held the office of the Pro Vice Chancellor of Tezpur University from April, 2021 to September, 2022. Currently he is the vice-chancellor (in-charge) of Tezpur University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice-Chancellor, Tezpur University, Assam, India |url=http://www.tezu.ernet.in/admin/vc.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.tezu.ernet.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/centralniversitylist.aspx?id=So1CNBLvrigKjpQTxHMrAQ==&Unitype=9U80RXV93k09HNgOCkd8+w== |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.ugc.ac.in}}</ref>

== Authorship ==

* ''Network Anomaly Detection: A Machine Learning Perspective'', with [[Jugal Kalita|Jugal K Kalita]], 2013, CRC Press<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Dhruba Kumar |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/b15088/network-anomaly-detection-dhruba-kumar-bhattacharyya-jugal-kumar-kalita |title=Network Anomaly Detection: A Machine Learning Perspective |last2=Kalita |first2=Jugal Kumar |year=2013 |doi=10.1201/b15088|isbn=9781466582095 }}</ref>
* ''DDOS Attacks: Evolution, Detection, Prevention, Reaction and Tolerance'', with [[Jugal Kalita|Jugal K Kalita]], 2016, CRC Press<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Dhruba Kumar |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/b20614/ddos-attacks-dhruba-kumar-bhattacharyya-jugal-kumar-kalita |title=DDoS Attacks: Evolution, Detection, Prevention, Reaction, and Tolerance |last2=Kalita |first2=Jugal Kumar |year=2016 |doi=10.1201/b20614|isbn=9780429155314 }}</ref>
* ''Network Traffic Anomaly Detection and Prevention: Concepts, Techniques, and Tools'', with Monowar H. Bhuyan and [[Jugal Kalita|Jugal K Kalita]], 2017, Springer Nature<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65188-0 |title=Network Traffic Anomaly Detection and Prevention |series=Computer Communications and Networks |year=2017 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65188-0|isbn=978-3-319-65186-6 |s2cid=29939100 |last1=Bhuyan |first1=Monowar H. |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Dhruba K. |last3=Kalita |first3=Jugal K. }}</ref>
* ''Gene Expression Data Analysis: A Statistical and Machine Learning Perspective", with Pankaj Barah and [[Jugal Kalita|Jugal K Kalita]], 2021, CRC Press''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barah |first1=Pankaj |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9780429322655/gene-expression-data-analysis-dhruba-kumar-bhattacharyya-jugal-kumar-kalita-pankaj-barah |title=Gene Expression Data Analysis: A Statistical and Machine Learning Perspective |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Dhruba Kumar |last3=Kalita |first3=Jugal Kumar |year=2021 |doi=10.1201/9780429322655|isbn=9780429322655 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dblp.org/pid/34/4138.html Publications]
* Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya's [http://agnigarh.tezu.ernet.in/~dkb/index.html Homepage]
* Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya's publications indexed by [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=aeEuoSEAAAAJ&view_op=list_works Google Scholar]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Dhruba K.}}
[[Category:Academic staff of Tezpur University]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nooravathu Naal

2026-03-03T05:21:40Z

KennyReveley866: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|1985 film by Manivannan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nooravathu Naal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| writer = Manivannan
| producer = S. N. S. Thirumal
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathy
| editing = B. Kanthasamy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Thirupathisamy Pictures
| released = {{film date|1984|02|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=467}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nooravathu Naal''''' ({{translation|The 100th Day}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Manivannan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], with [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Y. Vijaya]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman who has premonitions of murders and seeks to stop them.

''Nooravathu Naal'' is an unofficial adaptation of the 1977 Italian [[giallo]] film ''[[Sette note in nero]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child's Play in India: Four Adaptations |url=https://www.braineater.com/bolly_tolly_dolly.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719114446/http://braineater.com/bolly_tolly_dolly.html |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=Braineater}}</ref> The film was released on 23 February 1984 and became a box office success. It was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Aayiram Kannukal]]'' (1986) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[100 Days (1991 film)|100 Days]]'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2015 |title=Films that inspired real life crime |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Films-that-inspired-real-life-crime/articleshow/47596610.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413191558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Films-that-inspired-real-life-crime/articleshow/47596610.cms |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=9788193848210 |pages=1}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2021}}
Devi, a college student has a strange premonition one night of her sister being murdered. Her sister soon goes missing. After a few years, Devi meets and marries a rich businessman Ramkumar. Soon after, Devi has another vision of an unknown woman being murdered and seeks the help of her cousin Raju to help her save the possible victim. Raju is reluctant to believe her story but assists her anyway. Devi also finds a decomposed body in the bungalow where she lives with Ramkumar, which she believes is her sister's based on her previous vision. Devi and Raju's investigations lead them to the museum where Devi's sister worked and a strange man who tries to assassinate them. Whether Devi's strange premonitions are true and whether she and Raju are able to trap the mysterious killer forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Raju
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Ramkumar
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Devi
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Ramanathan
* [[Janagaraj]] as John
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Jagannathan
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Parvathi
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Manju
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Saroja
*[[E. Ramdoss]] as the museum assistant
* Kokila as Sarasu
}}

== Production ==
''Nooravathu Naal'' was directed by [[Manivannan]] and produced by S. N. S. Thirumal under Thirupathisamy Pictures, with cinematography by A. Sabapathy.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=467}} Manivannan selected [[Sathyaraj]] to portray a negative role. For the character look, he sported a clean-shaven pate, wore sunglasses and a red jerkin. He completed filming his portions within five days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sathyaraj |author-link=Sathyaraj |date=22 February 2008 |title=My first break |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3022582.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221124604/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3022582.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nooravudhu Naal (1984) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000517 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213104907/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000517 |archive-date=13 February 2011 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nooravathu Naal Tamil film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/nooravathu-naal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730070104/https://mossymart.com/product/nooravathu-naal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Vizhiyile Mani Vizhiyil" was re-used from the song "Jotheyali Jothe Jotheyali" from the 1981 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]''.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1194461560149889024 |user=NFAIOfficial |title=#Remake#Ilaiyaraaja used the similar tune of his melodious song "Jotheyali" (Geetha, Kannada,1981) for the songs "Vizhiyile Mani" (Nooravathunaal, Tamil, 1984) & "Jaane Do Na" (Cheeni Kum, Hindi, 2007).Enjoy these different versions:@shreyaghoshal #SPBalasubrahmanyam #SJanaki |author=NFAI |author-link=National Film Archive of India |date=13 November 2019 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921094041/https://twitter.com/NFAIOfficial/status/1194461560149889024 |archive-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> It is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=168}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vizhiyile Mani
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 04:01
| title2 = Ulagam Muzhuthum
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 = 04:14
| title3 = Uruguthey Idhayame
| lyrics3 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra3 = Vani Jairam
| length3 = 04:22
| total_length = 12:37 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Nooravathu Naal'' was released on 23 February 1984,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=5 December 2019 |title=ஒரே வருடத்தில் மோகன் 15 படங்கள்; ஒரேநாளில் 3 படம் ரிலீஸ்; அத்தனையும் ஹிட் |trans-title=Mohan had 15 films in a single year; 3 films released on the same day; all were hits |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/528829-mohan-1984.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506151242/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/528829-mohan-1984.html |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and ran for over 200 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhama Devi Ravi |date=22 July 2008 |title=Now, a film on the Vadapalani murders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Now-a-film-on-the-Vadapalani-murders/articleshow/3261683.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413191556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Now-a-film-on-the-Vadapalani-murders/articleshow/3261683.cms |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of star cast and Ilaiyaraaja's music but felt the film lacked pep in certain places.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=11 March 1984 |title=நூறாவது நாள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-03-11/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230822090935/https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-03-11/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=18 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Sathyaraj's performance as a psychopathic killer received acclaim and made him popular among audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesavan |first=N. |date=14 April 2016 |title=Villains with heroic pasts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107121324/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Nooravathu Naal'' became a milestone in Tamil cinema, with regards to "scene construction".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=11 May 2013 |title=Fifty and counting |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fifty-and-counting/article4706162.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521090428/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fifty-and-counting/article4706162.ece |archive-date=21 May 2018 |access-date=21 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The serial killers [[Auto Shankar]] and Jayaprakash were inspired by the film to commit murders.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=467}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2000 |title=Bharathiraaja's latest venture |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/24/stories/0924022e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415070957/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/24/stories/0924022e.htm |archive-date=15 April 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' in her review of the Telugu film ''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]'' (2015) said that the idea of hiding corpses inside a wall is inspired from ''Nooravathu Naal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=9 November 2015 |title=The wall tells an inspired story |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7859181.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221124104/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7859181.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Following Vijayakanth's death in 2023, ''[[Film Companion]]'' included the film in their list "7 Vijayakanth Films That Left an Indian Cinema Legacy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2023 |title=7 Vijayakanth Films That Left an Indian Cinema Legacy |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/web-stories/7-vijayakanth-films-that-left-an-indian-cinema-legacy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229055838/https://www.filmcompanion.in/web-stories/7-vijayakanth-films-that-left-an-indian-cinema-legacy |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s serial killer films]]
[[Category:1980s slasher films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about precognition]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Lucio Fulci]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Italian films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Raagam Thedum Pallavi

2026-03-03T05:17:58Z

KennyReveley866: started basic entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raagam Thedum Pallavi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Rajendar]]
| writer = T. Rajendar
| producer = Balakrishnan
| starring = [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] [[Jayamalini]]
| cinematography = A. Somasundaram
| editing = Devarajan
| music = [[T. Rajendar]]
| studio = Raja Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|3|12|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Raagam Thedum Pallavi''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|ɡ|ə|m|_|θ|eɪ|d|ʊ|m|_|p|əl|l|ə|v|i}} {{translation|The [[pallavi]] searching for a [[raga]]}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written, directed and scored by [[T. Rajendar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=பிரபல இயக்குனர்களுடன் மூர்த்தி பெற்ற அனுபவம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2018/10/31210147/1210634/cinima-history.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023131340/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2018/10/31210147/1210634/cinima-history.vpf |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] and [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=31 August 2022 |title=80களில் உருக உருக காதலித்த ஒரு தலை காதல் நடிகர் இப்போது என்ன செய்கிறார்? |url=https://cinereporters.com/actor-sankar-and-his-biography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001204139/https://cinereporters.com/actor-sankar-and-his-biography/ |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref> It was released on 12 March 1982.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 1982 |title=இராகம் தேடும் பல்லவி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_6_141/4.jp2/0,0,6423,8647/6423,8647/0/default.jpg |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217083041/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_6_141/4.jp2/0,0,6423,8647/6423,8647/0/default.jpg|archive-date=17 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raagam Thedum Pallavi ( 1982 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=540 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815153116/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=540 |archive-date=15 August 2004 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=October 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Madhu
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]
*Anu
*[[Jayamalini]]
*[[Jyothi Lakshmi]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Kallapetti Singaram]] as a [[Malayali]]
*Ramji as a patient
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]]
*[[T. Rajendar]] in a cameo appearance as an actor
}}

== Production ==
Some scenes were shot at Patiala House opposite the [[Deputy High Commission of Sri Lanka, Chennai|Sri Lankan Embassy, Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆனந்த் |date=11 October 1981 |title=ஷூட்டிங்கில் டைரக்டர் - டி.ராஜேந்தர் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/trajendar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231219125339/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/trajendar |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by T. Rajendar, who also wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raagam Thedum Pallavi Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by T Rajender |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/raagam-thedum-pallavi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-t-rajender-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023142041/https://macsendisk.com/product/raagam-thedum-pallavi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-t-rajender-2/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 1981 |title=Raagam Thedum Pallavi – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/raagam-thedum-pallavi-ep/1531097408 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231023100628/https://music.apple.com/in/album/raagam-thedum-pallavi-ep/1531097408 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naan Aathankarai
| length1 = 4:28
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]] and chorus
| title2 = Romba Naalaaga
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:50
| title3 = Naan Azhuthathum
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:28
| title4 = Antha Kaanangaatha
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]], B. S. Sasirekha
| length4 = 5:03
| title5 = Aazh Kadalil
| length5 = 4:27
| title6 = Moongilile
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 5:01
| total_length = 28:17 
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of Rajeev as antagonist, Ramji as patient but panned the acting of Shankar and Anupama and concluded saying neither cannot be appreciated nor cannot be ignored completely and called it neither both.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 March 1982 |title=இராகம் தேடும் பல்லவி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-03-28/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231219035728/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-03-28/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=60 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{T. Rajendar}}

[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rajendar]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Rajendar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Uruthikol

2026-03-03T03:14:24Z

KennyReveley866: created a post w/ refs - done

{{short description|2017 Indian Tamil-language film by R Ayyanar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uruthikol
| image = Uruthikol poster.jpg
| director = R Ayyanar
| producer = Ayyapan
| writer = R Ayyanar
| starring = [[Kishore DS]] Meghana
| music = Jude Liniker
| studio = APK Films Jai Sneham Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|03}}
| cinematography = Pandi Arunachalam
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Uruthikol''''' ({{translation|''Strong desire''}}) is a 2017 [[Tamil language]] [[action film]] written and directed by R Ayyanar, with [[Kishore DS|Kishore]] and Meghana in the lead roles. The screenplay revolves around a school student dropped out from his school who finds his sister kidnapped by some criminals and how he seeks to rescue her.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uruthikol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/uruthikol/articleshow/61591245.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109183728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/uruthikol/articleshow/61591245.cms |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=2018-10-06 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sasikumar, a school student, is doing his higher studies in a secondary school. He suddenly falls in love with Priyanka. After long, they get caught by their teachers in their classroom. Finally, their love story is revealed, and the principal suspends Sasi from the school. After Sasi drops out, the love between him and Priyanka grows. One day, Sasi took his sister Yasodha, to the village temple festival with his family. Suddenly, a bad guy teases Yasodha. Sasi started a fight with him and saved his sister. After a few years passed, another gang emerged, and they perform illegal activities, such as chain snatching and raping. One day, Priyanka and Yasodha went to the village temple festival. On that occasion, the members of the second gang are trying chain snatching and raping to Sasi's beloved ones. Sasi appears at that place and rescues both of them from the second gang.

After a few days passed, Yasodha and Priyanka are by someone else. Sasi is trying to find the person who had done this to his beloved ones. On his first attempt, he finds out the truth that the second gang is a part of the issue. He fights with the second gang and assaults them. He eventually figures out the bad guy who misbehaved with Yasodha on the village temple festival. The fight between Sasi and the bad guy comes to be an end with a heavy cost. Sasi loses his leg during the fight and kills the bad guy. Finally, he rescues Yasodha and Priyanka from the bad guy and is sent to jail for killing the bad guy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-05 |title=உறுதிகொள் {{!}}{{!}} Uruthikol Movie Review |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/Review/2017/11/05162300/1126998/Uruthikol-Movie-Review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111141328/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/11/05162300/1126998/Uruthikol-Movie-Review.vpf |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2018-10-16 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kishore DS]] as Sasikumar
* Meghana Ellen as Priyanka
* [[Thennavan (actor)|Kai Thennavan]] as Radhakrishnan
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Munusamy
* M. Kalaiarasi as Yasodha
* Master Sivashankar as Jail Warden
* S. Akilesh as Sudhakar
* Ajay Kumar as Samba
* Madurai Sharmila as Sasi Amma
* Imuki as SI
* Jampothi Arumugam as Constable
* Major Babu as Inspector
* Chezhan Ramasamy as Sellak
* C. Pazhani as Kokku
* J. Ramamoorthy as Kaattuppuseli
* Divya as Easwari
* S. S. Murugarasu as Manna
* Siva as Siva
* S. Chandravanan as Ezhumalai
* Varsha Ravichandran as Angamma
* Panneerselvam as Tamil Teacher
* Kannan Ponnaiah
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Kishore DS]], known for his role as a child artist, was roped in to play the main lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It is a challenge to play a solo lead: Kishore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-is-a-challenge-to-play-a-solo-lead-kishore/articleshow/59457068.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025233650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-is-a-challenge-to-play-a-solo-lead-kishore/articleshow/59457068.cms |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pasanga  Kishore makes his debut as hero |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/07/pasanga--kishore-makes-his-debut-as-hero-1625624.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715081053/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/07/pasanga--kishore-makes-his-debut-as-hero-1625624.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=2018-10-06 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Release ==
The ''Times of India'' gave the film two and a half out of five stars and wrote that "''Uruthikol'' could have been a decent action romance about a happy-go-lucky guy’s progression into a revenge-seeking youngster, like say a Naan Mahaan Alla. But the writing and execution are both amateurish that the film never holds our interest".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uruthikol Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Uruthikol by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/uruthikol/movie-review/61504698.cms |access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Amar Mahal Palace

2026-03-02T18:28:43Z

KennyReveley866: content fix

{{Short description|Palace in Jammu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name= Amar Mahal Palace
|image=Amar Mahal Museum, Jammu.jpg
|caption= Amar Mahal Palace Museum,
|pushpin_map= India Jammu and Kashmir#India
|coordinates = {{coord|32.748|74.872|region:IN-JK|display=inline}}
|location_town= [[Jammu]]
|location_country= {{IND}}
|architect= [[France|French]] [[architect]]
|client= Raja Amar Singh
|engineer= French engineer
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date= 1890s
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system= Red Sandstones and bricks
|architectural_style= [[Continental Europe|Continental]] [[castle]] [[architecture]]
|size=
}}

The '''Amar Mahal Palace''' is a palace in [[Jammu]], in the Indian erstwhile [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The palace has now been converted into a museum. Commissioned by Raja Amar Singh, the palace was built in the nineteenth century by a French architect on the lines of a French [[Chateau]]. The palace was donated to the Hari-Tara Charitable Trust by [[Karan Singh]] for use as a [[museum]].<ref name=Mahal>{{Cite web|url=http://jammukashmir.nic.in/tourism/jammu/amarmhl%20.htm|title=Amar Mahal Palace Museum|access-date=2010-04-01|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323021248/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/tourism/jammu/amarmhl%20.htm|archive-date=23 March 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has many exhibits including a golden throne weighing 120 kg, a [[Pahari painting|Pahari miniature]], [[Kangra painting|Kangra miniature paintings]], a library of 25,000 antique books, many rare art collections,<ref name=Mahal/><ref name=Bradnock>{{Cite book|last1=Bradnock|first1=Robert|first2=Roma | last2=Bradnock|title= Indian Himalaya handbook: the travel guide|access-date=2010-04-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&dq=Amar+Mahal+palace+in+Jammu&pg=PA231|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-900949-79-2}}</ref><ref name=Amar>{{Cite web|url=http://goalnet.unigoa.ac.in/gulibrary/WondersOfIndia%20(H)/Amar%20Mahal%20Palace%20Museum.doc|title=Amar Mahal Palace Museum|access-date=2010-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305141205/http://goalnet.unigoa.ac.in/gulibrary/WondersOfIndia%20(H)/Amar%20Mahal%20Palace%20Museum.doc|archive-date=5 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and a large collection of portraits of the royal family.<ref name="Bindloss">{{Cite book |last1=Bindloss |first1=Joe |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari |title=India |last2=Singh |first2=Sarina |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-308-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/364 364] |quote=Architectural Details of Amar Mahal Palace. |access-date=2010-04-04 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The palace was the last official residence of the [[Dogra dynasty]] and the last king of the kingdom [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]].

==Geography==

Amar Mahal is situated on the right bank of the [[Tawi River]], on a bend of the river, in Jammu. Tawi river is also known as Suryaputri Tawi (Suryaputri is a Hindi word meaning 'The Daughter of The Sun God').Jammu, once a princely city, is also famous for forts, palaces and temples. The [[Sivalik Hills]] or ranges to the north of the Mahal, on the left bank of the river, provide a grand view, with the Tawi River flowing in between, draining the valley. It is well located adjoining the heritage hotel known as the [[Hari Niwas Palace]] Hotel, in the heart of the city, on the road to [[Kashmir]].<ref name=Mahal/><ref name=Bradnock/>

==History==
The Amar Mahal Palace was planned by a French architect, in 1862. However, it was not built until the 1890s. Maharani Tara Devi, wife of the late Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] (son of Raja Amar Singh) lived in this palace till her death in 1967. Subsequently, her son Karan Singh and his wife Yasho Rajya Lakshmi converted the palace into a museum to house rare books and works of art, with the objective of "Encouraging artistic talent, to establish fine arts centre and to collaborate with other like minded institutions for promotion of Indian arts". For this purpose, they transferred the palace property to a trust named as the "Hari-Tara Charitable Trust". Karan Singh voluntarily surrendered the [[Privy Purse]] paid to him by the [[Government of India]] as a former ruler of Jammu, one of the [[Princely states|Princely state of India]], and used the funds to set up this museum named in memory of his parents.

The museum was inaugurated by the [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Prime Minister of India]], on 13 April 1975. To promote the stated objectives, the Trust arranges guided tours, book readings, lectures, film shows and hobby classes and other visitor friendly activities in the Museum. Scholarly exchanges, workshops and exhibitions are also regular features held by the Trust.<ref name=Karan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karansingh.com/amml/about.htm|title=Amar Mahal Museum and Library|access-date=2010-04-01|publisher=Karansingh.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223211645/http://www.karansingh.com/amml/about.htm|archive-date=23 December 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Gandhi>{{Cite book|first1=Kishor |last1=Gandhi|last2=Singh |first2=Karan (Sadr-i-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir)|title= The Transition to a global society|page=251|access-date=2010-04-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ1mAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Hari-Tara+Charitable+Trust|publisher= Allied Publishers|year=1991|isbn=81-7023-320-8}}</ref> The Dogra-Pahari paintings displayed in the museum were creation of the second half of the 18th century in Jammu and Himachal Pradesh of the Kangra school of art. To quote the words of Karan Singh: "The whole effect is to transport one into a fascinating miniature world with its own aura and ethos."<ref>{{: File:A plaque in the Amar Mahal Museum.jpg|A plaque displayed in the Museum with some information of the Museum|date=02-04-2010}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Closer view of Amar Mahal Museum, Jammu.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Golden Sofa in Amar Mahal.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Closer view of Amar Mahal Museum. Right: Golden Sofa or throne, a prized display in Amar Mahal Palace Museum
}}
The palace built in red [[sandstone]] with red bricks is in a picturesque environment on a hillock overlooking the Tawi river valley. Built in the [[European castle]] style, the palace has sloping roofs with turrets and tall towers.<ref name=Mahal/> When built during the reign of Raja Amar Singh, it was the tallest building in Jammu.<ref name=Desh>{{Cite book|last=Desh|first=Bandhu|title= Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh: tourist-attractions & tourism|page=82|access-date=2010-04-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPLDUVNeLXMC&dq=Amar+Mahal+palace+in+Jammu&pg=PA82|publisher= Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|year=1989|isbn=81-7158-014-9}}</ref>
The imposing building has long passages on three sides, which are covered by sloping corrugated tin roofs. The passages are supported on columns with wooden framework. The first floor of the palace building has French windows with connected balcony. The top floor has a bay window. The windows also depict triangular projections in classical [[Greek Architecture|Greek architectural style]], which are fitted over ornate false columns.<ref name=Architect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jammu.com/jammu/about/local_sites.htm|title=Jammu:Amar Mahal Palace|access-date=2010-04-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100410055734/http://www.jammu.com/jammu/about/local_sites.htm| archive-date= 10 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Displays==
{{multiple image|left
| image1 = Modern Painting of Dasavatar - Matsya Avatara.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Modern painting of Dashavatara – [[Matsya]]
| image2 = Modern Painting of Dasavatara - Rama Avatara.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Modern painting of Dashavatara – [[Rama]]
| image3 = Modern Painting of Dasavatara Kali Avatara.jpg
| width3 = 150
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Modern painting of Dashavatara – [[Kalki]] – An Era of [[Nuclear weapon|Atomic Bombs]] and [[Rocket]]s
}}
Only four rooms of the palace are open depicting Pahari paintings of [[Mahabharata]] epic scenes and royal memorabilia. A golden sofa of the [[Dogras|Dogra rulers]], weighing 120 kg in pure gold, embedded with golden lions at the corners, is housed in a hexagonal room in the museum, which is viewed only through glass covered window panes as the main door is kept locked for security reasons.<ref name=Mahal/><ref name=Bradnock/> The art works of some of the renowned Indian artists like [[M.F. Hussain]], J.Swaminathan, G. R. Santosh, Bikash Battacharjee, [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]], Laxman Pai are also on display in the museum.<ref name=Architect/>
In one of the galleries, paintings of [[Hindu epic]] stories such as of [[Nala]] [[Damayanti]] (a set of forty-seven miniature paintings) are depicted. Modern version of the [[Dashavatara]] paintings (ten [[avatar]]s of [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]) are also displayed in a separate ante-chamber in the Museum. These are unusual modern art set of paintings.<ref name=Architect/>
Family portraits of the Dogra rulers of Jammu and Kashmir are on display in the Durbar Hall at the entrance gallery. In the first and second floors, a few chambers house the library, which has a collection of rare antique books (25,000) on religion, philosophy and political science to fiction.<ref name=Museum>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmir-tourism.net/jammu-kashmir/amar-mahal-museum.html |title=Amar Mahal Museum |access-date=2010-04-04 |publisher=Kashmir Tourism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420172954/http://www.kashmir-tourism.net/jammu-kashmir/amar-mahal-museum.html |archive-date=20 April 2006 }}</ref>

An exclusive chamber in the museum, once the living quarters of the [[Maharani]] (later called the Maharajmata) Tara Devi, is conserved and exhibited in its original form where a silver bedspread, period furniture, photographs, the decoration of the Crown of India which was presented to her in 1945, her personal items of clothing and the unique Victorian bath room are on display.<ref name=Museum/>
[[File:Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|A statue of [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]] at Amar Mahal Palace]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A plaque in the Amar Mahal Museum.jpg|A plaque in the Amar Mahal Museum
File:Nala Damayanti.jpg|Miniature [[Pahari painting]]s
File:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1920.jpg|[[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Palaces in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in India]]
[[Category:19th-century establishments in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]

Bishunpur block

2026-03-01T01:39:11Z

KennyReveley866: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishunpur
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.381484|84.371667|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 609.47
| population_total = 62319
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835231
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06524
| registration_plate = JH 07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 57.95%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bishunpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishunpur]]
| website = {{URL|gumla.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bishunpur block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Gumla subdivision]] of [[Gumla district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
Gumla became a subdivision of Ranchi district in 1902 and it became a separate district in 1983. Simdega district was carved out of Gumla district in 2011. Subsequently, Gumla district was divided into three subdivisions – Gumla Sadar subdivision (with Gumla, Ghaghra, Bharno, Bishunpur, Raidih and Sisia blocks), Basia subdivision (with Palkot, Basia and Kamdara blocks), and Chainpur subdivision (with Chainpur, Albert Ekka (Jari) and Dumri blocks).<ref>{{cite web| url= https://gumla.nic.in/about-district/ |title = Gumla |work = About district/ Administrative Set-up/ Subdivision | publisher= Gumla district authorities| access-date = 19 October 2021}}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
The [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist]] insurgency started spreading around the mid-1990s and poses a big challenge to peace and development of the district. It “is involved in abduction, extortion, extortion killings.” The banned organisation is active largely in the eastern part of the district mainly in Kamadara, Basia, Palkot, Gumla, Raidih, Sisai and Bharno police stations. In order to counter the activities of the insurgents, arms, ammunition and security equipment have been provided in every police station. It includes bullet-proof and landmine-proof vehicles.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | title = District Police Profile Gumla | work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 7 October 2021 | archive-date = 5 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
In the southern portion of Gumla district, there are flat topped hills called ''pat'', with an elevation ranging from 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet. The ''pat'' region is spread across Bishunpur, Chainpur and Ghaghra CD blocks. The highest areas are Netarhat pat (3,356&nbsp;ft), Lamiti pat (3,777&nbsp;ft) and Galgat pat (3,823&nbsp;ft). The rest of the district occupies a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi Plateau|Ranchi Plateau]] with an average elevation of 2,300 feet.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= page 7: Natural Divisions|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur |title = Chota Nagpur plateau |publisher= Britannica| access-date = 7 October 2021}}</ref>

Three major rivers flowing through Gumla district are [[South Koel River]], [[North Karo River]] and [[Sankh River]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | title = District Gumla Backward Region Grant Fund, Annual Action Plan 2011-12 | work = page 6 | publisher = District administration - Gumla | access-date = 7 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220807211338/http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The {{convert|60|m}} [[Sadni Falls]] on the [[Sankh River]] is a [[Escarpment|scarp]] fall. It is referred to as a snake type falls and is a popular picnic spot.<ref name=govt>{{cite web |url =http://jharkhand.nic.in/access.htm |title =Jharkhand |publisher =Jharkhand Govt. |accessdate =2010-04-20 |archive-date =29 April 2010 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100429084736/http://jharkhand.nic.in/access.htm |url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T1Y_Ytx9wp4C&q=hundru+falls&pg=PA161 | title = Physical Geography: Hydrosphere By K. Bharatdwaj | isbn = 9788183561679 |accessdate = 2010-04-20 | last1 = Bharatdwaj | first1 = K. | year = 2006 }}</ref> Its surroundings are spectacular with hillocks, forests and streams.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Jharkhand/Gumla/Sadani-Waterfalls-15105.htm | title = Sadani Falls |publisher = india9 |accessdate = 2010-04-20 }}</ref>

Bishunpur CD block is bounded by [[Peshrar block|Peshrar]] CD block in Lohardaga district on a portion of the north and the east, [[Ghaghra block|Ghaghra]] and [[Chainpur block, Gumla|Chainpur]] CD blocks on the south, Mahuadanr CD block in Latehar district on a portion of the west, and [[Garu Block|Garu]] CD block in Latehar district on portions of the west and north.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/gumla.html | title = Gumla CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 6 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/lohardaga.html | title = Lohardaga CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 6 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/latehar.html | title = Letehar CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 6 October 2021}}</ref>

Bishunpur CD block has an area of 609.47&nbsp;km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref>[[Bishunpur, Gumla#Police station|Bishunpur]] police station serves Bishunpur CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| title = District Police Profile - Gumla| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 5 October 2021| archive-date = 5 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| url-status = dead}}</ref> The headquarters of Bishunpur CD block is located at [[Bishunpur, Gumla|Bishunpur]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Gumla district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bishunpur CD block had a total population of 62,319, all of which were rural. There were 31,506 (51%) males and 30,813 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 11,717. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 1,021 (1.64%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 56,052 (89.94%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Bishunpur CD block was 29,322 (57.95% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 17,703 (71.89% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 11,619 (46.52% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 25.37%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Gumla district was 66.92%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 7 October 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 7 October 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Gumla district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bishunpur block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|74.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|13.49}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|11.41}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.47}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.58}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Bishunpur subdistrict, ‘Other religious communities’ numbered 46,146 and formed 74.05% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Hindus]] (8,409/ 13.49%), [[Christians]] (7,109/ 11.41%), [[Muslims]] (294/ 0.47%), and persons who did not state their religion (328/ 0.53%) ).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 706,754 and formed 68.94% of the total population of Gumla district. Within the scheduled tribes the more populous tribes were (percentage of ST population in 2011 in brackets): [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] (62.63%), [[Munda people|Munda, Patars]] (11.70%), [[Kharia people|Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Hill Kharia]] (9.07%), Lohras (5.77%) and [[Chik Baraik]] (2.57%).<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Lohardaga, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 31: Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 9 October 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Bishunpur block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value1 = 42.49 |color1 = burlywood
|label2 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value2= 40.90 |color2 = mediumseagreen
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 3.39 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value4 = 3.10 |color4 = teal
|label5 = Others |value5 = 10.12 |color5 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Bishunpur subdistrict, [[Hindi]] was the mother-tongue of 28,776 persons forming 46.18% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (25,487/ 40.90%), [[Munda languages|Munda]] (1,078/ 1.73), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (855/ 1.37%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (6,117/ 9.82%). Persons with Hindi as mother-tongue included 12,177 persons having [[Sadri language|Sadri]]/ [[Sadan people|Sadan]], 14,303 persons having [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] as mother-tongue.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

 Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 300 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 300 persons as their mother-tongue in the census data are normally included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details. The census data for this page has a large amount for “other languages”, without any information about what it includes.

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=18 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Overview===
80% and over of the population of Gumla district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> In 2011-12, the proportion of BPL population in Gumla district came down to 36.75%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html | title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data | publisher = MPRA | accessdate = 9 October 2021}}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Bishunpur CD block'''
|value1 = 64.95
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 20.42
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.87
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 11.76
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Bishunpur CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 19,284 and formed 64.95%, agricultural labourers numbered 6,062 and formed 20.42%, household industry workers numbered 853 and formed 2.87% and other workers numbered 3,493 and formed 11.76%. Total workers numbered 29,692 and formed 47.65% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 32,627 and formed 52.35% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 51 and 54 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 9 October 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 68 inhabited villages in Bishunpur CD block. In 2011, 11 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 68 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 67 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 7 villages had post offices, 6 villages had sub post offices, 3 villages had telephones (land lines), 26 villages had mobile phone coverage. 68 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 11 villages had bus service (public/ private), 3 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 3 villages had taxi/ vans, 16 villages had tractors. 3 villages had bank branches, 1 village had agricultural credit society, 29 villages had [[public distribution system]], 34 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 446-448, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 9 October 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In Gumla district, only three CD blocks, namely Sisai, Bharno and Kamdara, have plain lands. Rest of the district is mostly undulating in nature. Forests cover around 27% of the total area. About 35% of the total geographical area of the district is under cultivation. Out of 3.296 lakh hectare cultivable lands, only 22,056 hectare of land is under assured irrigation coverage. “The main economy of the village depends upon agriculture, forest produce, cattle development, and other labour activities...” About 70% farmers belong to the small and marginal category and have small plots scattered all around. Percentages of landless farmers are negligible.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | title = District Gumla Backward Region Grant Fund, Annual Action Plan 2011-12 | work = pages 6, 9 | publisher = District administration - Gumla | access-date = 9 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220807211338/http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Bauxite mining===
[[Bauxite]] and laterite (aluminium ore) is found in “villages of Amtipani, Langdatanr, Chirodih, Jalim, Narma, Bahagara and Gurdari of Bishunpur block, Langatanr, Lupungpat and Chota-agiatu in Chainpur block and Hanrup, Serengdag and Jalim in Ghaghra block. The total number of bauxite mines is twenty one”.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | title = District Gumla:Backward Region Grant Fund, Annual Action Plan, 2011-2012 | work = Page 6: Natural Resources / Minerals | publisher = District Administration, Gumla | access-date = 25 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220807211338/http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Gumla district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 9 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 9 October 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Bishunpur CD block had 33 villages with pre-primary schools, 62 villages with primary schools, 28 villages with middle schools, 9 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 4 villages had no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 446-448 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 10 October 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Bishunpur CD block had 3 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 14 villages with primary health subcentres, 9 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 4 villages with allopathic hospitals, 2 villages with dispensaries, 3 villages with family welfare centres, 3 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Gumla district}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Gumla district]]

Col. Satsangi's Kiran Memorial Public School

2026-02-22T22:33:32Z

KennyReveley866: Made A Info...

{{Short description|School in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Col Satsangi's Kiran Memorial Public School
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| other_names = C.S.K.M, CSKM School, CSKM Public School
| motto = ''Busy Bee Pleasure''
| type = Private
| established = 1986
| founder = Lt Col P S Satsangi (VSM)
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| principal = Dr. Shakuntla S Jaiman
<ref name="Hindustan_Times">{{Cite news |title= Delhi school events: CSKM Public school conducts investiture function |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 March 2021 |access-date=7 February 2024 |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/delhi-school-events-cskm-public-school-conducts-investiture-function-101615271041989.html }}</ref>
| faculty = 44
| postgrad =
| location = Ansal Villas, [[Satbari]]
| city = [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhattarpur]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4735625|77.2066875|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| gender = [[Co-ed]]
| lower_age = 3 years
| upper_age = 16 years
| classes_offered = Nursery - XII
| area = 15 acres
| campus_type = Urban
| website = {{URL|cskm.com}}
| logo = CSKM Logo.jpg
}}
'''Colonel Satsangi's Kiran Memorial Public School''', ('''CSKM Public School''') established in 1986 by Lt Col P S Satsangi (VSM), is a senior secondary school affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. It offers various schooling programs, including residential, long hours day boarding, and month end/week end home boarding, blending aspects of the [[Public school system|Public School System]] with the Indian [[Gurukul system of Ayurveda|Gurukul System]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CSKM Public School{{!}} India's Top Most Boarding and Day Boarding School |url=https://www.cskm.com/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.cskm.com}}</ref>

==Location==
The School is located in the Satbari area in [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chattarpur]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Oration contest held at Cambridge School |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/oration-contest-held-at-cambridge-school/story-JVCif1gHSDFLRroa4QQSoN.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The School was established in 1986 by '''Lt Col P S Satsangi''' VSM, a renowned figure in [[school education]]. Col Satsangi was honored with the [[Vishisht Seva Medal|Vishisht Sewa Medal]] for his contributions to education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-01 |title=Col Prem Saran Satsangi, VSM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/col-prem-saran-satsangi-vsm/articleshow/51634363.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== School flag ==
The school [[flag]] consists of three colors: steel grey, blood red, and navy blue. Steel grey represents determination and endurance, blood red signifies sacrifice in devotion to duty, while navy blue symbolizes the path of character and thought.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VALUES {{!}} CSKM Public School |url=https://www.cskm.com/acdValues.php |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.cskm.com}}</ref>

== Streams ==
The school offers three streams: [[Science]], [[Commerce]], and [[Humanities]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stream & Subject, Career Choices after 10+2 |url=https://www.cskm.com/career.php |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.cskm.com}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The school is equipped with various facilities, including activity rooms, an auditorium, AV room, banquet hall, library, Computer Science labs, counselling centre, dining hall, internet access, language labs, lecture theaters, open-air theaters, Psychology lab, reference library, science laboratory, self-learning centre, seminar halls, Smart classes, staff rooms, basketball courts, badminton courts, lawn tennis courts, cricket ground, football ground, and table tennis courts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PROSPECTUS |url=https://www.cskm.com/admissionForms/CSKM%20PROSPECTUS.pdf}}</ref>

Additionally, the school provides boarding facilities for both boys and girls, with many teachers residing on campus to ensure the well-being and supervision of the students throughout the day.<ref name=":0" />

== Sports ==
The school has sports facilities, including four basketball courts, three tennis courts, two volleyball courts, and two badminton courts. Additionally, students have access to cricket and football fields, an athletic track, and facilities for yoga, multi-gym workouts, table tennis, skating, and taekwondo. The school also features a swimming pool and a splash pool for aquatic activities. Students benefit from specialized coaching provided by the Peninsula Tennis Academy, further enhancing their skills and abilities in various sports disciplines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best School in games & sports {{!}} CSKM Public School |url=https://www.cskm.com/actSports.php |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.cskm.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CSKM School |url=https://www.gwsportsapp.in/delhi-ncr/cricket/booking-sports-online-venue/cskm-school-chhatarpur |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=GW Sports App |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Sanjay Bhoi]] - Politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Bhoi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BARGARH(ORISSA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=790 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
*Hafiz Khan - Actor<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kakar |first=Javed Hamim |date=2016-02-23 |title=Actor Hafiz Khan wants Afghanistan to shine through his acting in Bollywood |url=https://pajhwok.com/2016/02/23/actor-hafiz-khan-wants-afghanistan-shine-through-his-acting-bollywood/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*Sunil Mansingh - Journalist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-09 |title=Delhi school events: CSKM Public school conducts investiture function |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/delhi-school-events-cskm-public-school-conducts-investiture-function-101615271041989.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*Hitender Hari - Judge<ref name=":1" />
*Priya Shekhar - Judge<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=CSKM School{{!}} Best School in Chhattarpur, New Delhi {{!}} Admission Open-Academic Year 2024-25 |url=https://www.cskm.com/school-admission-2023-2024.php |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.cskm.com}}</ref>
*Khushboo Singh - Actor<ref name=":1" />
*Niraj Bahadur Shahi - Police officer<ref name=":1" />
*[[Naresh Mohan]] Jha - Government official<ref name=":2" />
*[[Saurabh Raj Jain]] - TV actor{{cn|date=February 2024}}
*Ved Pal - Politician<ref name=":2" />
*Sanjay Kumar - District Magistrate<ref name=":2" />
*[[Amrit Abhijat]] - IAS officer<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.cskm.com/ Official website]

[[Category:CBSE Delhi]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Delhi]]

Telangana tunnel collapse

2026-02-22T19:59:14Z

KennyReveley866: created some details basic info - done

{{update|date=March 2025}}
{{Short description|Tunnel collapse in Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox disaster
| date = {{start date|2025|02|22}}
| Location = Nagarkurnool, Telangana
| coordinates = {{Coord|16|6|34.92|N|78|53|12.44|E|display=inline,title}}
| cause = Tunnel collapse
| reported deaths = 2
| missing = 6
}}
On 22 February 2025, a significant tunnel collapse occurred in the [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]] district of [[Telangana]], [[India]], within the [[Srisailam Left Bank Canal|Srisailam Left Bank Canal (SLBC)]] project. The collapse trapped eight engineers and laborers inside the tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandrashekhar |first=B. |date=2025-03-15 |title=Telangana tunnel collapse {{!}} Rescue work continues to trace remaining seven persons trapped under debris |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-tunnel-collapse-rescue-work-continues-to-trace-remaining-seven-persons-trapped-under-debris/article69333226.ece#:~:text=The%20agencies%20involved%20in%20the,last%2050%20meters%20into%20three |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The bodies of two of the eight trapped workers had been recovered around a month after the tunnel collapse. Over 700 personnel from various agencies have engaged in the search and rescue operation,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Telangana tunnel collapse: Second body found as search continues for six others |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/telangana-tunnel-collapse-slbc-second-body-found-search-ongoing-for-six-missing-workers-2698581-2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> amid reports that all 8 trapped workers have been confirmed dead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-27 |title=Telangana Tunnel Collapse: All 8 Trapped Labourers Confirmed Dead – Sources |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/telangana-tunnel-collapse-all-8-trapped-labourers-confirmed-dead-sources-article-118606626 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-01 |title=Telangana tunnel collapse: All eight bodies found; official announcement soon |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/telangana/telangana-tunnel-collapse-5-workers-bodies-found-dead-174207 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
An agreement to build the SLBC tunnel was made in 2005 during the administration of late [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]. This is also World’s longest irrigation tunnel. It being constructed on the left bank of the [[Srisailam Reservoir]] in Telangana The tunnel would draw 30 tmc ft of water to irrigate 400,000 acres in [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]] and [[Khammam district|Khammam]] district.<ref name=":1" /> The tunnel would also provide drinking water to 516 villages that fall on the route.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=2025-05-06 |title=Months after roof collapse, Telangana tunnel project remains an uphill task |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/months-after-roof-collapse-telangana-tunnel-project-remains-an-uphill-task-101746472254584.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506074921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/months-after-roof-collapse-telangana-tunnel-project-remains-an-uphill-task-101746472254584.html |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Collapse ==
On the day of the accident, The Robbins Company, based in the USA and known for providing Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs), was leading the operations. Telangana Irrigation Minister [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]] quoted project manager Mr. Glen, stating that 70 personnel, including engineers, entered the tunnel as usual at 8 a.m. on Saturday, February 22, 2025.

“While a few personnel were at the front, the rest were further back. A small leak was noticed, which the site engineers considered not unusual. In large projects like this, these small leaks are common, and work typically continues,” Mr. Glen reportedly told the Minister.

However, disaster struck when a sudden surge of water and slush hit with such force that it pushed the machine backward, causing workers to flee for their lives. Eight individuals who were near the location of the sudden breach were unable to escape in time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-24 |title=Telangana tunnel collapse: All about world's longest irrigation tunnel in Telangana, a part of which collapsed trapping eight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-about-worlds-longest-irrigation-tunnel-in-telangana-a-part-of-which-collapsed-trapping-eight/article69257955.ece |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Search and rescue efforts ==
Immediately following the collapse, rescue operations were initiated by local authorities, involving over 700 personnel from various agencies. The efforts faced significant challenges due to the unstable geological conditions and the risk of further collapses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Second body found at Telangana tunnel collapse site, CM Revanth Reddy takes stock |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/second-body-found-at-telangana-tunnel-collapse-site-revanth-takes-stock-9904905/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325123025/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/second-body-found-at-telangana-tunnel-collapse-site-revanth-takes-stock-9904905/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A total of eight individuals—including engineers and labourers—were trapped in the Srisailam Left Bank Canal project tunnel when a portion of it collapsed on February 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zargar |first=Arshad R. |date=2025-02-26 |title=India tunnel collapse sparks race to find 8 trapped workers, but chances of survival deemed "very remote" - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-tunnel-collapse-telangana-trapped-workers-survival-chance-very-remote/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226114947/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-tunnel-collapse-telangana-trapped-workers-survival-chance-very-remote/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 March, rescue teams recovered the body of Gurpreet Singh, a tunnel-boring machine operator from Punjab, from the tunnel. On 25 March, the body of Manoj Kumar a project engineer from Uttar Pradesh was discovered approximately 50 metres from the conveyor belt during excavation with a mini excavator.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Operation intensified to trace six missing persons in Telangana tunnel |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/operation-intensified-to-trace-six-missing-persons-in-telangana-tunnel-961343 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063627/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/operation-intensified-to-trace-six-missing-persons-in-telangana-tunnel-961343 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

As of 9 April 2025, efforts are still on to restore the Loco train track reaching out to the roof collapse site in the SLBC tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SLBC Tunnel collapse: Rock Mechanics Institute scientists inspect site |url=https://telanganatoday.com/slbc-tunnel-collapse-rock-mechanics-institute-scientists-inspect-site |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410064142/https://telanganatoday.com/slbc-tunnel-collapse-rock-mechanics-institute-scientists-inspect-site |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 12 October 2025, only two bodies have been recovered, and the rest are presumed to be missing under the debris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-12 |title=Srisailam Left Bank tunnel faces delays as contractor JP Associates battles insolvency |url=https://telanganatoday.com/srisailam-left-bank-tunnel-faces-delays-as-contractor-jp-associates-battles-insolvency |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Telangana Chief Minister [[Revanth Reddy]] visited the collapse site to oversee the rescue operations and ensure that all necessary resources were being utilized. He announced an ex-gratia payment of ₹25 lakh to the families of the deceased workers and assured that the government would take all possible measures to rescue the remaining trapped workers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 30 Days Later, 2nd Body Of Telangana Tunnel Collapse Victim Located |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/over-30-days-later-2nd-body-of-telangana-tunnel-collapse-victim-located-8004668 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325095234/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/over-30-days-later-2nd-body-of-telangana-tunnel-collapse-victim-located-8004668 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most of the tunnel is completed with only 9.6 km stretch of tunnel being left to be drilled however due to the collapse the work has been halted temporarily. As of 6 May 2025 the bodies of 6 other victims still hasn't been recovered rescue work is ongoing a national-level technical expert committee has been formed to facilitate the resumption of the SLBC project as the project is important for the district according to N Uttam Kumar Reddy the state irrigation minister who said "We cannot abandon the project, as it is a long-standing aspiration of the people of Nalgonda district, and it will turn the region into a fertile green belt."<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[Uttarakhand tunnel rescue]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2025}}

[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Telangana]]
[[Category:Disasters in Telangana]]
[[Category:February 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Road tunnels in India]]
[[Category:Tunnel disasters]]
[[Category:Nagarkurnool district]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India]]

Greg Chappell

2026-02-17T13:32:40Z

KennyReveley866: Made Data...

{{short description|Australian cricketer (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Greg Chappell
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO|MBE|size=100}}
| image =
| fullname = Gregory Stephen Chappell
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Unley, South Australia]]
| height = 6 ft 1 in
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm [[fast bowling|medium]]
| family = [[Ian Chappell]] (brother) [[Trevor Chappell]] (brother) [[Vic Richardson]] (grandfather)
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batter]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1970-1984
| country = Australia
| testdebutdate = 11 December
| testdebutyear = 1970
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 251
| lasttestdate = 6 January
| lasttestyear = 1984
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 5 January
| odidebutyear = 1971
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 1
| lastodidate = 30 April
| lastodiyear = 1983
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| club3 = [[Queensland Bulls|Queensland]]
| year3 = 1973/74–1983/84
| club2 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year2 = 1968–1969
| club1 = [[Southern Redbacks|South Australia]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1966/67–1972/73}}
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 87
| runs1 = 7,110
| bat avg1 = 53.86
| 100s/50s1 = 24/31
| top score1 = 247[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 5,327
| wickets1 = 47
| bowl avg1 = 40.70
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/61
| catches/stumpings1 = 122/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 74
| runs2 = 2,331
| bat avg2 = 40.18
| 100s/50s2 = 3/14
| top score2 = 138[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 3,108
| wickets2 = 72
| bowl avg2 = 29.12
| fivefor2 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/15
| catches/stumpings2 = 23/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 321
| runs3 = 24,535
| bat avg3 = 52.20
| 100s/50s3 = 74/111
| top score3 = 247[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 20,926
| wickets3 = 291
| bowl avg3 = 29.95
| fivefor3 = 5
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 7/40
| catches/stumpings3 = 376/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 130
| runs4 = 3,948
| bat avg4 = 36.89
| 100s/50s4 = 4/27
| top score4 = 138[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 5,261
| wickets4 = 130
| bowl avg4 = 25.93
| fivefor4 = 2
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/15
| catches/stumpings4 = 54/1
| date = 14 November
| year = 2007
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|AUS}}}} 
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975 England]]|}}
| source = http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/4558.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Gregory Stephen Chappell''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO|MBE}} (born 7 August 1948) is a former [[cricket]]er who represented [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] at international level in both Tests and One-Day Internationals (ODI). The second of three brothers to play Test cricket, Chappell was the pre-eminent Australian batsman of his time who allied elegant stroke making to fierce concentration. An exceptional all round player who bowled medium pace and, at his retirement, held the world record for the most catches in Test cricket,<ref>Cashman, 1996, p. 102</ref> Chappell's career straddled two eras as the game moved toward a greater level of professionalism after the [[World Series Cricket|WSC]] schism.<ref>Haigh, Gideon (1993): ''The Cricket War – the Inside Story of Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket'', The Text Publishing Company. {{ISBN|1-86372-027-8}}. p 308.</ref> He was the vice captain of the Australian squad which finished as [[1975 Cricket World Cup final|runners-up]] at the [[1975 Cricket World Cup]].

Since his retirement as a player in 1984, Chappell has pursued various business and media interests as well as maintaining connections to professional cricket; he has been a [[List of cricket terms#S|selector]] for national and [[Queensland]] teams, a member of the [[Cricket Australia|Australian Cricket Board]], and a coach.

== Family and early life ==
Born in [[Unley, South Australia]], Chappell was the second of three sons born in Adelaide to Arthur Martin and Jeanne Ellen (née Richardson), a [[Cornish Australian]] family.<ref>''Wisden Cricketers Almanac 1973'', accessed at: http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/154520.html {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120708022209/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/154520.html |date=8 July 2012 }}</ref> He was steeped in the game from a very early age: his father Martin was a noted grade cricketer in Adelaide who put a bat in his hands as soon as he could walk, while his maternal grandfather was the all-round sportsman [[Vic Richardson]], who had captained Australia in Test cricket.<ref>Cashman (1996), pp 448–9.</ref> Elder brother [[Ian Chappell|Ian]] and younger brother [[Trevor Chappell|Trevor]] also played for Australia, and Greg closely followed in Ian's footsteps to the top. Given weekly lessons by coach Lynn Fuller,<ref>Chappell, Ian (1976): ''Chappelli'', Hutchinson. {{ISBN|0-09-130170-X}}. pp. 30–32</ref> the brothers fought out fierce [[backyard cricket]] matches, with no holds barred. The fraternal relationship between Ian and Greg became legendary in Australian cricketing history for volatile verbal slanging matches, even during hard fought Test matches, which had their genesis in the family backyard.<ref>Chappell (1976), pp 26–7.</ref>

Chappell attended St Leonards primary school, where he played his first competitive match at the age of eight;<ref>McGregor, Adrian (1985):''Greg Chappell'', Collins. {{ISBN|0-00-217485-5}}. p12</ref> he also played a lot of baseball. Quite small for his age, Chappell developed a technique for dealing with the high [[bouncing ball]] by playing most of his shots to the leg side.<ref>McGregor (1985), pp 13–14.</ref> Aged twelve, he hit his first centuries and was selected for the South Australian state schools team. He was then enrolled at Plympton high school for two years before following brother Ian and attending [[Prince Alfred College]] on a scholarship. Chappell recalled himself being an "economical" student whose mind often wandered to the cricket field during class.<ref name=school>{{cite news|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/messenger/sport/chappell-returns-to-the-schoolyard-to-see-next-crop-of-stars/news-story/2a4c419378cb843f024a2e5801564ddc|title=Chappell returns to the schoolyard to see next crop of stars|date=17 January 2013|first=Kym|last=Morgan|work=[[Adelaide Advertiser]]}}</ref> In the summer of 1964–65, Chappell suddenly grew ten centimetres in seven weeks and within twelve months had shot up to 189 cm. With this greater physical presence, Chappell was able to dominate schoolboy matches; in one of his matches for the school's First XI he scored a double ton and combined with classmate (and future Test teammate) [[Ashley Woodcock]] to put on more than 300 runs for the first wicket against [[Scotch College, Adelaide|Scotch College]].<ref name=school/> Chappell's cricket coach at Prince Alfred, former first-class player [[Chester Bennett (cricketer)|Chester Bennett]], described Chappell as "possibly the finest all-round schoolboy cricketer in my experience...he could go far in the game."

==Cricket career==
=== Early first-class career ===
The Chappell brothers played grade cricket for Glenelg and they batted together for the first time in a semi final against Port Adelaide in early 1966. Later that year, Ian was chosen for the Test tour to South Africa, which opened up a place in the South Australian team. Greg seized the opportunity by scoring 101*, 102* and 88 for his club, then made his first-class debut against Victoria at Adelaide Oval, aged 18.<ref>McGregor (1985), p 33.</ref> Hampered by a throat infection, Chappell still managed 53 and 62* to earn an extended trial in the team. The remainder of the season brought another 386 runs in 14 innings, including a maiden century against Queensland.<ref>McGregor (1985), p 36.</ref>

With the return of the Test players the following summer, Chappell held his place in the South Australian team and was promoted to the number four position, following brother Ian at number three. The highlight of Chappell's season was a brilliant 154 against [[Western Warriors|Western Australia]], but his continuing preference for leg side shots was seen as a weakness if he wanted to make Test cricket. During a brief dressing room encounter with the great [[Don Bradman]], then a state and national selector, Chappell was advised to change his grip on the bat in order to improve his off-side play. Without hesitation, Chappell made the recommended change and at season's end, wrote to the English county team [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]], asking for a contract to play county cricket to further his development.

During two seasons with the county, Chappell scored 2493 first-class runs at a moderate average of 30. Hitherto, Chappell bowled leg spin, but after his growth spurt had found it difficult to land the ball on a consistent length. The green pitches in England encouraged him to experiment with seam-up medium pace, which produced immediate results: he finished with 71 wickets for Somerset, including 7 for 40 against Yorkshire at Leeds in 1969. In his first season, he was capped by Somerset after belting the [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] attack for three hours in making 148. Shortly after was hit a severe blow to the eye when hooking at a bouncer from England fast bowler [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]] in a match against [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]. In between these stints in England, Chappell scored 707 runs (including two centuries) in the 1968–69 Australian season, which made him a favourite to break into the Australian squad for the [[Australian cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1969–70|tour of India and South Africa]]. His subsequent omission in favour of West Australian unknown [[Jock Irvine]] cause a sensation at the time.

=== Early test career (1970–1973) ===
Entering the 1969–70 season, Chappell hit four hundreds to earn a place on an Australian A trip to New Zealand. Scoring 519 runs at 57.70, he was the dominant batsman of the tour and with the Test team failing in South Africa,<ref>Cashman (1996), p 489.</ref> he only needed a solid start to the next season to force his way in to play against [[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|England in the 1970–71 Ashes Series]].<ref>McGregor (1985), pp 66–7.</ref> After acting as twelfth man in the first Test, he was selected to bat at number seven for the second match, the first Test played at [[Perth]]'s [[WACA ground]]. During an historic century on debut, he teamed with [[Ian Redpath]] to add 219 runs and haul Australia out of a difficult situation.<ref>''Wisden 1972'', accessed at: http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150243.html {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120711094549/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150243.html |date=11 July 2012 }}.</ref> Just days after the Test, he belted 102 in two hours against the English in a tour match. However, the dream start affected Chappell, who struggled for the rest of the series, apart from a score of 65 in the last Test.<ref name="McG_74">McGregor (1985), p 74.</ref> In the main, he was getting out by playing too many big shots early in his innings.<ref name="McG_74"/>

The inconsistent form continued the following season, when he was omitted from the Australian team for the [[Rest of the World XI cricket team in Australia in 1971-72|series with a Rest of the World XI]]. Press criticism led to a rethink of his mental approach, and when reinstated a new Chappell emerged. He invented what became known as the Chappell "vee" where he played the ball exclusively in a narrow arc between mid off and mid on until he felt he had his eye in.<ref>McGregor (1985), pp 81–3.</ref> This reorganisation brought him scores of 115* and 197* in the third and fourth unofficial Tests.

Chappell's new-found approach continued to yield results on the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1972|1972 Ashes tour of England]]. Going into the second Test at [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], Australia was down 1–0, after losing the first Test at [[Old Trafford]] by 89 runs. In a match that would be remembered for [[Bob Massie]]'s remarkable 16-wicket haul, Chappell's masterful 131 in Australia's first innings was a key component in squaring the series. Coming in after Australia had lost its first two wickets with only seven runs on the board, Chappell combined with older brother Ian to steady the innings. The pair put on 75 runs for the third wicket, with Chappell happy to hold down one end while Ian took charge of the scoring. Chappell would not score his first boundary until three hours into his innings, but thereafter the runs flowed. He managed to bring up a well-deserved century just before the close of play on Day Two, and batted for a further hour-and-a-half the next day before he was bowled by [[Basil D'Oliveira]]. He had batted for over six hours and hit 14 boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|first=Norman|last=Preston|author-link=Norman Preston|title=Second Test Match: ENGLAND v AUSTRALIA|work=Wisden Almanack 1973|access-date=23 August 2017|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152474.html|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213953/https://wisden.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chappell himself rated this his best innings, as did [[Richie Benaud]], who wrote:

<blockquote>...I thought it close to the most flawless innings I had seen and I still believe that to be the case. It was beautifully elegant with wonderfully executed strokes, great technique and it exhibited a deep knowledge of what was needed to square the series<ref>Benaud, 2005, p. 208</ref></blockquote>

His game went from strength to strength. In the fifth Test at the Oval, he hit another ton, sharing a big partnership with Ian as they became the first brothers to score Test centuries in the same innings.<ref name=autogenerated1>Cashman (1996), p 101.</ref> Against Pakistan he made 116* and 62 at Melbourne and bagged 5 for 61 at Sydney. On the subsequent trip to the West Indies, he achieved the rare feat of scoring a thousand runs on a Caribbean tour, which included 106 in the Test at Bridgetown, Barbados.

In recognition of his outstanding 1972 Ashes tour, Chappell was named, along with fellow Australians Bob Massie, [[Dennis Lillee]] and [[Keith Stackpole]], as one of the [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]] in 1973.

With the Australian team now undergoing a dramatic renaissance, Chappell was the leading batsman, giving him a huge national profile. This brought a lucrative offer to move to Brisbane and captain the Queensland team, as a precursor to taking over the Australian captaincy when Ian decided to retire. He made the move in the winter of 1973.

=== Move to Queensland (1973–1974) ===
The interest in his arrival in Queensland was enormous as he was expected to lead the state to its first [[Sheffield Shield]] title. Although Chappell gathered more than a thousand runs in the shield matches alone, Queensland was thwarted in the last match of the season by a devastating spell from young New South Wales fast bowler [[Jeff Thomson]]. Learning of the bowler's dissatisfaction with his home state, Chappell persuaded Thomson to move to Queensland for the following season. Chappell then departed for Australia's first Test-playing [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1973–74|tour of New Zealand]]. The Chappell brothers shattered records in the Wellington Test, as Ian and Greg scored centuries in both innings, the only such instance. Greg's effort of 380 runs in a Test match (247* and 133) remained a record until beaten by Graham Gooch in 1990.

Unfortunately for Chappell, his health was now blighted by recurring [[tonsillitis]] and he found it difficult to bat for long periods during the [[1974–75 Ashes series]]. He was the backbone of Australia's sometimes inconsistent batting, scoring 608 runs at 55.3. At Sydney, where Australia won to reclaim the Ashes, Chappell dominated with 84 and 144, which he followed up with a century in a losing cause in the sixth Test at Melbourne. At Perth, he broke the world record for a fielder by snaring seven catches. Ironically, his grandfather Vic Richardson was one of several players who held the old record of six. Chappell reluctantly had his tonsils removed, but he quickly lost a lot of weight which affected his performance on the tour of England that followed. He played in the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] (for what proved to be the only time), then made only one good score (73* at Lords) in the four Ashes Tests that followed.

=== Australian captain (1975–1977) ===
Sufficiently recovered, Chappell totally dominated the season of 1975–76, amassing a record 1547 first-class runs at an average of 85.9, with five centuries. Appointed as Australian captain, Chappell began with a century in each innings to win the first Test against the West Indies in his adopted home town of Brisbane. This performance was unique in Test cricket at the time (later replicated by [[Virat Kohli]] of India in 2014). He led the team to an overwhelming 5–1 win and the title of unofficial world champions. His personal highlight was a classic 182* in the Sydney Test.

The peak of Australia's form proved to be brief. The team lost a number of players to early retirement, mainly because remuneration was so poor. Chappell was able to parlay his position into a reasonable income with his Queensland contract and personal endorsements, but he still needed to develop business interests in life insurance outside the game. His leadership abilities were tested in the summer of 1976–77 as a number of new players were blooded and Jeff Thomson was laid low by long-term injury. Australia received much criticism for defensive play during a drawn series with Pakistan, but Chappell's form was faultless, and he scored 121 and 67 in the only Test victory. The tour to New Zealand that followed was similar; it was clear Australia was in a rebuilding phase. During the Test at Auckland, a [[Streaking|streaker]] appeared when Chappell was at the crease. Incensed by this new craze and the disruption that it caused, Chappell grabbed the man and hit his bare backside with the bat.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A9559678 |title=His name was Bruce McCulley |date=5 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207172715/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A9559678 |url-status=live }}</ref> When play resumed, the ensuing din from the incident caused Chappell to mis-hear his partner's call for a run, and he found himself run out.<ref>McGregor (1985), p 141.</ref> For once, the Chappell concentration had been broken. But the most significant occurrence of this match occurred off-field: Chappell was approached to sign with a proposed break away competition, later to be known as [[World Series Cricket]] (WSC).<ref name="Haigh_42">[[Gideon Haigh]],''The Cricket War'', Text Publishing 1993. {{ISBN|1-86372-027-8}}. p 42.</ref>

Chappell formally signed a WSC contract the following month, during the [[Centenary Test]],<ref name="Haigh_42"/> a one-off match against England commemorating one hundred years of Test cricket.<ref>Harte (1993), p 580-1.</ref> He was offered the most lucrative WSC contract in line with his age and high profile as captain of Australia.<ref>McGregor (1985), p 144-5.</ref> Chappell led Australia to a dramatic victory. Some of his players felt that he struggled to cope with the pressure of captaincy during the tense England run chase on the final day,<ref>Lillee, Dennis (2003): ''Lillee – an Autobiography'', Hodder. {{ISBN|0-7553-1231-7}}. p 150.</ref> when Australia won a dramatic victory, due to by a marathon bowling spell from [[Dennis Lillee]]. But Lillee's absence for the forthcoming tour of England would hamper Chappell's campaign to retain the Ashes.<ref>Lillee (2003), p 130.</ref>

News of the WSC break away was leaked early in the tour,<ref>Haigh (1993), p 61.</ref> and Chappell quickly found himself besieged.<ref>McGregor (1985), p 149.</ref> Tour officials and administrators back home questioned his loyalty, journalists were constantly looking for comment, while non-WSC players in the squad accused him of bias in team selections.<ref>McGregor (1985), p 150.</ref> Leading an inexperienced team in often inclement weather sapped his confidence,<ref>Haigh (1993), p 79-80.</ref> while the English bowlers, knowing that he was the key wicket, constantly put him under pressure.<ref>[[Mike Brearley|Brearley, Mike]] & [[Dudley Doust|Doust, Dudley]] (1978): ''The Return of the Ashes'', Pelham Books Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7207-1066-9}}. See chapter 6 – "The Struggle Against Chappell", pp 42–55.</ref> After a brave 44 and 112 failed to save the second Test at Manchester, his form fell away and the team slipped to a 0–3 loss.

[[File:Greg Chappell Graph.png|left|thumb|350px|Greg Chappell's career performance graph.]] Chappell, who was a tremendous player of pace bowling, is regarded as one of the greatest batsmen ever to play for Australia.<ref name="Wisdenretro">Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1985, ''Chappell, Lillee and Marsh'', retrieved from [http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152299.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118085625/http://www1.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152299.html|date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="teamcentury">{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/88069.html | title=Chappell in Test Team of the Century | publisher=South Australian Cricket Association | date=19 January 2000 | access-date=4 November 2014 | archive-date=26 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526214036/https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/adi/N31401.3144895ESPNUS/B25815561.302087514;dc_ver=72.209;sz=970x66;u_sd=1;dc_adk=192106014;ord=0742j6;click=https%3A%2F%2Fadclick.g.doubleclick.net%2Fpcs%2Fclick%3Fxai%3DAKAOjsunFDizBnm3kJdP_ATWmNqHdxqLdTORsddiYo0Q3dacajrQ7xV-5l5_2P3TK1b7VFRAQvaQf6tDrpvegb7aJeEzOsVuZa6Mbqeck7MrLjegWL5dsvjMVTxBXKs5xIg8SGzLYnQFOZWoXei_QqyVw0C5izwkgIGvWplyE6DAFngX6nmAhUta7dlLhAvbuZwUpX5Fggu0CE1iIeaZBnpBLoU41q6ttcr0-atmSrVAKW2UVN6CqrPhd6Y5dGR2GaRNv54u_Lpkk0rtfT-cTJLWqlFmioumOCI91F5rJjjmtuQvWj_VMp_wbbZ9BsfRC6vwLw%26sig%3DCg0ArKJSzElAc58nYifqEAE%26fbs_aeid%3D%5Bgw_fbsaeid%5D%26urlfix%3D1%26adurl%3D;dc_rfl=2,https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fstory%2Fchappell-in-test-team-of-the-century-88069$0;xdt=0;crlt=jWlm(W(Pe3;osda=2;sttr=184;prcl=s | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Dickie Bird]], ''That's Out!'', p.63 {{ISBN|0-297-82527-5}}</ref> Although adept in all aspects of batting, he was especially noted as a strong player on the [[on side]] (or [[leg side]]) of the [[wicket]]. The English writer and commentator [[John Arlott]] wrote<ref>Greg Chappell and [[David Frith]], ''The Ashes '77'', Foreword {{ISBN|0-207-95792-4}}</ref> of him in 1977:{{cquote|He was – indeed, is – one of the three finest batsmen in the world; probably the best onside player of modern times; quick in reaction, superbly poised, an immaculate stylist.}}

=== World Series Cricket (1977–1979) ===
Chappell was happy for brother Ian to captain the WSC Australian team, which allowed him to concentrate on his batting.{{citation needed|date = November 2021}} In the first season of WSC, he scored 661 runs at an average of 60. The Australians struggled against the array of talented players assembled to represent the West Indian and World teams, and the emphasis on fast bowling destroyed the confidence of many batsmen, who took to wearing helmets for safety. Chappell eventually opted for a helmet with temple guards only – he never wore one with a grille. He never missed an opportunity to slip into a cap when facing medium pace or spin.

In the final "Supertest" of the first season, Chappell captained the Australian team as his brother had suffered a broken finger. After four losses in five matches, the Australians turned matters around, thanks to a magnificent 246* by Greg Chappell, the highest innings played during the existence of WSC. However, the constant fast bowling got to Chappell in the next season, and he managed to pass fifty in the Supertests just once. With a WSC tour of the West Indies looming, Chappell was diagnosed with [[Bell's Palsy]] and one side of his face was paralysed. Doctors and family advised him to miss the trip, but Chappell was determined to go and utilise a modified technique he had devised for facing the relentless fast bowling.

After a slow start, Chappell hit the richest vein of form in his career.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/4558.html |title=Greg Chappell. |publisher=Content-aus.cricinfo.com |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=2 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202220055/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/4558.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In quick succession, he scored 45 and 90 in Barbados, 7 and 150 in Trinidad, 113 in Guyana and finished his WSC career with 104 and 85 in Antigua, all scored against an attack of [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]], [[Michael Holding]], [[Colin Croft]] and [[Joel Garner]] on their home wickets.<ref>Haigh (1993), pp 287–9.</ref> Unfortunately for Chappell, WSC matches are not included in official statistics as he scored five hundreds in 14 Supertests and a total of 1,415 runs at 56.6 average.<ref>See Haigh (1993). The appendix section has a comprehensive statistical section for the WSC matches</ref> In all, he missed 24 Test matches during his exile from official cricket.

=== Post-WSC years (1979–1984) ===
When WSC players rejoined official cricket for 1979–80, there was plenty of debate over the Australian captaincy. Chappell was the far from unanimous choice,<ref>Martin-Jenkins, Christopher (1980): ''Cricket Contest 1979–80 – the Post-Packer Tests'', Queen Anne Press. {{ISBN|0-354-04507-5}}. p 17.</ref> but led the Test team in twin series, against England (won 3–0) and West Indies (lost 0–2), and the first triangular ODI series where Australia failed to reach the final. It was a mixed bag of results and the programming came in for some criticism.<ref>Martin-Jenkins (1980), pp 130–4.</ref> Chappell led by example in scoring 74 and 124 in the Brisbane Test against the West Indies in his comeback to Test cricket. His 98* guided Australia to victory over England at Sydney, then 114 and 40* extracted a similar result at Melbourne. While he averaged 44 with the bat and claimed seven wickets in the ODIs, a constant shuffling of positions ensured an uneven Australian performance.<ref>Martin-Jenkins (1980), pp 16–8.</ref>

Despite protesting the strenuous nature of the players' workload in this new era, Chappell found himself leading the team to Pakistan two weeks after the end of the Australian season.<ref>McGregor (1985), p 181.</ref> Pakistan narrowly won the first Test, then prepared featherbed wickets for the remaining two matches.<ref>Lillee (2003), p 159-160.</ref> At Faisalabad, Chappell made 235 and as a protest at the pitch, allowed all eleven Australians to have a bowl in Pakistan's innings – the first time this had happened in a Test since 1884.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/298194.html |title=The best strike rate, and 153 consecutive Tests |publisher=Content-aus.cricinfo.com |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=6 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206222617/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/298194.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia lost the series 0–1. Later in the year, Australia played a second Centenary Test, this time to commemorate the first Test played in England, and the match (played at Lords) ended in a draw due to poor weather. One of only four players who played both matches,<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Chappell scored 47 and 59, but his best remembered contribution to the match was an attempted citizen's arrest (along with England captain [[Ian Botham]]) of an MCC member who attacked one of the umpires in a very ill-tempered scene.<ref>Botham, Ian (1994): ''Botham: My Autobiography'', Collins Willow. {{ISBN|0-00-218316-1}}. p 105.</ref>

The 1980–81 season brought another three-way competition, this time with New Zealand and India. In the Tests, Australia had a convincing win over the Kiwis, but was held to a drawn series against India. Chappell was in good form throughout the summer, but managed only two international centuries. The first came at Sydney in an ODI against New Zealand, when Chappell set a then record Australian score of 138*. Early in the new year, on the same ground, he played his first Test against India. Despite suffering a bad stomach upset, Chappell hit 204, an innings described by ''Wisden'' as "masterly".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153035.html |title= Wisden: The Independent Voice of Cricket. Live Cricket Scores, News, Fixtures|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=Content-aus.cricinfo.com |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712192009/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153035.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this season is best remembered for the triangular ODI series, specifically the third of the best of five finals series, played in Melbourne on 1 February 1981 (See [[#Underarm controversy]], below).

Chappell experienced his only extended run of poor form during the 1981–82 Australian season, which featured Test and One Day matches against the West Indies and Pakistan. His 201 in the second test of the season, against Pakistan, was his only score of note and he registered seven ducks in total in the international matches, including four consecutive ducks spread across two Test matches and two One Day matches. Chappell's average in the Test matches was 30.6 (13.6 without the double century) and his average in the One Day matches was 17.7.

From 1981 onwards, Chappell did not make himself available for most overseas tours. Thus [[Kim Hughes]] was captain for the 1981 and 1982 tours of England and Pakistan respectively, before Chappell was returned the captaincy for the Australian summers of 1981–82 and 1982–83. Chappell retired as captain in 1983, playing his last test series (1983–84) under Hughes as captain.

===Summary===

Chappell was batsman of the [[One Day International|ODI]] team concurrently with his Test captaincy, registering 21 wins and 25 losses from 49 matches; all but four of these matches were after the end of World Series Cricket, and Chappell never captained Australia in a [[Cricket World Cup]] tournament. His batting exploits in ODIs were not quite of the same magnitude as his Test match career, but he did hold the Australian record single-innings score (138 not against New Zealand in 1980<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/benson-hedges-world-series-cup-1980-81-60812/australia-vs-new-zealand-2nd-match-65301/full-scorecard |title=Benson & Hedges World Series Cup, 2nd match: Australia v New Zealand |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213955/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/benson-hedges-world-series-cup-1980-81-60812/australia-vs-new-zealand-2nd-match-65301/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>) for more than ten years. His ODI captaincy career is most commonly remembered for the "underarm" incident in 1981 (see [[#Controversies|below]]).

Chappell played his last Test match in January 1984, making 182 in his final innings. Thus, Chappell became the first Test batsman in history to score centuries in both his first and last Test innings. Of all the Test batsmen who have retired since 1974 and scored more than 2,000 Test runs, Chappell's Test batting average of 53.86 is the third highest, behind Kumar Sangakkara (57.41) and Jacques Kallis (55.37). And if Chappell's batting average in Kerry Packer's "Supertests" (the hardest cricket Chappell says he ever played) were added to his test record, his overall average would be 54.30

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Greg Chappell's Captaincy Record'''
! Season !! Opponent !! Played !! Won !! Lost !! Drawn
|-
| 1975–76 || West Indies(home) || 6 || 5 || 1 || 0
|-
| 1976–77 || Pakistan (home) || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| 1976–77 || New Zealand (away) || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 1976–77 || England (home) || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| 1977 || England (away) || 5 || 0 || 3 || 2
|-
| 1979–80 || West Indies (home) || 3 || 0 || 2 || 1
|-
| 1979–80 || England (home) || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-
| 1979–80 || Pakistan (away) || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 1980 || England (away) || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 1980–81 || New Zealand (home) || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1
|-
| 1980–81 || India (home) || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| 1981–82 || Pakistan (home) || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0
|-
| 1981–82 || West Indies (home) || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| 1981–82 || New Zealand (away) || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| 1982–83 || England (home) || 5 || 2 || 1 || 2
|-
| 1982–83 || Sri Lanka (away) || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| || '''Total''' || '''48''' || '''21''' || '''13''' || '''14'''
|}

==Controversies==

===Underarm bowling incident===
{{main|Underarm bowling incident of 1981}}

Chappell instigated the underarm bowling incident in the New Zealand–Australia [[One Day International]] on 1 February 1981. With the series tied at 1–1, Australia looked to have gained the upper hand by batting first and setting New Zealand a chase of 235 runs. Undisciplined bowling and fielding by the Australians, and a great innings from Kiwi opener Bruce Edgar, left a target of 15 runs needed with one over to play. Chappell's younger brother, Trevor, a batting all-rounder who specialised in bowling at the end of an innings, delivered the final over. From the first five balls, Trevor Chappell took two for 8, leaving the new batsman ([[Brian McKechnie]]) to score a six to tie the game.

At this point, Greg Chappell intervened, telling his brother to deliver the ball along the ground (i.e. underarm) and informing the umpire to let the batsman know of the change of bowling style. Despite the protestations of wicketkeeper [[Rod Marsh]], the ball was delivered and the batsman simply put his bat in front of the ball to stop. He then hurled his bat away. A large crowd of 50,000 – mostly Australian – loudly booed the Australian team from the field. The New Zealand Prime Minister [[Rob Muldoon]] said it was "the most disgusting incident I can recall in the history of cricket", the Australian Prime Minister [[Malcolm Fraser]] said it was "contrary to the traditions of the game", and the Chappells' decision was universally condemned.<ref>[http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2005/07/knight.html Underarm bowling and Australia-New Zealand trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227193611/http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2005/07/knight.html |date=27 December 2006 }}, by John Knight of the University of Otago</ref> Both brothers have since expressed regret and embarrassment over the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/25-years-along-kiwi-bat-sees-funnier-side-of-it/2006/01/22/1137864806682.html|title=25 years along, Kiwi bat sees funnier side of it|author=Swanton, Will|date=23 January 2006|location=Melbourne|work=The Age|access-date=9 December 2006|archive-date=15 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515125507/http://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/25-years-along-kiwi-bat-sees-funnier-side-of-it/2006/01/22/1137864806682.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2004/s1035164.htm|title=Underarm incident was a cry for help: Greg Chappell|date=30 January 2004|author=Knight, Ben|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=9 December 2006|archive-date=11 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511093107/http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2004/s1035164.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ganguly controversy ===
{{main|Chappell Ganguly controversy}}
Chappell's first overseas tour as the coach of the [[India national cricket team|Indian team]] was to Zimbabwe in September 2005. [[Sourav Ganguly]], the Indian captain, scored a century in the first Test match and later alleged that coach Chappell had asked him to step down as captain on the eve of the game. This was widely covered by the Indian media. Ganguly was later dropped from the Indian cricket team by the selectors on the grounds of poor form, but many in the media suggested his omission was influenced by the previous row with Chappell.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/6250454.stm |title=Ganguly back in the limelight |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=16 July 2007 |access-date=29 October 2009 |first=Jamie |last=Lillywhite |archive-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008132903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/6250454.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Book on Rahul Dravid===

In his book, Chappell gave rise to fresh controversy by claiming that [[Rahul Dravid]] as captain didn't receive the kind of support he gave to other captains and his success was not enjoyed by some of his teammates.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Rahul-Dravids-success-wasnt-universally-enjoyed-by-the-team-Greg-Chappell/articleshow/14688976.cms | title=Rahul Dravid's success wasn't universally enjoyed by the team: Greg Chappell | date=5 July 2012 | work=The Times of India | access-date=5 July 2012 | archive-date=5 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705182344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Rahul-Dravids-success-wasnt-universally-enjoyed-by-the-team-Greg-Chappell/articleshow/14688976.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Post-retirement==
===Selector===
====Australian selector 1984–88====
Shortly after Chappell retired from cricket he was appointed [[Australian cricket selectors|selector for the Australian team]] and also became a member of the [[Australian Cricket Board]]. This was a time of rebuilding for the national team, with many players lost through retirement and the [[South African rebel tours]]. He resigned from both positions in mid-1988, before the Australian team revived but by which time many key players in that revival had been selected, including [[David Boon]], [[Geoff Marsh]], [[Merv Hughes]] and [[Steve Waugh]].

The decisions made by the panel when Chappell was a selector included encouraging [[Kim Hughes]] to resign, not selecting Hughes for the 1985 Ashes, trying [[Wayne B. Phillips|Wayne Phillips]], [[Greg Dyer]] and [[Tim Zoehrer]] as wicket-keepers, and fast-tracking [[Craig McDermott]] and [[Ian Healy]] into the national team.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/473798.html |title=Greg Chappell returns to selection table |date=23 August 2010 |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

====Australian selector 2010–11====
Chappell was made a selector of the Australian national team on 29 October 2010, replacing [[Merv Hughes]]. The "Argus Review" led to Chappell, along with selector [[Andrew Hilditch]] and coach [[Tim Nielsen]], being sacked in August 2011.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-greg-chappell-andrew-hilditch-sacked-out-of-cricket-australia-players-rejoice-1577481 Greg Chappell, Andrew Hilditch sacked out of Cricket Australia, players rejoice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174511/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-greg-chappell-andrew-hilditch-sacked-out-of-cricket-australia-players-rejoice-1577481 |date=6 January 2018 }}, [[DNA India]], 19 August 2011</ref> It emerged at the time that Chappell was banned from the Australian dressing room at the request of the players.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/cricket/players-ban-chappell-from-dressingroom/story-e6frepmo-1226117732281|title=Australian players ban Greg Chappell from dressing room|first=Malcolm|last=Conn|work=[[The Courier-Mail]]|date=19 August 2011}}</ref>

===Coach===
====South Australian coach====
From the late 1990s Chappell coached [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia]] for five seasons during which time the team failed to win a single trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/111151.html |title=Chappell to stay on as Redbacks coach |date=16 April 2002 |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

====Pakistan consultant====

In 2004, he fulfilled a consultancy role for [[Pakistani national cricket team|Pakistan's National Cricket Academy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/139342.html |title=PCB hires Greg Chappell as consultant |date=30 May 2004 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref>

====Indian coach====
In May 2005, he was appointed coach of the [[Indian national cricket team]] for a two-year term until the World Cup 2007. He earned about US$175,000 as salary from the BCCI every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/209732.html |title=The bottom line |date=21 May 2005 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref>

This role was the subject of negative public and media commentary,<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/270046.html Politicians turn up the heat on Chappell]. ESPNcricinfo. 27 November 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiancricketteam.in/the-famous-coaches-of-indian-cricket-team.html |title=Famous Coaches of Indian Team |publisher=indiancricketteam.in |access-date=29 October 2009 |archive-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907072716/http://www.indiancricketteam.in/the-famous-coaches-of-indian-cricket-team.html |url-status=live }}</ref> for his tinkering with the batting lineup and his coaching methods. Several senior Indian players criticised Chappell's methods, including [[Virender Sehwag]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], and [[Zaheer Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/news/it-was-tough-time-under-chappell-zaheer/38472-13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224125900/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/it-was-tough-time-under-chappell-zaheer/38472-13.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2009 |title=It was tough time under Chappell: Zaheer |publisher=Cricketnext.in.com |date=21 February 2009 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> His coaching and methods came into question as India crashed out of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] in the first round, the first time since the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]], leading to Chappell's resignation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketworldcuplatest.com/news/india-coach-greg-chappells-resignation-draws-mixed-111216.html |title=India Coach Greg Chappell's Resignation Draws Mixed Response |publisher=Cricketworldcuplatest.com |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019042227/http://www.cricketworldcuplatest.com/news/india-coach-greg-chappells-resignation-draws-mixed-111216.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketworldcuplatest.com/news/india-coach-greg-chappell-faces-axe-after-poor-sho-11816.html |title=India Coach Greg Chappell Faces Axe After Poor Showing By India in the World Cup |publisher=Cricketworldcuplatest.com |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019042242/http://www.cricketworldcuplatest.com/news/india-coach-greg-chappell-faces-axe-after-poor-sho-11816.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Other====
Chappell has served as an academy coach for the [[Rajasthan Royals]], and was hired as the All Stars Coach for the 2008 Twenty20 match against Australia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Will Swanton |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/cricket/chappell-to-guide-twenty20-all-stars/story-e6frey50-1111117953242 |title=Greg Chappell to guide Twenty20 All Stars |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 November 2008 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> He also serves as the executive coach for a series of Cricket Summer Camps in the United States as part of Chappell Way.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1888pressrelease.com/cricket-legend-greg-chappell-s-coaching-is-now-available-to-pr-13ieu6u31.html |title=Cricket Legend Greg Chappell's Coaching Is Now Available To All Indians by The Flea |publisher=1888pressrelease.com |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=20 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122141211/http://www.1888pressrelease.com/cricket-legend-greg-chappell-s-coaching-is-now-available-to-pr-13ieu6u31.html |archive-date=22 November 2008}}</ref>

===Commentator===

Chappell has worked as a cricket commentator for both Channel 9 and ABC radio.

==Personal life==
During the early part of his career, since being a cricketer was not yet a full-time profession, Chappell worked in a variety of jobs, including at a life assurance firm, an oil company, and as a promotions officer with Coca-Cola bottlers in Adelaide.<ref>{{cite web|first=Richie|last=Benaud|author-link=Richie Benaud|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154520.html|title=Cricketer of the Year 1973: GREG CHAPPELL|access-date=23 August 2017|work=Wisden Cricketers Almanack 1973|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823171300/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154520.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He married Judith Elizabeth Donaldson, a schoolteacher from [[Bexley, New South Wales|Bexley]] in [[New South Wales]], in 1971.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43739622 |title=CRICKETER'S LOVELY BRIDE |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] |volume=39 |issue=27 |location=Australia |date=1 December 1971 |access-date=23 August 2017 |page=3 (People and Fashion) |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213956/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/43739622 |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple had three children: older son [[Stephen Chappell|Stephen]] was born in 1975, daughter Belinda was born in 1977 just before Chappell's departure for the 1977 Ashes tour,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44560249 |title=Belinda Judith joins the Chappell team |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] |volume=44 |issue=49 |location=Australia |date=11 May 1977 |access-date=23 August 2017 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213957/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44560249 |url-status=live }}</ref> and younger son Jonathan was born in 1980. From an early age, Jonathan chose to pursue baseball, which his father and uncle had also played during their childhood,<ref>{{cite news|date=1 August 2002|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/31/1027926915691.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|title=Different ballgame for Chappell jnr|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823163325/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/31/1027926915691.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and played [[Minor League Baseball]] from 2004 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=chappe001jon |title=Jonathan Chappell Minor & Independent Leagues Statistics & History |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162047/https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=chappe001jon |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chappell is a [[Veganism|vegan]].<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-05-27/chappell-goes-in-to-bat-for-vegans/1581386 "Chappell goes in to bat for vegans"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028043100/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-05-27/chappell-goes-in-to-bat-for-vegans/1581386 |date=28 October 2016 }}. ABC News. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1222237/are-more-cricketers-turning-vegetarian-and-vegan "Are more cricketers turning vegetarian and vegan?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622093936/https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1222237/are-more-cricketers-turning-vegetarian-and-vegan |date=22 June 2020 }}. The Cricket Monthly. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Chappell was appointed [[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]] in the [[1979 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mr Gregory Stephen CHAPPELL|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1087844|access-date=2021-01-25|website=It's An Honour|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131131304/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1087844|url-status=live}}</ref> He was made an [[Order of Australia|Officer of the Order of Australia]] in the [[2021 Australia Day Honours]] for "distinguished service to cricket as a leading player, captain, coach and administrator at the elite level, and to a range of charitable foundations".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mr Gregory CHAPPELL MBE|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2008273|access-date=2021-01-25|website=It's An Honour|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131114341/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2008273|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chappell was inducted into the [[Sport Australia Hall of Fame]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahof.org.au/hall-of-fame-member/greg-chappell/|title=Greg Chappell|publisher=Sport Australia Hall of Fame|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026012453/https://sahof.org.au/hall-of-fame-member/greg-chappell/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2002, he was inducted into the [[Australian Cricket Hall of Fame]].

==See also==
* [[List of international cricket centuries by Greg Chappell]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Benaud|first=Richie|author-link=Richie Benaud|year=2005|title=My Spin on Cricket|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780340833933|url-access=registration|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton Ltd]]|isbn=0-340-83393-9}}
*{{cite book |year=1997|editor1-last=Cashman|editor1-first=Richard|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-553575-8}}
*{{cite book|title=Fierce Focus|first1=Malcolm|last1=Knox|first2=Greg|last2=Chappell|author-link1=Malcolm Knox|location=[[Richmond, Victoria]]|publisher=Hardie Grant|year=2011|isbn=978-1742702360}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Greg Chappell}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{cricinfo|id=4558}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822050903/http://www.prettyclip.com/play.php?video_id=2CfefvXHyUw Watch Greg Chappell hit a century on debut in 1970] (black & white footage)

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|title=Highest Australian runscorer in ODI cricket
|years=1977–1985
|after=[[Allan Border]] |
}}
{{succession box
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|title=Indian cricket team coach
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chappell, Greg}}
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Mubarak Ali Khan

2026-02-16T19:37:30Z

KennyReveley866: New...

{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mubarak Ali Khan
| title = Mutamid ul-Mulk (Guardian of the country) Mubarak ud-Daulah (Auspicious of the state) Firuz Jang (Victor in war)
| image = Mubaraq ud-Daulah.jpg
| caption =
| succession = [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar]]
| reign = 21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793
| coronation = 26 March 1770 (12 years old)
| full name =
| birth_date = 11 December 1759
| birth_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1793|9|6|1759|12|11|df=y}}
| death_place = Murshidabad, Bengal, British India
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| predecessor = [[Ashraf Ali Khan]]
| successor = [[Baber Ali Khan]]
| spouse =
| issue = 12 sons and 15 daughters
| royal house =
| dynasty = Najafi
| father = [[Mir Jafar]]
| mother = Babbu Begum
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=The History of Bengal |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up |volume=II |orig-date=1948 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7646-239-6 |page=224 |quote=The climax of the movement was reached after [[Murshid Quli Khan]] had established in Bengal what was practically a [[Shia]] dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of that [[Shia Islamic beliefs and practices|creed]].}}</ref><ref name="Rieck2016">{{cite book |last=Rieck |first=Andreas |title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061320-4 |page=3 |quote=From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757, Bengal was ruled by [[Shia]] governors appointed by the Mughals but de facto almost independent. Since that time huge [[Husayniyya|imâmbârgâhs]] were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of [[Mourning of Muharram|'azâdârî]] by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns like Murshidabad and Hoogly, which also attracted many [[Shia clergy|Shia 'ulamâ']] from both India and Iran.}}</ref>
| signature =
}}

'''Sayyid Mubarak Ali Khan''' ({{langx|bn|মুবারক আলী খান}}; 1759 – 6 September 1793), better known as '''Mubarak ud-Daulah''' (spelled also as: '''Mubarak ud-Daula'''), was the [[Nawab of Bengal]] and [[Bihar]]. He was the son of [[Mir Jafar]] and Babbu Begum.

He ascended the throne on 21 March 1770 after his half-brother, [[Ashraf Ali Khan]]'s death on 10 March 1770. Mubarak Ali Khan was succeeded by his son, [[Babar Ali Khan]] after his death on 6 September 1793.

==Life==

===Early years===
[[File:Mubarak ud-Daula Nawab of Murshidabad.jpg|thumb|left|Mubarak ud-Daula Nawab of Murshidabad]]
Nawab Nazim Mubarak Ali Khan, better known as Mubarak ud-Daulah was the son of [[Mir Jafar]] by Babbu Begum. He succeeded his half brother, [[Ashraf Ali Khan]], at the age of 12 years, after Ashraf Ali Khan's death on 24 March 1770. [[Warren Hastings]] appointed Mubarak ud-Daulah's stepmother, [[Munni Begum (noble)|Munny Begum]], his guardian though, his mother Babbu Begum was alive. The reason that why the guardianship was not given Babbu Begum has never been satisfactorily explained.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

===Later years===
[[File:Nawab Mubarak al-Daula of Murshidabad (1770-93) enthroned in durbar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Nawab Nazim Mubarak ud-Daulah (enthroned) with his son, [[Baber Ali Khan]] in the Nawab's ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]'' with [[British Resident]], [[Sir John D'Oyly, 6th Baronet|Sir John Hadley]]. Inscribed on the back in ink and pencil is: 'Nabob's Durbar and reception of the English Resident at Morshedabad'.]]

In 1790, the Queen of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]], asked, through [[Lord Cornwallis]], for one of Nawab Mubarak ud-Daulah's daughters in marriage with her son. The Nawab rejected the offer in the following terms, in a letter to Lord Cornwallis:

''Please request the Queen to pass over the matter. I cannot, by any means, accede to the proposal. there are many obstacles in the matter. Moreover, there is a longstanding usage in my family, that our daughters can never be given in marriage to any one other than Sayyids. If I act contrary to this, my family custom, I shall be ruined. At all events, my mother and I cannot accept the offer.'' 
—Nawab Nazim Mubarak ud-Daulah of Bengal

Although, the Nawab, then had 13 daughters, and to some extent regarded himself as a servant of the Emperor, he, for family reasons, did not allow the marriage of one of the 13 with even such an honourable prince as the Prince of [[Delhi]].

===Death and succession===
[[File:MubarakAliKhan.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Mubarak Ali Khan at [[Jafarganj Cemetery]].]]
Nawab Nazim Mubarak ud-Daulah died on 6 September 1793. He was succeeded by his son, [[Baber Ali Khan]] after his death.

==Marriage==

===Principal wives===
The following are the principal wives of Nawab Nazim Mubarak Ali Khan:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Marriage Place
! scope="col" | Marriage Date
! scope="col" | Parent/Other
! scope="col" | Other names
! scope="col" | Birth
! scope="col" | Birth Place
! scope="col" | Death
! scope="col" | Death Place
! scope="col" | Burial Place
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | (Unknown)
| Murshidabad Fort
| November 1770
| Father: Muhammad Fazl Ali Khan Bahadur Uncle: Sayyid Muhammad Reza Khan ([[Naib|Naib Nazim]] of [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]])
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
|-
! scope="row" | Faiz-un-nisa Walida Begum
| N.A.
| N.A.
|Father: Fazlullah Khan Mother: Nadira Begum Maternal Grandfather: Mirza Hafizullah Khan
| N.A.
| 1756
| N.A.
| 30 December 1820
| [[Murshidabad]]
| [[Jafarganj Cemetery]]
| She was a ''Gaddinashin Begum''.
|-
! scope="row" | Jahan Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
|-
! scope="row" | Amir-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
|}

===Mut‘ah wives===
The following are the [[Nikah mut‘ah|mut‘ah]] wives of Nawab Nazim Mubarak Ali Khan:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Other names
! scope="col" | Death
! scope="col" | Death Place
|-
! scope="row" | Sharaf-un-nisa Khanum
| N.A.
| Before December 1833
| [[Murshidabad]]
|-
! scope="row" | Mubarak-un-nisa Khanum
| Nawab Bai
| N.A.
| N.A.
|-
! scope="row" | Lutf-un-nisa Khanum
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
|-
! scope="row" | Bunnu Khanum
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
|-
! scope="row" | Brij Mahal Bakhsh
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
|-
! scope="row" | Adda Kunwar
| N.A.
| 14 April 1838
| [[Murshidabad]]
|}

==Children==
The following is the list of the children of Nawab Nazim Mubarak Ali Khan:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Other names
! scope="col" | Birth
! scope="col" | Birth Place
! scope="col" | Death
! scope="col" | Death Place
! scope="col" | Spouse
! scope="col" | Mother
! scope="col" | Sex
|-
! scope="row" | [[Baber Ali Khan|Sayyid Baber Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 28 April 1810
| N.A.
| Babbu Begum Sahiba and 1 more.
| Faiz-un-nisa Begum
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Abdul Qasim Khan Bahadur
| Mir Mungli
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 30 September 1830
| [[Murshidabad]]
| Izzat-un-nisa, Guhan, Sultan Qajah Sari, and Mul Jan
| Sharaf-un-nisa
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Husain Ali Khan Bahadur
| Mukram ul-Mulk Iftiqar ud-Daulah Firuz Jang
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 31 August 1810
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| Nawab Bai
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Mir Mehndi
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| February 1826
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| Lutf-un-nisa Khanum
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Tamiz Abidin Ali Khan Bahadur
| Najam ul-Mulk Roshan ud-Daulah Nasir Jang
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 9 September 1840
| Rajabazar Deori, [[Murshidabad]]
| (Unknown)
| (Unknown)
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Mir Muhammad Ali Khan Bahadur
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| Before 20 June 1827
| (Unknown)
| (Unknown)
| Mubarak-un-nisa Khanum
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zainal Abidin Ali Khan|Sayyid Zainal-Abidin Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| February 1826
| [[Murshidabad]]
| (Unknown)
| Sharaf-un-nisa
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Abdul Husain Ali Khan Bahadur
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| Lutf-un-nisa Khanum
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Zulfikar Ali Khan Bahadur
| Nawab Jan Zulfikar ud-Daulah
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 12 November 1840
| [[Murshidabad]]
| (Unknown)
| Nawab Bai
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Nasir-ud-din Haidar Khan Bahadur
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 23 May 1821
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Ali Reza Khan Bahadur
| Maulvi Sahib
| N.A.
| N.A.
| June 1813
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Sayyid Ahmed Ali Khan Bahadur
| Mir Mughal Sahib
| N.A.
| N.A.
| June 1816
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Boy
|-
! scope="row" | Zinat-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| Sharaf-un-nisa Khanum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Hayat-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| Rabia Begum
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Mubarak-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| Before 5 May 1827
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| Faiz-un-nisa Walida Begum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Badr-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 13 September 1856
| [[Dacca]]
| N.A.
| Faiz-un-nisa Walida Begum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Lutf-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| Sahibzadi Begum
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 18 August 1846
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| Faiz-un-nisa Walida Begum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Said-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Dudur-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Afzal-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| Lutf-un-nisa Khanum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Fakhr-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Rahim-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 17 December 1844
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| Lutf-un-nisa Khanum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Jigri-Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 13 January 1859
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| Mubarak-un-nisa Khanum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Saleh-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| Moti Begum
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| Amin ul-Mulk, Sarfaraz ud-Daulah, Sayyid Daud Ali Khan Bahadur, son of Mumtaz ud-Daulah, Sayyid Abdul Qasim Khan Bahadur, bu his wife, Moti Begum.
| Faiz-un-nisa Walida Begum
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Nur-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| 25 June 1846
| [[Murshidabad]]
| N.A.
| (Unknown)
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Umdat-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| mursidabad.
| 10 November 1842
| (Rajmahal, Jharkhand)
| Sayyid Talib Husain khan Bahadur, son of Mumtaz-ud-Daulah, Sayyid Abdul Qasim Khan Bahadur of ''Raj Mahal'' (Royal Palace).
| Brij Mahal Bakhsh
| Girl
|-
! scope="row" | Wahid-un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| N.A.
| Girl
|}

==See also==
* [[Nawabs of Bengal]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mubarak-ud-daulla.htm Site dedicated to Nawab Nazim Mubarak Ali Khan, better known as Mubarak ud-Daulah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009060540/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mubarak-ud-daulla.htm |date=9 October 2012 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||1759|September 6,|1793}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Ashraf Ali Khan]]
}}
{{s-ttl
|title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]
| years = 21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Baber Ali Khan]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mubarak Ali}}
[[Category:1759 births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

Rajesh Munat

2026-02-14T05:36:54Z

KennyReveley866:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Rajesh Munat
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|04|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mahasamund]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| residence = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]

| office = [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Minister]] of Public Works Department, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| successor = [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
| predecessor = [[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
| term_start = 9 December 2013
| term_end = 11 December 2018

| successor1 = [[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
| predecessor1 = Tarun Chatterjee
| term_start1 = 9 December 2003
| term_end1 = 11 December 2008

| office2 = [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Minister]] of Transport, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| successor2 = Mohammad Akbar
| predecessor2 = [[Hemchand Yadav]]
| term_start2 = 9 December 2008
| term_end2 = 11 December 2018
| office3 = [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Minister]] of Housing and Environment, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| successor3 = Mohammad Akbar
| predecessor3 =
| term_start3 = 9 December 2008
| term_end3 = 11 December 2018

| office4 = [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Minister]] of Urban Administration, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| successor4 = [[Amar Agrawal]]
| predecessor4 = [[Amar Agrawal]]
| term_start4 = 9 December 2008
| term_end4 = 11 December 2013

| office5 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 3 December 2023
| term_end5 =
| constituency5 = [[Raipur City West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur City West]]
| predecessor5 = [[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|successor5 =
| successor6 = [[Vikas Upadhyay]]
| predecessor6 = ''Constituency Established''
| term_start6 = 2008
| term_end6 = 2018
| constituency6 = [[Raipur City West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur City West]]

| successor7 = Nand Kumar Sahu
| predecessor7 = Tarun Chatterjee
| term_start7 = 2003
| term_end7 = 2008
| constituency7 = [[Raipur|Raipur Rural]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sadhana Munat
| children = Roshni Munat, Ravish Munat
| website = {{url|rajeshmunat.in}}
}}

'''Rajesh Munat''' (born 28 April 1963) is an Indian politician and former PWD and cabinet minister of [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/raipur-rural.html |title=Raipur Rural Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Raipur Rural, Chhattisgarh |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/raipur-city-west.html |title=Raipur City West Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Raipur City West, Chhattisgarh |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Polls 2003 Winners, Chhattisgarh Assembly Elections Results 2003 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/assemblypoll08/chhattisgarh_result.php |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Munat may contest for Raipur Mayor's post |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=28 October 2014 |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/munat-may-contest-for-raipur-mayors-post.html |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Munat was elected to [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] in 2003 by defeating then PWD minister Tarun Chatterjee by a margin of 38,000 votes and became PWD minister in [[Raman Singh]]'s Cabinet. He got an additional charge from the Ministry of School Education. After winning [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008 Assembly election]], he became Minister of Urban Administration, Transport and Housing. Again, he remained Minister of Transport and Housing along with PWD from year 2013 to 2019.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rajeshmunat.in/ Rajesh Munat official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munat, Rajesh}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:People from Mahasamund]]
[[Category:People from Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Public Works Department ministers of Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Howrah–Barddhaman main line

2026-02-06T08:28:44Z

KennyReveley866: Added Some Entry W/ Sources!

{{Short description|Railway route in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Howrah–Barddhaman main line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Konnagar Railway Station.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Konnagar is an important station in the route.
| type =
| system = [[Commuter rail]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]
| end = [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman]]
| stations = 34
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1854
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|108|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 4
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = 1958 with 25 kV AC
| speed = up to 130 km/ h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Howrah–Barddhaman main line|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Howrah–Barddhaman main line''' is a broad-gauge railway line connecting [[Howrah station|Howrah]] and [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman]] via [[Bandel railway station|Bandel]]. The {{convert|107|km}} railway line operates in [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Barddhaman]] districts in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is part of the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] which was formed on 1 June 1845, planned to construct a line from Howrah to Delhi. After surveys, construction began in 1851.

Howrah station was a tin shed and to reach it from Kolkata one had to cross the [[Hooghly River]] in a ferry. On 15 August 1854, the first passenger train in the eastern section was operated up to [[Hooghly railway station]], {{convert|39|km}} away. On 1 February 1855 the first train ran from Howrah to [[Raniganj railway station|Raniganj]], {{convert|195|km}} from Howrah.

===Access to Howrah station===
A pontoon bridge was built across the [[Hooghly River]] in 1874 to provide easy access to Howrah Station, and in 1943 the cantilever [[Howrah Bridge]], later renamed Rabindra Setu, was built.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/ | title = Bridge Highlights | access-date = 2011-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111118055642/http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/ | archive-date = 18 November 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[File:First Train of East Indian Railway-1854.jpg|thumb|left|350px|First train of the East Indian Railway, 1854]]
[[File:EMU at Bandel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Howrah-bound EMU train leaving Bandel Jn.]]

===Other routes===
The [[Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line]] was constructed in 1885, and the [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord|Howrah–Barddhaman chord line]], a shorter link to Barddhaman, was constructed in 1917.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher=Rail India | access-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref> (See route diagram for Sheoraphuli-Tarakeswar Line with this page also).

With the construction of the [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]] in 1887 across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], railway lines on the eastern side of the Hooghly were linked to the main line at [[Bandel]]. In 1932, the Calcutta chord line was built over the [[Vivekananda Setu|Willingdon Bridge]] joining [[Dum Dum]] with [[Dankuni]].

In 1913, the Hooghly–Katwa Railway constructed a line from [[Bandel railway station|Bandel]] to Katwa, and the Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa Railway constructed the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]].(See route diagram for the Bandel–Katwa line with this page).

The railway track was extended to [[Belur Math]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-13/kolkata/27209535_1_rail-link-belur-math-rail-service | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-13/kolkata/27209535_1_rail-link-belur-math-rail-service | url-status= dead | archive-date= 2013-06-16 | title= New rail link to Belur Math from August 16| access-date=2011-11-18 | work= [[The Times of India]] | date=2003-08-13}}</ref>

In 2021, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the third line between Rasulpur and Magra of this route to reduce the congestion of the trains in this route.

==Electrification==
The line was electrified in 1957 using [[3000 V DC]] traction. It was later converted to [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] traction in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=The Local Train Service Serving Millions Of Passengers Daily: Kolkata Suburban Railway - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/the-local-train-service-serving-millions-of-passengers-daily-kolkata-suburban-railway/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=metrorailnews.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Tracks==
There are 5 tracks between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], 3 tracks between Bally and [[Serampore]], 4 tracks between [[Serampore]] and {{stnlnk|Seoraphuli Junction}}, 3 tracks between Seoraphuli Junction and {{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}} and 3 tracks between {{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Saktigarh}} and from [[Saktigarh railway station|Saktigarh]] up to [[Barddhaman]] Junction 4 tracks.
This line uses automatic block signalling <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,721,733,755 |title = Howrah Division Operating Department| publisher= Eastern Railway| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>

==Loco and car sheds==
Howrah has a diesel and an electric loco shed. Both of them rank among the largest in India. The diesel loco shed houses WDM-2, WDM-3(A, B and D), WDP-4D and WDS-6 locos. Some WDS-4 are also occasionally seen shunting alongside the regular WDS-6 ones. The electric loco shed houses WAP-4 and WAP-7 locos. Commissioned in 2001, it is one of the largest WAP-4 sheds in Indian Railways. There used to be a time when, 60% of the shed was occupied by WAP-4 alone. It is also growing in stature as it can also now handle large no. of locos of one of the premier passenger WORKHORSE locos of India...i.e.WAP-7.it currently holds ownership of more than 30+ WAP-7 locos. It has facilities for handling 100+ locos. Some of these, like WAM-4 and WAG-5 are borrowed in temporarily from the Asansol electric loco shed, The main hub for handling WAM and WAG types (except WAG-9., whose ownership resides with Howrah shed ). The Howrah electric loco shed has a very detailed planning of the infrastructure that allows it to hold and maintain its own locos as well as locos from other sheds. There is a diesel loco shed at Bamangachi with WDM-2(not more than 7 generally ), WDS-4 and WDS-6(some of them being diesel hydraulic shunters). Barddhaman has a diesel loco shed with WDG-3(A and B), WDM-6(generally a couple of them), WDM-2 and WDM-3(A, B, D) locos. It can handle 35+ locos. There is a diesel loco shed at Liluah and an [[Electrical multiple unit]] (EMU) car shed at Howrah and [[Bandel]]. Liluah Carriage & Wagon Workshop maintains coaches and freight wagons.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>

Tikiapara Coaching Depot maintains 22 primary base trains and 6 round trip trains. Total coach holding capacity is 744 coaches. It handles prestigious trains like Rajdhani Express and Duronto Express. The Coaching Depot is under Howrah Division, Eastern Railway. Barddhaman Coaching & Wagon Depot can maintain four passenger trains, including one DEMU rake. It has a capacity of holding 71 coaches.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1336385288075-C&W%20HWH%20OVER%20VIEW%20MAY%2712.pdf |title = Carriage and Wagon / Howrah Division| publisher = Indian Railways| access-date = 11 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Speed limits==
The Howrah–Barddhaman main line is classified as 'B' class line where trains can run at up to 130 km per hour .<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html |title=Permanent Way| work= Track Classifications|access-date=2012-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Howrah topics}}
{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Barddhaman main line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Main railway lines of India]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Arknath Chaudhary

2026-02-05T04:12:41Z

KennyReveley866: creating the stub w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Indian scholar of Sanskrit|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2017}}

'''Arknath Chaudhary''' is an Indian scholar of [[Sanskrit]]. He served [[Central Sanskrit University]] as Director and [[Shree Somnath Sanskrit University]], Veraval, [[Gujarat]] as [[Chancellor (education)|Vice-Chancellor]].
[[File:Arknath Chaudhary.jpg|thumb|303x303px|Professor Arknath Chaudhary]]

==Career==
Chaudhary is a specialist in Sanskrit [[Vyakaran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sa.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D|title=व्याकरणमहाभाष्यम् - विकिपुस्तकानि|publisher=}}</ref>

He served three campuses of [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] as Principal.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Chaudhary comes from Rudrapur village in the [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]] state in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maithilijindabaad.com/?p=1830|title=१६म विश्व संस्कृत सम्मेलन - बैंकाक मे मैथिल विद्वान् प्रो. डा. अर्कनाथ चौधरी - मैथिली जिन्दाबाद - मैथिली जिन्दाबाद|date=28 June 2015 |publisher=}}</ref> He served several organizations in [[Jharkhand]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]a, [[Himachal Pradesh]], Punjab, Maharasthra, Gujarat and [[Rajasthan]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Chaudhary spent a lengthy tenure with Rasthriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Jaipur where he joined as lecturer and was promoted to Professor and Principal. He was given charge of Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Mumbai and Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Lucknow later. He organized the biggest Sanskrit conference in association with the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of HRD]], [[Government of India|Govt. of India]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

== Education ==
Chaudhary is an [[Acharya]] in [[:hi:संस्कृत व्याकरण|Vyakararan]] and MA in Darshan Shashtra. He was university topper in Darshan Shashtra.

==Publications==
He has written over 21 books filling more than 8,000 pages, and published 35 research papers on the subjects of [[Sanskrit grammar|Vyakaran]], [[Dasa sahitya|Sahitya]], [[Hindu philosophy|Darshan]], [[Tantra]] and [[Vedas|Ved]].

Some of the popular titles published by Dr. Chaudhary are:
* [[Varadarāja|Laghu Siddhant Kaumudi]] vyakhya
* Madhya Siddhant Kaumudi vyakhya
* Vaiyakaran Kaumudi vyakhya
* Meghadootam (Translation)
* Nitishatakam
* Tarkbhasha
* Tarksangrah
* Lalita Sahasranamw
* Nighantu Shabdkosh

==Awards and recognition==
* Sanskrit Shiksha, awarded by Governor of Rajasthan, on behalf of MHRD, Govt. of Rajasthan in July 2012
* Veereshwar Shashtri Vyakaran Samman, awarded by Chief Minister, Rajasthan, on behalf of Rajasthan Sanskrit Academy
* Shiksha Ratna Award, awarded by Governor of Gujarat, on behalf of Akashdeep Group of Schools and Colleges
* Shashtra Mahodadhi Award, by Vedic Sanskriti Sangh, Jaipur
* Nimbark Sanskriti Award, awarded by Education Minister, Govt. of Rajasthan, on behalf of Hariseva Sanskrit Samiti, Bhilwara

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info/|title=Home|website=shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info}}
* {{cite web|url=http://shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info/index.php/staff-corner|title=Staff Corner|website=shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/experts-pitch-for-skillbased-education/article8270296.ece|title=Experts pitch for skill-based education|first=Prakash|last=Kamat| website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 February 2016 |publisher=}}
* {{cite web|title= Sardar Patel University VALLABH VIDYANAGAR SENATE |url= https://www.spuvvn.edu/governing_bodies/senate/Final%20Senate%20Member%20List(05-08-16).pdf |accessdate= 30 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-13749880.html |title= देश में मिथिला की एक अलग पहचान : प्रो. अर्कनाथ 13749880|website=www.jagran.com}}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-MAT-latest-jaipur-news-032028-2263973-NOR.html |title= जयपुर के प्रो. अर्कनाथ चौधरी सोमनाथ संस्कृत विवि में कुलपति नियुक्त |date= 16 July 2015 |publisher=}}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/sampurnanand-sanskrit-university-35-convocation-hindi-news-1-2143913/ |title= कौशल विकास से जुड़े संकृत, पाठ्यक्रम में भी बदलाव की आवश्यकता: प्रो. अर्कनाथ चौधरी |website= www.patrika.com|date= 24 December 2017 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-governer-in-sampoornanand-sanskrit-university-deekshant-17252978.html |title= शैक्षणिक गुणवत्ता और अनुसंधान पर विशेष कार्य की जरूरत |website= www.jagran.com}}
* {{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-minister-exhorts-pupils-to-learn-sanskrit/articleshow/63071320.cms |title= Former minister exhorts pupils to learn Sanskrit |website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date= 26 February 2018 }}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info/|title=Home|website=shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info}}
* {{cite web|url=http://shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info/index.php/staff-corner|title=Staff Corner|website=shreesomnathsanskrituniversity.info}}
* {{cite web|title=Caudharī, Arkanātha|url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n98-924474/ |accessdate=30 May 2017|publisher=WorldCat Identities}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/annual_report/2009_10/annual04.pdf|title=YUVA MAHOTSAVA (27th-29th November, 2009)|accessdate=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032838/http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/annual_report/2009_10/annual04.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://rsksjaipur.ac.in/vyakaran.aspx|title=RSKS Jaipur Campus|website=rsksjaipur.ac.in}}
* {{cite web|url=http://rskslucknowcampus.org/committee.html|title=RSkS Lucknow Campus/Authorities|website=rskslucknowcampus.org|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035453/http://rskslucknowcampus.org/committee.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/News/2016/Pramukh-Swami-Maharaj-Dwaram-Shilanyas-Somnath-Sanskrut-University-9347.aspx|title='Pramukh Swami Maharaj Dwaram' Shilanyas, Somnath Sanskrut University|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1816/city053|title=The Assam Tribune Online|first=TI|last=Trade|website=www.assamtribune.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/04/03/smriti-irani-visits-somnath-mandir-in-gujarat/|title=Smriti Irani visits Somnath Mandir in Gujarat|date=3 April 2016|website=DeshGujarat}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160311/jsp/jharkhand/story_73870.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312101355/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160311/jsp/jharkhand/story_73870.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2016|title=Kalidasa comes alive in Sanskrit seminar|publisher=}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/ujjain/58th-akhil-bharatiya-kalidas-samaroh-inaugurated-kalidasas-creations-are-replete-with-sympathy-for-human-being-sensibility-towards-nature-says-governor/970016|title=58th Akhil Bharatiya Kalidas Samaroh Inaugurated: Kalidasa's creations are replete with sympathy for human being, sensibility towards nature, says Governor - Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/experts-pitch-for-skillbased-education/article8270296.ece|title=Experts pitch for skill-based education|first=Prakash|last=Kamat| website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 February 2016 |publisher=}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Arknath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]