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Rashmeet Kaur

2026-05-08T16:58:57Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{Short description|Indian singer-songwriter (born 1994)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rashmeet Kaur
| image = Rashmeet K. (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|03|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]
| genre = [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]], [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]], [[Sufi music|sufi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|song writer|Bollywood playback|actor}}
| instrument = Vocals, [[harmonium]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| label = {{hlist|[[Sony Music]]|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]|[[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]|[[Times Music]]|[[Tips Industries|Tips]]}} [[Kalamkaar]]
| website = {{official website|http://Rashmeetkaurworld.com}}
}}

'''Rashmeet Kaur''' (born 8 March 1994)<ref name=":52"/> is an Indian singer, composer, and songwriter known for her songs "Nadiyon Paar" from the film [[Roohi (2021 film)|''Roohi'']], "Jadi Buti", and "Ishq Nachaawe" from the film ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-12-13 |title=COVER STORY: Rashmeet Kaur Unleashes 'KAURA' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rashmeet-kaur-debut-album-kaura/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Chokita |date=2023-12-14 |title=Way of the world with Rashmeet Kaur |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Dec/14/way-of-the-world-with-rashmeet-kaur-55961.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rashmeet Kaur was born in [[Punjab]], India, in 1994 and raised in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Remix & match |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/remix-match-585804# |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> At the age of six, she began learning and performing [[Sikh music|Gurmat Sangeet]] (Sikh devotional music) from her mother.<ref name=":02" /> She received her [[Indian classical music]] training at [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, New Delhi|Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]] in Delhi<ref name=":02" /> and learned Gurmat Sangeet from her teacher Jasvinder Kaur.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Exclusive Interview: Rashmeet Kaur On Her Debut Album 'Kaura' & The Vision Behind Her Brand 'Kauraverse' – Culture Haze |url=https://culturehaze.com/exclusive-interview-rashmeet-kaur-on-her-debut-album-kaura-her-vision-behind-her-brand-kauraverse/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> During her college days, she formed a band and started performing in the city and got exposed to the live music industry.<ref name=":32"/>

== Career ==

=== 2011-2015: Career beginnings ===
Rashmeet began her career in 2011 by co-singing and touring with Bollywood singers.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=In pics: Thumkeshwari singer Rashmeet Kaur's journey, from Sa Re Ga Ma Pa to Khatron Ke Khiladi 13 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-in-pics-thumkeshwari-singer-rashmeet-kaur-s-journey-from-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-to-khatron-ke-khiladi-13-3042380 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2012, she appeared as one of the contestants on the singing reality show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":02" /> In 2013, she participated in the fourth season of the Punjabi singing competition series ''[[Voice of Punjab]]''. She was one of the top 10 contestants on the show.<ref name=":52" /> She rose to fame for appearing as a contestant in ''[[Asia's Singing Superstar]]'' (2015).<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":2" />

=== 2016-2021: Kalamkaar and mainstream recognition ===
Rashmeet lent her vocals to the movie ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]'' in 2017, singing the Punjabi folk song "Heer".<ref name=":52" /> In 2018, Rashmeet participated in ''[[The Remix (TV series)|The Remix]]'', an [[Amazon Prime]] original music competition judged by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Amit Trivedi]], and [[Nucleya]]. The show featured 10 episodes where 10 teams competed against each other. Rashmeet was paired with Su Real.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-05 |title=The Remix winner Rashmeet Kaur: Bonding with Su Real helped us win the show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/the-remix-winner-rashmeet-kaur-su-real-5163732/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She won the competition after competing in the finale against Sreerama Chandra-Candice Redding and Thomson Andrews-NSG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-02 |title=Exclusive: Rashmeet Kaur and Su Real win The Remix |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-remix-winners-rashmeet-kaur-dj-su-real-5160081/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> This led to her bagging some collaborations with [[Nucleya]] on his album ''Tota Myna''.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-06 |title=Singer Rashmeet Kaur on staying connected to her musical roots, finding inspiration in folk music and poetry |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/singer-rashmeet-kaur-on-staying-connected-to-her-musical-roots-finding-inspiration-in-folk-music-and-poetry-9081721.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Kaur signed with rapper [[Raftaar]]'s label Kalamkaar, which was founded in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Rapper Raftaar's Kalamkaar family {{!}} SBS Originals|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/meet-rapper-raftaar-s-kalamkaar-family-sbs-originals-1520512|website=[[ABP News]]|date=2022-03-19|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref> Her first single "Maati Ki Gudiya" was released in the year 2018. The song was an initiative to raise awareness on [[Child marriage in India|Child Marriages]] happening in India and was included in her EP, ''Musafir'', which released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘I’d rather wait than join the mob’: Rashmeet Kaur |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-i-d-rather-wait-than-join-the-mob-rashmeet-kaur-2774349 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> ''Musafir'' featured four songs, that were fusion takes on the poetry of [[Bulleh Shah]] and [[Shah Hussain]].<ref name=":62" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=Rashmeet Kaur: It’s my responsibility as an artiste to take forward the legacy of Indian folk music |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/rashmeet-kaur-it-s-my-responsibility-as-an-artiste-to-take-forward-the-legacy-of-indian-folk-music-101666358684851.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The EP's live rendition, whose track, "Faqeeran" became a commercial hit, was released in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Faqeeran’ Is The Throbbing, Emotional Heartbeat Of Rashmeet Kaur’s 'Musafir Live' Sessions|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/faqeeran-is-the-throbbing-emotional-heartbeat-of-rashmeet-kaurs-musafir-live-sessions|website=Homegrown|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|last=Drishya}}</ref> Rashmeet released her debut album, a religious album, ''Manjh Muhabbat Teri'' in November 2020.

Her song "[[Music Is the Weapon|Jadi Buti]]", a collaboration with [[Major Lazer]], [[Diplo]], and [[Nucleya]] for their album ''[[Music Is the Weapon]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bass with class |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2020/11/06/bass-with-class.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> became a major hit and was later nominated for the [[Grammy Awards]].<ref name=":92" />

Her 2021 collaboration with labelmate Raftaar, "Ghana Kasoota", became a widespread commercial success, with the music video featuring [[Surbhi Jyoti]], garnering over 160 million views on YouTube as of January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rapper Raftaar talks about his latest number Ghana Kasoota and working with Rashmeet Kaur|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/Nov/25/rapper-raftaar-talks-about-his-latest-number-ghana-kasoota-and-working-with-rashmeet-kaur-37261.html|website=Indulgexpress|date=2021-11-25|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Reshmi|last=Chakravorty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Raftaar comes up with new party song 'Ghana Kasoota'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/raftaar-comes-up-with-new-party-song-ghana-kasoota20211111141257/|website=[[ANI News]]|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref> She rose to fame for recreating the popular Punjabi folk songs "[[Bajre da sitta (song)|Bajre Da Sitta]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Bajre Da Sitta singers Rashmeet Kaur, Deep Kalsi commit to preserve folk music |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/bajre-da-sitta-singers-rashmeet-kaur-deep-kalsi-commit-to-preserve-folk-music-101628351105355.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> "Buhe Bariyan", "Ik Meri Aakh Kashni", and "Nadiyon Paar",<ref name=":52" /> which is a recreated version of singer [[Shamur]]’s popular 2008 track "Let The Music Play".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=Janhvi Kapoor calls for encore |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/janhvi-kapoor-calls-for-encore-23162016 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoors smouldering dance in Nadiyon Paar song from Roohi is too hot to handle! Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/janhvi-kapoors-smouldering-dance-in-nadiyon-paar-song-from-roohi-is-too-hot-to-handle-watch-2345390.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> This song was featured in [[Hardik Mehta]]'s 2021 comedy-horror film ''[[Roohi (2021 film)|Roohi]]'', starring [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], and [[Varun Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Director Hardik Mehta: Stree paved the way for Roohi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/director-hardik-mehta-stree-paved-the-way-for-roohi-7191001/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was released on March 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=BAJRE DA SITTA |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/rashmeet-kaurdeep-kalsiikka-bajre-da-sitta/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2023-present: Sophomore album, contribution to film soundtracks and international collaborations ===
In 2023, Rashmeet appeared on the TV reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 13]]'', which was filmed in South Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tagat|first=Anurag|date=2023-12-13|title=COVER STORY: Rashmeet Kaur Unleashes 'KAURA'|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rashmeet-kaur-debut-album-kaura/|access-date=2024-07-27|website=[[Rolling Stone India]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-08-24 |title=Premiere: Rashmeet, C-Mart, Gaz Mawete and Konstantin Reinfeld Make Afrobeat-Inspired 'Cherie Coco' Song |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rashmeet-kaur-cherie-coco-song-c-mart-gaz-mawete-konstantin-reinfeld/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

She further contributed to Hindi film soundtracks "Thumkeshwari" from ''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]'', "Janiye" from ''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]'', and "Ishq Nachaawe", which she composed and sung for the film ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]'' alongside rapper [[Yashraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Tune in to a surprise reprise of ‘Ishq Nachaawe’ by Adarsh Gourav |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/listen-to-reprised-version-of-ishq-nachaawe-from-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-by-adarsh-gourav-and-rashmeet-kaur/cid/1996977 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> Her song "Jee Karda" for the [[Jee Karda|eponymous television series]] received a nomination for a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Rashmeet collaborated with singer-songwriter C-Mart (aka Chukwuma Martin Okoye), Congolese artist [[Gaz Mawete]], and Germany-based producer Konstantin Reinfeld on the song "Cherie Coco".<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-08-24 |title=Premiere: Rashmeet, C-Mart, Gaz Mawete and Konstantin Reinfeld Make Afrobeat-Inspired 'Cherie Coco' Song |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rashmeet-kaur-cherie-coco-song-c-mart-gaz-mawete-konstantin-reinfeld/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> In the same year, Rashmeet teamed up with [[Khanvict]] and [[Raaginder]] for the track "Devotion" which was part of the [[Extended play|EP]] ''Arrival''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chawla |first=Noor Anand |date=2023-11-19 |title=New track ‘Devotion’ brings three talented musicians together |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/featured/new-track-devotion-brings-three-talented-musicians-together |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indulge |first=Team |date=2023-10-26 |title=Artistes Khanvict, Raaginder, and Rashmeet Kaur fuse genres in Devotion, track from upcoming EP, Arrival |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Oct/26/uk-artists-khanvict-raaginder-and-rashmeet-kaur-fuse-genres-in-devotion-track-from-upcoming-ep-a-54530.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

On January 11, 2024, Rashmeet released her new album, ''Kaura'', featuring 12 songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Music {{!}} Kaur competency |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240318-music-kaur-competency-2512574-2024-03-09 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She collaborated with 10 producers and over 30 artists to create the collection. Aaryaman Trivedi of ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'' wrote in his review of the album, "Kaur’s unmatched vocal abilities have catapulted her to the top of her league, with this album being an attempt to shift gears into newer regions."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-01-05 |title=Rashmeet Kaur Drops Tracklist for 'KAURA' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rashmeet-kaur-kaura-album-tracklist-seedhe-maut-simiran-kaur-dhadli/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Rashmeet Kaur's Rich Vocal Ability Outshines Production Hiccups on 'KAURA'|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rashmeet-kaur-kaura-album-review/|website=Rolling Stone India|date=2024-01-11|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en-US|first=Aaryaman|last=Trivedi}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* The title song for the Amazon Prime Video series ''[[Jee Karda]]'', sung by Rashmeet, received a nomination for the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards 2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for 67th Wolf777News Filmfare Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/nominations |website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref>''<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>''
* Zee Media National achievers award 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee National Achievers Awards 2023: From activist Laxmi Aggarwal to social media star Saloni Gaur, full list of awardees |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/photo-gallery-zee-national-achievers-awards-2023-activist-laxmi-aggarwal-social-media-star-saloni-gaur-full-list-of-awardees-3054591 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Her song "[[Music Is the Weapon|Jadi Buti]]" was a part of the [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] nominated album ''[[Music Is the Weapon]]''<ref name=":92"/>
* Clef award for Best electronic song for ''Oceana''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clef Music Awards |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/clefmusicawards/cma2023/winners.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=Rashmeet Kaur And Her Unrelenting Desire To Keep Creating Music |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/entertainment-news-rashmeet-kaur-the-more-you-expose-yourself-the-more-you-grow-as-an-artiste-news-395391 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
* Winner of [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon]]'s [[The Remix (TV series)|''The Remix'']] (2018)<ref name=":32"/>
* In 2017, she was awarded the [[Mirchi Music Awards]] (Bangla) in the category of Upcoming Female Voice of the Year<ref name=":32" />

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Language
!Composer(s)
!Co-Artist(s)
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Maati ki Gudiya
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Rashmeet Kaur, Nikhil Malhotra
|
|
|-
|Haalaat
|Rashmeet Kaur
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|Vyah Nai Karana
| rowspan="3" |Punjabi
|Nikhil Malhotra
|
|
|-
|Ik Meri
|Deep Kalsi
|
|
|-
|Sartaj
|Raftaar
|
|
|-
|Nayi Zindagi
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Rashmeet Kaur, Abhishek Nailwal
|Abhishek Nailwal
|
|-
|Koi Dekh Lega
|Kshitij Tarey
|Gurashish Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2020
|Tere Naal Laiyan
|Punjabi
|Rashmeet Kaur
|
|
|-
|Nahi Aaya
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|Rashmeet Kaur
|
|
|-
|Jadi Buti
|Major Lazer & Nucleya
|
|
|-
|Mask On
|Raftaar
|Raftaar, Karma, Yunan
|
|-
|Haan
|Raftaar
|Raftaar, Harjas
|
|-
|Tera Mera Saanjha
|Lakshay
|Suyyash Rai
|
|-
|Ik Baba
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|Rashmeet Kaur
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|Bajre da Sitta
|Deep Kalsi & Rashmeet Kaur
|
|
|-
|Bing Bing Boo
|Hindi
|Yashraj Mukhate
|Kisna, Yashraj Mukhate
|
|-
|Осеana
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|Rashmeet Kaur, Gurbax
|
|
|-
|Ghana Kasoota
|Raftaar
|
|
|-
|Saiyyonee
|Hindi
|Gourov Dasgupta
|Gaurav Dasgupta, Yasser Desai
|
|-
|Daru Hor Piyade
|Punjabi
|Harjas Harjaayi, Deep Kalsi
|Deep Kalsi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Kahan Hai Tu
|Hindi
|Huzaif Nazar & Hyder Dar
|
|
|-
|Fresh
|Punjabi
|
|
|
|-
|Mor
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|IKKA
|
|-
|Maiya Meri
|
|B. Ajaneesh Loknath
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2023
|Wine Am Go Low
|
|
|
|-
|Vibe Cute Badi
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|Akshay & IP
|IP Singh
|
|-
|Nikki Jehi sui
|Akshay & IP
|
|
|-
|Aja Sawariya
|Hindi
|Rusha & Blizza
|
|
|-
|Tere Bin Laage
|Punjabi
|Nikhil Chandrakant Kotibhaskar
|
|
|-
|Taqdeer
|Hindi
|Donn Bhat
|Prabh Deep, Sakur Khan Sufi, Lateeb Khan, Satar Khan
|
|-
|Stardust
|Punjabi
|Sachin – Jigar
|IP Singh
|
|-
|Dil Khanjjar
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|Rashmeet Kaur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-08-10 |title=Rashmeet Kaur Talks About 'Dil Khanjar' and Collaborating in Cape Town |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rashmeet-kaur-dil-khanjar-song-video-cape-town-interview/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Cherie Coco
|Rashmeet Kaur, C-mart
|C-Mart, Gaz Mawete
|
|-
|Devotion
|
|
|
|-
|Malaal
|Munawar, Charan
|Munawar Faruqui
|
|-
|Madhaniyan
|Punjabi
|Lijo George & Dj Chetas
|Rahul Vaidya & Asees Kaur
|
|-
|Teri Meri
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Kirat Gill
|Kirat Gill
|
|-
|Bedardi Balma
|Neel Dutt
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|Larhda
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|Baba
|
|
|-
|Mai Sutti Raiyaan
|Deep Jandu
|
|
|-
|Teri Teri
|Hindi
|Rashmeet Kaur & C-Mart
|C-Mart, Ice Prince, Konstantin Reinfeld
|
|-
|2025
|Behja
|Punjabi
|Rashmeet Kaur, Dhrruv Yogi
|Saurabh Lokhande
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Behja’ By Rashmeet Kaur: The Punjabi-Pop Hit You Need to Hear {{!}} Femina.in|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/behja-by-rashmeet-kaur-the-punjabi-pop-hit-you-need-to-hear-285672.html|website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Year
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Album/EP
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Track
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Composer(s)
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
| rowspan="4" |''Musafir''
|Kahaan
| rowspan="4" |Rashmeet Kaur
|
|-
|Aa Mil Yar
|
|-
|Musafir
|
|-
|Main Bulbul
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2020
| rowspan="6" |''Manjh Muhabbat Teri''
|Nadi Tarandari
|Jaswinder Kaur
|
|-
|Chaar Padarath
|Gurbani Sangeet Academy, Delhi
|
|-
|Har Har Naam Apaar Amoli
|Jaswinder Kaur
|
|-
|Jagat Main Jhoothi Dekhi Preet
|Rashmeet Kaur
|
|-
|Main Andhule Ki Tek
|Jaswinder Kaur
|
|-
|Tere Banke Loyen
|Ajit Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| rowspan="3" |''Kya Kariye''
|Lagan Lagi
| rowspan="3" |Rashmeet Kaur
|
|-
|Bulleya O
|
|-
|Tan Diyan
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2023
| rowspan="12" |''Kaura (Aura Of Kaur)<ref name=":822" />''
|Haye Ri Duniya
|Rashmeet Kaur, [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], Rusha & Blizza
|
|-
|Pyaar Ki Bahaar
|Rashmeet Kaur, [[Munawar Faruqui]]
|
|-
|Udd Jana
|Rashmeet Kaur, Wazir Patar, Dhrruv Yogi
|
|-
|Limitless Pyaar
|Rashmeet Kaur, Gurbax, Fateh
|
|-
|Bairi Piya
|Rashmeet Kaur, Farhan Khan
|
|-
|Chalo!!!
|Rashmeet Kaur, DVK
|
|-
|Sherni
|Rashmeet Kaur, Simran Kaur Dhadli
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-05-28 |title=Simiran Kaur Dhadli Talks New Song ‘Dupatta Drill’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/simiran-kaur-dhadli-interview-dupatta-drill-video/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Bediyan
|Rashmeet Kaur, Tracy De Sa, [[Reble]]
|
|-
|Rahaan
|Rashmeet Kaur, GD47, Hashbass
|
|-
|Mehenga
|Rashmeet Kaur, [[Seedhe Maut]], NDS
|
|-
|Bholay
|Rashmeet Kaur, Muhfaad
|
|-
|Fly So High
|Rashmeet Kaur, Arivu
|
|}
===Web-series songs===
* ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Video drops song 'Ding Dang' from Four More Shots Please S3|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/prime-video-drops-song-ding-dang-from-four-more-shots-please-s3-1503126992.html|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=2022-10-31|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|last=SNS}}</ref>
* ''[[Jee Karda]]'' (2023)
=== Hindi film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Year
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Film
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Song
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Composer(s)
! style="background:; text-align:center;" |Co-singer(s)
|-
|2017
! scope="row"|''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
|Heer
|Rashmeet Kaur
|
|-
|2021
! scope="row"|''[[Roohi (2021 film)|Roohi]]''
|Nadiyon Paar
| rowspan="2" |[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|Shamur, IP Singh, Sachin-Jigar
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
! scope="row"|''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]''
|Thumkeshwari
|[[Ash King]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Banaras (2022 film)|Banaras]]''
|Maiya Meri
|B. Ajaneesh Loknath
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
! scope="row"|''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]''
|Janiye
|colspan=2|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''
|Ishq Nachaawe<ref name=":822">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-05-02 |title=Adarsh Gourav: ‘Music Has Always Been a Part of My Life’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/adarsh-gourav-music-acting-alien-series-interview/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Rashmeet Kaur, Karan Kanchan
|[[Yashraj]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishq Nachaawe hitmaker Yashraj feels music made for Instagram reels 'sounds rushed'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ishq-nachaawe-hitmaker-yashraj-feels-music-made-for-instagram-reels-sounds-rushed-101706860117032.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2024-02-02|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|last=Goyal|first=Samarth}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Tejas (film)|Tejas]]''
|Dil Hai Ranjhana
|colspan=2|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Dhak Dhak]]''
|Sadke Sadke
|Osho Jain
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! scope="row"|''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]''
|Dil Thaam Ke
| rowspan="2" |Sachin-Jigar
|[[Rana Mazumder]]
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Thamma]]''
|Dilbar Ki Aankhon Ka
|Jigar Saraiya<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Dilbar Ki Aankhon Ka’: Nora Fatehi grooves in style on peppy tunes of Sachin-Jigar in new song from Thamma|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Oct/07/dilbar-ki-aankhon-ka-nora-fatehi-grooves-in-style-on-peppy-tunes-of-sachin-jigar-in-new-song-from-thamma|website=Cinema Express|date=2025-10-07|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=9661985}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi singers]]

Nadigai

2026-05-05T22:36:13Z

KelseyMarsden6: started a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Babu Ganesh|G. Babuganesh]]
| writer = G. Babuganesh
| producer = G. Babuganesh
| starring = G. Babuganesh [[Tejashree]]
| cinematography = G. Babuganesh
| editing = G. Babuganesh
| music = G. Babuganesh
| released = {{Film date|2008|11|28|df=y}}
| studio = Bala Vignesh Creations
| distributor = Babuganesh Film International
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nadigai''''' ({{Translation|Actress}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written, produced, directed, photographed and edited by [[Babu Ganesh|G. Babuganesh]]. The film stars himself and [[Tejashree]]. The film was released after a seven year delay.

== Plot ==
Albert sets out to make a film on [[Mumtaj]] starring dancer [[Tejashree]], and they fall in love. Albert briefly considers having Mumtaj play herself before reverting back to Tejashree. The film also highlights the dark things that happen in the cinema industry with Director Titanic and Dr. Daniel raping Tejashree's sister Chandra and killing Mumtaj.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Babu Ganesh]] as Albert
* [[Tejashree]] as Tejashree a.k.a. Teja
* [[Mumtaj]] as herself
* [[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]] as Director Titanic
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Kovai Sarala
* Malini as Police officer's wife
* Vijaykar as Police inspector
* [[Kumarimuthu]]
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Albert's friend
* [[Ganeshkar]] as Albert's friend
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Mumtaj's manager (uncredited)
* [[Vengal Rao]] as Rowdy (uncredited)

===Special appearances===
* [[Jeewan Kumaranatunga]] as Police officer
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as himself
* [[Shakeela]] as herself
* [[K. Sivasankar]] as himself
* [[Jayachitra]] as herself
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as an [[item number]] in "Vazhkaiye Konja"
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as himself (in the song "Kanavu Thozhirchalai")
}}

==Production==
The film originally began production in 2001 under the title ''Miss Mumtaj'' with ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (1989 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]''-fame G V H Prasad as the producer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Mumtaj on filmy background |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/clappeda.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011105081204/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/clappeda.html |archive-date=5 November 2001 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Babu Ganesh]], who also wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadigai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/nadigai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1614800569 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250210052233/https://music.apple.com/in/album/nadigai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1614800569 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanavu Thozhirchalai
| extra1 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Vazhkaiye Konja
| note2 = based on "Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai" from ''[[Khal Nayak]]'' (1993)
| extra2 = Bhuvana, Babu Ganesh, Kovai Kamala
| length2 = 5:35
| title3 = Roja Malare
| note3 = based on song of the same name from ''[[Veera Thirumagan]]'' (1962)
| extra3 = Mary George, [[Binny Krishnakumar]], Rajakumar
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Enda Munuswamy
| extra4 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Babu Ganesh
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = Thadha Mooku
| extra5 = [[Karunas]], [[Grace Karunas]]
| length5 = 4:18
| title6 = Velli Kolusu
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length6 = 5:41
| total_length = 28:26
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "''Nadigai'' would have made a delightful spoof on the working of the film industry, and of film- making here. Like, on how a maker can direct, complete and get his films released at regular intervals, with not an inkling on how to work out a script".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2008 |title=A confused, haphazard script |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Dec/11/a-confused-haphazard-script-9650.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vineeth Mohan

2026-05-02T05:38:34Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added First Info More To Come.

{{Short description|Malayalam film actor}}
{{For|people with a similar name|Vineeth (name list)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vineeth Mohan
| image =
| native_name_lang = ml
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Union Christian College, Aluva]], Kendriya Vidyalaya N.A.D
| native_name = വിനീത് മോഹൻ
| notable_works = [[Aadu (film)|Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeeviyanu]], [[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]
| website=
}}
'''Vineeth Mohan'''<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|author=Shilpa Nair Anand|title=A dream and a desire |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-dream-and-a-desire/article8078759.ece|access-date=13 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="NIE">{{cite news|author=Princy Alexander|title=Vineeth Mohan the Serious Guy in Adi Kapyare Kootamani |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Vineeth-Mohan-the-Serious-Guy-in-Adi-Kapyare-Kootamani/2015/12/19/article3184500.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222033651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Vineeth-Mohan-the-Serious-Guy-in-Adi-Kapyare-Kootamani/2015/12/19/article3184500.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=4 January 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 December 2015}}</ref> is a Malayalam film actor, he made his debut in [[Memories (2013 film)|''Memories'']]. He acted in ''[[Peruchazhi]]'', [[Aadu (film)|''Aadu'']], Aadu 2, Adi Kapyare Kootamani.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shreejaya Nair|title=No regret quitting job for acting: Vineeth Mohan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151029/entertainment-mollywood/article/no-regret-quitting-job-acting-vineeth-mohan|access-date=4 January 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 October 2015}}</ref> He is more popular for his roles in [[Aadu (film)|''Aadu'']], ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' and Aadu 2.<ref name="MM">{{cite news|author=CJ Sudhi|title=ബാങ്ക് ജോലി ഉപേക്ഷിച്ച് നടനായ വിനീത്...|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-vineeth-mohan.html|access-date=4 January 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=4 January 2016}}</ref> He also acted with director [[Jeethu Joseph]]'s debut short ''Ottamooli'' as co-actor.<ref name="ottamooli">{{Cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/short-films/2019/09/12/ottamooli-malayalam-short-film-jeethu-joseph.html |title=ചിരിപ്പിച്ച് ജീത്തു ജോസഫ്; അഭിനേതാവായും കൈയ്യടി നേടി താരം |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913113839/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/short-films/2019/09/12/ottamooli-malayalam-short-film-jeethu-joseph.html |archive-date=13 September 2019 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Vineeth was born at [[Kollam]], Kerala.<ref name="Hindu"/> He completed his schooling at Kendriya Vidhyalaya, Kalamassery and graduated with a BSc. degree in mathematics from [[Union Christian College, Aluva]] in 2010.<ref name="MM"/><ref name="NIE"/><ref name="Manorama">{{Cite web |title=Vineeth Mohan gave up banking for acting |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/vineeth-mohan-on-adi-kapyare-koottamani-and-filmi-paths.html |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

He was a bank employee in [[Syndicate Bank]], and he resigned from the job to pursue a career in acting in 2013.<ref name="NIE"/><ref name="Manorama"/>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' || || Cameo ||<ref name="Manorama"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Peruchazhi]]'' || Mukesh's Driver || ||<ref name="Manorama"/>
|-
| ''[[Oru Korean Padam]]'' || Shameer || ||<ref name="Manorama"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' || Kuttan Moonga || ||<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|author=Anjana George|title=I am planning to keep my beard: Vineeth Mohan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-am-planning-to-keep-my-beard-Vineeth-Mohan/articleshow/50510410.cms|access-date=13 January 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|date=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Manorama"/>
|-
| ''Akashavani'' || Sharath || ||<ref name="TOI"/>
|-
| ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' || Koshy || ||<ref name="Manorama"/><ref name="TOI"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2017 || ''[[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]'' || Fr. Gregory Pauly || ||
|-
| ''Cappuccino'' || Ratheesh || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu 2]]'' || Kuttan Moonga || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Sullu'' || Suresh || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Uriyadi (Malayalam)|Uriyadi]]'' || Rahul || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-01-14 |title=AJ Varghese's 'Uriyadi' to release on January 17 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Jan/14/aj-vargheses-uriyadi-to-release-on-january-17-2089111.html |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Last Two Days]]'' || Xavier Mathew || ||
|-
|2025 || ''[[Adinaasam Vellapokkam]]'' || Benny Puthenkurish || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-11-18 |title=Shine Tom Chacko-starrer Adinasham Vellappokkam gets a release window |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Nov/18/malayalamnews2025nov18shine-tom-chacko-starrer-adinasham-vellappokkam-gets-a-release-window |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director
|-
|| 2017 || ''Kalki'' || Harish Mohan
|-
|| 2019 || ''Ottamooli''<ref name="ottamooli"/> || Santhosh Lakshman
|-
|| 2020 || ''Luttapi'' || Santhosh Lakshman
|}

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Title !! Result !! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2016
| SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – (Malayalam)
| [[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]
| {{Nominated}}
|
|<ref>[http://siima.in/2016/nominations.html SIIMA 2016 Nominations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430083614/http://siima.in/2016/nominations.html |date=30 April 2017 }}. (27 June 2016). Retrieved on 27 June 2016.</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7079028}}
* {{URL|facebook.com/VineethMohan17}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Vineeth}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

National People's Party (India)

2026-04-29T07:14:35Z

KelseyMarsden6: brief added layout based on references additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| name = National People's Party
| abbreviation = NPP
| logo = National People's Party (India) logo 2023.png{{!}}class=skin-invert
| flag = NPP flag original.png
| colorcode = {{party color|National People's Party (India)}}
| president = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Wanweiroy Kharlukhi]]
| foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2013|01|06}}
| founder = [[P. A. Sangma]]
| headquarters = [[Shillong]], Meghalaya
| youth = National People’s Youth Front
| students = National People's Students Union-NPSU
| women = National People's Women Committee
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats =
{{Composition bar|50|4036|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}} {{hidden
|List
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff
|style=text-align:center; |
{{Composition bar|33|60|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] {{Composition bar|7|60|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]] 
{{Composition bar|5|60|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] 
{{Composition bar|1|60|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|4|31|hex={{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]
| ideology ={{Plainlist|
* [[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in India|Indian]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://highlandpost.com/dont-forget-your-roots-identity-conrad-tells-youth/ | title=Don't forget your roots & identity, Conrad tells youth | Highland Post | date=25 November 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=National People's Party to further strengthen party base in the region |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-peoples-party-to-further-strengthen-party-base-in-the-region/articleshow/69703633.cms |first=Bikash |last=Singh |date=8 June 2019 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond BJP’s rise, NPP emerges as biggest regional outfit in Northeast |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/beyond-bjp-s-rise-npp-emerges-as-biggest-regional-outfit-in-northeast/story-iIjmRA9E7JVK0tLN6fLycM.html |first=Utpal |last=Parashar |date=4 May 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
}}
| position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/arunachal-pradesh-npp-president-likha-saaya-calls-party-secular-to-oppose-ucc-implementation-in-state-news-301506/amp#amp_ct=1691128650074&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16911285866845&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com| title=NPP President Likha calls party 'secular'| date=9 July 2023}}</ref>
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] {{small| ([[Political parties of India|National]])}} [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] {{small| ([[State legislative assemblies of India|Nagaland, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh]])}} [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|MDA]] {{small|([[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]])}}
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Book.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|150px]] Book
| website = {{URL|https://www.nppindia.in/}}
}}

The '''National People's Party''' ('''NPP''') is a [[Conservatism|conservative]] national [[political party]] in India. It is mostly concentrated in [[Meghalaya]]. Founded by [[P. A. Sangma]] after his expulsion from the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in July 2012, it was accorded [[List of political parties in India|national party status]] on 7 June 2019. It is the first political party from [[Northeast India]] to have attained this status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/npp-becomes-first-political-outfit-from-the-northeast-to-get-status-of-national-party-2176843.html|title=NPP Becomes First Political Outfit from the Northeast to get Status of National Party|website=News18|date=7 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref>

==History==
On 6 January 2013, [[P. A. Sangma|Sangma]] launched the party at the national level. He announced an alliance with the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] led by [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]. Sangma also reiterated that though the membership of the party was open to all, it shall be a [[tribal |tribal-]]centric party.<ref name=IT>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/pa-sangma-launches-national-peoples-party-npp-forms-alliance-with-nda-150879-2013-01-05|title=Sangma launches National People's Party, forms alliance with NDA|agency=PTI |date=January 5, 2013 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

Sangma is a nine-time [[Member of Parliament]]. In July 2012, he refused to accept the party's decision to quit the [[2012 Indian presidential election]].

The National People's Party had appointed Dheeraj Shukla as the [[District President]] of NPP, [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]].

NPP contested the assembly election of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] in December 2013, under the leadership of [[Kirodi Lal Meena]], a former BJP member and MP (Independent from [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]) at the time of election and won four seats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parihar |first1=Rohit |title=Rajasthan: BJP's win is the biggest ever for any party, Congress's loss is the worst |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2013/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-election-bjp-win-biggest-ever-congress-loss-biggest-ever-220101-2013-12-07 |access-date=20 Mar 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=19 Dec 2013}}</ref>

Currently, it is a part of [[North-East Democratic Alliance]] consisting of political parties of the northeast which has supported the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]].

In 2015, in a rare move election commission suspended NPP for its failure to provide the party's expenditure during the Lok Sabha Elections held in 2014. NPP became first party to get suspended by EC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/V7hkdyj6Yrhi8r4xmQkpeK/EC-suspends-National-Peoples-Party-for-not-providing-expens.html|title=EC suspends National People's Party for not providing expense report|date=17 June 2015|website=mint}}</ref>

In September 2015, the leaders of six parties — [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Jan Adhikar Party]], [[Samras Samaj Party]], National People's Party and [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party]] – announced the formation of a third front known as the Socialist Secular Morcha ahead of the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=ET1>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/samajwadi-party-teams-up-with-pappu-yadav-ncp-3-others-to-form-third-front/articleshow/49028112.cms|title=Samajwadi Party teams up with Pappu Yadav, NCP, 3 others to form third front|work=Times of India|date=19 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/mulayam-front-suffers-big-blow-ncp-to-go-it-alone/articleshow/49392765.cms|title=Mulayam front suffers big blow, NCP to go it alone - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2015 }}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-polls-ncp-quits-third-front-cites-mulayam-singhs-pro-bjp-statement/articleshow/49386359.cms|title=Bihar polls: NCP quits Third Front, cites Mulayam Singh's 'pro-BJP statement'|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

In May 2016, after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] formed its first government in [[Assam]], and formed a new alliance called the [[North-East Democratic Alliance]] (NEDA) with [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] as its convener. The chief ministers of the northeastern states of [[Sikkim]], Assam, and [[Nagaland]] too belong to this alliance. Thus, the National People's Party joined the NEDA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amit-shah-holds-meeting-with-northeast-cms-forms-alliance/story-YDYLQ6YsImuzZOQ6Zev5MO.html|title=Amit Shah holds meeting with northeast CMs, forms alliance|date=25 May 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The NPP contested nine candidates in the [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] and won four seats.

<ref>{{cite news|title=Hung Assembly in Meghalaya, Congress single largest party|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/hung-assembly-in-meghalaya-congress-single-largest-party/article22919518.ece|access-date=5 March 2018|work=The Hindu|date=3 March 2018}}</ref> They won 19 seats in the 2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, although the Indian National Congress emerged as the single largest party,<ref>{{cite news|title=Meghalaya assembly elections 2018: NPP-led alliance all set to form govt|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/HENVCUo4AYfgfwqu27XNhJ/Meghalaya-assembly-elections-2018-NPPled-alliance-all-set.html|access-date=5 March 2018|work=Mint|date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Congress outsmarted in Meghalaya, Conrad Sangma to be sworn in March 6|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/npps-conrad-sangma-to-be-sworn-in-as-cm-in-meghalaya/article22925085.ece|access-date=5 March 2018|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|date=4 March 2018}}</ref> NEDA did well in [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023 assembly elections]] without any pre-poll alliances. The party emerged as the single largest party and won 26 seats, and formed a government supported by BJP and other NEDA members.<ref>{{cite news |title=More support arrives for Conrad Sangma's NPP to form government in Meghalaya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-assembly/more-support-arrives-for-conrad-sangmas-npp-to-form-government-in-meghalaya/article66584671.ece |access-date=26 Mar 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 Mar 2023}}</ref>

On 6 May 2023, the [[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]] party merged with the National People's Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=PDF merges with NPP |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/05/06/pdf-merges-with-npp/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

National People's Party, West Bengal, is the state unit of the National People's Party in the Indian state of West Bengal. The party's headquarters is located in [[Kolkata]], the capital of the state. Anish Kr Singh is currently appointed as the [[State President]] of NPP [[West Bengal]].

==Election symbol==
Its election symbol is a book.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Notification_symbol_08032011.pdf |title=Political Parties And Election Symbols as on 08-03-2011 |access-date=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128045248/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Notification_symbol_08032011.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The significance for the same is that the party believes that only literacy and education can empower the weaker sections.<ref name=IT/>

==Key Leaders==
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Member
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Portrait
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Current/ Previous Position
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Party Position
|-
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Shri Conrad Sangma.JPG|133x133px]]
|
*[[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]] (2018–present)
* MLA - [[South Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Tura]] (2018–present)
*Former MP [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]] (2016–2018)
*Leader of Opposition, Meghalaya (2009–2013)
* Former MLA - Selsella (2008–2013)
|National president

|-
| [[Prestone Tynsong]]
| [[File:A delegation from North Eastern States led by the Minister General Administration Home (Civil Defence And Home Guards) Public Health Engineering Relief And Rehabilitation (cropped).jpg|129x129px]]
|
*[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister of Meghalaya]] (2018 - Present)
* MLA - [[Pynursla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pynursla]], Meghalaya (2013 - Present)
| National Vice President
|-
|[[James Sangma]]
|
|
* '''Chairman''' - Meghalaya Industries Development Corporation (2023–present)
* Former minister (2018–2023)
* Former MLA, [[Dadenggre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (2008–2023)
| National spokesperson, National General Secretary (I/C), Finance
|-
| [[Thomas A. Sangma]]
|
|
* '''Speaker''' - Meghalaya Legislative Assembly (2023–present)
* MLA - [[North Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|North Tura]] (2018–present)
* Former MP, Rajya Sabha (2008–2014)
| National general secretary (I/C), Organisation
|-
| [[Agatha Sangma]]
|
|
*[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]], [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]] (2019-2024);(2008–2014)
*Union minister of state for rural development (2009–2012)
| National general secretary
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

== Electoral performance ==

The party won a seat in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Loksabha elections]] from [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]] and Sangma became MP ones again. After the death of P. A. Sangma in 2016, his son [[Conrad Sangma]] won a by-election held in May 2016 fo fill this seat. The party had proposed to contest election and expand its base in tribal constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], northern [[West Bengal]] and the [[Northeast India]].<ref name=IT/>

In March 2018, the party won 19 out of 60 assembly seats in the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election 2018]] and formed government in the state in coalition with [[BJP]] and other parties and party president [[Conrad Sangma]] sworn in as Chief Minister of the state. In May 2018, the party won [[Williamnagar]] Assembly seat in a by-election making its tally to 20 out of 60 assembly seats in [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/williamnagar-by-election-npp-candidate-marcuise-marak-wins-meghalaya-assembly-bypolls-1734635.html|title=Williamnagar By-Election: NPP Candidate Marcuise Marak Wins Meghalaya Assembly Bypolls|date=1 May 2018|website=News18}}</ref><ref name=Williamnagar>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/npp-wins-williamnagar-assembly-seat-in-meghalaya/article23736926.ece|title=NPP wins Williamnagar Assembly seat in Meghalaya|work=The Hindu|date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

In March 2023, the party emerged as the single largest party and won 26 out of 60 assembly seats in the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election 2023]] and formed government in the state in coalition with [[BJP]] and other parties and party president [[Conrad Sangma]] sworn in as Chief Minister of the state.

===General election results===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Election
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Lok sabha
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|± in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Overall vote %
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:maroon"|Ref.
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|rowspan=3|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|8
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|0.10
|{{increase}} 0.10
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|11
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|0.07
|{{decrease}} 0.03
|
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|0.06
|{{decrease}} 0.01
|
|}

===State Assembly elections===

{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Election Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Leader
! style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | seats contested
! style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | seats won
! style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | ± in seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | ± in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|30
| {{Composition bar|5|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Decrease}}2
|90,347
|14.56
|{{Increase}}14.56
|Government
([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] coalition)
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|60
| {{Composition bar|5|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
| -
|98,254
| 16.11
|{{Increase}}1.55
|Government
([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] coalition)

|-
! colspan="9" |[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|11
| {{Composition bar|0|126|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|18,087
|0.09
|{{Increase}}0.09
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|
|1
| {{Composition bar|0|243|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|649
|0.00
|
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|1
| {{Composition bar|0|81|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|987
|0.01
|{{Increase}}0.01
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|2
| {{Composition bar|0|224|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|489
|0.00
|
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|
|5
|{{Composition bar|0|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{decrease}}3
|17,301
|1.2%
|
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|
| {{Composition bar|4|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}4
|83,744
|5.1
|{{Increase}}3.9
|Government
([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] coalition)
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Yumnam Joykumar Singh]]
|38
|{{Composition bar|7|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}3
|321,302
|17.3
|{{Increase}}12.2
|Government
([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] coalition)
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Conrad Sangma]]
|
|{{Composition bar|2|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}2
|1,16,251
|8.8
|{{Increase}}8.8
|Opposition
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|52
| {{Composition bar|19|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}17
|2,33,745
|20.60
|{{Increase}}11.8
|Government
([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] coal
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|57
|{{Composition bar|26|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}7
|5,84,338
|31.49
|{{Increase}}10.89
|Government
([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] coalition)
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|10
|{{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|3748
|0.59
|{{Increase}}0.59
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|25
| {{Composition bar|2|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}2
|71,503
|7.12
|{{Increase}}7.12
|Government
([[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]] coalition)
|-
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Andrew Ahoto
|12
|{{Composition bar|5|60|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}3
|65,920
|5.76
|{{Decrease}}1.36
|Government
([[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]] coalition)
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
|134
|{{Composition bar|4|200|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Increase}}4
|13,12,402
|4.25
|{{Increase}}4.25
|{{steady}}
|-
|2018
|
|0
|{{Composition bar|0|200|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|78'
|0
|0
|{{decrease}}4.25
|Opposition
|-
|2023
|
|0
|{{Composition bar|0|200|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0
|0
|{{steady}}
|Government ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|
|3
|{{Composition bar|0|234|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|1187
|0.00
|
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|
|3
|{{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|3880
|0.01
|{{Increase}}0.01
|{{steady}}
|-
|}

==List of MPs from NPP==
===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" |Sr. No
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" |Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" |Date of
Appointment
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Date of
Retirement
|-
|1
| [[Wanweiroy Kharlukhi]]
| 22-Jun-2020
| 21-Jun-2026
|-
|}
===Lok Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" |No.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Lok sabha
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Constituency
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" | Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}};color:white" |Election
|-
|1
| rowspan="2" |[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura (ST)]]
|[[Purno Agitok Sangma]]
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|2
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|[[2016 elections in India|2016 (by election)]]
|-
|3
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[Agatha Sangma]]
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|}

==State Committees==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!State/UT
!Committee
!President
!In-charge
!Treasurer
|-
! colspan="4" |State Committees of the National People's Party
!
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|'''NPP Arunachal Pradesh'''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Assam]]
|'''NPP Assam'''
|Dilip Kumar Borah
|
|
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|'''NPP Nagaland'''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|'''NPP Manipur'''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
|'''NPP Mizoram'''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|'''NPP Tripura'''
|
|
|
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|'''NPP West Bengal'''
|Anish Kumar Singh
|
|
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|'''NPP Karnataka'''
|Ashok Xavier Kumar
|Prabhu Bosco
|[[Stannis Raja]]
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|'''NPP Kerala'''
|Thomas K.T
|
|
|-
|[[Pondicherry]]
|'''NPP Pondicherry'''
|Sidanand (Premier Murali)
|
|
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|'''NPP Meghalaya'''
|Conrad Sangma
|
|-
|[[Tamilnadu]]
|'''NPP Tamilnadu'''
|G.Srinivasan
|
|
|}

==List of NPP State Governments==

===Meghalaya===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Assembly
!colspan="2"|Chief Minister
!Cabinet
!colspan="4"|Deputy Chief Minister/s
!colspan="3"|Tenure
!Election
|-
|[[10th Meghalaya Assembly|10th]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FDB200;|
|rowspan="3"| [[Conrad Sangma]]
|[[First Conrad Sangma ministry|Sangma I]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FDB200;|
|colspan="1" rowspan="3"|[[Prestone Tynsong]]
|colspan="2"|'''-'''
|6 March 2018
|7 March 2023
|rowspan="2"|{{Ayd|6 march 2018|}}
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[11th Meghalaya Assembly|11th]]
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Sangma II]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FDB200;|
|[[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
|7 March 2023
|''Incumbent''
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons}}

==External links==
* {{official}}
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/meghalaya/tura/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tura lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Indian political parties}}
{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}
{{North-East Democratic Alliance}}

[[Category:National People's Party (India)| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Recognised state political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]
[[Category:National political parties in India]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia

2026-04-19T13:05:24Z

KelseyMarsden6: Adding A Post.

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox economist

| name = Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia
| school_tradition = [[Neoclassical Economics]]
| image =File:File photo of Dr. Bakul Dholakia.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Dholakia in his office at IMI, New Delhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|7|15}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =

| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] (B.A., M.A., PhD)
| field = [[Economic Policy]], [[Economic planning]], [[Competitive Strategy]], [[Managerial economics]]
| institution = [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]] [[International Management Institute, New Delhi]] Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management
| influences = [[Parents]] (Dr. Harshadrai Dholakia (Father), Vikaswara Dholakia (Mother)) [[Swami Vivekananda]] [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| contributions = [[Indian Institutes of Management|Management Education in India]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2007)
}}

'''Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia''' (born 15 July 1947) is the former Director of [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] (2002–2007).<ref name="iimahd.ernet.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/index.php?id=410&newsID=39 |title=IIMA in the News – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |date=28 January 2007 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023005/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/index.php?id=410&newsID=39 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prior to that, he was the Dean at Ahmedabad (1998–2001) and a professor in Economics<ref>{{cite web|author=Satyendra Shrivastava |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-10-10/news/27351790_1_bakul-dholakia-iima-management-ahmedabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220170511/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-10-10/news/27351790_1_bakul-dholakia-iima-management-ahmedabad |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2014 |title=Prof Bakul Dholakia to head IIM Ahmedabad |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="adani">{{cite web|url=http://www.adani.com/Common/Uploads/VisionTeamTemplate/26_VTBiodata_Bakul%20Dholakia_bio.pdf |title=Bakul Dholakia : Director, AIIM & GAIMS |publisher=Adani.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> He was also the Director General of [[International Management Institute, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imi.edu/delhi/faculty_details/6/dr-bakul-h-dholakia |title=Faculty Details |publisher=Imi.edu |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Prior to joining [[International Management Institute, New Delhi|IMI New Delhi]], he was the Director of Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management and Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj.<ref name="adani"/>

Dholakia is a gold medalist from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Baroda University]] and holds a Doctorate in Economics.<ref name="adani"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-bakuldholakia.html |access-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724225928/http://kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-bakuldholakia.html |archive-date=24 July 2013 |title=Dr. BAKUL DHOLAKIA }}</ref> He has 45 years of teaching experience, including 33 years at IIM Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/bakul-dholakia-appointed-new-director-general-imi-new-delhi/18027 |title=Bakul Dholakia appointed as new Director General at IMI New Delhi |publisher=India Education Review |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030109/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/bakul-dholakia-appointed-new-director-general-imi-new-delhi/18027 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He has served as a board member of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] Western Area Local Board from 1993 to 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=ARVN.NS&officerId=1503380 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031537/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=ARVN.NS&officerId=1503380 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2015 |title=Officer Profile | Quotes |publisher=In.reuters.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/newsarticle/news_print.php?autono=201674&sr_no=0 |title=e Board of Directors of the following Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Companies held their respective meetings today |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.friendsofbooks.com/store/theory-economic-growth-and-technical-progress-book-64239.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063102/http://www.friendsofbooks.com/store/theory-economic-growth-and-technical-progress-book-64239.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 November 2014 |title=Theory of economic growth and technical progress |author1=Bakul H. Dholakia |author2=Ravindra H. Dholakia |isbn=9780333931325 |publisher=Friendsofbooks.com |access-date=14 November 2015|year=1998 }}</ref> He has guided 20 PhD students specialising in Economics, Finance, Business Policy and Public Systems at IIM A.
He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2007 for his contributions in the field of Literature and Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=24379 |title=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Padma-Awards-2007/233715 |title=Padma Awards 2007 |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

==Education==
Bakul Dholakia had completed his PhD in economics from The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] of [[Baroda]] in 1973 at the age of 26 years. His thesis topic was ''Sources of Economic Growth in India''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrQDAAAAMAAJ&q=books+by+bakul+dholakia |title=The Sources of Economic Growth in India |author=Bakul H. Dholakia |date=1 August 2006 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> He was subsequently awarded a [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Fellowship.<ref name="scratchmysoul.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.scratchmysoul.com/viewprofile.aspx?authkey=7YDd5xPNsJ5p5ZNYqWtjdA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128001633/http://www.scratchmysoul.com/viewprofile.aspx?authkey=7YDd5xPNsJ5p5ZNYqWtjdA== |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 January 2016 |title=360° profile of Bakul Dholakia |publisher=Scratchmysoul.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
Dholakia had secured a master's degree (M.A.) in Economics with specialisation in [[Econometrics]] from Baroda University in 1969.<ref name="scratchmysoul.com"/> He was awarded the gold medal for securing the First Rank in the course. He was also awarded a merit scholarship by the Government of India.
Dholakia completed a bachelor's degree (B.A.) course in economics with mathematics as the minor subject from Baroda University in 1967 and secured the first rank throughout the course.<ref name="scratchmysoul.com"/> He was awarded the B.A. merit scholarship by [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] of [[Baroda]].<ref name="scratchmysoul.com"/>

==Academic career==
Dholakia has 45 years of experience in the education domain including 33 years at IIM Ahmedabad. During his time at IIM Ahmedabad, Dholakia occupied the Reserve Bank of India Chair from 1992 to 1999, served as the Dean from 1998 to 2001 and as the Director of the institute from 2002 to 2007.
He has guided 20 PhD students specialising in Economics, Finance, Business Policy and Public Systems at IIM A. Dholakia had served as the Chairman of the MBA Program and also as the Chairman of Economics Area. [[Raghuram Rajan]],<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Premier-pundit-of-management-Bakul-Dholakia-energized-IIM-Ahmedabad-with-series-of-initiatives/articleshow/43808418.cms |title=Premier pundit of management: Bakul Dholakia energized IIM-Ahmedabad with series of initiatives |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> [[Nachiket Mor]] and popular commentator [[Harsha Bhogle]]<ref name=timesofindia/> are some of his students.

===Teaching===
Dholakia had taught several courses during his time as a professor in IIM Ahmedabad. For the Post Graduate Programme (MBA) students, he had offered courses such as Economic Analysis for Business Planning, Managerial Economics, Economic Environment and Policy and Econometric Analysis for Management Decisions.
He had also taught courses such as Micro-economic Theory, Macroeconomic Theory and Economic Growth and Planning to students of the Doctoral Programme at IIM A. He received the ''Best Professor Award'' for teaching in the MBA Program.

Dholakia was involved in teaching assignments in Senior Management Development Programs at IIM Ahmedabad. He offered courses on several modules of Economics such as Managerial Economics, Structural Analysis of Industries, Analysis of Union Budget, Industrial Policy, Demand Forecasting etc.
Many of these MDP groups have greatly appreciated his teaching methods including the Top Management Programme, the Senior Executive Programme, the Middle Management Programme, Management Education Programme, Commonwealth Programme on Economic Management and Planning, Advanced Management Programme for Public Enterprises, International Programme on Management of Economic Policy Reforms, etc.

===Administrative positions===
Dholakia was the Dean at the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] from April 1998 to June 2001. His tenure as director began in October 2002.<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/oct/15iim.htm |title=How Bakul Dholakia nurtured IIM-A |work=Rediff.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Under him, IIM-A went from having 12 partner institutions for student exchange programmes to 50 by 2006–07.<ref name="iimahd.ernet.in"/><ref name=rediff/> During his tenure, the one-year programme for management executives was started, and students in the very first batch got the highest salaries offered that year.<ref name=rediff/> Dholakia was pivotal in ensuring that the image of IIM-A did not suffer when, in November 2003, the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT) papers got leaked for the first time in the 43-year history of the IIMs.<ref name=rediff/> Dholakia opposed the then HRD Minister's decision to ask the IIMs to cut their fees, and as a mark of protest, rejected a Rs 100 million (Rs 100 million) grant IIM-A got from the ministry.<ref name=rediff/> He subsequently made sure the institute became self-sufficient.<ref name=rediff/>
Dholakia had been associated with the Adani Group since December 2007. He had been the Director of Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management and Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj. He is presently the Director General of [[International Management Institute, New Delhi]].

==Memberships and associations==
Dholakia was a board member of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] Western Area Board from 1993 to 2001.
He was appointed by the [[Government of India]] as the Chairman of the National Board of Accreditation for Technical Education in India (2005–2008). He has also served as External Director on the boards of several public and private sector companies, including [[ONGC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petrowatch.com/synopsis.php?artId=8185&w=1 |title=PETROWATCH Who spiked Reliance-ONGC rig deal? |publisher=Petrowatch.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Shipping Commission,<ref name="4-traders.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.4-traders.com/business-leaders/Bakul-Harshadrai-Dholakia-06GG2Z-E/biography/ |title=Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia, PhD – Biography |publisher=4-traders.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> [[Torrent Power]], RNRL and [[Mahanagar Gas]]. He was also on the board of Arvind, Ashima and [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] Power.<ref name="4-traders.com"/>
Over the last two decades, Dholakia has worked on numerous government committees, the recent ones being the Rangarajan Committee on Pricing and Taxation on Petroleum Products (2006) and the Expert Group on Pension Fund constituted by the Government of India (2009). The [[Competition Commission of India]] had appointed Dholakia as a member of the Eminent Persons Advisory Group (EPAG). Dholakia was associated with the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]], Government of India, where he was one of the three members responsible for the restructuring of the ICSSR. He has also served as a consultant to the World Bank, Mangalore Stock Exchange, Gujarat Electricity Board, Steel Authority of India Ltd., Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd. etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/panel-recommends-icssr-revamp/article2324205.ece |title=Panel recommends ICSSR revamp – NEW DELHI |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2011 |access-date=14 November 2015|last1=Dhar |first1=Aarti }}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Dholakia was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] for Literature and Education in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=70 |access-date=6 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523042945/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=70 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |title=National Portal of India }}</ref>
In 2008, Dholakia was conferred the Bharat Asmita National Award by the Honorable Chief Justice of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatasmita.com/BANA/pressnote_08.html |format=PDF |title=Press Note 2008 : THERE IS SOLUTION TO EVERY PROBLEM…! |publisher=Bharatasmita.com |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055209/http://www.bharatasmita.com/BANA/pressnote_08.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2006, he was honoured by the Association of Indian Americans in North America (AIANA) at the World Gujarati Conference in New Jersey for his Visionary Leadership and Achievements in business education.<ref>[http://www.overseasindian.in/2006/sept/news/04news1.shtml] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129072750/http://www.overseasindian.in/2006/sept/news/04news1.shtml|date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Global Associations of Business Schools have honoured Dholakia for his sterling contribution in the field of management education. The Global Foundation for Management Education (GFME), jointly formed by the Associations of American and European Business Schools, has nominated Dholakia as a Member of the Board of GFME representing Asia.<ref name="4-traders.com"/> He has won the Best Professor Award for teaching in Post Graduate Program in IIM Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aditirindani.wordpress.com/2011/11/30/man-of-management-bakul-dholakia/ |title=Man of Management: Bakul Dholakia | Aditi Rindani |publisher=Aditirindani.wordpress.com |date=30 November 2011 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Dr. Bakul Dholakia's wife Sudha completed her master's degree in economics from The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] of [[Baroda]] in 1974; they met for the first time in Baroda University and tied the wedding knot in 1975. Their elder daughter Jigisha after completing her post-graduation in India has settled in Canada. Their younger daughter Purvi has also moved to Canada recently and completed a Post-Graduate Management Program from University of the Fraser Valley. Currently, Purvi is working in a consultancy company in Burnaby.

==Bibliography==
Dholakia is the author of 12 books, 25 monographs and more than 50 research papers and over 30 case notes published in professional journals in India and abroad.

===Books===
Dholakia has authored/co-authored the following 12 books:
# ''Theory of Economic Growth and Technical Progress : An Introduction – Macmillan India Ltd.'', New Delhi; 1998 (Co-Author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1488703 |title=The sources of economic growth in India / Bakul H. Dholakia | National Library of Australia |publisher=Catalogue.nla.gov.au |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# ''Economic Management and Planning: Case Studies of Selected Commonwealth Countries – Management & Training Services Division'', Commonwealth Secretariat, 1994 (Co-Author)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isbns.cc/isbn/9780850924077 |title=To continue, please type the characters below |publisher=Isbns.cc |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023355/http://www.isbns.cc/isbn/9780850924077 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettextbooks.com/isbn/9780850924077 |title=To continue, please type the characters below |publisher=Gettextbooks.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# ''Fresh Water Aquaculture in India'' – Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi; 1993 (Co-Author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3254 |title=Fresh Water Aquaculture in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063231/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3254 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# ''Fishery Sector of India'' – Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi; 1991 (Co-Author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2968 |title=Indian Fishery Sector Study |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=3 May 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022424/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2968 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# ''Regional Energy Demand Model and Analysis'' – Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi; 1991 (Co-Author)<ref name="econpapers.repec.org">{{cite web|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/iimiimawp/wp00844.htm |title=EconPapers: Energy Planning in India: Relevance of Regional Planning for National Policy |publisher=Econpapers.repec.org |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# ''Energy Demand for Agriculture in India in the Year 2000'' – Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi; 1991 (Co-Author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002595394 |title=Catalog Record: Energy demand for agriculture in India in the... | HathiTrust Digital Library |publisher=Catalog.hathitrust.org |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# ''Brackish Water Aquaculture Development in India : Status and tasks ahead – Concept Publishing Company'', New Delhi; 1987 (Co-Editor)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-uiu/Record/uiu_1219343 |title=Library Resource Finder: Location & Availability for: Brackish water aquaculture development i |publisher=Vufind.carli.illinois.edu |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# ''The Economics of Housing in India – [[National Buildings Organisation]] and UN Regional Housing Centre'', ESCAP, New Delhi; 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.econbiz.de/Record/the-economics-of-housing-in-india-research-project-dholakia-bakul/10000331398 |title=The economics of housing in India : research project – EconBiz |publisher=Econbiz.de |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# ''Models of Economic Growth'' – University Book Production Board, Ahmedabad; 1979. (Co-Author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2480 |title=Models of Economic Growth (In Gujarati) |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128001632/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2480 |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref>
# ''The Changing Efficiency of Public Enterprises in India'' – Somaiya Publications, Bombay; 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000181498?type%5B%5D=author&lookfor%5B%5D=%22Dholakia%2C%20Bakul%20H.%2C%201947-%22&ft= |title=Catalog Record: The changing efficiency of public enterprises... | HathiTrust Digital Library |publisher=Catalog.hathitrust.org |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# ''Principles of Macroeconomics'' – Tata Mcgraw Hill, Delhi; 1979 (Co Author: Dr. C. Rangarajan).<ref>{{cite book|title=Principles of macroeconomics (Book, 1979) |publisher=[WorldCat.org] |date=20 March 2015 |oclc = 19378744}}</ref>
# ''The Sources of Economic Growth in India – Good Companions'', Baroda; 1974.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mG86AQAAIAAJ |title=The Sources of Economic Growth in India |author=Bakul H. Dholakia |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

===Monographs===
Dholakia has authored/co-authored the following Monographs:
# The Changing Efficiency of Public Enterprises in India – A Study in Growth Accounting, sponsored by the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad; (1978).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1634630 |title=The changing efficiency of public enterprises in India : a study in growth accounting / Bakul H. Dho... | National Library of Australia |publisher=Catalogue.nla.gov.au |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# The Economics of Housing in India, sponsored by the [[National Buildings Organisation]], Ministry of Works and Housing, Government of India; (1980).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2526?show=full |title=Economics of Housing in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024810/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2526?show=full |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# Economic Analysis of the Performance of Public Enterprises in India: Case Studies of Four Enterprises. This project report constituted a part of the wider study of the Performance Determinants of Public Enterprises sponsored by the World Bank; (1981).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2559 |title=Economic Analysis of Performance of Public Enterprise in India: Case Studies of Four Enterprises |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217030801/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2559 |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref>
# The Comparative Economics of Alternative Uses of Gas in Gujarat, sponsored by Gujarat Electricity Board; (1982).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2004-02-02rdholakia.pdf |title=Macroeconomic Framework for Development in Gujarat |author=Ravindra H. Dholakia |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033559/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2004-02-02rdholakia.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# Behaviour of Capital Output Ratios in Indian Economy, sponsored by the Planning Commission, Government of India; (1983).<ref>[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90091.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805081718/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90091.pdf|date=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2642 |title=Behaviour of Capital-Output Ratios in Indian Economy |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=27 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021853/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2642 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# The Performance Appraisal of Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation, sponsored by the Government of Gujarat; (1983).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2738 |title=The Performance Appraisal of Gujarat Water Resource Development Corporation, Volume II, Financial Performance |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224221/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2738 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
# Management Information System for Public Distribution, sponsored by the Ministry of Civil Supplies, Government of India; (1984). (Co author)
# Total Factor Productivity As A Measure of Public Sector Enterprise Performance : Concept and Case Studies, sponsored by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank; (1985).
# Market Study for Outboard Motors, sponsored by Shri Ram Fibres Limited; (1985). (Co author)<ref name="psmanagement.co.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.psmanagement.co.in/pdf/Uks_CV_january__2014.pdf |title=Uma Kent Srivastava : Curriculum Vitae |publisher=Psdmanagement.co.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223844/http://www.psmanagement.co.in/pdf/Uks_CV_january__2014.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# Command Area Development : An in depth Evaluation Study of Kosi Project, sponsored by the Ministry of Water Resources Development, Government of India; (1985). (Co author)<ref name="psmanagement.co.in"/>
# Brackish Water Aquaculture Development Project, Part I & Part II, sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Government of India; (1986). (Co author)<ref name="psmanagement.co.in"/>
# Command Area Development Programme : An in depth Evaluation Study of Tawa Project, sponsored by the Ministry of Water Resources Development, Government of India; (1986). (Co author)<ref name="psmanagement.co.in"/>
# Lakshadweep Fisheries Development Corporation : Viability and Strategy, sponsored by the Lakshadweep Administration, Union Territory of Lakshadweep; (1986). (Co author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2868 |title=Lakshadweep Fisheries Development Corporation: Viability and {{as written|Stra|tey [sic]|expected=Strategy}} |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217031137/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2868 |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref>
# Study of Health Care Financing in India, sponsored by the Asian Development Bank, Manila; (1987). (Co author)<ref>[http://www.asdu.ait.ac.th/faculty/FacultyByID.cfm?FacultyID=285] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925065506/http://www.asdu.ait.ac.th/faculty/FacultyByID.cfm?FacultyID=285|date=25 September 2007}}</ref>
# Development Strategy for Outboard Motors : A Techno economic Approach, sponsored by Bajaj Auto Limited; (1987). (Co author)<ref name="psmanagement.co.in"/>
# Energy Demand for Agriculture in India in the Year 2000, sponsored by the advisory board on Energy, Government of India; (1988). (Co author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/iimiimawp/wp00943.htm |title=EconPapers: Energy Demand Forecast for Agriculture in India |publisher=Econpapers.repec.org |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46436327 |title=Energy Demand Forecast for Agriculture in India |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# Regional Energy Demand Models and Analysis for Gujarat, Kerala and Rajasthan, sponsored by the advisory board on Energy, Government of India; (1988). (Co author)<ref name="econpapers.repec.org"/>
# India Fishery Sector Study, sponsored by the World Bank through Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India; (1989). (Co author)<ref name="psmanagement.co.in"/>
# In depth Case Studies of Tuna Fishing Companies in India, sponsored by Marine Products Export Development Authority, Government of India; (1989). (Co author)<ref name="psmanagement.co.in"/>
# Evaluation Study of Fish Farmers' Development Agency Programme For Fresh Water Aquaculture, sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India; (1990). (Co author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3112 |title=Evaluation Study of Fish Farmer's Development Agency Programme for Fresh Water Aquaculture |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224900/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3112 |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
# Reorganisation of NTPC: Diagnostic Study and Recommendations, sponsored by National Thermal Power Corporation; (1991). (Co author) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3107 |title=Reorganization of NTPC: Diagnostic Study and Recommendations |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224152/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3107 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
# Forecast of Domestic Demand for Cement in Indian Economy (VIII & IX Plan Period), sponsored by the Cement Manufacturers' Association; (1994). (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3306 |title=Forecast of Domestic Demand for Cement in Indian Economy (VIII & IX Plan Period) |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045452/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3306 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
# Revised Forecast of Domestic Demand for Cement in India (VIII & IX Plan Period), sponsored by the Cement Manufacturers' Association; (1995). (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3597 |title=Revised Forecast of Domestic Demand for Cement in India (VIII and IX Plan Period) |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224147/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3597 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
# Forecast of Domestic Demand for Cement in India Based on End-Use Method (VIII & IX Plan Period), sponsored by the Cement Manufacturers' Association; (1995). (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3598 |title=Forecast of Domestic Demand for Cement in India Based on End-Use Method (VIII & IX Plan Period) |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224201/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3598 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
# Redevelopment of GSTC Mill Sites in Ahmedabad: A Pre-Feasibility Study of Marketing & Financial Aspects, sponsored by The World Bank, October 1996 (Co-author).

===Research===
Dholakia has been the author/co-author of the following Research Papers published in professional journals, edited volumes or periodicals:
# `The Interest Elasticity of Demand for Cash and the Relationship Between Income Velocity and the Rate of Interest', ''Journal of the MS University of Baroda'', Vol. 22, No.2, July 1973.
# `Shape of the Price Consumption Curve and Behaviour of the Elasticity of Demand', Vishleshan, Vol.I, No.3, September 1975 (co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4241 |title=Shape of the Price Consumption Curve and Behaviour of the Elasticity of Demand |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014425/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4241 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Empirical Test of the Marginal Productivity Theory of Wages – The Case of Indian Industries', ''Indian Economic Journal'', Vol. 23, No. 5, Conference Number, December 1975 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1005 |title=Empirical test of the marginal productivity theory of wages – the case of Indian industries |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024636/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1005 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Alternative Concepts of Elasticity of Demand and Their Inter relationships', ''Journal of the MS University of Baroda'', Vol. 24, No. 2, December 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5354 |title=Alternative Concepts of Electricity of Deman and Their Interrelationship |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021123/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5354 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Determinants of Worker Rate Differentials Among States', Economic Times, 3 January 1976 (Co author).
# 'Determinants of Inter Industry Wage Structure in India', ''Indian Journal of Industrial Relations'', Vol. 11, No. 4, April 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1002 |title=Determinants of inter – industry wage structure in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025526/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1002 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Behaviour of Income Shares in a Developing Economy The Indian Experience', ''Indian Economic Journal'', Vol. 23, No. 4, April June 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1271 |title=Behaviour of income shares in a developing economy – the Indian experience |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=14 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031808/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1271 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Effect of Recession on the Trends in Industrial Growth and Structure, Economic Times, 11 & 12 June 1976 (Co author).
# 'District Income Differentials in Maharashtra', Economic Times, 14 August 1976 (Co author).
# 'Factors Influencing the Interstate Differentials in Female Participation Rate', Vishleshan, Vol.II, No. 3, September 1976 (co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5346 |title=Factors Influencing the Inter-State Differentials in Female Participation Rate |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025402/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5346 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Economic Growth and Environmental Deterioration Some Aspects of Their Inter relationship', Artha Vikas, Vol.12, No.2, July December 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5348 |title=Economic Growth and Environmental Deterioration: Some Aspects of their Inter-Relationship |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031805/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5348 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Regional Wage Differentials in Indian Manufacturing', Economic Times, 10 November 1976 (Co author).
# 'Sources of Output Growth in Indian Iron and Steel Industry', ''Indian Journal of Industrial Relations'', Vol. 12, No.3, January 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5350 |title=Sources of Output Growth in Indian Iron and Steel Industry |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024945/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5350 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Measurement of Capital Input and Estimation of Time Series Production Functions in Indian Manufacturing', ''Indian Economic Journal'', Vol. 24, No. 3, January March 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5356 |title=Measurement of Capital Input and Estimation of Time Series Production Functions in Indian Manufacturing |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063913/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5356 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Growth of Factor Inputs and Total Factor Productivity in Public Sector Enterprises in India', Vikalpa, Vol. 2, No.2, January 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vikalpa.com/pdf/articles/1977/1977_apr_jun_121_133.pdf |title=Growth of Factor Inputs and Total Factor Productivity in Indian Public Sector Enterprises |author=Bakul H. Dholakia |publisher=Vikalpa.com |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# 'Technical Progress and Linear Homogeneous Production Function', Vishleshan, Vol. 3, No.2, January 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5358 |title=Technical Progress and the Linear Homogeneous Production Function |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024110/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5358 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Regional Productivity, Disparities in Organised Manufacturing Sector', Economic Times, 12 August 1977 (Co author).
# 'Report on Income Distribution in India', ''Indian Economic Journal'', Vol.25, No. 2, October December 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5718 |title=Report on Income Distribution in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=19 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063754/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5718 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Interstate Variations in Female Labour Force Participation Rates in India – An Analysis of the 1971 Census Data', The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 20, No. 4, January 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/871 |title=Interstate variation in female labour force participation rates in India – an analysis of the 1971 census data |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=12 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020109/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/871 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Relative Performance of Public and Private Manufacturing Enterprises in India : Total Factor Productivity Approach', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XIII, No. 8, 25 February 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5894 |title=Relative Performance of Public and Private Manufacturing Enterprises in India: Total Factor Productivity Approach |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022242/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5894 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Urban Rural Income Differentials in India : Inter regional Analysis', ''Indian Journal of Industrial Relations'', Vol. 14, No.2, October 1978 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1093 |title=Urban – Rural income differentials in India: an inter-regional analysis |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063640/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1093 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Wage Structure in Consumer Goods and Capital Goods Industries in India', The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. XXI, No. 4(ii), January 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1440 |title=Wage structure in consumer goods and capital goods industries in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022621/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1440 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Report on Income Distribution in India', ''Indian Economic Journal'', Vol. 26, Nos.4 5, April June 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7727 |title=Report on income distribution in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020729/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7727 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Giffen's Paradox A Comment on the Recent Controversy', ''Indian Economic Journal'', Vol. 26, No.4 5, April June 1979 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7678 |title=Giffin's Paradox – A comment on the recent controversy |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=18 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020127/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7678 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Trends in the Economic Efficiency of Indian Railways', Lok Udyog, Vol. 14, No. 1, April 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2218 |title=Trends in the economic efficiency of Indian railways |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=17 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031802/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2218 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'State Income Inequalities and Interstate Variations in the Growth of Real Capital Stock', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 5, No. 38, 20 September 1980 (co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8769 |title=State income inequalitites and interstate variations in the growth of real capital stock |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217030646/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8769 |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref>
# 'Curriculum for Training on Evaluation of Public Enterprise Performance : Special Issues and Problems', ''Institute of Public Enterprise Journal'', April June 1982, Vol.5, No.2<ref>[http://srgi.in/index_8EBBC204.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217030230/http://srgi.in/index_8EBBC204.php|date=17 December 2014|title=Archives Vol.1 - Vol. 15}}</ref>
# 'Improving Public Enterprise Performance Through Management Development', Chapter 18 in Management Development and Training in Public Enterprises, Edited by Mishra and Ravishankar, Ajanta Books International, Delhi, 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4340 |title=Improving Public Enterprise Performance Through Management Development |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030030/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4340 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Performance Evaluation of Public Enterprises : Some Issues Relating to Evaluation Criteria and Information Needs', Chapter 4 in Public Enterprises in India, edited by Sankar, Mishra and Ravishankar, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, March 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4341 |title=Performance Evaluation of Public Enterprises: Some Issue Relating to Evaluation Criteria and Information Needs |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024942/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4341 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Economic Development Problems in India : Agriculture Industry Relations', VIIIth World Economic Congress, International Economic Association, December 1986.
# 'Income tax Concessions : Implications for Equity and Growth of Tax Base'. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.22, No.29, 18 July 1987 (co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8957 |title=Income Tax Concessions: Implications for Equity and Growth of Tax Base |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063644/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8957 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Industrial Sickness in India : Magnitude and Identification Criteria' Decision, Vol.15, Nos. 3 & 4, July & October 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1600 |title=Industrial sickness in India: magnitude and identification criteria |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020057/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1600 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Inter Industry Tables for Gujarat : Methodology and Estimates'. Quarterly Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. XXVIII, No.4, October December 1988. (Co author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9012 |title=Inter-Industry Tables for Gujarat: Methodology and Estimates |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025108/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9012 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Socio economic Objectives of Public Distribution System in India'. Nirnay, Vol. 3, No. 4, December 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9010 |title=Socio-Economic Objectives of Public Distribution System in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020112/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9010 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Industrial Sickness in India : Need for Comprehensive Identification Criteria'. Vikalpa, Vol. 14, No. 2, April June 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9011 |title=Industrial Sickness in India: Need for Comprehensive Identification Criteria |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020920/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9011 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Energy Demand Forecast For Agriculture in India' Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.15, No.52, December 1990 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5078 |title=Energy Demand Forecast for Agriculture in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020118/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5078 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Regional Energy Demand Modelling: Some Lessons in Large scale Data Handling and Methodology', Chapter 13 in Modelling and Analysis of Large Systems, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi; 1991 (Co author).
# `Modernisation of Agriculture and Economic Growth: The Indian Experience', CDS Occasional Paper No.9, Centre For Development Studies. University of Glasgow, 1991 (Co author).
# `India's Economic Crisis: Nature and Remedies', Vikalpa, Vol.16, No.3, July September 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9177 |title=India's Economic Crisis: Nature and Remedies |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063517/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9177 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Modernisation of Agriculture and Economic Development : The Indian Experience', Farm & Business – ''The Journal of the Caribbean Agro''-Economic Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, March 1992 (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9178 |title=Modernisation of Agriculture and Economic Development: The Indian Experience |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031800/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9178 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Technical Progress in Indian Agriculture: Temporal Analysis', Vikalpa, Vol. 17, No.2 April June 1992 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6429 |title=Technical progress in Indian agriculture: temporal analysis |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=27 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020917/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6429 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Energy Planning in India : Relevance of Regional Planning for National Policy', Energy Policy, September 1992 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9237 |title=Energy Planning in India: Relevance of Regional Planning for National Policy |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020115/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9237 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Issues in Strategy for Export Promotion : An Inter-Industry Analysis', Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. 27, No. 48, November 1992 (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5126 |title=Issues in Strategy for Export Promotion: An Inter-Industry Analysis |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023209/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5126 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Growth of Total Factor Productivity in Indian Agriculture', Indian Economic Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, January–June 1993 (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9219 |title=Growth of Total Factor Productivity in Indian Agriculture |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031753/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9219 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Input Output Tables for Rajasthan : Methodology and Estimates', ''Journal of Income & Wealth'', Vol. 14, No. 2, July 1993 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9221 |title=Input-Output Tables for Rajasthan: Methodology and Estimates |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020120/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9221 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Malaysia's Privatisation Programme', Vikalpa, Vol. 19, No. 3, July–September 1994 (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7076 |title=Malaysia's Privatisation Programme |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=6 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021344/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7076 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Total Factor Productivity Growth in Indian Manufacturing', Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. 29, No. 53, 31 December 1994 (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/discussion/total-factor-productivity-growth-indian-manufacturing.html |title=Total Factor Productivity Growth in Indian Manufacturing | Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=Epw.in |date=26 November 1994 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# 'Macroeconomic Analysis of Union Budget 1995–96', Vikalpa, Vol.20, No.2, April–June 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9316 |title=Macroeconomic Analysis of Union Budget 1995–96 |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023352/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9316 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Total Factor Productivity Growth in Indian Industry', Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. 30, No. 28, 15 July 1995 (Co-author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/discussion/total-factor-productivity-growth-indian-industry.html |title=Total Factor Productivity Growth in Indian Industry | Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=Epw.in |date=15 July 1995 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>
# 'Some Aspects of Value Added Tax in Indian Economy', Ahmedabad Chartered Accountants' Journal, Vol. 19, No.4, July 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9363 |title=Some Aspects of Value Added Tax in Indian Economy |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063638/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9363 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Functional Distribution of National Income in India', Economic & Political Weekly, Vol.31, No.4, 27 January 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5216 |title=Functional Distribution of National Income in India |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025105/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5216 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Macroeconomic Analysis of Union Budget 1996–97', Vikalpa, Vol. 21, No.3, July–September 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1941 |title=Macroeconomic analysis of the union budget 1996–97 |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=5 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024805/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1941 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Impact of Economic Liberalisation on the Growth of Indian Agriculture,' Agricultural Development Paradigm for the Ninth Plan Under New Economic Environment. Bhupat M. Desai (Ed.). New Delhi : Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., (1997), pp. 122–136.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11230 |title=Impact of Economic Liberalisation on the growth of Indian Agriculture |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=1 October 2012 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020107/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11230 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'The Agricultural Development Corporation (Kenya),' Strategic Management of Public Enterprises in Developing Countries. S. Ramnarayan & I.M. Pandey (Eds.). New Delhi : Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., (1997), pp. 177–222.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6717 |title=The Agricultural Development Corporation (Kenya) |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031757/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6717 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'National Paper Corporation of Sri Lanka,' Strategic Management of Public Enterprises in Developing Countries. S. Ramnarayan & I.M. Pandey (Eds.). New Delhi : Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., (1997), pp. 239–277.<ref name="vslir.iimahd.ernet.in">{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6718 |title=National Paper Corporation of Sri Lanka |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063514/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6718 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Macroeconomic Assessment of Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) 1997', The Economic Times, 15 January 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5396 |title=Macroeconomic Assessment of Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) 1997 |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224216/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5396 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
# 'Input Output Tables for Kerala : Methodology and Estimates', IIMA Working Paper Series, No. 747, May 1988 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1599 |title=Input-output tables for Kerala methodology and estimates |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020733/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1599 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Sources of India's Economic Growth', IIMA Working Paper Series, No.1288, December 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1716 |title=Sources of India's economic growth |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=28 March 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025235/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1716 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# 'Macroeconomic Analysis of Union Budget 1997–98', IIMA Working Paper Series, No.1377, June 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1901 |title=Macroeconomic analysis of the union budget 1997 – 98 |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=3 April 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022812/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1901 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>

===Cases and technical notes===
Dholakia has authored the following Cases and Technical Notes used in MBA programme as well as various Executive Development Programmes conducted by the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.<ref name=iimahd>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&author_id=2097 |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |date=1 July 1975 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023353/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26author_id%3D2097 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

'''International cases'''
# Management of Economic Policy Reforms in Kenya, 1995
# Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia), 1994<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/faculty-and-research/research-and-publication/publications.html&cat_id=114&page=90 |title=Publications – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014715/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/faculty-and-research/research-and-publication/publications.html%26cat_id%3D114%26page%3D90 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Export Promotion Strategy and Trade Policy Reforms in Sri Lanka, 1993.

# Economic Policy Reforms : Mauritian Experience, 1992 (Co author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6921 |title=Economic Policy Reforms: Mauritian Experience |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063647/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6921 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# Role of Tourism Sector in Mauritian Economy, 1992 (Co author)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6920 |title=Role of Tourism Sector in Mauritian Economy |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025530/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6920 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# National Electricity Board of Malaysia (A), 1991.<ref name=iimahd/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6827 |title=National Electricity Board of Malaysia (B) |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=3 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020059/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6827 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# Urban Development Through Corporatism: The Case of Toronto Harbourfront; 1991 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6919 |title=Urban Development Through Corporatism: The Case of Toronto Harbourfront |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020104/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6919 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# Economic Planning in a Consistency Framework: The Malaysian Experience; 1991 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6918 |title=Planning in Consistency Framework: Malaysian Experience |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021347/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6918 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# Agricultural Development Corporation (Kenya); 1989 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4664 |title=The Agricultural Development Corporation (Kenya) |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=3 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025237/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4664 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# National Paper Corporation of Sri Lanka; 1989 (Co author).<ref name="vslir.iimahd.ernet.in"/>

'''Cases on Indian Industries'''
# Southern Sea Foods Private Limited (Case on Export Marketing); 1990.
# SFP Fisheries Limited (Case on Project Rehabilitation); 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6722 |title=SFP Fisheries Ltd |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025533/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6722 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# Jaypee Rewa Cement Project (Case on Social Cost Benefit Analysis); 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6611 |title=Jaypee Rewa Cement Project |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020359/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6611 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
# Fisheries Private Limited (Case on Project Appraisal and Project Rehabilitation); 1989 (Co-author).
# Laktuna :Marketing of Canned Tuna Produced in Lakshadweep; 1987 (co author).<ref name=iimahd/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=BP0199 |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014425/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DBP0199 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Diversification of Dinesh Fibres : An Assessment of Market for Outboard Motors Project (Case on Demand Forecasting); 1987 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6594 |title=Diversification of Dinesh Fibres: An Assessment of Market for Outboard Motors Project |publisher=Vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080 |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063350/http://vslir.iimahd.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6594 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>

'''Other Cases and Technical Notes'''
# Brackish Water Aquaculture Development in Tamil Nadu (Case); 1987 (co author).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=CMA0636 |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014717/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DCMA0636 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Growth and Structural Change in Indian Economy, 1982.<ref name=iimahd/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=ECO0282TEC |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015022/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DECO0282TEC |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Methods of Forecasting Demand for Industrial Products, 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=ECO0264TEC |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020550/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DECO0264TEC |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Marxian Analysis of the Future of Capitalism, 1977 (co author).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=ECO0224TEC |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030353/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DECO0224TEC |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Capitalism and the Classical Economic System, 1977.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=ECO0226TEC |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030802/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DECO0226TEC |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Ecology, Environmental Deterioration and Limits to Growth, 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=ECO0223TEC |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063913/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DECO0223TEC |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# India's Export Policy, 1976.
# Fifth Five Year Plan – Some Basic Issues, 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html&more=ECO0220 |title=Cases List – IIMA |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020917/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iima-cases/cases-list.html%26more%3DECO0220 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Estimates of National Income in India by Industry of Origin A Note on Methodology and Interpretation of Data, 1976 (Co author).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cases.iimahd.ernet.in/index.php/estimates-of-national-income-by-industry-of-origin-a-note-on-methodology-and-interpretation-of-data.html |title=Estimates of National Income by Industry of Origin: A Note on Methodology and Interpretation of Data |publisher=Cases.iimahd.ernet.in |date=1 January 1975 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063355/http://cases.iimahd.ernet.in/index.php/estimates-of-national-income-by-industry-of-origin-a-note-on-methodology-and-interpretation-of-data.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Main Features of National Supply Management System for Essential Commodities, 1984.
# Inter commodity Differences in National Supply Management System, 1984.
# Socio economic Objectives of National Supply Management System, 1984.
# Main Issues in Commodity Planning, 1984.
# Food Budget and Requirement of Public Distribution System in Gujarat (Case), 1984.
# Allocation of Foodgrains from Central Pool to Various States, 1984.
# Yashwant Sahakari Pani Purvatha Yojna Lift Irrigation Society (B), (Case), 1984.
# Review of Supply Management System Interstate Variations, 1983.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.imi.edu/delhi/faculty_details/6/dr-bakul-h-dholakia Bakul Dholakia's IMI Faculty Page]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81013452/|title=Most widely held works by Bakul H Dholakia|publisher=[[WorldCat]]}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dholakia, Bakul}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:University of the Fraser Valley alumni]]

Platanistidae

2026-04-18T17:54:18Z

KelseyMarsden6: creating new details...

{{Short description|Family of dolphins}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Early Miocene]] to Recent <ref>{{cite web |title=†Zarhachis flagellator Cope 1868 (toothed whale) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=63658 |website=Fossilworks.org}}</ref>
| image = B-Platanista-gangetica-in-natural-habitat.png
| image_caption = [[Indus river dolphin]] (''Platanista minor'')
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| taxon = Platanistidae
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1846
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = * ''[[Platanista]]''
* †''[[Araeodelphis]]''
* †''[[Dilophodelphis]]''
* †''[[Grimadelphis]]''
* †''[[Pachyacanthus]]''
* †''[[Pebanista]]''
* †''[[Pomatodelphis]]''
* †''[[Prepomatodelphis]]''
* †''[[Zarhachis]]''
}}

'''Platanistidae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[river dolphin]]s containing the extant [[Ganges river dolphin]] and [[Indus river dolphin]] (both in the genus ''[[South Asian river dolphin|Platanista]]'') but also extinct relatives from freshwater<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benites-Palomino |first1=Aldo |last2=Aguirre-Fernández |first2=Gabriel |last3=Baby |first3=Patrice |last4=Ochoa |first4=Diana |last5=Altamirano |first5=Ali |last6=Flynn |first6=John J. |last7=Sánchez-Villagra |first7=Marcelo R. |last8=Tejada |first8=Julia V. |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Salas-Gismondi |first10=Rodolfo |date=2024-03-22 |title=The largest freshwater odontocete: A South Asian river dolphin relative from the proto-Amazonia |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |article-number=eadk6320 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adk6320 |issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free |pmid=38507490 |bibcode=2024SciA...10K6320B |pmc=11800881 }}</ref> and marine deposits in the [[Neogene]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Barnes | first1 = L. G. | year = 2006 | title = A phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily Platanistoidea (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti) | url = | journal = Beitrage zur Palaontologie | volume = 30 | issue = | pages = 25–42 }}</ref>

The [[Amazon river dolphin]], [[baiji]], and [[La Plata dolphin]] were once thought to belong to Platanistidae (e.g. Simpson, 1945), but cladistic and DNA studies beginning in the 1990s showed that the former three taxa are more closely related to Delphinoidea than to the South Asian river dolphin.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Simpson | first1 = G. G. | year = 1945 | title = The principles of classification and a classification of mammals | url = | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 85 | issue = | pages = 1–350 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hrbek | first1 = T | last2 = da Silva | first2 = VMF | last3 = Dutra | first3 = N | last4 = Gravena | first4 = W | last5 = Martin | first5 = AR | last6 = Farias | first6 = IP | year = 2014 | title = A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or: How Little Do We Know Our Biodiversity | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 1| article-number = e83623 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0083623 | pmid = 24465386 | pmc = 3898917 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...983623H | doi-access = free }}</ref> The extinct odontocete families [[Allodelphinidae]] and [[Squalodelphinidae]] are closely related to Platanistidae.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boersma | first1 = A. | author-link2 = Pyenson, N. D. | last2 = Pyenson | first2 = N. D. | year = 2016 | title = ''Arktocara yakataga'', a new fossil odontocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Oligocene of Alaska and the antiquity of Platanistoidea | journal = PeerJ| volume = 4 | issue = | article-number = e2321 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.2321 | doi-access = free | pmid = 27602287 | pmc = 4991871 | bibcode = 2016PeerJ...4e2321B }}</ref> Fossils from this clade have been found in deposits in North and South America, Europe, and Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Family Platanistidae Gray 1846 |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=93946 |website=PBDB}}</ref>

Fossil and modern members of Platanistidae, a family of dolphins, share distinctive features such as an elongated, narrow snout and a uniquely shaped bone near the cheek area. The family is divided into two subfamilies: the extinct Pomatodelphininae, known from Miocene marine deposits, and the extant Platanistinae, which includes the South Asian river dolphin ''Platanista gangetica''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=Lawrence |title=A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Superfamily Platanistoidea (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti) |journal=Beitr.Palaont |date=2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cetacea|O.}}
{{Odontoceti|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6078080}}
{{Authority control}}

G. Barnes, L. (2006). A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Superfamily Platanistoidea (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti).

[[Category:Platanistidae| ]]
[[Category:Mammal families]]
[[Category:Platanistoidea]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]

Ajmina Kujur

2026-04-13T03:41:54Z

KelseyMarsden6: Adding New Pg

{{Short description|Indian hockey player}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Ajmina Kujur
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name = Ajmina Kujur
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|12|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Panposh]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]], [[Odisha]], India
| height =
| weight =
| position = Midfielder
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Hockey Association of Odisha]]
| goals1 =
| caps1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
| goals2 =
| caps2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2019–2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 14
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 =
| nationalteam2 =
| nationalcaps2 =
| nationalgoals2 =
| medaltemplates =
| updated =
}}
'''Ajmina Kujur''' (born 9 December 2001) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kujur Ajmina {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/hockey5s-lausanne-2022/teams/women/player/kujur-ajmina-23144 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajmina Kujur |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTg1NQ== |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=orisports.com}}</ref> She plays as a midfielder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajmina Kujur Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/ajmina-kujur-profile-3304 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> She plays for [[Indian Oil Corporation]] in the domestic tournaments and for the [[India women's national field hockey team|India hockey team]] in Hockey5s team.

== Early life ==
Ajmina hails from [[Panposh]], near [[Rourkela]], in [[Sundergarh district]]. Her father Cyril Kujur, a Catholic Christian. She learnt her basics from her first coach Amulyananda Bihari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTg1NQ== |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ajmina made her debut for India under-21 team in February 2019 at [[Lucknow]] against [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=4 from Odisha in Indian squad |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/4-from-odisha-in-indian-squad.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Then she played the 4 Nations Junior Women Invitational Tournament at [[Dublin]] in June 2019 and later played the 3 Nations Invitational Tournament in [[Canberra]], Australia in December 2019. Her big moment came when she represented the country in the Junior World Cup in April 2022 at [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa. Later, she also represented India in the Hockey5s tournaments starting with Hero Hockey5s tournament in [[Lausanne]] in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-06-04 |title=FIH Hockey 5s: Indian women's hockey team go down against Uruguay, Poland |url=https://aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/fih-hockey-5s-indian-womens-hockey-team-go-down-against-uruguay-poland20220604223553/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.aninews.in}}</ref> Then she played in the Women's Hockey5s Asia Cup at [[Salalah]], Oman in August 2023. In January 2024, she was part of the Indian team at the inaugural FIH Hockey5s World Cup held in [[Muscat]], Oman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-25 |title=Hockey5s World Cup: Mariana Kujur and Deepika Soreng lead India to victory over USA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/hockey5s-world-cup-mariana-kujur-and-deepika-soreng-lead-india-to-victory-over-usa/articleshow/107134749.cms |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She was also in the National Camp probables in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Ahead of Women's ACT, Hockey India announces 34-member probable group for national camp |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/hockey/ahead-of-womens-act-hockey-india-announces-34-member-probable-group-for-national-camp-2727570 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Cash award ==
Ajmina received an award of Rs.12,50,000 from [[Odisha]] government for playing for the Indian women's hockey team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=Swaroop |date=2024-02-20 |title=TNIE Impact: Odisha govt officials 'assure' land to international hockey medallist Jyoti |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2024/Feb/20/express-impact-government-officials-assure-land-to-hockey-international-jyoti-chhetri |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kujur, Ajmina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:People from Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey midfielders]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Death of Pratima Gaonkar

2026-04-07T20:43:11Z

KelseyMarsden6: created new info

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
On 9 October 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=Goa News {{!}}Mystery of Pratima's suicide (By: SANDESH PRABHUDESAI, PANAJI) |url=https://goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=7&catid=220 |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121113409/https://goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=7&catid=220 |archive-date=2022-01-21 }}</ref> '''Pratima Gaonkar''', a young Indian [[intersex]] athlete and swimmer, was found dead in a well in [[Goa]]. The cause was identified as death by [[suicide]]; this was in turn caused by Gaonkar's reaction to the disclosure and public commentary surrounding a [[Sex verification in sports|sex verification test]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Koshie |first=Nihal |date=9 September 2018 |title=The rising star who ended her life much before Dutee Chand challenged the rules |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/the-girl-before-dutee-chand-pratima-gaonkar-5346699/ |access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nagvenkar |first=Mayabhushan |date=21 July 2012 |title=Goa's Pinki Pramanik |work=Newslaundry |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2012/07/21/goas-pinki-pramanik |access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posbergh |first=Anna |date=2019-08-12 |title=Same Tricks, New Name: The IAAF's New 2018 Testosterone Regulation Policy for Female Athletes |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ijidi/article/view/32965 |journal=The International Journal of Information, Diversity, & Inclusion |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.33137/ijidi.v3i3.32965 |issn=2574-3430|doi-access=free }}</ref> Gaonkar was reportedly the subject of blackmail attempts, including an accusation by her mother that her coach was accusing her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Broadbent |first=Rick |title=IAAF must let Caster Semenya run |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/athletics/article/iaaf-must-let-caster-semenya-run-0rv2w0g50 |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

Originally from the village of Sadgal, Goa,<ref name=":0" /> three months prior to her death she won silver medal in the 4×400 relay in the [[2001 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Junior Asian Athletics Championships]] in Brunei.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratima GAONKAR {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/pratima-gaonkar-14282840 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> She had previously broken all the Goan state-level records for her discipline.<ref name=":1" />

In the aftermath of her death, media attention and reportage was invasive, with a press conference discussing her body in detail.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dohle |first=Max |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl_sDwAAQBAJ&dq=pratima+gaonkar&pg=PA115 |title="They say I'm not a girl": Case Studies of Gender Verification in Elite Sports |date=2020-06-19 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3701-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11rRjnzhJQIC&dq=pratima+gaonkar&pg=PA195 |title=Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press |date=2008 |publisher=Goa1556 |isbn=978-81-905682-0-3 |language=en}}</ref> The public discourse which surrounded her death as an intersex athlete has led to comparisons with [[Dutee Chand]] and [[Caster Semenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-16 |title=5 Female Athletes Around The World Who Have Been Subjected To Gender & Sex Tests |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/women/5-female-athletes-who-have-been-subjected-to-gender-sex-tests/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaonkar, Pratima}}
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:2001 in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:October 2001 in Asia]]
[[Category:Women deaths]]

Christ Church, Hyderabad

2026-04-06T12:48:14Z

KelseyMarsden6: created new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=December 2015}}


{{Infobox church
| name = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Christ Church
| fullname =
| other name =
| image = File:960;680;f0b46a21a508ff61274202c15a2c7b9073745ddf.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| relief =
| map caption =
| iso region =
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| previous denomination = [[Anglican]]
| churchmanship = [[High church]]
| membership =
| attendance =
| website =
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = 1868<ref>''Discover Andhra Pradesh, India'', Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, p.26.[https://books.google.com/books?id=yFRuAAAAMAAJ&q=discover+andhra+pradesh+christ+church+hyderabad]</ref>
| founder = [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]] ([[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel|SPG]])<ref>''Census of India, 1961: Andhra Pradesh'', Office of the Registrar General, New Delhi, 1961, p.50.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hAQdAQAAMAAJ&q=christ+church+hyderabad]</ref>
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation = [[INTACH]] Award<ref name="Siasat">''[[Siasat]]''.[http://archive.siasat.com/news/serious-attempt-needed-protect-heritage-buildings-hyderabad-424208/]</ref>
| designated date = 2013<ref name="Siasat" />
| architect =
| architectural type = [[Chapel]]
| style = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]]<ref name="Horizons">[https://issuu.com/apredahorizons/docs/horizons_june_-_july_13 ''Horizons'', Volume 2, Issue 11, June-July 2013, p.32]</ref>
| years built =
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| materials = Lime and mortar
| bells =
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| parish =
| deanery =
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| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Medak]]
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district = Town DCC<ref>[[Diocese of Medak]].[http://www.csimedakdiocese.in/]</ref>
| division = Ramkote Pastorate
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[The Right Reverend]] [[A. C. Solomon Raj]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| auxiliary bishop =
| abbot =
| prior =
| subprior =
| exarch =
| provost-rector =
| provost =
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| rector =
| vicar =
| dean =
| subdean =
| archpriest =
| precentor =
| succentor =
| chancellor =
| canonchancellor =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| canonmissioner =
| canontreasurer =
| prebendary =
| priestincharge = [[The Reverend|Rev.]] Sathia Joseph, [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref>[[Church of South India Synod]], ''[[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India|Diocese of Medak]] Clergy List''.[http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/53_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Medak%20Diocese.pdf]</ref>
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| honpriest =
| curate =
| asstcurate =
| nonstipendiaryminister =
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}}
[[File:Parish2.jpg|thumb|Church Parish Hall]]

The [[Church of South India|CSI]] '''Christ Church''' is one of the earliest Churches in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. The church is situated in Ramkote locality of the twin cities Hyderabad and [[Secunderabad]] and 24 km away from the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] Shamshabad. For Church administrative purposes, it falls under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Medak]] and caters to a diverse [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="Horizons" />-speaking congregation of about 500 members. The church was consecrated and dedicated in 1869, and is the oldest Tamil Church in Hyderabad.

==History==

===Foundation===
Prior to 1869, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking Christians from the Hyderabad area travelled all the way to St. Thomas's church in Secunderabad with their families in bullock-carts to worship in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], which proved to be a hardship and inconvenience. In 1867, the [[Nizams' Government]], with Prime Minister [[Sir Salar Jung]], donated a small parcel of land with sufficient donations to construct a church. The foundation stone was laid by the wife of Major General Grant, commanding subsidiary forces of Secunderabad in 1867 after an impressive address by [[Sir Richard Temple]]. In two years' time, Christ Church was constructed, and dedicated in 1869 on Christmas Eve by the Rt. Rev. Frederic Gell, Bishop of Madras Diocese.

===Inauguration of the diocese===

On 3 October 1947, the churches in South India united to form the "Church of South India (CSI) Medak Diocese". The Rev. Whittaker, chairman of Wesley Church Hyderabad, was consecrated as the first Bishop of the diocese, and in 1950 he ordained Rev. G. D. Samuel to minister to the Christ Church congregation. Since 1947, eight Bishops have contributed to the edification of the church and its activities.

===1970 centenary celebration===

In commemoration of the church's 100-year history (1869–1969) in Hyderabad, the church building was enlarged. Construction was made possible by contributions from church members and a loan from the Diocese.

===Christ Church High School===

On 15 June 1979, Christ Church School, located inside the church compound, was inaugurated by founding members Rev. D. Justus Moni (first Manager and Correspondent), Mrs. Enid. David, the late Prof. A. P. Rajaratnam, the late Mr. George Michael, the late Mr. W.A. Deva Das, the late Mr. C. John Rose and the late Mrs. Victoria Robert, Rev. S. M. Jothi Raj (Manager and Correspondent [1984–1987]), and Rev. A. Bennet(Manager and Correspondent [2003 – July 2014]). When inaugurated, the school served 8 students.

Now the school has attained high school status, and has grown to accommodate 500 children. 100% results have been reported in SSC in the last few years. The Rev. S. Sathia Joseph has served as Manager and Correspondent since July 2014, and Mrs. Shirley Solomon, the present Head Mistress, now leads a staff of 15 teachers and 5 support staff.

===Post-Centenary silver jubilee celebration (1869–1994)===

This celebration was inaugurated on 2 October 1994 by Bishop [[B. P. Sugandhar]] at the confirmation service, and began with various construction projects such as the extension of the wings of the church, repairing of the roof, addition of a choir vestry, etc. Special meetings with Dr. [[Ken Gnanakan]] were held on 26 and 27 November 1994.

===Clergy===

Nearly 29 clergy have served Christ Church since 1880:

* 1880–1887, [[Reverend|Rev.]] A. Sebastian, CSI
* 1947–1949, [[Reverend|Rev.]] S. Christudoss, CSI
* 1949–1957, [[Reverend|Rev.]] G. D. Samuel, CSI
* 1957–1959, [[Reverend|Rev.]] J. V. Navamani Raj, CSI
* 1960–1960, [[Reverend|Rev.]] T. Krishna Rao, CSI
* 1961–1964, Dr. A. C. Abraham, [[Laity]]
* 1964–1965, [[Reverend|Rev.]] P. R. Dharma Raj, CSI
* 1965–1967, [[Reverend|Rev.]] G. D. Samuel, CSI
* 1967–1968, [[Reverend|Rev.]] P. R. Dharma Raj, CSI
* 1968–1978, Dr. A. C. Abraham, Laity
* 1978–1982, [[Reverend|Rev.]] G. D. Samuel, CSI
* 1978–1984, [[Reverend|Rev.]] D. Justus Moni, CSI
* 1984–1987, [[Reverend|Rev.]] S. M. Jothi Raj, CSI
* 1987–1993, [[Reverend|Rev.]] A. Bennet, CSI
* 1993–2003, [[Reverend|Rev.]] D. Justus Moni, CSI
* 2003–2014, [[Reverend|Rev.]] A. Bennet, CSI
* 2014-2023 [[Reverend|Rev.]] S. Sathia Joseph, CSI
* 2023–present [[Reverend|Rev.]] Naveen Kumar, CSI

==Buildings==
Built in the [[Gothic Revival]] style, the main church building was designed with a wing on both sides in the shape of a cross, and can accommodate 300 members. The roof supporting structure was strengthened in the year 2008 from funds donated by the congregation and the Diocese.

The church also has a Parish Hall which can accommodate about 250 people, constructed from contributions received from church members. First proposed by the late Rev. A. Ezekiel, the hall was constructed under the personal supervision of Rev. G. D. Samuel, with foundation and basement work initiated by Dr. E. B. Christian.

The Rev. Dr. A. C. Abraham Hall is also located inside the church compound which is used for conducting committee meetings and other discussions.

==Intach Heritage Award==
[[File:534980 540027502715848 1577414277 n 1.jpg|thumb|115x115px|Intach Church Award (2013)]]
On 18 April 2013, the church was honored with the [[Intach Heritage Award]], presented by the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]], for the church's representation of Gothic Revival architecture.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1869]]
[[Category:Churches in Hyderabad, India]]

Jalandhar Cantonment

2026-03-29T11:36:05Z

KelseyMarsden6: fix information per standard format for clarity

{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalandhar Cantonment
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = 29 Mar 2008 Go Karting Jalandhar Cantt by gopal1035 017.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Vajra Go Karting in Jalandhar Cantonment
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.286|N|75.615|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1848
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Jalandhar Cantonment Board
| leader_title = [[President (government title)|President]]
| leader_name = [https://jalandhar.cantt.gov.in/]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 47845
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144005
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|https://jalandhar.cantt.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
'''Jalandhar Cantonment''' (typically abbreviated and referred to as '''Jalandhar Cantt''') is a [[cantonment]] town in [[Jalandhar District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. It is situated beside the [[Grand Trunk Road]] at a distance of 89 km from [[Amritsar]] and 371 km from [[Delhi]]. It covers an area of 15.2 km2 (5.87 square miles) It is located on the [[Amritsar-Delhi Broad Gauge Main Line]]. A Class-I airfield at Adampur is situated at a distance of 19 km. The airfield is linked with Jalandhar Cantonment by rail and road.

==History==
It is one of the oldest cantonments in India, established in 1848 after the first Anglo-Sikh War, when the British settled in Northern India.<ref name="DGDE">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.dgde.gov.in/cantonments/web/639|title=Jalandhar|publisher=Directorate General Defence Estates}}</ref> The original scope of this cantonment was limited to troops to quell disturbances from adjoining States for the maintenance of peace and order.

In 1920 the cantonment was the scene of mutiny by Irish soldiers, who were protesting against martial law in Ireland by refusing to obey orders. They took down the Union Flag and replaced it with the flag of the [[Irish Republic]], proclaimed at the time in Dublin (See [[The Connaught Rangers#Mutiny in India, 1920]]).<ref name="IT">{{cite news |last= McNally|first= Frank|date=24 June 2020|title=Blood on the tracks –Frank McNally on the Connaught Rangers Mutiny|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/blood-on-the-tracks-frank-mcnally-on-the-connaught-rangers-mutiny-1.4287560|newspaper=Irish Times| access-date= 5 November 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Camps National Cadet Corps India.jpg|thumb|left|The cantonment is dotted with buildings dating back to the British era]]

==Units stationed==
Military Hospital Jalandhar was established here to provide health care and education to troops of the Indian army and their families.
It is the peacetime station and family station for the 163 Medium Artillery Regiment, 169 Field Artillery Regiment, 141 Air Defence (SAM) Regiment, 4th Battalion [[Rajputana Rifles]], 4th Battalion of [[Bengal Sappers]] and 2nd Signals Battalion. The families of soldiers and officers of the above units live in the cantonment housing.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Jalandhar Cantonment had a population of 47,845.<ref name="DGDE"/> Males constitute 59% of the population and females 41%. Jalandhar Cantonment has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 75%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 75%. In Jalandhar Cantonment, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Jalandhar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Cantonments of India]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:1848 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1848]]

Rogue (2017 film)

2026-03-28T15:15:00Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{Short description|Indian action thriller film}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rogue
| image = Rogue movie poster.jpg
| caption = movie poster
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = [[C R Manohar|C. R. Manohar]] C. R. Gopi
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Ishan
*[[Mannara Chopra]]
*[[Angela Krislinzki]]
}}
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| cinematography = Mukesh Gnanesh
| editing = Junaid Siddiqui
| studio = Tanvi Films
| distributor = Jaya Aditya (Telugu) Jayanna Films (Kannada)
| released = {{Film date|2017|03|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rogue''''' is a 2017 Indian [[action drama film]] directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] and produced by [[C R Manohar|C. R. Manohar]] and C. R. Gopi under Tanvi Films. The film was shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] languages and stars Ishan, [[Mannara Chopra]], [[Angela Krislinzki]] and [[Thakur Anoop Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/|title=Will Puri give his magical touch to Rogue?|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=26 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnewscorner.com/news/film/details/12427/latest/Puri-Jagannaths-Rogue-with-new-hero-ISHAN.html|title=Puri Jagannath's Rogue with new hero ISHAN|work=AP News Corner|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813144835/http://www.apnewscorner.com/news/film/details/12427/latest/Puri-Jagannaths-Rogue-with-new-hero-ISHAN.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Filming began in November 2015 and the first trailer was out on 1 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rogue-trailer-puri-jagannadh-ishaan-963484-2017-03-02|title=Rogue trailer: Puri Jagannadh, Ishaan pack a punch in this potboiler|work=India Today|date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/puris-rogue-to-be-remade-in-hindi-by-salman-khan-featuring-suraj-pancholi/articleshow/57098758.cms|title=Puri's 'Rogue' to be remade in Hindi by Salman Khan featuring Suraj Pancholi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

Ishan won [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut (Telugu)]] at [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]].

== Synopsis ==
Sanju/Chanti (Ishan) is a reckless youth who hates women after being cheated by his girlfriend Anjali ([[Angela Krislinzki]]). Sanju gets into a tussle with a constable named Murali ([[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]) and breaks his legs. Seeing Murali's family condition, Sanju decides to help the family and works as an auto driver and a recovery agent. Things work fine for Murali and his family until an escaped gangster named Psycho ([[Thakur Anoop Singh]]) targets Murali's sister Anjali ([[Mannara Chopra]]) due to a past. Can Sanju protects Anjali from Psycho and his gang forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Ishan as Sanju/Chanti
* [[Mannara Chopra]] as Anjali
* [[Angela Krislinzki]] as Anjali
* [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] as Psycho
* [[Ajaz Khan]] as Ajaz
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Sanju's father
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] as [[Constable]] Murali, Anjali's brother
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] (Telugu version)
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] (Kannada version)
* [[Thulasi Shivamani]] as Sanju's mother
* [[Subbaraju]] as an encounter specialist
* [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]] as Chirag
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Seth
}}

==Production==
After the completion of ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]'' in 2015, Puri Jagannadh announced that he would start his new project titled ''Rogue'' which would be a sequel of ''[[Pokiri (film)|Pokiri]]'' and had approached actor [[Mahesh Babu]] for the lead role. Since there were no confirmation from the actor's side, Puri hinted about directing [[Chiranjeevi]]'s 150th film and narrated the story. Chiranjeevi was not impressed with the second half of the film and instead preferred a remake of ''[[Kaththi]]''. Puri went ahead with a fresh concept and cast producer [[C. R. Manohar]]'s cousin Ishaan in the lead role. On 5 October 2015, Puri announced on his Twitter that he would introduce a new face for his upcoming film titled ''Rogue''. Initially [[Aisha Sharma]] and [[Pooja Jhaveri]] were signed on for the lead female roles. The shoot began and suddenly was shelved due to various reasons. Later, Puri revived the project by replacing Jhaveri with [[Angela Krislinzki]] who had earlier appeared in a song of the film ''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]'' to play the lead role along with [[Mannara Chopra]] in the parallel lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitramala.in/puri-jagannadhs-next-film-rogue-203566.html|title=After Loafer, Puri Jagannadh's next film Rogue|publisher=Chitramala.in|date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/feb/20/angela-krislinzki-and-mannara-chopra-to-make-sandalwood-debut-with-rogue-1572443.html|title=Angela Krislinzki and Mannara Chopra to make sandalwood debut with rogue|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 February 2017}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rogue
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|03|9}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The official soundtrack of the film consisting of six songs was composed by [[Sunil Kashyap]]. While the Kannada version of the audio is about to be launched on 9 March 2017 at [[Bangalore Palace]] in [[Bengaluru]] and invited actors [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Sudeep]] and [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] to be at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/06/larger-than-life-audio-launch-for-ishans-rogue-1578013.html|title=Larger-than-life audio launch for Ishan's Rogue|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2017}}</ref> The Telugu version is planned to release in the second week of March with actor [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and [[Sunny Leone]] being the primary invitees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.celebrityprofiles.in/2017/03/balakrishna-chief-guest-rogue-audio-launch/|title=Balakrishna As Chief Guest For Rogue Audio Launch|publisher=Celebrity profiles|date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Telugu Track list<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugumusic.in/rogue-2017/|title=Rogue (2017)|publisher=Telugu Music|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042814/http://telugumusic.in/rogue-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Ghumshuda
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskara Bhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Nee Kosam
| lyrics2 = Bhaskara Bhatla
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Ee Pranam
| lyrics3 = Bhaskara Bhatla
| extra3 = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Toli Pravasame
| lyrics4 = Bhaskara Bhatla
| extra4 = Malvika Sriram
| length4 =
| title5 = Neela Neela
| lyrics5 = Bhaskara Bhatla
| extra5 = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Adadhante
| lyrics6 = Bhaskara Bhatla
| extra6 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
| length6 =
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Kannada Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Ghumshuda
| lyrics1 = Ram
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ninagagi Naa Kadiruve
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Ee Sarasa
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Savi Anubhavavo
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = Pranavi, [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxxUZIIK7rg |title=Savi Anubhava Vo Full Song |publisher=YouTube |author=Puri Sangeet |date=9 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>
| length4 =
| title5 = Neeli Neeli
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Hennu Andre Abala Alla
| lyrics6 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra6 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
| length6 =
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 31 March 2017.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Mukta Badipatla of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "A predictable storyline embellished with hilarious dialogues and fine performance, ''Rogue'' proves to be an out-an-out entertaining action drama."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rogue/movie-review/57940167.cms|title=ROGUE MOVIE REVIEW|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2/5 and wrote "Rogue reiterates the notion that the Puri Jagannadh we once knew has gone on a long vacation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rogue-movie-review-every-bit-of-this-puri-jagannadh-film-is-an-assault-on-our-senses-3361978.html|title=Rogue movie review: Every bit of this Puri Jagannadh film is an assault on our senses|website=Firstpost|date=31 March 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/rogue/cast-crew.html Rogue film crew]
* {{IMDb title|tt6682124}}
{{Puri Jagannadh}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 multilingual films]]

Ravi Shankaran

2026-03-22T19:58:21Z

KelseyMarsden6: correct structure as per guidelines and added references after review

{{Short description|Indian spy}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}

Lt. Commander '''Ravi Shankaran''' (Retd.) (born 1964) is a decorated ex-Indian Naval clearance diving officer who is allegedly an arms dealer now and the prime accused in a case of military espionage for commercial purposes which has international implications. Shankaran was a London-based NRI business man and is the only one to have escaped the dragnet of the Income Tax, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] and [[Interpol]] for his role in masterminding now what is known as the [[Navy War Room Leak Case]].<ref>
{{cite news
| title = In Troubled waters
| author = Sandeep Unnithan
| publisher = [[India Today (magazine)|India Today]]
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20060522-navy-war-room-leak-case-prime-accused-lieutenant-retd-ravi-shankaran-to-be-deported-783068-2006-05-21
| date = 22 May 2006
}}
</ref>

He is the prime accused in the "Naval war room spy scandal", which is linked to the [[Scorpene deal scam]]. In this case, a number of documents stolen from the Navy war room were leaked to [[Thales Group|Thales]], the maker of {{sclass2|Scorpène|submarine|1}} enabling them to clinch a Euro 3 Billion Submarine Deal with the [[Indian Navy]]. Shankaran is a retired naval officer of the 67th NDA Course whose parents lived in Pune and took early retirement from the Indian Navy for Medical Reasons. While in the Navy he moonlighted in commercial diving, and was a regular on the Mumbai party scene, being particularly popular amongst affluent women. Like many other retired naval officers he then opened a naval-supply and Salvage business, starting a company called Shanks Oceaneering.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = ESPIONAGE: Tinker, Sailor, Spy?
| author = Rajesh Ramachandran
| publisher = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?229630
| date = 26 December 2005
| accessdate = 10 July 2011
}}
</ref> The business was soon doing well and Shankaran became well known for his party lifestyle; becoming known by his preferred nickname, Shanx.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?231801| title = Gifts From Admiral Uncle {{!}} Outlook India Magazine}}</ref>

==Naval War Room Leak==

In October 2005, ''[[DNA (magazine)|DNA]]'' magazine reported that some documents were allegedly leaked on a USB pen drive from the Directorate of Naval operations in New Delhi (also called the Navy War Room). However, they were intercepted by air force intelligence from the house of Wing Commander S L Surve. The documents, which dealt with Indian defence purchases, were related to India's future defence preparedness plan and were passed on to billionaire arms dealer [[Abhishek Verma (businessman)|Abhishek Verma]], Ravi Shankaran and Kulbhushan Prashar, an associate of Ravi Shankaran, who was also an ex naval officer.

After the leak was exposed, the Navy conducted its in-house investigation, and in December 2005, it sacked three officers, Vijendra Rana of the Marine Commando Force, Vinod Kumar Jha, a navigation and operations specialist and Captain Kashyap Kumar, another navigations and operations specialist, without any trial, who were then arrested and incarcerated behind bars for varying periods. All three are now out on bail. Officially, the reason given for their dismissal under the rarely used "President's 'Pleasure" clause, was because they had leaked classified information after accepting ''gratification'', and this may affect the "security of the State", but the lack of criminal charges against the three has been very surprising.<ref name=sk>
{{cite news
| title = Of Scorpene, Scorpions and the coming 'sting'
| author = Sudheendra Kulkarni
| author-link = Sudheendra Kulkarni
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://iecolumnists.expressindia.com/full_column.php?content_id=88597
| date = 26 February 2006
}} ''We confirm the payment of 4 per cent of the Scorpene contract price,'' Perrier [CEO of Thales] wrote to Verma, according to Outlook. However, Outlook could never produce such e-mail before the investigating agency.
</ref> In fact, the navy did not pass on the case to the nodal investigative agency, the [[Central Bureau of Investigations]] until nearly a year had passed after the initial break.,<ref name=cbi>
{{cite news
| title = CBI wants to quiz woman used as honeytrap
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-08/india/27814570_1_kulbhushan-parashar-war-room-leak-cbi-sleuths
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120820014731/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-08/india/27814570_1_kulbhushan-parashar-war-room-leak-cbi-sleuths
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 20 August 2012
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 8 April 2006
}}An official said that such searches would have been more effective if they had been conducted immediately after the leak surfaced nearly 11 months ago.</ref> while others hinted that the investigation may have been deliberately delayed, possibly to protect Shankaran.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = War Room leak : Abhishek Verma held
| publisher = CNN-IBN
| url = http://ibnlive.com
| date = 21 July 2006}}

</ref>

When questioned why the involved civilians had not been charged criminally, defence minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]], told [[CNN-IBN]]'s [[Karan Thapar]] in 2006: "Why does action
have to be taken against them (civilians)? This is commercial
information. People want to have commercial information. They deployed their
services."<ref name=sk/>

After a string of articles in the ''[[Outlook(magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine about Navy War Room Leak Case being related to the Scorpene Kick Back Case where a commission of USD 165 million was paid to Shankaran, Verma and their Accomplices, investigations were handed over to the CBI. After raids were conducted in 20 offices and residences nationwide of Shankaran his business partner, retired Commander Kulbhushan Parashar was arrested in April 2006 at the [[Indira Gandhi Airport]] in New Delhi on his arrival from London where he had met Shankaran. The large number of documents uncovered by the CBI resulted in many more arrests such as Abhishek Verma and Wing Commander S.L. Surve. Also arrested was Rajrani Jaiswal from Pune, who was apparently used by Kulbushan Parashar as a "honey trap". Surve, who was posted as joint director (air defence) in the Air HQ, was so besotted with Rajrani that Surve's wife complained to the IAF about them.<ref name=honey>
{{cite news
| title = Honeytrap in war-room leak uncovered
| author =
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-07/india/27792875_1_navy-war-room-war-room-leak-vinod-kumar-jha
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120616075120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-07/india/27792875_1_navy-war-room-war-room-leak-vinod-kumar-jha
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 June 2012
| date = 7 March 2006| work = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 10 June 2011
}}Surve seemed to be besotted by Rajrani. He took her everywhere, including the Akash Air Force mess in New Delhi. Surve's wife, in fact, complained about it to the IAF authorities.</ref> Eventually Surve was fired.

Unable to secure Ravi Shankaran's presence for further investigations the CBI cancelled his passport and successfully got Interpol to issue a worldwide Red Corner Notice for his immediate arrest in 2006.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Interpol Notice Against Ravi Shankaran
| author = tnn
| publisher = [[Economic Times (magazine)|Economic Times]]
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-05-13/news/27450507_1_navy-war-room-leak-red-corner-notice-ravi-shankaran
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-05-13/news/27450507_1_navy-war-room-leak-red-corner-notice-ravi-shankaran
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 March 2016
| date = 13 May 2006
}}
</ref>

The CBI was also successful in seizing and attaching all properties and assets owned by Ravi Shankaran including his bank accounts and cars in India as well as overseas. Based on Kulbhushan Parashar's confession that he had met Shankaran in London, the CBI through the Scotland Yard were successful in obtaining a UK arrest warrant from a Judge at the Westminster Court. The CBI claimed that "the warrant as a major step towards his apprehension and extradition. Shankaran's arrest could open up further leads in the case".<ref>

{{cite news
| title = UK court warrant for navy leak suspects
| author = tnn
| publisher = [[Economic Times (magazine)|Economic Times]]
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-11/news/28463668_1_vinod-rana-ravi-shankaran-raj-rani-jaiswal
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002162702/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-11/news/28463668_1_vinod-rana-ravi-shankaran-raj-rani-jaiswal
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2 October 2015
| date = 11 April 2007
}}
</ref>

In spite of an International Interpol and UK arrest warrant Ravi Shankaran allegedly managed to give the authorities a slip and moved to Europe without valid travel documents. He was successfully tracked by CBI using Technical Surveillance Intelligence to France, Spain, and Norway and after trailing him for over four months, the CBI found him in Sweden where he was nearly detained but managed to evade the authorities. CBI officials said that they were confident of getting Shankaran extradited to India and termed his "vanishing act" as a temporary phase till the law caught up with him.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = War room leak case accused traced to Sweden
| author = pti
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-19/india/27955855_1_war-room-leak-case-ravi-shankaran-directorate-of-naval-operations
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216064255/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-19/india/27955855_1_war-room-leak-case-ravi-shankaran-directorate-of-naval-operations
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2013
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 19 August 2007
}}
</ref>

In Dec 2007, [[Arun Prakash]] responded to a biased article in the Outlook Magazine which tried to imply that the CBI had found evidence of him helping Ravi Shankaran escape Justice by a public statement quoting a CBI document:
: The investigation so far, leading to the filing of two charge sheets has not revealed any incriminating act on the part of Admiral Arun Prakash with regard to this conspiracy.<ref name=response>{{cite web | url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-2777 | title=The Daily Buzz - Your Daily Dose of Laughs, Hacks, News & More! }}</ref>

CBI has so far filed 2 charge sheets in this case. No charge sheet has been filed against Capt. Kashyap Kumar, Rajrani and Mukesh Bajaj (mentor of Rajrani;now dead) as nothing incriminating related to this case was found. VK Jha has not been charged with espionage but for negligence as IT head leading to leakage.

It appears that Shankaran and Parashar, both of whom had taken early retirement from the navy, had convinced their friends commander Vijendra Rana to enable the copying of classified information from the Navy War room in the South Block.<ref name=honey/> Eight pen drives were used to carry the information to their contacts in international armament companies interested in selling to India. Only two of the eight pen drives could be recovered.

===Arrest in London===

In April 2010, four years after the [[Interpol]] [[Red corner notice]] had been issued against him, Ravi Shankaran gave himself up voluntarily in London. Reports indicate that he was being extradited via proceedings in the court of [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]], Westminister's Court, London.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Naval-war-room-leak-case-accused-Shakaran-arrested-in-London/articleshow/5954881.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Naval war room leak case accused Shakaran arrested in London | date=20 May 2010}}</ref> However, in over nearly 3 years, he is yet to be extradited as of January 2013. On 30 December 2011, the London Court has held that there is prima facie answerable case against Shankaran but it also allowed him to refute the same at the next hearing. Now Shankaran has claimed in the court that since his assets are frozen he may be granted Legal Aid which was accepted by the Court. Meanwhile, he is on bail in London with restrictions. On 27 March 2013, Shankaran's appeal against extradition was turned down by the Westminster Magistrates Court in London. Theresa May, Home Secretary of Britain is now expected to take a final call on the extradition .<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-war-room-leak-shankaran-loses-extradition-appeal/article4554495.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Hasan | last=Suroor | title=Ravi Shankaran loses plea against extradition | date=27 March 2013}}</ref> According to a British Home Office spokesperson, the Secretary of State on 22 May signed an order for Ravi Shankaran's extradition to India. Shankaran has been given 14 days to move an appeal against this order.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uk-nod-for-ravi-shankarans-extradition/article4760457.ece | work=The Hindu | title=U.K. nod for Ravi Shankaran's extradition | date=29 May 2013 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Decks-cleared-for-Ravi-Shankaran-extradition/2013/05/29/article1610446.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222053556/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Decks-cleared-for-Ravi-Shankaran-extradition/2013/05/29/article1610446.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 December 2013 | work=The New Indian Express | title=Decks cleared for Ravi Shankaran extradition | date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Naval-war-room-leak-case-UK-authorities-orders-extradition-of-Ravi-Shankaran/articleshow/20315289.cms? | work=The Times of India | title=Naval war room leak case: UK authorities orders extradition of Ravi Shankaran | date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

===Appeal in UK High Court===
In a major setback to the CBI, the case against Ravi Shankaran said to be the key accused in the [[Navy War Room Leak Case]], was rejected by the [[England and Wales]] High Court on 1 April 2014. In addition, the judges, Lord Brian Leveson and Mr. Justice Blake, ordered the CBI to pay Shankaran Rs. 10 million in legal costs. They also said there was no prima facie case against him. Shankaran had appealed to the High Court after an extradition order passed by Home Secretary Theresa May in May 2013. The order came after the decisions of District Judge Nicholas Evans at the Westminster Magistrates Court in December 2011 and again in March 2013. The High Court's order over-ruled both Judge Evans' ruling and the extradition order. The judges re-examined the evidence to establish that no prima facie case existed for extradition of Ravi Shankaran.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = U.K. court rejects CBI plea for Ravi Shankaran's extradition
| author = Parvathi Menon
| publisher = [[Hindu (Newspaper)|Hindu]]
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/uk-court-rejects-cbi-plea-for-ravi-shankarans-extradition/article5864458.ece
| date = 3 April 2014
}}
</ref>
The CBI further failed to file an appeal in the UK Supreme Court within the 14 days deadline, since it kept waiting for a legal opinion that never came thereby making the UK High Court order rejecting its request for Shankaran's extradition final. The CBI is now examining whether there was any lapse in recording a key witness statement properly. The agency might also re-examine the grounds on which four senior agency officials, who were part of the case's probe, had subsequently received the President's gold medal for their work. The CBI is also examining the Shankaran's claim of having filed a complaint against an agency case investigator in the Indian trial court for allegedly submitting fake evidence in a UK court in May 2011.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Waiting for legal view, CBI misses chance to lay hands on Shankaran
| author = Abhishek Sharan
| publisher = [[Hindustan Times (Newspaper)|Hindustan Times]]
| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/waiting-for-legal-view-cbi-misses-chance-to-lay-hands-on-shankaran/article1-1209787.aspx
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140419140240/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/waiting-for-legal-view-cbi-misses-chance-to-lay-hands-on-shankaran/article1-1209787.aspx
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 19 April 2014
| date = 19 April 2014
}}
</ref>

===Present Status===
The CBI now with the help of the UK Government is exploring the option of getting Shankaran de-ported as his passport has been cancelled by the Indian Government. CBI sources stated that "The agency sleuths may initiate the process of his deportation through diplomatic channel. This aspect is also being examined by the legal wing of the agency. Nothing has been finalised so far," .<ref>
{{cite news
| title = CBI won't challenge UK court
| author = pramod kumar
| publisher = [[The Asian Age (Newspaper)|The Asian Age]]
| url = http://www.asianage.com/india/cbi-won-t-challenge-uk-court-493
| date = 23 April 2014
}}
</ref>
With the extradition case against him firmly closed, Shankaran now inhabits a strange British netherworld inhabited by music director Nadeem Saifi. One-half of the famous music duo Nadeem-Shravan, he has lived in London since 1997 when he was named prime accused in the murder of music baron [[Gulshan Kumar]]. Nadeem resisted attempts by the Mumbai Police to extradite him in 2001. He cannot return to India because of an arrest warrant against him. A similar fate awaits Shankaran. Now, in a dramatic twist, the CBI's quarry has turned on his pursuers. In a two-page statement sent to India today on 16 April, Shankaran charged CBI with producing false evidence to try and extradite him. "During the extradition trial, the appellant provided the UK court evidence under Freedom of Information Act which showed that many of the CBI submissions in the UK court or in the extradition request were simply false."
Shankaran claims he has received a UK High Court directive to CPS to reimburse the 125,000 pound (Rs. 12 million) legal expenses he incurred in fighting the extradition case. It is not clear whether CPS will recover these costs from the Indian authorities but if it does, it will be a second big embarrassment for CBI.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = War room leak case: CBI still groping in dark
| author = Sandeep Unnithan
| publisher = [[India Today (magazine)|India Today]]
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20140428-war-room-leak-case-cbi-prime-accused-802427-1999-11-29
| date = 18 April 2014
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankaran, Ravi}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Indian spies]]

Urban Development Directorate (Uttarakhand)

2026-03-22T13:42:13Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Urban Development Directorate
|nativename =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|jurisdiction = [[Uttarakhand]]
|headquarters = Urban Development Directoratet, 31/62, Rajpur Road, Indira Market, [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|minister1_name = [[Ram Singh Kaira]]
|minister1_pfo = [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers|Minister of Urban Development]]
|chief1_name = Govind Giri Goswami {{small|([[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]])}}
|chief1_position = Director (Urban Development Directorate)
|website = {{url|http://udd.uk.gov.in|Official Website}}
}}
'''Urban Development Directorate (UDD)'''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://udd.uk.gov.in | title=Home: Urban Development Directorate | access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> is the administrative department in the state of Uttarakhand. It is an autonomous [[Government of Uttarakhand|state government]] agency responsible for urban planning and development control. There are 105 [[List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand|Urban Local Bodies]] in the state of Uttarakhand i.e. 11 [[List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand|Municipal Corporations]], 45 [[Nagar Palika|Municipal Councils]] and 50 [[Town panchayat|Town Panchayats]].

The objective of Urban Development Directorate is to improve the quality of life in Uttarakhand and on preservation of their heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/uttarakhand-plans-to-bring-special-heritage-act-to-boost-preservation-261308|title = Uttarakhand plans to bring special heritage act to boost preservation|date = 10 September 2017}}</ref> There are four major schemes by Urban Development Directorate (UDD)

==Schemes==
* '''[[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT):''' The purpose of AMRUT is to provide basic services like Sewerage, Drainage, Water Supply, Urban Transport and build amenities in cities. Mission cities of AMRUT are [[Dehradun]], [[Haridwar]], [[Roorkee]], [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Haldwani]], [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] and [[Nainital]]. The total population of AMRUT cities are 1509253 which consists of 49.49% of the state's urban population as per [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]].
* '''[[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]-Urban:''' Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was initiated by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]]. It includes building toilets in each household, arrangement of dustbins for garbage, daily cleaning of roads, parks and other puplic places.
* '''[[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]]-Urban (PMAY):''' The primary mission of PMAY is to provide affordable houses to everyone by 2022. Subsidized cost, affordable houses in partnership with puplic and private sectors, promotion of houses to weaker section are the main benefits of PMAY. The mission is to provide EWS (30 sq meter), LIG (60 sq meter), MIG-1 (90 sq meter), MIG-2 (110 sq meter).
* '''[[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana|National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM)]]:''' The purpose of NULM is to reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor households by providing them employment and skill based opportunities. It provides Skill Development Training and certifications to individual candidates with an ample number of business opportunities.

==Administrative officers==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Designation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://udd.uk.gov.in/pages/display/106-whos-who--|title = Who's Who : Urban Development Directorate}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ram Singh Kaira]] || Urban Development Minister
|-
| Govind Giri Goswami {{small|([[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]])}} || Director
|-
| Praveen Kumar {{small|([[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]])}} || Additional Director
|-
| Vaibhav Gupta {{small|([[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission|PCS]])}} || Joint Director
|-
| Sonia Pant {{small|([[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission|PCS]])}} || Deputy Director
|-
| Vinod Kumar || Assistant Director
|-
| Shanti Prasad Joshi || Assistant Director
|-
| Rajiv Pandey || Assistant Director/Project Officer (SUDA)
|-
| Parveen Kaur || Senior Finance Officer
|-
| Ravi Pandey || Superintendent Engineer
|-
| Sahab Singh || Assistant Account Officer
|-
| Kalika Prasad Bhatt || Chief Administrative Officer
|-
| Sunil Kumar || Administrative Officer
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority]]
* [[Haridwar Roorkee Development Authority]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}
[[Category:Urban development authorities in India|U]]
[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|U]]
[[Category:Urban planning in India]]

Yashasvi Jaiswal

2026-03-22T06:30:59Z

KelseyMarsden6: brief enhanced layout

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Yashasvi Jaiswal
| image = Yashasvi Jaiswal in PMO New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Jaiswal in 2024
| full_name = Yashasvi Bhupendra Kumar Jaiswal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Suriyawan]], Uttar Pradesh, India<ref>{{cite news |last1=B |first1=Venkata Krishna |title=From Maidans to Headlines, the Aamchi Mumbai Way to Stardom |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2018/oct/14/from-maidans-to-headlines-the--aamchi-mumbai-way-to-stardom-1884217.html |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 October 2018}}</ref>
| heightcm = 183
<ref name=livemint>{{cite news |last1=Dore |first1=Bhavya |title=The giant steps of Yashasvi Jaiswal |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-giant-steps-of-yashasvi-jaiswal-11572500849036.html |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=Livemint |date=31 October 2019}}</ref>
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[leg break]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Opening batters|Opening batter]]
| family = [[Tejaswi Jaiswal]] (brother)
| country = India
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2023–present
| testdebutdate = 12 July
| testdebutyear = 2023
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 306
| lasttestdate = 26 November
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttestagainst = South Africa

| odidebutdate = 6 February
| odidebutyear = 2025
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 257
| lastodidate = 6 December
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = South Africa

| T20Idebutdate = 8 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = West Indies
| T20Icap = 105
| lastT20Idate = 30 July
| lastT20Iyear = 2024
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Ishirt = 64
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2018–present
| club2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year2 = 2020–present
| clubnumber2 =
| columns = 4
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 28
| runs1 = 2,511
| bat avg1 = 49.23
| 100s/50s1 = 7/13
| top score1 = 214[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 18
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 25/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 4
| runs2 = 171
| bat avg2 = 57.00
| 100s/50s2 = 1/0
| top score2 = 116[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 0
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 23
| runs3 = 723
| bat avg3 = 36.15
| 100s/50s3 = 1/5
| top score3 = 100
| deliveries3 = 6
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 15/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 49
| runs4 = 4,826
| bat avg4 = 56.11
| 100s/50s4 = 17/18
| top score4 = 265
| deliveries4 = 111
| wickets4 = 1
| bowl avg4 = 63
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 1/9
| catches/stumpings4 = 40/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1151278.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 6 December
| year = 2025
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2024 ICC World Twenty20|2024 West Indies & USA]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|G|[[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Hangzhou]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|ICC U19 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2020 South Africa]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|ACC U19 Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2018 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2018 Bangladesh]]}}
|odishirt=64}}

'''Yashasvi Bhupendra Kumar Jaiswal''' ({{IPA|hi|jʌʃʌˈsʋiː ˈdʒɛːswaːl|lang}}; born 28 December 2001) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[India national cricket team|India national team]] in all three formats. He made his international debut in the first Test against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|July 2023]], scoring a century in his first innings in [[Test cricket]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal becomes India's 17th centurion on Test debut |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wi-vs-ind-1st-test-yashasvi-jaiswal-becomes-india-17th-centurion-on-test-debut-1387280?platform=amp}}</ref> He plays for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in domestic cricket and [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He was featured in [[Time 100]] Next list of [[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-01 |title=Indian cricketer Yashasvi Jaiswal features in TIME100 Next list |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-cricketer-yashasvi-jaiswal-features-in-time100-next-list/articleshow/124251084.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

A left-handed [[Batting order (cricket)|opening batter]], Jaiswal gained particular attention when he scored double centuries in two consecutive test matches against [[England cricket team|England]] in a [[English cricket team in India in 2023–24|5-match Test series in 2024]]. He is the third Indian batter to achieve the feat after [[Vinod Kambli]] and [[Virat Kohli]]. Yashasvi is the third youngest cricketer in Test history to have two double centuries to his name after [[Sir Don Bradman]] and [[Vinod Kambli]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2024 |title=Sachin Tendulkar's priceless words for 'double-trouble' Jaiswal, Sarfaraz: 'Couldn't see them play live but...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sachin-tendulkar-priceless-words-for-double-trouble-yashasvi-jaiswal-sarfaraz-khan-couldnt-see-them-play-live-101708263849857.html |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In the same series, he equaled the world record held by [[Wasim Akram]] for the most number of sixes (12) scored by a [[cricket]]er in a test innings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal To Wasim Akram: 10 Batsmen With Most Sixes In A Test Innings; In Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/sports/india-vs-england-yashasvi-jaiswal-tops-the-list-of-most-sixes-in-an-test-innings-by-a-batter-check-full-list-here-wasim-akram-brendon-mccullum-ben-stokes-2722767/3-nathan-astle-2722775 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> Also he became only the second Indian after [[Sunil Gavaskar]] to score 700 runs in a Test series.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2024 |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal breaks Virat Kohli's record in first Test series at home, joins Sunil Gavaskar in elite club |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/yashasvi-jaiswal-breaks-virat-kohli-record-test-series-700-runs-sunil-gavaskar-ind-vs-eng-9201294/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

He was a member of the Indian squad which won the Gold Medal at the [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Asian Games]] in 2023 and the finalist squad of the [[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], where he was the Player of the Tournament<ref>{{cite news |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal's U-19 World Cup Man Of The Series Trophy Broken In 2: Report |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/under-19-world-cup-2020/yashasvi-jaiswals-u-19-world-cup-man-of-the-series-trophy-broken-in-2-report-2179855 |date=13 February 2020}}</ref> and the highest run scorer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/54293925 |title=IPL 2020: Meet Yashasvi Jaiswal who left home aged 10 to pursue cricketing dream |work=BBC Sport |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> He was also a standby member of the Indian squad which played the [[2023 ICC World Test Championship final]] and finished as runners up.<ref>{{cite news |title=WTC 2023 Final: Yashasvi Jaiswal replaces Rururaj Gaikwad in India's standby players list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/yashasvi-jaiswal-standby-india-vs-australia-wtc-final-2023-squad-2385637-2023-05-28 |agency=India Today |date=28 May 2023}}</ref> He was also a part of the Indian team which won the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024 T20 World Cup]], but did not feature in any of the matches during the tournament.

==Early life ==
Yashasvi Jaiswal was born on 28 December 2001 in [[Suriyawan]], Bhadohi, Uttar Pradesh, as the youngest of four children,<ref name=livemint>{{cite news |last1=Dore |first1=Bhavya |title=The giant steps of Yashasvi Jaiswal |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-giant-steps-of-yashasvi-jaiswal-11572500849036.html |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=Livemint |date=31 October 2019}}</ref> to Bhupendra Jaiswal, the owner of a small hardware store, and Kanchan Jaiswal, a housewife. He has an elder brother and two elder sisters. At the age of ten, he moved to [[Mumbai]] to receive cricket training at [[Azad Maidan]]. He was initially given accommodation in a [[dairy shop]] in return for work but was evicted by the shopkeeper as he was unable to work frequently due to his practice schedules. As a result, he lived in a tent with the [[groundskeeping|groundsmen]] at the Maidan,<ref name=news18>{{cite news |last1=Dabas |first1=Arjit |title=From Sleeping in Tents to Starring in Asia Cup Triumph – Yashasvi Jaiswal's Incredible Journey |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/u-19-asia-cup-from-sleeping-in-tents-to-starring-in-asia-cup-triumph-yashasvi-jaiswals-incredible-journey-1901523.html |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=News18 |date=8 October 2018}}</ref> where he sold [[panipuri]] to make ends meet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Devendra |title=Lived in a tent, sold pani puri, slept hungry, now Yashasvi Jaiswal plays cricket for India Under-19 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/lived-in-a-tent-sold-pani-puri-slept-hungry-now-he-plays-cricket-for-india-under-19-5244796/ |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 July 2018}}</ref>

After living in tents for three years, Jaiswal's cricketing potential was spotted in December 2013 by Jwala Singh, who ran a cricket academy in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]. He provided Jaiswal with a place to stay,<ref name=livemint/><ref>{{cite news |title=Jwala, the man who first saw spark in Yashasvi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jwala-the-man-who-first-saw-spark-in-yashasvi-1277206-2018-07-04 |access-date=19 October 2019 |work=India Today |date=8 July 2018}}</ref> before becoming his [[legal guardian]] and obtaining his [[power of attorney]].<ref name=news18/>

== Youth career ==
Jaiswal first came to prominence in 2015 when he scored 319 [[not out]] and took 13/99 in a Giles Shield match, an [[all-rounder|all-round]] record in schools cricket in India.<ref name="hindustan">{{cite news |date=8 October 2018 |title=From food vendor to national pride: Meet India U-19 cricketer Yashasvi Jaiswal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/from-food-vendor-to-national-pride-meet-india-u-19-cricketer-yashasvi-jaiswal/story-Tq1WLGzFtn8s6IgzmPFCCP.html |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Gaurav |date=29 June 2015 |title=Guided by Vengsarkar, Yashasvi is all set for English sojourn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Guided-by-Vengsarkar-Yashasvi-is-all-set-for-English-sojourn/articleshow/47859612.cms |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He was selected for the [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] under-16 squad and later the [[India national under-19 cricket team]].<ref name="hindustan" /> He scored 318 runs and became player of the tournament at the [[2018 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2018 Under-19 Asia Cup]] which India won.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Gaurav |date=20 August 2018 |title=Poor background is an advantage for me: Yashasvi Jaiswal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/poor-background-is-an-advantage-for-me-yashasvi-jaiswal/articleshow/65469473.cms |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Devendra |date=8 October 2018 |title=U19 Asia Cup: With inputs from Wasim Jaffer, young Yashasvi Jaiswal turns a corner in Bangladesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-u19-asia-cup-yashasvi-jaiswal-wasim-jaffer-5391006/ |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2019, Jaiswal scored 173 from 220 balls in a [[Test cricket|Youth Test match]] against [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|South Africa under-19s]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Scorecard of India Under-19s vs South Africa Under-19s 2nd Youth Test 2019 – Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19139/scorecard/1174378/india-under-19s-vs-south-africa-under-19s-2nd-youth-test-sa-u-19s-in-india-2018-19 |access-date=24 October 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Later that year, he scored 294 runs in seven matches, including four half-centuries, in the under-19 tri-series in England.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Mumbai teen Yashasvi Jaiswal becomes the youngest man to hit a one-day double-century |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mumbai-teen-yashasvi-jaiswal-becomes-the-youngest-man-to-hit-a-one-day-double-century-1203859 |access-date=19 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In December 2019, he was named in India's squad for the [[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Four-time champion India announce U19 Cricket World Cup squad |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/139375/four-time-champion-india-announce-u19-cricket-world-cup-squad |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> Jaiswal was the leading run scorer in [[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] and went on to win Player of the tournament which includes a century in the semifinal against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]].

== Domestic career ==
[[File:Yashasvi Jaiswal 2.jpg|Jaiswal in 2019|thumb]]
Jaiswal made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 7 January 2019<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157076.html |title=Elite, Group A, Ranji Trophy at Mumbai, Jan 7–10 2019 |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 28 September 2019 in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200778.html |title=Elite, Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Alur, Sep 28 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 16 October 2019, he scored 203 runs from 154 balls in a [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] match against [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] and became the youngest double centurion in the history of [[List A cricket]] at 17 years, 292 days. His innings included 17 fours and 12 sixes<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: 17-year-old Yashasvi Jaiswal scores double ton, creates new record |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/vijay-hazare-trophy-mumbai-yashasvi-jaiswal-jharkhand-aditya-tare-cricket-records/article29698355.ece |access-date=19 October 2019 |work=Sportstar |date=16 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai teenager Yashasvi Jaiswal becomes youngest cricketer to score double century |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/mumbai-teenager-yashasvi-jaiswal-becomes-youngest-cricketer-to-score-double-century/articleshow/71613747.cms |access-date=19 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> and he was one of the top five run-scorers during the competition, scoring 564 runs in six matches at a [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 112.80.<ref>{{cite web |title=RECORDS / VIJAY HAZARE TROPHY, 2019/20 / MOST RUNS |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13220;type=tournament |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> He was named in the India B squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |access-date=25 October 2019 |work=Sportstar |date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

==International career==
In June 2023, Jaiswal received his maiden call up to [[India national cricket team|India's]] Test squad for the [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|series against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1383151.html |title=Pujara dropped; Jaiswal and Gaikwad in India's Test squad for West Indies |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> He made his debut in the first Test of the series, hitting a century while opening the batting with a score of 171 runs. He also received the Player of the Match award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Jaiswal bats like a seasoned pro for fairytale debut |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-yashasvi-jaiswal-manifests-inevitable-fairytale-with-measured-debut-century-1387369 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He made his [[T20I]] debut in the 3rd match of the T20I series against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ind-vs-wi-3rd-t20i-yashasvi-jaiswal-makes-white-ball-debut-india-look-to-keep-things-simple-against-nicholas-pooran-101691503622702.html |title=IND vs WI 3rd T20I: Yashasvi Jaiswal makes white-ball debut, India look to 'keep things simple' against Nicholas Pooran |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He scored his maiden T20I half-century –84[[not out|*]] off 51 balls – in the fourth match of the series while sharing a 165-run opening partnership with [[Shubman Gill]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/wi-vs-ind-yashasvi-jaiswal-hits-maiden-t20i-half-century-in-florida-as-india-cruise-in-179-run-chase-2420221-2023-08-12 |title=WI vs IND: Yashasvi Jaiswal hits maiden T20I half-century in Florida as India cruise in 179-run chase |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2023-1381201/west-indies-vs-india-4th-t20i-1381220/full-scorecard |title=WI vs IND, India in West Indies, 4th T20I in Lauderhill |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi with Shri Yashasvi Jaiswal.jpg|thumb|left|Jaiswal meeting Narendra Modi in 2024]]

In January 2024, he was selected in India's squad for the 5-match Test series [[English cricket team in India in 2023–24|against England]] at home.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-01-24 |title=England's tour of India: Full schedule, timing, updated squads and more |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/englands-tour-of-india-full-schedule-timing-squads-and-more-11706091225372.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In the first innings of the first Test, he scored 80 runs off just 74 balls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs ENG, England in India 2023/24, 1st Test at Hyderabad, January 25 - 29, 2024 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2023-24-1389386/india-vs-england-1st-test-1389399/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In the second match of the series, he made his maiden double century, scoring 209 runs off 290 balls in the first innings. He became the third youngest Indian batsman, after [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and [[Vinod Kambli]], to score a double hundred in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal 3rd youngest after Gavaskar, Kambli to slam Test double century, ends India's 15-year drought |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/yashasvi-jaiswal-s-glorious-double-century-against-england-ends-india-s-15-year-drought-in-tests-101706927642763.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=4 February 2024 |date=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IND vs ENG, 2nd Test at Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2023-24-1389386/india-vs-england-2nd-test-1389400/live-cricket-score |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref> In the next match of the series, Jaiswal scored another double century, becoming third Indian batter after [[Vinod Kambli]] and [[Virat Kohli]] to hit double centuries in consecutive Test matches. He also hit 12 sixes during the innings, equaling the record of most sixes in a Test innings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaiswal and India break six-hitting records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jaiswal-and-india-break-six-hitting-records-1421663 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

Jaiswal is the first player in Test history to hit 20 sixes in a series. After [[Sunil Gavaskar]], he is the second Indian to score 500 runs in a Test series at the age of 22. He also scored the most runs for an Indian in a Test series against England.<ref>{{cite web |title=IND vs ENG, 5th Test at Dharamshala |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/live-cricket-score/25503/9986/ind-vs-eng-test-5th-test-england-tour-of-india-2024. |quote=In the Australia tour, in the second innings he notched a wonderful 161 and in the 4th match in Melbourne he hit 2 fifties, however they were in vain as India lost the match by 184 runs.|website=[[SportsTiger]] |access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref>

He was nominated by [[International Cricket Council]] for ICC Men's Player of the Month Award for the month of February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |date=2024-03-04 |title=ICC Men's Player of the Month nominees for February 2024 named |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/icc-men-s-player-of-the-month-nominees-for-february-2024-named?sf186743766=1&fbclid=IwAR2V5shqctQxS3X0UZxHzENt45pp5PWirLryRb-yJfx8Ro4vC-m3S5L1q-s |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> In May 2024, he was named in India's squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Squad for the ICC Men's T20I World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/cricket-team-world-cup-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2024-25 Border-Gavaskar Trophy]], he was the highest run-scorer for India with 391 runs averaging at 43.44.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pushkar |first1=Vishal |title=IND vs AUS: Yashasvi Jaiswal, India's Highest Run-Scorer In BGT, Vows To Come Back Stronger After 1-3 Loss |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/cricket/ind-vs-aus-yashasvi-jaiswal-highest-run-getter-instagram-story-india-national-cricket-team-border-gavaskar-trophy-10210953 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=English Jagran |publisher=Jagran English |date=6 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In the second innings of the first Test, Jaiswal scored 161 runs. [[Jasprit Bumrah]] said it was Jaiswal's best Test innings yet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-25 |title=For Bumrah, Yashasvi Jaiswal's 161 is his best Test knock thus far |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bgt-2024-ind-vs-aus-highlights-for-bumrah-yashasvi-jaiswals-161-is-his-best-test-knock-thus-far/articleshow/115655789.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Yashasvi Jaiswal made history by scoring centuries on his maiden Tests in the West Indies (debut, 171 runs), Australia (161 runs in Perth), and England (101 runs at Leeds). Notably, he became the first visiting batter to achieve centuries on debut in both England and Australia, showcasing his exceptional batting skills across different conditions.

On 6 February 2025, Jaiswal made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut against [[English cricket team in India in 2024-25|England]]. He made 15 runs off 22 balls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs ENG Cricket Scorecard, 1st ODI at Nagpur, February 06, 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2024-25-1439850/india-vs-england-1st-odi-1439904/full-scorecard}}</ref> In the [[Anderson–Tendulkar Trophy]] he scored two centuries, one in the first test match of the series scoring 101 and second in last test match of the series 118.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IND vs ENG test: How a slight change in technique and some scolding from Zubin Bharucha helped Yashasvi Jaiswal bounce back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-tour-of-england/ind-vs-eng-test-how-a-slight-change-in-technique-and-some-scolding-from-zubin-bharucha-helped-yashasvi-jaiswal-bounce-back/articleshow/123074732.cms |date=3 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late-2025, he was selected for the [[South African cricket team in India in 2025–26|three-match ODI series against South Africa]] at home, replacing the injured ODI captain [[Shubman Gill]]. In the last match of the ODI series, he went on to make his maiden ODI century, remaining unbeaten on 116* off 121 deliveries. He was named the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]] too, helping India clinch the series 2-1.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-south-africa-bcci-announces-odi-squad |title= India Vs South Africa, ODI Series: BCCI Announces Squad; Shubman Gill Officially Out - Check Who's In, Who's Out|date=23 November 2025 |magazine=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-south-africa/ind-vs-sa-yashasvi-jaiswal-celebrates-maiden-odi-ton-in-style-india-thrash-south-africa-by-9-wickets-to-clinch-series-2-1/articleshow/125806795.cms |title= IND vs SA: Yashasvi Jaiswal celebrates maiden ODI ton in style; India thrash South Africa by 9 wickets to clinch series 2-1|date=6 December 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==List of International Cricket centuries==

Yashasvi Jaiswal has scored 9 international centuries - 7 in [[Test Cricket]], 1 in [[One Day International]] and 1 in [[Twenty20 international]].

===Test cricket centuries===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Runs !! Balls !! Against !! [[Batting order (cricket)|Pos.]] !! [[Innings|Inn.]] !! Venue !! H/A !! Date !! Result !!
|-
| 1 || 171 || 387 || {{cr|West Indies}} || 1 || 2 || [[Windsor Park (Dominica)|Windsor Park]], Dominica || Away || 12 July 2023 || Won
|-
| 2 || 209 || 290 || {{cr|England}} || 1 || 1 || [[ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]] || Home || 2 February 2024 || Won
|-
| 3 || 214* || 236 || {{cr|England}} || 1 || 3 || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] || Home || 15 February 2024 || Won
|-
| 4 || 161 || 297 || {{cr|Australia}} || 1 || 3 || [[Optus Stadium]] || Away || 22 November 2024 || Won
|-
| 5 || 101 || 159 || {{cr|England}} || 1 || 1 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley Carnegie]] || Away || 20 June 2025 || Lost
|-
| 6 || 118 || 164 || {{cr|England}} || 1 || 3 || [[The Oval]] || Away || 31 July 2025 || Won
|-
| 7 || 175 || 258 || {{cr|West Indies}} || 1 || 1 || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]] || Home || 10 October 2025 || Won
|-
|}

===ODI Centuries===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Runs !! Balls Faced !! Against !! [[Batting order (cricket)|Pos.]] !! [[Innings|Inn.]] !! [[Strike rate|S/R]] !! Venue !! H/A/N !! Date !! Result !!
|-
| 1 || 116* || 121 || {{cr|South Africa}} || 1 || 2 || 95.87 || [[ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]] || Home || 6 December 2025 || Won
|-
|}

===T20I Centuries===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Runs !! Balls Faced !! Against !! Pos. !! Inn. !! S/R !! Venue !! H/A/N !! Date !! Result !!
|-
| 1 || 100 || 49 || {{cr|Nepal}} || 1 || 1 || 204.08 || [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field, Hangzhou]] || Neutral || 3 October 2023 || Won
|-
|}

== Franchise career ==
In the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]], he was bought by the [[Rajasthan Royals]]<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-auction-analysis-do-the-eight-teams-have-their-best-xis-in-place-1210632 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and made his [[Twenty20 cricket]] debut for the team on 22 September 2020. He made his maiden [[Twenty20|T20]] half-century against [[Chennai Super Kings]] on 2 October 2021, the second fastest in franchise history at the time,<ref name="T20">{{cite web |title=4th Match (N), Sharjah, Sep 22 2020, Indian Premier League |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1216496.html |access-date=22 September 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2021 |title=Stats - Yashasvi Jaiswal scores Royals' second-fastest fifty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rr-vs-csk-ipl-2021-stats-yashasvi-jaiswal-half-century-overhauls-ruturaj-gaikwad-ton-1281248 |access-date=2023-02-27 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> and his maiden T20 century on 30 April 2023, scoring 124 from 62 balls against [[Mumbai Indians]] and recording the 2nd highest score in an IPL match at the Wankhede Stadium.<ref>{{cite web |title=42nd Match (N), Wankhede, April 30, 2023, Indian Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359516.html |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

On 11 May 2023 he hit the fastest [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) half-century in just 13 balls against [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], surpassing the previous record jointly held by [[KL Rahul]] and [[Pat Cummins]]. He finished the [[2023 Indian Premier League]] as Rajasthan's leading run scorer with 625 runs in 14 matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records in Indian Premier League, 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In the 2024 season, Jaiswal scored an unbeaten 104 to lead Rajasthan Royals to victory over [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-38th-match-1426276/full-scorecard|title=Royals vs CSK|website=Cricinfo|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> The Royals eventually made it to the playoffs, but lost to [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the semi-final.

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=1151278}}

{{India Squad 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{Rajasthan Royals squad}}
{{Mumbai cricket team squad}}
{{Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50}}

{{Portal bar|India|Cricket|Sports|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaiswal, Yashasvi}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Bhadohi district]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Cricketers who made a century on Test debut]]

Southern Ring Road, Erode

2026-03-18T13:33:19Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{Short description|Road in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Southern Ring Road, Erode South Ring Road
| map =
| map_notes =
| image =
| caption =
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = [[Kokkarayanpettai]]
| junction = Parisalthurai Muthugoundampalayam Anaikkalpalayam Rangampalayam
| direction_b = West
| terminus_b = [[Thindal]] Chinnamedu
| history =
| status = Opened
| formed =
| maint = Highways and Minor Ports Department
| length_km = 15
}}

The '''Erode South Ring Road''' or '''Southern Ring Road''' is a {{convert|15|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} long semi [[ring road]] laid around the South Indian city of '''[[Erode]]''' in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It passes through the southern suburbs of the city connecting it with [[Namakkal district]] in the east.

The state [[government of Tamil Nadu]] has sanctioned the project in 2006, with a funding of {{INR}}85 crore, with a land acquisition of 180 acres. Among which, {{INR}}30 crore will be given as compensation for 120 acres of private patta land.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ring-road-for-erode-at-a-cost-of-rs-85-crore-sanctioned/article3046745.ece
|title=Ring Road for Erode at a cost of 85 crore sanctioned|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref>

==Traffic in the City==
Erode, being the district headquarters and a major marketing hub in the region, has an extensive network of radial roads originating from core city and the growth of the city is along these transport corridors. This results in the rapid increase in traffic congestion inside the core city. Also, the number of [[trucks]] entering the city is significantly high. The narrow and congested city roads does not cater to the increasing traffic needs.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/funds-sanctioned-for-third-phase-of-ring-road-project-in-erode/article5450188.ece
|title=Funds sanctioned for third phase of Ring Road project in Erode|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref> This paved the need for developing better road infrastructure for vehicles travelling across [[Erode]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|title=Erode City Mobility Plan, page 15|publisher=[[Erode Municipal Corporation]]|accessdate=21 December 2016|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104913/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== NH 544 Western Bypass Road ===
[[File:Looking-down-National-Highway-Chittode-Junction.JPG|thumb|right|200px|National Highway 544 Bypass near Chithode]]
The four-laned [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] (NH–544) connecting [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] with [[Kochi]] has been strategically planned and constructed along the western periphery of the city between [[Bhavani, Tamil Nadu|Bhavani]] and [[Perundurai]] through the suburban areas like [[Lakshmi Nagar, Erode|Lakshmi Nagar]], [[Chithode]], [[Gangapuram, Erode|Gangapuram]] and [[Nasiyanur]] acts as a natural [[bypass (road)|western bypass road]] for [[Erode]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/erode-ring-road-project-to-be-considered-favourably-baalu/article361516.ece
|title=Erode Ring Road to be considered favourably.|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref> Due to the presence of this highway, the growth pattern of the city is in North-west direction.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|title=Erode City Mobility Plan, page 16|publisher=[[Erode Municipal Corporation]]|accessdate=21 December 2016|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104913/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vehicles from [[Erode|Erode city]] can access this highway through the arterial roads like [[State Highway 15 (Tamil Nadu)|Sathy road]], [[State Highway 20 (Tamil Nadu)|Bhavani road]], [[State Highway 173 (Tamil Nadu)|Nasiyanur road]] and [[Perundurai Road, Erode|Perundurai Road]]. But still the traffic due to the vehicles flowing from South and East of the City makes traffic worse. So, the demand raised for the construction of Ring Road for the city.

==Ring formation around the city==
[[File:Erode City Road Schematic2.jpg|right|thumb|Schematic representation of Road network in the city of Erode]]
The semi ring road around the city is laid along the southern suburbs, with a plan to connect with the NH–544 western by-pass near [[Nasiyanur]],<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ring-road-works-to-be-over-on-time/article7555935.ece
|title=Ring Road works to be over on time|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref> which further connects [[Chithode]], [[Lakshmi Nagar, Erode|Bhavani]] and to [[Komarapalayam]] in Namakkal district in the west. The road is expected to divert around 2200 trucks and buses away from the city roads.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/work-to-acquire-land-for-erode-ring-road-project-begins/article185710.ece
|title=Work to acquire land for Erode Ring Road project begins|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref> This stretch linking [[Kokkarayanpet]] with [[Bhavani, Erode|Bhavani]] will make a semi-circular ring around the city.

Also, the access to the fast growing urban nodes located in the eastern side of [[Kaveri]] river like [[Pallipalayam]], [[Sankagiri]] and [[Tiruchengode]] is limited with a single [[Cauvery Bridge, Erode|Cauvery Bridge]]. The Comprehensive Mobility Plan submitted by [[Erode City Municipal Corporation]] suggests networking of road to these areas for better transit.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|title=Erode City Mobility Plan, page 16|publisher=[[Erode Municipal Corporation]]|accessdate=21 December 2016|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104913/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the networking of these eastern areas, the ring formation would be made complete.

== Connectivity and Road dimension ==
This Semi Ring Road project is executed in sections.

===Kokkarayanpettai - Thindal Chinnamedu ===
This primary southern section of the Semi Ring road in the southern periphery is 15 km long, starts from [[Kokkarayanpet]] in [[Namakkal district]] and ends near [[Nanjanapuram]] near [[Thindal]] on [[Perundurai Road, Erode|Perundurai Road]] in [[Erode]]. The road is laid with a provision of expansion for up to 30 meters right of way. This stretch was constructed in three phases.

It connects [[Kokkarayanpet]] (Paramathi Road) in the east (Namakkal) with [[Lakkapuram|Parisalthurai]] on [[State Highway 84 (Tamil Nadu)|Karur Road]], Muthugoundampalayam on [[National Highway 381A (India)|NH-381A (Vellakoil Road)]] near [[Lakkapuram]], Anaikkalpalayam on [[State Highway 83A (Tamil Nadu)|Kangeyam Road]] through [[46 Pudur]] with [[Thindal|Thindal Chinnamedu]] on [[Perundurai Road, Erode|Perundurai Road]] including the Cauvery River Bridge near Parisalthurai and Railway over bridge near Rangampalayam Jeeva Nagar. It was completed and opened during February 2021.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thirdphase-execution-of-ring-road-project-on-steam/article7152633.ece
|title=Third phase execution of Ring Road project on steam|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref>
This 14.8 km stretch of the road has been opened for public to transit between [[Kokkarayanpet]] and [[Thindal|Thindal Chinnamedu]].<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://www.investingintamilnadu.com/files/whats_new_docs/Highways_and_Minor_Ports_Policy_Note_2014_15.pdf
|title=Highways and Minor ports policy Note 2014-2015|publisher=Dept. of Highways and Minor Ports, Tamil Nadu, page 148|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rain-slows-down-works-on-ring-road-project/article7885898.ece
|title=Rain slows down works on Erode Ring Road|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref>

Recently, a 7.4 km section of this Semi Ring road between Anaikkalpalayam and Thindal and a 1 km section between Vellakoil road and Karur road has been widened to 4 lane configuration. And another 4 km section of this southern Ring road between Anaikkalpalayam and Vellakoil road has been converted to 2 lane with paved shoulders. And the remaining stretch is still with 2 lane configuration. At the Kokkarayanpettai end, the 1 km section of this road falls under Namakkal district including the Cauvery river bridge which has been upgraded as SH, while the rest 14 km in Erode district is still maintained as an ODR.

==Proposed Extensions==
===Thindal Chinnamedu - Nasiyanur/Chithode (Western arm extension)===
This proposed western extension of the Ring road is planned to connect [[Perundurai Road, Erode|Perundurai Road]] with Nasiyanur or Chithode which can further connect [[NH 544| NH-544 Western Bypass road]].

Earlier during 2015, the Highways department has prepared a proposal to connect [[Nanjanapuram]] near [[Thindal]] with [[Chithode]], which will further connect [[Bhavani]] via [[NH 544]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ring-road-works-to-be-over-on-time/article7555935.ece
|title=Thindal-Chithode link of Ring Road awaited|publisher=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref> But the project didn't take-off.

Recently in 2022, the state government again started preparing a detailed project report at an estimate of Rs.60 lakhs for the extension of the Ring Road from Perundurai road to connect with Nasiyanur road and Sathy road at an approximate length of 10 km.

In the Erode LPA Master Plan for 2041 published durg 2024, it is proposed to extend the Ring road from Thindal Chinnamedu to Komarapalayam road (for a length of 15 km) via Semmampalayam, Kongampalayam and RN Pudur.

=== Solar Parisalthurai - Veppadai (NH 381-A Eastern Ring Road)===
The Eastern Ring Road is planned from [[Lakkapuram|Lakkapuram Parisalthurai]] to [[Veppadai]] via Kadachanallur (13 km) and is proposed as a part of the 4-laning project of [[Vellakoil]]-[[Erode]]-[[Sankagiri]] [[NH 381A]] corridor highway under Bharatmala Pariyojana Scheme.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Cauvery Riverfront Bypass road (Eastern Link road) ===
While the Eastern ring road connecting Parisalthurai with Veppadai is planned as a common bypass for the city and Pallipalayam by the NHAI, the master plan 2041 recommended to the state government with a proposal for another bypass road (or link road) in the Eastern side of the core city areas that runs parallel to the cauvery river. It is proposed to start from Karur road near Parisalthurai Ring road, and goes through Vendipalayam Barrage, Karungalpalayam checkpost, B.P.Agraharam barrage and terminates near R.N.Pudur on Bhavani road. Of this proposed 14 km alignment, most part of it will run on the banks of the river. A detailed project report is being prepared by the Highways department for this project.

===Concentric Ring Roads around the City===
In the Erode LPA Master Plan for 2041, two concentric Ring roads for Erode has been proposed as below:

* '''Peripheral Ring Road''': Chavadipalayam to Ellispettai via Nanjai Uttukuli, Kaspapettai, Kavundachipalayam, Kathirampatti, Tiruvachi, Kanchikoil.
* '''Satellite Ring Road''': Pasur to Pethampalayam via Modakurichi, Avalpoondurai, Vellode, Perundurai, Thudupathi.

This was also came up in the Comprehensive Mobility Plan prepared for Erode Local Planning Area that has proposed the development of a new Satellite Ring Road connecting Pasur-Modakkurichi-Vellode-Perundurai-Kanjikoil-Periyapuliyur-Bhavani Urachikottai running for a length of around 60 km.<ref>[https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/erode/wp-content/uploads/sites/143/2019/12/Erode-City-Mobility-Plan-Final1.pdf Erode Comprehensive Mobility Plan, Page-26]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Erode]]
[[Category:Roads in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]

Sugauna

2026-03-13T23:01:20Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added Some Post From Scratch.

{{Short description|Historical Village of Mithila}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sugauna
| official_name = Sugauna
| native_name = सुगौना
| native_name_lang = mai
| other_name = Sugona
| settlement_type = Village
| nickname = Shukavan
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = Mithila region
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Madhubani district
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Rajnagar
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| footnotes = Earlier capital of Oiniwar Dynasty or Sugauna Dynasty in Mithila
}}

'''Sugauna''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: सुगौना) is a large village in the [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bihar |first=India Superintendent of Census Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HRXAAAAYAAJ |title=Darbhanga [1967 |publisher=Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref> It is situated near the [[Navlakha Palace|Rajnagar Palace]] in the Madhubani district. It is a historical village and once it was the capital of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH9CAAAAYAAJ |title=Proceedings |date=1955 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyapeetha |first=Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqJjAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha |date=1992 |publisher=Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> In the present time, the village is divided into two [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchyats]] ''Sugauna North'' and ''Sugauna South''.

== History ==
According to historians, in some unknown period of time, the capital of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in Mithila was transferred from [[Oini]] to Sugauna. Thus the Oiniwar Dynasty is also known ''Sugauna Dynasty''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref>

In the early period, this village was also known as ''Shukavan'' or ''Sugaon'' or ''Sugrama''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Vijayakanta |date=1953 |title=Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303873 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=16 |pages=200–210 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> It was the penance place of the scholar ''[[Kameshwar Thakur]]'' who was the Guru of the [[Harisimhadeva|King Harisimhadeva]] of the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Munīśvara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffENAAAAMAAJ |title=Tāpasa kavi Vidyāpati |date=1976 |publisher=Mithilā Sāṃskr̥tika Parishad |pages=75 |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|26|24|24|N|86|13|04|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Capitals of Mithila]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Nalhati

2026-03-13T22:38:09Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{original research|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nalhati
| other_name = 
| nickname = Nalhati
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Nalateswari Temple at Nalhati, Birbhum 05.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nalateswari Temple at Nalhati
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.294|N|87.839|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Nalateshwari Mata
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Nalhati Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Nalhati.htm |title=Municipalities Name |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605033620/http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Nalhati.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.85
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 48
| population_total = 41,534
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731220 (Nalhati) 731243 (Nalhati TS)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03465
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nalhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalhati]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nalhati''' is a small town in [[Rampurhat subdivision]] of [[Birbhum District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]] near the [[West Bengal]] / [[Jharkhand]] border. This town is named after the [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]] Nalhateshwari temple, which according to the mythologies is situated where the "nala" i.e. throat of goddess [[Shakti]] had fallen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সতীপীঠের অন্যতম নলাটেশ্বরী, জেনে নিন মন্দিরের অজানা কথা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/history-and-untold-facts-sati-pith-nalateshwari-temple-249002-2020-11-03 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> It is one of the 51 Shakta pithas in India. Nalhati Municipality was established in 2000.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://wbdma.gov.in/pdf/b.pdf
| title = Category, Year of Establishment, Area, SC, ST and total population in ULBs in West Bengal
| publisher = Department of Municipal affairs, Government of West Bengal
| access-date = 2008-11-09
| archive-date = 4 December 2009
| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5llpyJUdT?url=http://wbdma.gov.in/pdf/b.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|87|50|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|25|20|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Murarai | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Murarai]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|33|25|N|87|51|54|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Ambhua | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ambhua]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|33|43|N|87|48|44|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Barua Gopalpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Barua Gopalpur]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|27|45|N|87|55|30|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Kashimnagar| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kashimnagar]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|20|N|87|53|25|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bishnupur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Bishnupur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|4|45|N|87|44|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Fatehpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Fatehpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|38|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Nalhati | numbered7=M| mark-title7= Nalhati (M)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|11|10|N|87|46|38|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rampurhat | numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Rampurhat]] (M)|label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|59|37|N|87|45|53|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Mayureswar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mayureswar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|8|45|N|87|50|32|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Margram| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Margram]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|6|30|N|87|47|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tarapith| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tarapith]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|4|42|N|87|42|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mallarpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Mallarpur]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|35|N|87|54|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Paikar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Paikar]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|18|44|N|87|57|44|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Lohapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Lohapur]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|57|49|N|87|44|45|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kotasur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kotasur]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|12|5|N|87|52|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Hansan| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Hansan, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|3|0|N|87|50|52|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Ekachakra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Ekachakra]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|56|18|N|87|50|6|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Lokpara| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Lokpara]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|3|15|N|87|41|43|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Madian| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Madian, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|8|50|N|87|52|49|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Basoa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Basoa]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|11|50|N|87|43|30|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chakmandala| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chakmandala]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|55|0|N|87|47|45|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Satpalsa| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Satpalsa]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.8982|87.8249}}| label23=Mayurakshi River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24.2475|87.7596}}| label24=Brahmani River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-10| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.5118|87.6521}}| label25=Bansloi River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= 10| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24.0046|87.4722}}| label26=Dwaraka River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26= 0| label-pos26=right| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|5|N|87|49|20|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Rajgram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Rajgram, West Bengal|Rajgram]] (R)|shape-color27=#A40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|16|0|N|87|31|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-120| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Nalhati is located at {{Coord|24.3|N|87.82|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Nalhati.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Nalhati |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2012-06-16}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 48 metres (160 feet). It is on the Chhotonagpur plateau. A small portion of hill with very low altitude can be visible within the town. On the hill the Nalateswari temple and Ana Shahid Baba Majar are two tourist interests. The soil of this part of Birbhum resembles that of Bankura and Purulia as "Lalmatir Desh" (land of red soil).

===Police station===
Nalhati police station has jurisdiction over [[Nalhati I]] and [[Nalhati II]] CD blocks.<ref name=handbook2008>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf |title = District Statistical Handbook 2008, Birbhum |work = Table 2.1 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php |title = Birbhum Police |work = Police Stations |publisher = West Bengal Police |access-date = 30 January 2018 |archive-date = 12 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212131641/http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Nalhati I CD block are located at Nalhati.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

===Overview===
[[File:Aana Sahid Baba Majar in Nalhati 10.jpg|left|thumb|Aana Sahid Baba Majar]]
The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]] in the north and the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of [[Rajmahal Hills]], from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]], towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the [[Padma River]] and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live the rural areas and 3.38% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 30 January 2018 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Transport==
[[Nalhati Junction railway station]] is on the Khana-Barharwa section of [[Sahibganj loop]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barddhaman-barharwa-passenger-53063/14297/2/1381 | title= 53063 Bardhaman-Barharwa Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref> [[Nalhati-Azimganj branch line]] originates from Nalhati.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18342| title= 73033 Azimganj Nalhati DEMU | work= Timetable |publisher= Indiarailinfo | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

[[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|SH 7]], running from Rajgram to Midnapore, and [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]], running from Morgram to Kharagpur, pass through Nalhati.<ref>Google maps</ref> The section of the highway passing through the area was earlier part of [[Panagarh-Morgram Highway]].

==Post Office==
Nalhati has a delivery sub post office (MAIN), with PIN 731220, under Rampurhat head office.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum/lohapur | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130621/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum/lohapur | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 2 February 2018 | title = Birbhum Postal Zip Code Finder by Post Office | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 1 February 2018}}</ref>
==Head Office==
Nalhati has also Kolkata FF Head Office [https://kolkataff.co.com/], where people from different parts of the region come to get information and related assistance.

==Notable people==


*[[Avijit Das]] (born 1986), Kuchipudi performer, teacher, choreographer, and vocalist

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]

Kingdom of Nagpur

2026-03-12T07:55:30Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added first post initial version...

{{Short description|Polity in the Maratha Confederacy (1739–1853)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Nagpur
| common_name = Nagpur
| status = Kingdom
| status_text = State within the [[Maratha Empire]] (1729–1818) [[Protectorate]] of the [[East India Company]] (1818–1853)
| stat_area1 = 2,17,560
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| era =
| year_start = 1739
| date_start =
| event_start = Founded by [[Raghoji I]] after making [[Gonds of Deogarh|Burhan Shah]] a state pensionary.
| year_end = 1853
| date_end =
| event_end = Death of the last ruler, [[Raghoji III]]
| event1 = British Protectorate
| date_event1 = 1818
| p1 = Gonds of Deogarh
| p2 = Marathas of Saugor
| p3 = Kingdom of Chanda
| p4 = Garha Kingdom
| s1 = Nagpur Province
| image_flag = Flag of the Princely State of Nagpur.svg
| flag_width = 80px
| flag_border = no
| image_coat =
| image_map = Bhonsle kingdom of Nagpur.png
| image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Nagpur at its greatest extent.<ref>{{cite web |title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=187 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065307/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=187 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| capital = [[Nagpur]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| common_languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]] (official and court language)
*[[Languages of India|Other Indian languages]]}}
| leader1 = [[Raghoji I]]
| leader2 = [[Raghoji III]]
| year_leader1 = 1739–1755 (first)
| year_leader2 = 1818–1853 (last)
| title_leader = [[Raja of Nagpur|Raja]]
| today = [[India]]
| footnotes = [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#nagpur Princely States of India – Nagpur]
}}
The '''Kingdom of Nagpur''' was a kingdom within the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was ruled by the Maratha [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsle]] dynasty in the mid-18th century. The city of [[Nagpur]] was the capital of the state.

After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], it became a [[princely state]] of the British Empire in 1818, and was annexed to [[British India]] in 1853 becoming [[Nagpur Province]].

==History==
===Gond kingdom===
{{Main|Gonds of Deogarh}}
The [[history of Nagpur|historical record]] of the Nagpur kingdom begins in the early 18th century, when it formed part of the [[Gonds of Deogarh|Gond Kingdom of Deogarh]]. [[Bakht Buland Shah]], the ruler of Deogarh, visited Delhi and afterwards was determined to encourage the development of his own kingdom. To this end he invited Hindu and Muslim artisans and cultivators to settle in the plains country, and founded the city of Nagpur. His successor, Chand Sultan, continued the development of the country, and moved his capital to Nagpur. After the death of Chand Sultan, the [[Bhonsle]]s took over the control of the kingdom.<ref name="host">{{cite book |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112050248951 and Others |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024725/https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="berar">{{cite book |last1=Sil |first1=Jogendra Nath |title=History of the Central Provinces and Berar |date=1917 |publisher=J.N. Sil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emxBAQAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024723/https://books.google.com/books?id=emxBAQAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gazetteer mp">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Chhindwara |date=1995 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSELAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024718/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSELAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bulletin">{{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=1976 |publisher=Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvK-QHwRM9YC&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405043538/https://books.google.com/books?id=hvK-QHwRM9YC&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="man">{{cite book |last1=Bahadur) |first1=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai |title=Man in India |date=1979 |publisher=A. K. Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O9EAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054922/https://books.google.com/books?id=1O9EAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gazetter mah">{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara |date=1979 |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WK9hAAAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405043542/https://books.google.com/books?id=WK9hAAAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="society">{{cite book |last1=Society (MANCHESTER) |first1=Northern Central British India |title=Proceedings of a Public Meeting for the formation of The Northern Central British India Society held in the Corn Exchange, Manchester, on Wednesday evening, August 26th, 1840 |date=1840 |publisher=Northern Central British India Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSFYAAAAcAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=RA2-PA8 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024720/https://books.google.com/books?id=gSFYAAAAcAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=RA2-PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="buddhism">{{cite book |last1=Naik |first1=C. D. |title=Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-792-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrlLNltm5dMC&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA199 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164318/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrlLNltm5dMC&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA199 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="community">{{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=Ayyappan Madhava |title=Continuity and Change in a Little Community |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCNfWRGXd04C&q=king+of+deogarh+chand+sultan&pg=PA8 |language=en |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054929/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCNfWRGXd04C&q=king+of+deogarh+chand+sultan&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hunter">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA30 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=GYoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vidarbha">{{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |title=The Gonds of Vidarbha |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-474-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&pg=PA16 |language=en |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054922/https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="railways">{{cite book |title=Indian Railways |date=1997 |publisher=Railway Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzNUAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024731/https://books.google.com/books?id=wzNUAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Chand Sultan]]'s death in 1739,<ref name="community"/> there were quarrels over the succession, leading to the throne being usurped by Wali Shah,<ref name="society"/><ref name="hunter"/><ref name="chanda">{{cite book |last1=Thusu |first1=Kidar Nath |title=Gond Kingdom of Chanda: With Particular Reference to Its Political Structure |date=1980 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoAtAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024728/https://books.google.com/books?id=CoAtAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |url-status=live }}</ref> an illegitimate son of [[Bakht Buland Shah]].<ref name="society"/><ref name="vidarbha"/> Chand Sultan's widow invoked the aid of the Maratha leader [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsle of Berar]] in the interest of her sons Akbar Shah and Burhan Shah. Wali Shah was put to death and the rightful heirs placed on the throne. [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] was sent back to Berar with a plentiful bounty for his aid. The Maratha general judged that Nagpur must be a plentiful and rich country by the magnificence of his reward.<ref name="chanda"/><ref name="hunter"/><ref name="society"/>

However, dissensions continued between the brothers and once again, the elder brother Burhan Shah requested the aid of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsla]]. Akbar Shah was driven into exile and finally poisoned at [[Hyderabad]]. However this time, Ragoji Bhonsle did not have the heart to leave such a plentiful and rich country, with it being within his grasp.<ref name="hunter"/><ref name="society"/> He declared himself 'protector' of the Gond king. Thus in 1743, Burhan Shah was practically made a state pensionary, with real power being in the hands of the Maratha ruler. After this event the history of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh is not recorded.<ref name="community"/> A series of [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Maratha rulers]] came to power following the fall of the Gonds from the throne of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]], starting with [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhonsle]].<ref name= "hotels">{{cite web|url=http://www.nagpur-hotels.com/nagpur-tourism/history-of-nagpur-people.aspx|title=Nagpur – History – People – Art and Culture – Festivals|publisher=Nagpur-hotels.com|access-date=25 November 2016|archive-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509161614/http://nagpur-hotels.com/nagpur-tourism/history-of-nagpur-people.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gond King |url=http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/history.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531051603/http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/history.htm |archivedate=2014-05-31 }}</ref>

===Maratha Bhonsle kingdom===
====Raghoji I Bhonsle (1739–1755)====
[[File:Nagardhan-Fort-View-from-other-side.jpg|thumb|right|An inside view of Nagardhan Fort in [[Nagpur district]], commissioned by [[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Raghoji I]].]]
Bold and decisive in action, Raghoji was the archetype of a Maratha leader; he saw in the troubles of other states an opening for his own ambition, and did not even require a pretext for plunder and invasion. Twice his armies invaded Bengal, and he obtained the cession of [[Cuttack]]. [[Chandrapur|Chanda]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and [[Sambalpur]] were added to his dominions between 1745 and 1755, the year of his death.

====Janoji, Madhoji I, and Raghoji II Bhonsle (1755–1816)====
[[File:Nagardhan-Fort-Main-Entrance.jpg|thumb|right|Main entrance of the ''Nagardhan Fort'', built by the Bhonsle dynasty of the [[Maratha confederacy|Maratha Confederacy]] ]]
His successor [[Janoji Bhonsle]] took part in the wars between the [[Peshwa]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. After he had in turn betrayed both of them, they united against him and sacked and burnt Nagpur in 1765.

On Janoji's death on 21{{nbsp}}May 1772, his brothers fought for the succession, until [[Mudhoji Bhonsle]] shot the other in the [[Battle of Panchgaon]], six miles (10 km) south of Nagpur, and succeeded to the regency on behalf of his infant son [[Raghoji II Bhonsle]] who was Janoji's adopted heir. In 1785 [[Mandla]] and the upper [[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley were added to the Nagpur dominions by treaty with the Peshwa. Mudhoji had courted the favor of the [[British East India Company]], and this policy was continued for some time by Raghoji II, who acquired [[Hoshangabad]] and the lower Narmada valley. But in 1803 he united with [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] against the British. The two leaders were decisively defeated at the battles of [[Battle of Assaye|Assaye]] and [[Battle of Argaon|Argaon]], and by the Treaty of Deogaon of that year Raghoji ceded [[Cuttack]], southern [[Berar Province|Berar]], and [[Sambalpur]] to the British, although Sambalpur was not relinquished until 1806.

Until the close of the 18th century the Maratha administration had been on the whole good, and the country had prospered. The first four of the Bhonsles were military chiefs with the habits of rough soldiers, connected by blood and by constant familiar interaction with all their principal officers. Up to 1792 their territories were seldom the theater of hostilities, and the area of cultivation and revenue continued to increase under a fairly equitable and extremely simple system of government. After the treaty of Deogaon, however, all this changed. Raghoji II was deprived of a third of his territories, and he attempted to make up the loss of revenue from the remainder. The villages were mercilessly [[rack-rent]]ed, and many new taxes imposed. The pay of the troops was in arrears, and they maintained themselves by plundering the cultivators. At the same time the raids of the [[Pindari]]s commenced, who became so bold that in 1811 they advanced to Nagpur and burnt the suburbs. It was at this time that most of the numerous village forts were built; on the approach of these marauders the peasantry retired to the forts and fought for bare life, all they possessed outside the walls being already lost to them.

====Mudhoji II Bhonsle (1817–1818)====
On the death of Raghoji II in 1816, his son Parsoji was supplanted by [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle]], also known as Appa Sahib, son of Vyankoji, brother of Raghoji{{nbsp}}II, in 1817. A treaty of alliance providing for the maintenance of a subsidiary force by the British was signed in this year,<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=82}}</ref> a British resident having been appointed to the Nagpur court since 1799.<ref name="state">{{cite web |title="Mahratta (Maratha) states- Nagpur": Indian Princely States K–Z |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Nagpur |website=World statesmen |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226221028/https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Nagpur |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1817, on the outbreak of war between the British and the Peshwa, Appa Sahib threw off his cloak of friendship, and accepted an embassy and a title from the Peshwa. His troops attacked the British, and were defeated in the action at [[Sitabuldi Fort|Sitabuldi]], and a second time close to Nagpur city. As a result of these battles the remaining portion of Berar and the territories in the Narmada valley were ceded to the British. Appa Sahib was reinstated to the throne, but shortly afterwards was discovered to be again conspiring, and was deposed and sent to [[Allahabad]] in custody. On the way, however, he bribed his guards and escaped, first to the [[Mahadeo Hills]], subsequently to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and finally took asylum in the court of [[Man Singh of Marwar|Man Singh]] of Jodhpur. Man Singh gave him refuge against the wishes of British.

====Raghoji III Bhonsle (1818–1853) ====
A grandchild of Raghoji II was then placed on the throne, and the territories were administered by the resident from 1818 to 1830, in which year the young ruler known as Raghoji{{nbsp}}III was allowed to assume the actual government. He died without a male heir in 1853, and the kingdom was annexed by the British under the [[doctrine of lapse]]. After Raghoji's ill-health and death the reins of the kingdom were handed over to his cousin Tukaramji Mehere who was a [[Maratha]] land administrator and landlord in belt who managed large portions of land from [[Nagpur]] to [[Akola]] until India got the independence in 1947

====Aftermath====
The former kingdom was administered as [[Nagpur Province]], under a commissioner appointed by the [[Governor-General of India]], until the formation of the [[Central Provinces]] in 1861. During the [[revolt of 1857]] a scheme for an uprising was formed by a regiment of irregular cavalry in conjunction with the disaffected Muslims of the city, but was frustrated by the prompt action of the civil authorities, supported by Madras troops from [[Kamptee]]. Some of the native officers and two of the leading Muslims of the city were hanged from the ramparts of the fort, and the disturbances ended. The aged princess [[Baka Bai]], widow of [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II]], used all her influence in support of the British, and by her example kept the Maratha districts loyal.<ref name="nagpur">{{cite book |title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers- Nagpur |location=Nagpur |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/14273 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14273 |archive-date=19 January 2017 |language=English}}</ref>

== Rajas of Nagpur ==
{{Infobox former monarchy
| border =
| royal_title = Raja
| realm = Nagpur
| native_name =
| coatofarms = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Flag of the Princely State of Nagpur.svg|80px]]}}
| coatofarmscaption = Flag
| image ={{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Raghuji Bhosale III.jpg|280px]]}}
| caption = '''Last to reign''' '''[[Raghuji III]]''' 26 June 1818 – 11 December 1853
| first_monarch = [[Raghuji I]]
| last_monarch = [[Raghuji III]]
| style = [[Majesty|His Majesty]]
| residence =
| began = 1739
| ended = 11 December 1853
| pretender =
}}

* [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji I]] (1739{{snd}}14{{nbsp}}Feb 1755)
* [[Janoji of Nagpur|Janoji]] (1755{{snd}}21 May 1772)
* [[Mudhoji Bhonsle|Mudhoji]] (1772{{snd}}19 May 1788)
* [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II]] (1788{{snd}}22{{nbsp}}Mar 1816)
* Parsoji (1816{{snd}} 2 Feb 1817) (b.{{nbsp}}1778{{snd}}d.{{nbsp}}1817)
* [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle|Mudhoji II]] "Appa Sahib" (1817{{snd}}15{{nbsp}}Mar 1818) (b. 1796{{snd}}d.{{nbsp}}1840)
* [[Raghuji Bhonsle III|Raghuji III]] (1818{{snd}}11{{nbsp}}Dec 1853) (b.{{nbsp}}1808{{snd}}d.{{nbsp}}1853)
[[File:Senior Bhonsle palace.jpg|thumb|Senior Bhonsle palace]]

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Family tree of Maratha Rajas and later Maharajas of Nagpur}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Raghoji I the Great]]''' (1) r. 1739-1755|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Janoji]]''' (2) r. 1755-1772|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02='''[[Mudhoji Bhonsle|Mudhoji I]]''' (3) r. 1772-1788|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II]]''' (4) r. 1788-1816|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02=Vyankoji}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''Parsoji''' (5) r. 1816-1817|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000|
A02=Banubai|
A03='''[[Mudhoji II Bhonsle|Mudhoji II Appa Sahib]]''' (6) r. 1817-1818|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FF0000}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Raghuji Bhonsle III|Raghoji III]]''' (7) r. 1818-1853|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Tukramji Mehere]]''' (7) r. 1854-1920|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Bhikaji Mehere]]''' (7) r. 1921-1955|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

==Army==
Though Marathas constituted 30% of the total army,
they deployed families across the region that were the main task force in the expansion of Maratha Empire in Gondwana and Northern region.
As a part of that, the Bhonsles raised two infantry brigades with modern military training, however without guidance of European officers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58767-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201 |date=2011-03-30 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408055451/https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201 |url-status=live }}</ref> They extensively employed [[Pindari]]s and silently supported them like the [[House of Holkar|Holkars of Indore]] and [[Scindia|Scindias of Gwalior]].<ref name="pin">{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Bruce |title=War and Empire: The Expansion of Britain, 1790–1830 |date=19 September 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87076-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_DfBgAAQBAJ&dq=bhonsle+pindari&pg=PT255 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408055452/https://books.google.com/books?id=q_DfBgAAQBAJ&dq=bhonsle+pindari&pg=PT255 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gadre |first1=Prabhakar |title=Bhosle of Nagpur and East India Company |date=1994 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-85263-65-6 |url=https://www.google.co.in/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagpur_kingdom&action=edit#books/edition/Bhosle_of_Nagpur_and_East_India_Company/wEluAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=bhonsle+pindari&dq=bhonsle+pindari&printsec=frontcover |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Light cavalry mercenaries called [[Bargi]] were employed by the Bhonsles during the brutal [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]. The [[Bargi]] mercenaries led by the general [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pandit]] into Bengal caused so much destruction that lullabies were composed in which mothers would use the fear of a Maratha raid to get their children to go to sleep. These poems are popular amongst Bengalis even today, one traditional song translated is as follows, ''When the children fall asleep, silence sets in, the Bargis come to our lands. Bulbuls have eaten the grains, how shall I pay the nawab's tax demands.''<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Wakil|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=2012|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|edition=Second|chapter=Folk Literature|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Folk_Literature|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922075844/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Folk_Literature|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The story behind the lullaby: Maratha invasions in Bengal |date=7 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/picknpolitics/the-story-behind-the-lullaby-maratha-invasions-in-bengal-21157/ |language=en |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921213748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/picknpolitics/the-story-behind-the-lullaby-maratha-invasions-in-bengal-21157/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Daniyal |first1=Shoaib |title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |url=https://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |website=Scroll.in |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921202347/https://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Artillery===
[[Mahadaji Shinde]], a distinguished Maratha general from the [[Shinde]] royal clan, focused his attention on European artillery and secured the services of the noted [[French India|Frenchman]] [[Benoît de Boigne]] who had received training from the best of the European military schools. Following suit, the Bhosales and other Maratha chiefs also raised French-trained artillery battalions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58767-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201 |date=2011-03-30 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408055451/https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bhonsle]]
* [[Maratha (caste)]]
* [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[List of princely states of British India (by region)]]
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Nagpur district]]
* [[Nagpur division]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 17. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.

{{Nagpur}}
{{Princely states annexed by British India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|21.15|N|79.09|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:History of Nagpur]]
[[Category:1818 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1853 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1853]]

Dossibai Patell

2026-03-08T20:24:18Z

KelseyMarsden6: created a pg

{{short description|Indian obstetrician and gynaecologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox medical person|honorific_prefix=
|name=Dossibai Patell
|birth_name = Dossibai Rustomji Cowasji Patell
|honorific_suffix=[[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], [[Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom|MRCP]]
|image=Dossibai Patell.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=Dossibai Patell, {{circa|1912}}.<ref name="RCSEng"/>
|birth_date= {{birth date|1881|10|16|df=yes}}
|birth_place=Navsara Chambers, [[Fort Bombay]]
|death_date= {{death date and age|1960|2|4|1881|10|16|df=yes}}
|death_place=
|death_cause=
|citizenship=
|education=[[Grant Medical College]]
|occupation=
|years_active=|known_for=First woman to become Member of the [[Royal College of Surgeons|RCS]] in 1910
|relations=
|website=
|profession=Physician
|field=
|work_institutions=
|specialism=Obstetrics and gynaecology
|research_field=
|notable_works=
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}}
'''Dossibai Rustomji Cowasji Patell''' [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom|MRCP]] (16 October 1881 – 4 February 1960), later known as '''Dossibai Jehangir Ratenshaw Dadabhoy''', was an Indian [[obstetrician]] and [[gynaecologist]], who in 1910 became the first woman to become a member of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] (RCS).

After completing initial medical training in India, she spent six years in London studying for the [[Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland|MRCS (Eng)]], [[LRCP]], [[Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom|MRCP]], [[MB BS]] and finally [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]].

Upon return to India, she established a career in obstetrics and gynaecology, advocated maternal and child welfare centres and petitioned for reducing infant mortality. In this role, she became active in a variety of societies, becoming the president of first the Bombay Obstetric and Gynaecological Society and later of the Association of Medical Women in India.

The Dossibai J. R. Dadabhoy oration is given in her memory.

==Early life==
Dossibai Patell was born on 16 October 1881 to a wealthy [[Parsi]] family<ref name=Chapter8/>
and attended [[Girton High School|Miss Moos School for Girls]] in Bombay (now Mumbai).<ref name=JOGI2000>{{Cite journal |date=October 2000 |title=Dossibai J. R. Dadabhoy |url=https://www.jogi.co.in/articles/files/filebase/Archives/2000/oct/2000_40_Oct.pdf |url-status= |journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India |volume=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102182837/https://www.jogi.co.in/articles/files/filebase/Archives/2000/oct/2000_40_Oct.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2026 |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

Patell came from Navsara Chambers, [[Fort Bombay]], India.<ref name=RCPList>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/b24990796_0072/b24990796_0072_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "A list of the fellows, members, extra-licentiates and licentiates of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1859-[1986]|website=archive.org|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> In 1903, she completed her medical training at [[Grant Medical College]], Bombay,<ref name=JOGI2000/> from where she gained her Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery.<ref name=Murray2017>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qLZDQAAQBAJ&q=parsi+women+1910+member+royal+college&pg=PT550|title=The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions: 1909-1910|last1=Murray|first1=Janet Horowitz|last2=Stark|first2=Myra|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315394923|language=en}}</ref> She then assisted Sir [[Temulji Bhicaji Nariman|Temulji Nariman]] and Dr. Masina in Bombay before persuading her parents to allow her to study abroad.<ref name=Chapter8/>

==Life in London==
Patell spent four years studying at the [[Royal Free Hospital]] (London School of Medicine for Women) <ref>name=Murray2017</ref> and in May 1910, became the first woman to become a member (MRCS) of the Royal College of Surgeons,<ref name="RCSEng">{{Cite web |last=Gibbs |first=Sophie |title=International Women's Day 2016 |url=https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/international-womens-day-2016/ |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=Royal College of Surgeons |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UM">{{Cite web|url=https://dentistry.um.edu.my/mainpage.php?module=Maklumat&kategori=46&id=345&papar=1|title=Welcome to Malaysia's Premier Dental School {{!}} Faculty of Dentistry|website=dentistry.um.edu.my|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021649/https://dentistry.um.edu.my/mainpage.php?module=Maklumat&kategori=46&id=345&papar=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> four years after women were allowed to sit the MRCS exam.<ref name="RCSHistory">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/about-the-rcs/history-of-the-rcs/|title=History of the RCS — Royal College of Surgeons|website=Royal College of Surgeons|language=en-GB|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> In the same year she became the first woman licentiate (LRCP) of the [[Royal College of Physicians]] (RCP).<ref name="Gifford">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G21nAAAAMAAJ&q=dossibai+patel|title=The golden thread: Asian experiences of post-Raj Britain|last=Gifford|first=Zerbanoo|date=1991-03-01|publisher=Pandora Press|isbn=9780044406051|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BenBrothers1911">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGY-AQAAMAAJ&q=parsee|title=Chemist and Druggist|date=1911|publisher=Benn Brothers|language=en}}</ref><ref name="O’Sullivan2018">{{Cite journal|last=O'Sullivan|first=Suzanne|date=September 2018|title=Women in medicine: deeds not words|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32256-6/fulltext?rss=yes|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=392|issue=10152|pages=1002–1003|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32256-6|s2cid=54398530|issn=0140-6736|url-access=subscription}}{{subscription required}}</ref> She also became a Bachelor of Medicine<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archive.org/details/historicalrecord00univrich/page/261/1up?view=theater |title=University of London Historical Record 1836 - 1912 |date=7 November 2023 |page=261 }}</ref> and Bachelor of Surgery<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archive.org/details/historicalrecord00univrich/page/272/1up?view=theater |title=Historical Record of the University of London 1836 - 1912 |date=7 November 2023 |page=272}}</ref> (MB BS) of the University of London in 1910. In 1911 she became a member of the RCP,<ref name="BMJ1911">{{Cite journal|date=1911-05-06|title=Admitted Members of the College|url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2333432&blobtype=pdf|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=2627|pages=1090|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2333432}}</ref> three years after women were permitted to sit its exam and one year after [[Ivy Evelyn Woodward]] became the first woman member of the college.<ref name="MRCPUK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mrcpuk.org/about-us/development-exams/past|title=Past {{!}} MRCPUK|website=www.mrcpuk.org|language=en|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="RCPMembers">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/b24990796_0072|title=A list of the fellows, members, extra-licentiates and licentiates of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1859-[1986]|last=Royal College of Physicians of London|date=1859|publisher=London : Royal College of Physicians of London|others=London Royal College of Physicians}}</ref>

She completed her [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree (MD) at the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|London School of Tropical Medicine]] in 1912,<ref name="BritishHistory">{{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-university-graduates/pp366-381|title=Index of Graduates by Surname: D {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> the first Indian woman to do so.<ref name=Women1935>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSWaDQAAQBAJ&q=Dossibai+Dadabhoy&pg=PT257|title=Women of India|last=Division|first=Publications|date=1935|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123022840|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Dossibai Patell amidst a group at the London School of Tropical Medicine c. 1912.jpg|thumb|Dossibai Patell amidst a group at the London School of Tropical Medicine, c. 1912<ref name="RCSEng"/>]]
[[File:Cama Hospital.jpg|thumb|Cama Hospital]]
Upon return to India in 1912, as Dossibai Jehangir Ratenshaw Dadabhoy<ref name="BritishHistory"/><ref name=Clark1972>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0hrAAAAMAAJ&q=patell+|title=A history of the Royal College of Physicians of London|last1=Clark|first1=Sir George Norman|last2=Cooke|first2=A. M.|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=5427|pages=79–82|date=1972|publisher=Clarendon Press for the Royal College of Physicians|language=en|pmid=14218483|pmc=2165065|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5427.79}}</ref><ref name=BMJ1931>{{Cite journal|date=1931|title=The Medical Register: Untraceable Practitioners|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=3690|pages=188–191|jstor=25340841}}{{subscription required}}</ref> she began a career in obstetrics and gynaecology, taking a particular interest in gynaecological malignancies. As a result, she was the first person in India to purchase, possess<ref name=JOGI2000/> and distribute [[radium]].<ref name=Chapter8>{{Cite book|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/161225/14/14_chapter%208.pdf|title=Chapter VIII Contribution of Women Physicians to Women's Health Care|year=2008}}</ref>

In 1924, she presented a paper on infant mortality, stating her opinion that more than two thirds of infant deaths were preventable and petitioned for reducing these fatalities. She also considered maternal mortality and advocated supervision throughout pregnancy and childbirth and the forming of maternal and child welfare centres.<ref name=Ramanna2002>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C&q=J.R.+Dadabhoy&pg=PA204|title=Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay, 1845-1895|last=Ramanna|first=Mridula|publisher=Orient Longmann|year=2002|isbn=978-81-250-2302-9|pages=204|language=en}}</ref>

During the [[Second World War]], she served in the Bombay Branch of the [[Indian Red Cross Society|Red Cross Society]].<ref name=JOGI2000/> She was made [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] on 1 January 1941.<ref name="IndiaOffice1945">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282202|title=The India Office And Burma Office List 1945|last=London His Majesty’s Stationery Office}}</ref><ref name=IndianGazettte1941>{{Cite journal|s2cid=26635852|date=February 1941|title=The Indian Honours List|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|pages=116| volume=s3-4| doi=10.1136/bmj.s3-4.172.322}}</ref>

She co-founded the [[Bombay Obstetric and Gynaecological Society]], becoming its honorary joint secretary and later its president. She worked to establish other such societies across India which came together to form the Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India, of which she also became president.<ref name=JOGI2000/>

In 1955, she presided over the eighth [[All India Obstetrics and Gynaecological Congress]]. As president of the [[Association of Medical Women in India]] between 1937 and 1947, she served on the Bhore Committee between 1942 and 1946, dealing with health development.<ref name=Chapter8/><ref name=JOGI2000/>

She was also honorary consulting surgeon at the [[Cama Hospital|Cama]] and lbless Hospitals.<ref name=IndianGazettte1941/>

Mrs Dadabhoy was the first Indian woman to be elected a Fellow of the University of Bombay. She was made a Justice of the Peace (J.P.) in Bombay.<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://in.ernet.dli.2015.523178.page/n262/mode/1up |title=Indian Who's Who 1937 - 38 |date=1937 |page=186}}{{dead link|date=May 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
She died on 4 February 1960.<ref name=JOGI2000/> The [[Dossibai J. R. Dadabhoy oration]] is given in her memory.<ref name=Purandare2012>{{Cite journal|last1=Purandare|first1=C. N.|last2=Patel|first2=Madhuri A.|last3=Balsarkar|first3=Geetha|date=June 2012|title=Indian Contribution to Obstetrics and Gynecology|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India|volume=62|issue=3|pages=266–267|doi=10.1007/s13224-012-0270-5|issn=0971-9202|pmc=3444562|pmid=23730027}}</ref>

In 2018, Patell, along with the RCP's first female member, [[Ivy Evelyn Woodward]], featured in the RCP's 500 year celebratory exhibition "This Vexed Question: 500 years of women in medicine".<ref name="RCP2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/exploring-vexing-case-medical-women-history|title=Exploring the vexing case of medical women in history|date=2018-09-17|website=RCP London|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* "Infant Mortality, its causes and how to Remedy it" in ''Report of the All India Social Service Conference''. Bombay: Servants of India Society, 1924. pp. 65–75.
*[http://jogi.co.in/articles/articles.php?action=view&row=79&x=X "Critical Analysis of 669 Caesarian Sections in the Nowrosji Wadi Maternity Hospital, Bombay"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030091359/http://jogi.co.in/articles/articles.php?action=view&row=79&x=X |date=30 October 2018 }}, ''[[Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India]]'', Vol. IV, No. 2, December 1953.
*[http://jogi.co.in/articles/articles.php?action=view&row=180&x=X "Presidential Address"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030091135/http://jogi.co.in/articles/articles.php?action=view&row=180&x=X |date=30 October 2018 }}, at the 8th All India Obstetrics & Gynaecology Congress, ''Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India'', Vol. V, No. 4, June 1955.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://archive.org/details/b24990796_0072/page/52%7C A List of the Fellows, Members, Extra-licentiates and licentiates of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1859-1986], by Royal College of Physicians of London.
*[http://www.mumbaidp24seven.in/reference/Report_of_the_Health_Survey_&_Development_Committee_Vol_I_bhore_committtee_report.pdf "Bhore Report": Report of the Health Survey and Development].

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Dossibai Patell}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian obstetricians]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal College of Physicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom]]

Image (film)

2026-03-07T05:47:13Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added some info w/ refs

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Image
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = K. Alex Pandian
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Jai Varma|Jaivarma]] [[Abhinayashree]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = Mohanraj
| music = J. Surya
| studio = Imayam Entertainers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|1|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Image''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by K. Alex Pandian and starring [[Jai Varma|Jaivarma]] and [[Abhinayashree]].

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2025}}
Satish and Sri, two arts college students, take a trip to the jungle to capture its beauty. At the same time, a bank is robbed and the police suspect that they are the robbers. The robbers take refuge in the jungle. Private detective Vijay suspects bank manager Kavya and her brother Prakash of being involved. How he figures out who is involved and the true robbers forms the rest of the film.<ref name="review" />

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jai Varma|Jaivarma]] as Satish
*[[Abhinayashree]] as Sri
*Prakash as Prakash
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Kavya
*Vijaykannan as Vijay
*Chinna Silk as a bank robber
*Vandana
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Balu Anand]]
* Thirai Neethi Selvam
*[[Suruli Manohar]]
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by K. Alex Pandian, who previously directed ''[[Aankalai Nambathey]]'' (1987) and ''My India'' (1996). The film began production in 2003 and [[Abhinayashree]] made her debut as a heroine through this film. The film was shot at [[Kolli Hills]], Ooty and [[Tada, Tirupati district|Tada]]. A song set designed by Mohan Rajendran was erected at Sriraghavendra studio and partly shot at a lake near Kolli Hills. The stunts were choreographed by [[Jaguar Thangam]]. [[Jai Varma]] slipped and fell when trying to save [[Abhinayashree]] and they were saved by the director and producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=19 July 2003 |title=On Location: 'Image' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/image.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012144442/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/image.asp |archive-date=12 October 2006 |website=Chennai Online |access-date=30 May 2024 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that "For, not much thought seems to have gone into the working of the script or its narrative style. Added to that, the director seems undecided whether his film should be a comedy or a serious cop-robber film. So it shuttles between the two, at times being unintentionally funny".<ref name="review">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=22 January 2004 |title=Image |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov325.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075000/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov325.asp |archive-date=16 October 2006 |website=Chennai Online |access-date=30 May 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Idhayam (brand)

2026-03-05T07:52:04Z

KelseyMarsden6: cleaned up references to improve readability

{{Short description|Sesame oil brand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Idhayam
| logo = Idhayam Logo.png
| type =
| genre =
| foundation =1986
| founder =V.V.V. Rajendran
| location_city = [[Virudunagar]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| origins =
| area_served =
| industry = [[Manufacturing]]
| products = [[Sesame oil]]
| services =
| revenue = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|5690|m}} (2020)
| num_employees = 1,300
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan =
| homepage = [http://www.idhayam.com/ Official website]
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Idhayam''' ({{audio|Ta-இதயம்.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[sesame oil]] brand produced by V. V. V. and Sons Edible Oils Limited. The company was founded in December 1986 by V. V. V. Rajendran, however, soon thereafter, his sons [[V. R. Muthu]], V. R. Sathyam and V. R. Thendral began to manage the operations of the company. V. R. Muthu was the CEO of the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=TimesofIndia article retrieved from Idhayam official website|url=http://www.idhayam.com/press_release/TimesofIndia/index.html|work=Timesofindia|access-date=31 March 2009|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225123311/http://idhayam.com/press_release/TimesofIndia/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Mr V.R. Muthu, CEO, Idhayam Group of Companies, Virudhunagar|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/01/30/stories/2009013051822300.htm|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

The company started producing and marketing ''Mantra'' [[groundnut oil]] from the year 2006 starting in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It also has introduced the Mantra Brand in [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Idhayam diversifying into branded groundnut oil |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/11/12/stories/2006111204510500.htm|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=12 November 2006}}</ref> Today the company sells its [[sesame]] and other oil brands in all Indian states and exports to 49 countries generating an annual revenue of Rs.569 Crores. The company is the fastest-growing oil brand in India, with a market share of 90% in sesame oil and 70% in groundnut oil.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-toil-for-oil/article16370067.ece "The toil for oil - The Hindu"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/edible-oil-import-india-food-inflation-2890198/ |title="The other oil: How a product almost entirely imported has defied food inflation - The Indian Express" |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014170629/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/edible-oil-import-india-food-inflation-2890198/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Sesame Oil Industry Outlook 2017-2022 - Research and Markets |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170120005443/en/Indian-Sesame-Oil-Industry-Outlook-2017-2022-- |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20181014164954/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170120005443/en/Indian-Sesame-Oil-Industry-Outlook-2017-2022-- |archive-date=2018-10-14 |access-date=2025-11-21 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.idhayam.com/}}

[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Sesame]]
[[Category:Companies based in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Companies based in Virudhunagar]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1986]]

{{food-company-stub}}

Nathayil Muthu

2026-03-04T04:52:42Z

KelseyMarsden6: started post.

{{short description|1973 film by K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nathayil Muthu
| image = Nathayil Muthu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| producer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| writer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| starring = [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[R. Muthuraman]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = P. Ramaswamy
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Chitra Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|10|25|ref1=}}
| runtime = 189 minutes<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nathayil Muthu''''' ({{translation|Pearl in the snail}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed, produced and written by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]. The film stars [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[R. Muthuraman]], publicised as the former's 100th film as an actress. It was released on 25 October 1973.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2024}}
Madhu, the foreign-educated son of a [[Brahmin]] lawyer Varadhachari and his wife, falls in love with Chelakannu, an impoverished woman who looks after their cows. While bathing, Chelakannu's sari is washed away and Madhu lends her his clothes. The slum dwellers misconstrue the situation and force Madhu to marry Chelakannu right away, which he willingly does, going to live with her in the slums. However, Chelakannu realises the unfairness of inflicting such discomfort on her husband while his mother schemes to break up the marriage by suggesting Chelakannu is unfaithful to him. Events culminate in a [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] which judges in Chelakannu's favour, but when the Panchayat leaders try to abuse Madhu's sister, Chelakannu saves her and this act of generosity persuades Madhu's family that their son's wife is a worthy member of the group.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Chelakannu
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Madhu
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Varadhachari
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Varadhachari's wife
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Ammasi
* [[Typist Gopu]]
* Chandrakantha
* S. Rama Rao
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]]
* Indira
* S. R. Janaki
}}

== Production ==
''Nathayil Muthu'' was directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]], who also produced and wrote it under the banner Chitra Productions.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=1973-ல் வெளியான படப்பட்டியல் - தயாரிப்பாளர்கள் |trans-title=List of films released in 1973 – Producers |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1973.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180309054110/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1973.asp |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=9 March 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> It was publicised as [[K. R. Vijaya]]'s 100th film as an actress,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=6 July 2006 |title=Actor K.R. Vijaya's smile illuminated her acting career |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/actor-kr-vijayas-smile-illuminated-her-acting-career/article3101063.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220040733/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/actor-kr-vijayas-smile-illuminated-her-acting-career/article3101063.ece |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=24 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{efn|''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' claims ''Nathayil Muthu'' is the 100th film of Muthuraman, and ''[[Dheerga Sumangali]]'' (1974) as the 100th film of Vijaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Feb 2017 |title=100 வது படம்! |url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=7390&id1=40&issue=20170203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143726/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=7390&id1=40&issue=20170203 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]}}</ref>}} and cinematography was handled by P. Ramaswamy.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Some scenes were shot at a village called Malliyam near Mayavaram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 1973 |title=மல்லியத்தில் 'நத்தையில் முத்து' படப்பிடிப்பு |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-1-41 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]], while the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2007 |title=பயாஸ்கோப் பேசிய பாலிடிக்ஸ் – 20 |url=http://old.thinnai.com/?p=70706072 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226045346/http://old.thinnai.com/?p=70706072 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Nilappaa Konjam Nillappaa" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:51
|-
| "Karpanai Vaadhigalin" (Aaadu Raatte) || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & Radha Jayalakshmi || 05:02
|-
| "Ammamma Enaku" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela || 04:34
|-
| "Ragupathi Raagava Raajaaraam" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & Radha Jayalakshmi ||
|-
| "Othaiyadi Paadhayile" || T. M. Soundararajan || 01:59
|-
| "Eeswara Allah...Ragupathi Raagava Raajaaraam" || Radha Jayalakshmi || 01:16
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Nathayil Muthu'' was released on 25 October 1973.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 1973 |title=நத்தையில் முத்து |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_13/6.jp2/full/1000,1467/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013152137/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_13/6.jp2/full/1000,1467/0/default.jpg |archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=8 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Playing on the title, Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film had the "nathai" (snail) but no "muthu" (pearl).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=18 November 1973 |title=நத்தையில் முத்து |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1973/nov/18-11-1973/p61.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=61 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727085225/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1973/nov/18-11-1973/p61.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> ''Navamani'' praised Gopalakrishnan's direction and also praised his dialogues while also criticising him for making his characters speak lengthy dialogues while also praising the acting of cast.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 November 1973 |title=நத்தையில் முத்து |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-2-17#?xywh=346%2C2536%2C3748%2C2113&cv=3 |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=418 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0216024}}

{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}

[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education

2026-03-03T13:35:39Z

KelseyMarsden6: updated information as per guidelines per standard format

{{Short description|Management institute under Mumbai University}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=September 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2015}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education
|native_name =
|image_size =
|caption =
|motto ='Samudyogo hi vishvajita"
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = ''Diligent Efforts Conquer the World''
|established = 1983
|type = Education and Research Institution
|director = Dr. Shriniwas Dhure
|city = [[Mumbai]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|website = {{url|http://www.simsree.org}}
|affiliation = [[University of Mumbai]]
|
|image_name = Sydenham_Institute_of_Management_Studies,_Research_and_Entrepreneurship_Education_Logo.png
|
}}

'''Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education''' (SIMSREE) is a management institute in [[India]] under the [[aegis]] of the [[University of Mumbai]]. It was named after the [[Governor of Bombay Presidency|then-governor of Bombay]], [[Lord Sydenham of Combe]] in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://simsree.org/about-us/|website=Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education|access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> He was an early propoent in the spread of commerce-based vocational courses in India. Thus, [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]] became the oldest degree awarding institution in commerce. SIMSREE was established in 1983. K.S.Aiyar acted as first honorary principal of college. It was only in 1941, twenty-eight years after the establishment of Sydenham college, that any other institutions started offering courses in the subject.

==History==
SIMSREE's parent institute, [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] is one of the most renowned commerce colleges in India. Established in October 1913, Sydenham College, commenced its journey as the first college of commerce in Asia. It was named after the then-governor of Bombay, Lord Sydenham of Combe, who was an early proponent in the spread of commerce-based vocational courses in India. Thus, Sydenham College became the oldest degree-awarding institution in commerce. SIMSREE was established in 1983. K. S. Aiyar acted as first honorary principal of the college. In 1941, twenty-eight years after the establishment of Sydenham College, other institutes started offering courses in the subject.

==Programmes==
;Full Time Courses
* '''Masters in Management Studies (MMS)'''
Masters in Management Studies is the flagship course of SIMSREE. It is a two-year full-time post-graduate degree course in management. Started as early as 1983, the institute offers specializations in the second year of the MMS course. The title of the programme as MMS, instead of the usual MBA, is to emphasise that the principles and practices of management studies are applicable to all types of organisation and not only to business organisations.

Students can specialize in:

1) Finance
2) Marketing
3) Personnel (HR)
4) Operations
5) Systems
;
 
* '''Masters of Science in Finance (M.Sc Finance)'''
The M.Sc. Finance program of Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education (SIMSREE) is a two-year full time post graduate degree course, designed to equip students with the expertise and strategic acumen required to navigate the complex world of finance. A unique aspect of this program is its alignment with the globally recognized CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER® Certification awarded by FPSB India. This ensures that graduates are not only well-prepared for professional challenges but are also positioned to achieve a prestigious certification that is highly regarded in the financial services industry worldwide.

;<ref>Dr. Shriniwas Dhure, Director

PA to Director: +91 22 6151 0701</ref>
;Part Time Courses
* '''Master's in Financial Management (MFM) - 3 years'''
* '''Master's in Marketing Management (MMM) - 3 years'''

'''Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)'''

The specialisation of PhD can be done in management related subjects like Marketing, Finance, Human Resource and Operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Academia|url=http://simsree.org/academia/|website=Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education|access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Ashish Bhasin]] - Chairman & CEO, South Asia Dentsu Aegis Network & Chairman, Posterscope & Pslive – Asia Pacific
*[[Neeraj Roy]] - CEO & MD, ''[[Hungama.com]]''
*Nischal Khorana - Senior Director, ICT Practice, Asia Pacific - Frost & Sullivan Asia-Pacific<ref name="Factfile">{{cite web | url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20050619/cover8.html | title=B-School Fact File | publisher=Business Today | date=19 June 2005 | access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref>
*Sanjay Behl - CEO and Executive Director, ''[[Greaves Electric Mobility]]''
*[[Ashish Hemrajani]] - Founder and CEO, ''[[Bigtree Entertainment (Bookmyshow.com)]]''
*Shyam Sutaria - CEO, ''[[Emami|International Business Emami Ltd.]]''
*Govan Dhananjayan - CEO, ''[[UTV Motion Pictures|South Film Business- UTV Motion Pictures]]''
*Sanjay Chandel- CEO & MD, ''[[Indiabulls|Indiabulls Mutual Fund]]''
*Ashwin Yerdi - COO, ''[[Capgemini|Capegemini Ltd.]]''
*Sameer Anjaria - COO, ''[[Bharti Airtel]]''
*Sanjay Apte - MD, ''[[JPMorgan Chase|Mortgage Banking, JP Morgan Chase]]''
*Munawwar Shah - AVP, ''[[Deutsche Bank]]''
*Prashanth Rathi - Senior Vice President, ''[[Bank of America|Bank of America, Merrill Lynch & Co.]]''
*Parimal Shah - Vice President and Market Director, ''[[Axis Bank]]''
*Abhay Lonkar- Director- Marketing & Sales, ''[[Abbott Laboratories|Abbott HealthCare Solutions]]''
*Ashwini Kapila - Director, ''[[Barclays|Barclays Ltd.]]''
*Dharmesh Sodah - Director, ''[[World Gold Council|World Gold Council, India]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research And Entrepreneurship Education}}
[[Category:Business schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Jeevnane Natka Samy

2026-03-03T12:15:47Z

KelseyMarsden6: general fixed references based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2021 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jeevnane Natka Samy
| image =
| caption =
| director = Raju Bhandari Rajavartha
| producer = Lalitha Rajashekar Shirahatti
| writer =
| starring = Kiran Raj Shree Harsha Anika Ramya Pavitra Kotian
| music = Athishay Jain
| cinematography = Kitty Koushik
| editing = Umesh R B
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|08|19}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Jeevnane Natka Samy''''' is a 2021 Indian Kannada-language [[drama film]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeevnane Natka Samy Movie Review: A spoof on the challenging world of reality shows that misses the mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jeevnane-natka-samy/movie-review/85457511.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Sunayana |last=Suresh |date=19 August 2021 |accessdate=31 August 2022}}</ref> It is directed by Raju Bhandari Rajavartha. Lalitha Rajashekhar Shrihatti is the producer of the film.<ref>{{cite web |title='Jeevnane Natka Samy' to release in Indian theatres on August 19 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/aug/04/jeevnanenatka-samy-to-release-in-indian-theatres-on-august-19-2339717.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jeevnane Natka Samy Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/jeevnane-natka-samy/movieshow/85427026.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Kiran Raj, Anika Ramya, Shree Harsha and Pavitra Kotian are in the prominent roles. It runs around 126 minutes. Athishay Jain has composed the music of the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeevnane Natka Samy to release on August 19 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/aug/04/jeevnanenatka-samy-to-release-on-august-19-25880.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mooru Dinada Markettu (From "Jeevnane Natka Samy") - Single by Naveen Sajju & Athishay Vedanth Jain |url=https://music.apple.com/it/album/mooru-dinada-markettu-from-jeevnane-natka-samy-single/1502439577?l=en |website=apple.com |date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Kiran Raj as Akash
* Shree Harsha as Santhosh
* Anika Ramya as Sneha
* Pavitra Kotian as Suchitra
* Joker Hanumanthu as Umapati
* Rudrayai Sahukar
* Amrutha S as Rekha

== Reception ==
The film received middling reviews.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Jeevnane Natka Samy Movie Review: A spoof on the challenging world of reality shows that misses the mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jeevnane-natka-samy/movie-review/85457511.cms |access-date=17 May 2022 |date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=A |last=Sharadhaa |title='Jeevnane Nataka Samy' movie review: A far cry from reality |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/aug/21/jeevnane-nataka-samy-movie-review-a-far-cry-from-reality-2347560.html |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 August 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15239232}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Hindu views on evolution

2026-03-02T09:13:44Z

KelseyMarsden6: Done

{{short description|none}}

Some Hindus have found support for, or ideas foreshadowing evolutionary ideas, in [[Hindu scriptures|scriptures]],{{sfn|Gosling|2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.well.com/user/jct/science.html | title=Science and spirituality: Any Points of Contact? The Teachings of U.G.Krishnamurti: A Case Study |last=Moorty | first=J.S.R.L.Narayana| work = Krishnamurti Centennial Conference| access-date=2008-12-26 |date=May 18–21, 1995|quote=Hinduism has its own version of evolution, which agrees with the scientific theory that evolution is from the simple to the complex and from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous}}</ref> such as the [[mytheme]] of [[Dashavatara]], the incarnations of Vishnu starting with a fish.

In 2023, India removed references to evolution in textbooks and stopped teaching from 10th grade and below and was moved to 12th grade.<ref name="irish"/> In 2025, [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] books also saw exclusion of Darwin's evolution theory.<ref>{{cite web | title=What's missing from your child's textbook? A deep dive into NCERT's revisions in Modi years | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/08/04/omissions-and-revisions-in-modi-years-how-indias-school-textbooks-are-being-rewritten }}</ref>

==Reception in India==

In India, there were minimal references to Darwinism in the 19th century. While elements of Victorian England opposed the idea of Darwinism, Hindus already had the present notion of common ancestry between humans and animals.{{sfn|Gosling|2011|p=345–347-348–353}} While the [[creation–evolution controversy]] has seen much debate in US, Middle East and parts of Africa, it is an insignificant issue in India, because of its Hindu-majority population.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Balaram|first = P|title = Creation, Evolution and Intelligent Design| journal = [[Current Science]] | volume = 86| issue = 9| year = 2004| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/24109916| pages = 1191–1192 |jstor=24109916}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last =Coleman |first = Simon |author2=Carlin, Leslie |title = The Cultures of Creationism: Anti-evolutionism in English-speaking Countries |chapter = The cultures of creationism: Shifting boundaries of belief, knowledge and nationhood |publisher = Ashgate Publishing| page = 3| year = 2003|isbn = 0-7546-0912-X}}</ref>

Most Indian scientists accept biological evolution and it is taught in Indian universities.<ref>Brooke, John Hedley; Numbers, Ronald L. (2011). ''Science and Religion Around the World''. Oxford University Press. p. 205. {{ISBN|978-0-19-532819-6}}</ref>

In 2023, India removed references to evolution in textbooks and stopped teaching from 10th grade and below and was moved to 12th grade.<ref name="irish">{{cite news | title=India removes evolution and periodic table from some school textbooks | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/2023/06/07/india-removes-evolution-and-periodic-table-from-some-school-textbooks/ }}</ref>

==Spiritual evolution==
{{Main|Spiritual evolution}}

Many Hindu reformers compare the [[Samkhya]] philosophy, specifically the term ''[[Samkhya#Causality|parinama]]'' and the concept of evolutes, with Darwinism. [[David Lagourie Gosling]] has suggested that [[Swami Vivekananda]] based most of his cosmological and biological ideas on Samkhya.{{sfn|Gosling|2011|p=345–347-348–353}} Influenced by western thought and esotericism,{{sfn|Mackenzie Brown|2020|p=175}} Vivekananda and [[Sri Aurobindo]] developed a view on [[reincarnation]] in which an [[Involution (esoterism)|involution]] of the Divine into matter takes place, and the person has to evolve over multiple lives until the Divine gains recognition of its true nature and [[Moksha|liberation]] is attained.{{sfn|Mackenzie Brown|2020|p=124}}{{sfn|Gosling|2011}}

==Hindu creationism==
{{See also|Hindu cosmology}}
{{creationism2}}

Hindu creationism, also known as Vedic creationism, is a type of religious [[old Earth creationism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brown, C. Mackenzie|year=2002|title=Hindu and Christian Creationism: "Transposed Passages" in the Geological Book of Life|journal=Zygon|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9744.00414|volume=37|issue=1|pages=95–114|doi=10.1111/1467-9744.00414|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wodak, Jo; Oldroyd, David|year=1996|title=Review: 'Vedic Creationism': A Further Twist to the Evolution Debate|journal=Social Studies of Science|volume=26|issue=1|pages=192–213|doi=10.1177/030631296026001012 |jstor=285746|s2cid=170662013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Brown, C. Mackenzie|year=2010 |title= Hindu Responses to Darwinism: Assimilation and Rejection in a Colonial and Post-Colonial Context|journal= Science & Education|volume=19|issue=6–8|pages=705–738|doi=10.1007/s11191-009-9197-3|bibcode=2010Sc&Ed..19..705M |s2cid=195229923 }}</ref><ref>Science & Religion: A New Introduction, Alister E. McGrath, 2009, p. 140</ref> Historian of science [[Ronald Numbers]] has commented that "Hindu Creationists have insisted on the antiquity of humans, who they believe appeared fully formed as long, perhaps, as trillions of years ago."<ref>The creationists: from scientific to intelligent design, Ronald L. Numbers, 2006, p. 420</ref> The views of Hindu creationism are based on the [[Vedas]], which depict an extreme antiquity of the universe and history of the [[Earth]].<ref>James C. Carper, Thomas C. Hunt, ''The Praeger Handbook of Religion and Education in the United States: A-L'', 2009, p. 167</ref><ref>''A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1'', Surendranath Dasgupta, 1992, p. 10</ref>

The emergence of modern Vedic creationism has been linked to [[Dayananda Saraswati]], the founder of [[Arya Samaj]].<ref name="Brown 2020">Brown, Cheever. (2020). ''Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts''. Springer. pp. 121-122. {{ISBN|9783030373405}}</ref> In his ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'', Saraswati promoted anti-evolutionary views and took a literal reading of the Vedas. He argued that God designed the physical bodies of all species 1.96 billions years ago on Earth and on other [[planet]]s at the beginning of the present cosmic cycle.<ref name="Brown 2020"/> He stated that God conjoined the bodies with pre-existing souls and that different species were created and distributed to souls in accord to their [[karma]] from the previous cosmic cycle. Saraswati in a public lecture condemned Darwinian evolution but misunderstood [[common descent]] by questioning why monkeys no longer evolve into men.<ref name="Brown 2020"/>

Vedic creationism holds a view of the world derived largely from the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref name="Nana 2003">Nanda, Meera. (2003). ''Prophets Facing Backward: Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India''. Rutgers University Press. pp. 119-122. {{ISBN |0-8135-3357-0}}</ref> It was promoted by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] the founder of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] who referred to [[Charles Darwin]] and his followers as "rascals".<ref name="Brown 2020"/> Vedic creationism was also promoted by ISKCON devotees [[Michael Cremo]] and [[Richard L. Thompson]], authors of the 1993 book ''[[Forbidden Archeology]]''.<ref name="Nana 2003"/> They argue that human beings are distinct species that have existed for billions of years. Vedic creationists are known to search for [[Out-of-place artifacts|anomalies]] and reinterpret the [[fossil record]] to make it fit with their metaphysical assumptions.<ref name="Nana 2003"/>

===Vanara===
[[File:Building of Rama's Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|The Hindu epics mention an ape-like humanoid species called the [[vanara]]s.]]

The [[Sanskrit]] epics of the Hindus mention several exotic creatures including ape-like humanoids.<ref>J. K. Trikha, A study of the Ramayana of Valmiki, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1981</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2021}} The [[Ramayana]] speaks of the [[Vanaras]], an ape-like species ([[ape-men]]) with human intelligence, that existed millions of years ago alongside [[modern humans]].<ref name="Londhe 2008 386">{{cite book|title=A Tribute to Hinduism: Thoughts and Wisdom Spanning Continents and Time about India and Her Culture|page=386|first=Sushama|last=Londhe|year=2008|quote= For example, the Ramayana speaks of the Vanaras, a species of apelike men that existed millions of years ago.|publisher=Pragun Publications}}</ref> [[Michael Cremo]], a Hindu creationist, states:
{{blockquote|The idea of ape-men is not something that was invented by Darwinists of the nineteenth century. Long before that, the ancient Sanskrit writings were speaking of creatures with apelike bodies, humanlike intelligence, and a low level of material culture. For example, the Ramayana speaks of the Vanaras, a species of apelike men that existed millions of years ago. But alongside these ape-men existed humans of our type. The relationship was one of coexistence rather than evolution.<ref name="Londhe 2008 386"/>}}

==Dashavatara==
{{main|Dashavatara#Evolutionary interpretation|L1=Dashavatara}}

The order of the [[Dashavatara]] (ten principal [[avatar]]s of the god [[Vishnu]]) is interpreted to convey Darwin's evolution.<ref name="Chandra1998">{{cite book|author=Suresh Chandra|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|year=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=298}}</ref><ref name="Krishna2010">{{cite book|author=Nanditha Krishna|title=Sacred Animals of India|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306619-4|page=7}}</ref> British geneticist and evolutionary biologist [[J. B. S. Haldane]] opined that they are a true sequential depiction of the great unfolding of evolution. According to them, like the evolutionary process itself, the first avatar of God is a fish - [[Matsya]], which depicts aquatic life, then comes the aquatic reptile turtle, [[Kurma]], which depicts creatures moving to land, then a mammal - the boar [[Varaha]], then [[Narasimha]], a man-lion being, which is sometimes taken to mean creatures like [[Okapi]], [[Archaeopteryx]], and others, then comes [[Vamana]], the dwarf hominid. Then [[Parashurama]] depicts humans when they were in the caveman stage. And then, [[Rama]] depicts the rise of civilization and kingdoms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEX11ZyjLpYC|title=Pride of India: A Glimpse Into India's Scientific Heritage - Google Books|year=2006|publisher=SAMSKRITA BHARATI [nonProfit |isbn=9788187276272}}</ref> (Sometimes, when [[Balarama]] is taken into account, he is taken to represent the growth of agriculture.) Krishna is taken to symbolize the growth of art and crafts.<ref name=":0" /> The tenth avatar [[Kalki]] is believed to appear in the future, prophesied to end the present age of the [[Kali Yuga]].

==See also==
* [[Creation myth]]
* [[Ichthys]]
* [[Relationship between religion and science]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite journal|last=Gosling|first=David|title=Darwin and the Hindu Tradition: Does What Goes Around Come Around?|journal=Zygon|date=June 2011|volume=46|issue=2|pages=345–347–348–353|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9744.2010.01177.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation | editor-last1 =Mackenzie Brown | editor-first1 =C. | year =2020 | title =Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism: Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts | publisher =Springer Nature}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
;Evolution theory
*''Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design (Routledge Hindu Studies Series)'', C. Mackenzie Brown, Routledge, 2012, {{ISBN|0-41577-970-7}}
* C. Mackenzie Brown (ed.)(2020), ''Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism: Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts'', Springer Nature

;Creationism
* Cavanaugh, Michael A. (1983), ''A Sociological Account of Scientific Creationism: Science, True Science, Pseudoscience''. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
* Eve, Harold, [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0805797416 "Creationist Movement in Modern America"], Twayne Pub, 1990.

;"Vedic creationism"
*''[[Forbidden Archeology]]: The Full Unabridged Edition'', [[Michael A. Cremo]] and [[Richard L. Thompson]], Torchlight Publishing; 2Rev Ed edition, January 1998 {{ISBN|0-89213-294-9}}
*''Forbidden Archeology's Impact: How a Controversial New Book Shocked the Scientific Community and Became an Underground Classic'', Michael A. Cremo, Torchlight Publishing, January 1998, {{ISBN|0-89213-283-3}}.
*''The Hidden History of the Human Race (The Condensed Edition of Forbidden Archeology)'', Michael A. Cremo, Torchlight Publishing, May 15, 1999, ISBN 0892133252

;Hindu nationalism
*''Prophets Facing Backward: Postmodern Critiques of Science and the Making of Hindu Nationalism in India'', [[Meera Nanda]], Rutgers University Press, 2003.

==External links==

'''Hinduism and Science'''
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060116081548/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004042001741000.htm&date=2004%2F04%2F20%2F&prd=th& Humankind and evolution]}}: Editorial in [[The Hindu]], April 20, 2004.
*[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/144/story_14456_1.html ''Dharma vs. Darwin?'' Swami B.V. Tripurari] : Beliefnet article describing Hindu perspectives on evolution
*[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/77/story_7776_1.html ''The Perils of Vedic 'Science' '', Meera Nanda], Beliefnet article on Hindu science and evolutionary theories.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061030044534/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1991/05/1991-05-06.shtml ''The Secret Diary of Charles Darwin, Sivasiva Palani'']: Discussion of contradictions between Hinduism and evolution in ''Hinduism Today''.

'''Hare Krishna'''
*[http://www.humandevolution.com/ Michael Cremo Human Devolution]
*[http://www.harekrishnatemple.com/bhakta/chapter22.html Bhakta Handbook "Evolution and Science"]
*[http://www.krishnaisland.com/LCFL/Science.html Hare Krishna on Science]
*[http://www.krishnaisland.com/LCFL/Life-Comes-From-Life.html "Life comes from Life" Hare Krishna on Biogenesis]

{{Biology in fiction}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Legendary progenitors}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Views On Evolution}}
[[Category:Hinduism and evolution| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism and society|Evolution]]
[[Category:Religious views on evolution]]
[[Category:Hindu creation myths]]
[[Category:Old Earth creationism]]

Dhirendra Nath Majumdar

2026-03-01T03:40:41Z

KelseyMarsden6: created data

{{Short description|Indian anthropologist}}
'''Dhirendra Nath Majumdar''' (1903–1960) was an Indian anthropologist.<ref name="h795">{{cite book | last1=Upadhyay | first1=V.S. | last2=Pandey | first2=G. | title=History of Anthropological Thought | publisher=Concept Publishing Company|chapter= Indian anthropologists| year=1993 | isbn=978-81-7022-492-1 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNw5zVN1V0oC&pg=PA422 | access-date=2024-10-05 | page=422-27}}</ref><ref name="u834">{{cite book | last=Roy | first=I.B. | title=Anthropology | publisher=S. Chand Limited | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-219-2259-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0omOeStSSQC&pg=PA36 | language=sk | access-date=2024-10-05 | page=36}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born on June 3, 1903, into the [[zamindar]] family of the Kushumhaty estate in present-day [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh. He was the second child of Rebati Mohan Majumdar and his wife, Kushum Kumari.<ref name="h795" />

==Education==
He completed his matriculation at Dacca Government College. He did his undergraduate studies at University College, Calcutta, and later earned an M.A. in anthropology from the [[University of Calcutta]] and a Ph.D. from the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1935.<ref name="h795"/>
==Career==
In 1951, he founded and headed the Department of Anthropology at the [[University of Lucknow]]. He was also a visiting professor at [[Cornell University]] and collaborated with Professor [[Morris Edward Opler|M.E. Opler]] on a research project. In his final years, he was the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Lucknow.<ref name="h795"/>

==Death==
He died on April 1, 1960, due to a cerebral hemorrhage.<ref name="h795"/>
==Bibliography==
Following is the list of his works:
* {{cite book | last=Majumdar | first=Dhirendra Nath | title=The affairs of a tribe; a study in tribal dynamics | publisher=Published for the Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P., by Universal Publishers | publication-place=Lucknow | year=1950 | oclc=3079216}}
* {{cite book | last=Majumdar | first=D.N. | title=The Fortunes of Primitive Tribes | publisher=Pub. under the direction of the Superintendent, Provincial census operations, United provinces, 1941, for the Lucknow university by the Universal publishers, Limited | year=1944 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htEDAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last=Majumdar | first=Dhirendra Nath | title=The matrix of Indian culture | publisher=Published for Nagpur University by Universal Publishers | publication-place=Lucknow | year=1947 | oclc=3068227}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Mahalanobis | first1=P. C. | last2=Majumdar | first2=D. N. | last3=Yeatts | first3=M. W. M. | last4=Rao | first4=C. Radhakrishna | title=Anthropometric Survey of the United Provinces, 1941: A Statistical Study | journal=Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics (1933-1960) | publisher=Springer | volume=9 | issue=2/3 | year=1949 | issn=0036-4452 | jstor=25047983 | pages=89–324 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25047983 }}
* {{cite book | last=Majumdar | first=Dhirendra Nath | title=Race realities in cultural Gujarat; report on the anthropometric, serological and health survey of Maha Gujarat | publisher=Gujarat Research Society | publication-place=Bombay | year=1950 | oclc=3084490}}
* {{cite book | last1=Majumdar | first1=D.N. | last2=Madan | first2=T.N. | title=An Introduction to Social Anthropology | publisher=Asia Publishing House | year=1961 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDGAFAb36NMC }}
* {{cite book | last=Majumdar | first=D.N. | title=Caste and Communication in an Indian Village | publisher=Asia Publishing House | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j1MgkHFO3MC | access-date=2025-02-12}}
* {{cite book | last=Majumdar | first=D.N. | title=Social Contours of an Industrial City: Social Survey of Kanpur, 1954-56 | publisher=Asia Publishing House | year=1960 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwjVAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last1=Majumdar | first1=D.N. | last2=Rao | first2=C.R. | title=Race Elements in Bengal: A Quantitative Study | publisher=Asia Publishing House | series=Indian statistical series | year=1960 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTgnAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last=Majumdar | first=D.N. | title=Himalayan Polyandry, Structure, Functioning and Culture Change: A Field-study of Jaunsar-Bawar | publisher=Asia Publishing House | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaAeAAAAIAAJ }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian anthropologists]]

Kismat (TV series)

2026-02-23T14:54:47Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added new article basic info...

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kismat.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Drama
| writer = {{ubl|Vikram Kapadia|Raja Ram|Raja Sevak}}
| director = Naresh Malhotra
| starring = [[Kismat (TV series)#Cast|See below]]
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 24 minutes
| company = [[YRF Television]]
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| num_episodes = 64
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2011|2|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2011|6|2}}
}}

'''''Kismat''''' ({{Translation|''Destiny''}}) is an Indian drama television series which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. The series is produced by [[YRF Television]] and premiered on 14 February 2011. It is an Indian adaptation of British author [[Jeffrey Archer]]'s 1979 novel, ''[[Kane and Abel (novel)|Kane and Abel]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/yrf-show-inspired-by-jeffrey-archer-book/story-APBAkdpHTvZChucAVvo9yJ.html|title=YRF show inspired by Jeffrey Archer book?|date=20 August 2010|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2017/04/11/7-hindi-tv-serials-that-are-actually-based-on-english-novels/|title=7 Hindi TV Serials That Are Actually Based on English Novels|date=11 April 2017|access-date=2018-04-15|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106152238/https://www.missmalini.com/2017/04/11/7-hindi-tv-serials-that-are-actually-based-on-english-novels/|url-status=live}}</ref> The story is set in [[Mumbai]], India. It revolves around the stories of two men born worlds apart. They have nothing in common except the same date of birth (15 August 1947) and a zeal to succeed in life. Aditya Raj Merchant is a wealthy and powerful industrialist while Kabir Khan is in a situation of great poverty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yrfs-tv-show-similar-to-trishul/articleshow/7426445.cms|title=YRF's TV show similar to Trishul?|website=The Times of India|date=5 February 2011|archive-date=17 May 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517122749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yrfs-tv-show-similar-to-trishul/articleshow/7426445.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kismat/760670/|title=Kismat - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Kismat is a saga spread over sixty years that takes us through the lives of two men— Adityaraj Merchant and Kabir Khan, who share a strange karmic bond imposed by destiny.

Born on the same historic day of 15 August 1947, life takes them both through diverse experiences each on different paths, that ultimately define the course of their lives and their character as men.

Aditya Merchant, son of an affluent, successful industrialist Madhav Merchant and his wife Devika, also has an autocratic grandmother, Gayatri Devi, who is a big influence in his life. His life is charted out for him even before he is born and he has every privilege he could possibly ask for. But in return he must stay true to the Merchant name and the ideals of excellence that it is identified with and he must strive to always be the best in order to be worthy of that name. He learns early on in life that winning is all that matters, and at any cost.

Kabir Khan, on the other hand born to Muslim parents, miraculously finds refuge in a Hindu family's house in a downtrodden village near Hyderabad. He is nurtured and showered with love by his Hindu mother Gunwanthi and older sister Saraswathi. But not for long. Facing adversities at a very early age, Kabir has to soon fend for himself and deal with every possible misfortune that life throws at him. Beaten and honed in these hardships, Kabir is forged into a determined man focussed only on becoming rich, successful and powerful.

Destiny rules that both Aditya and Kabir's paths must cross and keep crossing.

In time, this immutable play of destiny brings Aditya and Kabir face-to-face in a conflict that has far reaching implications. A twist of fate, an unfortunate turn of events, coincidence, Kismat—all conspire to make this conflict grow bigger with each passing year until this tug of war between Aditya Merchant and Kabir Khan, for revenge, power and prestige eventually becomes their sole reason for existence.

==Cast==
*[[Viraf patel|Viraf Phiroz Patel]] as Aditya Raj Merchant
*Rahul Bagga as Kabir Khan
*Kirendeep Kaur Jogi as Mrinalini
*Aarun Nagar as Army Officer
*[[Rushad Rana]] as Hanif
*[[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as Vishwanathan
*[[Siddhant Karnick]] as Madhav Merchant
*Jacqie Grewal as Gayatri Merchant
*Tanu Vidyarthi as Devika Merchant
*Khalida Khan as Sapna Khatau
*[[Rasika Dugal]] as Lubna
*Maj Bikramjeet Singh as Mubarak Khan
*[[Karuna Pandey]] as Jayashree / Saraswati
*[[Kavi Shastri]] as Vikramaditya Merchant (
*[[Kainaz Motivala]] as Tanya/Zulekha Khan Merchant
* Seema Kapoor

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.setindia.com/show_details.php?sid=69 ''Kismat'' Official Site on Sony TV India]
*[http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Television/Television.aspx?SectionCode=TV0001 Official site of YRF Television]

{{SET Shows}}
{{YRF Television Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kismat (Tv Series)}}
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows based on British novels]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]

Central Bank of India

2026-02-23T10:54:52Z

KelseyMarsden6: cleanup section for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian public sector bank}}
{{About|the commercial bank|India's central bank|Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Primary sources|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Central Bank of India
| image = Central Bank of India, Mumbai.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| logo = Central Bank of India.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = ''Central to You Since 1911''
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532885}} {{NSE|CENTRALBK}}
| key_people = {{ubl|Tapan Ray {{small|(Non-Exe Chairman)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/dena-bank-punjab-sindh-bank-central-bank-of-india-get-new-chairpersons/articleshow/64305766.cms|title=Dena Bank, Punjab & Sindh Bank, Central Bank of India get new chairpersons|date=24 May 2018|access-date=3 September 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> | Kalyan Kumar {{small|(MD & CEO)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/kalyan-kumar-takes-over-as-md-and-ceo-of-central-bank-of-india/article70116160.ece|title=Kalyan Kumar takes over as MD and CEO of Central Bank of India|date=1 October 2025|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1911|12|21}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial service]]s
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|25897.44|c}}(2021)<ref name="Annual Report 2020-21">{{cite web|url=https://www.centralbankofindia.co.in/sites/default/files/CBI-AR-2020-21.pdf|title=Annual Report of Central Bank of India }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|5742|c}} (2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2020-21" />
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1045|c}} (2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2020-21" />
| assets = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|479128|c}} (2025) <ref name="Annual Report 2020-21" />
| equity = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|8680.94|c}} (2023) <ref name="Annual Report 2020-21" />
| owner = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] (89.27%)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centralbank.bank.in/sites/default/files/SHP_SEP_2025.pdf|title=Share holding pattern of Central Bank of India }}</ref>
| parent = [[Government of India]]
| num_employees = 33,081<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employee strength of Public Sector Banks |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/268/AU259_JW71fE.pdf?source=pqars |access-date=2025-07-24 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Finance}}</ref>
| ratio = 15.68% (June 2024)
| homepage = {{URL|https://centralbank.bank.in/}}
| slogan =
}}

The '''Central Bank of India''' ('''CBI''') is an [[Public sector banks in India|Indian public sector bank]] based in [[Mumbai]].<ref>[https://www.centralbankofindia.co.in/site/MainSite.aspx?status=1&menu_id=9 Central Bank of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165848/https://www.centralbankofindia.co.in/site/MainSite.aspx?status=1&menu_id=9 |date=3 March 2016 }}. Central Bank of India (19 April 2011). Retrieved on 31 March 2014.</ref> Despite its name, CBI is not the [[central bank]] of India, a role served by the [[Reserve Bank of India]].

==History==
[[File:Central Bank of India 2010 stamp.jpg|thumb|A 2010 stamp dedicated to Sorabji Pochkhanawala and the 100th anniversary of the Central Bank of India]]
The Central Bank of India was established on 21 December 1911 by Sir [[Sorabji Pochkhanawala]] with Sir Pherozeshah Mehta as chairman,<ref name="The Hindu 2007">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/Central-Bank-IPO-to-open-on-July-24/article14794226.ece|title=Central Bank IPO to open on 24 July|date=14 July 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 July 2008|location=[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] India}}</ref> and the first commercial Indian bank completely owned and managed by Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Established in 1911, Central Bank of India was the first Indian commercial bank which was wholly owned and managed by Indians |url=https://www.centralbankofindia.co.in/en/about-us/profile |website=centralbankofindia}}</ref>

===Early-20th century===
By 1918, the Central Bank of India had established a branch in [[Hyderabad]]. A branch in nearby [[Secunderabad]] followed in 1925.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

In 1923, it acquired the '''Tata Industrial Bank''' in the wake of the failure of the [[Alliance Bank of Simla]]. The Tata Bank, established in 1917, had opened a branch in Madras in 1920 that became the Central Bank of India, Madras.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The Central Bank of India was instrumental in the creation of the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which opened in [[London]] in 1936. However, [[Barclays]] Bank acquired Central Exchange Bank of India in 1938.<ref>Raychaudhuri, Tappan, Irfan Habib, & Dharma Kumar, eds. (1983) ''The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970''. (CUP Archive). p. 782. {{ISBN|9780521228022}}</ref>

Also, before World War II, the Central Bank of India established a branch in [[Rangoon]]. The branch's operations concentrated on business between [[Burma]] and India, and especially money transmission via telegraphic transfer. Profits are derived primarily from foreign exchange and margins. The bank also lent against land, produce, and other assets, mostly to Indian businesses.<ref>Turnell, pp. 116–7.</ref>

===Post-World War II===
In 1963, the [[Politics of Burma#Military socialist era|revolutionary government]] in Burma nationalized the Central Bank of India's operations there, which became People's Bank No. 1.<ref>Turnell, p. 226.</ref>

In 1969, the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] [[Indian banking#Nationalisation|nationalized]] the bank on 19 July, together with 13 others.

[[File:Nameboard_of_Central_Bank_of_India_.jpg|thumb|Nameboard of Central Bank of India, Shankar Sheth Road Branch, Pune.]]
[[File:Central Bank of India building at Brabourne Road in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Central Bank of India, Brabourne Road Branch (in blue), in Kolkata.]]
Central Bank of India was one of the first banks in India to issue credit cards in the year 1980 in collaboration with [[Visa Inc.|Visa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=The Evolution of Cards: From Charge Plates to Contactless Cards - Razorpay Business |url=https://razorpay.com/blog/history-credit-debit-cards-visa-mastercard/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On its 108th Foundation Day, the Central Bank of India launched its first step towards robotic banking, a robot named "MEDHA".

CBI is one of twelve public sector banks in India that was [[Recapitalization|recapitalised]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2009 |title=18 govt banks to be recapitalised |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |url=http://business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=349393 |access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref>

As of 31 March 2021, the bank has a network of 4,608 branches, 3,644 [[Automated_teller_machine|ATM]]s, ten satellite offices, and one extension counter. It has a pan-India presence covering all 28 states, seven out of eight union territories, and 574 district headquarters out of all districts in the country.<ref name="Annual Report 2020-21" />

[[Reserve_Bank_of_India|RBI]]'s [[Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation_Improvement_Act_of_1991#Prompt_Corrective_Action|prompt corrective action]] (PCA) came out last in the public sector in 2022. The PCA framework blocked large loans, restricted dividend payments, and restricted expenses.<ref>{{Cite news|lang=en|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/central-bank-of-india-last-to-exit-pca/articleshow/94338928.cms|title=Central Bank of India last to exit PCA|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2024-03-25|archive-date=2022-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925175946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/central-bank-of-india-last-to-exit-pca/articleshow/94338928.cms}}</ref>

In 2024, Central Bank of India [[Governor]] MV Rao became chairman of the [[Indian_Banks%27_Association|Indian Banks Association]].<ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/central-bank-of-india-chief-executive-m-v-rao-elected-as-indian-banks-association-chairman/article67975707.ece|title=Central Bank of India chief executive M V Rao elected as Indian Banks' Association Chairman|website=The Hindu Businessline|date=21 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-25|archive-date=2024-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321120743/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/central-bank-of-india-chief-executive-m-v-rao-elected-as-indian-banks-association-chairman/article67975707.ece}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries==
* Centbank Financial Services Limited, wholly owned subsidiary of Central Bank of India
* Cent Bank Home Finance. As on 31st March, 2025, the CBI holds 64% stake.

== Controversies ==
In the 1980s, the managers of the London branches of Central Bank of India, [[Punjab National Bank]], and [[Union Bank of India]] were caught up in a fraud in which they made dubious loans to the Bangladeshi jute trader Rajender Singh Sethia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Businessman Rajender Singh Sethia fought 34-year-long legal battle to prove innocence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/16/businessman-rajender-singh-sethia-fought-34-year-long-legal-battle-to-prove-innocence-2004350.html |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 July 2019 }}</ref> The regulatory authorities in England and India forced all three Indian banks to close their London branches.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Cited sources==
{{commons category}}
*Turnell, Sean (2009) ''Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinance in Burma''. (NAIS Press). {{ISBN|9788776940409}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1911]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1911]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Shabad – Reet Aur Riwaaz

2026-02-18T09:45:40Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox television
| image = Shabad – Reet Aur Riwaaz.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Coming-of-age]] [[Drama]]
| creator = Jayati Pandya
| director = Ameet Guptha
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Suvinder Vicky
* [[Mihir Ahuja]]
* Taranjit Kaur
* Maahi Raj Jain
* Yash Sehgal
* Tejas Mathur
}}
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer = Aarif Shaikh
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Mayank Yadav
* Shantanu Singh
* Karanveer Sofat
* Ajit Manirkar
}}
| cinematography = Satish Shetty
| editor = Dharmesh Patel
| runtime =
| company = Rusk Media
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|02|06}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Shabad – Reet Aur Riwaaz''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] drama streaming television series directed by Ameet Guptha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabad – Reet Aur Riwaaz: Suvinder Vicky and Mihir Ahuja bring to life a generational rift over music and identity |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz-suvinder-vicky-and-mihir-ahuja-bring-to-life-a-generational-rift-over-music-and-identity/dfba5c1a69582 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Produced by Rusk Media, the series stars Suvinder Vicky<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-05 |title=Surinder Vicky on not being a part of ‘Kohrra’ 2, says, ‘I didn’t know when it was happening’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/surinder-vicky-on-not-being-a-part-of-kohrra-2-says-i-didnt-know-when-it-was-happening/articleshow/127943250.cms |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Mihir Ahuja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=ZEE5’s next Hindi original Shabad — Reet Aur Riwaaz announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2026/Jan/14/zee5s-next-hindi-original-shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz-announced |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment: Suvinder Vicky & Mihir Ahuja lead Shabad: Reet Aur Riwaaz |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/premium/suvinder-vicky-mihir-ahuja-lead-shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The story follows Ghuppi Singh, a 16-year-old with a stutter, who struggles between his passion for football and his father's demand that he continue the family's Ragi singing tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabad - Reet Aur Riwaaz OTT release date: Here's when and where you can stream Mihir Ahuja and Suvinder Vicky's family drama series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz-ott-release-date-when-where-stream-mihir-ahuja-suvinder-vicky-family-drama-series/5d97dffd8a727 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The series premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabad - Reet Aur Riwaaz out on OTT: Here's where you can watch Suvinder Vicky and Mihir Ahuja's series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz-out-on-ott-heres-where-you-can-watch-suvinder-vicky-and-mihir-ahujas-series/023b4cadd0712 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the fictional town of Sukhtaalpur, Punjab, Ghuppi Singh faces immense pressure from his father, Harminder, a renowned Ragi singer. Harminder insists Ghuppi carry forward the family legacy, but Ghuppi's interests lie in football. After Ghuppi skips music practice for football, Harminder issues an ultimatum: Ghuppi must sing a shabad on Gurupurab day.

Throughout the series, Ghuppi deals with school bullies and a new rival-turned-friend, Naitik, who helps him with speech therapy. The tension peaks when Ghuppi discovers his football selection match falls on the same day as Gurupurab. Ultimately, the family reaches a point of reconciliation when Harminder recognizes the importance of being a good human over rigid tradition.

== Cast ==

* Suvinder Vicky as Harminder Singh
* [[Mihir Ahuja]] as Ghuppi Singh
* Taranjit Kaur as Manjot
* Maahi Raj Jain as Ginni
* Yash Sehgal as Naitik
* Tejas Mathur as Karan
* Sushant Kanya as Abhishek
* Kavya Pandit as Simran

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#9C958E |overall=No. |title=Title |director=Directed by |writer=Written by |airdate=Original release date |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Gurudwara da agla raagi
|DirectedBy = Ameet Guptha
|WrittenBy = Jayati Pandya, Sameer Satija, Krishnakant Jonalgadda, Akhil Sachdeva
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Revered Ragi singer Harminder publicly announces that his son Ghuppi will carry forward the family's musical legacy, despite Ghuppi's chronic stutter and secret interest in football.
|LineColor = 9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Ghuppi de sapne
|DirectedBy = Ameet Guptha
|WrittenBy = Jayati Pandya, Sameer Satija, Krishnakant Jonalgadda, Akhil Sachdeva
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Ghuppi's mother, Manjot, negotiates a deal allowing Ghuppi to play football if he attends music rehearsals daily, but Ghuppi soon finds himself disqualified from the school team.
|LineColor = 9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Janamdin Da Tohfa
|DirectedBy = Ameet Guptha
|WrittenBy = Jayati Pandya, Sameer Satija, Krishnakant Jonalgadda, Akhil Sachdeva
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = After clearing his name with Naitik's help, Ghuppi's stutter is exposed during his birthday party, leading to a public humiliation in front of his father's boss.
|LineColor = 9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Mai changa puttar nahi hoon maa
|DirectedBy = Ameet Guptha
|WrittenBy = Jayati Pandya, Sameer Satija, Krishnakant Jonalgadda, Akhil Sachdeva
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Manjot takes Ghuppi to speech therapy while Harminder's workplace frustrations boil over. A domestic confrontation occurs when Harminder finds Ghuppi with his football gear.
|LineColor = 9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Ragi hone da asli matlab
|DirectedBy = Ameet Guptha
|WrittenBy = Jayati Pandya, Sameer Satija, Krishnakant Jonalgadda, Akhil Sachdeva
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Following a major family showdown, Ghuppi witnesses his father's vulnerability and commits to honoring the Gurupurab musical ultimatum.
|LineColor = 9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Shabad di Reet
|DirectedBy = Ameet Guptha
|WrittenBy = Jayati Pandya, Sameer Satija, Krishnakant Jonalgadda, Akhil Sachdeva
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = At the Gurudwara, Ghuppi breaks tradition by naming his sister Ginni as the next family Ragi. Harminder reconciles with the family and supports Ghuppi at his district football match.
|LineColor = 9C958E
}}
}}

== Release ==
The official trailer for the series was released on 29 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-29 |title=‘Shabad– Reet Aur Riwaaz’ trailer: Mihir Ahuja and Suvinder Vicky lead father-son coming-of-age drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz-trailer-mihir-ahuja-and-suvinder-vicky-lead-father-son-coming-of-age-drama/article70565861.ece |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The series premiered in its entirety on the streaming platform [[ZEE5]] on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabad – Reet Aur Riwaaz trailer: A moving coming of age drama rooted in tradition and choice {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz-trailera-moving-coming-of-age-drama-rooted-in-tradition-and-choice-81263.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabad review: Cliches apart, Mihir Ahuja-Suvinder Vicky's series is certainly b |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/shabad-review-cliches-apart-mihir-ahuja-suvinder-vickys-series-is-certainly-bingeable/8a26bbedc5331 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz/season-1/seasonreview/127860912.cms |title=Shabad: Reet Aur Riwaaz Season 1 Review: Mihir Ahuja and Suvinder Vicky shine in a story rooted in tradition and identity |last=Khurana |first=Archika |last2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |last5= |first5= |access-date=2026-02-18 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=39460434}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/shabad-reet-aur-riwaaz/0-6-4z5861480 ''Shabad – Reet Aur Riwaaz''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age television shows]]

Culture of Odisha

2026-02-16T05:08:20Z

KelseyMarsden6: expanded details based on references

{{short description|none}} 
{{pp-move}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
'''Odisha''' (formerly '''Orissa''') is one of the 28 [[States and union territories of India|states of India]], located on the eastern coast. It is surrounded by the states of [[West Bengal]] to the northeast, [[Jharkhand]] to the north, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the west and northwest, and [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the south and southwest. [[Odia language|Odia]] (formerly known as ''Oriya'') is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by 33.2 million according to the 2001 Census.<ref name="Indiaspeak">{{cite news|title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms|access-date=3 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 March 2010}}</ref>
The modern state of Odisha, on the basis of Odia language, was established on 1 April 1936, as a province in [[British India]], made up of Odia-speaking regions.<ref name="GovHistory">{{cite web|title=Detail History of Orissa|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112195307/http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|archive-date=12 November 2006}}</ref> April 1 is celebrated as [[Odisha Day]].<ref name="FlavoursOfOdisha">{{cite news|title=Utkala Dibasa hails colours, flavours of Odisha|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Utkala-Dibasa-hails-colours-flavours-of-Odisha/articleshow/33095967.cms|access-date=1 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2014}}</ref>

==Visual arts ==
{{Main|Pattachitra}}
Pattachitra is a traditional painting of Odisha, India.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pattachitra |date=2024-12-07 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Pattachitra#cite_note-odisha.gov.in-1 |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en}}</ref> These paintings are based on [[Hindu mythology]] and specially inspired by [[Jagannath|Jagannatha]] and [[Vaishnava|Baishnaba]] sects.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pattachitra |date=2024-12-07 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Pattachitra#cite_note-13 |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en}}</ref> All colours used in the paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. The name Pattachitra has evolved from the Sanskrit words ''patta'', meaning canvas, and ''chitra'', meaning picture. Pattachitra is thus a painting done on canvas, and is manifested by rich colourful application, creative motifs, and designs, and portrayal of simple themes, mostly mythological in depiction. The traditions of ''pattachitra'' paintings are more than thousand years old.
[[File:Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India.jpg|thumb|'''Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built [[Konark Sun Temple|Konarka Sun]] Temple in [[Odisha|Orissa]], India.jpg''' ]]
[[File:Gita Govinda (Song of the Cowherd) Manuscript LACMA M.71.1.33.jpg|thumb|'''Geeta Gobinda (Song of the Cowherd) Manuscript''']]
[[File:Pattachitra 10.jpg|thumb|During detailing process of Pattachitra, first thick outlines are drawn, namely 'Mota Kala' (ମୋଟା କଳା) and then finer detailings are done, called 'Saru Kala'(ସରୁ କଳା).]]
Other cultural attractions include the Jagannatha Temple in [[Puri]], known for its annual [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Jatra]] or ''Chariot, tala Chitra'' (palm leaf engravings), the famous stone utensils of [[Nilagiri]] (Balasore) and various tribal-influenced cultures. The [[Sun Temple]] at Konark is famous for its architectural splendour while the Sambalpuri textiles equal it in artistic grandeur.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pattachitra |date=2024-12-07 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Pattachitra#cite_note-16 |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sand sculpture]] is practiced on the beaches of [[Puri]].<gallery>
File:Sand art by sudarshan pattnaik on Yuvakriti.jpg|'''[[Sand art and play|Sand art]] by [[Sudarsan Pattnaik|Sudarsana Pattnaik]] on Yuvakriti'''
File:SandSculptureBySudarsanPattnaik.jpg|'''[[Sand art and play|Sand Sculpture]] By [[Sudarsan Pattnaik|Sudarsana Pattnaik]]'''
</gallery>

==Religion==
[[File:Westindischer Maler um 1550 001.jpg|thumb|right|Geeta Gobinda manuscript]]
In its long history, Odisha has had a continuous tradition of [[dharmic religions]] especially [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. [[Ashoka]]'s conquest of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga (India)]] made Buddhism a principal religion in the state which led to the establishment of numerous [[Stupas]] and non religion learning centres. During [[Kharavela]]'s reign [[Jainism]] found prominence. However, by the middle of the 9th century CE there was a revival of [[Hinduism]] as attested by numerous temples such as Mukteshwara, Lingaraja, Jagannath and Konark, which were erected starting from the late 7th century CE. Part of the revival in Hinduism was due to [[Adi Shankaracharya]] who proclaimed [[Puri]] to be one of the four holiest places or ''[[Char Dham]]'' for Hinduism. Odisha has, therefore, a syncretic mixture of the three dharmic religions as attested by the fact that the [[Jagannath Temple]] in Puri is considered to be holy by [[Hindus]], Buddhists and [[Hindus|Jains]].

Presently, the majority of people in the state of Odisha are [[Hindus]]. As per the census of 2001, Odisha is the third largest Hindu-populated state (as a percentage of population) in India. However, while Odisha is predominantly Hindu it is not monolithic. There is a rich cultural heritage in the state owing to the Hindu faith. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu saints. [[Bhima Bhoi|Sant Bhima Bhoi]] was a leader of the [[Mahima Religion|Mahima sect movement]], [[Sarala Dasa]], was the translator of the epic [[Mahabharata]] in Odia, Chaitanya Dasa was a [[Vaishnavism|Buddhistic-Vaishnava]] and writer of the ''Nirguna Mahatmya'', [[Jayadeva]] was the author of the ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' and is recognized by the Sikhs as one of their most important bhagats. Swami Laxmananda Saraswati is a modern-day Hindu saint of [[Adivasi]] heritage.

Odisha has Christian and Muslim minorities. There are around 898,000 [[Christianity in Odisha|Christians in Odisha]] (2.44% of the population).<ref name="census2001">{{Cite web| title =Census of India - Socio-cultural aspects| publisher =Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs| url =http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx| access-date =2011-03-02| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110520054852/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx| archive-date =2011-05-20}}
</ref>

==Literature==
{{main|Odia literature}}
{{Further|Odia language|Indian literature|List of Oriya Writers}}

The history of Odia literature has been mapped by historians along the following stages, Old Odia (900–1300 CE), Early Middle Odia (1300–1500 CE), Middle Odia (1500–1700 CE), Late Middle Odia (1700–1850 CE) and Modern Odia (from 1850 CE till the present). But this crude categorization could not skillfully draw the real picture on account of development and growth of Odia literature. Here, we split the total periods into different stages such as Age of Charya Literature, Age of Sarala Das, Age of Panchasakha, Age of Upendra Bhanja, Age of Radhanath, Age of Satyabadi, Age of Marxism or Pragati yuga, Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga, Post Independent Age.

The beginnings of Odia poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets.<ref name="Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Prabhat. ''The History of medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa''. Chapter: ''The Sidhacharyas in Orissa'' Page:55.</ref> This literature was written in a specific metaphor named "Sandhya Bhasha" and the poets like Luipa, Kanhupa are from the territory of Odisha. The language of Charya was considered as Prakriti.

The first great poet of Odisha is the famous Sarala Das who wrote the Mahabharata, not an exact translation from the Sanskrit original, but a full-blown independent work. ''Sarala Mahabharat'' has 152,000 verses compared to 100,000 in the Sanskrit version. Among many of his poems and epics, he is best remembered for his ''Sarala Mahabharata''. ''Chandi Purana'' and the ''Vilanka Ramayana'' are also two of his famous creations. Arjuna Das, a contemporary to Sarala Das, wrote ''Rama-Bibha'', a significant long poem in Odia.

Towards the 16th century, five poets emerged, though there is hundreds year gap in between them. But they are known as ''Panchashakhas'' as they believed in the same school of thought, ''Utkaliya Vaishnavism''. The poets are [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Achyutananda Dasa|Achyutananada Dasa]], [[Ananta Dasa]] and [[Jasobanta Dasa]]. The ''Panchasakhas'' are very much Vaishnavas by thought. In 1509, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]], an Odia devotee of Vishnu whose grandfather Madhukar Mishra had emigrated to Bengal, came to Odisha with his Vaishnava message of love. Before him [[Jayadeva]], one of the [[Works of Jayadeva|foremost composers]] in Sanskrit, had prepared the ground by heralding the cult of [[Vaishnavism]] through his [[Gita Govinda]]. Chaitanya's path of devotion was known as ''Raganuga Bhakti Marga'', but the ''Panchasakhas'' differed from Chaitanya's and believed in Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga, which has similarities with the Buddhist philosophy of Charya Literature stated above. At the end of the age of Panchasakha, the prominent poets are [[Dinakrushna Dasa]], [[Upendra Bhanja]] and [[Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara]]. Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism as the characteristics of Shringara Kavyas, became the trend of this period to which [[Upendra Bhanja]] took a leading role. His creations were Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Lavanyabati were proved a landmark in Odia literature. [[Upendra Bhanja]] was conferred with the title ''Kabi Samrat'' of Odia literature for the aesthetic poetic sense and verbal jugglery proficiency. Dinakrushna Das's ''Rasokallola'' and Abhimanyu Samanta Simhara's ''Bidagdha Chintamani'' are prominent kavya of this time.

The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries which heralded a great revolution in Odia literature, instead of palm leaf inscription. The books were being printed and the periodicals and journals were published. The first Odia Magazine of ''Bodha Dayini'' was published from Balasore in 1861. The main object of this magazine was to promote Odia literature and to draw attention to the lapses in government policy. The first Odia paper, ''The Utkal Deepika'' made its appearance in 1866 under the editorship of late [[Gourishankar Ray]] with the help of late Bichitrananda. The publication of these papers during the last part of the 19th century encouraged the modern literature and acted as a media to provide a wide readers range for the writers, The educated intellectuals came in contact with the English Literature and got influenced. [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray|Radhanath Ray]] (1849–1908) is the prime figure, who tried to write his poems with the influence of Western Literature. He wrote ''Chandrabhaga'', ''Nandikeshwari'', ''Usha'', ''Mahajatra'', ''Darbar'' and ''Chilika'' was the long poems or ''Kavyas''. [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] (1843–1918), the prime figure of modern Odia Fiction Prose is the product of that generation. He was considered the [[Fakir Mohan Senapati|Vyasakabi]] or founder poet of [[Odia language]]. Fakir Mohan Senapati is well known for his novel ''Chha Maana Atha Guntha''. It is the first Indian novel to deal with the exploitations of landless peasants by the Feudal Lords. It was written much before the October revolution of Russia or much before the emerging of Marxist ideas in India.

With the rise of a freedom movement, a literary thought emerged with the influence of Gandhiji, and idealistic trend of Nationalism formed as a new trend in Odia literature. Much respected personality of Odishan culture and history, Utkalmani [[Gopabandhu Dash]] (1877–1928) had founded a school at a village Satyabadi near Sakshigopal of Odisha and an idealistic literary movement influenced the writers of this age. [[Godabarish Mohapatra|Godabarisha Mohapatra]], [[Kuntala Kumari Sabat]] is the other renowned names of this age. The progressive movement in Odia literature was initiated with the formation of the Nabajuga Sahitya Sansad in 1935. The main proponents of Nabajuga Sahitya Sansad were Ananta Patnaik and Bhagabati Panigrahi, while they were students at Ravenshaw College. Thereafter many others joined in. The mouthpiece of Nabajuga Sahitya Sansad was Adhunika. Bhagabati Panigrahi was the editor and Ananta Patnaik was the managing editor of Adhunika. Ananta Patnaik was mainly a poet though he has written many short stories as well as dramas. Bhagabati Panigrahi was mainly a short story writer. Influenced by the romantic thoughts of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], during the thirties when the progressive Marxian movements were in full flow in Odia literature, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, the brother of [[Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi]], the founder of Marxian Trend in Odisha, formed a group during 1920 called ''Sabuja Samiti''. Mayadhar Mansingh was a renowned poet of that time though he was considered as a romantic poet, he kept the distance away from the influence of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] successfully. As the successor of Sachi babu, two poets Guruprasad Mohanty (popularly known as Guru Prasad) (1924–2004) and Bhanuji Rao came with [[T. S. Eliot]] and published their co-authored poetry book ''Nutan Kabita''. Later, Ramakanta Rath modified the ideas. Sitakanta Mohapatra, Soubhagya Kumar Mishra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Brajanath Rath, Jayanta Mahapatra, Kamalakant Lenka, J. P. Das, Brahmotri Mohanty, Mamata Dash, Amaresh Patnaik, Goutam Jena, Hrushikesh Mallick, Sunil Kumar Prusty, Sucheta Mishra, Aparna Mohanty, Pritidhara Samal, Basudev Sunni, Gajanan Mishra, Bharat Majhi are some poets of this contemporary age. In the Post-Independence era Odia fiction assumed a new direction. The trend which Fakir Mohan had started actually developed more after the 1950s. [[Gopinath Mohanty]] (1914–1991), [[Surendra Mohanty]] and [[Manoj Das]] (1934–2021) are considered as three jewels of this time. The other significant fiction writers are Chandrasekhar Rath, Shantanu Acharya, Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo, Rabi Patnaik, [[Jagadish Mohanty]], Kanheilal Das, Satya Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal, Gourahari Das, Ajay Swain, Paresh Patnaik, Shyamaprasad Choudhury, [[Yashodhara Mishra]] and [[Sarojini Sahoo]] are few writers whose writings have created a new age in the field of fiction. After 1970, the women wing of Odia writers emerged as a prime voice of feminism. Jayanti Ratha, Susmita Bagchi, Paramita Satpathy, Hiranmayee Mishra, Chirashree Indrasingh, Supriya Panda, Gayatri Saraf, Mamata Choudhury are few fiction writers in this period. But, among all the women writers [[Sarojini Sahoo]] played a significant role for her feministic and sexuality approach in fiction. For feminism she is considered as the [[Simone de Beauvoir]] of India, though theoretically, she denies the Hegelian theory of "Others" developed by [[Simone de Beauvoir|Simone]] in her [[The Second Sex]]. Unlike to [[Simone de Beauvoir|Simone]], [[Sarojini Sahoo|Sarojini]] claims the women are "Others" from masculine perspective but as a human being, she demands similar right as [[Plato]] recommended.

In the field of drama, the traditional Odia theatre is the folk opera, or ''Jatra'', which flourishes in the rural areas of Odisha. Modern theatre is no longer commercially viable. But in 1960, experimental theatre made a mark through the works of [[Manoranjan Das]], who pioneered the new theatre movement with his brand of experimentalism. Bijay Mishra, Biswajit Das, Kartik Rath, Ramesh Chandra Panigrahi, Ratnakar Chaini, Ranjit Patnaik continued the tradition.

==Performing arts==
===Music===
{{main|Odissi music|Music of Odisha}}
[[Odissi music]] is the traditional classical music of the state of Ganda Odisha. Born as a seva in the Jagannatha temple of Puri, it was developed by great composers such as [[Jayadeva]], [[Upendra Bhanja]], [[Dinakrushna Dasa|Dinakrusna Dasa]].

Being a part of the rich culture of Odisha, its music is also as much charming and colourful. [[Odissi music]] is more two thousand five hundred years old and comprises several categories. Of these, the five broad ones are [[Indigenous music|Tribal Music]], [[Folk music]], Light Music, Light-Classical Music and Classical Music. Anyone who is trying to understand the culture of Odisha must take into account its music, which essentially forms a part of its legacy.

In ancient times, some saint-poets wrote the lyrics of poems and songs that were sung to rouse the religious feelings of people. It was by the eleventh century that the music of Odisha, in the form of Triswari, Chatuhswari, and Panchaswari, underwent a transformation and was converted into the classical style.

Folk music like ''Jogi Gita'', ''Kendara Gita'', ''Dhuduki Badya'', ''[[Prahallada Nataka]]'', ''Pala'', ''Sankirtana'', ''Mogal Tamasa'', ''Gitinatya'', ''Kandhei Nacha'', ''Kela Nacha'', ''Ghoda Nacha'', ''Danda Nacha'' and ''[[Dasakathia|Daskathia]]'' are popular in Odisha.

Almost every tribal group has its own distinct song and dance style.<gallery>
File:Sangita Sudhakara Balakrushna Das Odissi music.jpg|'''Sangita Sudhakara [[Balakrushna Dash|Balakrushna Das]] Odissi music singer, master and performer.'''
File:Odissi music Guru Pt Raghunath Panigrahi.jpg|'''Odissi music Guru Pt [[Raghunath Panigrahi]] eminent [[odissi music]] singer'''
File:Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami.jpg| '''[[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]] Odissi music & dance Guru, music composer, film director. He made the first odia fim [[Sita Bibaha|sitabibaha]]'''
File:Jayadeva with his parents by Artist manaku.jpg|'''[[Jayadeva]] with his parents by Artist manaku'''
</gallery>

===Dance===
{{main|Odissi}}
[[File:Kelucharan Mohapatra 2023 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|'''Legendary dancer and [[Odissi|guru of Odissi]], [[Kelucharan Mohapatra|kelucharan mohapatra]]''']]
[[Odissi]] dance and [[Odissi music|music]] are classical forms. Odissi has a tradition of 2,000 years, and finds mention in the ''[[Natya Shastra|Natyashastra]]'' of [[Bharata Muni|Bharatamuni]], possibly written circa 200 BCE. However, the dance form nearly became extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few proponents, such as Guru Deba Prasad Das, Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Raghunath Dutta and Kelucharan Mohapatra. Odissi classical dance is about the divine love of Krishna and his consort Radha, mostly drawn from compositions by the notable Odia poet Jayadeva, who lived in the 12th century CE.

''Chhou dance'' is a form of tribal (martial) dance attributed to origins in [[Mayurbhanj]] princely state of [[Odisha]] and seen in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]]. There are three subtypes of the dance, based on the original places where the subtypes were developed. ''Seraikella Chhou'' was developed in [[Seraikella]], the administrative head of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan]] district of [[Jharkhand]], ''Purulia Chhou'' in [[Purulia district]] of West Bengal and ''Mayurbhanj Chhou'' in [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]].

[[Mahari Dance]] is one of the important dance forms of Odisha. Mahari dance originated in the temples of Odisha. History of Odisha provides evidence of the ''Devadasi'' cult in Odisha. Devadasis were dancing girls who were dedicated to the temples of Odisha. The Devadasis in Odisha were known as ''Maharis'' and the dance performed by them came to be known as ''Mahari Dance''.

It was during the reign of Chodagangadeva, Maharis was employed in the temples of Puri. After Chodagangadeva's death, Ananabhimadeva built Natyamandapa in the Jagannath temple for the dance performances inside the temple. Moreover, in those days, the Mahari dancers belonged to different categories namely, the ''Nachunis'' (dancers), the ''Bahara Gauni'', the ''Bhitara Gauni'' and the ''Gaudasanis''.

The Mahari Dancers of Odisha are supposed to follow certain restrictions, such as:

* They should dance on the ceremonies connected to [[Lord Jagannath]].
* They should adhere to the specifications made by the [[Shastras]].
* They must always wear clean clothes.
* The dancer cannot be physically handicapped.
* At the time of the performances, the dancers are not supposed to look at the audience.
* The Maharis are married to the Lord at the age of nine.
* Before their performances, the Mahari dancers pay their obeisance to the Lord.
[[File: Hiranyakasipu in Prahallada Nataka.jpg|thumb|''[[Prahallada Nataka]]'', traditional theatre form the Ganjam district of Odisha|281x281px]]In Odisha, one can also come across another type of Mahari dancers, who are known as ''Samarpada Niyoga''. The duty of the ''Samarpada Niyoga'' is to dance during the ceremonial procession of the deities. These dancers perform during the Ratha Yatra, Jhulana Yatra, Dola Yatra, etc.

[[Western Odisha]] has also a great variety of dance forms unique to Odisha culture. The children's verses are known as "Chhiollai", "Humobauli" and "Doligit"; the adolescent poems are "Sajani", "Chhata", "Daika", "Bhekani"; the youth compositions are "Rasarkeli", "Jaiphul", "Maila Jada", "Bayamana", "Gunchikuta" and "Dalkhai"; the workman's poetry comprises "Karma" and "Jhumer" about Lord [[Vishwakarma]] and the "Karamashani" Goddess. The professional entertainers perform Dand, Danggada, Mudgada, Ghumra, Sadhana, Sabar–Sabarein, Disdigo, Machina–Bajnia, Samparda and Sanchar. They are performed during all occasions with varieties of rhythm and rhyme.

''Pala'' is a unique form of balladry in Odisha, which artistically combines elements of theatre, classical Odissi music, highly refined Odia and Sanskrit poetry, wit, and humour. The literal meaning of ''Pala'' is turned. It is more sophisticated than the other Odia ballad tradition, ''Daskathia''. ''Pala'' can be presented in three different ways. First one is known as ''Baithaki Pala'' or 'seated', in which the performers sit on the ground throughout. The other one is ''Thia Pala'' or `standing`, which is considerably more popular and aesthetically more satisfying. The third one is called the ''Badi Pala'', which is a kind of ''Thia Pala'', in which two groups vie for excellence. This is the most entertaining, as there is an element of competition.

[[Gotipua]] dance is another form of dance in Odisha. In Odia colloquial language Gotipua means single boy. The dance performance done by a single boy is known as Gotipua dance. When decadence and declination came in to ''Devadasi'' or ''Mahari'' tradition due to various reasons this Gotipua dance tradition evolved as a sequel as these performances were practised to please God. It is totally unknown that when exactly this danced form came in to practice. Still, some historians say that this dance tradition appears to have originated during the region of Prataprudradev (1497 CE to 1540 CE) and gained popularity in the subsequent Muslim rule. Ray Remananda the famous Vaishnavite Minister of King Pratapruda and ardent follower of Sri [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] is the originator of this boy dancing tradition, as the Vaishnavas were not approving of the females into dance practices so it possible that the dance tradition must have come after Sri Chaitanya came to Odisha. The Gotipua Dance Tradition is now seen in the village [[Raghurajpur]] situated 10 km away from Puri town, situated on the banks of river Bhargabi. It is otherwise known as the Crafts Village as various Odishan handicrafts’ craftsmen reside in this village contributing their expertise in [[Pattachitra]] painting and other handicrafts.

[[Jhumair]] is a folk dance from North and Western Odisha. It is performed during harvest season and festivals.

=== Puppetry ===
{{Main|Rabana Chhaya}}
[[File:Rama, Ravana Chhaya, Orissa, India - Museu do Oriente - Lisbon, Portugal - DSC06721.JPG|thumb|Rama, Ravana Chhaya.]]
Ravana Chhaya is a traditional shadow puppetry art form from the eastern state of Odisha which literally means 'the shadow of [[Ravana]]' and is named after the evil king of the [[Hindu]] epic [[Ramayana]].

Puppets are Made of deer skin or goat hide, they are flat, cut-out figures with delicate designs, and no joints or color. They are usually about 2 feet tall. Performance is held at night, the puppets are held behind a white cloth screen, and a light source casts their shadows onto the screen. Traditional Oriya folk music, using instruments like dhol, khanjani, and flute.

Its one of India's oldest surviving shadow puppet traditions, believed to be over 500 years old and more.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna Gottfried |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wCxbKAdmkC&pg=PA39 |title=The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08065-2 |language=en}}</ref>

There are various different puppetry tradition in Odisha such as [[Sakhi kandhei]], [[gopalila]], [[Chadar Badar]] (by the [[Santal people|Santhal]] community) and more.[[File:Dasakathia.jpg|thumb|Dasakathia ballad singers|289x289px]]

===Odia cinema===
{{main|Odia Film Industry}}
The Odia film production in the initial years was very slow. After the first Odia film [[Sita Bibaha]], only two films were produced until 1951. A joint consortium of landlords and businessmen who collected fund after 1948 produced those two movies. The 1951 production [[Roles to Eight]] was the first Odia film having an English name. It was released after 15 years of the first Odia film Sita Bibaha. It was the fourth Odia film produced by Ratikanta Padhi. The eleventh Odia film [[Sri Lokenath]] was the first Odia film, which got National Award in 1960 directed by Prafulla Sengupta.<ref>{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

The name of [[Prashanta Nanda]] would always come while dealing with Odia Film Industry. He was present in Odia films since 1939, but he became super active only after 1976. Nanda served Odia Film Industry as an actor, director, screenplay writer, and lyricist and even as a playback singer. Such a versatile genius is quite rare in Indian cinema history. [[Uttam Mohanty]], whose debut film ''Abhiman'' won accolades, was one of the ruling heroes of the Odia Film Industry. His wife Aparajita Mohanty is a very successful leading lady of Odia films.

==Odisha cuisine==
{{main|Cuisine of Odisha}}
[[File:Bikalkar rasagola.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Salepur Rasagola, famous throughout India originated from Odisha]]
Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries. The kitchen of the famous [[Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] is reputed to be the largest in the world, with a thousand chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed over 1,00,000 people each day.

[[Rasagola]], one of the most popular desserts in India, is an extension of the early cuisine of Odisha and later West Bengal. It had been enjoyed and originated in Odisha for centuries and later extended into neighbouring Bengal, like the well-known odia rice pudding, [[kheeri]] (kheer), that is relished all over India.

Chena Poda is another famous sweet delicacy in Odisha with the origin from Nayagarh District, Odisha.

[[Pakhala]], a dish made of rice, water, and yoghurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer, particularly in the rural areas. Odias are very fond of sweets and no Odia repast is considered complete without some dessert at the end. A typical meal in Odisha consists of a main course and dessert. Typically bread is served as the main course for breakfast, whereas rice is eaten with lentils (dals) during lunch and dinner. The main course also includes one or more curries, vegetables and pickles. Given the fondness for sweet foods, the dessert course may include generous portions of more than a single item. Odia desserts are made from a variety of ingredients, with milk, chhenna (a form of ricotta cheese), coconut, rice, and wheat flour being the most common.

== Clothing ==
[[File: Female and male cloth draping style in Kalinga kingdom in the orient.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Ethnic female and male cloth draping style in Odisha.]]
[[File: Sari draping style of Cuttack, Odisha state museum, Bhubaneswar 2013.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|Traditional sari draping style of [[Cuttack]].]]
The western-style dress has gained greater acceptance in cities and towns among men, although the people prefer to wear traditional dresses like [[Dhoti]], [[Kurta|Kurtha]] and [[Gamucha]] during festivals or other religious occasions. Women normally prefer to wear the [[Sari]] [[Sambalpuri Sari]], or the [[Shalwar kameez]]; western attire is becoming popular among younger women in cities and towns.

The [[Saree]] of Odisha is much in demand throughout the entire world. The different colours and varieties of sarees in Odisha make them very popular among the women of the state. The handloom sarees available in Odisha can be of four major types; these are ''Sambalpuri kapta'', ''Sambalpuri Bandha'', ''Sambalpuri Bomkai'' and ''Sambalpuri Saptaper''. Odisha sarees are also available in other colours like cream, maroon, brown and rust. The ''tie-and-dye'' technique used by the weavers of Odisha to create motifs on these sarees is unique to this region. This technique also gives the sarees of Odisha an identity of their own.

== See also ==
* [[List of folk dances of Odisha]]
* [[Oriya Hindu wedding|Odia Hindu wedding]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233259/http://www.indohistory.com/temples_of_orissa.html Temples of Orissa]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991006045055/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Oriya.html Odisha architecture] (sscnet.ucla.edu)
* [http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Performing_Arts/Dance/Classical_Indian/Odissi/ Odissi directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318135952/http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Performing_Arts/Dance/Classical_Indian/Odissi/ |date=2011-03-18 }}

{{Odisha}}

{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Culture of Odisha| ]]

Shweta Gautam

2026-02-12T02:43:13Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added First Info First Draft.

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shweta Gautam
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Afzaal Khan|2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lucknow-ke-aminabad-mein-bargaining-karne-ka-mazaa-hi-alag-tha-says-tv-actress-shweta-gautam/articleshow/68152664.cms|title=Lucknow ke Aminabad mein bargaining karne ka mazaa hi alag tha! says TV actress Shweta Gautam|date=2019-02-26|website=The Times Of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| occupation = [[Actress]]
}}

'''Shweta Gautam''' is an Indian television actress.

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1994
| ''Janma Janma''
| Praya
|-
| 2000
| ''Sant Gyaneshwar''
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Sau Jhooth Ek Sach]]''
| Lakshmi
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{{BLP sources section|date=November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'' – ''Junoon''
| Episode 7
| rowspan = "3" | [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 1998
| ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]'' – ''Mujrim''
| Episode 44
|-
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
| Episode 88
|-
| ''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]''
|
| rowspan = "2" | [[DD National]]
|-
| ''Jai Ganga Maiya''
| Maharani Kayadhu
|-
| 1998–1999
| ''[[Kora Kagaz (TV series)|Kora Kagaz]]''
| Yogeeta
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2000–2001
| ''[[Basera (2000 TV series)|Basera]]''
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2001
| ''Aane Wala Pal''
|
| [[DD Metro]]
|-
| ''Karam''
|
| [[Sony SAB]]
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''Jai Santoshi Maa''
| Devi [[Siddhi]]
| rowspan = "5" | [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2001–2003
| ''Gharana''
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2004
| ''[[Hum Sab Baraati]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan]]''
| Madhu
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]''
| Tara Raizada / Tara Rahul Malhotra
|-
| 2006
| ''Woh Hue Na Hamare''
| Payal
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kulvaddhu]]''
| Bindiya
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2007–2008
| ''[[Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai]]''
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| ''Solhah Singaarr''
| Urvashi Chaturvedi / Urvashi Shiv Chopra
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Ranbir Rano]]''
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2009
| ''[[Pehchaan (2009 TV series)|Pehchaan]]''
| Shyama
| [[DD National]]
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| ''Ganesh Leela''
|
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kam]]''
| Mridula Brijbhushan Mathur
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2011
| ''[[Love U Zindagi]]''
| Amanpreet
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''
| Indrani
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| ''Haar Jeet''
|
| [[Imagine TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2012
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagufta-ali-komalika-guha-shweta-gautam-jeetu-malkani-in-adaalat/articleshow/15207837.cms|title=Shagufta Ali, Komalika Guha, Shweta Gautam & Jeetu Malkani in Adaalat|date=2012-07-27|website=The Times Of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref> – ''Qatil Saas'': Part 1 & Part 2
| Ketki Patel (Episode 144 & Episode 145)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| ''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
|
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2012 TV series)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]''
| Shakuntala
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[The Buddy Project]]''
| Mrs. Rastogi
| [[Channel V India]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shweta-gautam-in-mahabharat/articleshow/19832726.cms|title=Shweta Gautam in Mahabharat|date=2013-05-02|website=The Times Of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>
| Maharani Sudharma
| rowspan = "2" | [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shweta-gautam-rohit-sagar-in-sherdil-shergil/articleshow/19952913.cms|title=Shweta Gautam & Rohit Sagar in Sherdil Shergil|date=2013-05-08|website=The Times Of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>
| Kamini Purushottam Srivastav
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2014
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' – ''Khooni Khel''
| Rohini (Episode 1096)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| ''[[Ek Mutthi Aasmaan (TV series)|Ek Mutthi Aasmaan]]''
| Kavita Sanjay Diwan
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2015 TV series)|Bhagyalaxmi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shweta-gautam-in-rashmi-sharmas-bhabhi-maa/articleshow/45776928.cms|title=Shweta Gautam in Rashmi Sharma's Bhabhi Maa|date=2015-01-06|website=The Times Of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>
| Lata Agreem Prajapati
| [[&TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2016
| ''[[Bhakton Ki Bhakti Mein Shakti]]''
| Episode 4
| [[Life OK]]
|-
| ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
|
| rowspan = "2" | [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| Saroj Ravikant Agarwal
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Aadat Se Majboor (TV series)|Aadat Se Majboor]]''
| Samiksha's Mother
| [[Sony SAB]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2018
| ''[[Bepannah]]''
| Madhu Arora
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''
| Savitri Prithvi Singh Suryavanshi
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|
| [[&TV]]
|-
| ''[[Bahu Begum (2019 TV series)|Bahu Begum]]''
| Safeena
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Pyaar Ki Luka Chuppi]]''
|
| [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Hamari Wali Good News]]''
| Advocate Poonam Agnihotri
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2021
| ''[[Baalveer Returns]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baalveer-returns-actress-shweta-gautam-i-believe-doing-comedy-makes-me-feel-alive-gives-me-extra-energy-and-motivation/articleshow/82200726.cms|title=Baalveer Returns actress Shweta Gautam: I believe doing comedy makes me feel alive, gives me extra energy and motivation|date=2021-04-22|website=The Times Of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-my-character-is-lively-and-peppy-with-a-hint-of-kanyapuriya-tone-shweta-gautam-aka-radha-pandey-who-is-set-to-enter-baalveer-returns/articleshow/81915864.cms|title=Exclusive - My character is lively and peppy with a hint of Kanyapuriya tone: Shweta Gautam aka Radha Pandey who is set to enter Baalveer Returns|date=2021-04-05|website=The Times Of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>
| Radha Pandey
| [[Sony SAB]]
|-
| ''[[Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana]]''
| Pammi Sakhuja / Pammi Baljeet Prasad
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2021–2022
| ''[[Nima Denzongpa]]''
| Suman Dinesh Goenka
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]]''
| Sudha Vishwanath Chaturvedi
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2023
| ''[[Ajooni]]''
| Kaveri Tejendra Singh Bagga
| [[Star Bharat]]
|-
| ''[[Sindoor Ki Keemat]]''
| Jaya Rakesh Sharma
| [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Imlie]]''
| Meera Kunal Singh Chaudhary
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2024
| ''Pukaar – Dil Se Dil Tak''
| Padma Kishorilal Sharma
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Suman Indori]]''
| Hema Sharma
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm2057743}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Shweta}}
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Hareesh Kanaran

2026-02-07T19:35:07Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added first data added tags...

{{Short description|Indian comedian and film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hareesh Perumanna
| image = Hareesh Kanaran 2018.jpg
| birth_place = [[Perumanna]], [[Kozhikode, Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor, comedian
| spouse = Sandhya
| years_active = 2014–present
| children = 2
}}

'''Hareesh Perumanna''', known by his [[stage name]] '''Hareesh Kanaran''', is an Indian comedian and film actor who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He is best known for his stock character Jaliyan Kanaran which first appeared in ''Comedy Festival'', a comedy [[Reality television|reality show]] in [[Mazhavil Manorama]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://cinetrooth.in/2016/01/22/hareesh-perumanna-actor-profile-and-biography/|title=Hareesh Perumanna Actor Profile and Biography|last=Manalethu|first=Biju Cherian|date=2016-01-22|website=Cinetrooth|access-date=2016-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230102523/http://cinetrooth.in/2016/01/22/hareesh-perumanna-actor-profile-and-biography/|archive-date=2016-12-30}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hareesh was born at [[Perumanna]] village in [[Kozhikode district]] of [[Kerala]], India. He had his primary education at [[Govt. Ganapath High School for Boys]] in Kozhikode. He performed in the drama ''Naatam'' on school youth festival which was ranked first in the drama category. Hareesh married Sandhya, a school teacher and they have a son named Dhyan Hari and a daughter.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topmovierankings.com/malayalam-actor/hareesh-perumanna|title=Hareesh Perumanna Malayalam Actor Profile, Movies, Wiki|website=www.topmovierankings.com|access-date=2016-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001246/https://www.topmovierankings.com/malayalam-actor/hareesh-perumanna|archive-date=2016-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movie.webindia123.com/film/artist/2046/hareesh-perumanna/|title=Hareesh Perumanna, Hareesh Perumanna Photo Gallery, Hareesh Perumanna Videos, Actor Hareesh Perumanna, Hareesh Perumanna Profile|last=movie.webindia123.com|website=movie.webindia123.com|access-date=2016-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085649/http://movie.webindia123.com/film/artist/2046/hareesh-perumanna/|archive-date=2016-12-30}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hareesh began his career as a mimicry artist in a troupe named "Calicut Friends". He later joined troupes such as Calicut Super Jokes and V4 Calicut. He made his television debut in the [[Malayalam]] comedy reality show, ''Comedy Festival'', aired in [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. His character as Jalianwala Kanaran made him a popular figure among the audiences. He made his film debut in the 2014 Malayalam film, ''[[Ulsaha Committee]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.calicutjournal.com/1883/kozhikode-comedy-hareesh-perumanna|title=Hareesh Perumanna, Calicut Journal|website=www.calicutjournal.com|access-date=2016-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230004528/https://www.calicutjournal.com/1883/kozhikode-comedy-hareesh-perumanna|archive-date=2016-12-30}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Ulsaha Committee]]'' || Jaliyan Kanaran || <ref name=aaa>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2017/11/03/i-cannot-easily-forget-the-days-of-struggle-hareesh-kanaran.html|title=I cannot easily forget the days of struggle: Hareesh Kanaran|website=OnManorama|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206235755/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2017/11/03/i-cannot-easily-forget-the-days-of-struggle-hareesh-kanaran.html|archive-date=6 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || Ganeshan||
|-
|rowspan="9" | 2015 || ''[[Ellam Chettante Ishtam Pole]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Salt Mango Tree]]'' || Shafique ||
|-
|''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' || Auto-rikshaw driver ||
|-
|''[[Nee-Na]]'' || P. Kunhimuhammad ||
|-
|''[[Acha Dhin]]'' || Madanan ||
|-
|''Ben'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' || Ratheesh ||
|-
|''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|''[[Two Countries]]'' || Sajan Koyilandi ||

|-
|rowspan="11" | 2016 || ''[[Hello Namasthe]]'' || Rameshan ||
|-
|''[[Appuram Bengal Ippuram Thiruvithamkoor]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]'' || Hareesh ||
|-
|''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || Hamsa ||
|-
|''[[Mudhugauv]]'' || Putheri ||
|-
|''[[King Liar]]'' || Pushpakumar/Pushpu || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/king-liar-776998.html |title=About the movie King Liar |date=15 April 2016 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=Digit News |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106053842/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/amp/movies/king-liar-776998/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || Satheesan ||
|-
|''[[Oppam]]'' || Veeran ||
|-
|''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]'' || Swami ||
|-
|''[[Swarna Kaduva]]'' || Joju ||
|-
|''[[Kappiri Thuruthu]]'' || Thapala Pookunju ||

|-
|rowspan="16" |2017 || ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Chandru ||
|-
|''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]'' || Chayakadakkaran ||
|-
|''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' || Vineeth ||
|-
|''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' || Bharathan ||
|-
|''Aana Alaralodalaral'' || Dasaradhan ||
|-
|''[[Basheerinte Premalekhanam]]'' || ||
|-
|''Prethamundu Sookshikukka'' || ||
|-
|''[[Chunkzz]]'' || Preman ||
|-
| ''Gandhinagaril Unniyarcha'' || ||
|-
|''[[Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar]]'' || P.P Shibu || <ref name=aaa/>
|-
|''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'' || DhimDhi ||
|-
|''[[Goodalochana]]'' || Jamsheer || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/goodalochana-s-mock-teaser-is-out-dhyan-sreenivasan-1.2308347 |title=Goodalochana's mock teaser is out |date=13 October 2017 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=English Mathrubhumi News }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]'' || Apartment Security ||
|-
| ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' || Fakruddin aka Fakru ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations|Honeybee 2.5]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadamkadha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || Ganeshan ||
|-
| ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]'' || Shaji ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-04 |title=Vijay Yesudas casts a spell yet again with Shikkari Shambu's song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/vijay-yesudas-casts-a-spell-yet-again-with-shikkari-shambus-song/articleshow/62368299.cms |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || Thief ||
|-
| ''[[Chanakya Thanthram]]'' || Avinash || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ramesh-pisharody-and-hareesh-kanarans-teaser-from-chanakya-thanthram/articleshow/63246309.cms |title=Ramesh Pisharody and Hareesh Kanaran's teaser from Chanakya Thanthram |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kalyanam (2018 film)|''Kalyanam'']] || Sarath's Uncle/ Aveesh Kumar ||
|-
|''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || Thief ||
|-
|''Tanaha'' || ||
|-
|''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Bhavyan ||
|-
|''[[Thobama]]'' || Kappalandi Karunan ||
|-
|''[[Kinavalli]]'' || Appu Shanti ||
|-
|[[Padayottam (2018 film)|''Padayottam'']] || Kasargode Ratheesh ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' || Shamzu ||
|-
|''[[Aanakkallan]]'' || Ishow ||
|-
|''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' || Shoukath ||
|-
|''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]'' || Beeran ||

|-
|rowspan="17" |2019 || ''[[Sakalakalashala]]'' || Nari ||
|-
|''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || Coach Vijayan ||
|-
|''[[Lonappante Mamodeesa]]'' || Shameer || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/30/i-love-stories-that-transport-me-to-my-childhood-jayaram-1931667.html|title=I love stories that transport me to my childhood: Jayaram|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204430/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/30/i-love-stories-that-transport-me-to-my-childhood-jayaram-1931667.html|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oru Adaar Love]]'' || PT Sir ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-adaar-love-review-priya-prakash-varier-s-wink-can-t-save-disaster-96721|title=Oru Adaar Love Review|work=www.thenewsminute.com|date=14 February 2019 |access-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222154808/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-adaar-love-review-priya-prakash-varier-s-wink-can-t-save-disaster-96721|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|''Swarna Malsyangal'' || ||
|-
|''[[And the Oscar Goes To...]]'' || Babumon ||
|-
|''[[Sachin (film)|Sachin]]'' || Poocha Shyju || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasans-next-titled-sachin/articleshow/59338924.cms|title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's next titled Sachin - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007074153/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasans-next-titled-sachin/articleshow/59338924.cms|archive-date=7 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fancy Dress (2019 film)|Fancy Dress]]'' || Seban ||
|-
|''[[Pattabhiraman (film)|Pattabhiraman]]'' || Shukoor || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hareesh-kanaran-gives-a-sneak-peek-of-his-character-in-latest-pattabhiraman-teaser/articleshow/70785040.cms |title=Hareesh Kanaran gives a sneak-peek of his character in latest 'Pattabhiraman' teaser |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]'' || Joji Pothen ||
|-
|''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || P C Joji ||
|-
|''Chila NewGen Nattuvisheshangal'' || Sampath ||
|-
|''Jimmy Ee Veedinte Aiswaryam'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
|''[[Aakasha Ganga 2]]'' || College principal ||
|-
|''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]'' || TikTok Unni ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/margamkali-movie-review-highlights-the-first-half-about-love-and-friendship/articleshow/70493571.cms|title=Margamkali movie review highlights: The first half about love and friendship - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 August 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' || Dinakaran ||<ref>{{Citation|title=Children's Park|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt9166118/|access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || Francis ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jul/24/nikhila-vimal-and-samyuktha-menon-join-oru-yamandan-premakatha-7139.amp |title=News: Nikhila Vimal and Samyuktha Menon join Oru Yamandan Premakatha |date=4 July 2018 |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=The Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" |2020 || ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'' || Dr.Sexena ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhamaka-poster-promises-out-and-out-fun/articleshow/71536888.cms |title=Dhamaka poster promises out-and-out fun |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]'' || Ganapathi || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shylock-review-yet-another-mammootty-mass-movie-numbs-mind-116673 |title='Shylock' review: Yet another Mammootty 'mass' movie that numbs the mind |date=23 January 2020 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
|''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'' || Ashokan ||
|-
|''Kanaronam'' || Kanaran || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/09/06/hareesh-kanaran-s-kanaronam-video-trending.html |title=യുട്യൂബിൽ ൈവറലായി 'കണാരോണം'; ഇതുവരെ കണ്ടത് 16 ലക്ഷം ആളുകൾ |date=6 September 2020 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=Manorama Online New}}</ref>

|-
|rowspan="2" |2021 ||''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]'' || Police Officer Vishwambaran ||
|-
|''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || Lottery agent Ganapathi ||
|-
|Rowspan=7|2022||''[[Kallan D`Souza]]'' || || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-poster-soubin-shahir-s-kallan-d-souza-unveiled-dulquer-salmaan-146632 |title=First-look poster of Soubin Shahir's 'Kallan D'Souza' unveiled by Dulquer Salmaan |date=6 April 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]'' || Thaami ||
|-
| ''Padachone Ingalu Kaatholee'' || Kerala Kumaran (KK) ||
|-
| ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || Pachadi Sura ||<ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-movie-review-tale-of-a-messed-up-wedding-7792106/|title=Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan movie review: Tale of a messy wedding|date=27 February 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320133607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-movie-review-tale-of-a-messed-up-wedding-7792106/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shubhadinam'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indrans starrer 'Shubhadinam' gets a release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/indrans-starrer-shubhadinam-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/94611855.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=timesofindia |date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mahi'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=MahiUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/maahi/movieshow/91666888.cms |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Vamanan || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Vamanan': Makers unveil a creepy motion poster for the Indrans starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vamanan-makers-unveil-a-creepy-motion-poster-for-the-indrans-starrer/articleshow/91400211.cms |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Times of India |date=7 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Momo In Dubai]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Malayalam Film Momo In Dubai's Second Look Poster Out, Check It Out |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/malayalam-film-momo-in-dubais-second-look-poster-out-check-it-out-6498889.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Palayam PC'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=First Look Poster Of Palayam PC Out; Film To Release On January 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-poster-of-palayam-pc-out-film-to-release-on-january-5-8703839.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2025||''Police Day''|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-film-police-day-first-look-out-ansiba-haasan-is-ready-for-the-battle-8828845.html |title=Malayalam Film Police Day First Look Out: Ansiba Haasan Is Ready For The Battle|website=[[News18]]|date=March 26, 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|''Madhura Kanakku''|| ||<ref name=.1>{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/12/hareesh-kanaran-comeback-reason-behind-disappearance.html |title=From laughter to silence: Hareesh Kanaran reveals he was cheated, lost key roles in Malayalam cinema|website=[[Onmanorama]]|date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" {{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Kuruthola Perunnal}} || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Mar/23/sreenivasan-hareesh-kanaran-film-launched-2280093.html |title=Sreenivasan-Hareesh Kanaran film launched |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Anjil Oral}} || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Apr/30/shooting-begins-forsoman-ambatts-anjil-oraal-thaskaran-2296516.html |title=Shooting begins for Soman Ambatt's Anjil Oraal Thaskaran |date=30 April 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel!!Notes!! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2014
| ''Comedy Festival''
| Participant
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Rowspan=3|Reality show
|<ref name=.1/>
|-
|2018 || ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' || Guest || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/hareesh-perumanna-to-visit-badai-bungalow/articleshow/62556122.cms|title=Hareesh Perumanna to visit Badai Bungalow!|date=18 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2020 || ''Comedy Stars'' || Guest || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/team-comedy-stars-celebrate-the-new-year-special-episode-with-hareesh-kanaran/articleshow/73069429.cms|title=റിമിയോട് ഐ ലവ് യു പറഞ്ഞ് ഹരീഷ്; ചേട്ടനോട് എനിക്ക് അങ്ങിനെ ഒരിഷ്ടമല്ലെന്ന് റിമി!|date=2 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Samayam}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''OJO Kanmani'' || Jaliyan Kanaran || [[YouTube]] ||Web series||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rebecca-santhosh-and-jeeva-gopal-starrer-web-series-ojo-kanmani-grabs-attention-hareesh-kanaran-steals-the-show-in-premiere-episode/articleshow/93748868.cms|title=Rebecca Santhosh and Jeeva Gopal starrer web series 'Ojo Kanmani' grabs attention; Hareesh Kanaran steals the show in premiere episode|date=24 August 2018|access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2026 — present || ''Selfie Family'' || Priyan || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||Sitcom||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/tv/2026/01/19/selfie-family-malayalam-comedy-series-on-mazhavil-manorama.html|title=ജപ്തിയുടെ വക്കിലും ചിരി വിടാത്ത 'വട്ടത്തറ'; 'സെൽഫി ഫാമിലി' ജനുവരി 19 മുതൽ മഴവിൽ മനോരമയിൽ|date=19 January 2026|access-date=20 January 2026 |work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film(s)
! Result
|-
|2017
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Comedian
| ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2018
| [[21st Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Humorous Role
| ''Various''
| {{won}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/asianet-to-telecast-asianet-films-awards-2019-on-67-april/|title=Asianet to telecast Asianet Films Awards 2019 on 6,7 April - TelevisionPost|date=27 March 2019|website=televisionpost.com|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328144408/https://www.televisionpost.com/asianet-to-telecast-asianet-films-awards-2019-on-67-april/|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Best Comedian
| ''[[Aanakkallan]], [[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2019
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Best Comedian
| ''Various''
| {{won}}
|-
|2021
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Comedian
| ''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

== Controversy ==
In November 2025, Kanaran claimed some allegations against the producer and production controller, N. M. Badusha. He claimed that Badusha borrowed ₹20 Lakhs<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 ലക്ഷം കടം കൊടുത്തത് ബാദുഷയ്ക്ക്, സിനിമയും ഇല്ലാതാക്കി, ഇല്ലാക്കഥകളും പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചു: ഹരീഷ് കണാരൻ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/11/27/hareesh-kanaran-alleges-producer-badusha-removed-name-from-several-movies-due-to-financial-dispute-reason-behind-hareesh-kanarans-absence-from-films.html|website=20 ലക്ഷം കടം കൊടുത്തത് ബാദുഷയ്ക്ക്, സിനിമയും ഇല്ലാതാക്കി, ഇല്ലാക്കഥകളും പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചു: ഹരീഷ് കണാരൻ|access-date=2025-11-30|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=20 ലക്ഷത്തിന്‍റെ കടം; ഹരീഷിന്‍റെ ആരോപണങ്ങളില്‍ എനിക്ക് പറയാനുള്ളതെല്ലാം പറയാം; പ്രതികരിച്ച് ബാദുഷ|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/11/27/producer-badusha-responds-to-hareesh-kanaran-s-allegations.html|website=Manorama News|access-date=2025-11-30|first=എന്‍റര്‍ടെയിന്‍മെന്‍റ്|last=ഡസ്ക്}}</ref> from Kanaran and never repaid him. During the construction of Kanaran's new home, he asked Badusha for the money and Badusha said he would return soon. Kanaran approached the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|AMMA]] association before regarding the matter. However, he later found himself expelled from acting in movies. Kanaran also believes that Badusha used his influence to stop his screen presence. During the shot of [[ARM (film)|ARM]], Kanaran was supposed to do a role but was not called. During awards night, [[Tovino Thomas]] asked why he wasn’t a part of the movie and the team claimed he didn’t have any available dates.<ref>{{Cite web|title='തരാടാ മോനേ'; 4 വര്‍ഷമായിട്ടും കടം വാങ്ങിയ 20 ലക്ഷം ബാദുഷ തന്നില്ല; സിനിമ മുടക്കിയെന്ന് ഹരീഷ് കണാരന്‍|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/11/27/hareesh-kanaran-accuses-badusha-of-defrauding-him.html|website=Manorama News|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-30|first=ദീപ്തിഷ്|last=കൃഷ്ണ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="എനിക്ക് പറയാനുള്ളതെല്ലാം..." ഹരീഷ് കണാരന്റെ ആരോപണങ്ങളിൽ ബാദുഷയുടെ പ്രതികരണം|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1654673&u=nm-badusha-about-controversy|website=keralakaumudi.com|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|name=Hareesh|id=7621789}}
* {{Facebook|id=Hareesh-Perumanna}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanaran, Hareesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Benjamin Peary Pal

2026-02-07T17:29:17Z

KelseyMarsden6: general reworked lead and updated info

{{short description|Indian agricultural scientist (1906–1989)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Benjamin Peary Pal 2008 stamp of India.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1906|05|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mukandpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |1989|09|14|1906|05|26|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| fields = [[Plant breeding]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
| patrons =
| education =
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rangoon University]] (BSc, MSc)
* [[University of Cambridge]] (PhD)}}
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Rowland Biffen]], [[Frank Engledow]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal|last1=Swaminathan|first1=M. S.|year=1996|title=Benjamin Peary Pal 26 May 1906 – 14 September 1989|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=42|pages=266–274|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1996.0017|doi-access=free|author-link1=M. S. Swaminathan}}</ref>
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1987)}}
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Benjamin Peary Pal''' or '''B. P. Pal''' [[Royal Society|FRS]] (26 May 1906 – 14 September 1989) was an Indian plant breeder and agronomist who served as a director of the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] in Delhi and as the first Director General of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]. He worked on wheat genetics and breeding but was also known for his interest in rose varieties.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch21.pdf | title=Agriculture | publisher=.iisc.ernet.in | access-date=30 August 2015 | archive-date=27 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127114450/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch21.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Pal was born in Mukandpur, the youngest child of Dr Rala Ram and Inder Devi. The family came from [[Jalandhar]] but his father moved to Burma as a medical officer. He was born ''' Brahma Das Pal''' but changed his name to Benjamin Peary Pal while at St Michael's School in [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Maymyo]] in 1914. A rose garden at the school may have inspired his early interest in them. He completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[biology]] and [[Master of Science]] degrees at [[Rangoon University]] in [[botany]], with a study on Burmese Charophyta for his master's. He then went for his doctoral studies at the [[University of Cambridge]] in [[biology]] under [[Rowland Biffen]] and later [[Frank Engledow]], studying hybrid vigour in wheat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org/deceaseddetail.php?id=N460536 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035132/http://www.insaindia.org/deceaseddetail.php?id=N460536 | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Dr Benjamin Peary Pal | publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] | access-date=30 August 2015 }}</ref> He then worked as a rice research officer in Burma in 1932 and then moved to Pusa in Bihar as a second economic botanist. He became an Imperial Economic Botanist at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in 1937. In 1936, the institute moved to New Delhi following an earthquake. He moved there and became the director of the institute in September 1950. In 1954, after 18 years of research, he developed the 'NP 809' wheat. This variety of wheat could combat all three types of rust (a crop disease). He became the first director-general of the newly reorganized [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research]] in 1965 and worked there until his retirement in 1972. Pal worked on rust resistance in wheat and helped release several varieties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Swaminathan|first=M. S.|date=1996|title=Benjamin Peary Pal. 26 May 1906-14 September 1989|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/770209|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=42|pages=267–274|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1996.0017 |doi-access=free|jstor=770209 |issn=0080-4606|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Pal founded the Rose and Bougainvillea Societies of India, the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding while also serving as the editor of its journal.

==Awards and honours==
He was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1972|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1972]]. He was a bachelor and donated his property to the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]].

* Awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1959,
* Awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1968<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards|date=2015|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
A rose garden from the library at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute is named in his honour.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N46-0536 INSA biography]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Authority control}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Benjamin Peary}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:University of Yangon alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century agronomists]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]

Vigna mungo

2026-02-07T13:20:37Z

KelseyMarsden6: slightly fixed intro to improve readability and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Distinguish|Mung bean}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Black gram.jpg
|image_caption = Dry urad beans
|genus = Vigna
|species = mungo
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|(L.)]] [[Frank Nigel Hepper|Hepper]]
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
* ''Azukia mungo'' (L.) Masam.
* ''Phaseolus hernandezii'' Savi
* ''Phaseolus mungo'' L.
* ''Phaseolus roxburghii'' Wight & Arn.
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3538
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=14 December 2014
|archive-date=17 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117064607/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3538
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
}}

The '''black gram''' or '''urad bean'''{{efn|Also known as the urid bean, minapa pappu, black matpe, matimah, matikolai, mash kalai, maas/kalo daal, uzhunnu/ulundu parippu, or uddu}} (''Vigna mungo'') is a [[bean]] grown in [[South Asia]]. Like its relative the [[mung bean]], it has been reclassified from the genus ''[[Phaseolus]]'' to ''[[Vigna]]''. The product sold as black gram is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the interior being white) is called '''white lentil'''. It should not be confused with the much smaller true black [[lentil]] (''Lens culinaris'').

Black gram originated in [[South Asia]], where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]] of [[India]]. It is very widely used in [[Indian cuisine]]. In India the black gram is one of the important pulses grown in both [[Kharif crop|kharif]] and [[Rabi crop|rabi]] seasons. This crop is extensively grown in the southern part of [[India]] and the northern part of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]. In Bangladesh and Nepal it is known as mash daal. It is a popular ''daal'' (legume) side dish in South Asia that goes with [[curry]] and rice as a platter. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas such as the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Africa]] mainly by Indian immigrants during the [[Indian indenture system]].

==Description==
It is an erect, suberect or trailing, densely hairy, annual bush. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, rounded [[Root nodule|nodules.]] The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to {{Convert|6|cm|frac=4}} long. The plant grows {{Convert|30–100|cm|abbr=on}} tall with large hairy [[leaves]] and 4–6 cm seed pods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://agmarknet.nic.in/BlackGram1.pdf|title = Post Harvest Profile of Black Gram|date = 2006|publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture|access-date = 2014-12-11|archive-date = 2014-11-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141121021830/http://agmarknet.nic.in/BlackGram1.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
While the urad dal was, along with the [[mung bean]], originally placed in ''[[Phaseolus]]'', it has since been transferred to ''[[Vigna]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

=== Varieties ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
Pant Urd 31 (PU-31)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tarajit Singh |first1=A |last2=Sorokhaibam |first2=Sakhen |last3=Imotomba Singh |first3=RK |last4=Jinus S |first4=Senjam |last5=Jefferson Singh |first5=Thiyam |title=Study on production potential of Blackgram var. PU-31 through front line demonstration in Bishnupur district, Manipur, India |journal=International Journal of Chemical Studies |publication-date=6 June 2019 |pages=1626–1628}}</ref>
Lam Black Gram 884 (LBG 884)
Trombay Urd (TU 40)
*Pant U-13
*JU-2
*Type-9
*Barkha
*Gwalior-2
Mutant varieties:CO-1 and Sarla.
Spring season varieties:Prabha and AKU-4.
First urad bean variety developed in – T9(1948).

== Nutrition ==

{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Mungo beans, mature seeds, raw
| water = 10.8
| kJ = 1427
| protein = 25.21
| fat = 1.64 g
| carbs = 58.99
| fiber = 18.3
| sugars = 0
| calcium_mg = 138
| iron_mg = 7.57
| magnesium_mg = 267
| phosphorus_mg = 379
| potassium_mg = 983
| sodium_mg = 38
| zinc_mg = 3.35
| manganese_mg = 0
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.273
| riboflavin_mg = 0.254
| niacin_mg = 1.447
| pantothenic_mg = 0.0
| vitB6_mg = 0.281
| folate_ug = 628
| choline_mg = 0
| vitE_mg = 0
| vitK_ug = 0
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124458/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/16083 Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

It contains high levels of protein (25 g/100 g dry weight), potassium (983 mg/100 g), calcium (138 mg/100 g), iron (7.57 mg/100 g), niacin (1.447 mg/100 g), thiamine (0.273 mg/100 g), and riboflavin (0.254 mg/100 g).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/16083|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124458/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/16083|url-status = dead|archive-date = January 7, 2019|title = Mungo beans, mature seeds, raw|website = USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference|publisher = US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Black gram complements the essential amino acids provided in most cereals and plays an important role in the diets of the people of Nepal and India.<ref name=":0" /> Black gram is also very high in folate (628 μg/100 g raw, 216 μg/100 g cooked).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant resources of tropical Africa 1: cereals and pulses|last=Brink|first=Martin|publisher=PROTA Foundation|year=2006|isbn=978-90-5782-170-7|location=Wageningen|pages=206–207}}</ref>

== Uses ==
[[File:Mas Ko Dal.jpg|thumb|195px|Dry split urad beans.]]
[[File:Paper Masala Dosa.jpg|thumb|195px|Crispy masala dosa made from batter]]
[[File:Dal Makhani.jpg|thumb|195px|''[[Dal makhani]]'', a popular Indian dish with ''Vigna mungo'' as its main ingredient]]
[[File:Kalai ruti with bhurta & duck meat.jpg|thumb|Kalai ruti, breakfast served with different [[Bhurta|vorta]]s and chicken [[curry]] in [[Rajshahi]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
[[File:Breakfast South India.jpg|thumb|[[Idli]] and [[medu vada]], a very common breakfast in South India]]
''Vigna mungo'' is popular in Northern India, largely used to make ''[[dal]]'' from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made into ''dal''; prepared like this it has an unusual [[mucilaginous]] texture.

Its usage is quite common in Dogra Cuisine of [[Jammu division|Jammu]] and [[Himachal Pradesh|Lower Himachal]] region. The key ingredient of ''Dal Maddhra'' or ''Maah Da Maddhra'' dish served in [[Dham|Dogri Dhaam]] of Jammu is ''Vigna mungo'' lentil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brien |first=Charmaine O' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=Dal+Madra&pg=PT65 |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |date=2013-12-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, another dish ''Teliya Maah'' popular in Jammu & Kangra uses this lentil.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZsIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Kangra+Urad&pg=PA78 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883 |date=1883 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company Limited |language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, Vigna Mungo Lentil is used for preparing [[Dogras|Dogra-style]] [[Khichdi (dish)|khichdi]] during Panj Bhikham and [[Makar Sankranti]] festival in Jammu and Lower Himachal. Besides, fermented Vigna Mungo paste is also used to prepare ''Lakhnapuri Bhalle'' or ''Lakhanpuri Laddu'' ( a popular street food of Jammu region).

In [[Uttarakhandi cuisine]], ''Vigna mungo'' is used for preparing traditional dish called ''Chainsu'' or ''Chaisu''.

In [[North Indian cuisine]], it is used as an ingredient of ''[[Dal makhani]],'' which is a Modern restaurant style adaptation of Traditional ''Sabut Urad Dal'' of Northern India.

In Bengal, it is used in ''kalai ruti'', ''biulir dal''. In Rajasthan, It is one of the ingredients of ''Panchmel dal'' which is usually consumed with ''[[Baati|bati]]''. In Pakistan, it is called ''' Dhuli Mash ki daal''' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240620211654/https://mrecipezone.com/daal-mash-urad-dal/ | Dhuli Mash ki Daal]</ref> and used to make '''laddu Pethi walay''' and '''Bhalla'''.

It is also extensively used in [[South India]]n culinary preparations. Black gram is one of the key ingredients in making [[idli]] and [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] batter, in which one part of black gram is mixed with three or four parts of idli rice to make the batter. [[Vada (food)|Vada]] or udid vada also contain black gram and are made from soaked batter and deep-fried in cooking oil. The dough is also used in making [[papadum]], in which white lentils are usually used.

In the Telugu states, it is eaten as a sweet in the form of laddoos called Sunnundallu or Minapa [[Sunnundallu]].

=== Other uses ===
In [[medieval India]], this bean was used in a technique to facilitate making [[crucible]]s impermeable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol31_4_4_VJDeshpande.pdf |title=Musavijnana or the ancient science of crucibles |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |author=Vijaya J. Deshpande |access-date=2019-01-07 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124339/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol31_4_4_VJDeshpande.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Names==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
''Vigna mungo'' is known by various names across South and Southeast Asia. Its name in most languages of India derives from Proto-Dravidian ''*uẓ-untu-'', borrowed into [[Sanskrit]] as ''uḍida'':<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dravidian Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris|url-access=limited|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-02512-6|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris/page/n45 16]}}</ref>
* [[Caribbean Hindustani]]/[[Fiji Hindi]]: उरदी दाल (''urdi dāl'')
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: અળદ (''aḷad''), અડદ (''aḍad'')
* [[Hindi]]: उड़द दाल (''uṛad dāl''), उरद दाल (''urad dāl'')
* [[Kannada]]: ಉದ್ದು (''uddu''), ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ (''uddina bēḷe'')
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]/[[Konkani language|Konkani]]: उडीद (''uḍid'')
* [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] : උඳු (''undu'')
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ഉഴുന്ന് (''uẓhunnu'')
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: உளுந்து (''uḷuntu''/''uḷundu''), உளுத்தம்பருப்பு (''uḷutham paruppu'')
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: మినుములు (''minumulu'') and ఉద్ది పాప్పు (''uddi pappu'') in Rayalaseema dialect
* [[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ಉರ್ದು ಸಲೈ (''urdu salāyi'')

Its name in selected Indic languages, however, derives from Sanskrit ''masa'' (माष) :

* [[Dogri language|Dogri]]: 𑠢𑠬𑠪𑠹 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠬𑠥 / माह् दी दाल (''māh di dāl'')
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]: মাটিমাহ (''mātimāh''), মাটিকলাই (''mātikolāi'')
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মাসকালাই ডাল (''mashkālāi ḍāl'')
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: कालो दाल (''kālo dāl'' ), मास (''mās'')
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] : ਮਾਂਹ / ਮਾਸ਼ ਦੀ ਦਾਲ (''mãha/māsh di dāl'')
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: ماش کی دال (''māsh ki dāl'')

Other names include:

* [[Odia language|Odia]]: ବିରି ଡାଲି (''biri ḍāli'')
* [[Meitei language|Meitei]]: ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯍꯋꯥꯏ (''sagol hawāi'')
* [[Myanmar language|Myanmar]]: မတ်ပဲ (''matpe'')
* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: (''đậu muồng ăn'')
* [[Thai language|Thai]]: ถั่วเขียวผิวดำ/ถั่วแขก (''thua kiew piw dam''/''thua kaek'')

==See also==
* ''[[Chakuli pitha]]''
* ''[[Dahi vada]]''
* ''[[Uttapam]]''

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references />

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book | author=H.K. Bakhru | title=Foods that Heal. The Natural Way to Good Health| publisher=Orient Paperbacks | year=1997| isbn=978-81-222-0033-1}}
* M. Nitin, S. Ifthekar, M. Mumtaz. 2012. Hepatoprotective activity of Methanolic extract of blackgram. RGUHS J Pharm Sci 2(2):62-67.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=54261009 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q369447}}

[[Category:Vigna|mungo]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops]]
[[Category:Crops originating from India]]

Shahpur, Burhanpur

2026-02-06T11:38:53Z

KelseyMarsden6: reworked information per standard format and improved wording to improve readability

{{Other uses|Shahpur (disambiguation){{!}}Shahpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahpur
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.23|N|76.22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Nagar parishad
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 238
| population_total = 19719
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|MARATHI HINDI]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin code
| postal_code = 450445
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_name = Smt. Sadhna Tiwari (BJP) <ref>{{cite news |title=MP Civic Polls Result: |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/burhanpur/news/sadhna-virendra-tiwari-became-city-council-president-by-10-votes-congresss-deepali-mukesh-mahajan-got-5-votes-130162538.html |access-date=8 Aug 2022 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=8 Aug 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
| leader_title = Nagar Parishad President
}}

'''Shahpur''' is a town and a [[Nagar panchayat]] in [[Burhanpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

The Shahpur Nagar Panchayat has population of 19,719 of which 10,174 are males while 9,545 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

From 1957 till 2003 had a separate MLA seat, now merged it is with Burhanpur. It is located at [[Icchapur]]–Indore State Highway, connected with major villages of the area.

Shahapur was the Deshmukhi seat of administration during [[Maratha]] Empire and British rule.

It is the first [[Nagar Panchayat]] of its kind in the state with all wards having names of historical leaders and Sant-Mahatmas. It has total 15 wards having names of Sant-Mahatmas, Historical-Political Leader and Social Workers.

Shahpur town is one of the main centers of banana farming in the [[Burhanpur]] district. Around 50 small villages are connected to Shahpur town, hence it is in demand for separate Tehsil.

Most of the population of the town are Marathi following all Marathi traditions and festivals such as – Pola, [[Gudipadwa]], [[Dashehra]] and [[Deewali]], etc. Shahpur is famous for Buffalo fight being organized every year on the next day of Deewali.

==Geography==
Shahpur is located at {{Coord|21.23|N|76.22|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Shahpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Shahpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 238 [[metre]]s (780 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

== Transport ==
Shahpur is situated on Indore- [[Icchapur]] national highway (NH [[National Highway 753L (India)|753L]]) and [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur District]] is just {{cvt|12|km|mi}} away from the town.
The nearest airport is [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport]] Indore which is 200km away.

==Demographics==
{{Bar box|float=left|title=Religions in Shahpur (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-1 Population By Religious Community: Madhya Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|74.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|17.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Jains]]|brown|0.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhs]]|darkkhaki|0.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|mediumblue|7.38}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.02}}}}
The Shahpur Nagar Panchayat has population of 19,719 of which 10,174 are males while 9,545 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

The population of children aged 0-6 is 2675 which is 13.57% of total population of Shahpur (NP). In Shahpur Nagar Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 938 against state average of 931. Moreover the child sex ratio in Shahpur is around 841 compared to Madhya Pradesh state average of 918. The literacy rate of Shahpur city is 70.21% higher than the state average of 69.32%. In Shahpur, male literacy is around 77.87% while the female literacy rate is 62.19%.

Shahpur Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 4,062 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802440-shahpur.html|title = City Population Census 2011-2022 |}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==
Prominent educational institutions include-

1. Shahpur Pvt. Industrial Training Institute (ITI)

2. Gyandeep hr. Sec. School Shahpur

3. Swami Vivekanand College Shahpur

4. Surya Punj Educational Academy Shahpur

==Notable people==

# Indrasen Deshmukh, Progressive Agricultarist and politician
# [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan|Nand Kumar Singh Chouhan]], former BJP state president and former Member of Parliament Khandwa constituency

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Burhanpur district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Flora of Telangana

2026-02-05T02:16:42Z

KelseyMarsden6: small added intro per standard format further and corrected details

{{refimprove|date=July 2023}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
Telangana has special climatic conditions due to its unique location in the heart of the Deccan Plateau. It is considered suitable for the developing flora and fauna. There are famous wildlife sanctuaries all over the region. The state of Telangana harbors a total of 2,800 taxa belonging to 1,051 genera under 185 families<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS BIODIVERSITY |url=http://www.tsbiodiversity.org/biodiversityprofile.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.tsbiodiversity.org}}</ref> with its diverse ecosystems and varied agro-climatic regions, is home to a rich and vibrant flora. The state's flora encompasses a wide range of plant species, including both native and cultivated varieties. Telangana tropical rainy type of climate prevails, The State has a wide variety of soils and they form into three broad categories - red, black and laterite with Tropical moist deciduous forests, Southern dry deciduous forests, Northern mixed dry deciduous forests.<ref>https://indianbotsoc.org/assets/upload/uploaded/1%20T.%20Pullaiah.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>

== Flora ==
The forests of Telangana are adorned with a plethora of tree species, contributing to the region's rich botanical diversity. Among these, Tectona grandis, commonly known as teak, and Anogeissus latifolia are notably abundant and widely distributed throughout the forests. Teak is prized for its durable timber and is renowned for its ornamental and economic value.

In addition to teak and ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]'', several other tree species grace the forests of Telangana. ''[[Boswellia serrata]]'', known as Indian frankincense, holds significance for its resin, which is used in traditional medicine and perfumery. Butea monosperma, also known as flame-of-the-forest, displays striking red or orange flowers and is revered for its cultural and aesthetic importance.

''[[Cochlospermum religiosum]]'', commonly called silk cotton tree or golden silk, stands tall with its beautiful yellow flowers and distinctive seed pods. ''[[Diospyros melanoxylon]]'', known as ebony, is treasured for its dark, dense wood, while ''[[Gardenia latifolia]]'' captivates with its fragrant white flowers. ''[[Givotia rottleriformis]]'', with its stout trunk and large leaves, adds to the diversity of the forests.

''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]'', ''[[Lannea coromandelica]]'', ''[[Sterculia urens]]'', ''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'', ''[[Ziziphus xylopyrus]]'', and various species of ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' contribute to the rich tapestry of Telangana's flora. ''[[Chloroxylon swietenia]]'', commonly called satinwood, exhibits a distinctive yellow hue in its timber, while ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'', known as Indian kino tree, possesses medicinal properties. ''[[Albizia odoratissima]]'', ''[[Haldina cordifolia]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', and ''[[Diospyros melanoxylon]]'' are further examples of the diverse tree species found in the region.

These trees not only enhance the visual allure of Telangana's forests but also play crucial roles in providing habitat, supporting biodiversity, and maintaining ecological balance. They offer resources for various human needs, such as timber, medicine, and traditional practices. Their presence is a testament to the natural heritage of Telangana and the intricate web of life that thrives within its forested landscapes.

== Recent Discoveries ==

Twenty species are reported here as new additions to the flora of Telangana state from Amrabad Tiger Reserve, Kinnerasani and Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuaries<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swamy |first=J. |last2=Rasingam |first2=L. |date=2022-08-02 |title=Twenty New Additions to the Flora of Telangana State, India |url=https://www.sanshodhancpb.co.in/index.php/nlmbo/article/view/170160 |journal=Nelumbo |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=255–269 |doi=10.20324/nelumbo/v64/2022/170160 |issn=2455-376X|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>, and floristic explorations in Bhadradri Kothagudem district yielded three flowering plants as additions to the flora of Telangana state.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Telangana]]

{{improve categories|date=July 2023}}

A Feast of Vultures

2026-01-30T06:29:13Z

KelseyMarsden6: further updated lead additionally

{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India
| author = [[Josy Joseph]]
| language = English
| country = India
| image = File:A Feast of Vultures.jpg
| caption = First edition
| published = 28 July 2016
| publisher = HarperCollins India
| media_type = Print
| pages = 256
| isbn = 978-9-35-029751-3
}}

'''''A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India''''' is a 2016 book by Indian [[Investigative journalism|investigative journalist]] [[Josy Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-feast-of-vultures/|title=Music Masti Modernity|website=harpercollins.co.in|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> It examines and documents the democracy of [[modern India]], drawing attention to corruption in both business and government, and the intertwining of money and muscle power in politics.

== Summary ==
''A Feast of Vultures'' is a multi-level inquiry into the [[Government of India|Indian government]], which examines, investigates and analyzes several major [[political scandal]]s and highlights evidence of corruption against some of the country's largest political and business figures and houses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/inside-track-cbi-disarmed-2958544/|title=Inside Track: CBI dis(armed)|date=2016-08-07|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/books/unedited-truth.html|title=Unedited truth|website=www.dailypioneer.com|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/a-slugfest-at-the-tata-corral|title=A slugfest at the Tata corral|last=hermes|date=2016-11-04|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref> The book places particular focus on government-affiliated individuals who conduct business through their personal connections, resulting in what it argues are some of the country's largest business monopolies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghose|first=Aurobindo|date=February 1972|title=Monopoly in Indian Industry: An Approach|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=7|issue=5/7|pages=385–392|jstor=4361016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/watch-and-listen-josy-joseph-on-the-state-of-the-nation/story-fUrZznA9Sfm0TrNVifFiGO.html|title=Watch and listen: Josy Joseph on the state of the nation|date=2016-08-05|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref> This corruption is illustrated through examples of needs: a village needs a road and a hospital, a graveyard that needs a wall, and people that need toilets. In addition, the book describes the ways individuals navigated their business and how the government meets those needs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} The book examines the role of [[Intermediary|intermediaries]] in the Indian political scenario and how they function in the government settings.

The book contrasts the lives of the anonymous poor with those of the rich and famous, and how the [[Economic inequality|wealth gap]] undermines democratic processes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yesterdays-defaulters-are-todays-most-defaulting-billionaires-josy-joseph/346046/|title=Yesterday's defaulters are today's most defaulting billionaires : Josy Joseph|date=2016-08-12|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref> It reports on the flourishing phenomenon of middlemen who facilitate access to decision makers and manipulate government decisions. It is suggested that "a whole caste of middlemen" sustains and perpetuates corruption in India.<ref name="newsminute"/> It is prevalent from the lowest police post to the offices of the prime minister and president.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-a-feast-of-vultures-2251619|title=Book Review: A Feast of Vultures {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2016-09-04|newspaper=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref>

A particular segment of the economy{{which|date=January 2019}} is examined to show how democratic institutions are easily manipulated by ambitious and well-funded businessmen, who seek preferential treatment directly or through intermediaries including organized crime figures. Through a detailed investigation, the author provides his own evidence, arguing that some of modern India's most successful entrepreneurs have thrived through bribes, manipulation, and possibly even murder.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

In the final segment of the book, Joseph argues that India's elite are the beneficiaries of corruption, using their financial and political clout to steer policy-making and legislation.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}. The elite are described as 'puppet masters' who straddle political and economic power, unencumbered by either democratic accountability or regulatory oversight.

== Conception and writing ==
Joseph has described his book as "an angst-ridden narrative on the distortion of our democracy."<ref name="newsminute">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/liberalisation-has-given-fillip-middlemen-and-theyve-grown-hundred-times-48589|title='Liberalisation has given a fillip to middlemen and they've grown a hundred times'|date=2016-08-21|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> Rohan Venkataramakrishnan of [[Scroll.in]] stated that Joseph sought to cover stories which were untold due to concerns of litigation.<ref name="scroll"/> Joseph said in an interview with the news site that he had observed unprecedented [[self-censorship]] by reporters, implying that they and their publishers were fearful of legal action. He said that journalists had thus "forgotten our duty and become lapdogs of the establishment."<ref name="scroll">{{Cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/813853/would-rather-set-example-for-my-13-year-old-than-be-afraid-an-investigative-journalist-explains|title='I would rather set example for my 13-year-old than be afraid': An investigative journalist explains|last=Venkataramakrishnan|first=Rohan|newspaper=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> Joseph said that ''A Feast of Vultures'' was his first effort in uncensored journalism of modern India.<ref name="RediffOrdinary">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/interview/ordinary-people-live-in-mortal-fear-in-india/20160914.htm|title=Ordinary people live in mortal fear in India|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>

== Cover ==
The cover of ''A Feast of Vultures'' combines two images: a [[Branded Entertainment Network|Corbis]] / [[Getty Images]] photograph of the bed of a farmer who committed suicide, his photograph propped up against a pillow, with a background of skyscrapers.

== Interviews ==
{{excessive examples|section|date=January 2019|Rather than a list of quotes, quotations should be used to illustrate the article's content. Thus, the most relevant of these should be placed in the appropriate sections to illustrate points. In many cases longer quotes should be paraphrased or otherwise trimmed (see [[MOS:QUOTE]] and [[MOS:PMC]]). For example, I used some of the quotes to build the conception section. Do similarly with the others and/or remove this section.}}
In an interview with Rohan Venkataramakrishnan for Scroll.in, Joseph said:
*"I'm the father of a 13-year-old girl. I would rather set an example for her than let my friends in the industry be happy or be scared of someone. I'm ready for it, if there is any litigation, I think it would be a great fight to have".
*"Very honestly, I've been in Delhi for 25 years, and I've never seen this level of self-censorship in public discourse, ever. The worst is the self-censorship that reporters are subjecting themselves to, and the distortion of facts. I hope it's a short-lived phenomenon. In a young country like ours, you cannot suppress dissent. At least not forever."
*"It's an embarrassing thing for journalists, though. We've forgotten our duty and become lapdogs of the establishment. Some of us will have to stand up and fight, and be firm about values. It is when we stand up, then things will change."<ref name="scroll"/>

In an interview with Preetha Nair for [http://www.newsminute.com TheNewsMinute.com], Joseph said:
*"It is a coincidence that my book comes at a time when we are celebrating 25 years of liberalisation and 70 years of independence. A lot of us born in the socialist era have come to believe that middlemen are part of our system. Liberalisation has given a fillip to middlemen and they've grown a hundred times. If you get the right middleman, you can even buy a government. My book is an angst-ridden narrative on the distortion of our democracy".
*"One of the fundamental flaws in our system is that Indian politics sucks in a lot of black money and our corporates are forced to feed the political class. If we can bring transparency in political funding, that itself will diminish corruption".<ref name="newsminute"/>

In an interview with Syed Firdaus Ashraf for [[Rediff.com]], Joseph said:
*"As reporters, we are always dealing with a tiny bit of a large puzzle. We are also hamstrung by space limitations, various kinds of censorships imposed by corporate, political and such interests as well as other restrictions. I wanted to report and interpret modern India without any self-censorship, varnishing or any other considerations. ''A Feast Of Vultures'' is my first step in this direction".<ref name="RediffOrdinary"/>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reviews ===
Reviews of the book were largely positive. [[Harish Khare]], editor of ''The Tribune'', called it "an irritatingly brilliant book [told] with considerable competence and style." He further described it as a sobering and condemning view absent from newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/columns/wave-the-national-flag-grandly/280317.html|title=Wave the National Flag grandly…|last=Khare|first=Harish|date=2016-08-14|work=The Tribune|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Rishi Raj of ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' agreed that the realistic viewpoint was rarely seen in journalism or academic works, and recommended it to analysts and those interested in an uncompromising look at post-independence India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/a-feast-of-vultures-the-hidden-business-of-democracy-in-india-book-review/380811/|title=A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India; Book Review|date=2016-09-18|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>

Soutik Biswas of [[Open (Indian magazine)|''OPEN'' magazine]] called it "an ambitious inquiry of what ails India [...] Part memoir, part reportage and part polemic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/the-other-side-of-midnight|title=The Other Side of Midnight {{!}} OPEN Magazine|website=OPEN Magazine|date=14 September 2016 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> Aditya Sinha of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' stated that it was "meticulously researched and intelligently written" and "reads like a thriller".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/2TIvyIJAi68p4EtUVwyijL/Book-review-A-Feast-Of-Vultures.html|title=Book review: A Feast Of Vultures|last=Sinha|first=Aditya|date=2016-09-30|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> Namrata Biji Ahuja of ''[[The Week Magazine|The Week]]'' called it a "fascinating tale of modern India and its journey as a liberal economy" and a call to action against "the business-as-usual approach which allows [[crony capitalism]], scandals and scams."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theweek.in/books/a-feast-of-vultures.html|title=Under investigation|newspaper=theweek.in|access-date=2016-11-09|archive-date=2016-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183244/http://www.theweek.in/books/a-feast-of-vultures.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
In January 2018, ''A Feast of Vultures'' was named the best book of 2017 by the jury in the non-fiction category of the [[Crossword Book Award]].<ref name="RediffCrossword">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/crossword-book-awards-karan-johar-sudha-murty-sadhguru-win-big/20180119.htm|title=Crossword book awards: Karan Johar, Sudha Murty, Sadhguru win big!|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> Competing entries included books by Amitav Ghosh, Pradeep Damodaran, Pankaj Mishra and Shashi Tharoor.

== Malayalam Edition ==
''A'' ''Feast of Vultures'': ''The Hidden Business of Democracy in India'', released in English in 2016, was translated into Malayalam by K.N. Ashok, a noted journalist and author, and published by Azhimukham Media Private Limited in July 2021. The Malayalam edition has a new introduction and additions not included in the original English edition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=കഴുകന്മാരുടെ വിരുന്ന്; ഇന്ത്യന്‍ ജനാധിപത്യത്തിന്റെ നിഗൂഢ വ്യാപാരങ്ങള്‍|url=https://azhimukham.com/aazhimukham-plus/some-ecerpts-from-a-feast-of-vultures-the-hidden-business/cid3490256.htm|access-date=2021-07-08|website=azhimukham.com|language=ml|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185854/https://azhimukham.com/aazhimukham-plus/some-ecerpts-from-a-feast-of-vultures-the-hidden-business/cid3490256.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Feast of Vultures, A}}
[[Category:2016 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]

Odia diaspora

2026-01-24T20:05:14Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Odia diaspora
| native_name = ପ୍ରବାସୀ ଓଡ଼ିଆ Prabāsi Odiā
| native_name_lang = od
| flag =
| population =
| region1 = {{Flag|Myanmar}}
| pop1 = 20,000 (2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=Odias in Myanmar and Lord Jagannath|url=https://sambadenglish.com/odias-in-myanmar-and-lord-jagannath/|website=Sambad|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
| region2 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop2 = 5676 (2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2017-2021|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/language-use/2017-2021-lang-tables.html|website=United States Census Bureau|date=June 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop3 = 4000
| region4 = {{Flag|Canada}}
| pop4 = 3235 (2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=canada&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0|website=Statistics Canada|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
| region5 = {{Flag|Australia}}
| pop5 = 1401 (2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural diversity: Census|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|New Zealand}}
| pop6 = 165 (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/?lc=en&tm=oriya&pg=0&snb=1|title=New Zealand|website=Stats New Zealand|access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref>
| langs = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| religions = '''Predominantly''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minorities''': {{hlist|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]] and others}}
| related_groups = [[Indo-Aryan people]], [[Bonaz]] people
}}
'''Odia diaspora''' are people of [[Odia people|Odia]] ancestry residing outside the Indian state of [[Odisha]].

==Odias in Indian states outside Odisha==
Migration from Odisha has a long history. Odia merchants had historical trade links with other parts of India. In modern times, Odias started migrating to different parts of India mainly for education, business and jobs.

There are various social and cultural organizations in various parts of the country which include Pravasi Odia Vikas Samiti (POVS), Odia Cultural Association<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oriyaculturalassociation.com/aboutus.asp |title=Oriya Cultural Association |website=oriyaculturalassociation.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029144206/http://oriyaculturalassociation.com/aboutus.asp |archive-date=2009-10-29 |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> which is a group of Odias in [[Delhi]] (based in [[Haryana]]), the Odia Association Of Delhi (which owns the [[Jagannath Temple, Delhi|Jagannath Temple]]) and Odia Mahasangram.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowNRO.asp?id=12804 |title= Mumbai Oriya Mahasangh congratulates CM Naveen Patnaik |work=www.orissadiary.com |date=28 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115224907/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowNRO.asp?id=12804 |archive-date=2010-01-15 |access-date=15 October 2017 }}</ref>
There is an Odia association at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh named as Varanaseya Utkal Samaj having long history of more than six decades of existence which is instrumental in bringing together the Odia people and culture within and beyond the Odia community living around the holy city of Varanasi.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowNRO.asp?id=51619 |title=Odia body in Varanasi pledges to help Odisha pilgrims, students |work=www.orissadiary.com |date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085032/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowNRO.asp?id=51619 |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>

The NRO community has honoured [[Jyoti Kullu]], captain of [[India women's national field hockey team]] in 2007, on her achievement of the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Non resident Oriyas honour Jyoti kulu in Delhi|url=http://www.odisha.in/news/166/ARTICLE/1359/2007-08-30.html|website=www.odisha.in|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.odisha.in/news/166/ARTICLE/1359/2007-08-30.html Non resident Oriyas honour Jyoti kulu in Delhi]</ref> The Delhi Odia Lawyer Association awarded the Trophy. She was honoured in a brief function held at the residence of Mr.Jual Oram M.P. and National Vice President of [[BJP]] at Delhi. Oram and his wife Jhingia Oram garlanded Jyoti and congratulated her for her success in the field of sports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/27650802/by-laws-of-the-non-resident-oriyas-facilitation-center |title=By laws of the non resident oriyas facilitation center |access-date=2010-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401192638/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/27650802/by-laws-of-the-non-resident-oriyas-facilitation-center |archive-date=2012-04-01 }}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
Although the total Odia population is unclear, [[2001 Census of India]] puts the population of Odisha at around 36 million. There are smaller Odia communities in the neighbouring states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. Most Odias in West Bengal live in the districts of [[Midnapore]] and [[Bankura]]. [[Surat]] in Gujarat also has a large Odia population, primarily diamond workers in the southern district of Ganjam. [[Bengaluru]] and [[Hyderabad]] have sizable Odia population due to an IT boom in late 2000s. Some Odias have migrated to Bangladesh where they are known as [[Bonaz]] community.

While the southern part of the state has inter migration within the country, the northern part of the state has migration towards the [[Middle East]] and the [[Western world]]. [[Balasore]] and [[cuttack]] are known as immigration centers of [[Odisha]]. Most of the Odia population abroad originates predominantly from the northern district of [[Balasore]] followed by [[Cuttack]] and [[Bhadrak]]. The migrants who work within the country predominantly originate from [[Ganjam]] and [[Puri]] districts.

While most Australian Odias prior to 1980 came from [[Balasore]], [[Sambalpur]] and [[Cuttack]], increased demand for software engineers and adoption have brought Odias from other areas.

Migration to the United Kingdom has been recorded since 1935, where mostly people from [[Balasore]] in undivided [[Bengal]] province went to work to United Kingdom and thereafter continuing a chain migration very predominant then, and continues to this day. Most British Odias have obtained British citizenship.

In the late 2000s many Odias, predominantly from [[Balasore]] and [[Cuttack]], went to Europe to study and to work. This resulted in chain migration, predominantly from [[Balasore]] and [[Cuttack]].

During 2009 construction boom in Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar, Odias predominantly from [[Balasore]], [[Bhadrak]] and [[Cuttack]] migrated to the area to earn high salaries in the IT and construction sectors.

==International organizations==
There are various Odia organizations serving the diaspora in Canada, the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, the United States, Singapore and other countries such as: The Odisha Society of Canada,<ref>{{cite web|title=Oscwebsite.com|url=http://www.oscwebsite.com/|website=www.oscwebsite.com|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> [[Odisha Society of United Kingdom]] (OSUK), [[Odia Society of Ireland]] (OSI), [[the Odisha Society of the Americas]] (OSA)<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.odishasociety.org The Odisha Society of the Americas]</ref> the Norway Odia Community<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.facebook.com/Norway.Oriya.Community/|title = Norway Oriya Community facebook|website=Facebook }}</ref> and the Odia Society Of Singapore (OSS).<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://singodia.org/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416003526/http://singodia.org/ | archive-date=2016-04-16 | title=Welcome to SingOdia.com}}</ref>

Other organizations safeguarding Odia culture abroad include the Shri Jagannath Temple Trust, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://jagannathtempletoronto.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606200359/http://jagannathtempletoronto.com/ | archive-date=2013-06-06 | title=Welcome to the Jagannath Temple Trust Canada}}</ref><ref>[http://www.odisha.in/news/166/ARTICLE/2117/2009-07-07.html Lord Jagannath’s chariot festival held in Toronto]</ref>

Beside these country-level organizations, there has been attempts to unite all the NROs residing abroad to connect via various online communities. Pravasi Odia is one such [[online community]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pravasi Odia|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Pravasi-Odia/217409435078249|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=15 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the virtual Global Odia Mahotsav 2020 event took place in co-operation with multiple Odia organizations, with the aim of advancing international co-operation and development in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Odia Mahatosav|url=https://www.globalodiamahotsav2020.com/|access-date=2021-02-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Non-Resident Odia Facilitation Center===
The Non Resident Odia Facilitation Center is an organization that works in liaison with the Government Of Odisha.<ref>[http://nrofc.org/index.php Non-Resident Oriya Facilitation Center (NROFC)]</ref> The Society takes the form of a Public-Private-People-Partnership and shall have representation of the government, Non-Resident Odias (henceforth called NROs) and Community. The "Society" shall take the form of a Public-Private-People-Partnership and shall have representation of the government, NROs and Community.<ref>[http://nrofc.org/bylaws.php Suggested Byelaws - NROFC.org]</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Bhanumati Devi]] - Odia film and theater actress born in [[British Burma|Burma]]
* [[Manjusri Misra]] - Canadian professor, engineer and scientist
* [[Amar K. Mohanty]] - Canadian material scientist, engineer, academic and author
* [[Bibhu Mohapatra]] - American fashion designer
* [[Jogesh Pati]] - American theoretical physicist
* [[Ashok Das]] - American physicist
* [[Bhakta B. Rath]] - American material physicist
* [[Prasanta Pattanaik]] - American economist
* [[Prasant Mohapatra]] - American computer scientist
* [[Bhubaneswar Mishra]] - American computer scientist
* [[White Town|Jyoti Mishra]]- British Musician
* [[Saraju Mohanty]] - American scientist, author and computer engineer
* [[Gita Mehta]] - American writer and documentary filmmaker
* [[Ellora Patnaik]] - Canadian actress
* [[Lisa Mishra]] - American singer and actress
* [[Ritwik Behera]] - American cricketer
* [[Anshuman Rath]] - Hong Kong cricketer
* [[Anil Dash]] - American technology executive and entrepreneur
* [[P. K. Mahanandia]] - Swedish artist
* [[Ashok Swain]] - Swedish academic
* Dr [[Swarup Ranjan Mishra]] - Founder of Mediheal hospitals, Kenya and former MP of [[Kesses Constituency|Kesses]] in [[Kenya]]

==See also==
* [[Bonaz]], Odia Bangladeshis
* [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)]]
* [[Jagannath Temple, Delhi]]
* [[Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad]]
* [[Shri Jagannath Puri Temple]]
* [[The Odisha Society of the Americas]]
* [[Odisha Society Of United Kingdom]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Overseas Asians}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group|Odia]]

Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary

2026-01-23T10:06:46Z

KelseyMarsden6: basic update intro per sources and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Religious organisation in India}}
{{About|the present Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary|the one in Telangana|Bible Society of India Telangana Auxiliary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation =1951
| founder =
| founding_location =[[Secunderabad]]
| extinction =
| merger =
| type =[[Bible Society]]
| status =[[Charitable trust]]
| purpose =Literary
| professional_title =
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]]
| location = [[Guntur]]<ref name="Guntur"/>
| coords =
| region =[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| services = Raising contribution, translating, printing, distribution
| membership =
| membership_year =
| language =[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title =Auxiliary Secretary
| leader_name = [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] K. John Vikram,<ref name="BSI APP">BSI ''Appointments''.[https://dev.ubs.bible/bsind.org/appointments/]</ref> [[Church of South India|CSI]],<ref name="Synod">CSI Synod, ''Ministerial roll of Diocese of Krishna Godavari''.[https://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/48_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Krishna%20Godavari%20Diocese.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014515/https://csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/48_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Krishna%20Godavari%20Diocese.pdf |date=4 February 2019 }}</ref> [[Master of Theology|M. Th.]] ([[Yonsei University|Yonsei]])<ref name="YU">''[[Yonsei University]] brochure''.[https://git.yonsei.ac.kr/git/news/brochure.do?mode=download&articleNo=47885&attachNo=34703]</ref>
| leader_title2 =President
| leader_name2 =Medidi Johnson<ref>[https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/apenvconnect/KPKaTSjRPog Google groups]</ref>
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people = The Rev. [[M. Mani Chacko]], CSI, PhD ([[University of London|London]]), General Secretary of the BSI, Bangalore
| main_organ =India Bible Society Trust Association
| parent_organization =[[Bible Society of India]]
| subsidiaries = 1 ([[Visakhapatnam]])
| secessions =
| affiliations = [[United Bible Societies]]
| budget=Rs. 1.10,00,000.00<ref name="Volume 31">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bsind.org/pdf/magazine-Jan-apr2015.pdf |title=Sowing Circle, Volume 31, Number 1, January–April 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126095436/http://www.bsind.org/pdf/magazine-Jan-apr2015.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| budget_year =2014<ref name="Volume 31"/>
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| website =http://www.bsind.org/andhra_pradesh.html
| remarks =
| formerly = Book Depot of the Tamil Nadu Auxiliary
| footnotes =
}}
The [[Bible Society of India]] Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary<ref name="Prema">''Prema Sakshi'', Volume 6, Issue 4, August 2008. pp.11–41. ''Prema Sakshi'', a monthly registered (APTEL 07419/01/2002) magazine published by I. C. Ashok Kumar at Neena Publications, Door Number 1-5-4/1/A, First Floor, Behind Sai Raja Deluxe Cinema, Musheerabad, Hyderabad 500 048.</ref> is located in [[Guntur]].<ref name="Guntur">''BSI auxiliary office opened in Guntur'' in The Hindu, Guntur, 3 February 2016. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bsi-auxiliary-office-opened-in-guntur/article8185760.ece]</ref>

From 1951 through 2016, the Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary was housed at the Bible House on Rashtrapathi Road in [[Secunderabad]] until it was moved to [[Guntur]].<ref>"Guntur"</ref> This Auxiliary assists the Translations Department of the BSI to translate the Scriptures into the languages spoken in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that include not only [[Telugu language]], but also [[Urdu language]], [[Lambadi language]] and other minority linguistic groups.

==Telugu version==
{{main|Bible translations by language}}
In the Annual report of the British & Foreign Bible Society<ref>''Annual report of the British & Foreign Bible Society'', British and Foreign Bible Society, Printed for the Society by J. Tilling, 1867. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fYQsAAAAYAAJ]</ref> John Hay had undertaken the revision of the Telugu Bible (of [[Lyman Jewett]]?). In the same report, mention was made of the [[Secunderabad]] Branch.<ref>Howard Benjamin Grose, ''Missions: an international Baptist magazine'', Volume 9, 1918. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZnNAAAAMAAJ]</ref>

In 1953, the Telugu Bible was revised from earlier version which had been translated by John Hay, Edward Pritchett,<ref>Arrived in India, 17 November 1811</ref> John Smith Wardlaw (1813–), James William Gordon, John Redmond Bacon and Dhanavada Anantam.<ref>John Hay, Edward Pritchett, John Smith Wardlaw, John Redmond Bacon, Dhanavada Anantam, ''The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments: translated into the Telugu language (with references)'', under the auspices of the British and Foreign Bible Society, Bible Society of India, Pakistan and Ceylon, Secunderabad Auxiliary, 1953. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XC9AOQAACAAJ&q=telugu+bible+bible+society+of+india]</ref>

[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[A. B. Masilamani]] who majored in [[Greek language|Greek]]<ref name="Babu">G. Babu Rao, in Souvenir of Birth Centenary Greetings of The Rev. [[A. B. Masilamani]], New Life Associates, Hyderabad, 2014, p.19</ref> at [[Serampore College]] was Auxiliary Secretary as well part of the Translation Team providing stylistic corrections in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Modern translations of the Telugu Bible in common language were taken up by The Rev. [[Victor Premasagar]] and The Rev. G. Babu Rao,<ref name="Wilson">[[H. S. Wilson]] (Edited), ''The Church on the Move, Essays in honour of [[Victor Premasagar]]'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, p.vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=babu+rao]</ref> both of whom were Scholars of Biblical [[Hebrew]] and Biblical [[Greek language|Greek]] as well as colleagues at the [[Protestant]] Regional Theologiate in [[Secunderabad]].

During the Auxiliary Secretaryship of The Rev. [[B. G. Prasada Rao]], a team consisting of The Rev. Suppogu Israel and The Rev. G. Babu Rao began translating portions of the Bible into modern Telugu which included,
*Portions translated into modern Telugu
** Book of Ruth, 1976<ref>Suppogu Israel, G. Babu Rao (Translated), ''Book of [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]]'', The [[Bible Society of India]], Bangalore, 1976. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U_WVZwEACAAJ&q=g.babu+rao+bible+society]</ref>
** Man You Cannot Ignore, 1976<ref>Suppogu Israel, G. Babu Rao (Translated), ''Man You Cannot Ignore'', The [[Bible Society of India]], Bangalore, 1976. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_rObXwAACAAJ&q=g.babu+rao+bible+society]</ref>

[[Old Testament]] Scholar, The Rev. [[Graham S. Ogden]], Asia-Pacific Regional Translations Coordinator of the [[United Bible Societies]] used to liaise with the Auxiliary during the Secretaryship of The Rev. [[L. Prakasam]], providing scholarly inputs and also reviewing the progress of the Telugu-Old Testament Common Language Project Coordinator, The Rev. G. Babu Rao in the presence of the [[Old Testament]] Scholar, The Rev. [[G. D. V. Prasad]], then Director – Translations of the [[Bible Society of India]].

A Living Bible in Telugu was also proposed as early as 1980.<ref>[[Roger E. Hedlund]], ''World Christianity: South Asia'', Volume 3 of World Christianity, Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center, Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center, 1980. p.60. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RfMpKxKHjwsC]</ref>

==Lambadi version==
The Auxiliary released the ''New Testament in [[Lambadi language]]'' on 25 October 1999<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CRQLGQAACAAJ ''New Testament in Lambadi'', Bible Society of India, Bengaluru, 1999]</ref> in the presence<ref name="Sowing1">''[[Sowing Circle]], A Bulletin of the Bible Society of India'', Volume 15, Number 1, January–April 2000 (For Private Circulation), Bengaluru. pp.24–25.</ref> of then Auxiliary Secretary, The Rev. G. Babu Rao, then Director – Translations of the [[Bible Society of India]], Central Office, [[Bengaluru]], The Rev. [[G. D. V. Prasad]] and then General Secretary, B. K. Pramanik at the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]-[[Centenary Baptist Church]], [[Secunderabad]] under the shepherdship of Pastor N. Thomas. Speaking at the release, Pastor Lazarus Lalsingh<ref>Tony E. Samuel Hilton, Lazarus Lalsingh, ''Banjara: a people in India'', People series, People India Research & Training Institute, 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uOqqGwAACAAJ]</ref> of ''Badao Banjara Phojer''<ref name="Sowing1"/> who put in efforts for bringing the New Testament in Lambadi recalled the earlier efforts of The Rev. [[B. E. Devaraj]] in translating texts into Lambadi at the release in 1999.<ref name="Sowing1"/>

==Auxiliary Secretaries==
The first Auxiliary Secretary was appointed in the 1950s beginning with The Rev. [[E. Prakasam]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]] who served till the 1960s, followed by The Rev. [[A. B. Masilamani]], [[CBCNC]], both of whom were [[hymn writer]]s. During the 1970s, The Rev. [[B. G. Prasada Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] who was one of the first postgraduates in theology at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] led the Auxiliary till the 1980s and was followed by The Rev. [[T. B. D. Prakasa Rao]], CSI who had an [[Interdiscipline|inter-disciplinary]] academic record at three different universities, who was succeeded in the 1990s by The Rev. [[L. Prakasam]], CBCNC who had substantial ministerial track.

When the 21st century began, [[Old Testament]] Scholar, The Rev. G. Babu Rao was already at the helm since the concluding years' of 1990s and had also led the [[Telugu language]] [[Old Testament]] common language translations<ref name="Wilson"/> of the [[Bible Society of India]] since the 1970s, and was succeeded as Auxiliary Secretary by The Rev. N. L. Victor of the [[Salvation Army]] in the 2000s. In the beginning of 2010s, The Rev. B. S. Rajashekar, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]] took over as Auxiliary Secretary and was followed by and The Rev. K. John Vikram, CSI, who was installed in 2020s.<ref name="BSI APP"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .96em 0 0 .9em;"
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
|'''Tenure''' || '''Auxiliary Secretaries of Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary''' {From [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|AP (1956–2014)]] to present-day [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]]}|| '''Earned Academic Credentials'''
|-
|1953–1963||The Rev. [[E. Prakasam]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]<ref name="Prema"/><ref name="books.google.co.in">Annual Report of the American Bible Society, Volume 147, 1963, American Bible Society, p.140. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MyPPAAAAMAAJ&q=masilamani]</ref>||[[Licentiate in Theology|L. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
|-
|1963–1969||The Rev. [[A. B. Masilamani]], [[CBCNC]]<ref name="Prema"/><ref name="books.google.co.in"/>||L. Th. (Serampore), [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] (Serampore), [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] ([[University of Calcutta|Calcutta]]), [[Master of Theology|Th. M.]] ([[University of Toronto|Toronto]]), PhD ([[Osmania University|Osmania]])
|-
|1969–1976||The Rev. [[B. G. Prasada Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Prema"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FMfeAAAAMAAJ&q=prasada Annual Report of the American Bible Society, Volume 160, 1975, p.105]</ref>||B. D. (Serampore), [[Master of Theology|M. Th.]] (Serampore)
|-
|1976–1981||The Rev. [[T. B. D. Prakasa Rao]], CSI<ref name="Prema"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-iZXAAAAYAAJ&q=rao Annual Report of the American Bible Society, Volume 165, 1980, p.90]</ref>||[[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] ([[Andhra University|Andhra]]), B. D. (Serampore), M. A. (Osmania), [[Bachelor of Education|BEd]] (Andhra)
|-
|1981–1998||The Rev. [[L. Prakasam]], CBCNC<ref name="Prema"/><ref>[http://www.cbchurchvizag.com/our%20message.aspx Pastors who served Calvary Baptist Church, Visakhapatnam]</ref>||L. Th. (Serampore)
|-
|1998–2001||The Rev. G. Babu Rao, CBCNC<ref name="Prema"/>||[[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] (Andhra),''[[Double majors in the United States|Double majors in Mathematics]]'' B. D. (Serampore), M. Th. (Serampore)
|-
|2001–2012||The Rev. N. L. Victor, [[The Salvation Army|SA]]<ref name="Prema"/><ref name="BSI">[[Sowing Circle]], Volume 28, 2, May–August 2012, pp.46–47</ref>||B. A.
|-
|2012–2020||The Rev. B. S. Rajashekar, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]<ref name="Sowing">[[Sowing Circle]] : A publication of the Bible Society of India, Volume 28, Number 2, (May – August 2012), pp.24, 25, 46, 47. [http://www.bsind.org/pdf/jan2013.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071110/http://www.bsind.org/pdf/jan2013.pdf |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Prema"/><ref name="BSI"/>||[[Bachelor of Commerce|B. Com.]] ([[Acharya Nagarjuna University|Nagarjuna]]), B. D. (Serampore), M. Th. (Serampore)''Double Masters''
|-
|2020–''present''||The Rev. K. John Vikram,<ref name="BSI APP"/> CSI<ref name="Synod"/>||BSc (Andhra), [[Master of Science|MSc]] (Andhra), B. D. (Serampore), M. Th.<ref>Senate of Serampore College (University), ''list of those qualifying for M. Th. result'', 2015.[https://files.indcareer.com/downloadPdfs/2015/09/-wp-wp-content-uploads-2014-04-MTH-QUAL-50-pdf.pdf?q=downloadPdfs/2015/09/-wp-wp-content-uploads-2014-04-MTH-QUAL-50-pdf.pdf]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ([[Yonsei University|Yonsei]])<ref name="YU"/>
|}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Further reading
* {{cite book
| author=I. C. Ashok Kumar
| title=Prema Sakshi
| date=August 2008
| volume=6
| issue=4
| url =
}}
* {{cite book
| title=The Encyclopaedia of Missions
| year=1891
| volume=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HOa3JiTnPS0C
| last1=Bliss
| first1=Edwin Munsell
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bible Society Of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary}}
[[Category:Bible societies]]
[[Category:Christianity in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1951]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1951]]

Indians in Peru

2026-01-15T15:43:27Z

KelseyMarsden6: expand details after review and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{refimprove|date=April 2013}}
{{About|people originating from [[India]]|native ethnic groups of Peru, also sometimes called "Indians"|Indigenous peoples in Peru}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in Peru
| flag = 
| flag_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| total = 500
| total_year = 2016
| total_source = estimate
| total_ref = <ref name = "MEA"/>
| regions = [[Lima]]{{·}}[[Chimbote]]{{·}}[[Puno]]
| languages = [[English language|English]]{{·}}[[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{·}}[[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Religions of India]]
| related_groups = [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]
}}
'''Indians in Peru''' form a minority in the country as one of the smaller populations of the [[Indian diaspora]]. According to the [[Indian Ministry of External Affairs]], there were about 500 Indians living in [[Peru]] as of December 2016.<ref name = "MEA">{{cite web|title=India - Peru Relations|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Peru_December_2020.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=7 January 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

==History==
The first immigrants from India to have arrived in Peru were businessmen who had arrived in the early 1960s. Later, the community grew until the early 1980s, after which many of its members left due to severe local economic crises and prevailing terrorism. Those with relatives in other Latin American countries joined them. In recent years, the size of the community has remained stable.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

There is also a small number of expatriate professionals from India in the country and a few of them have obtained Peruvian citizenship – not more than 10 out of a total number of almost forty persons.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==See also==
* [[India–Peru relations]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Immigration to Peru]]
* [[Hinduism in North America]]
* [[Asian Latin Americans]]
* [[Indians in Chile]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups in Peru}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Portal bar|India|Peru}}
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Peru]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Peru]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in South America|Peru]]
[[Category:Peruvian people of Indian descent|*]]
[[Category:India–Peru relations]]

Jhaad Phoonk

2026-01-09T15:41:42Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added the data w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jhaad Phoonk
| image = Jhaad Phoonk.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajan Ramgopal Verma
| producer = Shailesh Parihaar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]]
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
* [[Harsh Rajput|Harsh Jayesh Rajput]]
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
* Apratim Singh
}}
| studio = Niiv Entertainment India Pvt. Ltd.
| released =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Jhaad Phoonk''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] [[supernatural]] [[Horror film|horror]] film directed by Rajan Ramgopal Verma and produced by Shailesh Parihaar. The film stars [[Sumbul Touqeer]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Harsh Rajput|Harsh Jayesh Rajput]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] and Apratim Singh. It is scheduled for a theatrical release in India in late 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jhaad Phoonk - Official Teaser |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/jhaad-phoonk-official-teaser-sumbul-touqeer-padmini-kolhapure-harsh-rajput-yashpal-sharma-rajan-ramgopal-verma/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 October 2025 |publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment |language=English}}</ref><ref name="BS">{{cite web |title=First glimpse of ''Jhaad Phoonk'' goes viral; film to release Winter 2025 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/first-glimpse-of-jhaad-phoonk-goes-viral-film-to-release-winter-2025-world-news-network-125082501088_1.html |website=Business Standard |publisher=ANI |date=25 August 2025 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is described as a supernatural thriller exploring themes of the paranormal, spirituality, and fear, blending psychological and horror elements.<ref name="BS" />

== Cast ==
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Farah Rizvi |first=S |title=Actor Sumbul Touqeer on returning to the big screen as a lead with Jhaad Phook: “I manifested this happening” |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/actor-sumbul-touqeer-on-returning-to-the-big-screen-as-a-lead-with-jhaad-phook-i-manifested-this-happening-101749188718937.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=6 June 2025 |access-date=14 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
* [[Harsh Rajput]]
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
* Apratim Singh

== Production ==
The film is directed by Rajan Ramgopal Verma and produced by Shailesh Parihaar, with Vrunda Brahmbhatt serving as co-producer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jhaad Phoonk Teaser Out: Sumbul Touqeer Makes Comeback with Rajan Ramgopal Verma’s Gripping Suspense Thriller |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/jhaad-phoonk-teaser-out-sumbul-touqeer-makes-comeback-with-rajan-ramgopal-vermas-gripping-suspense-thriller-watch-article-152514202 |website=[[Times Now]] |date=24 August 2025 |access-date=14 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BS" />
It is presented by Niiv Entertainment India Pvt. Ltd. The first look and teaser of the film were unveiled in August 2025.<ref name="BS" />

== Release ==
Jhaad Phoonk is slated for theatrical release in India in late 2025.<ref name="BMS">{{cite web |title=Jhaad Phoonk (2025) Movie Details |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kolkata/jhaad-phoonk/ET00459708 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|38047694|Jhaad Phoonk}}

[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]

Rajeev Kumar (Jammu & Kashmir politician)

2026-01-05T13:21:42Z

KelseyMarsden6: creating bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Kamal Verma
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Rajeev Kumar''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Bishnah Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bishnah, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Rajeev Kumar with 53435 defeats INC's Neeraj Kundan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bishnah-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612949-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bishnah Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bishnah-election-result-2024-live-update-9077457.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||56.48%||Neeraj Kundan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39.96%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|}
== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rajeev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mangaluru Kannada

2025-12-29T03:03:50Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{onesource|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Mangaluru Kannada''' is one of the three regional varieties of [[Kannada language]], an official language of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is also referred as the "Coastal dialect". The other regional varieties of Kannada are [[Bengaluru Kannada|Bengaluru / Mysuru Kannada]] and Dharwar Kannada (Northern dialect). Mangaluru Kannada is spoken with clear diction. And close to the way Kannada is taught in primary schools. Historical and mythological Kannada movies and dramas use Mangaluru Kannada. It sounds very formal and respectful to the listener.<ref>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, by Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, page 577</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru Kannada]]
*[[Mangaluru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kannada language]]

{{Karnataka-stub}}

Pokhari, Uttarakhand

2025-12-21T13:11:28Z

KelseyMarsden6:

Pokhri tehsil is a town and [[tehsil]] (administrative division) in the [[Chamoli district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chamoli.gov.in/tehsil/ |title=Tehsil | Chamoli District Website | India |publisher=Chamoli.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2023-01-04}}</ref> The tehsil is located in the western part of the district, and is bordered by [[Gopeshwar]], [[Nandaprayag]] and [[Karnaprayag]] tehsils.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chamoli District Map |url=https://chamoli.gov.in/map-of-district/ |title=Map of District | Chamoli District Website | India |publisher=Chamoli.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2023-01-04}}</ref> The tehsil had a population of around 36,000 people in 2011 census. However, since then, the area of tehsil has shrunk due to creation of new tehsils. The current population is not exactly known but expected to be around 20,000.

Pokhri tehsil is primarily an agricultural area, with the majority of the population involved in farming and livestock rearing. The tehsil is also home to a number of small-scale industries, including handloom weaving, and many people are employed in tourism related activities. It's located at an altitude of 1900 metres above sea level and has a cool climate throughout the year.

The tehsil is home to a number of important tourist attractions, including the Nagnath Swami Temple as well as other remains of the Naga kings. Nagnath also has a British Era school established in 1901 that continues to function till date and has contributed to educational development in the region. Pokhri and nearby Mohankhal belt ( altitude - 2300 metres) witness heavy snowfall in winters which attracts tourists. Famous Kartik Swami Temple (altitude- 3048 metres) is located 15 km from Pokhri on Pokhri-Rudraprayag Road. The town offers splendid views of Himalayan peaks like Trishul, Nanda Ghunti, Doonagiri, Chaukhamba, Tungnath-Chandrashila.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gdcpokhari.com/historical_background.html|title=:::::::HIMWANT KAVI CHANDRA KUNWAR BARTWAL RAJYAKIYA MAHAVIDYALAYA:::::::|website=gdcpokhari.com}}</ref>

The tehsil is well-connected to the rest of the district and the state by a network of roads and public transportation. The nearest airport is located in [[Gauchar]], but regular flights are only till Dehradun, which is approximately 250 kilometers away. A new politechnic is proposed to be built in Pokhri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forestsclearance.nic.in/viewreport.aspx?pid=FP/UK/Others/21571/2016 |title=View Form A Part 1 |publisher=Forestsclearance.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2023-01-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chamoli district]]

Balram Dangi

2025-12-14T15:25:56Z

KelseyMarsden6: Adding A Info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Maham Assembly constituency|Maham]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Balraj Kundu]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Balram Dangi''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Maham Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Meham, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Balram Dangi wins Meham with 19793 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/meham-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612837-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Meham Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/meham-election-result-2024-live-update-9077347.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dangi, Balram}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Khyad

2025-12-10T14:38:53Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added basic pg added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khyad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Khyad area of Badami
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|55|12|N|75|40|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 587 201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08357
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khyad''' is a hamlet located in the [[Badami]] taluk of Bagalkot district in [[North Karnataka]], known for its ancient structures and the discovery of numerous fossils from the Stone Age.

In 1873, Robert Bruce, a scholar, identified this area. Researchers, scholars, and students from Deccan College in Pune, along with experts in ancient history, have conducted extensive studies here, uncovering significant information about the region's ancient past. In collaboration with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) - Mysore division, students from Delhi discovered several stone tools during excavations.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/archaeologist-calls-for-protection-of-prehistoric-site/article4705060.ece
|title=Archaeologist calls for protection of prehistoric site
|website=[[The Hindu]]
|date=10 May 2013
|publisher=
|accessdate=2013-05-22
}}</ref>

The district administration is committed to preserving this significant heritage site.

==See also==
*[[Sidlaphadi]]
*[[Hirebenkal]]
*[[Sanganakallu]]
*[[Anegundi]]
*[[Kupgal petroglyphs]]
*[[Prehistoric rock art]]
*[[South Asian Stone Age]]
*[[Sodhe#Prehistoric rock art|Sonda]]
*[[Byse, Shimoga#History|Byse]]

==References==
<references />

{{Prehistoric technology}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Prehistoric art]]
[[Category:Rock shelters]]
[[Category:Neolithic]]
[[Category:Burial monuments and structures]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]
[[Category:Archaeology of death]]
[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Prehistoric art in India]]

Sri Yoga Rama temple

2025-11-27T07:28:21Z

KelseyMarsden6: Added First Location More To Come.

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu}}
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{{Infobox temple
| name = Sri Yoga Rama Perumal Kovil
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5|N|79.62|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| location = Nedumgunam, [[Chettupattu]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sri Yoga Ramaswamy ([[Vishnu]]), Shengamalavalli Thayar([[Lakshmi]])
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Pallavas and Vijayanagara kings
| website =
}}

'''Sri Yoga Ramaswamy Temple, Nedumgunam''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in Nedumgunam, [[Chettupattu]], dedicated to the god [[Rama]].

This temple has inscriptions of [[Rajaraja II]]. Rama is believed to have appeared to Sage [[Shuka]] and the [[Alvars]] at the temple's site. The temple is classified one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. Six daily rituals and a dozen yearly festivals are held there, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (March–April), is the most prominent. The temple is open from 6 am to 7:30 pm. It is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
Once the sage [[Shuka]] wanted to view the [[Darshan (Indian religions)|''darshan'']] of the god [[Rama]]. He performed severe [[Tapas (Indian religions)|penance]] towards Rama. Pleased, Rama appeared to Shuka. Shuka gave a set of sacred palm leaves and told [[Hanuman]] to read them. While reading the divine sacred hymns in the palm leaves, Rama understands that it is the [[Brahma sutras]] and explains the essence of the ''Sutras'' with ''[[Mudra|Chin mudra]]'' (gesture of knowledge) to Hanuman. Rama appears with the same mudra in the central icon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayabalan |first=Suriyakumar |title=ஸ்ரீ யோகா ராமர் கோயில் தல வரலாறு |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/astrology/history-of-nedungunam-sri-yoga-ramar-temple-131654332718608.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref> This temple represents Rama as a [[guru]] (teacher) and Hanuman as disciple (''shishya'') learning the ''Sutras'' from Rama.

==History==
The temple is said to be built first by the [[Pallavas]] and later by King [[Krishnadevaraya]]. The temple has 2 Tall [[Gopura]]ms. The first one is the tallest and is the entrance Gopuram and the second one is called Killi [[Gopura]]m dedicated to Shuka there is a [[Mandapa]]m also dedicated to Shuka. The temple is almost 8 acres and is the biggest [[Rama]] temple in Tamil Nadu. There are wonderful [[Mandapa|Madapams]] Sculpted and various Shrines for [[Alvars]], [[Vishvaksena]], [[Garuda]], [[Vaikhanasa|Vaikhanasa Deva]] [[Venkateshwara]] and [[Krishna]].

==Religious Significance==
Rama is in seated posture, without his usual attributes of bow and arrow, and his hand in ''[[Mudra|Chin mudra]]''. Lakshmana is standing with the bow and arrow and Rama's consort Sita on the other side of Rama. Hanuman is placed in a way of reading the sacred Sutras and Rama explaining them. Rama is worshiped by Shuka and many other sages.

The Theertham of the Temple is also called as ''Shuka Theertham'' or ''Surya Theertham''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1171
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230723150857/https://archive.anudinam.org/2014/06/25/sri-yoga-ramar-temple-nedungundram/ Article title]}}

[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]

Education in Wayanad

2025-11-23T15:20:39Z

KelseyMarsden6: created new article

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Educational Organizations in [[Wayanad]] are located mainly in [[Kalpetta]] and [[Sultan Bathery]].

==Education in Sulthan Bathery==
Many educational institutions including schools, colleges, industrial training centers and teacher training institutes exist in Sulthan Bathery. [[Wayanad]] is a single Education District with one Deputy Director of Education, one District Educational Officer (DEO) and three Assistant Educational Officers (AEO).<ref>{{cite web|title=List of DEO offices, Kerala|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=79|publisher=General Education Department, Govt. of Kerala|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of AEO offices, Kerala|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=111&Itemid=80|publisher=General Education Department, Govt. of Kerala|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> Sulthan Bathery [[taluk]] is under one AEO. Wayanad [[Diet, India|District Institute of Education and Training (DIET)]] is located at Sulthan Bathery. It is one of the three [[Diet, India|DIET]]s established in Kerala in the first phase in 1989. Apart from providing teacher education, its activities include academic research and innovations, academic monitoring of schools and material production.<ref>{{cite web|title=DIET Wayanad|url=http://dietwayanad.org/|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref>

==School Education==

Many government, aided and unaided schools exist in Sulthan Bathery. They come under different boards of education such as [[Kerala State Education Board]] and [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. Some of the schools which follow the state syllabus are listed below:<ref>{{cite web|title=List of High Schools in Wayanad |url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/oldsite/schoollist/hs/wyd.pdf |publisher=General Education Department, Govt. of Kerala |accessdate=18 July 2012 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==List of Schools==
=== Schools ===
'''St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Sultan Bathery'''

Established in 1977, this private, co-educational institution is affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board. It is recognized as the first certified English-medium school in Wayanad and offers classes from Grade 1 to 12. The school features computer-aided learning, a library, and sports facilities.

'''St. Mary's College Higher Secondary School, Kuppadi'''

An aided, co-educational institution affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board, managed by the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. It provides education for Grades 8 to 12 and emphasizes academic excellence.

'''Government High School, Kuppadi'''

One of the oldest government schools in the region, it is co-educational and affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board. The school offers classes from Grade 5 to 10 and promotes co-curricular engagement.

'''Ideal English School, Sultan Bathery'''

A private, co-educational CBSE-affiliated school offering education from Kindergarten to Grade 12. It focuses on modern teaching methodologies and overall student development, supported by modern infrastructure.

'''McLeod's English School, Sultan Bathery'''

A CBSE-affiliated private school offering a balanced curriculum for Kindergarten through Grade 12. The school emphasizes strong foundational learning and a nurturing environment.

'''Green Hills Public School, Moolankavu'''

Located near Sultan Bathery, this private CBSE school is known for its serene campus and emphasis on academics and extracurricular activities. It serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12.

'''WMO English School, Sultan Bathery'''

Managed by the Wayanad Muslim Orphanage, this CBSE-affiliated school provides Kindergarten to Grade 12 education, focusing on academic excellence and moral education. The school supports underprivileged students through scholarships.

'''Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Vidyanagar'''

Affiliated with CBSE, this private co-educational institution is part of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan network. It integrates Indian culture and values into academics and offers various extracurricular activities.

'''Nirmala Matha Public School, Kuppadi'''

A CBSE-affiliated institution managed by the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, offering education from Kindergarten to Grade 12. It emphasizes character building and holistic education with modern infrastructure.

'''Sarvajana Government Vocational Higher Secondary School, Sultan Bathery'''

A government-run school affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board. It offers vocational courses for students in Grades 11 and 12, along with regular academics, aiming to develop practical job-oriented skills.

* Government High Schools
** Sarvajana GVHSS, Sulthan Bathery
** Moolankavu GHSS, Moolankavu
** GVHS&THS, Sulthan Bathery
** Government High School, Kuppady
* Private Aided High Schools
** Assumption HS, Sulthan Bathery
** St. Mary's College HSS, Kuppady
* Vijaya Higher Secondary School, Pulpally
* Private Unaided High Schools
** [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Sulthan Bathery]]
** WMO English High school, Sulthan Bathery
** Ideal English School, Sulthan Bathery
** Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Sulthan Bathery
** Green hills public school Moolankavu
** Nirmala Matha Public school, Kuppadi
** MC Lords English School Poomala
** Hill Blooms School, Mananthavady

==College Education==
Compared to other districts of Kerala, institutions offering higher education are limited in [[Wayanad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Short history of Wayanad|url=http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/district/wyd.pdf|accessdate=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417013429/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/district/wyd.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the oldest colleges in [[Wayanad]] is St. Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery, established in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery official website|url=http://www.stmaryssby.com/|accessdate=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716013814/http://www.stmaryssby.com/|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This arts and science college is affiliated to [[University of Calicut]]. Another arts and science college located here is Don Bosco College. Pazhassi Raja College, [[Pulpally]], established in 1982, is another major college located nearby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pazhassi Raja college, Pulpally official website|url=http://www.pazhassirajacollege.com/history.html|accessdate=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004025649/http://www.pazhassirajacollege.com/history.html|archive-date=4 October 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Government Engineering College located at [[Mananthavady]] is the nearest engineering college. It is affiliated to [[Kannur University]].

Two nursing colleges located at Sulthan Bathery are Assumption School of Nursing and Vinayaka Hospital College of Nursing.
=== Colleges ===
'''St. Mary's College, Sultan Bathery'''

Established in 1965 by Rev. Fr. Mathai Nooranal of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, it was the first higher education college in Wayanad. Located in Kuppadi hills, the college operates on a 32-acre campus and offers 11 undergraduate and 10 postgraduate programs, along with four research centers. It is affiliated with the University of Calicut.

'''Don Bosco College, Sultan Bathery'''

This self-financing arts and science college is managed by the Salesians of Don Bosco and affiliated with the University of Calicut. It offers a range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

'''Alphonsa Arts and Science College'''

Situated on Ooty Road, this college offers undergraduate programs in multiple disciplines. It is affiliated with the University of Calicut and known for its focus on quality education.

'''Mar Baselios College of Education'''

A teacher education college run by the Catholic Diocese of Bathery. It offers two-year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) and Diploma in Education (D.Ed./TTC) programs. The institution is self-financed and focuses on training future educators.
----

=== Vocational and Technical Institutions ===
'''Aitecc ITI'''

An Industrial Training Institute offering technical courses designed to develop industry-relevant skills among students. It plays a role in supporting youth employment through vocational education.

'''Government ITI, Sultan Bathery'''

Provides vocational training in multiple trades. This government institute enhances employability among students through practical training programs.

'''Government Polytechnic College, Sultan Bathery'''

Offers diploma-level education in engineering and applied sciences. It serves students pursuing careers in technical and industrial fields.

'''Government Polytechnic College, Meenangadi'''

Located nearby, this institution provides specialized diploma programs in various engineering disciplines.

'''Government Polytechnic College, Dwaraka, Mananthavady'''

Another polytechnic institution in Wayanad district, offering diploma courses in technical streams to students from the northern regions, including Sultan Bathery.

'''Vinayaka College of Nursing'''

This institution provides nursing education aligned with the healthcare industry’s needs. It offers programs that prepare students for careers in clinical and community health services.

==Other Educational Institutions==
A few distance education centers also exist in the town of Sulthan Bathery. St. Mary's College [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|IGNOU]] study center offers programs such as Post Graduate Diploma in Rural Development, Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental and Sustainable Development, Diploma in Tourism Studies etc. Another IGNOU study center is at Data Point Computer Academy. It offers programs such as [[Master of Computer Applications|Master of Computer Applications (MCA)]] and Certificate in Computing (CIC).

Many [[Teacher training college|Teacher Training Colleges (TTC)]] too are present in Sulthan Bathery. Some of them are Mar Baselios Teacher Training Institute, Valummel Teacher Training Institute, Moolankave and St. George Teacher Training Institute, [[Pulpally]].

Apart from these, some special schools for mentally challenged like St. Gregorios Special School for Mentally Challenged, Kottakkunnu<ref>{{cite web|title=Article on St. Gregorios Special School for Mentally Challenged|url=http://www.orthodoxherald.com/2010/05/17/st-gregorios-special-school-for-mentally-challenged-needs-helping-hands/|publisher=Indian Orthodox Herald|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> and Mercy Home Sacred Heart Special School for Mentally Retarded exist in Sulthan Bathery. The former is managed by [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] Bathery [[diocese]] while the latter is under the District Educational Officer, [[Wayanad]]. Other unaided special schools include St. Rossolo's HS for the Deaf, Poomala and WO Blind and Deaf school, Muttil.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Special Schools in Kerala |url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/oldsite/schoollist/hs/Special%20Schools.pdf |publisher=General Education Department, Govt. of Kerala |accessdate=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813151334/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/oldsite/schoollist/hs/Special%20Schools.pdf |archivedate=13 August 2012 }}</ref>

== Education in Kalpetta ==

===University===
# [[Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]], [[Pookode]] (14 km from Kalpetta)

== Professional Education ==
# College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at [[Pookode]] (14 km from Kalpetta)
# Oriental School of Hotel Management located at Lakkidi (15 km from Kalpetta)
# Oriental College of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts at Vythiri (8 km from Kalpetta)
# DM WIMS Medical College located at Meppadi (15 km) is the only Medical College in Wayanad district
# College of Dairy Science and Technology, Pookode offers B.Tech degree course in Dairy Science & Technology
# Oriental Institute for Management Studies, Vythiri
# College of Engineering, Thalapuzha, Wayanad
# DM WIMS Nursing College located at Meppadi
# Centre for Computer Science and Information Technology of [[Calicut University]] at Muttil offers MCA (Master of Computer Application) course
# B.Ed Centre of [[Calicut University]] is situated at Kaniyambetta (10 km from Kalpetta)
# Fatima Mata Nursing School, Kalpetta
# Government Polytechnic College, Meppadi
# KMM Government ITI, Kalpetta
# Face Psycho Clinic and Training Centre (functioning inside Shanthi Pain & Palliative Care Society building) offers [[Calicut University]]'s Diploma Course in Psychological Counseling

== Arts and Science Colleges ==
1. Pazhassiraja College, Pulpally
2.[NMSM Government College, Kalpetta]]
3. WMO Arts & Science College, Muttil
4. Green Mount Arts & Science College, Padinjarethara
5. PM Charitable Trust, Arts & Science College, Meppadi

== Schools ==
# [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], Kalpetta
# WMO English Academy, Muttil
# SKMJ Higher Secondary School, Kalpetta
# NSS English Medium School, Kalpetta
# De Paul Public School, Kalpetta
# MCF Public School, Kalpetta
# St Joseph's Convent School, Kalpetta
# Government Higher Secondary School, Munderi, Kalpetta
# Al Falah English Medium School, Kalpetta
# Kristhuraja Public School, Vellaramkunnu
# KeyPees International School, Ootty Road, Kunnumbetta
# Vijaya Higher Secondary School, Pulpally
# Vijaya L.P School, Pulpally

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wayanad district}}
[[Category:Kalpetta area]]
[[Category:Education in Wayanad district]]

Mahadeva Subramania Mani

2025-11-04T00:28:07Z

KelseyMarsden6: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian entomologist}}
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'''Mahadeva Subramania Mani aka Dr MS Mani''' ({{langx|ta|மகாதேவா சுப்ரமணிய கரங்கள்}}; 2 March 1908 in [[Tanjore]], [[Tamil Nadu]] – 8 January 2003 in [[Bangalore]]) was an Indian [[entomologist]] known for his studies on high altitude entomology.

==Early life and career==
Early school records and the University of Madras, MA Degree certificate show his name as M. Subramanya. Later on, sometime early during his service career, he recorded his name as Mahadev Subra Mani a.k.a. Mahadeva Subra Mani a.k.a. M. S. Mani.

He had his early education at K. S. High School, Tanjore, and passed his [[SSLC]] Examination in 1926. He then attended the [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore|Government College, Coimbatore]], and passed the Intermediate Examination, in 1928. Later he went to medical studies just for one year in 1929, at [[Madras Medical College]], and had to suspend further medical education due to financial constraints. In 1937, he obtained an M.A. degree, awarded by the University of Madras, on the basis of his research papers in entomology, and finally, on the strength of his extensive scientific research, he was awarded by [[Agra University]], D.Sc. in 1947, a degree of a Doctor of Science. The chancellor was the late Ms. [[Sarojini Naidu]], the then-governor of United Provinces, (Uttar Pradesh).

On 15 January 1933, he migrated to Calcutta to seek employment and build his career. He then joined [[Bangabasi College]], Sealdah, Calcutta, as a part-time demonstrator and tutor for physics and earned a salary of Rs. 10/- per month. During this period he collaborated with Sir [[C. V. Raman]] on insect coloration. He worked at the Indian Museum and also as an honorary Research student at the [[Zoological Survey of India]], Calcutta. He later on (1937) joined as a research assistant to Imperial Entomologist, [[Imperial Agricultural Research Institute]], Pusa, Delhi, and a position from which he resigned in 1944. He worked with Dr. [[Hem Singh Pruthi]] at Pusa, and Dr. [[Birbal Sahni]], then at Lucknow, who recognising the pioneering work in scientific research, and strongly proposed M. S. Mani's membership to the [[Royal Society]], England. He was denied promotion while his ‘junior’ was promoted and hence he chose to seek his future elsewhere and resigned. He remained unemployed for some time; he earned a living by working as an interpreter and German language translator, during World War II, in the Censor Section of the Army H.Q., New Delhi, translating for the British Indian Army, 'official ' documents captured from the Germans. He would monitor radio broadcasts from Berlin and provide English transcripts. He also translated German language technical journals and scientific reports. As a matter of fact, he provided the English version of the German technology, for manufacturing hydrogenated oil ['Vanaspati'] in India to the founder of the manufacturing plant at Modinagar.

He left Delhi and joined as a lecturer in 1945, the teaching faculty of the department of zoology, [[St. John's College, Agra]]; during his long stint at St. John's College, he pioneered and established the school of entomology in 1950, established a benchmark scientific excellence, where he became the professor of zoology and entomology and appointed as the head of the department for zoology, succeeding Prof. Lalit Prasad Mathur, who took over as the registrar, Agra University. In recognition of his scientific output, both in quality and quantity, he was honoured by the University of Agra and awarded a D.Sc. degree, Doctor of Science. He pioneered fundamental research in entomology and received support from the highest levels and the University Grants Commission, eminent persons like Dr. Radhakrishnan, Zakir Hussein, etc., and established the School of Entomology in 1950, in the Campus of St. John's College, Agra.

From here he made many scientific expeditions to the [[Himalayas]] resulting in pioneering contributions to High Altitude Entomology. He later made studies in the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] and [[Caucasus]] ranges leading to his work on ''Bio-geography in India''. The [[University of Agra]] awarded him a [[DSc]] degree in 1947 for his thesis submitted in 12 volumes.

In 1956, he joined the ZSI as deputy director and retired as officiating director in 1968. In 1968 he returned to his first love, Scientific Research, and became emeritus professor, at the school of entomology, St. John's College, Agra, and continued with his research work till 1984. He then finally left St. John's College and shifted to Madras, briefly worked with ZSI and since 1990 he was the emeritus professor at the botany department at [[Presidency College, Madras]] and continued as a guide for Ph.D. research students, till 15 May 2002 when he moved to live temporarily, in Hyderabad, with his late sister Janaki's grandson, Jyotirmay Sharma, Editor, ''Times of India'', Hyderabad. He then moved to Bangalore on 14 September 2002 to live with his only daughter, Mrs. Prema Subramanian, and her husband V. S. Subramanian.

==Scientific works==

His published work includes over 250 original research papers, and over 34 textbooks including his pioneering magnum opus, ''Ecology of Plant Galls''.

His outstanding research work has been on the taxonomy of parasitic Hymenoptera ([[Chalcidoidea]] and [[Proctotrupoidea]]), gall midges ([[Itonididae]]: Diptera), and ecology and histogenesis of plant galls. He is remembered most for his pioneering work in high-altitude entomology. He led the first three entomological expeditions to the North West Himalayas in 1954, 1955, and 1956 and brought back a large collection of insects.

He published several books like ''High Altitude Entomology'', ''Ecology and Biogeography of India'' etc. He led a team of Indian scientists to the Soviet Union to conduct jointly a research project in 1963 and represented India in the UNESCO programme on Man and Biosphere (MAB) at Oslo, Norway. He was fluent in written and spoken German, well read in Sanskrit, he also had a keen interest in Dutch, French, and Russian languages.

Entomological Survey of the Himalaya, Alai-Pamir, Tien Shan, Kun Lun, Caucasus, etc. His love of the mountains had begun as far back as 1950, when he went to the [[Nilgiris]], [[Marudamalai Mountains]] with his son Visvanath; this was followed by similar visits to the mountains in north India, [[Dehra Dun]] 1950, [[Mussoorie/Chakrata]] 1952, [[Nainital]], [[Garhwal Himalaya]], (Hartola, 1952), Punjab / Himachal Himalaya, ([[Dhaula Dhar]] Range, 1953) and to [[Kullu]], Manali region leading to the three pioneering expeditions, in 1954, 1955 and 1956, beyond the [[Pir Panjal]] Range, to the inner or Great Himalayan Range, in Lahaul & Spiti regions. He also extensively trekked and went on insect collection work in the mountain regions, [[Alai-Pamir]], [[Tien Shan]], [[Kun Lun]], [[Caucasus]], the [[Urals]], etc., of the former USSR, during his official tour in 1963, as the leader of the Indian team; he traveled extensively to various scientific institutes, at Moscow, Tbilisi, Leningrad, [[Kyiv]], Baku, Alma Ata, Samarkand, Tashkent etc. He also visited Oslo, in Norway on a similar invitation. He was a visiting professor at [[Tribhuvan University]], Kathmandu, Nepal. He went on an insect collection trip, to the Pacific islands, of Fiji, and conducted a field trip off [[Vanua Levu]], in the area of [[Taveuni island]], across the International Dateline. He trained Visvanath to work with his students, who accompanied him on most field collection expeditions and taught him methods of preparing slides, mounting insect specimens, and proofreading Research papers. His first son, Visvanath was his constant companion on his mountain trails, starting with the first time at Mardamalai in 1950. Visvanath went on to trek in Sikkim, Bhutan in 1965 and climb on his own in the Kulti Nala glacier and Inner Himalayan Range of Spiti, in 1967.

==Positions held==

# 1933-37 Honorary Research Worker, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.
# 1937 - 1945 Research Assistant, Entomological Section, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi.
# 1945 - 1956 Professor of Zoology & Entomology, School of Entomology, St. John's College, Agra.
# 1956 - 1968 Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. (Retired as Director)
# 1968 - 1982 Emeritus Professor, School of Entomology, St. John's College, Agra.
# 1984 - 1990 ZSI, Madras
# 1991 - 8 January 2003 Professor Emeritus, Presidency College, Madras.

* CSIR. 1968 - 70. Scheme on torrential stream Insects of the glacial zone of the Northwest Himalaya.
* PL 480. 1970 - 71. Project on Taxonomy of Chalcidoidea from India.
* PL -480. Project on Taxonomy of Proctotrupoidea.
* MAB(Man and Biosphere)Project - Project on the pre-impact Survey of Aquatic Insect Communities of the River Beas before the completion of the Beas-Sutlej Link Project.
* DST - 1981 - 86. Project on Ecology and Taxonomy of Chalcidoid and other parasites of the Teak / Sal forest ecosystem.
* Eastern Ghats 1985 - 88 Insect Survey Project.
* DOEN - Project on Butterfly Pollination.

==Publications==
* ''Introduction to High Altitude Entomology'', London, Methuen & Co. 1962 Cat.No. 2/6448/10
* ''Ecology of Plant Galls'', The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers. 1964
* ''Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects'', The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers.1968
* ''Beetles of the Himalaya'', Calcutta, Thacker Spink. 1967
* ''Ecology and Biogeography in India'', The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1974 ISBN 90 6193 075 8.
* ''Plant Galls of India'', Madras, McMillan & Co. 1974
* ''Ecology and Phytogeography of High Altitude Plants of the Northwest Himalaya'', London: Chapman & Hall. New York: John Wiley; New Delhi: Oxford & IBH 1978. ISBN 0 412 15710 1
* ''Ecology of Highlands'', The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers 1980. In collaboration with Dr. L.E.Giddings, Mexico. ISBN 90 6193 093 6
* ''L'Himalaya - Un Misterioso e inaccessibile Montagne'', Milan. Libri Fabri, 1980.
* ''General Entomology'', New Delhi, Oxford & IBH. 3rd & enlarged edition 1982.
* ''Butterflies of the Himalaya'', The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1985
* ''Fundamentals of High Altitude Biology'', New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 2nd, edition, 1990 ISBN 81-204-0493-9
* ''Pollination Ecology'' in Compositae. Ind. Rev. Life Sci. 13: 174-190
* ''Himalayan Flowers'', Bangkok Craftsman Press, 1993 ISBN 974-7315-63-7
* ''Insects'', New Delhi, National Book Trust of India, Revised edition 1994.
* ''Pollination Ecology and Evolution in Compositae'', Science Publishers Inc. USA and New Delhi, Oxford & IBH. 1999.
* ''Plant Galls of India'', Science Publishers Inc. USA. 2nd revised & enlarged edition, August, 2000.
* ''Introduction to Zoology'', New Delhi, Malhotra Bros. 1950. (Five Editions)
* ''Introduction to Entomology'', Agra, Agra University Press, 1955.
* ''Heredity & Evolution'', Bangalore, The PTI Book Depot, 1963.
* ''Heredity & Evolution'', New Delhi, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. 1977
* ''Insects'', New Delhi, National Book Trust. 1971.
* ''Your Face from Fish to Man,'' Bangalore, The PTI Book depot, 1960.
* ''General Entomology'', New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1968, 1973, 3rd. edition 1982.
* D'ABREU'S ''The Beetles of the Himalaya'', Calcutta, Thacker Spink, 1967.
* ''Himalayan Flowers'', produced by Prof. T.C.Majupuria, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
* ''Modern Classification of Insects'', Agra, Satish Book Enterprise, 1974.
* ''Insects'', New Delhi, National Book Trust, 1971, 1977
* ''Biogeography in India'', Dehra Dun, Surya Publications, 1995. ISBN 81-85276-41-2
* ''Butterflies of the Himalaya'', New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1986.
* ''Ecology & Evolution'', Agra, Satish Book Enterprise, 1983.
* ''The Fauna of India & the adjacent countries'', Part I & II, Calcutta, Zoological Survey of India, 1989.
* ''Indian Insects'', Agra, Satish Book Enterprises. 1989.
* ''Progress in Invertebrate Zoology'' Hyderabad, Orient Longman Pvt Ltd, 2004, co-authored with Mrs Vasanti Hegde. ISBN 81 250 0841 1

==Citations to reliable sources-Named References==

* Gordon Alexander, Dept of Biology, Univ of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302-Entomological News, Vol 82,279-280, 1971.
* Ipe M Ipe & Agnes S Ipe, The Story of St John's College, Agra, India "The Truth shall make you free"-Chapter 7-The School of Entomology (established by Prof Dr M.S. Mani in 1950) Publisher Partridge Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|1482858444}}, 9781482858440
* Cherian, P. T. 2003. Obituary. Current Science Vol 84 No 8 25 April 2003 Pages 1146-1147 [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252003/1146.pdf PDF]
* Dr Virendra K Gupta-Obituary notice-Dr MS Mani-Oriental Insects-Vol 37, 2003 (Associated Publishers, PO Box 140103, Gainesville Florida 3214-0103) http://www.mapress.com/AP/
* Dr Anantanarayanan Raman & Dr Virendra K Gupta-Oriental Insects-Vol 41, Preface, 2007 (Associated Publishers, PO Box 140103, Gainesville Florida 3214-0103) http://www.mapress.com/AP/
* Dr Anantanarayanan Raman & Dr Virendra K Gupta-Dedication-Oriental Insects-Vol 41, 1-4, 2007 (Associated Publishers, PO Box 140103, Gainesville Florida 3214-0103) http://www.mapress.com/AP/
* Dr TN Ananthakrishnan-Prof M.S.Mani-The Man, scientist, and philosopher-Oriental Insects-Vol 41, 5-7, 2007 (Associated Publishers, PO Box 140103, Gainesville Florida 3214-0103) http://www.mapress.com/AP/
* Dr. TN Anantha Krishnan - Prof. M.S. Mani https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00305316.2007.10417495
* Dr. M.S. Mani - Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789061931140
* Mahadeva Subramania Mani – The Indian Entomologist Known For His Exemplary Studies On High Altitude Entomology https://www.beaninspirer.com/mahadeva-subramania-mani-the-indian-entomologist-known-for-his-exemplary-studies-on-high-altitude-entomology/
* Contributions of Dr. M.S.Mani to the field of Entomology-Jabez Battu & Somala Karthik- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350823318_Contributions_of_Dr_MS_Mani_to_the_Field_of_Entomology

==Other sources==
* Viswanath Mani-son-eldest of Dr. Mani's children
* Nalini Mani, Daughter of Visvanath Mani and second granddaughter of Dr. M.S. Mani

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Mahadeva Subramania}}
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian entomologists]]
[[Category:Hymenopterists]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:People associated with Lahaul and Spiti district]]

Kwangtung Island Wildlife Sanctuary

2025-10-30T10:08:20Z

KelseyMarsden6:

{{Short description|Protected area on North Andaman Island}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kwangtang Island Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name = Kwangtung Island Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| map_caption = Location in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| relief = Yes
| mapframe = Yes
| location = North Andaman Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.4100|N|93.0300|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 0.57
| established = 1987
| governing_body = Forest Department, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
}}

'''Kwangtang Island Wildlife Sanctuary''' (also spelled '''Kwangtung Island Wildlife Sanctuary''') is a protected area located on North Andaman Island in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], India. It spans approximately 0.57 km² and was officially notified in 1987 as part of the Union Territory’s network of wildlife sanctuaries under IUCN Category IV.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in India: Challenges and Way Forward|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260372224|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India / MoEF&CC|access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> It lies southeast of the McPherson Bay.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuary of India|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20(1)%20(2).pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608000000/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20(1)%20(2).pdf|archive-date=2024-06-08|publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India|year=2021|access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref>

== History ==
The sanctuary was established in 1987 through a notification by the Government of India under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, as one of the 96 designated wildlife sanctuaries in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/andaman_nicobar_islands |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=wii.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
The animals found here are: [[Nicobar pigeon|Nicobar Pigeon]], [[Andaman teal|Andaman Teal]], [[Monitor lizard|Andaman Water Monitor Lizard]], [[Wild boar|Wild Boar]], [[Green sea turtle|Green Sea Turtle]], [[Saltwater crocodile|Saltwater Crocodile]] and [[Marine turtles|Marine Turtles]].<ref name=":0" />

The flora includes: [[Dipterocarpus]], [[Ficus retusa]], [[Manilkara|Manilkara littoralis]], [[Pongamia|Pongamia pinnata]], and [[Terminalia elliptica|Terminalia bialata]].<ref name=":0" />

== Management ==
Kwangtang Island Wildlife Sanctuary is administered by the Department of Environment and Forests of the Andaman & Nicobar Administration. Public access is restricted, and prior permission is required for tourism, photography, or scientific research under the Wildlife Protection Act.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entry Permits for Forests|url=https://www.forest.and.nic.in/permits|publisher=Department of Environment & Forests, A&N Administration|access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.forest.and.nic.in/ Official Website of the Department of Environment & Forests, Andaman and Nicobar Islands]

[[Category:Protected areas established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Environment of India]]