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India's Daughter

2026-05-07T06:51:52Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = India's Daughter
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Leslee Udwin]]
| producer = Leslee Udwin
| writer = Leslee Udwin
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music = [[Krsna Solo]]
| cinematography = Abhay Anand, Harmeet Basur, Jehangir Choudhary, Mintu Kumar, Narender Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, Faroukh Mistry, Tushar Prakash, Anuradha Singh, Rajiv Singh
| editing = Anuradha Singh
| distributor = Berta Film
| studio = {{plainlist| *Assassin Films
*Tathagat Films<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/passionateeye/episodes/indias-daughter | title=India's Daughter | work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date=7 March 2015 | access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|3|4}}<ref name="aired">{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bbc-airs-nirbhaya-documentary-indias-daughter-in-uk-744394 | title=After India's Ban, Nirbhaya Documentary 'India's Daughter' Aired by BBC | work=[[NDTV]] | date=5 March 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Bhatt | first=Abhinav}}</ref>
| runtime = 63 minutes
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = {{ubl|[[English language|English]]|[[Hindi]]}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''India's Daughter''''' is a [[documentary film]] directed by [[Leslee Udwin]] and is part of the [[BBC]]'s ongoing [[Storyville (TV series)|Storyville]] series.<ref name=SoulFilmMaker>{{cite news|title=Interview with Delhi gang rapist left 'stain on my soul', says British film maker|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11446337/Interview-with-Delhi-gang-rapist-left-stain-on-my-soul-says-British-film-maker.html|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=3 March 2015}}</ref> The film is based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] and murder of 23-year-old Jyoti Singh, aliased "Nirbhaya", who was a [[physiotherapy]] student.<ref name=YoutubeBlock /><ref name=IndiaBansTV>{{cite news|title=India bans TV stations from showing interview with man who raped student|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/india-outraged-interview-man-convicted-gang-rape-student|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The documentary explores the events of the night of 16 December 2012, the protests which were sparked both nationally and internationally as a result of the assault, and the lives of the men before they committed the attack.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Lodhia|first=Sharmila|date=2015-05-01|title=From "living corpse" to India's daughter: Exploring the social, political and legal landscape of the 2012 Delhi gang rape|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539515000667|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=50|pages=89–101|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2015.03.007|s2cid=141527164 |issn=0277-5395|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The film is told through the use of reconstructed footage and interviews with those involved in the case, including the defence lawyers, psychiatrists, and one of the rapists.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Tabassum "Ruhi"|date=2016-10-19|title=India's Daughter|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=29|issue=4–5|pages=454–456|doi=10.1080/08949468.2016.1192413|s2cid=152026583|issn=0894-9468}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Ahmad|first=Naomi|date=19 May 2015|title=India's Daughter: How the story of Jyoti Singh became "their" story and not "ours"|url=https://www.academia.edu/14017170|journal=Academia.edu|language=en}}</ref>

The film was scheduled to be aired on TV channels around the world on 8 March 2015, to coincide with [[International Women's Day]]. However, when excerpts of the film, which included an interview with Mukesh Singh, one of the four men convicted of the rape and murder, were broadcast, a court stay order prohibiting the telecast was obtained by the Indian police.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dec 16 documentary: Media trials tend to influence judges, says HC|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dec-16-documentary-media-trials-tend-to-influence-judges-says-hc/article1-1325487.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313041326/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dec-16-documentary-media-trials-tend-to-influence-judges-says-hc/article1-1325487.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2015|access-date=27 March 2015|quote=Delhi Police approached a lower court last week to prevent the broadcast on International Women’s Day.}}</ref> The BBC complied with the request and did not air the film in India. It aired outside India on 4 March, was uploaded on [[YouTube]], and soon went [[viral video|viral]] via shares on social media. On 5 March, the Indian government directed YouTube to block the video in India.<ref name=YoutubeBlock>{{cite news|title=India asks YouTube to block banned rape film|url=https://news.yahoo.com/delhi-rape-victims-father-urges-viewing-documentary-080939613.html|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[Yahoo News]]|date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> The film was later removed from YouTube by the BBC, citing copyright violation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bbc-asks-youtube-to-take-down-india-s-daughter-for-copyright-violation/story-QH7p6SvTYerMKSsKoSF4nK.html|title=BBC asks YouTube to take down 'India's Daughter' for copyright violation|date=2015-03-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|2012 Delhi gang rape}}
[[File:Delhi protests-Another lamp-post revolutionary.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Students protesting at [[Raisina Hill]], [[Rajpath]], December 2012]]
The documentary is based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape|Delhi gang rape]], an incident that occurred on 16 December 2012 in [[South Delhi]]. The victim, Jyoti Singh, watched the film ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' with a male friend, Awindra Pratap Pandey,<ref name=tragedy>{{cite news | url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/exploring-the-lives-of-the-rape-victim-and-suspects-in-india-a-879187.html|title= Rape Tragedy in India: Dreams of 'the Fearless One'|work=Der Spiegel|date=25 January 2013 |first1=Matthias | last1=Schulz | first2=Wieland | last2=Wagner}}</ref> after which they boarded a privately run bus to return home.<ref name=Rahman>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/india-outraged-interview-man-convicted-gang-rape-student|title=India bans TV stations from showing interview with man who raped student |work=The Guardian|date=2015-03-04|first=Maseeh | last=Rahman}}</ref> She was [[assault]]ed and [[gang rape]]d on the bus; her friend was also physically assaulted during the incident. Both of them were subsequently thrown from the bus. She received [[Emergency medicine|emergency treatment]] including several [[surgery|surgeries]] in India and [[Singapore]] but died on 29 December 2012 due to the serious nature of the [[injury|injuries]] she sustained in the assault.<ref name=VicDies>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20860569 | title=Delhi gang-rape victim dies in hospital in Singapore | work=[[BBC News]] | date=29 December 2012 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

The incident received widespread media coverage. It was condemned and triggered widespread public protest and criticism of the [[Government of India|Indian government]] for not providing enough protection to women. International media covered the incident only after persistent public protests.<ref name=magnifies>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/30/world/asia/weak-response-of-india-government-in-rape-case-stokes-rage.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | title=Leaders' Response Magnifies Outrage in India Rape Case | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=29 December 2012 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Yardley | first=Jim}}</ref>

Six men were arrested, including a 17-year-old juvenile, and accused as perpetrators of the assaults. One detainee was found dead in his prison cell, as a result of a possible suicide, although his relatives alleged that he had been murdered.<ref name=hanging>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Suicide-or-murder-Nirbhaya-main-accused-found-hanging-in-Tihar/articleshow/18916760.cms?referral=PM | title=Suicide or murder? Nirbhaya main accused found hanging in Tihar | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 March 2013 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Basu | first=Indrani}}</ref> The four accused men were found guilty and [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]],<ref name=Doubt>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/world/asia/4-sentenced-to-death-in-rape-case-that-riveted-india.html?emc=edit_na_20130913 | title=Many Doubt Death Sentences Will Stem India Sexual Attacks | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=13 September 2013 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Barry | first=Ellen}}</ref> whilst the juvenile was given 3 years imprisonment, under the [[The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000|Juvenile Justice Act]].<ref name=juvenile>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nirbhaya-gang-rape-case-Juvenile-found-guilty-of-rape-and-murder/articleshow/22183253.cms | title=Nirbhaya gang-rape case: Juvenile found guilty of rape and murder | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=31 August 2013 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

== History ==

The film is part of the [[BBC]]'s ongoing [[Storyville (TV series)|Storyville]] series, as part of a series of international documentaries by a range of film-makers<ref name=SoulFilmMaker/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/commissioning/tv/articles/documentaries-bbc-four-storyville|title=BBC - Storyville - Commissioning|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> It was planned to be broadcast on [[International Women's Day]], 8 March 2015,<ref name=clearance>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-daughter-required-clearances-were-taken-744072 | title=India's Daughter: Required Clearances Were Taken by Documentary Maker | work=[[NDTV]] | date=4 March 2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> in India on [[NDTV 24x7]] and in [[UK]] on [[BBC Four]].<ref name=Onsunday>{{cite news | url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/ndtv-24x7-to-air-nirbhaya-doc-on-sunday-2015 | title=NDTV 24×7 & BBC to air 'Nirbhaya' film on Sunday | work=[[NDTV 24x7]] | date=3 March 2015 | access-date=4 March 2015 | last=Baddhan | first=Raj | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307223859/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/ndtv-24x7-to-air-nirbhaya-doc-on-sunday-2015 | archive-date=7 March 2015 }}</ref> On 1 March 2015, it was revealed that the film-makers had interviewed one of the rapists while he was being held in the [[Tihar jail]].<ref name=PrisonInterview>{{cite news|title=Delhi bus rapist blames his victim in prison interview|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11443462/Delhi-bus-rapist-blames-his-victim-in-prison-interview.html|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=ThisStory>{{cite news|title=This story must be told, says filmmaker who interviewed Dec 16 rapist|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/filmmaker-accused-of-giving-platform-to-rapist-after-interview-with-december-16-convict/article1-1322618.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303113226/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/filmmaker-accused-of-giving-platform-to-rapist-after-interview-with-december-16-convict/article1-1322618.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2015|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Soon, the news was picked up by Indian [[news media|media outlets]].<ref name=ThisStory /><ref name=DuringRape>{{cite news|title=During rape the girl shouldn't fight back, says December 16 convict|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/msn-mail-today/story/delhi-december-16-gang-rape-mukesh-singh-bbc-interview-242744-2015-02-13|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=6 March 2015}}</ref> The Indian government blocked its broadcast in India by obtaining a court order on 4 March 2015. The BBC said it would comply with the order and did not broadcast the film in India.<ref name="aired" /> In the UK however, the BBC moved the transmission forward to 4 March and it was shown on that date.<ref name=BBCForward>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/mar/04/indias-daughter-bbc-delhi-rape-documentary-uk-india-ban | title=India's Daughter: BBC brings forward airing of Delhi rape documentary | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=4 March 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> The film has generated a great deal of controversy in both India and worldwide.

Udwin has said it was the protests in response to the rape that drew her to make this film. "I was absolutely awestruck by the ordinary men and women of India who poured out onto the streets in response to this horrific gang rape and who demanded change for women's rights. And I thought the least I could do was amplify their voices."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/01/453739552/indias-daughter-opens-in-u-s-after-being-banned-in-india|title = 'India's Daughter' Opens in U.S. After Being Banned in India|newspaper = NPR.org}}</ref> In the month following the attack there were widespread protests across India against violence towards women.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20863707|title=Delhi protests after rape death|date=2012-12-29|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-07|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Areas across Delhi were closed and methods such as water cannons and tear gas were used in attempts to dispel the large crowds.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":10" /> Likewise, there was a strong social media presence and the circulation of petitions calling for change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/social/Delhi-gang-rape-case-Facebook-Twitter-anchoring-protest/articleshow/17741529.cms|title=Delhi gang rape case: Facebook, Twitter 'anchoring' protest - Social News {{!}} Gadgets Now|website=Gadget Now|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> The documentary has also sparked debates itself when it was subsequently banned in India, with NDTV refusing to broadcast another show in its place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31790574|title=Indian TV protests against film ban|date=2015-03-08|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-07|language=en-GB}}</ref> Likewise, there has been debate over whether the film oversimplifies the case, reinforcing the narrative of 'good' vs 'evil', ultimately creating a two dimensional retelling of the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pacificaffairs.ubc.ca/film-reviews/indias-daughter-the-story-of-jyoti-singh-directed-and-produced-by-leslee-udwin/|title=INDIA'S DAUGHTER: The Story of Jyoti Singh {{!}} Directed and produced by Leslee Udwin {{!}} Pacific Affairs|website=pacificaffairs.ubc.ca|date=25 April 2018|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
As a filmmaker and Human Rights Activist, [[Leslee Udwin|Leslee Udwin's]] interest in making the film was sparked initially by the enormous numbers of people who protested in India for over a month in response to the rape of Jyoti Singh. She wanted to help give the activists a platform on which their voices would be heard around the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/indias-daughter-director-leslee-udwin-on-the-rape-case-that-shocked-a-nation/|title=India's Daughter Director Leslee Udwin on the Rape Case That Shocked a Nation|last=Phillips|first=Craig|date=12 November 2015|website=PBS|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> In addition, Udwin had a desire to understand the mentality of the rapists, wondering why anyone would commit such a brutal attack. She was adamant that the documentary must involve interviews with the rapists from the attack and originally focused her attention exclusively on the rape of Jyoti Singh, a stance which later broadened.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2lrzgVZzas|title=India's Daughter, Leslee Udwin, TEDxJanpath|date=2 November 2015|website=YouTube|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
To begin with [[Leslee Udwin|Udwin]] wrote to the director general of [[Tihar Jail]] asking for permission to interview Jyoti Singh's rapists as this was to be at the heart of her documentary; she wanted to know why men raped women.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oQ0_fVC-Ro|title="Interview Exclusives" with Leslee Udwin of INDIA'S DAUGHTER|date=2 November 2015|website=YouTube|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> She was granted access and filmed for thirty-one hours over seven days in prison, which she found particularly gruelling. One of the rapists refused to speak to her, whilst Vinay Sharma and Pawan Gupta denied their involvement saying they weren't on the bus that night. Mukesh Singh, the bus driver, readily answered [[Leslee Udwin|Udwin's]] questions and for this reason his interview was included in the film.<ref name=":2" /> Following these interviews her interest expanded to the wider patriarchal society and the part it plays in fuelling violence towards women and rape in India.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-production ===
According to [[Leslee Udwin|Udwin]] several clips had to be cut during editing. For example, an interview with one of the rapists revealed new information that was to be used in the ongoing case and therefore could not be shown in the film. Further interviews were cut as they were inappropriate to include; one interviewee asked for money on camera whilst the father and brother of another would not allow her to be involved in the film. [[Leslee Udwin|Udwin]] says she would have liked to have shown a photo of Jyoti Singh in the film but could not as not only were her parents against the idea, but it was against the law in India to do so.<ref name=":0" />

== Interview ==
One of the convicted rapists, Mukesh Singh, was interviewed for the documentary. He said in the interview "When being raped, she shouldn’t fight back. She should just be silent and allow the rape. Then they’d have dropped her off after ‘doing her’, and only hit the boy."<ref name=EarlyBBC>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/05/delhi-gang-rape-documentary-airs-early-on-bbc-following-objections | title=Delhi gang-rape documentary airs early on BBC following objections | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=5 March 2015| access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Rawlinson | first=Kevin}}</ref> He later added, "A girl is far more responsible for rape than a boy … A decent girl won’t roam around at nine o’clock at night … Housework and housekeeping is for girls, not roaming in discos and bars at night doing indecent things, wearing indecent clothes."<ref name=Rahman /> A report by the [[Navbharat Times]] speculated that Mukesh Singh was paid {{currency|40,000|INR}} (about {{currency|420|GBP}}) to do the interview. According to the report, initially he had asked for {{currency|200,000|INR}}, but the amount was negotiated down and the sum was given to his family.<ref name=paid>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-s-daughter-rape-convict-paid-rs40000-for-interview-2066496 |title=India's Daughter: Rape convict paid Rs.40,000 for interview? |date=6 March 2015 |work=[[DNA India]] |access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> However, the filmmakers deny that he was paid for the interview.<ref name="isnot">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-daughters-the-ban-that-actually-isnt/article6975342.ece | title=The ban that actually isn't | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=10 March 2015 | author=Hegde, Sanjay}}</ref>

A. P. Singh, a defence lawyer in the case, was shown saying, "If my daughter or sister engaged in pre-marital activities and disgraced herself and allowed herself to lose face and character by doing such things, I would most certainly take this sort of sister or daughter to my farmhouse, and in front of my entire family, I would put petrol on her and set her alight."<ref name="Independent">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indias-daughter-how-india-tried-to-suppress-the-bbc-delhi-gangrape-documentary-10088890.html | title=India's Daughter: How India tried to suppress the BBC Delhi gang-rape documentary | work=[[The Independent]] | date=5 March 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Withnall | first=Adam}}</ref>

==Release==
Initially, the film was set to be released on the [[BBC]] on 8 March on [[International Women's Day]] in 2015 but was banned with short notice by the Indian government due to the [[Indian Home Minister]] announcing that [[Leslee Udwin]] had failed to obtain permission to interview one of the criminals in prison or allow authorities to view versions of the interview that had not yet been cut.<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/sons-and-daughters|title=Silencing "India's Daughter"|last=DenHoed|first=Andrea|date=6 March 2015|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Following the [[Indian Home Minister]]'s statement, [[Leslee Udwin]] went on to release her permission letters.<ref name=":5" /> The [[BBC]] reacted to the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)]] by rescheduling the film's release in the UK to 11 March 2015.<ref name=":5" /> The desire amongst people to see the film spread, as unauthorised copies were released of the film, despite the Indian government's attempt to have the film banned. Jyoti's father himself, Badri Singh, states that 'everybody should see the film'.<ref name=":5" />

''India's Daughter'' was given a U.S.A theatrical release on 23 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/meryl-streep-bbc-rape-documentary-832551|title=Meryl Streep: BBC Rape Documentary Banned by India Deserves Oscar|author=Nyay Bhushan|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=16 October 2015|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

A number of productions were made highlighting the events of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]]; these included [[Vibha Bakshi]]'s ''[[Daughters of Mother India]]'', which focuses on the Government and Indian societies response to the rape.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idfa.nl/en/film/fd8dfa92-650f-4f6a-9c72-c28984a873a2/daughters-of-mother-india/docs-for-sale|title=Daughters of Mother India|website=IDFA|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> More recently, a YouTube documentary ''United Kingdom's Daughters'' by Harvinder Singh, was a response to ''India's Daughter'' that put India as a country in a negative light.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/united-kingdoms-daughters-an-indian-mans-response-to-bbcs-documentary-on-delhi-gangrape/|title=United Kingdom's Daughters, an Indian man's response to BBC's documentary on Delhi gangrape|date=12 March 2015|website=The Indian Express|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

Upon ''India's Daughter'' release, following the controversy that surrounded the case, the government banned the film, which then pushed the film further into the spotlight, with critics becoming aware of the film and then censored by the Indian Administration.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2015/04/10/indias-daughter-and-the-limits-of-transnational-feminist-solidarity/|title=India's Daughter and the Limits of Transnational Feminist Solidarity|last=Durham|first=Meenakshi|date=10 April 2015|website=E- International Relations|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> The movement that followed this film's release meant that Jyoti Singh became a 'symbol' of the drive for the change in injustices of violence against women.<ref name=":5" />

During its release, [[Meryl Streep]] was amongst the public figures who rallied behind ''India's Daughter'', attending multiple screenings of the film, including one at the World Congress on Family Law and Children's Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wcflcr2017.com/indias-daughter/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604104020/http://wcflcr2017.com/indias-daughter/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 June 2017|title=Screening of India's Daughter|website=WCFLCR}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Then [[U.N. Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]]'s spokesman [[Stéphane Dujarric]] stated on 5 March, "I'm not going to comment on the unspeakable comments that were made by the person accused of raping this girl, but I think the secretary-general has spoken very clearly on the need to halt violence against women and on the need for men to get involved in halting violence against women and decrying it loud and clear every time it occurs."<ref name="BannedinIndia">{{cite news|last=Varandani|first=Suman|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-daughter-bbc-documentary-delhi-gang-rape-banned-india-airs-uk-1836750|title=India's Daughter: BBC Documentary On Delhi Gang Rape Banned In India, Airs In The UK|date=5 March 2015|work=International Business Times}}</ref>

In an interview on 5 March 2015, the parents of the victim said that everybody should watch the documentary.<ref name="SaysFather">{{cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Deepshikha|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/everyone-must-see-indias-daughter-says-nirbhayas-father-after-ban-in-india-744411|title=Everyone Must See 'India's Daughter,' Says Nirbhaya's Father, After Ban in India|date=5 March 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> [[Bollywood]] figures including [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Abhishek Kapoor]], [[Sonal Chauhan]], [[Twinkle Khanna]] and [[Punit Malhotra]] condemned the ban on the same day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/nothing-should-be-banned-anushka-sharma-speaks-on-indias-daughter-2145141.html|title=Nothing should be banned: Anushka Sharma speaks on 'India's Daughter'|date=10 Mar 2015|work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/b-town-slams-governments-ban-on-bbc-documentary-indias-daughter/articleshow/46467920.cms|title=B-Town slams government's ban on BBC documentary 'India's Daughter'|date=5 March 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

Awindra Pandey, the friend of the victim who was injured in the attack, said, "The facts are hidden and the content is fake. Only Jyoti and I know what happened on that night and the documentary is far from truth."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nirbhayas-friend-who-was-with-her-on-the-fateful-night-calls-indias-daughter-a-fake-film-972447.html|title=Nirbhaya's friend, who was with her on the fateful night, calls the documentary a fake film|work=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref>

=== Negative perceptions ===
The Indian government was aware of the negativity that this film would bring; they were quick to try to ban the release of the film anticipating the ethical and legal problems that would follow with this film's release.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/i-am-not-indias-daughter/387574/|title=I Am Not India's Daughter|last=Misra|first=Tanvi|date=12 March 2015|website=The Atlantic|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

There have been questions raised around the rape and the 'cinematic interrogation' that have brought a number of different tensions with the film displaying interviews from the perpetrators themselves about the incident and their ideals of rape and the woman.<ref name=":7" />

The impact of tourism was a worry to the Indian government with the film showing India in a negative light.<ref name=":8" />

Negativity was projected onto [[Leslee Udwin]] following the release of the film; she was accused of using 'bribery' for the interviews with the convicted rapists.<ref name=":7" /> Udwin responded by claiming she remained 'ethical' throughout the filming process.<ref name=":7" />

Some believe the film has brought 'nothing new' and the purpose of the audience being blurred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Srinivasa|first=Sharada|date=25 June 2018|title=INDIA'S DAUGHTER: The Story of Jyoti Singh {{!}} Directed and produced by Leslee Udwin|url=https://pacificaffairs.ubc.ca/film-reviews/indias-daughter-the-story-of-jyoti-singh-directed-and-produced-by-leslee-udwin/|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=89|via=The University of British Columbia}}</ref>

Feminist campaigner [[Kavita Krishnan]], who appears in the film, praised aspects of the film but stated that the film's title reinforces [[Patriarchy#Feminist theory|patriarchal attitudes]] that Indian women are expected to "behave themselves". She says that the film is part of a wider [[White savior narrative in film|"white saviour"]] mentality. She also said the film failed to profile Indian men who are "on the side of law and order and morality".<ref name="nprKrishnan">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2015/03/10/392111392/an-anti-rape-activist-is-disturbed-by-indias-daughter|title=An Anti-Rape Activist Is Disturbed By 'India's Daughter'|date=10 March 2015|work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/kavita-krishnan-nirbhaya-december-16-indias-daughter-leslee-udwin-mukesh-singh-bbc/story/1/2347.html |title=Nirbhaya film: Solidarity is what we want, not a civilising mission |author=Kavita Krishnan |date=3 March 2015 |work=DailyO |access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> [[Christopher Booker]], columnist for ''[[The Sunday Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', said that by leaving out comparison to the number of rapes in other countries that previews of the documentary reportedly included, the film reinforced the stereotype of Indian men as sexual predators to an exceptional degree.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Booker |first1=Christopher |author1-link=Christopher Booker |title=Why to blacken India on rape do they have to omit the facts? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/11472416/Why-to-blacken-India-on-rape-do-they-have-to-omit-the-facts.html |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=14 March 2015}}</ref>

[[Meenakshi Lekhi]], a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] spokesperson, claimed that in screening the documentary on [[BBC 4]] – which she falsely claimed was a channel that did not cover "social" issues – filmmakers didn't stick to the stated objective of a "social purpose" and were instead trying to benefit "commercially" by creating controversies, despite the fact that BBC 4 – like all BBC channels in the UK – does not show and is not funded by advertising.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rape-is-a-global-issue-then-why-is-only-India-in-the-spotlight-BJPs-Meenakshi-Lekhi/articleshow/46513189.cms|title=Rape is a global issue, then why is only India in the spotlight|date=10 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Positive perceptions ===
[[File:Lois Vossen and Leslee Udwin at the 75th Annual Peabody Awards for Independent Lens-India's Daughter.jpg|thumb|Lois Vossen (left) and Leslee Udwin (right) at the 75th Annual Peabody Awards]]
[[Meryl Streep]] and [[Freida Pinto]], actresses and ambassadors of ''[[Because I Am a Girl (campaign)|Because I Am a Girl]]'', expressed their support to the director and film.<ref name=":9">{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indias-daughter-gets-support-from-meryl-streep-freida-pinto/ | title='India's Daughter' gets support from Meryl Streep, Freida Pinto | work=[[The Indian Express]] | publisher=Express News Service | date=8 March 2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/bbc-gang-rape-documentary-meryl-streep-attend-us-premiere-indias-daughter-new-york-1839592 | title=BBC Gang-Rape Documentary: Meryl Streep To Attend US Premiere Of 'India's Daughter' In New York | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=8 March 2015 | access-date=8 March 2015 | author=Varandani, Suman}}</ref> On 9 March, the documentary film screened during an event at [[Baruch College]], [[New York City]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} [[Freida Pinto]] used her social media outreach for action on Twitter to target [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name=":9" />

''[[The Guardian]]'' are amongst some of the positive reviews that ''India's Daughter'' acclaimed, describing the film as 'essential viewing' and notes how [[Leslee Udwin]] juxtaposes the 'light' of Jyoti Singh with the 'darkness' of depiction of the rapists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/mar/05/indias-daughter-review-this-film-does-what-the-politicians-should-be-doing|title=India's Daughter Review - this film does what politicians should be doing|last=Faleiro|first=Sonia|date=5 March 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[Kering Foundation|Kering Corporate Foundation]] in association with the Gucci Tribeca Documentary Fund
|2014
|Spotlighting Women Documentary Award
|India's Daughter
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keringfoundation.org/discover-three-spotlighting-women-documentary-awards-winners-2014|title=Discover the three "Spotlighting Women Documentary Awards" winners for 2014|date=13 June 2014|website=Kering Foundation|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfiny.org/films/detail/indias_daughter|title=India's Daughter|website=Tribeca Film Institute|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Asian Media Awards
|2015
|Best Investigation
|[[Leslee Udwin]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asianmediaawards.com/asian-media-awards-2015-winners/|title=Asian Media Awards 2015 Winners|date=30 October 2015|website=Asian Media Awards|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bahamas International Film Festival]]
|2015
|Spirit of Freedom Documentary Award - Best Film
|[[Leslee Udwin]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4058426/awards?ref_=tt_ql_op_1|title=Awards|website=IMDB|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Biografilm Festival]]
|2015
|Audience Award - Biografilm Contemporary Lives
|[[Leslee Udwin]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003199/2015/1/|title=Biografia Festival 2015 Awards|website=IMDB|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Peabody Awards]]
|2015
|Independent Lens
|Assassin Films, BBC Storyville, UK-INDIA, and Tathagat Films in association with Gramini Plyatissa Foundation, DR, Plus Pictures
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peabodyawards.com/stories/story/the-peabody-30|title=The Peabody 30 - Complete Winner's List|last=Unruh|first=Wes|date=19 October 2015|website=Peabody Awards|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[San Diego International Film Festival]]
|2015
|Festival Award - Best Documentary
|[[Leslee Udwin]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sdfilmfest.com/2015awardwinners/|title=San Diego Announces the 2015 Award Winners|date=19 October 2015|website=San Diego International Film Festival|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417085128/http://www.sdfilmfest.com/2015awardwinners/|archive-date=2016-04-17|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Stuttgart Indian Film Festival
|2015
|Audience Award
|India's Daughter
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/indias-daughter-wins-audience-award-at-the-indian-film-festival-of-stuttgart-in-germany/|title=India's Daughter wins Audience Award at the Indian Film Festival of Stuttgart in Germany|date=22 July 2015|website=ANP News|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[United Nations Association Film Festival]]
|2015
|Grand Jury Award for Best Documentary
|India's Daughter
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unaff.org/2015/awards.html|title=18th UNAFF Awards|website=UNAFF|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Women Film Critics Circle Awards]]
|2015
|Adrienne Shelly Award
|India's Daughter
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003081/2015/1/|title=Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2015|website=IMDB|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Best Documentary by or About Women
|India's Daughter
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA
|2016
|Golden Reel Award - Best Sound Editing - Short Form Documentary in Television
|[[Resul Pookutty]] (supervising sound editor, sound designer, supervising dialogue/adr editor)
[[Amrit Pritam|Amrit Pritam Dutta]] (supervising sound editor, sound designer)

Vijay Kumar (supervising foley editor, sound effects editor)

Karnail Singh (foley artist)

Sajjan Choudhary (foley artist)

Sampath Alwar (sound effects editor, dialogue/adr editor)

Krsna Solo

(music editor)
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

== Ban in India ==
{{Further|Censorship in India}}
On 1 March 2015, the film-makers revealed that they had interviewed one of the rapists, when he was being held in the [[Tihar jail]].<ref name=PrisonInterview /> The news was picked up by Indian [[news media|media outlets]] soon afterwards. The statements made by the convict created a public outcry in India.<ref name=TwitterOutrage>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/indias-daughter-bbc-four-documentary-provokes-outrage-on-twitter-10086622.html | title=India's Daughter: BBC Four documentary provokes outrage on Twitter | work=[[The Independent]] | date=4 March 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Gander | first=Kashmira}}</ref><ref name=":11" />

The [[Delhi Police]] filed a [[First Information Report]] (FIR) on 3 March against the filmmakers under Sections 505 (Statements conducing to public mischief), 504 (Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace), 505(1)(b) (With intent to cause, or which is likely to cause, fear or alarm to the public), 509 (Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] and Section 66A of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] (Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service).<ref name=FIRregistered>{{cite news|title=December 16 gangrape convict interview: Delhi Police registers FIR|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/december-16-gangrape-convict-interview-delhi-police-registers-fir/|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |title=Broadcast of India Gang Rape Documentary Is Banned by Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/world/asia/indian-court-bans-broadcast-of-documentary-on-delhi-gang-rape.html |access-date=7 March 2020 |work=New York Times |date=4 March 2015}}</ref> The Deputy Commissioner of Police (Economic Offences Wing) of New Delhi, Rajneesh Garg said, "These excerpts of the interview as published are highly offensive and have already created a situation of tension and fear among women in society. Therefore, in the interest of justice and maintenance of public order, an application was made in court seeking restraining order from publishing, transmitting, uploading and broadcasting the interview."<ref name=Offensivecontent>{{cite news|title=Offensive content: Cops say convict's interview created fear|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/463577/offensive-content-cops-say-convicts.html|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why Was The Nirbhaya Documentary Banned |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/8/2783/Why-Was-The-Nirbhaya-Documentary-Banned |website=thecitizen.in |publisher=The Citizen |date=5 March 2015|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

The Indian government blocked the broadcast in India by obtaining a court order on 4 March 2015. BBC sources said they would comply with the order in India. In the United Kingdom, however, the BBC broadcast the film on the evening of 4 March.<ref name=BBCForward /> The film was also uploaded to [[YouTube]], and soon went [[viral video|viral]] with several shares on the social media. On 5 March, the Indian government requested that YouTube block the video in India and YouTube complied the same day.<ref name=":5" /> NDTV expressed its silent protest by screening flickering [[Diya (lamp)|lamp]] on a black screen during the scheduled time slot.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ndtv-runs-blank-screen-to-protest-the-ban-on-india-s-daughter-2067098 | title=NDTV runs blank screen to protest the ban on 'India's Daughter' | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=8 March 2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

On 4 March in the [[Indian Parliament]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] said, "Our government condemns the incident of December 16, 2012 in the strongest possible terms and will not allow any attempt by any individual, group or organisation to leverage such unfortunate incidents for commercial benefit. The respect and dignity of women, constitutes a core value of our culture and tradition. Our government remains fully committed to ensuring safety and dignity of women."<ref name=":14" /> [[Rajya Sabha]] member [[Javed Akhtar]] said, "It's good that this documentary has been made. Crores of men in India have now come to know that they think like a rapist. If it is sounding dirty, they have to think."<ref name=MPsOutraged>{{cite news|title=Nirbhaya case: MPs outraged over interview|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nirbhaya-case-MPs-outraged-over-interview/articleshow/46462241.cms|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC airs 'India's Daughter' in UK|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/463552/bbc-airs-indias-daughter-uk.html |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=4 March 2015 | access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> (A [[crore]] is equal to ten million.)

The film's director, Leslee Udwin, appealed to the [[Indian Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]], to lift the ban in India on 4 March 2015.<ref name=AppealtoModi>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/indias-daughter-director-appeals-to-narendra-modi-over-broadcast-ban | title=Delhi rape documentary-maker appeals to Narendra Modi over broadcast ban | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=4 March 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Rahman | first=Maseeh}}</ref>

On 5 March, [[Tihar Jail]] authorities sent a legal notice to the filmmakers. They claimed that the filmmakers had violated the conditions under which they were given permission to film inside the prison. They claimed they had been screened a shorter version of the documentary and also said that they asked the producers to delete the interview with the convict.<ref name=UdwinTihar>{{cite news|title=Tihar Jail sends notice to BBC, director Udwin for breach of conditions|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tihar-jail-sends-notice-to-bbc-udwin-for-breach-of-conditions/|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Udwin denied this saying that she had submitted 16 hours of "raw, unedited footage", but the review committee told her after watching three hours of it, "We can’t sit through all this, it’s too long." She said that she then submitted an edited version that was cleared.<ref name=AppealtoModi />

On 6 March the [[Bar Council of India]] sent a [[Order to show cause|show cause]] notice to the two lawyers, M. L. Sharma and A. P. Singh, who had made [[misogynistic]] statements in the documentary.<ref name=BarCouncilIndia>{{cite news|title=Bar Council of India issues show cause notices to lawyers for anti-women remarks|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/bar-council-of-india-issues-show-cause-notices-to-lawyers-for-anti-women-remarks/|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lazar |first1=Michelle M. |editor1-last=Flowerdew |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=John E. |chapter=Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis |title=The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies |date=2018 |volume=1 |pages=378–381 |doi=10.4324/9781315739342 |isbn=9781315739342 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Critical-Discourse-Studies-1st-Edition/Flowerdew-Richardson/p/book/9781138826403 |access-date=5 March 2020|hdl=10179/14194 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

On 7 March [[Najma Heptullah]], the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs Minister]], blamed the previous [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government for allowing the film to be made. She said she fully supports Home Minister Rajnath Singh's stance on the subject.<ref name=Najma>{{cite news|title=Najma slams UPA govt for Nirbhaya documentary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/najma-slams-upa-govt-for-nirbhaya-documentary/article6969549.ece|access-date=8 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Najma Heptullah slams UPA govt for allowing to make BBC documentary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/najma-heptullah-slams-upa-govt-for-allowing-to-make-bbc-documentary/articleshow/46485203.cms?from=mdr|publisher=The Economic Times |date=7 March 2015 |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

On 8 March [[Siddaramaiah]], the Chief Minister of Karnataka, criticised the BBC for giving priority to the film.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-cm-criticises-bbc-for-airing-indias-daughter/article6971777.ece | title=Karnataka CM criticises BBC for airing 'India's Daughter' | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 March 2015 | access-date=8 March 2015 | author=Khajane, Muralidhara}}</ref> An email posted on [[Quora]], which showed a German professor of [[Leipzig University]] [[Leipzig University internship controversy|rejecting an Indian male student's internship]] because of the "rape problem in India", went [[viral phenomenon|viral]].<ref name=ViralNow>{{cite news|title=Viral now: Quora query on German prof's refusal to give internship to Indian student|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/german-professor-leipzig-university-india-rape-culture-refuse-student-internship-243442-2015-03-09|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> The professor later apologised to the student.<ref name=RapeProblemEmail>{{cite news|title=German Professor Apologises For 'Rape Problem' Email To Indian Student|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/09/leipzig-university-apolog_n_6829270.html|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[Huffington Post]] India|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> The German Ambassador to India, Michael Steiner tried to contain damage and criticised the professor in an [[open letter]].<ref name=RapeProblemEmail /><ref name=DearProf>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Michael|title=Dear Prof. Beck-Sickinger|url=http://www.india.diplo.de/contentblob/4475784/Daten/5221636/Letter.pdf|publisher=Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, New Delhi|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310221441/http://www.india.diplo.de/contentblob/4475784/Daten/5221636/Letter.pdf|archive-date=10 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A [[Public Interest Litigation]] was filed in the [[Delhi High Court]] to lift the stay order on the broadcast of the documentary. The petitioners claimed the ban violated [[freedom of expression]] under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=Maseeh |title=Delhi high court refuses to rule on India's Daughter ban |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/12/delhi-high-court-indias-daughter-film |date=12 March 2015 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdelwahed |first1=Tamara |last2=Gaumert |first2=Stella |last3=Konrad |first3=Laura |title=The Influence of Public Outrage on Law Making: The Example of Indian Rape Cases in |journal=VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee |date=2018 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=478–498 |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2018-4-478 }}</ref> On 12 March 2015, the Court said the ban cannot be lifted as the appeals of the convicts are under trial in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=BanBecause>{{cite news|title=Ban because case not over|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ban-because-case-not-over/articleshow/46547692.cms|access-date=27 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 March 2015}}</ref> There has been no change in the status of the ban in India because the convicts have been under trial. In 2020, their death penalty sentence by hanging has been ordered by the Magistrates Court to happen on 20 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-gangrape-case-mukesh-singh-files-fresh-curative-petition-in-sc-11583494039205.html|title=Delhi gangrape case: Mukesh Singh files fresh curative petition in SC|last=Bindra|first=Japnam|date=6 March 2020|website=livemint.com|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> There has been no word on what the status of the film's ban in India will be after the convict's deaths.

== See also ==
* [[Censorship in India]]
* [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case]], a 1978 case in which the death row convicts were allowed to be interviewed
* [[Nirbhaya Fund]], projects to utilize on dignity and ensuring safety of women in India
* [[Nirbheek]], India's first revolver for women
* [[Rape in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-daughters-the-ban-that-actually-isnt/article6975342.ece | title=The ban that actually isn't | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=10 March 2015 | author=[[Sanjay Hegde]]}}
*{{cite news|title=Indian Home Minister's Statement on BBC Four's Storyville in Rajya Sabha (Press Release)|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116442|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=4 March 2015}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id =tt4058426|title =India's Daughter}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India|Feminism}}
{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:2015 controversies]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 documentary films]]
[[Category:2015 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:BBC television documentaries]]
[[Category:Documentary films about women in India]]
[[Category:Documentary films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films scored by Krsna Solo]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Women in Delhi]]
[[Category:2015 British films]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]

Ree (film)

2026-05-06T22:07:01Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|2022 Tamil language feature film}}
{{Tone|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ree
| native_name = ரீ
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sundharavadivel]]
| producer =
| writer = Sundharavadivel
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Prasanth Srinivasan
*[[Gayatri Rema]]
*Prasath
}}
| music = '''Score:''' Spurgen Paul '''Songs:''' Hariji
| cinematography = DhineshSrinivaas
| editing = K. Srinivas
| studio = Srianga Productions
| distributor =
| runtime = 1 hour 49 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|07}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ree''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language feature film directed by Sundharavadivel and starring Prasanth Srinivasan, [[Gayatri Rema]] and Prasath. It was released on October 7, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=Ree is a psychological thriller |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=16641849 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120091508/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=16641849 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=டெலுஷனல் டிஸ்ஆர்டர் (Delusional Disorder)எனப்படும் பிரச்சினை பற்றிய படமே 'ரீ'! - AanthaiReporter.Com {{!}} Tamil Multimedia News Web |url=https://www.aanthaireporter.com/re-is-a-film-about-the-problem-of-delusional-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120091500/https://www.aanthaireporter.com/re-is-a-film-about-the-problem-of-delusional-disorder/ |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Reema is a girl who longs to help others, and who is very keen helping neighbours in their homes. As a result she is seen as meddling. Due to this, Reema happens to be a murder suspect for acquaintance to a husband and wife, who quarrel next door, resulting in the wife’s murder at the hands of her husband. Reema's attitude towards her neighbours is not changed even after this tedious incident.

Because of the situation, Reema with her psychiatrist husband Mugil relocate to a new house on the outskirts of the city. To her surprise, a strange noise emanates from next door neighbours of this new house too. At first Reema thinks the house is a haunted, and she asks Mugil if they can sell their new house and to move elsewhere. Later she finds out that next door is not a haunted house, but a heart surgeon Sagul, resides there with his wife Mumtaj and daughter Fatima.

Nevertheless, the strange sound continues to emanate from next door, so that Reema believes someone other than Sagul's family reside in their house. The more she digs, the more trouble she brings upon herself, including a murderous attack from the mysterious man next door. Reema with her police brother go to fight with Sagul's family. They argue as there is no one else in their home but themselves, which creates suspicion of Reema's mental stability. Mugil also admits to Sagul that Reema is not mentally stable enough, and Sagul agrees to help Mugil to cure Reema.

==Cast==
*Prasanth Srinivasan as Mugil
*[[Gayatri Rema]] as Reema
*Prasath as Sagul
*Sangeetha Paul as Mumtaj
*Baby Oviya as Fatima
*Sundharavadivel as Johnson

==Production==
[[Gayatri Rema]] and [[Prashanth]] Srinivasan were cast in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-16 |title=Ree is a psychological thriller |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20220916/282222309607633 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016003945/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20220916/282222309607633 |archive-date=Oct 16, 2022 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[The Asian Age]] |language=en |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
''Ree'' has two songs composed by music director Hariji, who composed for TV serials like '[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]', 'Selvi', '[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]' and 'Solla Marantha Kathai'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Title
!Singers
!Lyricists
|-
|1.
|Nenjin Oramai<ref>{{Citation |title=Nenjin Oramai – Ree - First Single Video {{!}} Sundharavadivel {{!}} ரீ {{!}} Hariji {{!}} Gayatri Rema {{!}} Film Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZQ83k7pNiw |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120091458/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZQ83k7pNiw |archive-date=20 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|Sarath Santosh
Hemambiga
|Thozhan
|-
|2.
|Unna Vida Enaku<ref>{{Citation |title=Unnavida Enakku {{!}} Ree {{!}} Video Song {{!}} Sundharavadivel {{!}} Hariji {{!}} Prasath {{!}} Sangeetha Paul |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8W301bA0DH0 |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120091502/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8W301bA0DH0&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=20 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|Selvanambi
Sanmitha Palani
Hemambiga
|Selvanambi
|}

==Reception==
The film was released in theatres on 7 October 2022 across Tamil Nadu and gained a mediocre review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=ரீ : சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/re-film-review-810441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011083000/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/re-film-review-810441 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Deccan Chronicle]] daily gave 2.75 out of 5 with a comment "had there been a bigger star cast, the potential script like Ree, may have had a greater impact".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Psychological thriller from debutant director |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=16696827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120075847/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=16696827 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|22489432}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bibi Pardhan Kaur

2026-05-06T08:23:39Z

KellyeZimmermann: Adding

{{Short description|Sikh princess (1718–1789)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

'''Pardhan Kaur''' (1718–1789) was a [[Women in Sikhism|Sikh woman]] from the ruling [[Phulkian dynasty]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] who became a religious figure.<ref name=":722">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=124–126}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misls |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1993 |pages=309}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=Sikhism |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=9780130409775 |pages=105 |quote=In the post-Guru period, Bibi Pradhan Kaur (d. 1789), daughter of Baba Ala Singh, the founder of the Patiala dynasty, is known for her spirituality and for the school for children she started at Barnala, which was open until recently.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Bhupinder |title=Status of Women in Sikhism |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=2000 |pages=24–25}}</ref> She was the daughter of Ala Singh, founder of Patiala. She later became the disciple of Nikka Singh. She founded five dharamshalas across Punjab.
== Life ==
She was the daughter of [[Ala Singh]], the first ruler of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], and [[Mai Fatto]].<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> She had three brothers, Sardul Singh, Bhuma Singh, and Lal Singh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Seetal |first=Sohan Singh |title=The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |year=1981 |pages=91, 101}}</ref> She was married to Sham Singh Randhawa of Ramdas village in Amritsar district.{{Efn|Some sources give the name of her husband as 'Mohar Singh Randhawa'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Sardar Singh |title=PARDHĀN KAUR (1718-1792) |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PARDHAN%20KAUR%20(1718-1792).html |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref> However, she became widowed shortly after and returned to her parental home.<ref name=":0" /> Other sources claim the couple had given birth to a son named Bhup Singh, who died in childbood, with the couple fighting afterwards and becoming separated after the husband took-on a second wife.<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":5" />

After her return to her parental home at Barnala, Pardhan became more religious.<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":5" /> Her father, Ala Singh, granted her a ''[[jagir]]'' estate and dispatched a knowledgeable [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] named Bhai Nikka Singh (disciple of Bhai Langar Singh) to guide Pardhan Kaur regarding the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], teaching her both Sanskrit and Punjabi.<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Punjab History Conference: 26th Session: Papers, Volume 1 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1995 |pages=172}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Pardhan Kaur offered the ''patta'' of a land-grant of thirty villages to Nikka Singh.<ref name=":4" /> A ''[[Dera (organization)|dera]]'' and ''[[gurdwara]]'' were established by for Bhai Nikka Singh.<ref name=":722" /> Bhai Nikka Singh was succeeded by Bhai Gandha Singh.<ref name=":722" /> Pardhan Kaur founded a Sikh religious school (''pathshala'') for children at Barnala.<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":5" /> She also established a [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].<ref name=":5" /> It is said that she authored a Bhakha commentary on the Sanskrit work ''Yoga Vaśiṣṭha.''<ref name=":5" /> The motto used in her personal seal was ''nām jape seī pardhān'' ("he alone who spends his time repeating God's Name is the ranked one").<ref name=":5" /> At least five dharamshalas were constructed by her, namely at [[Barnala]], [[Malerkotla]], [[Jagraon]], [[Raikot]], and [[Patiala]].<ref name=":5" />

She also played a role, alongside Rani Khem Kaur, Thamman Singh Dhaliwal, and Hamir Singh, in the imprisonment of the ''diwan'' Nanu Mal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Jaspreet Kaur |title=Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective |publisher=Vision & Venture |year=2000 |isbn=9788186769126 |pages=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1985 |volume=19 |pages=32–33 |quote=... Bibi Pardhan Kaur, grand-aunt of Raja Sahib Singh and some others got him [Diwan Nanu Mal] arrested as he was lying at Anandpur where he was wounded by Khurram Beg and sent him a prisoner to Patiala.}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Pardhan died in 1789.<ref name=":722" /> According to Sardar Singh Bhatia, she died in 1792 at [[Sekha]].<ref name=":5" />

== Legacy ==
A ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadh]]'' dedicated to her can be found at Sekha.<ref name=":5" /> The school established by her at Barnala continued in-operation for a long time but recently closed.<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":1" /> The ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]'' she had constructed at Barnala for Bhai Nikka Singh is now Dera Baba Gandha Singh.<ref name=":5" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1718 births]]
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:Patiala State]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]

Hansi district

2026-05-05T14:30:15Z

KellyeZimmermann: new

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hansi district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]] of [[Haryana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2025
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Hansi]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Bass, Hansi|Bass]], [[Hansi]] and [[Narnaund]]
| area_total_km2 = 1,350
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 527,670
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = 409
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 85–86 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="punjabiofficial">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=28 January 2010 |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012411/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| demographics2_title3 = Regional
| demographics2_info3 = [[Haryanvi]]
| leader_title = Deputy Commissioner
| leader_name =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 10 (India, old numbering)|NH-9 (formerly NH-10)]] and [[National Highway 65 (India, old numbering)|NH-52 (formerly NH-65)]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
| website =
}}

'''Hansi district''' with headquarter at [[Hansi]] city, entailing two sub-divisions [[Hansi]] and [[Narnaund]], is in [[Administrative divisions of Haryana|Hisar revenue division]] of [[Haryana]] state in northwestern [[India]].<ref name=han1>[https://news.abplive.com/cities/delhi-ncr-heats-up-early-temperature-may-touch-27-c-by-mid-february-1826487 Haryana Gets New District As Nayab Singh Saini Govt Issues Notification], ABP New, 22 Dec 2025.</ref><ref name=han2>{{citation|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hansi-declared-haryanas-23rd-district-notification-within-a-week|title=Hansi declared 23rd district of Haryana|date=2025-12-16|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.hindi.news18.com/amp/news/haryana/hisar-breaking-hansi-becomes-23rd-district-cm-nayab-saini-announces-9968289.html|website=News 18 India|title=A change in Haryana's map – Hansi made new district|date=2025-12-16}}</ref> It is located on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]] at a distance of {{convert|26|km}} east of [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar]] .

==Etymology==

The name Hansi is believed to have evolved from ancient names such as <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Asi<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' or <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Asikare<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', which are mentioned in Panini's Ashtadhyayi. The city was also historically known as <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Asigarh<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', a name derived from its renowned sword-making industry and fort, Asigarh Fort.<ref name=ethan1/>

According to another tradition, Hansi was founded by the [[Anangpal Tomar|Tomar king Anangpal]] in honor of his guru, Hansakar. Some sources also suggest that the city's name may have originated from the term Hamsi (meaning “swan”), symbolizing beauty, thus describing Hansi as a “beautiful city.”<ref name=ethan1>{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Hansi: A Medieval Town of Hariana (c.1100 - C.1550) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133334 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=390–392 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

==History==
{{ see also | History of Haryana }}

===Administrative history ===
{{anchor | HistAdmin }}

Hansi was established in 735 CE by [[Anangpal Tomar]], the [[Rajput]] [[Tomaras of Delhi|Tomar king of Delhi]], while Hisar was [[Hisar_(city)#Tughlaq|founded in 1354 CE]] as '[[Firoz_Shah_palace_complex|Hisar-e-Firoza]]' by [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] (r. 1351-1388 CE).<ref name=hans1/> Hansi was originally named Asika, after Anangpal's daughter, Hanswati. king [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], later built the massive Asigarh Fort (also known as Hansi Fort) on the site to defend against invaders from the northwest.

During the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate period]] (c. 1206–1526), Hansi was an [[iqta]], and a [[pargana]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] (c. 1526–1798). Before the [[British raj]] took over in 1803 following their victory in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], Hansi had also served as the capital for the independent kingdom of the Irish adventurer [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] from 1798 to 1801 CE. In 1803, the British established a major cantonment at Hansi, where units like [[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)|Skinner’s Horse]] (which still exists in the Indian Army today) were founded. From 1819 to 1832 CE, Hansi was the district headquarters in [[Delhi_Territory#Administration|Northern Division]] of [[Delhi Territory]] of [[Bengal Presidency]] under the British colonial rule who moved the headquarters to [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] and renamed the Hansi district to Hisar district.<ref name=hans1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hansi-becomes-district-again-after-193-years-city-older-than-hisar/articleshow/126062686.cms Hansi becomes district again after 193 years, city older than Hisar], Times of India, </ref> When Hisar was designated as a district headquarters in 1832, it was part of the Delhi Territory, which was then an administrative division under the Bengal Presidency. Shortly after, between 1833 and 1836, the Delhi Territory was incorporated into the newly formed [[North-Western Provinces]] (NWP). Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the district was transferred from the North-Western Provinces to the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] in 1858. Hisar, including its Hans tehsil, remained part of the Punjab until 1966, when it became one of the original seven districts of the newly created state of Haryana.

On 16th December 2025, Hansi was announced as a new district by the [[Nayab Singh Saini]], [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], and notified on 22 December 2025 as the 23rd district of Haryana after carving it out of the existing [[Hisar district]].<ref name=han1/><ref name=han2/> On 31 December 2025, Rahul Narwal was appointed as the first [[Deputy commissioner]] of the newly formed Hansi district against the vacant post with immediate effect.<ref>[https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=215423&headline=Haryana%E2%80%99s-Hansi-gets-new-DC Haryana’s Hansi gets new DC], babushahi.com, 31 December 2025.</ref>

===Historic sites ===
{{anchor | HistSite | HistSites }}
{{ see also | History of Haryana }}

====Asigarh Fort====

[[Asigarh Fort]], is a prominent and historic feature of this ancient city. Extended in an area of {{convert|30|acre|m2}}, it is square in shape and has security posts in all the four corners.

==== Baba Jaggannathpuri 16th century monument ====

''Baba Jaggannathpuri Samadha temple'', a [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] (shrine of a revered Hindu saint) dedicated to the 16th century [[Hindu]] [[Sadhu]] (saint), '''Jaggannathpuri''', at the spot where he established an [[ashram]] (monastery) after arriving in Hansi in 1586 CE when there were no Hindus left in Hansi under the Islamic rule. He revived the Hinduism in the area. The complex has the sacred [[banyan]] tree with a big floating [[Aerial root#Prop|aerial prop-root]] branch connected to the grounded main [[taproot]] stem, which gives an illusion as if the aerial prop-root branch is floating in the air by itself. Pilgrims tie the sacred [[Kautuka|red-saffron mauli]] thread around the stem.<ref name=jagh1>[https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/jara-hatke/haryana-floating-tree-in-hansi-samadha-temple-where-baba-jagannathpuri-took-samadhi/2821866 Haryana Floating Tree: हरियाणा में यहां है हवा में लटकता चमत्कारी पेड़, जहां बाबा जगन्नाथपुरी ने ली थी समाधि], Zee News, 30 June 2025.</ref>

====Barsi gate====

The historic city of Hansi had five gates of entry – Delhi Gate (East), Hisar Gate (West), Gosain Gate (North-west), [[Barsi Gate]] (South) and Umra Gate (South west). The peculiarity of this town is that its altitude increases after entry from any of the gates. Deserts guard this city towards its west (cities like Tosham, Devsar, Khanak).

During the period of Firoz Shan Tuglaq about 1302, a tunnel was constructed connecting the present Hansi to Hisar. The gate of fort has figures of gods, and pictures of gods, goddesses, birds can also be seen on the walls of the fort. The entry gate of the fort was built by George Thomas. This fort was declared a Protected Monument of National Importance in 1937 by the Archeological Survey, the present ASI, and is still in good condition.

====Indus-Saraswati Valley Civilisation====

Hansi district has several prominent [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus-Saraswati Valley Civilisation]] (ISVC) sites on the banks of [[Drishadvati river]] (current day paleochannel of [[Chautang]]), including [[Rakhigarhi]] and at least 23 other ISVC sites within 5 km (at 4 sites), 10 km (at least 10 sites) and 15 km (at least 9 sites) radius of Rakhigarhi. Some of the raw materials were procured from the nodal ''Rakhigarhi'' site and finished products were brought back to the nodal ''Rakhigarhi'' site for marketing. Within 5 km radius are [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Early Harappan|early Harappan (4600 BCE - 2800 BCE)]] site of [[Gamra]] and [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Mature Harappan|mature Harappan (2600 BCE - 1400 BCE)]] sites of [[Budana]], [[Haibatpur]] and [[Lohari Ragho|Lohari Ragho 3]].<ref name="ASIR1">{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf |title=ASI Rakhigarhi Excavation Report for 1997-98 and 199-2001 excavations, Author: Dr. Amrendra Nath, Publisher: Archaeological Survey of India, Published: 2004 |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319114204/http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Population==

In 2025 December, the estimated population of the Hansi district at the time of its formation as a new district was approximately 5,40,994 persons.<ref name=han1/>

==Geography==

===Topography===

The total geographical area of the new Hansi district is approximately 1,34,976 hectares (roughly 1,349.76 square kilometres).<ref name=han1/> The headquarters of Hansi is located at {{Coord|29.1|N|75.97|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Hansi.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Hansi]</ref> It has an average elevation of 207 metres (679 ft) People Density is 348 people per km2. Area is 1272.32 km2. Geographically, it is semi-arid with around 46 cm of annual rainfall.

===Subdivisions===
{{anchor | Sub | Subdiv | SubDiv | Subdivision | Subdivisions}}

The district comprises the following components,<ref name=han1/><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/hisar/hansi/news/haryana-hisar-chief-minister-nayab-saini-rally-hansi-today-update-136682855.html|website=Dainik Bhasker|title=New announced by CM Saini|date=2025-12-16}}</ref> all of which lie to the north and northeast of Hansi city, thus creating a development disparity in the southern part of Hansi district.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sub-division !! Number of villages !! Tehsil !! Sub-tehsil !! Development block !! Comment
|-
| [[Hansi]] || 64 || Hansi, [[Bass, Hansi|Bass]] || None || Hansi-I, Bass ||
|-
| [[Narnaund]] || 46 || Narnaund || [[Kheri Jalab]] || Narnaund ||
|}

===New demands===
{{anchor | NewDemand }}

There is unfulfilled demand for the following:

* Bass as development block: Bass is an existing tehsil, there is demand to also notify it as the development block.

== See also ==

* [[Administrative divisions of Haryana]]
* [[List of districts of Haryana]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Geography of India}}
{{Districts of Haryana}}

[[Category:Districts of Haryana]]

Virumbukiren

2026-05-03T23:53:50Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up A Entry From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Virumbukiren
| image = Virumbugiren, 2002.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Eswari Rao]]
| director = [[Susi Ganesan]]
| writer = Susi Ganesan
| producer = Mary Francis
| distributor = V. M. Creations
| cinematography = [[K. V. Anand]] [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|12|20|df=yes}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
}}

'''''Virumbukiren''''' ({{translation|I would like}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Susi Ganesan]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], while [[Eswari Rao]] played a pivotal role which fetched her [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] and [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] portrayed supporting roles. [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] composed the film's music while [[K. V. Anand]] handled the film's cinematography. The film released after much delay across Tamil Nadu in December 2002.

The film went on to gain success before release in 2001, by winning four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for [[Susi Ganesan]]. Sneha also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] award, while [[Easwari Rao]] scooped the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Supporting Actress]] award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/18fest.htm|title=Virumbugiren at World Film Fest|access-date=22 September 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124759/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/18fest.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sivan is an aspiring designer. His hopes crash when he ends up with the responsibility of looking after his mother and younger brothers after his father's sudden death. Since his father dies while in service, Shivan is forced to take up his father's job as a fire service man. He meets Thavamani, a beautiful rustic while on a posting in a village, and they fall in love. But Thavamani's father and the whole village are against the lovers. How the lovers fight against all odds and win forms the rest of this love story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prashanth]] as Sivan
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Thavamani
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Thavamani's father
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Latha's husband (in a guest appearance)
* [[Senthil]]
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
* Thaadi Balaji
* [[Easwari Rao]] as Latha
* [[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Muthaiya
* [[Y. G. Mahendran|Y. Gee. Mahendra]]
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
* [[Meesai Murugesan]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] in song "Athili Puthili"
* [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] as dancer in song "Pathala Pathala"
* [[Theni Kunjarammal]]
* [[Neelima Rani|Neelima]] as Thavamani's first sister
* Baby Heera as Thavamani's second sister
* [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] as dancer in song "Pathala Pathala"
}}

==Production==
In March 1999, [[Susi Ganesan]], an erstwhile assistant of [[Mani Ratnam]], was able to convince producer [[Thiagarajan|Shanti Thiagarajan]] to fund his first feature film, after he left Mani Ratnam's team of assistant directors. The film was initially titled ''Thithikkum Thee'' and was to feature to [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] in the lead role of a firefighter. In return for producing his first film, Shanti Thiagarajan requested Ganesan to also work on another film starring her son [[Prashanth]] in the lead role and consequently, Ganesan finalised a script titled ''[[Five Star (film)|Pepsi: Generation Next]]''. In a turn of events, Prashanth replaced Murali in the director's first project, which was retitled as ''Virumbukiren'' in early 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/26ss.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry|access-date=7 February 2018|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004805/http://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/26ss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is based on real events happened in Susi's native village Vallivelampatti.<ref name=kalki />

The project, ''Virumbukiren'', was launched at Hotel Chola Sheraton, Chennai on 19 January 2000 with Susi Ganesan being introduced as a director. It was announced that the film would have cinematography by [[K. V. Anand]], music by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]], art by [[Thota Tharani]] editing by Suresh Urs and special effects by Venki; and it would be produced by Vandana Bhatt and Mary Francis under the banner of V.M. Creations. The event was compered by [[Uma Padmanabhan]], while attendees included [[Kamal Haasan]], Mani Ratnam and [[Prabhu Deva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/2000/February/pnews_013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010121102200/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/2000/February/pnews_013.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 January 2001 |title=Launch of Prashant's "VIRUMBUGIREN" |publisher=Indolink.com |date=2000-01-19 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> Actor [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] refused a role in the film citing that the script was so good that there was no need for a separate comedy track, while Prashanth underwent special training for his role as a fire fighter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News%20For%20You%20010520011.htm |title=Chinna |publisher=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718095722/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News%20For%20You%20010520011.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sneha applied for a role in the film after seeing advertisement for the auditions in a newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/18tt.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=2000-08-18 |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615214324/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/18tt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The story of the film was taken from one of Susi Ganesan's novels titled ''Vakkappatta Bhoomi''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Virumbukiren.htm |title=Virumbukiren |publisher=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731153235/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Virumbukiren.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite its launch in early 2000, the film went through production troubles and released nearly two years after the launch. A host of Prashanth starrers which were launched after ''Virumbugiren'' such as ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'', ''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocolate]]'' and ''[[Majunu]]'' were subsequently released earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/hot%20news%20-%20140820011.htm |title=S U B A S |publisher=Cinematoday3.itgo.com |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731152001/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/hot%20news%20-%20140820011.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/may2001.html |title=Gokul's Tamil Cinema News |publisher=Oocities.org |date=2001-05-04 |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004005804/http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/may2001.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sneha, for whom ''Virumbugiren'' was the first film she signed, was reported to be amongst the reasons for the delay after her popularity created problems in her call schedules. The producer of the film had to approach [[Vijayakanth]], the president of the actor's association (Nadigar Sangam) and [[Sarath Kumar]], also an office bearer, to intervene and resolve the dispute. Similarly Susi Ganesan also completed and released another film, ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'', in between the production delays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ganeshyamalalove.tripod.com/sneha/id10.html |title=Interviews |publisher=Ganeshyamalalove.tripod.com |date=2002-10-20 |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329041431/http://ganeshyamalalove.tripod.com/sneha/id10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Virumbukiren
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 August 2001
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Five Star Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/virumbukiren-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/639897645|title=Virumbukiren (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=Apple Music|access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "This is a surefire winner for Deva. He is in his elements in this album and does what he knows best - composing down to earth 'gaana' songs and easy hummable tunes."<ref>{{cite web|access-date=26 October 2023|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/virumbikiren.asp|title=Music review of Virumbukiren|work=Chennai Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210074456/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/virumbikiren.asp|archive-date=10 December 2004}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Thodu Thodu" || [[Unni Menon]] || 5:26
|-
| "Nijama Nijama" || [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || 5:19
|-
| "Pathala Pathala" || [[Ceylon Manohar]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], Suba, Saisan || 5:50
|-
| "Athili Puthili" || [[Vasundhara Das]] || 5:11
|-
| "Enga Ooru Santhayile" (Bit) || Krishnaraj || 0:49
|-
| "Otharuva Pottukkulle" (Bit) || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || 0:45
|-
| "Kat Kat Kattai" (Bit) || Krishnaraj || 0:52
|-
| "Enna Aachudi" (Bit) || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || 1:05
|-
| "Maman Ponnu Patha" (Bit) || Krishnaraj || 0:46
|-
| "Kombu Mulaitha Muyale" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Sophia, Satish || 6:02
|}

==Reception==
The film won critical acclaim upon release, with [[The Hindu]] describing it as a "welcome change".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430201.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003195235/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-10-03 |title=Virumbugiraen |date=2002-12-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> [[Sify]].com praised the film labelling that "Prashanth is top class", "Sneha steals some of the scenes with a larkish spontaneity and vivacity", while that director Susi Ganesan who has written the story and screenplay has done a neat job."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/virumbugiren-review-tamil-12352518.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628023135/http://www.sify.com/movies/virumbugiren-review-tamil-12352518.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-28 |title=Movie Review:Virumbugiren |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> A critic from Nowrunning.com wrote that "Prashanth excels in his {{sic|potr|ayal}} and Sneha's performance in her first official film is commendable", adding that "as the tough father, Nasser has come up with a strong performance".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/197/tamil/virumbugiren/80/review.htm |title=Virumbugiren Review - Tamil Movie Review |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=2002-12-20 |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722104300/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/197/tamil/virumbugiren/80/review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote Susi Ganesan is a young director who needs to be nurtured, who not only tells the story of a village love in a different context but against the forces that dictate the villagers.<ref name=kalki>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-01-12/page/n5/mode/2up|pages=4–5|date=12 January 2003|title=விரும்புகிறேன் |first=விஷுவல் |last=தாசன் |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The scripting and narration move smoothly, and the director has tried to infuse some realism within the framework of commercial cinema. [..] It is only towards the end that the director brings in some distraction in the form of a couple of dance numbers thrust forcibly into the narration".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov238.asp|title=Virumbukiren|website=Chennai Online|access-date=31 October 2024|date=27 December 2002|first=Malini|last=Mannath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040214134131/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov238.asp|archive-date=14 February 2004}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "A love story with a simple narrative, hummable songs, great script and fine performance by the lead characters. Director Susi Ganesan, has worked hard by extracting brilliant performance from Nasser, Prasanth and Sneha. Based on the popular series, ‘Vakkappatta Bhoomi’, which Susi wrote for Tamil daily ‘Dinamani Kathir’, the film has a rural touch and the script is handled well".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan26/filmr.asp|date=26 January 2003|title=VIRUMBUGIREN (Tamil)|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004021915/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan26/filmr.asp|archive-date=4 October 2003|first=C.|last=Shivakumar}}</ref>

The film went on to gain success before release in 2001, by winning four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for [[Susi Ganesan]]. Sneha also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] award for her work in the film alongside ''[[Aanandham]]'' and ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'', while [[Easwari Rao]] scooped the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Supporting Actress]] award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2004-10-01 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>

In 2004, Susi Ganesan came together with Prashanth again for a project titled ''Sakkarai'', though the film was shelved after a single schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/11158.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101092250/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/11158.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2004 |title=Director goes before the camera - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2004-10-29 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> Positive commentary about the lead pair also prompted Prashanth to sign Sneha to feature in his 2005 film ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10306.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040926123646/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10306.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2004 |title=Prashanth's next on its way - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2004-08-23 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Susi Ganesan}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Susi Ganesan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Roopa Koduvayur

2026-05-03T11:36:06Z

KellyeZimmermann: new new info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Roopa Koduvayur
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|12|27|df=y}}{{cn|date=October 2025}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/Aug/04/proud-to-be-dusky-telugu-and-vocal-roopa-koduvayur-2178670.html|title=Proud to be dusky, Telugu and vocal: Roopa Koduvayur|first=Manju Latha|last=Kalanidhi|date=4 August 2020|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=9 December 2024|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203052840/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/Aug/04/proud-to-be-dusky-telugu-and-vocal-roopa-koduvayur-2178670.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| nationality =
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]
| alma_mater = [[Katuri Medical College]], [[Guntur]]<ref name=":0"/>
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2020{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Roopa Koduvayur''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-12-05 |title='Sarangapani Jathakam' actor Roopa Koduvayur: If I am taking a break from medicine to work in a film, it has to be worth it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopa-koduvayur-if-i-am-taking-a-break-from-medicine-to-work-in-a-film-it-has-to-be-worth-it/article68926411.ece |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roopa Koduvayur : వరుస అవకాశాలతో అదరగొడుతోన్న తెలుగు అందం రూప కొడువాయూర్.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/telugu-actress-roopa-koduvayur-gets-another-telugu-film-here-are-the-details-sr-2092446-page-8.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203050840/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/telugu-actress-roopa-koduvayur-gets-another-telugu-film-here-are-the-details-sr-2092446-page-8.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is a recipient of the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut]] for her performance in ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'' (2020).

== Early life and career ==
Roopa Koduvayur was born on 27 December 2000{{cn|date=October 2025}} in [[Vijayawada]], India. She is a doctor by profession and has a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree from [[Katuri Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allu Ramalingaiah to Natasha Doshi, Kannada Actors Who Have Medical Degrees |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-ramalingaiah-to-natasha-doshi-kannada-actors-who-have-medical-degrees-5378011.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624034213/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-ramalingaiah-to-natasha-doshi-kannada-actors-who-have-medical-degrees-5378011.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is also trained in [[Kuchipudi]] and [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalanidhi |first=Manju Latha |date=2020-08-04 |title=Proud to be dusky, Telugu and vocal: Roopa Koduvayur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/Aug/04/proud-to-be-dusky-telugu-and-vocal-roopa-koduvayur-2178670.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203052840/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/Aug/04/proud-to-be-dusky-telugu-and-vocal-roopa-koduvayur-2178670.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Roopa made her feature film debut in ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'' (2020), which gained her critical and audience applause.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2020-08-03 |title=With 'Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya', physiotherapist Chandana Koppisetti and dancer-medico Roopa Koduvayur make an impressive debut in Telugu cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/with-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya-physiotherapist-chandana-koppisetti-and-dancer-medico-roopa-koduvayur-make-an-impressive-debut-in-telugu-cinema/article32259170.ece |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203053123/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/with-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya-physiotherapist-chandana-koppisetti-and-dancer-medico-roopa-koduvayur-make-an-impressive-debut-in-telugu-cinema/article32259170.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She has then signed her first [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''Yamakaathagi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2021-06-25 |title=Roopa Koduvayur wants the best of both worlds |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250621/roopa-koduvayur-wants-the-best-of-both-worlds.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-10-05 |title=Roopa Koduvayur's Tamil debut titled Yamakaathagi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Oct/05/roopa-koduvayurs-tamil-debut-titled-yamakaathagi-35330.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207155008/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/05/roopa-koduvayurs-tamil-debut-titled-yamakaathagi-35330.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2020
|''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''
|Jyothi
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-12 |title=Debutant Roopa Koduvayur excited about acting in Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/debutant-roopa-koduvayur-excited-about-acting-in-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/76923878.cms |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203050222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/debutant-roopa-koduvayur-excited-about-acting-in-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/76923878.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Mr. Pregnant]]''
|Mahi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Has Roopa Koduvayur Bagged Another Tollywood Venture? All You Need To Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/has-roopa-koduvayur-bagged-another-tollywood-venture-all-you-need-to-know-8563553.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Yamakaathaghi]]''
|Leela
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-10-05 |title=Roopa Koduvayur's Tamil debut titled Yamakaathagi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Oct/05/roopa-koduvayurs-tamil-debut-titled-yamakaathagi-35330.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sarangapani Jathakam]]''
|Mythili Vemuri
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/sarangapani-jathakam-movie-review-priyadarshi-and-vennela-kishore-liven-up-this-comedy|title='Sarangapani Jathakam' Movie Review: Priyadarshi and Vennela Kishore Liven Up This Comedy|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Neelira]]''
|
|Tamil film
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neelira Movie Review: A wedding, a war, and a wounded history|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Apr/03/neelira-movie-review-a-wedding-a-war-and-a-wounded-history |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Performers
!Notes
|-
|2021
|"Daare Leda"
|[[Vijai Bulganin]], [[Roshan Sebastian]], KK
|Co-featuring [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-19 |title=Satya Dev, Roopa Koduvayur in music video for COVID-19 warriors, presented by Nani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satya-dev-roopa-koduvayur-in-music-video-for-covid-19-warriors-presented-by-nani/article59865119.ece |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203051320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satya-dev-roopa-koduvayur-in-music-video-for-covid-19-warriors-presented-by-nani/article59865119.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=15469914}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Hindi in Pakistan

2026-04-30T03:34:47Z

KellyeZimmermann: new

{{Short description|Hindi as spoken in Pakistan}}
[[File:Pakistani Hindi.svg|thumb|right|"Pakistan's Hindi" written in both Urdu and Hindi.]]

[[Hindi|Modern Standard '''Hindi''']] is [[mutually intelligible]] with [[Urdu]], the national and official language of Pakistan. Both are [[Register (sociolinguistics)|standard registers]] of the [[Hindustani language]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1317851|title=Urdu and Hindi are one language, says expert|work=Dawn|date=2 March 2017|access-date=16 May 2017|first=Shazia|last=Hasan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/542809/urdu-and-hindi-joined-by-the-umbilical-cord/|title=Urdu and Hindi: Joined by the umbilical cord|work=The Express Tribune|date=1 May 2013|access-date=16 May 2017|first=Vaqas|last=Asghar}}</ref> As a result of linguistic and cultural similarities, Hindi has had notable influences in Pakistan and is taught as an academic subject in some institutions; before the [[partition of India|partition of colonial India]], Hindi was taught at major universities in the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces]] that came to form Pakistan.<ref name="Shukla2017"/> While Hindi and Urdu both have a predominantly [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic]] (Indo-Aryan) base, Hindi uses more [[Sanskrit]] (old Indic) words in its educated vocabulary while Urdu incorporates more [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and a few [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (all non-Indic) words for the same. Most [[poetry]], [[ghazal]]s, [[Qawwali|qawalis]] & lyrics use many Urdu words.

==History==
Before the [[partition of British India]], Hindi was spoken in the region forming Pakistan by the [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]] residing there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1159561|title=Century-old Golra Railway station now a site for museum goers|work=Dawn|date=10 April 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|first=Shiraz|last=Hassan}}</ref><ref name="Sinha"/> It was taught across school and university levels, mainly in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]],<ref name="Sinha2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/learning-hindi-in-pakistan-165053.html|title=Learning Hindi in Pakistan|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=15 September 2016|access-date=16 May 2017|first=R.K.|last=Sinha}}</ref> such as in [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]], [[Forman Christian College]], [[Government Dayal Singh College, Lahore|Dyal Singh College]], and [[Karachi University]].<ref name="Shukla2017">{{cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Vivek |title=Hindi, the Enemy's Language, is Being Slowly Revived in Pakistan |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/hindi-being-revived-in-pakistan |work=[[The Quint]] |access-date=6 August 2020 |date=14 September 2017}}</ref> At [[Oriental College, Lahore|Oriental College]], research departments in Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi were founded in 1928, though Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi and [[Pashto]] were studied there since its founding in 1870.<ref name="Mirza2018">{{cite web |last1=Mirza |first1=Sehyr |title=Past Haunts the Present in Pakistan's Only Hindi Department |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/past-haunts-the-present-in-pakistans-only-hindi-department |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=6 August 2020 |date=16 March 2018}}</ref>

The Hindi Pracharini Sabha regularly organized debates in Hindi in major cities of the Punjab, such as [[Lahore]], [[Sargodha]], and Rawalpindi.<ref name="Shukla2017"/>

After the partition of colonial India, most of these communities left for what became independent India; prominent Hindi writers with origins in Pakistan include [[Bhisham Sahni]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], [[Hullad Moradabadi]], [[Uday Bhanu Hans]], [[Narendra Mohan (poet)|Narendra Mohan]] and others.<ref name="Sinha2"/> Conversely, some first-generation Pakistanis who [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|migrated from India]] during Pakistan's independence in 1947 were familiar with Hindi and the [[Devanagari script]].<ref name="DNA2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1039277/language-has-no-religion-pakistani-lawyer-fuses-urdu-hindi-in-calligraphy/|title='Language has no religion': Pakistani lawyer fuses Urdu, Hindi in calligraphy|work=The Express Tribune|date=3 February 2016|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

Urdu was long associated with the Muslims of the subcontinent by virtue of its historical development and the [[Urdu movement]]. During the [[Pakistan Movement]], it was given preference over Hindi as their [[lingua franca]] and thus achieved official status in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1243652|title=Is Pakistan's problem Urdu?|work=Dawn|date=5 March 2016|access-date=20 May 2017|first=Pervez|last=Hoodbhoy|author-link=Pervez Hoodbhoy}}</ref>

==Academic study==
Hindi has drawn increasing focus as an academic subject.<ref name="DNA2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hindi-finds-more-and-more-takers-in-pakistan-2125555|title=Hindi finds more and more takers in Pakistan|work=DNA India|date=16 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|first=Rohinee|last=Singh}}</ref> There is a growing trend of Hindi experts and the availability of texts in Pakistan.<ref name="DNA2"/> Many Hindi instructors migrated from India, or were educated at Indian universities.<ref name="Sinha"/>

The Department of Hindi at the [[National University of Modern Languages]] (NUML) in [[Islamabad]] was established in 1973. It became the first university department in Pakistan to provide certificates, diplomas, language courses, Masters and PhD degrees in Hindi,<ref name="NUML"/> including the country's first Hindi [[MPhil]] degree.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/31-Aug-2015/numl-awards-country-s-first-ever-mphil-degree-in-hindi|title=NUML awards country's first ever MPhil degree in Hindi|work=Daily Times|date=31 August 2015|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/in-a-first-pak-varsity-awards-mphil-in-hindi/127064.html|title=In a first, Pak varsity awards MPhil in Hindi|work=Tribune India|date=1 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> It has provided instruction to Pakistani as well as foreign students.<ref name="NUML">{{cite web|url=http://www.numl.info/hindi.aspx|title=Department of Hindi|work=National University of Modern Languages|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906094334/http://www.numl.info/hindi.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sinha">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/the-charm-of-hindi-in-pakistan.html|title=The charm of Hindi in Pakistan|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|date=14 September 2016|access-date=16 May 2017|first=R.K.|last=Sinha|author-link=Ravindra Kishore Sinha|quote=...For the last many years, a large number of Chinese are taking lessons in Hindi in Pakistan. Not only the Chinese, many officials of Islamic countries, including the United Arab Emirates, too are learning Hindi in Pakistan. That Pakistan is emerging as a seat of Hindi learning and teaching is a revelation.|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728115828/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/the-charm-of-hindi-in-pakistan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Hindi Department at the [[University of the Punjab]] in Lahore has roots going back to the establishment of the [[Oriental College, Lahore|Oriental College]]; however, it wasn't until 1983 that accredited courses were started. The department awards both undergraduate and postgraduate Hindi courses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/28/Department-of-Hindi |title=Hindi Department |work=University of the Punjab |access-date=21 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315213503/http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/28/Department-of-Hindi |archive-date=March 15, 2015 }}</ref> At the University of Punjab's Centre for South Asian Studies, Hindi is a mandatory subject for those pursuing an MPhil in regional languages.<ref name="DNA2"/>

The [[University of Karachi]] also once had a Hindi department, which was later closed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/902570/cross-border-relations-we-are-fighting-the-same-battle-for-human-rights/|title=Cross-border relations: 'We are fighting the same battle for human rights'|work=The Express Tribune|date=12 June 2015|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

==Cultural influence==
As a result of [[Bollywood]] films, [[Indian soap opera]] viewership and cable television in Pakistan, Hindi has had a notable cultural influence.<ref name="DNA2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1175370|title=Did you know? Sarwat Gillani is learning Hindi for her next drama|work=Dawn Images|date=19 May 2016|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> Several Hindi words have entered the casual Pakistani lexicon, such as vishwas ("trust"),<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/438587/vishvas-a-word-that-threatens-pakistan/|title='Vishwas': A word that threatens Pakistan|work=The Express Tribune|date=18 September 2012|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> ''ashirvad'' ("blessing"), ''charcha'' ("talk"), ''pati-patni'' ("husband-wife"), ''bina'' ("without"), ''shanti'' ("peace"), ''sambandh'' ("relations") and other popular phrases.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-in-pakistan-hindi-flows-smoothly-into-urdu-1619245|title=In Pakistan, Hindi flows smoothly into Urdu|work=DNA India|date=30 November 2011|access-date=21 September 2015|first=Surendra|last=Gangan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kids-have-it-right-boundaries-of-urdu-and-hindi-are-blurred-579088.html|title=Kids have it right: boundaries of Urdu and Hindi are blurred|work=First Post|date=6 January 2013|access-date=22 September 2015|first=Aakar|last=Patel}}</ref><ref name="Sinha"/> The advent of internet and [[social media]] has accelerated such exchanges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikinut.com/hindi-wikipedia-an-encyclopedia-bridging-new-bonds-of-friendship-across-borders/7zmqsyj9/j7zxnu_3/|title=Hindi Wikipedia – An Encyclopedia Bridging New Bonds of Friendship Across Borders|work=WikiNut|first=Syed|last=Muzammiluddin|date=27 May 2014|access-date=16 May 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140529085727/http://www.wikinut.com/hindi-wikipedia-an-encyclopedia-bridging-new-bonds-of-friendship-across-borders/7zmqsyj9/j7zxnu_3/|archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sinha"/>

The screening of Hindi films in Pakistani cinemas, which was restricted for nearly four decades, has resumed over the last few years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/649997/hindi-films-should-be-blocked-in-pakistan/|title=Hindi films should be blocked in Pakistan|work=The Express Tribune|date=24 December 2013|access-date=16 May 2017|first=Garga|last=Chatterjee}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1078424|title=Indian films still rule|work=Dawn|date=5 June 2014|access-date=20 May 2017|first=Asha'ar|last=Rehman}}</ref> Much of the dialogues, themes and script-writing used in Hindi films are influenced by Urdu, therefore capturing familiarity with Pakistani audiences.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1174461|title=Om Puri in Pakistan — 'Indian majority holds no grudge against Pakistanis'|work=Dawn|date=18 December 2015|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> Furthermore, several actors in the Hindi film industry have roots in present Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/809335/bollywood-finds-roots-in-peshawar/|title=Bollywood finds roots in Peshawar|work=The Express Tribune|date=19 December 2014|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> [[Music of Bollywood|Hindi music]] from Bollywood remains popular and shares similarities with [[Music of Pakistan|Pakistani music]]. This has enabled several Indian artists to contribute to [[Lollywood|Pakistani film]] soundtracks and vice versa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyo.in/arts/india-pakistan-bollywood-film-music-lollywood/story/1/16474.html|title=From Pink to Bin Roye, why India, Pakistan can't Partition Hindi film music|work=Dailyo.in|first=Ajay|last=Mankotia|date=1 April 2017|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

Research in [[Sahiwal]] found that over 60% of children in Pakistan watch Hindi-language cartoons, being "very much fond of watching Hindi cartoon series named: [[Chota Bheem]] – originally Hindi cartoons & Doraemon – Japanese Cartoons but Dubbed in Hindi."<ref name="AzizShah2017">{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Hulba |last2=Shah |first2=Syed Kazim |title=The Effect of Hindi Animated Cartoons Causing the Language Change in Pakistani Children – A Socio-Cultural Approach of Ideology |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |date=2017 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=60, 62–63 }}</ref> The study found that students widely used what the researchers considered to be uniquely Hindi words over uniquely Urdu words in their spoken language with the following results: Bloom Field Hall School (58%), Beacon House School (55%), DPS Sahiwal (65%), The Educators Sahiwal (80%), The Spirit School Sahiwal (70%), Allied School Sahiwal (72%).<ref name="AzizShah2017"/>

Some commentators view these tendencies as an example of globalisation and [[soft power]], while others have described it as a silent cultural invasion or a reignition of the [[Hindi-Urdu controversy]].<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="ET"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-129727-A-silent-invasion|title=A silent invasion|work=The News|date=3 September 2012|access-date=22 September 2015|first=Asif|last=Ezdi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/01/23/city/lahore/%E2%80%98my-children-speak-hindi-what-do-i-do%E2%80%99/|title='My children speak Hindi, what do I do?'|work=Pakistan Today|date=23 January 2012|access-date=22 September 2015|first=Ali|last=Tahir}}</ref> In January 2017, the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab provincial assembly]] passed a resolution demanding a ban on television cartoons containing Hindi dubbing, and called for their replacement with Urdu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/372142-Punjab-Assembly-approves-ban-on-cartoons-with-Hind|title=Punjab Assembly approves ban on cartoons with Hindi dubbing|work=Dunya News|date=26 January 2017|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> For some Pakistanis, knowing Hindi provides an opportunity to follow [[Hindi media]] and develop a cultural understanding of neighboring India, while for others it is an individual interest.<ref name="DNA2"/> In 2015, an Urdu–Hindi cookbook described as the "first of its kind" was published in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/909288/zaiqay-frontier-kay-cookbook-in-urdu-and-hindi-attempts-to-bring-pakistan-and-india-closer/|title=Zaiqay Frontier Kay: Cookbook in Urdu and Hindi attempts to bring Pakistan and India closer|work=The Express Tribune|date=25 June 2015|access-date=16 May 2017|first=Munnazzah|last=Raza}}</ref> At Lahore's [[Information Technology University]], the Data Science Lab created an application called the Urdu-Hindi Dictionary which translates words written in Roman transliteration to their selected language.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1299616|title=Data Science Lab in Pakistan makes Urdu-Hindi Dictionary|work=Dawn|date=5 December 2016|access-date=20 May 2017|first=Mahrukh|last=Sarwar}}</ref>

Some [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Pakistani Hindus]] learn Hindi in order to study [[Hindu texts]].<ref name="Sinha2"/> Hindi is also spoken amongst the small [[Indians in Pakistan|Indian community in Pakistan]]. The [[High Commission of India, Islamabad|Indian High Commission]] in Islamabad operated a Hindi school which gave classes to the children of expatriates.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/an-indian-student-in-pakistan/220700|title=An Indian Student In Pakistan|work=Outlook India|date=10 July 2003|access-date=22 September 2015|first=Aniket|last=Ghanashyam|quote=There was a Hindi school in the Indian High Commission so that when the children come back to India they won't have too much trouble communicating with the people here.}}</ref>

==Official use==
At the [[Wagah]] border crossing in Lahore, signboards contain Hindi markings alongside Urdu/[[Shahmukhi]] and English to facilitate Indian travelers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/524806/facilitating-visitors-hindi-markings-on-signs-appear-at-wagah-border-crossing/|title=Facilitating visitors: Hindi markings on signs appear at Wagah border crossing|work=The Express Tribune|date=22 March 2013|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] operates a Hindi radio service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/41954|title=KARACHI: PBC to launch Hindi service, says Nisar|work=Dawn|date=10 June 2002|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|Pakistan}}
* [[Samrup Rachna]]
* [[History of Hindustani]]
* [[Hindi-Urdu controversy]]
* [[Urdu movement]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=Christine|last=Everaert|title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC|year=2010|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=978-90-04-17731-4}}

{{Hindi topics}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of the Indian diaspora]]

Anish Gawande

2026-04-29T20:30:29Z

KellyeZimmermann: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician and political spokesperson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Anish Gawande
| image =
| office = National Spokesperson, Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar faction)
| term_start = August 2024
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| occupation = Politician, activist, writer
| known_for = First openly gay national spokesperson of a major Indian political party
| relations = [[Trimbak Krishna Tope]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Anish Gawande''' is an Indian politician, LGBTQ+ rights advocate, and a national spokesperson of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar faction)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Welfare policies must be inclusive of queer people: NCP-SP spokesperson Anish Gawande |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/welfare-policies-inclusive-queer-people-ncpsp-anish-gawande-9602228/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2024 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> He is recognised as the first openly gay individual to be appointed as a national spokesperson of a major political party in India.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Meet India’s first openly gay national spokesperson of a political party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/meet-indias-first-gay-national-spokesperson-of-a-political-party/articleshow/112437059.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2024 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gawande was raised in Mumbai and attended Greenlawns School, Worli, and Cathedral and John Connon School, Fort. He studied Comparative Literature at [[Columbia University]] and later pursued postgraduate studies in intellectual history and public policy at the [[University of Oxford]] as a Rhodes Scholar.<ref name=":0" />

== Activism and early career ==
Prior to joining party politics, Gawande worked as a writer and LGBTQ+ rights advocate. He founded '''Pink List India''', a public archive documenting Indian politicians who have expressed support for LGBTQ+ rights, aimed at increasing visibility and political accountability on queer issues.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Orange is for energy & enthusiasm: Anish Gawande |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/orange-is-for-energy-enthusiasm-anish-gawande-shivan-gupta-287448.html |magazine=Femina |date=2024 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In August 2024, Gawande was appointed as a national spokesperson of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar faction)]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Welfare policies must be inclusive of queer people: NCP-SP spokesperson Anish Gawande |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/welfare-policies-inclusive-queer-people-ncpsp-anish-gawande-9602228/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2024 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> His appointment was widely described as historic due to him being openly gay, marking a milestone for LGBTQ+ representation in Indian politics.<ref name=":0" />

== Political views ==
In 2025, Gawande commented on a controversy involving online content creators and the proposed Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, cautioning that disproportionate outrage over remarks by a YouTuber could be used to justify excessive regulation of digital media and independent creators.<ref name=":1" />

Gawande criticised the Supreme Court's order concerning stray dogs in Delhi-NCR, writing on X that the directive was “nothing but a death sentence for every single stray on every single street” and urging the public to raise their voices in opposition to the ruling, which he viewed as harmful to animal welfare.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Cruel, shortsighted, strips us of compassion’: Rahul Gandhi slams Supreme Court’s order on stray dogs in Delhi-NCR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/cruel-shortsighted-rahul-gandhi-supreme-courts-order-stray-dogs-delhi-ncr-10184249/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2025 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Priyanjali |date=2025-08-22 |title=Street dogs case: Who's emerged victorious after Supreme Court's verdict? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stray-dog-case-supreme-court-which-side-won-animal-lovers-shelters-debate-vaccinate-heres-more-2775195-2025-08-22 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In Maharashtra politics, Gawande condemned controversial remarks made by a BJP legislator against senior opposition leaders, calling them a “new low” in public discourse.<ref>{{cite news |title=NCP factions unite against BJP MLA Gopichand Padalkar for comments on Jayant Patil |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/ncp-factions-unite-against-bjp-mlc-gopichand-padalkar-for-comments-on-jayant-patil-video |work=Free Press Journal |date=2025 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gawande is openly gay and has spoken publicly about the challenges of being openly queer in Indian political spaces.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[Nationalist Congress Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gawande, Anish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ politicians]]
[[Category:Gay politicians]]
[[Category:Indian gay men]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indrajeet Prasad Gupta

2026-04-29T19:59:48Z

KellyeZimmermann: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Indrajeet Prasad Gupta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|1|1}} 
| birth_place = Patauna, [[Jamui district]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Indian Inclusive Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Saharsa Assembly constituency|Saharsa]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| predecessor = [[Alok Ranjan Jha]]
| office1 = National President of the [[Indian Inclusive Party]]
| term_start1 = 11 October 2025
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| image =
| term_end = Present
}}

'''Indrajeet Prasad Gupta''' (born c. 1970), also known as '''Er I P Gupta''', is an Indian politician and the National President of the [[Indian Inclusive Party]]. He currently serves as the Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from the [[Saharsa Assembly constituency]].

He won the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election with 115,036 votes, defeating BJP candidate Alok Ranjan Jha, who secured 112,998 votes, giving Gupta a victory margin of 2,038 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0475.htm|title=Saharsa Assembly Constituency 2025 Result – ECI}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gupta hails from Patauna in Jamui district, Bihar. He completed his M.Tech. in Civil Engineering from [[Maharshi Dayanand University|M.D.U. Rohtak]], Haryana, in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1428|title=MyNeta Candidate Profile – Bihar 2025}}</ref> He is a successful businessmen and according the most recent property details he submitted to election commission of India, he has property worth more than Rs 35 Crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrajeet Prasad Gupta(Indian Inclusive Party):Constituency- SAHARSA(SAHARSA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1428 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early elections ===
In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Gupta contested from the [[Sikandra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Sikandra]] as an Independent candidate.
He received 7,576 votes and secured the 5th position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10455|title=MyNeta – Sikandra 2020}}</ref> At that time he was member of Lok Janshakti Party<ref>{{Cite news |title=लोजपा में शामिल हुए पान महासंघ के अध्यक्ष आईपी गुप्ता, राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष ने दिलाई सदस्यता |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/jamui/news/pan-gupta-federation-president-ip-gupta-joins-ljp-national-president-gives-membership-074556-5987623.html |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> One year after defeat in Bihar Assembly Election 2020, he joined Indian National Congress in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-29 |title=Meet new Opposition ally I P Gupta: Ex-Congress leader who planted feet at Gandhi Maidan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/meet-new-opposition-ally-i-p-gupta-ex-congress-leader-who-planted-feet-at-gandhi-maidan-10332878/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Akhil Bhartiye Pan Mahasangh ===
I P Gupta has been national president of All India Pan Mahasangh, a pan india caste organisation of Pan, Tanti, Tatwa caste.<ref>{{Cite web |title='यह हमारे समाज की राजनीतिक चेतना का युग है' : अखिल भारतीय पान महासंघ के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष इंद्रजीत प्रसाद गुप्ता |url=https://hindi.caravanmagazine.in/politics/politics-election-caste-reservation-interview-hindi |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=hindi.caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Formation of the Indian Inclusive Party ===
Gupta quit the Indian National Congress on 7 April 2025 after meeting Rahul Gandhi in Delhi. After that he organised a massive rally of Pan Caste in Gandhi Maidan, Patna on 13 April 2025. This rally was against the decision of government to cancel SC status to Pan caste in Bihar. I P Gupta announced the formation of Indian Inqlab Party that later renamed as [[Indian Inclusive Party]], (IIP), on 13 April 2025 in Gandhi Maidan itself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-13 |title=Caste rallies gain momentum ahead of polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/caste-rallies-gain-momentum-ahead-of-polls/articleshow/120257273.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He became the national president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=Bihar Politics: गांधी मैदान में पान समाज की रैली से बिहार की सियासत में नई हलचल, आईपी गुप्ता ने किया नई पार्टी का ऐलान |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/ip-gupta-announced-new-party-before-bihar-election-in-patna-2025 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

Indian Inclusive Party joined I.N.D.I.A after meeting Rahul Gandhi and Tejaswi Yadav and got three seats in Bihar Assembly election 2025. These three seats were Saharsa, Jamalpur and Beldaur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-29 |title=Meet new Opposition ally I P Gupta: Ex-Congress leader who planted feet at Gandhi Maidan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/meet-new-opposition-ally-i-p-gupta-ex-congress-leader-who-planted-feet-at-gandhi-maidan-10332878/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Saharsa MLA (2025–present) ===
Gupta contested the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Saharsa on an IIP ticket and won by a narrow margin of 2,038 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patnapress.com/bihar-election-ip-gupta-saharsa-win/|title=I P Gupta wins Saharsa seat – Patna Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results November-2025 Assembly Constituency 75 - SAHARSA (Bihar) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0475.htm |access-date=18 November 2011 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Indrajeet Prasad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:People from Jamui district]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Thiruvananthapuram Swarna Jayanti Express

2026-04-26T15:36:50Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Swarna Jayanti Superfast Express
| image= Swarna Jayanthi SF (25431383915).jpg
| caption = Trivandrum Swarna Jayanti Express
| type = [[Swarna Jayanti Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1997|08|28}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}
| stops = 30 as 12643 and 29 as 12644
| end = {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
| distance = {{convert|3018|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 52 hours 25 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 1 tier, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12643 / 12644
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:Kerala Express and Swarnajayanthi Express (Trivandrum - New Delhi) Route map.jpg|280px]]
| map_state =
}}
The 12643 / 44 '''Swarna Jayanti Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} and {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Sleeper-coaches-added-to-trains-from-today/article14585941.ece | title= Sleeper coaches added to trains from today | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 August 2016 | access-date=30 March 2019 }}</ref>

It operates as train number 12643 from {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} to {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} and as train number 12644 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]].

==Coaches==
The 12643 / 44 '''Swarna Jayanti Superfast Express''' gets an [[LHB coach]]es and it has one AC 2-tier, five AC 3-tier, 11 Sleeper Class, two general unreserved and two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches and two high capacity parcel van coaches. It carries a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
•The 12643 {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} - {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} '''Swarna Jayanti Superfast Express''' covers the distance of {{convert|3018|km|0|abbr=on}} in 50 hours 55 mins (59 km/h) and in 53 hours 45 mins (56 km/h) as the 12644 {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} - {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} '''Swarna Jayanti Superfast Express'''.

• '''12643''' express departs '''TVC''' on '''Tuesdays and''' arrives '''NZM''' on '''Thursday.'''

• '''12644''' express departs '''NZM''' on '''Fridays and''' arrives '''TVC''' on '''Sunday.'''

• This train runs on a '''weekly''' basis.

As the average speed of the train is higher than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 12643 / 44 '''Swarna Jayanti Superfast Express''' runs from {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} via {{rws|Kollam Junction}},
{{rws|Alappuzha}},
{{rws|Ernakulam Junction}},
{{rws|Palakkad Junction}},
{{rws|Coimbatore Junction}},
{{rws|Erode Junction}}, {{rws|Renigunta Junction}}, {{rws|Vijayawada Junction}}, {{rws|Nagpur Junction}}, {{rws|Itarsi Junction}},
{{rws|Bhopal Junction}},
{{rws|Jhansi Junction}}, {{rws|Gwalior Junction}}, {{rws|Agra Cantonment}} to {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}.

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified, an {{rws|Erode Junction}} or {{rws|Royapuram}} based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] or
[[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive powers the train end-to-end.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/thiruvananthapuram-central-h-nizamuddin-swarna-jayanti-sf-express-12643/1201/59/748 12643 Swarna Jayanti Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/delhi-hazrat-nizamuddin-thiruvananthapuram-central-swarna-jayanti-express-12644/1962/748/59 12644 Swarna Jayanti Express] at India Rail Info

{{Swarna Jayanti Express}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Central India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Swarna Jayanti Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

1951–52 Indian general election

2026-04-26T06:57:03Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election
| previous_year = 1946
| next_election = 1957 Indian general election
| next_year = 1957
| election_date = {{nowrap|25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952}}
| seats_for_election = 489 of the 499 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|Ten members were appointed, including six representing [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], two representing [[Anglo-Indians]], one representing Part B tribal areas in [[Assam]] and one representing the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]}}
| majority_seats = 245
| registered = 173,212,343
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg
| leader1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| seats1 = '''364'''
| popular_vote1 = '''47,665,951'''
| percentage1 = '''44.99%'''
| image2 = {{eppt|Communist Party of India}}
| leader2 = [[Ajoy Ghosh]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| seats2 = 16
| popular_vote2 = 3,487,401
| percentage2 = 3.29%
| image4 = Acharya Narendra Deva.jpg
| leader4 = [[Narendra Deva]]
| party4 = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
| seats4 = 12
| popular_vote4 = 11,216,719
| percentage4 = 10.59%
| image5 = Acharya_Kripalani_1989_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg
| leader5 = [[J. B. Kripalani]]
| party5 = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
| seats5 = 9
| popular_vote5 = 6,135,978
| percentage5 = 5.79%
| map_image = Indian General Election 1951–1952.svg
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| elected_members = List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] between 25 October 1951 and 21 February 1952, the first national elections after India gained [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Indian Express|title=How India pulled off its first general election|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-first-general-election-nehru-9265134/|accessdate=14 April 2024|date=12 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/voting-period-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-longest-since-first-general-elections/articleshow/108550976.cms|title=Lok Sabha polls 2024 to have longest voting period since first general elections|date=16 March 2024|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=17 March 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317033515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/voting-period-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-longest-since-first-general-elections/articleshow/108550976.cms|archive-date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Voting Period Of 2024 Lok Sabha Polls Longest Since First General Elections|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/voting-period-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-longest-since-first-general-elections-of-1951-52-5251674|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317033515/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/voting-period-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-longest-since-first-general-elections-of-1951-52-5251674|archive-date=17 March 2024|access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> Voters elected 489 members of the [[1st Lok Sabha|first Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]]. Elections to most of the [[1951–52 elections in India#Legislative Assembly elections|state legislatures]] were held simultaneously.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Hindu|first1=|title=Elections that shaped India {{!}} The first general elections: a free country in full bloom|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/first-general-elections-of-india-the-free-country-in-full-bloom/article67702823.ece|accessdate=14 April 2024|date=28 March 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref> It was the first Indian election with full universal franchise.

The elections were conducted under the provisions of the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] adopted on 26 November 1949. After the adoption of the constitution, the Constituent Assembly continued to act as the interim parliament, while an interim cabinet was headed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. An Election Commission was created in 1949 and in March 1950 [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]] was appointed as the first [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]]. A month later parliament passed the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951|Representation of the People Act]] which set out how the elections for parliament and state legislatures would be conducted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |date=2022 |publisher=Picador India |isbn=978-93-82616-97-9 |edition=10th anniversary edition, updated and expanded, first published in hardcover |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The 489 elected seats of the [[Lok Sabha]] were allotted across 401 constituencies in 25 states. There were 314 constituencies electing one member using the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] system. 86 constituencies elected two members, one from the general category and one from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes]]. There was one constituency with three elected representatives.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|archive-date=8 October 2014|access-date=12 January 2010|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=6}}</ref> The multi-seat constituencies were created as reserved seats for backward sections of society, and were abolished in the 1960s. The constitution at this time also provided for two Anglo-Indian members to be nominated by the [[President of India]].

A total of 1,949 candidates competed for 489 elected seats in the Lok Sabha. Each candidate was allotted a different coloured ballot box at the polling booth, on which the candidate's name and symbol were written. 16,500 clerks were appointed on a contract of six months to type and collate the electorate rolls and 380,000 reams of paper were used for printing the rolls.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pareek|first=Shabdita|date=2016-01-25|title=This Is How The First General Elections Were Held in Independent India|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/This-Is-How-The-First-General-Elections-Were-Held-In-Independent-India/|access-date=2018-12-21|website=ScoopWhoop|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230604/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/This-Is-How-The-First-General-Elections-Were-Held-In-Independent-India/|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 173,212,343 voters were registered (excluding [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) out of a population of 361,088,090 according to the [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]], making it the largest election conducted at the time. All Indian citizens over the age of 21 were eligible to vote.

Due to the harsh climate and challenging logistics, the election was held in 68 phases.<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-04-28|title=Interesting Facts About India's First General Elections|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/interesting-facts-about-indias-first-general-elections-144418.html|access-date=2018-12-21|website=indiatimes.com|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230737/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/interesting-facts-about-indias-first-general-elections-144418.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 196,084 polling booths were set up, of which 27,527 booths were reserved for women. The majority of voting took place in early 1952, but [[Himachal Pradesh]] voted in 1951 as its weather was commonly inclement in February and March, with heavy snow impending free movement.<ref name="DH">[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/289003/indias-first-voter-himachal-pradesh.html India's first voter in Himachal Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706100617/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/289003/indias-first-voter-himachal-pradesh.html |date=6 July 2017 }}, by Gautam Dhmeer, in the ''[[Deccan Herald]]''; published 30 October 2012; retrieved 7 April 2014</ref> The remainder of states voted in February–March 1952, except for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], where no voting took place for Lok Sabha seats until 1967. The first votes of the election were cast in the [[tehsil]] (district) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book|author=Ramachandra Guha|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|year=2008|publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-095858-9}}</ref>
[[File:A Congress procession including bullocks and a flag - a pair of bullocks was the election symbol of the Congress Party in 1952.jpg|thumb|A Congress procession including bullocks and a flag - a pair of bullocks was the election symbol of the Congress Party in 1952]]
[[File:A front view of Congress Party election procession featuring a pair of bullocks - the symbol of the Congress Party in 1952.jpg|thumb|A front view of Congress Party election procession featuring a pair of bullocks - the symbol of the Congress Party in 1952]]
[[File:A truck fitted with the model of a Hut, the election symbol of the K.M.P.P. Party (1952).jpg|thumb|A truck fitted with the model of a Hut in 1952, the election symbol of the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]]]
The result was a landslide victory for the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), which received 45% of the vote and won 364 of the 489 elected seats. The second-placed [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] received only 11% of the vote and won twelve seats. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the first democratically elected [[Prime minister of India|Prime Minister]] of the country.

==Contesting parties==
A total of 53 parties and 533 independents contested the 489 seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/general-elections-308073-2016-02-10 |title=First general elections in India: All you need to know |date=10 February 2016 |website=India Today |access-date=2018-12-21 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721131533/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/general-elections-308073-2016-02-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several ministers resigned from their posts and formed their own parties to contest the elections. [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] established the [[Jana Sangh]] in October 1951 and Law Minister [[B. R. Ambedkar]] revived the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] (which was later named the [[Republican Party of India|Republican Party]]). Congress party president [[Purushottam Das Tandon]] resigned from his post because of differences with Nehru.<ref name="Weiner2015">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xz_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 |title=Party Politics in India |first=Myron |last=Weiner |author-link=Myron Weiner |date=8 December 2015 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-7841-3 |pages=78–79 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330152556/https://books.google.com/books?id=xz_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">Varshney, Ashutosh. 28 March 2015. "[http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/faults-and-lines/99/ Faults and lines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031455/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/faults-and-lines/99/ |date=16 December 2018 }}." ''[[The Indian Express]]''. Retrieved on 16 June 2020.</ref>

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1952.svg|300px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=47665951|seats1=364
|party2=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2=11216719|seats2=12
|party3=[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes3=6135978|seats3=9
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=3487401|seats4=16
|party5=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes5=3246361|seats5=3
|party6=[[Scheduled Castes Federation]]|votes6=2521695|seats6=2
|party7=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes7=2091898|seats7=3
|party8=[[Krishikar Lok Party]]|votes8=1489615|seats8=1
|party9=[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]|votes9=1367404|seats9=7
|party10=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes10=1047611|seats10=4
|party11=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes11=1003034|seats11=4
|party12=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes12=992187|seats12=2
|party13=[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]|votes13=963058|seats13=1
|party14=[[All India Ganatantra Parishad]]|votes14=959749|seats14=6
|party15=[[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party]]|votes15=889292|seats15=4
|party16=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes16=749702|seats16=3
|party17=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes17=468108|seats17=3
|party18=[[Commonweal Party]]|votes18=325398|seats18=3
|party19=[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]|votes19=309940|seats19=2
|party20=Zamindar Party|votes20=291300|seats20=0
|party21=[[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]]|votes21=236094|seats21=1
|party22=[[Uttar Pradesh Praja Party]]|votes22=213656|seats22=0
|party23=S.K. Paksha|votes23=137343|seats23=0
|party24=[[All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)]]|votes24=133936|seats24=0
|party25=[[Kamgar Kisan Paksha]]|votes25=132574|seats25=0
|party26=Tribal Sangha|votes26=116629|seats26=0
|party27=[[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]]|votes27=115893|seats27=1
|party28=[[Kerala Socialist Party]]|votes28=102098|seats28=0
|party29=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes29=79470|seats29=1
|party30=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]|votes30=67275|seats30=0
|party31=[[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]|votes31=63254|seats31=0
|party32=[[All India United Kisan Sabha]]|votes32=60254|seats32=0
|party33=All India Republican Party (RPP)|votes33=57815|seats33=0
|party34=All India Republican Party (REP)|votes34=44286|seats34=0
|party35=[[All People's Party (Assam)|All People's Party]]|votes35=36851|seats35=0
|party36=Tamil Nadu Congress Party|votes36=36158|seats36=0
|party37=Khasi-Jaintia Durbar|votes37=32987|seats37=0
|party38=[[Saurashtra Khedut Sangh]]|votes38=29766|seats38=0
|party39=[[Bolshevik Party of India]]|votes39=25792|seats39=0
|party40=All Manipur National Union|votes40=22083|seats40=0
|party41=[[Uttar Pradesh Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes41=20665|seats41=0
|party42=Hill People Party|votes42=17350|seats42=0
|party43=[[Krishak Sramik Party|Praja Party]]|votes43=16955|seats43=0
|party44=Kuki National Association|votes44=12155|seats44=0
|party45=Punjab Depressed Class League|votes45=11789|seats45=0
|party46=[[Pursharathi Panchayat]]|votes46=10778|seats46=0
|party47=[[Cochin Party]]|votes47=8947|seats47=0
|party48=[[Kisan Mazdoor Mandal]]|votes48=8808|seats48=0
|party49=[[Hyderabad State Praja Party]]|votes49=7646|seats49=0
|party50=Gandhi Sebak Seva|votes50=7196|seats50=0
|party51=Kisan Janta Sanyukta Party|votes51=6390|seats51=0
|party52=National Party of India|votes52=3232|seats52=0
|party53=Historical Research|votes53=1468|seats53=0
|party54=Independents|votes54=16850089|seats54=37
|row55=Appointed members{{efn|Six representing [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], two representing [[Anglo-Indians]], one representing Part B tribal areas in [[Assam]] and one representing the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].}}|seats55=10
|electorate=173212343
|turnout=
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9734&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}{{notelist}}

===Results by state===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
! rowspan="3" |State
! rowspan="3" |Total seats
! colspan="13" |Seats won
|-
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|SPI]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|PDF]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[All India Ganatantra Parishad|GP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad|RRP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Scheduled Castes Federation|SCF]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Krishikar Lok Party|KLP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |Others
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |Ind.
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |App.
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Scheduled Castes Federation}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Krishikar Lok Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Others}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};;" |
!
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Assam]]
!13
|11
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Ajmer State|Ajmer]]
!2
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bhopal State (1949–1956)|Bhopal]]
!2
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bihar]]
!55
|45
|
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|6
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bombay State|Bombay]]
!45
|40
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|1
|3
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Coorg State|Coorg]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Delhi]]
!4
|3
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
!3
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad]]
!25
|14
|
|1
|
|7
|
|
|
|1
|
|1
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
!6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|6
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kutch State|Kutch]]
!2
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Madhya Bharat]]
!11
|9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
!29
|27
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Madras State|Madras]]
!75
|35
|8
|2
|6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|9
|15
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Manipur]]
!2
|1
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Mysore State|Mysore]]
!11
|10
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Orissa]]
!20
|11
|1
|1
|
|
|6
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]]
!5
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[East Punjab|Punjab]]
!18
|16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Rajasthan]]
!20
|9
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|3
|
|1
|
|6
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]
!6
|6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Travancore–Cochin]]
!12
|6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|4
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tripura]]
!2
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
!86
|81
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Vindhya Pradesh]]
!6
|4
|
|1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[West Bengal]]
!34
|21
|5
|
|
|
|
|2
|
|
|
|3
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]]
!2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Total
!499
!364
!16
!12
!9
!7
!6
!3
!3
!2
!1
!29
!37
!10
|-
! colspan="15" |
|-
| colspan="15" |Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF ECI]
|}

====Assam====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1210707|seats1 = 11
|party2 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 506943|seats2 = 1
|party3 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes3 = 265687|seats3 = 0
|party4 = Independents|votes4 = 363670|seats4 = 0
|party5 = Other parties|votes5 = 300120|seats5 = 0
|}}

====Bihar====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=4573058|seats1=45
|party2 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 2126066|seats2 = 3
|party3 = [[Jharkhand Party]]|votes3 = 749702|seats3 = 3
|party4 = [[Lok Sewak Sangh]]|votes4 = 309940|seats4 = 2
|party5 = [[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]]|votes5 = 236094|seats5 = 1
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 1306660|seats6 = 1
|party7 = Other parties|votes7 = 690931|seats7 = 0
|}}

====Bombay====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 5781277|seats1 = 40
|party2 = Independents|votes2 = 1380484|seats2 = 3
|party3 = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes3 = 807019|seats3 = 1
|party4 = [[Republican Party of India|Scheduled Caste Federation]]|votes4 = 511028|seats4 = 1
|party5 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes5 = 1682494|seats5 = 0
|party6 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes6 = 639788|seats6 = 0
|party7 = Other parties|votes7 = 726200 |seats7 = 0
|}}

====Madhya Pradesh====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 3713537|seats1 = 27
|party2 = Independents|votes2 = 858407|seats2 = 2
|party3 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes3 = 451749|seats3 = 0
|party4 = [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes4 = 396661|seats4 = 0
|party5 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes5 = 877392|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Other parties|votes6 = 894845 |seats6 = 0
|}}

====Madras====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 7253452|seats1 = 35
|party2 = Independents|votes2 = 4614210|seats2 = 15
|party3 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes3 = 1783407|seats3 = 8
|party4 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes4 = 1952197|seats4 = 6
|party5 = [[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party]]|votes5 = 889292|seats5 = 4
|party6 = [[Commonweal Party]]|votes6 = 325398|seats6 = 3
|party7 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes7 = 1055423|seats7 = 2
|party8 = [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)]]|votes8 = 332196|seats8 = 1
|party9 = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes9 = 79470|seats9 = 1
|party10 = Other parties|votes10 = 1649116|seats10 = 0
}}

====Orissa====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 1555787|seats1 = 11
|party2 = [[All India Ganatantra Parishad]]|votes2 = 959749|seats2 = 6
|party3 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes3 = 563462|seats3 = 1
|party4 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes4 = 211303|seats4 = 1
|party5 = Independents|votes5 = 316538|seats5 = 1
|party6 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes6 = 52654|seats6 = 0
}}

====Punjab====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 2134586|seats1 = 16
|party2 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes2 = 569973|seats2 = 2
|party3 = [[Zamindar Party]]|votes3 = 291300|seats3 = 0
|party4 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4 = 279639|seats4 = 0
|party5 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes5 = 251623|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 930383|seats6 = 0
|party7 = Other parties|votes7 = 534834|seats7 = 0
}}

====Uttar Pradesh====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 9047392|seats1 = 81
|party2 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 2208678|seats2 = 2
|party3 = Independents|votes3 = 1936383|seats3 = 2
|party4 = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes4 = 325601|seats4 = 1
|party5 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes5 = 1244099|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Other parties|votes6 = 2312822|seats6 = 0
}}

====West Bengal====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 3205162|seats1 = 24
|party2 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes2 = 720304|seats2 = 5
|party3 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3 = 452279|seats3 = 2
|party4 = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 183005|seats4 = 2
|party5 = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes5 = 324870|seats5 = 1
|party6 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes6 = 679149|seats6 = 0
|party7 = Independents|votes7 = 1405747|seats7 = 0
|party8 = Other parties|votes8 = 643417|seats8 = 0
}}

====Hyderabad====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 1945798|seats1 = 14
|party2 = [[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]|votes2 = 1367404|seats2 = 7
|party3 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes3 = 651316|seats3 = 1
|party4 = [[Republican Party of India|Scheduled Caste Federation]]|votes4 = 308591|seats4 = 1
|party5 = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes5 = 185168|seats5 = 1
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 388939|seats6 = 1
|party7 = [[Hyderabad State Praja Party]]|votes7 = 7646|seats7 = 0
}}

====Madhya Bharat====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 992159|seats1 = 9
|party2 = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes2 = 122213|seats2 = 2
|party3 = [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes3 = 278475|seats3 = 0
|party4 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 268399|seats4 = 0
|party5 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes5 = 188569|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Other parties|votes6 = 103756|seats6 = 0
}}

====Mysore====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 1509075|seats1 = 10
|party2 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes2 = 650658|seats2 = 1
|party3 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes3 = 181430|seats3 = 0
|party4 = Independents|votes4 = 292472|seats4 = 0
|party5 = Other parties|votes5 = 190792|seats5 = 0
}}

====Patiala and East Punjab States Union====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 492408|seats1 = 2
|party2 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes2 = 477638|seats2 = 2
|party3 = Independents|votes3 = 311635|seats3 = 1
|party4 = Other parties|votes4 = 193431|seats4 = 0
}}

====Rajasthan====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 1460971|seats1 = 9
|party2 = Independents|votes2 = 1028388|seats2 = 6
|party3 = [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes3 = 331760|seats3 = 3
|party4 = [[Krishikar Lok Party]]|votes4 = 356630|seats4 = 1
|party5 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes5 = 107089|seats5 = 1
|party6 = Other parties|votes6 = 242119|seats6 = 0
}}

====Saurashtra====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 506112|seats1 = 6
|party2 = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes2 = 99311|seats2 = 0
|party3 = Independents|votes3 = 58343|seats3 = 0
|party4 = Other parties|votes4 = 98939|seats4 = 0
}}

====Travancore Cochin====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 1224533|seats1 = 6
|party2 = Independents|votes2 = 1265051|seats2 = 4
|party3 = [[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]]|votes3 = 115893|seats3 = 1
|party4 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 459669|seats4 = 0
|party5 = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes5 = 220312|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Other parties|votes6 = 205018|seats6 = 0
}}

====Ajmer====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 89761|seats1 = 2
|party2 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2 = 28990|seats2 = 0
|party3 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes3 = 25128|seats3 = 0
|party4 = [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes4 = 13624|seats4 = 0
|party5 = [[Pursharathi Panchayat]]|votes5 = 10778|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 10718|seats6 = 0
}}

====Bhopal====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 97292|seats1 = 2
|party2 = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes2 = 34712|seats2 = 0
|party3 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Mandal]]|votes3 = 8808|seats3 = 0
|party4 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 3329|seats4 = 0
|party5 = Independents|votes5 = 25316|seats6 = 0
}}

====Bislaspur====
{{Election results
|party1 = Independents|votes1 = |seats1 = 1
}}

''Bilaspur constituency was uncontested''

====Coorg====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 38063|seats1 = 1
|party2 = Independents|votes2 = 25750|seats2 = 0
}}

====Delhi====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 324214|seats1 = 3
|party2 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes2 = 47735|seats2 = 1
|party3 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3 = 169997|seats3 = 0
|party4 = Independents|votes4 = 83045|seats4 = 0
|party5 = Other parties|votes5 = 30909|seats5 = 0
}}

====Himachal Pradesh====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 117036|seats1 = 3
|party2 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes2 = 27368|seats2 = 0
|party3 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3 = 23918|seats3 = 0
|party4 = [[Republican Party of India|Scheduled Caste Federation]]|votes4 = 18988|seats4 = 0
|party5 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes5 = 16780|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 19099|seats6 = 0
}}

====Kutch====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 78771|seats1 = 2
|party2 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 5985|seats2 = 0
|party3 = Independents|votes3 = 34824|seats3 = 0
}}

====Manipur====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 36317|seats1 = 1
|party2 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 29372|seats2 = 1
|party3 = [[All Manipur National Union]]|votes3 = 22083|seats3 = 0
|party4 = [[Praja Party]]|votes4 = 16955|seats4 = 0
|party5 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes5 = 13184|seats5 = 0
|party6 = [[Kuki National Association]]|votes6 = 12155|seats6 = 0
|party7 = Independents|votes7 = 13737|seats7 = 0
|party8 = Other parties|votes8 = 8664|seats8 = 0
}}

====Tripura====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes1 = 96458|seats1 = 2
|party2 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes2 = 40263|seats2 = 0
|party3 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3 = 9663|seats3 = 0
|party4 = Independents|votes4 = 10987|seats4 = 0
}}

====Vindhya Pradesh====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 238220|seats1 = 4
|party2 = [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 125480|seats2 = 1
|party3 = [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes3 = 106071|seats3 = 1
|party4 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4 = 89701|seats4 = 0
|party5 = Independents|votes5 = 94911|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Other parties|votes6 = 51455|seats6 = 0
}}

==Government formation==
The speaker of the first Lok Sabha was [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]]. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings (3,784 hours), the highest recorded count of the number of sitting hours. The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957.

==Notable losses==
First Law Minister [[B. R. Ambedkar]] was defeated in the [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bombay (North Central)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/election-anecdote-when-br-ambedkar-lost-in-first-lok-sabha-polls_929706.html |title=(reserved seat) |date=4 May 2014 |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216062618/http://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/election-anecdote-when-br-ambedkar-lost-in-first-lok-sabha-polls_929706.html |url-status=live }}</ref> constituency as [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate [[Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar]], who polled 138,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 123,576 votes.<ref name=Guha/>{{rp|156}} Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a [[Rajya Sabha]] member. He contested a by-poll from [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara]] in 1954 in another attempt to enter the Lok Sabha, but again lost, standing third behind [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] winner [[Asoka Mehta|Ashok Mehta]] & Congress runner-up B. N. Arjun.

[[Acharya Kripalani]] lost from [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]] candidate, but his wife [[Sucheta Kripalani]] defeated the Congress candidate [[Manmohini Sahgal]] in [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=David Gilmartin |editor=Anastasia Pivliavsky |title=Patronage as Politics in South Asia |chapter=Chapter 5: The paradox of patronage and the people's sovereignty |pages=151–152 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-05608-4}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha]]
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[1952 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Guha, Ramachandra. "Democracy's Biggest Gamble", ''World Policy Journal'', (Spring 2002) 19#1 pp. 95–103

{{Indian elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1951-52 Indian general election}}
[[Category:1951 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:1951 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

List of subdivisions of West Bengal

2026-04-23T16:02:58Z

KellyeZimmermann: Created basic info from scratch

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}

'''Subdivision''' is an administrative unit below [[List of districts of West Bengal|district]] level and above the [[Community development block in India|block]] or Tehsil level in the state [[West Bengal]] of India. Presently there are 69 subdivisions in 23 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.brandbharat.com/english/bihar/sub_divisions_of_bihar.html |title= Administrative Sub-Divisions of West Bengal State, India |date= |website= www.brandbharat.com |publisher= |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> Subdivisions are a group of blocks and it is administered by Sub-divisional Officer (SDO) also called as [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate (India)|Sub-divisional Magistrate]] (SDM).
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Districts
! Subdivisions
|-
|[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|[[Alipurduar subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|[[Bankura Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Bishnupur subdivision]]
|-
|[[Khatra subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|[[Bolpur subdivision]]
|-
|[[Rampurhat subdivision]]
|-
|[[Suri Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|[[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Dinhata subdivision]]
|-
|[[Mathabhanga subdivision]]
|-
|[[Mekhliganj subdivision]]
|-
|[[Tufanganj subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|[[Balurghat subdivision]]
|-
|[[Gangarampur subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|[[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Kurseong subdivision]]
|-
|[[Mirik subdivision]]
|-
|[[Siliguri subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|[[Arambag subdivision]]
|-
|[[Chandannagore subdivision]]
|-
|[[Chinsurah subdivision|Chinsurah Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Srirampore subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|[[Howrah Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Uluberia subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|[[Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Malbazar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Dhupguri subdivision]]
|-
| [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|[[Jhargram subdivision]]
|-
| [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
|[[Kalimpong subdivision]]
|-
| [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| -
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Malda district|Malda]]
|[[Chanchal subdivision]]
|-
|[[Malda Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|[[Berhampore subdivision]]
|-
|[[Domkal subdivision]]
|-
|[[Jangipur subdivision]]
|-
|[[Kandi subdivision]]
|-
|[[Lalbag subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|[[Kalyani subdivision]]
|-
|[[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Ranaghat subdivision]]
|-
|[[Tehatta subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|[[Bangaon subdivision]]
|-
|[[Barasat Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore subdivision]]
|-
|[[Basirhat subdivision]]
|-
|[[Bidhannagar subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|[[Asansol Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|[[Ghatal subdivision]]
|-
|[[Kharagpur subdivision]]
|-
|[[Medinipur Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|[[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]]
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision]]
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision]]
|-
|[[Katwa subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|[[Contai subdivision]]
|-
|[[Egra subdivision]]
|-
|[[Haldia subdivision]]
|-
|[[Tamluk subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|[[Jhalda subdivision]]
|-
|[[Manbazar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Purulia Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Raghunathpur subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
|[[Alipore Sadar subdivision]]
|-
|[[Baruipur subdivision]]
|-
|[[Canning subdivision]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision]]
|-
|[[Kakdwip subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|[[Islampur subdivision]]
|-
|[[Raiganj subdivision]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Districts of West Bengal]]
*[[Divisions of West Bengal]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal| 1st in list]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|West Bengal ]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|Subdivisions]]

Charleville Mansion, Shimla

2026-04-22T16:20:20Z

KellyeZimmermann: adding new post

{{Short description|Colonial-era residence in India}}
{{Self-published|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Charleville Mansion
| image =
| caption = Colonial-era residence in Shimla
| status = Renovated; Private residence
| building_type = Residential
| architectural_style = Victorian hill architecture
| location = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| location_country = India
| altitude =
| years_built =
| renovation_date =
| material =
| known_for =
}}
'''Charleville Mansion''' is a colonial-era residence located in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Most Haunted: Charleville Mansion in Shimla {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/indias-most-haunted-charleville-mansion-in-shimla-3234568/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghost Stories Of Shimla: Explore The Most Haunted Spots In The Himalayas! |url=https://travel.india.com/guide/destination/ghost-stories-of-shimla-explore-the-most-haunted-spots-in-the-himalayas-7283626/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sahil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QW48EAAAQBAJ&q=Charleville+mansion |title=Charleville Mansion |date=2021-08-09 |publisher=Booksclinic Publishing |isbn=978-93-90655-90-8 |language=en}}</ref> It was constructed in 1913 and rented by British officer Victor Bayley,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surveillance from behind! The 'ghost' of a British officer roams! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/know-all-about-indias-haunted-mansion-the-charleville-mansion-in-shimla-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1503923?slide=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unveiling the Eerie Charms: Exploring the Haunted Places in Shimla |url=https://www.hireacamp.com/campzine/unveiling-the-eerie-charms-exploring-the-haunted-places-in-shimla |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.hireacamp.com |language=en}}</ref> appointed Assistant Secretary of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board]] and posted to Shimla in the same year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Namrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkqCDwAAQBAJ&dq=Charleville+mansion+shimla&pg=PA81 |title=The Chorus of the body The Symphony of the Soul: Understanding that We are Souls with a Body and not Bodies with a Soul |date=2019-01-20 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref> The building is an example of late Victorian-era hill architecture in India. According to local historical accounts, the mansion is associated with legends of paranormal activity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Rahul |date=2023-04-08 |title=Haunted Shimla: Exploring the Spooky Ghost Stories of the Hill Station |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2023/04/haunted-shimla-exploring-the-spooky-ghost-stories-of-the-hill-station/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Priya|title=Shimla's most haunted: Must visit places for the ghost hunters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/shimlas-most-haunted-must-visit-places-for-the-ghost-hunters/articleshow/110367874.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=The Haunted Charleville Mansion in Shimla - Moon Mausoleum |url=https://moonmausoleum.com/the-haunted-charleville-mansion-in-shimla/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=moonmausoleum.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

Charleville Mansion dates to the [[British Raj|British colonial period]], though details of its original construction are not well documented. Some accounts suggest it was built in the late 19th century (soon after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghosts of the British Raj {{!}} M.P. Pellicer |url=http://www.storiesofthesupernatural.info/9/post/2024/04/ghosts-of-the-british-raj.html |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Stories of the Supernatural |language=en}}</ref> By the early 20th century it was used as a private residence. In October 1913, Victor Bayley, a [[Railway Mania|British railway]] official who had just been appointed Assistant Secretary to the Railway Board in Shimla, and his wife took up residence at Charleville Mansion. Bayley’s family rented the house for the summer season of 1913, choosing it for its views and comparatively low rent (Shimla was the summer capital of India at that time).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satpathy |first=Kriti Saraswat |title=India's Most Haunted: Charleville Mansion in Shimla {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/indias-most-haunted-charleville-mansion-in-shimla-3234568/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> Legends hold that after a few months the couple abandoned the house. ''Times of India travel'' writing recounts that Bayley and his wife "had to vacate it when they realised it was haunted".<ref name="Duttagupta">{{Cite news |last=Duttagupta |first=Samonway|title=Watched Annabelle? Now dare to spend a night in one of these haunted houses in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/watched-annabelle-now-dare-to-spend-a-night-in-one-of-these-haunted-houses-in-india/articleshow/60292300.cms |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The story goes that Bayley had heard rumors of a [[poltergeist]] in the house and decided to lock one upper room as a test. The next morning he found that room had been utterly destroyed and its contents scattered, with no explanation. Whether due to these frightening events or simply the end of the season, Bayley left Shimla later in 1913 and did not return. Thereafter, few people are recorded to have lived there for long periods; in subsequent decades it passed through private hands but remained largely vacant.<ref name="HIMT">{{Cite web |last=Himtimes |date=2022-12-20 |title=Himachal's Most Haunted and Invisible Mansion |url=https://himtimes.com/himachals-most-haunted-and-invisible-mansion/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Himtimes |language=en-US}}</ref>

After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, ownership of Charleville Mansion passed out of British hands. In the mid-20th century it came under Indian private ownership, and for many years was left mostly unused and derelict. Local accounts and later travel write-ups indicate the property lay abandoned and fell into disrepair through much of the late 20th century. The exact history of its owners in the post-colonial era is not well documented in published sources. In recent years the mansion has been acquired by an Indian owner and reportedly renovated, though it remains largely closed to the public.<ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Sukanya |date=2021-11-03 |title=7 Haunted Places In Shimla For Your 2025 Trip! {{!}} TravelTriangle |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/haunted-places-in-shimla/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Architecture and design ==
Charleville Mansion exemplifies the colonial "[[Victorian architecture]]" of summer cottages built in the Himalayas by British officials. The building is two stories tall, with broad verandahs and gabled roofs typical of [[hill station]] bungalows of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Haunted Places to Explore in Shimla |url=https://www.indiahighlight.com/article/top-haunted-places-to-explore-in-shimla-40 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Highlight |language=en}}</ref> It stands set back from the main Shimla Ridge, surrounded by dense pine and oak woodland. The exterior walls are constructed of stone, and the roof is made of pitched corrugated sheet; ornamental elements of wood trim and columned porch reflect late-19th-century British design. Photographs show a symmetrical façade with shuttered windows and a central entrance [[Veranda|verandah]], giving it the appearance of a small castle or manor. Though its architectural details have suffered from years of neglect, the basic form – a compact two-level villa with a broad veranda remains intact. After its recent refurbishment, sources say the mansion has been restored largely in its original style.<ref name="Sen"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1913]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimla]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted houses]]
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]

South African cricket team in India in 2025–26

2026-04-22T14:00:56Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up Initial Data Basic Info

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|South Africa A cricket team in India in 2025–26}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = South African cricket team in India in 2025–26
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 14 November
| to_date = 19 December 2025
| team1_captain = [[Shubman Gill]]{{efn|name="Pant"|[[Rishabh Pant]] captained India in the 2nd Test.}} (Tests) [[KL Rahul]] (ODIs) [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Temba Bavuma]]{{efn|name="Markram"|[[Aiden Markram]] captained South Africa in the 1st ODI.}} (Tests & ODIs) [[Aiden Markram]] (T20Is)
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Washington Sundar]] (124)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Tristan Stubbs]] (163)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (10)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Simon Harmer]] (17)
| player_of_test_series = [[Simon Harmer]] (SA)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (302)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Matthew Breetzke]] (164)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (9)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Marco Jansen]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 3
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Tilak Varma]] (187)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Quinton de Kock]] (156)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (10)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Lungi Ngidi]] (6)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Ind)
}}

The [[South Africa national cricket team|South African cricket team]] toured India in November and December 2025 to play the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/bcci-announces-india-s-home-schedule-for-2025-with-west-indies-south-africa-set-to-visit |title=India to host West Indies, South Africa in packed 2025 home schedule |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133924/guwahati-to-host-indias-second-test-against-south-africa |title=Guwahati to host India's second Test against South Africa |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref> The tour consisted of two [[Test cricket|Test]], three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and five [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> The Test series formed part of the [[2025–2027 World Test Championship|2025–2027 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-announce-men-s-home-bilateral-international-fixtures-for-2025-26-1479374 |title=India to host West Indies and South Africa; Guwahati gets its first Test match |work=[[ESPN Cricinfo]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref> In April 2025, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2025–26 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/SY9lTZWw |title=BCCI announces fixtures for Team India (Senior Men) international home season 2025 |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>

The venue for the 1st Test was updated from [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|New Delhi]] to [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces updated venues for Team India (Int'l home season) & South Africa A Tour of India |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2025/news/55556221/bcci-announces-updated-venues-for-team-india-int-l-home-season-south-africa-a-tour-of-india |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan="3" |{{cr|IND}}
!colspan="3" |{{cr|SA}}
|-
!Tests<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/9dHttqtw |title=India's squad for Test series against South Africa announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/IKhXR6uw |title=India's squad for IDFC First Bank ODI series against South Africa announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2025/news/55556297/india-s-squad-for-idfc-first-bank-t20i-series-against-south-africa-announced |title=India's squad for IDFC First Bank T20I series against South Africa announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
!Tests<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/bavuma-back-as-proteas-announce-test-squad-for-india-series |title=Bavuma back as Proteas announce Test squad for India series |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.co.za/proteas-mens-squads-announced-for-india-white-ball-tour/ |title=Proteas Men's squads announced for India white ball tour |work=[[Cricket South Africa]] |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/south-africa-announce-odi-and-t20i-squads-for-india-tour |title=South Africa announce ODI and T20I squads for India tour |work=[[International Cricket Council]] | access-date= 21 November 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Akash Deep]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]{{efn|name="Squad2T"|In squad for second Test only.}}
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Sai Sudharsan]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]{{efn|name="Squad4&5T20"|In squad for 4th and 5th T20Is only.}}
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Varun Chakaravarthy]]
* [[Shivam Dube]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhishek Sharma]]
* [[Jitesh Sharma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Temba Bavuma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Corbin Bosch]]
* [[Dewald Brevis]]
* [[Tony de Zorzi]]
* [[Zubayr Hamza]]
* [[Simon Harmer]]
* [[Marco Jansen]]
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]
* [[Aiden Markram]]
* [[Wiaan Mulder]]
* [[Senuran Muthusamy]]
* [[Lungi Ngidi]]{{efn|name="Squad2T"}}
* <s>[[Kagiso Rabada]]</s>
* [[Ryan Rickelton]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tristan Stubbs]]
* [[Kyle Verreynne]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Temba Bavuma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Aiden Markram]] [[Captain (cricket)|(vc)]]
* [[Ottniel Baartman]]
* [[Corbin Bosch]]
* [[Matthew Breetzke]]
* [[Dewald Brevis]]
* [[Nandre Burger]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tony de Zorzi]]
* [[Rubin Hermann]]
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]
* [[Marco Jansen]]
* [[Ryan Rickelton]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Prenelan Subrayen]]
|
* [[Aiden Markram]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ottniel Baartman]]
* [[Corbin Bosch]]
* [[Dewald Brevis]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Tony de Zorzi]]</s>
* [[Donovan Ferreira]]
* [[Reeza Hendricks]]
* [[Marco Jansen]]
* [[George Linde]]
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]
* <s>[[Kwena Maphaka]]</s>
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Lungi Ngidi]]
* [[Anrich Nortje]]
* [[Lutho Sipamla]]
* [[Tristan Stubbs]]
|}

On 12 November, [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] was released from squad for the first Test to join the [[South Africa A cricket team in India in 2025–26|India A squad for the unofficial ODI series against South Africa A]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/WaDcduMW |title=Nitish Kumar Reddy released from India’s squad for the first Test |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136297/nitish-reddy-released-from-indias-squad-for-kolkata-test |title=Nitish Reddy released from India's squad for Kolkata Test |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> On 21 November, [[Shubman Gill]] was ruled out of the second Test due to a neck injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/bvZVtLC6 |title=Shubman Gill ruled out of 2nd Test in Guwahati |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref> On 15 December, [[Axar Patel]] was ruled out of the remaining T20I series due to an illness and was replaced by [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2025 |title=Axar Patel ruled out of last two T20Is against South Africa |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/3xGemmkS |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2025 |title=Axar ruled out of last two T20Is against South Africa; Shahbaz named replacement |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-sa-axar-patel-out-of-last-two-t20is-shahbaz-ahmed-named-replacement-1515732 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

On 18 November, [[Lungi Ngidi]] was added to the Test squad as cover for [[Kagiso Rabada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-south-africa/ind-vs-sa-guwahati-test-proteas-add-lungi-ngidi-as-cover-for-kagiso-rabada/articleshow/125415340.cms |title=IND vs SA: Guwahati Test - Proteas add Lungi Ngidi as cover for Kagiso Rabada |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> On 21 November, Kagiso Rabada was ruled out of the second Test due to a rib bone stress injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-sa-rib-injury-rules-kagiso-rabada-out-of-second-test-too-1512099 |title=Rib injury rules Kagiso Rabada out of second Test too |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref> On 6 December, [[Tony de Zorzi]] was ruled out of the T20I series due to injury and [[Kwena Maphaka]] was withdrew himself from the T20I series and [[Lutho Sipamla]] was named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-sa-injured-nandre-burger-toni-de-zorzi-ruled-out-of-third-odi-against-india-1514613 |title=Injured Burger, de Zorzi out of third ODI against India |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>

== Test series ==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 14–16 November 2025
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 159 (55 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 31 (48)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 5/27 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 189 (62.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[KL Rahul]] 39 (119)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Simon Harmer]] 4/30 (15.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 153 (54 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Temba Bavuma]] 55[[not out|*]] (136)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 4/50 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 93 (35 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 31 (92)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Simon Harmer]] 4/21 (14 overs)

| result = South Africa won by 30 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479571.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Simon Harmer]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[KL Rahul]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind) both scored their 4,000th run in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ind-vs-sa-kl-rahul-4000-runs-test-cricket-stats-records-india-south-africa-day-2-kolkata-news/article70282900.ece |title=IND vs SA: K.L. Rahul completes 4000 runs in Test cricket |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.one/match-hub/ravindra-jadeja-enters-exclusive-club-becomes-4th-player-to-attain-massive-test-milestone/69181f1439a217ec3c759351 |title=Ravindra Jadeja enters exclusive club; becomes 4th player to attain massive Test milestone |work=One Cricket |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: South Africa 12, India 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22–26 November 2025
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 489 (151.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Senuran Muthusamy]] 109 (206)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/115 (29.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 201 (83.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 58 (97)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Marco Jansen]] 6/48 (19.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 260/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (78.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tristan Stubbs]] 94 (180)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 4/62 (28.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 140 (63.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 54 (87)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Simon Harmer]] 6/37 (23 overs)

| result = South Africa won by 408 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479572.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Marco Jansen]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rishabh Pant]] captained India for the [[List of India national cricket captains#Test|first time in Tests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-sa-2nd-test-shubman-gill-ruled-out-of-guwahati-test-rishabh-pant-to-lead-india-1512095|title=Gill ruled out of Guwahati Test, Pant to lead India |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=21 November 2025 |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
* [[Aiden Markram]] (SA) played in his 50th Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/cricket/india-nantional-cricket-team-vs-south-africa-mens-cricket-team-match-scorecard-aiden-markram-catch-video-nitish-reddy-batting-collapse-marco-jansen-ind-vs-sa-2nd-test-updates-10281770 |title=IND vs SA 2nd Test: Aiden Markram Turns Superman, Produces Sensational Full-Length Dive Catch To Remove Nitish Reddy |work=[[Jagran Prakashan]] |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> Markram also broke the record for most catches taken (9 catches) in a Test match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2025 |title=Aiden Markram tuitions India in catching at Guwahati, breaks Ajinkya Rahane's world record as South Africa romp home |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/aiden-markram-tuitions-india-in-catching-at-guwahati-breaks-ajinkya-rahanes-world-record-as-south-africa-romp-home-101764140880859.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* This was the [[List of Test cricket grounds|first Test to be played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-south-africa-test-series-2025-schedule-dates-venues-fixtures-guwahati-first-ever-match-barsapara-cricket-stadium/article69361309.ece |title=Guwahati to host maiden Test during India vs South Africa series |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/sports/guwahati-to-host-its-first-ever-test-cricket-match-in-november-1572070 |title=Guwahati to host its first ever test cricket match in November |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
* This was the first time in the 148-year history of Test cricket that the tea break was taken before the lunch break.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-sa-guwahati-test-to-have-tea-break-before-lunch-1510705 |title=India-South Africa Guwahati Test to have tea break before lunch |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>
* [[Senuran Muthusamy]] (SA) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/sas-muthusamy-joins-elite-list-with-maiden-test-ton-at-guwahati-indias-test-woes-continue-with-unwanted-records/articleshow/125517864.cms |title=SA's Muthusamy joins elite list with maiden Test ton at Guwahati, India's Test woes continue with unwanted records |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>
* This was India's [[List of India Test cricket records#Greatest loss margins (by runs)|biggest Test defeat by margin of runs]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2025 |title=IND vs SA: India records its worst loss in Test history |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/india-worst-test-loss-408-runs-record-south-africa-ind-sa-series/article70324954.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref> This was also South Africa's first Test series victory in India after [[South African cricket team in India in 1999–2000|2000]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2025 |title=India Suffer Their Biggest Defeat In Test History As South Africa Secure Historic Whitewash |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/india-suffer-their-biggest-defeat-in-test-history-as-south-africa-secure-historic-whitewash-ws-bkl-9732148.html |work=News18}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: South Africa 12, India 0.
}}

== ODI series ==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 November 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 349/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 135 (120)
| wickets1 = [[Ottniel Baartman]] 2/60 (10 overs)
| score2 = 332 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 =[[Matthew Breetzke]] 72 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/68 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 17 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479573.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) broke [[Shahid Afridi]]'s record for the [[List of One Day International cricket records#Most sixes in career|most sixes in ODIs]] (352).<ref>{{cite web |title=Most sixes in ODIs - Rohit breaks Afridi's 15-year record |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rohit-sharma-breaks-shahid-afridi-s-15-year-record-for-most-sixes-in-odis-1513873 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref>
*[[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) broke [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s record of [[List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored#Men's international cricket|most centuries in a single format of international cricket]] (52).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 November 2025 |title=Virat Kohli Shatters Sachin Tendulkar's All-Time 'Centuries Record', Scripts History |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-south-africa-2025-india/virat-kohli-breaks-sachin-tendulkars-world-record-with-52nd-hundred-in-odi-cricket-9725178 |work=NDTV Sports}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 December 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| score1 = 358/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 105 (83)
| wickets1 = [[Marco Jansen]] 2/63 (10 overs)
| score2 = 362/6 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aiden Markram]] 110 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 2/54 (10 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479574.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Nava Raipur]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Aiden Markram]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Ind) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 December 2025 |title=IND vs SA: Ruturaj Gaikwad slams maiden ODI hundred |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/ruturaj-gaikwad-century-first-hundred-india-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi/article70353051.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
* This was the highest joint-successful ODI run-chase in India.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 December 2025 |title=South Africa Equal Record Of Highest Successful Run Chase In ODIs Against India |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/south-africa-equal-record-of-highest-successful-run-chase-in-odis-against-india-ws-l-9748167.html |work=News18}}</ref>
* This was also South Africa's highest run-chase away from home.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 December 2025 |title=India Left Stunned As South Africa Complete 'Highest' ODI Chase vs KL Rahul And Co To Level Series 1-1 |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-south-africa-2025-india/india-left-stunned-as-south-africa-complete-highest-odi-chase-vs-kl-rahul-and-co-to-level-series-1-1-9746333 |work=NDTV Sports}}</ref>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 December 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 270 (47.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 106 (89)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/41 (10 overs)
| score2 = 271/1 (39.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 116[[not out|*]] (121)
| wickets2 = [[Keshav Maharaj]] 1/44 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479575.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Quinton de Kock]] (SA) scored most numbers of centuries (10) by Non-Asian player in Asia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-south-africa/quinton-de-kock-on-record-run-scores-7th-century-against-india-goes-past-virat-kohli-ab-de-villiers-equals-sachin-tendulkar-in-major-odi-charts/articleshow/125803770.cms |title=Quinton de Kock on record run: Scores 7th century against India, goes past Virat Kohli, AB de Villiers; equals Sachin Tendulkar in major ODI charts |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> and scored 13,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/quinton-de-kock-becomes-7th-sa-batter-to-score-13000-international-runs20251206165438 |title=Quinton de Kock becomes 7th SA batter to score 13,000 international runs |work=ANI News |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) scored his 20,000th run in International cricket,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ind-vs-sa-rohit-sharma-major-record-20000-runs-international-cricket-2831851-2025-12-06 |title=Rohit Sharma emulates Virat Kohli, becomes 4th Indian batter to 20,000 runs |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> and scored 5,000th run at home in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/sports/cricket/news/rohit-sharma-completes-20000-international-runs-virat-kohli-most-sixes-in-a-series-5000-runs-at-home-for-hitman-top-records-ind-vs-sa-3rd-odi-136604939.html |title=Rohit Sharma completes 20,000 international runs:Also reaches 5000 runs at home, Virat Kohli's most sixes in a series; top records |work=Bhaskar English |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal scores his maiden ODI century, becomes 6th Indian to score tons in all formats of men’s cricket |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/yashasvi-jaiswal-maiden-odi-century-6th-indian-india-south-africa-3rd-odi-10406370/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>
}}

== T20I series ==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| score1 = 175/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 59[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets1 = [[Lungi Ngidi]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 74 (12.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 22 (14)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/7 (2 overs)
| result = India won by 101 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479576.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in T20Is. He became the youngest Indian to achieve this feat.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 December 2025 |title=Tilak Varma Creates History, Becomes 1st Indian Cricketer To... |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/tilak-varma-creates-history-becomes-1st-indian-cricketer-to-ws-klno-9759777.html |work=News18}}</ref>
* [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind) hit his 100th six in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 December 2025 |title=Hardik joins Rohit, Suryakumar and Kohli in India's 100-sixes club in T20Is |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hardik-joins-rohit-suryakumar-and-kohli-in-indias-100-sixes-club-in-t20is/ |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind) took his 100th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 December 2025 |title=IND vs SA, 1st T20I: Jasprit Bumrah becomes second Indian to take 100 T20I wickets |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ind-vs-sa-1st-t20i-jasprit-bumrah-100-wickets-t20i-average-economy-stats-records-latest/article70376372.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref> He also became the first Indian bowler to take 100 wickets in all three formats of cricket.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 December 2025 |title=Jasprit Bumrah becomes first India bowler with 100 wickets in all formats |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jasprit-bumrah-first-indian-bowler-100-wickets-three-international-formats-2833478-2025-12-09 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* This was South Africa's [[List of South Africa Twenty20 International cricket records#Fewest runs in an innings|lowest total in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 December 2025 |title=South Africa bowled out for 74, its lowest team total in T20I cricket |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/south-africa-lowest-score-in-t20i-cricket-74-all-out-record-ind-vs-sa-1st-t20/article70377633.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 213/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 90 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 62 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Ottniel Baartman]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 51 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479577.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[New Chandigarh]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Quinton de Kock]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was the [[List of Twenty20 International cricket grounds|first T20I to be played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mullanpur-maharaja-yadavindra-singh-pca-stadium-t20i-match-9921526/ |title=Mullanpur to host first int’l match: Second T20I between India and South Africa |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/chandigarh/news/mullanpur-stadium-to-host-international-matches-india-australia-women-to-play-2-odis-india-vs-south-africa-135205269.html |title=Mullanpur Stadium to host international matches:India-Australia women's teams to play 2 ODIs; India to face South Africa in 1 match |work=Bhaskar English |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 117 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 61 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 2/11 (4 overs)
| score2 = 120/3 (15.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 35 (18)
| wickets2 = [[Corbin Bosch]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479578.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Arshdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Ind) played in his 50th T20I match.
* [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind) took his 100th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 December 2025 |title=IND vs SA, 3rd T20I: Hardik Pandya reaches 100 T20I wickets for India |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ind-vs-sa-3rd-t20i-hardik-pandya-100-wickets-t20i-average-economy-stats-records-latest/article70384997.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Ind) took his 50th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 December 2025 |title=Varun Chakravarthy becomes 2nd fastest Indian to reach 50 T20I wickets |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/varun-chakravarthy-becomes-2nd-fastest-indian-to-reach-50-t20i-wickets/ |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match abandoned
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479579.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = No toss.
| rain = No play was possible due to excessive fog.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=18 December 2025 |title=IND vs SA 4th T20I: Match called off due to excessive fog in Lucknow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ind-vs-sa-fourth-t20i-lucknow-match-udpates/article70407985.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
| notes =
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| score1 = 231/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 73 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Corbin Bosch]] 2/44 (3 overs)
| score2 = 201/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 65 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 4/53 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 30 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479580.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Quinton de Kock]] (SA) played in his 100th T20I match.
* [[Shivam Dube]] (Ind) played in his 50th T20I match.
* [[Sanju Samson]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 December 2025 |title=IND vs SA, 5th T20I: Sanju Samson completes 1000 runs in T20Is |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/sanju-samson-1000-t20i-runs-india-vs-south-africa-5th-match-stats-records-news/article70416182.ece |work=Sportstar}}</ref>
* [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind) scored his 2,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=19 December 2025 |title=Hardik Pandya completes 2000 runs in T20Is, smashes second-fastest fifty for India in shortest format |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hardik-pandya-completes-2000-runs-in-t20is-smashes-second-fastest-fifty-for-india-in-shortest-format/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref>
}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group="n"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2025-26-1479563 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2025–26}}
{{2025–2027 ICC World Test Championship}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2025–26]]
[[Category:South African cricket tours of India]]

Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:58Z

KellyeZimmermann: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jorthang–Nayabazar
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 12,442
| mla = Kedar Nath Rai
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Bhim Bahadur Gurung || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Bhim Raj Rai || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=2 | [[Bhoj Raj Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Jorthang–Nayabazar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kedar Nath Rai]]|party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=7,863 |percentage=81.71% |change={{increase}}26.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Kri Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,536 |percentage=15.96% |change={{increase}}15.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Prasad Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=224 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,327 |percentage=65.75% |change= {{increase}}51.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,623 |percentage=77.34% |change= {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,442 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}26.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Jorthang–Nayabazar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhoj Raj Rai]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,791 |percentage=55.34% |change={{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Raj Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,598 |percentage=41.56% |change={{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biren Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=196 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Lama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=72 |percentage=0.83% |change={{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,193 |percentage=13.78% |change= {{decrease}}9.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,657 |percentage=82.04% |change= {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,782 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Jorthang–Nayabazar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhoj Raj Rai]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,160 |percentage=59.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]|party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,519 |percentage=35.73% |change={{decrease}}40.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budha Maya Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=315 |percentage=4.47% |change={{decrease}}15.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,641 |percentage=23.27% |change= {{decrease}}32.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,051 |percentage=83.80% |change= {{increase}}9.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,619 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Jorthang–Nayabazar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Raj Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=4,023 |percentage=76.11% |change={{increase}}7.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajan Gurung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,062 |percentage=20.09% |change={{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birkha Rai |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=201 |percentage=3.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,961 |percentage=56.02% |change= {{increase}}2.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,286 |percentage=74.03% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,356 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Jorthang–Nayabazar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Raj Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,648 |percentage=68.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asharman Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=573 |percentage=14.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bircha Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=408 |percentage=10.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishnu Kumar Gazmer |party=Independent politician |votes=170 |percentage=4.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babulal Goyal |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,075 |percentage=53.98% |change= {{increase}}52.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,844 |percentage=71.58% |change= {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,510 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= {{increase}}44.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Jorthang–Nayabazar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Bahadur Gurung |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=754 |percentage=24.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lila Kumar Rai |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=693 |percentage=22.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hastdas Rai |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=599 |percentage=19.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neel Kamal Thapa |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=12.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Rai |party=Janata Party |votes=369 |percentage=11.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Humanay Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hastudas Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=67 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaluram Agrawal |party=Independent politician |votes=31 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61 |percentage=1.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,129 |percentage=77.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,208 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jorthang-Nayabazar Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Melapalayam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:51:59Z

KellyeZimmermann: Created basic entry v1!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = | established = 1967
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| loksabha_cons = | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Indian Union Muslim League
| mla = M. Kather Mohideen S.
| name = Melapalayam
| electors= 96,761
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1976
}}
'''Melapalayam''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1967 to 1971.
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||M. Kather Mohideen S. || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||M. M. P. Mohammed|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|56.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|55.04}}

}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melapalayam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kather Mohideen S. |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=35,470 |percentage=56.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugavel C. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,785 |percentage=34.85% |change=-7.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Susai Mariyan M. |party=Independent politician |votes=3,743 |percentage=5.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sheik Thambi P. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,031 |percentage=1.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthusamy Pandian P. |party=Independent politician |votes=490 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,685 |percentage=21.89% |change=9.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,519 |percentage=69.65% |change= -5.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,761 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Union Muslim League |loser=Independent politician |swing= 1.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Melapalayam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. P. Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=36,123 |percentage=55.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,999 |percentage=42.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,508 |percentage=2.30% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,124 |percentage=12.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,630 |percentage=75.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,493 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|10.96|78.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tirunelveli-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

List of programmes broadcast by Sun Gemini

2026-04-09T13:46:59Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

This is a list of television programs current broadcasts and former broadcasts by Indian television channel [[Sun Gemini TV|Sun Gemini]] formerly known as ('''GeminiTV''').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=4&channelname=GEMINI%20TV&type=2|title=SunNetwork – Channel Details|website=sunnetwork.in|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref>

== Current broadcast ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Premiere date
! Series
! Adaptation of
|-
|19 August 2024
|''Ammakku Prematho''
|
|-
|14 October 2024
|''Abhinandana''
|
|-
|14 October 2024
|''Maa Inti Devatha''
|Tamil TV series [[Pudhu Vasantham (TV series)|Pudhu Vasantham]]
|-
|8 January 2024
|''Kothaga Rekkalochana''
|
|-
|18 August 2025
|''Sathya''
|Dubbed Version of Tamil TV series ''[[Aadukalam (TV series)|Aadukalam]]''
|-
|24 November 2025
|''Srimathi Annapurna Catering''
|
|-
|23 March 2026
|''Mukkera Meenakshi''
|Bilingual Version of Kannada TV series ''Mooguthi Malli''
|-
|18 March 2024
|''Bhairavi''
|Kannada TV series ''Shambavi''
|-
|22 September 2025
|''Sri Hari Kalyanam''
|Tamil TV series [[Lakshmi (2024 TV series)|''Lakshmi'']]
|-
|30 September 2024
|''Moodu Mullu''
|Tamil TV series [[Moondru Mudichu (Tamil TV series)|''Moondru Mudhichu'']]
|-
|25 March 2024
|''Sivangi''
|Tamil TV series ''[[Singapennae]]''
|-
|9 December 2024
|''Constable Manju''
|Marathi TV series ''Constable Manju''
|}

==Former broadcasts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year(s)
!Serial name
!Ref
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Uppena (TV series)|Uppena]]''
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Anu Ane Nenu]]''
|-
|2024–2026
|''Sivangi''
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Geethanjali (2023 TV series)|Geethanjali]]''
|
|-
|2020–2024
|''[[Thaali (TV series)|Thaali]]''
|
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Saadhana]]''
|
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Nethra (TV series)|Nethra]]''
|
|-
|2021–2023
|''[[Kanyadanam (Telugu TV series)|Kanyadanam]]''
|
|-
|2018–2021
|''[[Bandham (2018 TV series)|Bandham]]''
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Girija Kalyanam]]''
|
|-
|2018–2021
|''[[Pournami (TV series)|Pournami]]''
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Bangaru Kodalu]]''
|
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Rendu Rellu Aaru (TV series)|Rendu Rellu Aaru]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Roja (2019 TV series)|Roja]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Madhumasam (TV series)|Madhumasam]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Subhadra Parinayam (TV series)|Subhadra Parinayam]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Kalyani (TV series)|Kalyani]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Abhilasha (TV series)|Abhilasha]]''
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Matrudevobhava (TV series)|Matrudevobhava]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''
|
|-
|2012–2017
|''Agni Poolu''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=Gemini TV Schedule - Programs List With Telecast Time And Other Details |url=https://indiantvinfo.com/gemini-tv-schedule/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=indiantvinfo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2009–2011
|''[[Sundarakanda (TV series)|Sundarakanda]]''
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Mudda Mandharam]]''
|
|-
|2008–2010
|''[[Sivasakthi (TV series)|Sakthi]]''
|
|-
|2007–2009
|''[[Anjali (2006 TV series)|Anjali]]''
|
|-
|2008–2013
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|
|-
|2004–2005
|''[[Nanna (TV series)|Nanna]]''
|
|-
|2003–2008
|''[[Chakravakam (TV series)|Chakravakam]]''
|
|-
|2002–2006
|[[Nagamma (TV series)|''Nagamma'']]
|
|-
|2001–2007
|''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]''
|
|-
|2005–2008
|''[[Kasthuri (2005 TV series)|Kasthuri]]''
|
|}

===Other serials===
*[[Anandham (TV series)|''Aanandam'']]
*[[Nandini (TV series)|''Nandini'']]
*''[[Chandrakumari]]''
*''[[Ganga Yamuna Saraswati]]''
*''[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
*[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon|''Madhubala'']]
*[[Kalasam (TV series)|''Kalasam'']]
*[[Magal (TV series)|''Kuthuru'']]
*[[Anandham (TV series)|''Aanandam'']]
*[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Aladdin]]
*[[Mere Sai – Shraddha Aur Saburi|Sai baba]]
*[[Maya (2018 TV series)|''Maya'']]
*[[Vani Rani (TV series)|''Vani Rani'']]
*[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagini]]
*[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Aladdin]]

==Reality shows==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show name
! Ref
|-
|2021
|''[[Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jr NTR to shoot for Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu 5 teasers soon? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jr-ntr-to-shoot-for-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-5-teasers-soon/articleshow/80664247.cms|access-date=2021-02-03|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[MasterChef India – Telugu (season 1)|MasterChef India – Telugu Season 1]]''
|
|-
|2021
|[[No. 1 Yaari|''No.1 Yaari with Rana - Season 3'']]
|
|-
|2018 - 2019
|''Rangasthalam''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anasuyas-rangasthalam-show-to-launch-on-saturday-with-a-curtain-raiser/articleshow/64508036.cms|title=Anasuya's Rangasthalam show to launch on Saturday with a curtain-raiser |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/dance-reality-show-rangasthalam-scores-well-on-the-trp-charts/articleshow/65150541.cms|title=Dance reality show 'Rangasthalam' scores well on the TRP charts |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|2018 - 2019
|''Kalyana Lakshmi''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/udaya-bhanus-new-show-kalyana-lakshmi-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/66653752.cms|title=Udaya Bhanu's new show 'Kalyana Lakshmi' to premiere soon |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[No. 1 Yaari|''No.1 Yaari with Rana - Season 2'']]
|
|-
|2018
|[[Memu Saitham|''Memu Saitham - Season 2'']]
|
|-
|2017
|[[No. 1 Yaari|''No.1 Yaari with Rana - Season1'']]
|
|-
|2017
|''Rachabanda''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Roja is going to host a new show 'Racha Banda' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/actress-roja-is-going-to-host-a-new-show-racha-banda/articleshow/52728686.cms |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Memu Saitham|''Memu Saitham - Season 1'']]
|
|-
|2014
|[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|''Akshay Kumar's Sahasaveerulu'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fear Factor gets a Telugu makeover - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/fear-factor-gets-a-telugu-makeover/articleshow/37695790.cms |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of TV programs by country}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Gemini]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Gemini]]

Madhumita Sarcar

2026-04-04T11:30:29Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhumita Sarcar
| image = Madhumita Sunlight.jpg
| caption = Madhumita Sarcar
| birth_place = [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|26|df=yes}}
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = {{ubl
| '' Sobinoy Nibedon''
| ''[[Care Kori Na]]''
| ''[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]]''
| ''[[Kusum Dola]]''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]]|2015|2019|end=div}}
{{marriage|[[Debmalya Chakravarty]]|2026}}
}}

'''Madhumita Sarcar''' is an Indian actress known for playing the lead roles of Pakhi Ghosh Dastidar Singha Roy in ''[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]]''<ref name="pakhi">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Why-is-Pakhi-of-Bojhena-Shey-Bojhena-called-Dhopas-Kumari/articleshow/27181320.cms |title=Why is Pakhi of Bojhena Shey Bojhena called Dhopas Kumari? |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and Dr. Imon Mukherjee in ''[[Kusum Dola]]''.

==Personal life==
Madhumita Sarcar married Debmalya Chakravorty on 23rd January 2026. She was previously married to actor Sourav Chakraborty.

==Filmography==
* All films are in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] unless mentioned.
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2011 || ''Paribartan'' || Sakshi || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Love Aaj Kal Porshu]]'' ||Tista || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/feb/14/tollywood-actors-arjun-chakrabarty-and-madhumita-on-their-latest-movie-love-aaj-kaal-porshu-22298.html |title=Tollywood actors Arjun Chakrabarty and Madhumita on their latest movie, Love Aaj Kaal Porshu |work=Indulge Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/arjun-and-madhumita-the-best-thing-happened-to-love-aaj-kal-porshu-pratim-d-gupta/articleshow/73664064.cms |title=Arjun and Madhumita the best thing happened to 'Love Aaj Kal Porshu': Pratim D Gupta |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''Cheeni''|| Cheeni || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/madhumita-sorcar-is-in-love-with-her-character/articleshow/74025440.cms |title=Madhumita Sorcar is in love with her character |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Tangra Blues]]'' || Joyee || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tangra-blues-is-all-about-music-and-gang-wars/cid/1803392 |title=Tangra Blues is all about music and gang wars |date=12 January 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Kuler Achaar]]''
|Mithi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Kuler Achaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kuler-achaar-vikram-madhumitas-intense-relationship-drama-to-release-on-july-13/articleshow/92056415.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Dilkhush]]''
|Pushpita
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=দত্ত |first=অভিনন্দন |title=ভালবাসার সন্ধানে চার জুটি, কেমন হল 'দিলখুশ'? জানাচ্ছে আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-of-dilkhush-directed-by-rahool-mukherjee-dgtl/cid/1400985 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Cheeni 2]]''
|Cheeni
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheeni 2: Friendship doesn't adhere to age restriction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/aparajita-adhya-on-cheeni-2-friendship-doesnt-adhere-to-age-restrictions/articleshow/102681029.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Surjo''
|Uma
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Surjo: Trailer out for Vikram Chatterjee and Madhumita Sarcar's unconventional tale of love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/surjo-trailer-out-for-vikram-chatterjee-and-madhumita-sarcars-unconventional-tale-of-love/cid/2031652|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Felubakshi]]''
|Debjani
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=দেবর্ষি |title=ফেলুবক্সী: আপাত সহজ রহস্যে ভরপুর, কিন্তু শেষরক্ষা হল কি? জানাচ্ছে আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-felubakshi-starring-soham-chakraborty-porimini-and-others-dgtl/cid/1576073 |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=20 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Omorshongi]]''
|
|Special appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=বিক্রম-সোহিনীর 'অমর সঙ্গী' কতটা জমল? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/vikram-chatterjee-sohini-sarkar-starrer-amar-sangi-review/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=31 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shreeman v/s Shreemati]]''
|Amrita
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Glimpses from the shoot of Shriman Vs Shrimati, which portrays generational differences in perspectives on marriage and relationships |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/glimpses-from-the-shoot-of-shriman-vs-shrimati-which%C2%A0portrays-generational-differences-in-perspectives-on-marriage-and-relationships/1158080 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Atobi''
|
|
|
|}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of web series credits
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
|-
| 2022|| ''Uttoron''||Parna||Hoichoi
|-
| 2022|| ''Srikanto''||Avie||Hoichoi
|-
| 2023|| ''Jaatishwar''|| Rupkatha ||Hoichoi
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of television credits
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Production House
|-
| 2011{{nbnd}}12 || ''[[Sobinoy Nibedon (TV series)|Sobinoy Nibedon]]'' || Naina || [[Sananda TV]] || Bengali ||[[Sphere Origins]]
|-
| 2012{{nbnd}}13 || ''[[Care Kori Na]]'' || Jahnnabi Mukherjee aka Juni || [[Star Jalsha]] || Bengali||[[Sphere Origins]]
|-
| 2013{{nbnd}}16 || ''[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|''Bojhena Se Bojhena'']] '' || Pakhi Ghosh Dastidar Singha Roy and Khushi (double role)|| [[Star Jalsha]] || Bengali|| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|-
| 2016 || ''Meghbalika'' || Shreya || [[NTV (Bangladesh)|NTV]] [[Bangladesh]]||Bengali || -
|-
| 2016{{nbnd}}2 –-18 || ''[[Kusum Dola]]'' || Dr. Imon Chatterjee (née Mukherjee) || [[Star Jalsha]] || Bengali|| rowspan="2" | [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
|-
| 2025– 26 || ''[[Bhole Baba Par Kare Ga]]''|| Jhelum "Jheel" || [[Star Jalsha]]|| Bengali
|}

==Mahalaya==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Mahalaya credits
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" | Channel
|-
| 2015 || ''Akal Bodhon'' || Devi Sita || rowspan="5" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2017 || ''Jagat Janani Durga'' || Devi Parvati
|-
| 2019 || ''Mahisasurmardini'' || Devi Mahisasurmardini
|-
| 2020 || ''Durga Durgatinashini'' || Devi Sita
|-
| 2024 || ''Ranong Dehi'' || Devi Koushiki
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award show
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Character
|-
| 2014 || ''Tele Somman Award'' || Best Actress ||[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]] || Pakhi
|-
| 2015 || ''Star Jalsha Parivar Award 2015'' ||Style Icon Female ||[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]] || Pakhi
|-
| 2015 || ''Star Jalsha Parivar Award 2015'' || Priyo Juti ||[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]] || Pakhi
|-
| 2015 || ''Star Jalsha Parivar Award 2015'' || Priyo Bou ||[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]] || Pakhi
|-
| 2016 || ''Star Jalsha Parivar Award 2016'' || Priyo Bou ||[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]] || Pakhi
|-
| 2016 || ''Star Jalsha Parivar Award 2016'' || Priyo Bon||[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]] || Pakhi
|-
| 2016 || ''Star Jalsha Parivar Award 2016'' || PC CHANDRA SONAMUKH ||[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]] || Pakhi
|-
|}

==Music videos==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of music video credits
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Video
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Co-actor
! scope="col" | Music Label
|-
| 2017|| ''Polasher Bon Revisited'' || Musicity || Musicity || Musicity || [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
|-
| 2021|| ''Amar Chalaki'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || [[Anupam Roy]] || [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] || [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
|-
|2021|| ''O Mon Re'' || Tanveer Evan|| Piran Khan ||[[Yash Dasgupta]] || [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Madhumita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

List of highways in Haryana

2026-03-28T12:02:39Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

The state of [[Haryana]] in [[North India]] has a vast road network with 34 [[List of National Highways in India#Haryana|National Highways]] (NH) with a total length of 2,484 km, 11 Expressways (including 3 National Expressways), State Highways (SH) with a total length of 1,801 km, major district roads (MDR) with a length of 1,395 km and other district roads with a length of 26,022 km (2016).<ref name=over1>[http://www.haryanapwd.nic.in/Documents/STATISTICAL%20DATA.pdf Highways and roads in Haryana overview]</ref>

==List of national highways in Haryana==
{{anchor|Haryana National Highways}}

{{see also|List of national highways in India|label 1 = NH in India}}

# [[National Highway 105 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 11 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 148A (India)]]
# [[National Highway 148B (India)]]
# [[National Highway 148N (India)]]
# [[National Highway 152 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 152A (India)]]
# [[National Highway 152D (India)]]
# [[National Highway 248A (India)]]
# [[National Highway 248BB (India)]]
# [[National Highway 254 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 334B (India)]]
# [[National Highway 334D (India)]]
# [[National Highway 344 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 352 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 352A (India)]]
# [[National Highway 352R (India)]]
# [[National Highway 352W (India)]]
# [[National Highway 44 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 444A (India)]]
# [[National Highway 48 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 5 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 52 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 54 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 7 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 703 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 709 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 709A (India)]]
# [[National Highway 709AD (India)]]
# [[National Highway 9 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 907 (India)]]
# [[National Highway 907G (India)]]
# [[National Highway 919 (India)]]
# Kaithal Pundri Karnal Highway

== State highways (SH) ==
{{anchor|SH|State Highways}}

The state highways are arterial routes of a state, linking district headquarters and important towns within the state and connecting them with national highways or Highways of the neighboring states.<ref name=pwdhar1>[http://www.haryanapwd.nic.in/Documents/STATE%20%20HIGHWAY%20%20DEVELOPMENT.pdf Haryana State Highway list], PWD Haryana, 2018.</ref><ref name=pwdhar4>[http://www.haryanapwd.nic.in/StateMap.aspx State Highway Map]</ref>

{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=1 |length_km=64.1 |beltway=Jagadhri-Bilaspur-Sadhaura Naraingarh Raipur Rani Road}}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=2 |length_km=47.91 |beltway=Surewala Chowk to Fatehabad }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=4 |length_km=75.5 |beltway=Kala Amb Sadhaura Shahbad Thol}}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=5 |length_km=15.14 |beltway=Saha to Ambala }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=6 |length_km=103.64 |beltway=Saharanpur Radaur Pipli Pehowa Chika }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=6A |length_km=4.9 |beltway=Jagadhri-Paonta }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=7 |length_km=59.25 |beltway=Karnal Ladwa Shahbad }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=8 |length_km=108 |beltway=Kunjpura Karnal [[Pundri]] Kaithal Khanauri }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=9 |length_km=60.25 |beltway=Karnal Kaithal Pehowa Patiala }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=10 |length_km=135.82 |beltway=Gohana Jind Barwala Agroha Adampur Bhadra -2/4 Lane }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=11 |length_km=183.71 |beltway=Meerut Sonepat Gohana Safidon Assandh Kaithal Patiala }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=11A |length_km=30 |beltway=Deoban to [[Naguran]] }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=12 |length_km=192.32 |beltway=Karnal Assandh Jind Hansi Tosham Sodiwas }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=13 |length_km=30.19 |beltway=[[Nuh (city)|Nuh]]-[[Palwal]]}}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=14 |length_km=129.78 |beltway=Panipat Safidon Jind }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=15 |length_km=21 |beltway=Shahjahanpur-[[Rewari]] road. }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=15A |length_km=43.03 |beltway=Jhajjar Farraqnagar Gurgaon }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=16 |length_km=62.28 |beltway=Sanauli Panipat and Rohtak Bhiwani }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=16A |length_km=68.91 |beltway=Gohana Lakhan Majra Meham Chang }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=17 |length_km=199.74 |beltway=Nizampur [[Narnaul]] Mohindergarh Dadri Bhiwani Hansi Barwala Tohana Munak (converted to [[National Highway 148B (India)|NH148B]]) }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=18 |length_km=41.1 |beltway=Rohtak Kharkhoda Delhi Border }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=19 |length_km=49.5 |beltway=Siwani Singhani road }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=20 |length_km=156.59 |beltway=Murthal Sonepat Kharkhoda Sampla Jhajjar Jahajgarh Chhuchakwas Dadri Loharu }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=21 |length_km=65.51 |beltway=Budhlada Ratia Fatehabad Bhattu Bhadra }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=22 |length_km=77.11 |beltway=Bahadurgarh Jhajjar Kosli [[Kanina khas]](Kanina)}}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=23 |length_km=68.48 |beltway=Sardulgarh-Sirsa Ellenabad }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=24 |length_km=92.45 |beltway=[[Rewari]] Dahina Kanina Mohindergarh Satnali Loharu }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=26 |length_km=119.88 |beltway=Gurgaon [[Pataudi]] [[Rewari]] [[Narnaul]] Singhana (Rewari-Narnaul-Singhana section converted to [[National Highway 11 (India)|NH11]]) }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=31 |length_km=17 |beltway=Saha to Shahbad }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=32 |length_km=70.43 |beltway=Sirsa-Ottu-Rania-Jiwan Nagar-Dabwali road }}
{{Routelist row |country=IND |type=SH |state=Haryana |route=33 |length_km=28.64 |beltway=Nilokheri Karsa Dhand road}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Major District Roads (MDR) ==
{{anchor | MDR | Haryana MDR | HARMDR | HarMDR }}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!MDR No.<ref name=pwdhar2>{{cite web|url=https://haryanapwd.gov.in/home/docs/List-of-major-district-roads-in-haryana.pdf|access-date=8 Dec 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208110536/https://haryanapwd.gov.in/home/docs/List-of-major-district-roads-in-haryana.pdf|archive-date= 8 Dec 2021|title= List of Major Districts Roads in Haryana as on 31.03.2016}}</ref>
!Route
!Passes through — district(s)
!Length (in km)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hppwd.hp.gov.in/sh-mdrs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208111345/http://hppwd.hp.gov.in/sh-mdrs|access-date=8 Dec 2021|archive-date=8 Dec 2021|title=Major Districts Roads}}</ref>
|-
| MDR100 || Pundri Habri Munak Panipat|| || 64.4
|-
| MDR101 || Tohana-Dharsul-Ratia up to State Border || || 57.98
|-
| MDR101A || State Border-Rori Kalanwali Dabwali || || 52.88
|-
| MDR102 || Jakhal-Dharsul-Bhuna Pabra Sarsaud || || 64.57
|-
| MDR103 || Bhattu-Ludesar-Jamal (up to Border) || || 39.65
|-
| MDR104 || Sirsa-Ludessar-Bhadra (up to Border) || || 32.73
|-
| MDR107 || Hisar-Balasmand-Burak || || 36.29
|-
| MDR108 || Hisar-Tosham-Bhiwani || || 59.83
|-
| MDR109 || Jhanwari-Miran-Siwani || || 30
|-
| MDR110 || Jhumpa-Behl-Obra-Kairu-Lohani || || 57.70
|-
| MDR111 || Narwana-Tohana || || 28.83
|-
| MDR112 || Uchana-Latani-Uklana || || 30.99
|-
| MDR113 || Dhand-Pundri-Rajaund-Alewa || || 62
|-
| MDR114 || Assand-Salwan-Kohana || || 37.85
|-
| MDR115 || Karnal-Munak || || 25.20
|-
| MDR116 || Thanesar-Jhansa-Thol || || 28.84
|-
| MDR118 || Panchkula-Morni || || 30.90
|-
| MDR119 || Thanesar-Dhand-Kaithal || || 45.91
|-
| MDR121 || Ganaur-Shahpur || || 25.29
|-
| MDR122 || Bahadurgarh-Chhara-Dhujana-Beri Kalanaur || || 58
|-
| MDR123 || Jhajjar-Badli to Delhi Border || || 18.25
|-
| MDR124 || Bond-Kalan-Dadri-Chirya-Bhagot-[[Kanina Khas|Kanina]]-Ateli || || 87.75
|-
| MDR125 || Satnali-Badhra-Jui-Kairu-Tosham || || 55.43
|-
| MDR126 || Charkhi Dadri-Jhojhu Kalan-Kadma-Satnali || || 32.17
|-
| MDR127 || Faizabad-Sihma-[[Kanina Khas|Kanina]] || || 28.84
|-
| MDR128 || Nizampur-Nangal-Dargu-Nangal Chaudhary || || 17.30
|-
| MDR129 || [[Narnaul]]-[[Nangal Chaudhary]]-Bhudwala (converted to [[National Highway 148B (India)|NH148B]]) || || 30 km
|-
| MDR130 || [[Chhuchakwas]]-Jharli-Bahu-Karoli || || 36.23
|-
| MDR131 || [[Hodal]]-[[Punhana]]-Nagina || || 39.99
|-
| MDR132 || Hodal-Uttawar-Nuh Taoru Pataudi-Patuda || || 101.77
|-
| MDR133 || [[Ballabgarh]]-[[Pali village|Pali]]-Dauj-[[Sohna]] || || 29.80
|-
| MDR135 || [[Palwal]]-[[Hathin]]-[[Uttawar]]-[[Bhandas]] || || 37.09
|-
| MDR136 || Bahadurgarh Badli Chandu || || 31.76
|-
| MDR137 || Mehrauli-Gurgaon road to Faridabad || || 25.08
|-
| MDR138 || G.T. Road to Jatheri-Akbarpur RathdhanaNahra Kundal Sohati Bahadurgarh || || 25.45
|-
| MDR139 || Rania-Mohmadpuria-Balasar-NaiwalaDutianwali-Bacher road up to border || || 35
|-
|}

== Other District Roads (ODR)==

{{anchor | Village roads | Other roads | Other district roads }}
Haryana also has at least 11,216 km ''other district roads'' (ODR), also known as the ''village roads''.<ref name=harrd>[http://www.haryanapwd.nic.in/Documents/OTHER%20DISTRICT%20ROADS%20LENGTHS(For%20villages).pdf Village road lengths in Haryana by districts in 2016]</ref>

== {{anchor|Expressway}} Expressways ==
{{main|Expressways of India}}

Following expressways, also called e-ways, pass through Haryana.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Lanes
! Status
! Total length (km)
! Length in Haryana (km)
! Part of (NH/SH Names) / Notes
|-

| [[Ambala–Chandigarh Expressway]] || 4 || Completed || 35 || || [[National Highway 152 (India)|NH-152]]

|-
| [[Ambala–Narnaul Expressway]] || 6 || Completed || 230 || 230 || [[National Highway 152D (India)|NH-152D]]

|-
| [[Ambala-Shamli Expressway]] || 6 || Under Construction || 121.8 || 75 || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Montecarlo Wins Shamli–Ambala Expressway's Package 3 |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/07/15/montecarlo-wins-shamli-ambala-expressways-package-3/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

|-
|[[Ludhiana–Bathinda–Ajmer Expressway]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/work-begins-for-six-laning-of-ludhiana-bathinda-highway-296541|title=Work begins for six-laning of Ludhiana-Bathinda highway |work=Tribune India |access-date=2021-08-21|language=hi}}</ref> || 4 || Construction ongoing || || || Brownfield expansion of [[National Highway 54 (India)|NH-54D]]

|-
|[[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]] (Bathinda–Kandla Expressway)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/nitin-gadkaris-ambitious-infrastructure-plan-5-new-greenfield-highways-to-come-up-on-major-routes/1166757/|title=Nitin Gadkari's ambitious infrastructure plan: 5 new greenfield highways to come up on major routes|date=2018-05-14|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-09-02|language=en-US}}</ref> || 4 || Completed || 900 || ||

|-
| [[Delhi-Chandigarh Expressway]] (Delhi-Chandigarh Yamunabank Expressway) || 6 || Planned || 270 km || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teztarrar.com/delhi/this-new-expressway-will-start-from-delhi-to-ambala-soon-the-journey-will-be-completed-in-a-few-hours/|title=दिल्ली से अंबाला जल्द शुरू होगा ये नया एक्सप्रेसवे, चंद घंटो में पुरा होगा सफ़र|publisher=Tez Tarrar|date=20 August 2022|access-date=4 November 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/sonipat-green-highway-to-be-built-along-yamuna-from-delhi-to-ambala-22993123.html|title=दिल्ली से अंबाला तक यमुना किनारे बनेगा ग्रीन हाईवे : दुष्यंत|publisher=Dainik Jagran|date=19 August 2022|access-date=4 November 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/3-major-highways-to-cut-travel-time-raise-land-values-in-haryana-and-punjab-9131276.html|title=3 Major Highways To Cut Travel Time, Raise Land Values In Haryana And Punjab|publisher=News18|date=23 November 2024|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/gurgaon-news/new-flyover-in-haryana-8601598|title=हरियाणा में इन तीन जगह पर बनेंगे नए फ्लाईओवर.. केन्द्र ने दी मंजूरी|publisher=Dainik Patrika|date=22 November 2023|access-date=4 November 2025|language=hi}}</ref>

|-
| [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]] || 6 || Completed || 600 || || Palwal WPE - Jewar spur (optional)

|-
| [[Delhi–Faridabad Skyway]] || 6 || Completed || 4.4 || || [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]], Elevated. Future extension to Dhuaj-WPE-Punhana.

|-
| [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]] || 8 to 10 || Completed || 27.7 || || [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], future extension to WPE

|-
| [[Delhi-Hisar-Fazilka Expressway]]<ref name=HDE1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/faster-connectivity-from-hisar-to-delhi/articleshow/63236752.cms Faster connectivity from Hisar to Delhi], Times of India, Mar 2018.</ref> || 6 || Planned || 170 || || Greenfield straight-line alignment to Gurugram-Delhi. Fazilka-Abohar-Rania-Chautala-Hisar - Kanwari - Gujrani - Chhuchakwas - Farrukh Nagar - KMP Expressway - IGI Airport (Dwarka Experssway). Additional spur from Palwal KMPE to [[Noida International Airport|Jewar Airport]], this will connect Hisar Airport to IGI and Jewar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Hisar,+Haryana,+India/Kanwari,+Haryana,+India/Lohari+Jatu,+Haryana,+India/Gujrani,+Haryana,+India/Bond+Kalan,+Haryana,+India/Chhuchhakwas,+Haryana,+India/Farukh+Nagar,+Haryana,+India/Delhi,+India/@28.7988455,76.1346794,10z/data=!4m50!4m49!1m5!1m1!1s0x391232d8011d0c37:0x1d3f0df105af1178!2m2!1d75.7216527!2d29.1491875!1m5!1m1!1s0x39124970516f8bab:0x4074f86a45b65f8f!2m2!1d75.8199843!2d28.9750115!1m5!1m1!1s0x3912429c761d34bf:0x264934e4201037db!2m2!1d76.0800226!2d28.9059583!1m5!1m1!1s0x3912667e3c93aa3f:0x6f340e88633771e0!2m2!1d76.1609838!2d28.844163!1m5!1m1!1s0x39127dcd701509b1:0x9dcdc1233901d567!2m2!1d76.3418168!2d28.77835!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d7c488e52bd8b:0x29f8ea8aa82bdb62!2m2!1d76.5228101!2d28.6039511!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d6b2a7fbac13d:0x4489b1fac0fefc86!2m2!1d76.8227916!2d28.4489896!1m5!1m1!1s0x390cfd5b347eb62d:0x37205b715389640!2m2!1d77.1024902!2d28.7040592!3e0|title=Hisar to Delhi|website=Hisar to Delhi}}</ref>

|-
| [[Delhi-Jaipur Expressway]] || 8 || Completed || 242 || || [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]

|-
| [[Delhi–Jaipur Expressway#New|Delhi–Jaipur New Expressway]] (Delhi–Jaipur Super Expressway) || 8 || Planned || 195.1 || || [[National Highway 352B (India)|NH-352B]]

|-
| [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] || 8 to 12 || Completed || 1,350 || 129 || 50 km length in Faridabad-Nuh section and 79 km length in Sohna-Ferozepur Jhirka section.<ref name=dme1>[https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-delhi-mumbai-expressway-new-route-map-road-alignment-planned-5-exciting-things-to-know-63343 New route alignment of DME], Sept 2018.</ref><ref name=new1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/delhi-mumbai-expressway-new-route-to-save-rs-16000-crore-gadkari/articleshow/65812522.cms Lanes and length].</ref>

|-
| [[National Highway 44 (India)|Delh–Panipat Expressway]] || 8 || Completed || 27.6 || || 8 main and 4 (2+2) service lane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/battle-of-panipat-commute-to-delhi-788244|title=Battle of Panipat: Commute to Delhi|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

|-
| [[Dwarka Expressway]] || 8 || Completed || 27.6 || ||
|-

| [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]] || 6 || Completed || 135 || ||

|-
| [[Faridabad–Noida–Ghaziabad Expressway]] || 6 to 8 || Under construction || 56 || 28.1 ||

|-
| [[Hisar-Rewari Expressway]] (via [[Tosham]], [[Badhra]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]], and [[Taoru]]) || 4 || Proposed || 160 || DPR ready in Jan 2024, to be undertaken under [[Bharatmala]] phase-A.<ref name=kane1>[https://m.haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/deputy-cm-said-cities-got-relief-from-traffic-jams-with-12-new-bypasses-1937547 हरियाणा जल्द होगा फाटक मुक्त राज्य, 12 नए बाईपास से शहरों को मिली जाम से निजात: दुष्यंत चौटाला], punjabkesari.in, 5 Feb 2024.</ref><ref name=hsrr1>[https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=164322&headline=Four-lane-highway-connecting-Hisar,-Tosham,-Satanali,-Mahendergarh,-Kanina,-and-Tauru-approved Four lane highway connecting Hisar, Tosham, Satanali, Mahendergarh, Kanina, and Tauru approved], babushahi.com, 7 May 2023.</ref>

|-
| [[Hisar–Jaipur–Chandigarh Expressway]] || 6 to 8 || Proposed || 300 || ||

|-
| [[Surnama-Kanwari-Meham Expressway]] || 6 to 8 || Proposed || 200 || || Bikaner-Hisar-Meham route; will intersect Bhatinda-Kandla, Bhatinda-Ajmer, Fazilka-Hisar-Delhi, Ambala-Narnaul; will also easily access Delhi-Jammu, WPE.

|-
| [[Panipat Elevated Expressway]] || 6 || Operational || 10 || || [[Grand Trunk Road|GT Road]] ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]]), Elevated

|-
| [[Panipat-Dabwali Expressway]] (via [[Uchana]], [[Ratia]], [[Sardulgarh]], [[Kalanwali]]) || 6 || Proposed || 260 ||

200 km long, 6-lane (expandable to 8 lanes) access-controlled expressway. Interchanges at Dabwali, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Tohana, Jind, and Panipat. Smart highway with IoT-based traffic management will decongest NH-9 and NH-44 while improving freight movement to Delhi NCR. In June 2025, 95% land acquisition completed (delays in some patches near Sirsa), construction Dabwali-Sirsa 50 km is 40% completed (Dec 2026 target completion) and Sirsa-Panipat 150 km section bidding underway (construction to start by Q3 2025 with target completion by late 2027).<ref name="NHAI2025">{{cite web |url=https://nhai.gov.in |title=Dabwali-Panipat Expressway: Bharatmala Phase-II Update |publisher=NHAI |date=May 2025}}</ref><ref name="PIB2025">{{cite press release |url=https://pib.gov.in |title=Land Acquisition Cleared for Haryana Expressway |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=April 2025}}</ref><ref name="ET2025">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com |title=Delay in Dabwali-Panipat Expressway: Farmers Protest |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=June 2025}}</ref>

|-
| [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] || 6 || Completed || 135.6 || ||
|-

| [[Outer Western Peripheral Expressway]] || 6 || Proposed|| 500 || || Not yet approved. Meerut-Samalkha - Gohana - Meham - Matanhail - Kosli - Bhadas - Hodal - Jewar - Yamuna Expressway.<ref name=goh1>[https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Meerut,+Uttar+Pradesh,+India/Budhana,+Uttar+Pradesh,+India/Samalkha,+Haryana,+India/Meham,+Haryana,+India/Matanhail,+Haryana,+India/Kosli,+Haryana,+India/Bhiwadi,+Rajasthan,+India/Bhadas,+Haryana,+India/Hodal,+Haryana,+India/Jewar,+Uttar+Pradesh,+India/@28.6509581,75.8773534,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m62!4m61!1m5!1m1!1s0x390c64f457b66325:0x42faa83387a6be5e!2m2!1d77.7064137!2d28.9844618!1m5!1m1!1s0x390c3eaa023f0ff1:0x7435f8cd8613d1d2!2m2!1d77.4704485!2d29.280557!1m5!1m1!1s0x390dc6018e7f421f:0x7523ff575254283c!2m2!1d77.0117647!2d29.2405272!1m5!1m1!1s0x391271b84aea2abd:0x7237e94f5f9093d4!2m2!1d76.2963954!2d28.9658949!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d7d65f2cabd25:0x68ba9d4bd0a67610!2m2!1d76.4649847!2d28.5752188!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d6043f56231b1:0xee371d5594ad4b0e!2m2!1d76.4852265!2d28.3968505!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d378ebd6b8223:0x907abc8f1e4f815c!2m2!1d76.8445999!2d28.2088218!1m5!1m1!1s0x3972ce2320ba4567:0x46c25a9d6d483f59!2m2!1d77.0089452!2d27.941439!1m5!1m1!1s0x39732557cab48703:0x1d789d646cd2045c!2m2!1d77.3726379!2d27.8964879!1m5!1m1!1s0x390ccaa303950f09:0x6617ae830196e9b1!2m2!1d77.55621!2d28.1207244!3e0 Proposed Outer WPE route].</ref>
|-

| [[NCR Counter Magnet Cities Peripheral Expressway]] || 6 || Proposed|| 2,000 || || Greenfield alignment. Not yet approved. Hisar -Kaithal - Ambala (incl. Patiala) - Dhradun (from Ambala via Yamuna Nagar) - Bareilly - Kanpur - Bhopal - Kota - Jaipur - Hisar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Hisar,+Haryana,+India/Ambala,+Haryana,+India/Dehradun,+Uttarakhand,+India/Bareilly,+Uttar+Pradesh,+India/Kanpur,+India/Bhopal,+Madhya+Pradesh,+India/Kota,+Rajasthan,+India/Jaipur,+Rajasthan,+India/Hisar,+Haryana,+India/@26.8310763,73.1246416,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m56!4m55!1m5!1m1!1s0x391232d8011d0c37:0x1d3f0df105af1178!2m2!1d75.7216527!2d29.1491875!1m5!1m1!1s0x390fb62a421e6f11:0xebd28a29f7258d14!2m2!1d76.7766974!2d30.3781788!1m5!1m1!1s0x390929c356c888af:0x4c3562c032518799!2m2!1d78.0321918!2d30.3164945!1m5!1m1!1s0x39a007334d02998d:0x5b9d44cf31ee87f!2m2!1d79.4304381!2d28.3670355!1m5!1m1!1s0x399c4770b127c46f:0x1778302a9fbe7b41!2m2!1d80.3318736!2d26.449923!1m5!1m1!1s0x397c428f8fd68fbd:0x2155716d572d4f8!2m2!1d77.412615!2d23.2599333!1m5!1m1!1s0x396f9b30c41bb44d:0x5f5c103200045588!2m2!1d75.8647527!2d25.2138156!1m5!1m1!1s0x396c4adf4c57e281:0xce1c63a0cf22e09!2m2!1d75.7872709!2d26.9124336!1m5!1m1!1s0x391232d8011d0c37:0x1d3f0df105af1178!2m2!1d75.7216527!2d29.1491875!3e0|title=Hisar to Hisar|website=Hisar to Hisar}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[Railway in Haryana]]
* [[List of airports in India#Haryana|Airports in Haryana]]
* [[Administrative divisions of Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Transport.pdf Multi-model transport network map of Haryana], created by [[Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar]] (HARSAC)
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Road%20Network.jpg Road network of Haryana], created by HARSAC
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309081018/http://www.haryanapwd-bandr.org/state_length.html Haryana PWD Site]}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:Roads in Haryana|State Highways]]
[[Category:State highways in Haryana| ]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Haryana State Highways]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists|State Highways]]

Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko

2026-03-22T23:58:23Z

KellyeZimmermann: slightly fixed content based on references for consistency

{{for-multi|the 2003 film|Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne|the 2005 album|You've Stolen My Heart}}
{{citation style|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| album =
| released = 1973
| format =
| recorded = [[Mumbai]], 1973
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 5:30
| label = Saregama India Ltd.
| composer = [[R. D. Burman]]
| lyricist = [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| producer =
}}
"'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko|italic=no}}'''" ({{Translation|This heart that you've stolen}}) is an Indian [[Hindi film music|Hindi song]] by [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mohammad Rafi]] from the 1973 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baraat]]''.<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko|title-link=Yaadon Ki Baraat (1973 film) |others=[[R.D. Burman]] |year=1973 |type=soundtrack album, back cover |publisher=[[Navketan Films]]}}</ref><ref>[https://m.hindigeetmala.net/song/chura_liya_hai_tum_ne.htm Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ke song at Hindigeetmala]</ref> Picturized on [[Vijay Arora]] and [[Zeenat Aman]], it is written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and composed by [[R. D. Burman]] and the guitar is played by [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]].<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/bhupinder-singh-celebs-remember-the-man-with-a-golden-voice-101658249044067.html Bhupinder Singh: Celebs remember the man with a golden voice]</ref> It has been remixed and sampled by many other artists.

The song was a hit in the 1970s, and has gained a cult status in India. In 2020, [[Asha Bhosle]] named this song as one of her favourite songs.<ref>[https://www.iwmbuzz.com/music/snippets-music/lata-mangeshkar-asha-bhosale-pick-favourite-musical-gems/2020/01/04/ Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosale: Pick their favourite musical gems]</ref> The song was picked by [[Pinkvilla]] by one of the most iconic songs of Asha Bhosle on her 89th birthday.<ref>[https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/happy-birthday-asha-bhosle-evergreen-songs-of-the-living-legend-that-are-still-close-to-our-hearts-1189064 Happy Birthday Asha Bhosle: Evergreen songs of the living legend that are still close to our hearts]</ref>

==Cultural impact==
In 2021, Pakistani politician [[Maryam Nawaz]] sang this song on her son's wedding ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-08 |title=Maryam Nawaz sings 'Chura liya hai tumne' on son's wedding celebration ceremony |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/851831/maryam-nawaz-sings-chura-liya-hai-tumne-on-sons-wedding-celebration-ceremony/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, the song was performed by Indian TV actress [[Ashi Singh]] on [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko: Ashi Singh shares romantic dance video on Valentine's Day, 'meet' the lucky one |url=https://www.www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/snippets-digital/chura-liya-hai-tumne-jo-dil-ko-ashi-singh-shares-romantic-dance-video-on-valentines-day-meet-the-lucky-one/2022/02/15/ |website=iwmbuzz.com}}</ref>

==Versions==
{{expand section|date=October 2022}}
This song has been remade and re-sung by many artists including [[Indian Idol|Indian Idol season 12]] contestant [[Shanmukha Priya|Shanmukhapriya]].<ref>[https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/indian-idol-12-contestant-shanmukhapriya-gets-trolled-her-rendition-chura-liya-hai-tumne-767463 Indian Idol 12 contestant Shanmukhapriya gets trolled for her rendition of ‘Chura Liya Hai Tumne’]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://youtube.com/XmxBL_2xsss|- Watch the song.]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1973 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Asha Bhosle songs]]
[[Category:Mohammed Rafi songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Rock songs]]
[[Category:Psychedelic rock songs]]
[[Category:Raga rock songs]]

Marcella Sherwood

2026-03-22T17:32:44Z

KellyeZimmermann: Created initial stub initial version!

{{Short description|English missionary (c.1878–1966)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Marcella Sherwood
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Frances Marcella Sherwood
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1878
| birth_place = [[Kimberworth]], [[Rotherham]], [[South Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1966|5|14|1878}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Missionary
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Frances Marcella Sherwood''', commonly known as '''Marcella Sherwood''' (c.1878 – 14 May 1966), was an English missionary with the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]], remembered for her connection to [[Reginald Dyer]]’s [[Crawling Order]] following her assault in [[Amritsar]] on 10 April 1919 during the Punjab disturbances.

==Early life==
Frances Marcella Sherwood, commonly known as Marcella,<ref name=Wagner.95>Wagner, pp. 95-97</ref> was born in early 1878 in [[Kimberworth]], [[Rotherham]], [[South Yorkshire]].<ref>Sheffield Archives; Sheffield, England; Parish Registers; Reference: PR116/1/3</ref> She was one of four daughters and two sons of Edward Purvis Sherwood, sometime rector of [[Baginton]], [[Warwick District|Warwick]].<ref name=Stafford1948>{{cite news |title=Lady doctor for Pakistan |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000525/19480109/010/0001 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Staffordshire Sentinel |date=9 January 1948 |page=1|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Rugely1966>{{cite news |title=Deaths |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003294/19660115/104/0007 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Rugeley Times |date=15 January 1966 |page=7|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sherwood joined the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] in 1904, and was first posted to work at [[Batala]], Punjab, where she remained until being furloughed back to England in 1915.<ref name=Kenilworth1920>{{cite news |title=Baginton lady in an Indian riot |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003066/19200313/046/0003 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Kenilworth Advertiser |date=13 March 1920 |page=3|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> When she returned to India, she joined the mission at Amritsar.<ref name=Kenilworth1920/> For a short while she taught at a school for girls in Singapore.<ref name=RugelyMay1966>{{cite news |title=Funeral of missionary worker |work=Rugely Times |date=28 May 1966 |page=9}}</ref>

==Amritsar 1919==
On 10 April 1919, Sherwood, then aged about 40 years, and superintendent of the city mission schools, cycled alone into the Ahluwia neighbourhood of Amritsar to close Bagian di Katra School, one of five schools she was responsible for.<ref name=Wagner.95/> Although warned by locals not to go further, she continued until she had to abandon her bike and run, until she was caught and beaten by kicks, sticks and shoes by a group of Indian men who left her once they believed her to be dead.<ref name=Wagner.95/><ref name=Wagner.249>Wagner, p. 249.</ref>

On 18 April, Deputy Superintendent of police, [[Reginald C. A. Plomer]], was sent with military troops to the street where Sherwood was attacked, with the task to identify the attackers, by interrogating its residents .<ref name=Wagner.192>Wagner, pp. 192-199</ref> Dyer visited Sherwood at Ram Bagh on 19 April, and in response, created the [[Crawling Order]].<ref name=Wagner.192/><ref name=CovHer1921>{{cite news |title=Warwickshire villages: no.16 Baginton |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000384/19210715/073/0009 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Coventry Herald |date=15 July 1921 |page=9|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sherwood declined the full compensation offered from the British Government in India.<ref name=RugelyMay1966/><ref name=LDC1920>{{cite news |title=English woman assaulted by natives wants no compensation |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19200226/104/0006 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=London Daily Chronicle |date=26 February 1920 |page=6|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> When asked by the ''Coventry Standard'' as to why she declined it she replied "I hear not the cries of 'kill kill' in that street but the shouts of leave her alone, she is a woman, raised in another street. It was Indians who rescued me, an Indian house that gave me shelter, Indian hands that first dressed my wounds, that is full compensation. I would not have it otherwise".<ref name=Kenilworth1920/> She accepted ₹1,500 in compensation for medical expenses and for her damaged bicycle and watch.<ref name=Dhillon2024>{{cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=Hardeep |title=Imperial Violence, Law, and Compensation in the Age of Empire, 1919–1922 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2024 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=512–537 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000560 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/imperial-violence-law-and-compensation-in-the-age-of-empire-19191922/87CA76CCDC42510B5D5497BE6469141D#fn17 |language=en |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Later life==
Once recovered, Sherwood returned to India to work in Lahore, and retired from her missionary to assist refugees of [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref name=RugelyMay1966/> In her later years she lived in England with her sisters [[Edith Grace Sherwood|Grace]] and Amy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lifetime devotion to the healing sick |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003679/19611202/213/0014 |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=Staffordshire Newsletter |date=2 December 1961|page=14|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
Sherwood is mentioned in a ''A Passage to India''.<ref name=Beer1985>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=G. K. |editor1-last=Beer |editor1-first=J. |title=A Passage to India: Essays in Interpretation |date=1985 |publisher=Palgeave MacMillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-0-333-40457-7 |pages=1-15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THyxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|language=en |chapter=1. A Passage to India: A socio-historical study}}</ref><ref name="Rawa2013">{{cite book |last1=Rawa |first1=Julia |title=The Imperial Quest and Modern Memory from Conrad to Greene |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-135-49432-2 |pages=61-84 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nab7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en |chapter=4. A Passage to India: Double turnes in Mosque, Cave, and Temple}}</ref>

==Death==
Sherwood outlived her sisters and died on 14 May 1966.<ref name=Rugely.Aug1966>{{cite news |title=Deaths|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003294/19660827/094/0005 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Rugeley Times |date=27 August 1966 |page=5|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Her funeral took place at [[Church of St Nicholas, Mavesyn Ridware|Church of St Nicholas]], Staffordshire.<ref name=RugelyMay1966/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear & the Making of a Massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sherwood, Marcella}}
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from Rotherham]]

Badmaash Company

2026-03-17T09:31:39Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|2010 film by Parmeet Sethi}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Badmaash Company
| image = Badmash-Companywall.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Parmeet Sethi]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| writer = Parmeet Sethi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Shahid Kapoor]]
*[[Anushka Sharma]]
*[[Vir Das]]
*[[Meiyang Chang]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Score:''' [[Julius Packiam]]
| cinematography = Sanjay Kapoor
| editing = Ritesh Soni
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|05|07}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|210|link=yes}} million<ref name="budget">{{cite web |title=How Badmaash Company Seamlessly Intertwines Comedy and Serious Drama |url=https://www.airtel.in/blog/entertainment/how-badmaash-company-seamlessly-intertwines-comedy-and-serious-drama/ |website=Airtel |date=2 Dec 2024 |access-date=22 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|530|link=yes}} million<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web |title=Badmaash Company Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badmaash-company/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=1 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Badmaash Company''''' ({{Translation|Illicit Company}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Parmeet Sethi]] in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner. The film stars [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Meiyang Chang]], and [[Vir Das]], and follows four young friends from middle-class backgrounds in [[Mumbai]] who form an illicit business venture that quickly escalates into a high-stakes international con operation.

[[Principal photography]] took place in locations across India, [[Thailand]], and the United States.

''Badmaash Company'' was released on 7 May 2010 and received mixed reviews from critics who praised the cast performances—particularly Kapoor's—and the film's youthful tone, but criticised the screenplay and pacing. Despite this, the film proved to be a commercial success, grossing ₹530 million (US$11.8 million) worldwide.

==Plot==
1994 [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Karan Kapoor, a [[Middle class|middle-class]] college graduate, dreams of starting his own business, much to the disapproval of his father, Sajjan Kapoor, who insists he pursue an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]. While on a trip to [[Bangkok]] with his friends Zing and Chandu, Karan meets Bulbul Singh, an aspiring model. Encouraged by her belief in big ideas over big money, Karan returns to India with a renewed drive to succeed.

When Sajjan suffers a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and the family struggles with medical expenses, Karan is motivated to change his fortunes. He devises a [[smuggling]] operation for imported goods that avoids customs duties by exploiting loopholes. Along with Zing, Chandu, and Bulbul, he establishes a venture called "Friends and Company." The group becomes wealthy by repeating similar schemes.

After a confrontation with his father over the illegal nature of his work, Karan moves in with Bulbul and expands their operations to the [[United States]], aided by his uncle Jazz. There, the group continues their exploits through real estate scams and high-end goods [[arbitrage]]. However, their success breeds excess. Zing's drinking leads to domestic violence on his girlfriend Linda and fight with Chandu. Karan, meanwhile, enters a fraudulent marriage for a [[green card]], leading Bulbul to leave him. The group disbands amid personal rifts.

Isolated and consumed by guilt, Karan returns to India and witnesses his father being honored for his integrity. This inspires him to abandon his unethical ways. He returns to America, serves a [[Sentence (law)|jail sentence]], and is bailed out by his former friends, who also forfeit their shares in the company. 6 months later, Karan is released from jail and begins anew by working at his uncle's firm.

When a failed shirt consignment threatens Jazz's company, Karan reunites with Bulbul, who is now pregnant with his child, along with Zing and Chandu to spin the defect as an innovative “color-changing” feature, reigniting consumer interest. It is also shown that Linda eventually married Chandu. The gimmick is further popularized during a [[Michael Jackson]] concert, where Linda, now a [[backup dancer]], helps market the shirt. The company's fortunes reverse, and the original team reunites to launch a legitimate business.

The film ends with "Friends and Company" flourishing as a [[State-owned enterprise|public enterprise]] and Karan finding personal and professional fulfillment, having reconciled with his father and built a life grounded in integrity.

== Cast ==
*[[Shahid Kapoor]] as Karan Kapoor
*[[Anushka Sharma]] as Bulbul Singh
*[[Vir Das]] as Chandu
*[[Meiyang Chang]] as Zing
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Sajjan Kapoor, Karan father
*[[Kiran Juneja]] as Maya Kapoor: Karan's mother
*[[Shalini Chandran]] as Anu Kapoor: Karan's sister
*[[Pavan Malhotra]] as Jazz: Karan's maternal uncle
*[[Jameel Khan]] as Archie Bhai
*Alexandra Vino as Linda
*John Marenjo as Charlie
*Obaid Kadwani as the Lawyer

==Production==
''Badmaash Company'' marked the directorial debut of [[Parmeet Sethi]], who also wrote the screenplay. Sethi reportedly completed the script in just six days, drawing inspiration from real-life individuals for the film's four main characters.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2010 |title=The four characters of 'Badmaash Company' picked from real life |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-four-characters-of-badmaash-company-picked-from-real-life/608785/ |access-date=20 April 2010 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> He later stated that he was disillusioned with television and eager to transition into filmmaking.

[[Principal photography]] took place across various international and domestic locations, including [[New York City]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Bangkok]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Hyderabad]].

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Badmaash Company'' opened to decent collections despite facing stiff competition from the multi-starrer ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''. It earned approximately ₹208.4 million by the end of its first week. The film continued to perform steadily in domestic markets and ultimately grossed ₹529.8 million at the end of its theatrical run, emerging as a commercial success.<ref name="boxoffice" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Domestic Box Office Winners 2010 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2408&nCat=box_office_news |access-date=5 January 2011 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Badmaash Company'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise for its entertainment value and performances but criticism directed at its predictability and narrative.

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5, calling it "a watchable experience" that "offers solid entertainment but doesn't insult your intelligence."<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Badmaash Company: Movie Reviews |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14138/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311034320/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14138/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Gaurav Malani of ''[[Times Internet|Indiatimes]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5, praising [[Shahid Kapoor]] and calling the film “a good entertainer. Worth a watch!”<ref>{{cite news |title=Badmaash Company: Movie Review |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Badmaash-Company-Movie-Review/moviereview/5902575.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510022049/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Badmaash-Company-Movie-Review/moviereview/5902575.cms |archive-date=10 May 2010 |access-date=7 May 2010 |publisher=Indiatimes}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3 out of 5, noting that while it had "riveting scenes," the plot followed a predictable arc of crime and redemption.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |date=7 May 2010 |title=Badmaash Company: Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Badmaash-Company/movie-review/5902462.cms |access-date=7 May 2010 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

On the other hand, some critics were more reserved. [[Komal Nahta]] gave it 2.5 out of 5, appreciating Kapoor's performance but calling the film uneven.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2010 |title=Review: This company is worth keeping |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-this-company-is-worth-keeping_1380402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510002504/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-this-company-is-worth-keeping_1380402 |archive-date=10 May 2010 |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=DNA}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 2 out of 5, writing that the film started off with promise but got bogged down in clichés.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Badmaash Company really THAT bad? |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/10/is-badmaash-company-really-that-bad.htm |access-date=16 January 2011 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]'' was particularly critical, giving it 1.5 out of 5 and calling it “outrageously silly.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Masand: 'Badmaash Company', outrageously silly |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-badmaash-company-outrageously-silly/114820-8-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510055846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-badmaash-company-outrageously-silly/114820-8-84.html |archive-date=10 May 2010 |access-date=7 May 2010 |publisher=Ibnlive.in}}</ref>

Additional reviews ranged from mixed-to-negative. [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' labeled it “staggeringly tedious,” while [[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' remarked that “there's not a single scene in the film that actually works.” [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted the film's decline after the interval, calling it “half-written,” and gave it 2 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayank Shekhar's Review: Badmaash Company |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Badmaash-Company/Article1-540670.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510002142/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Badmaash-Company/Article1-540670.aspx |archive-date=10 May 2010 |access-date=7 May 2010 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The review aggregator ''ReviewGang'' gave it an average score of 4/10, reflecting the divided critical opinion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Badmaash Company Reviews |url=http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/58-Badmaash-Company-Reviews |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510080811/http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/58-Badmaash-Company-Reviews |archive-date=10 May 2010 |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=Reviewgang.com}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |14 January 2011
|[[Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director|Most Promising Director]]
|[[Parmeet Sethi]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105041016/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |archive-date=5 January 2011 |access-date=7 January 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|[[Meiyang Chang]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Vir Das]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|6 February 2011
|[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male|Breakthrough Performance – Male]]
|Meiyang Chang
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2011-01-22 |title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011 2011 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Badmaash Company
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2010|05|07}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:43
| label = [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge?]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Action Replayy]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|v7gs5R1aXNc|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack of ''Badmaash Company'' was composed by [[Pritam]], with lyrics written by [[Anvita Dutt|Anvita Dutt Guptan]]. The [[film score]] was composed by [[Julius Packiam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2010 |title=Badmaash Company music review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/music/reviews/2010/badmaash-company-music-review-120410.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227132423/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/reviews/2010/badmaash-company-music-review-120410.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Ayaashi | extra1 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]] || length1= 04:24
| title2 = Jingle Jingle | extra2 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Master Saleem]], [[Monali Thakur]] || length2= 04:27
| title3 = Chaska | extra3 = [[Krishna Beura]] || length3= 05:14
| title4 = Fakeera | extra4 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] || length4= 04:38
| title5 = Badmaash Company | extra5 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Anushka Manchanda]] || length5= 03:58
| title6 = Ayaashi | note6 = Remix | extra6 = KK || length6= 04:12
| title7 = Chaska | note7 = Remix | extra7 = Krishna Beura ||length7= 03:49
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.yashrajfilms.com/microsites/bc/fullpage.html}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|badmaash-company}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
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[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy films]]
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Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru

2026-03-15T18:14:41Z

KellyeZimmermann: Created new pg more to come!

{{Short description|Autonomous college located in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox College
| name = Mount Carmel College
| logo =
| motto = ''Ad Jesum Per Mariam''
| mottoeng = To Jesus through Mary
| established = '''1944''' at [[Trichur]], [[Kerala]]({{years ago|1944}} years ago); '''1948''' relocated to [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]({{Start date and age|1948}})
|founder = [[Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa]], [[Ernakulam, Kerala]]
|affiliation = [[Bengaluru City University]]
|religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|12|59|35.5|N|77|35|17.4|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus = 58, Palace Road, Bangalore
| website = {{url|http://mccblr.edu.in/}}
| image = File:Mount Carmel College Bangalore logo.png
| caption =
}}
'''Mount Carmel College''' ('''MCC''') is a [[Catholic]] institution of higher education located in [[Bangalore]], [[India]], affiliated to [[Bengaluru City University]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MCC About Us – Mount Carmel College, Bangalore |url=https://mccblr.edu.in/mcc-about-us/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was established with the aim of empowering women through education and operated exclusively as a [[women's college]] for over 75 years. In 2021, it began admitting male students to postgraduate courses and in 2024, it transitioned to a fully [[co-educational]] institution as part of its efforts to become a deemed-to-be university.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-08 |title=A diverse turn: Mount Carmel College to transition into co-ed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Jan/08/a-diverse-turnmount-carmel-college-to-transition-into-co-ed-2648874.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Samrah Attar,Dhanya |date=2024-01-09 |title=Why Bengaluru Mount Carmel college decided to become a co-ed institute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/why-bengaluru-mount-carmel-college-decided-to-become-a-co-ed-institute |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-06 |title=The boys of Mount Carmel & THE CO-ED RUSH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/the-boys-of-mount-carmel-the-co-ed-rush/articleshow/107452149.cms |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
The college was founded on 24 April 1887 by Mother Teresa of St Rose of Lima in [[Ernakulam|Ernakulum]] in [[Kerala]]. It is owned and administered by the [[Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa]]. As a minority institution, it enjoys the rights and privileges guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.

After over seven decades, the college which was only for girls, opened its post graduate courses to boys in 2016 and started enrollment in 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-04 |title=Mount Carmel opens up all courses to boys; eyes university status |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Jan/04/mount-carmel-opens-up-all-courses-to-boys-eyes-university-status-2647840.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The college completed 75 years during the academic year 2022-2023 and following a decision taken at the Bangalore University Academic Council meeting, the college declared on 4 January 2024, that all courses are open for both boys and girls. Dr.Prof. George Lekha is the principal of the college <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=Mount Carmel College in Bengaluru to offer admissions for boys for all UG and PG courses from 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mcc-to-offer-admissions-for-boys-for-all-ug-and-pg-courses-from-2024/article67706156.ece |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=After 75 years, Bengaluru’s Mount Carmel College to open its doors for male students |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-mount-carmel-college-admission-boys-9095951/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The decision is line with the college's aspirations to achieve a deemed to be university status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Carmel opens admissions for boys into all courses |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/mount-carmel-opens-admissions-for-boys-into-all-courses-2835799 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Academics and accreditation==
The college offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes in arts, science and commerce. The college is Re-Accredited with an A+ Grade (5th Cycle) by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]. A College with Potential for Excellence by UGC, Star College Status by DBT, Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO) by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Government of India. The college has a sister institution Mount Carmel Institute Of Management which offers a post-graduation diploma in Business Management for women. The Centre for Education Growth and Research has declared MCC as the Best Women’s College in Karnataka for its ‘outstanding and exemplary contribution towards education, skill development and research’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Carmel College, Bangalore – MCC Bangalore |url=https://mccblr.edu.in/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2025, it was ranked by ''[[India Today]]'' as one of the top three colleges in Karnataka in the fields of arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/education/ranking-2008.html |title=Ranking 2008 of Colleges in Karnataka |date=4 June 2008 |access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref>

== Student festivals ==
Cul Ah is the cultural fest of the college that includes events such as dance, drama, music and academically driven contests like quizzes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Carmel campus turns into a cultural melting pot|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_mount-carmel-campus-turns-into-a-cultural-melting-pot_1493482 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=12 January 2011 |access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref> Cross Currents is a national level Commerce Fest and Carpediem is a national level management fest, along with Manan which is a national level Humanities fest.
These are to name a few of the fests hosted by the college.

==Notable alumni==
{{see also|Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni}}
* [[A. J. S. Lakshmi Shree]], visual artist
* [[Anjali Jay]], British-Indian actress and classical dancer
* [[Amulya]], actress
* [[Anu Prabhakar]], actress
* [[Anushka Sharma]], actress
* [[Anushka Shetty]], actress
* [[Aparna Popat]], badminton player
* [[Deepika Padukone]], actress
* [[Disha Ravi|Disha Annappa Ravi]], environmental activist
* [[Evangeline Anderson Rajkumar]], theologian
* [[Faye D'Souza]], journalist
* [[Joanne Da Cunha]], Pond's Femina Goa 2013 / Actress, Model, Singer
* [[Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw]], businesswoman, technocrat, innovator, and the founder of [[Biocon]]
* [[Mamta Mohandas]], actress and playback singer
* [[Margaret Alva]], governor of [[Rajasthan]] and former governor of [[Uttarakhand]]
* [[MILI (singer-songwriter)|MILI (Mili Nair), singer-songwriter, composer, producer]]
* [[Monisha Unni]], actress
* [[Nicole Faria]], model and Miss Earth 2010
* [[Nithya Menen]], actress
* [[Nirupama Rao]], Indian ambassador to the United States
* [[Pooja Umashankar]], actress
* [[Priya Pereira]], actress
* [[Radhika Pandit]], actress
* [[Rajini Rao]], Indian-American physiologist and professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, principal investigator of the Rao Lab
* [[Roshmitha Harimurthy]], Miss Diva-Miss Universe India (2016)
* [[Sharmiela Mandre]], actress
* [[:de:Teresa_A._Braggs|Teresa A Braggs]], filmmaker
* [[Shreya Sharma]], analyst
* [[Dr.Nitu Sharma]], Professor of Commerce (2008)
* [[Vaishali Desai]], model and actress, winner of Indian title of Miss International
* [[Vasundhara Das|Vasundahara Das]], singer, actress
* [[Suparna Rajaram]], distinguished Professor of Psychology at Stony Brook University
* [[Shubha Chacko|Shubha Chako]], feminist, gender and sexual minority rights activist and founder of Solidarity Foundation.

==See also==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Bangalore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mccblr.edu.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Carmelite educational institutions]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Women in Bengaluru]]

Chintamani, Karnataka

2026-03-10T14:17:59Z

KellyeZimmermann: fixed issues

{{See also|Chintamani Taluk|Chintamani (1937 film)|Chintamani (1956 film)}}
{{copy edit|date=December 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chintamani
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chintamani Town
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.400|N|78.066|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chintamani Taluk|Chintamani]]
| established_title = Municipality Established
| established_date = 28 November 1938
| founder = Chintamani Rao
| named_for = Gold & Silver Trade, Tomatoes, Mangoes, Snacks, Ground nut
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = City Municipal Council
| leader_name1 = B.Mahesh Kumar
| leader_title1 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Dr. M C. Sudhakar
| leader_title2 = MLA (Current)
| leader_title3 = MLA (Preceding)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = of 867 km2
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.208
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 865
| population_total = 76068
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 5001.84
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = (As per 2011 Census)
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| demographics_type2 = Temperature
| demographics2_title1 = Summer
| demographics2_info1 = 28 °C to 34 °C
| demographics2_title2 = Winter
| demographics2_info2 = 20 °C to 25 °C
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 563 125
| area_code_type = STD Code
| area_code = 08154-25xxxx
| registration_plate = KA-67
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Chinthamani Taluk COVID Map.pdf|thumb|Chintamani Taluk Map]]
'''Chintamani''' is a Taluk Headquarters in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]], located on the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the south-eastern part of the state. Chintamani is one of the well-planned and developed Towns in the [[District of Kolar]] (before splitting) and presently [[Chikkaballapur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/chintamani-averse-to-joining-new-chickballapur-district/article1867196.ece|title = Chintamani averse to joining new Chickballapur district|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 July 2007}}</ref> Chintamani is known for its silk and tomato production and their largest markets in Karnataka.

==Etymology==
Word Chintamani refers to a precious stone or gem that has been documented since centuries in the Hindu Scriptures and Literature. However the naming of the town as 'Chintamani' doesn't have any relevance or relation with this gem. It is said that the town is named after a Maratha chieftain Chintamani Rao.

==History==

===Before 19th Century===
The Town of Chintamani along with the District of Kolar has been part of the continuous rule of numerous kingdoms and rulers that include [[Cholas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Gangas]], [[Wadiyar dynasty|Mysore Wodeyars]], Palegaras, [[Tippu Sultan]], [[British people|British]] and many local chieftains. This area during the 12th Century was under the rule of [[Vikrama Chola|Kōpparakēsarivarman Vikrama Chola]] of the [[Chola]] dynasty.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 270">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10''</ref>

During the reign of British, the Town was called by name CHINTOMNIPETT. The document ''A Gazetteer of the Territories Under The Government of India'' on document page no. 204 reads...

{{cquote|{{center|''CHINTOMNIPETT. – A town in Mysore, distant N.E. from Bangalore 43 miles. Lat. 13° 23″, long. 78° 6″<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=55BbvGEV5uAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=78&f=false|A Gazetteer of the Territories Under The Government of India Page 204 of Book and Page 215 on electronic document]</ref>''}}}}

'''CHINTOMNIPETT''' in British accent could have been '''CHINTAMANIPETE''' (ಚಿಂತಾಮಣಿ ಪೇಟೆ), in local Indian accent.

However, as per the known history, the Maratha Chieftain Chintamani Rao was last in line to rule the locality of Chintamani. It is said that the Town has been named after the Chieftain.<ref>[http://www.chintamanicity.gov.in/ The Origin of name] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030030142/http://www.chintamanicity.gov.in/ |date=30 October 2005 }}</ref> Apart from this nothing much is known either about this person or his achievements.

There are a few buildings and monuments available which stand as an evidence of the history of the place. There is no valid information available about these. Some of them include -

[[File:CMY Kalyani 1.jpg|thumb|Kalyani Near Railway Station]]
[[File:CMY Inscription 2.jpg|thumb|Inscription at Vasavi Temple on Ganigara Veedi]]
[[File:CMY Inscription 1.jpg|thumb|Inscription at Vasavi Temple on Ganigara Veedi]]

#The Fort like construction and watch tower on Anjanadri Hill
#Forts on the hill tops at Ambajidurga and Kaiwara and other villages nearby
#Inscription at Vasavi Kanyakaparameshwari Temple on Ganigara Veedhi
#Architecture and Construction features of some temples – Naganatheshwara Temple, Vasavi Kanyaparameshwari Temple
#The old temple at Alambagiri and writings found there.
#Street Lamps at Azad Chowk belonging to the time of British (Currently only one of them can be seen in front of Hurigadale Shop)
#The Chintamani Cooperative Society Building on Double Road built around 1930's built during British
#The Drinking Water Fountain at Bangalore Circle in front of the Guru Bhavana
#Kalyanis at Ramakunte and near Railway Station
#Some identification names in use. Example : The name Ambajidurga. Ambaji is a Maratha name while durga is a common Kannada word used for hills as-in Chitradurga.

Below are a list of some citations that are available in some literature and research documents.

{{cquote|{{center|'''''At Chintamani (Andhra) in 1231, the Devanga 'ten thousand' in the presence of their deity Ramayadeva and goddess......'''''}}}}
from the Textiles and weavers in medieval South India by Vijaya Ramaswamy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Textiles and Weavers in South India |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=58–59 |edition=2nd |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-567633-4}}</ref> It is to be noted that Chintamani shares the border with Andhra Pradesh.

===Post 19th Century===
Most of the temples currently seen and being offered worship, have been built mostly during the 19th Century. List below are the few monuments that narrate the history of the place.

# Sri Hari Hareshwara Temple, Azad Chowk – This temple was built around the 19th century by Sri Karupakula Subbarayappa. The temple later received restoration and alteration works by the family members. The temple spans over an area of around 25000 square feet (160 ft x 150 ft). The temple is surrounded by a commercial complex on its East Side, while the other sides are bounded by a high wall. Within the temple complex are the temples dedicated to the Hindu deities Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu. Most of the Sabarimala Trips originate at this temple by offering the various rituals and attaining the pence (diksha).

==Geography==

===Geographical Location===
Chintamani lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] at an average elevation of {{convert|865|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}. The Taluk geographically lies between {{Coord|78|12|36|N|13|16|38|E}} and {{Coord|77|51|39|N|13|42|00|E}}. The Chintamani Town lies between {{Coord|13.40|N|78.06|E}}.

Chintamani was originally a part of [[Kolar District]] since the Formation of State of Karnataka in 1950 until on 23 August 2007, when the [[Government of Karnataka]] carved out the new district of [[Chikkaballapur]] from the old Kolar district. Chintamani was then included into the new district of [[Chikkaballapur]]. Chintamani is one among the 6 Taluks of [[Chikkaballapur]] District. The Taluk Headquarters which is Chintamani Town is 36 km from the District Headquarters [[Chikkaballapur]] and about 74 km from State Capital [[Karnataka]]. The Taluk is bound by [[Sidlaghatta]] on West, [[Bagepalli]] on North-West, [[Kolar taluk|Kolar]] on South-West, [[Srinivaspur]] on South-East and [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on East.

===Span===
The Taluk covers an area of 892  km2; the Town or the Chintamani Hobbli constitutes 15.208 km2 (5.872 mi2) of the total area.

===Climate and Rainfall===

Chintamani falls in the [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical Semi-Arid (Steppe)]] Type of climatic region of India. The climate here is moderately hot and dry. The months of March to May of the summer season are very hot with temperatures of around 38 °C. The region receives very little rainfall of about 40 to 75 cm annually. The area receives rainfall during both South West Monsoon and North East Monsoon Season.<ref>{{cite book |title=CLIMATE PROFILE OF INDIA|first=S.D.Attri|last= Ajit TyagiVijaya|publisher=India Meteorological Department |page=6 |year=2010 }}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Chintamani (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 33.0
| Feb record high C = 34.9
| Mar record high C = 38.0
| Apr record high C = 40.0
| May record high C = 39.3
| Jun record high C = 38.0
| Jul record high C = 33.7
| Aug record high C = 32.5
| Sep record high C = 35.6
| Oct record high C = 33.6
| Nov record high C = 31.3
| Dec record high C = 30.9
|year record high C = 40.0
| Jan high C = 28.3
| Feb high C = 30.6
| Mar high C = 33.4
| Apr high C = 35.2
| May high C = 34.7
| Jun high C = 31.6
| Jul high C = 30.0
| Aug high C = 29.5
| Sep high C = 29.4
| Oct high C = 29.1
| Nov high C = 27.4
| Dec high C = 26.8
|year high C = 30.4
| Jan low C = 14.4
| Feb low C = 15.6
| Mar low C = 18.5
| Apr low C = 20.8
| May low C = 21.5
| Jun low C = 20.8
| Jul low C = 20.4
| Aug low C = 20.3
| Sep low C = 20.0
| Oct low C = 19.2
| Nov low C = 17.1
| Dec low C = 15.1
|year low C = 18.6
| Jan record low C = 5.3
| Feb record low C = 7.0
| Mar record low C = 10.2
| Apr record low C = 13.5
| May record low C = 16.9
| Jun record low C = 17.5
| Jul record low C = 18.6
| Aug record low C = 18.2
| Sep record low C = 16.5
| Oct record low C = 11.8
| Nov record low C = 7.4
| Dec record low C = 7.5
|year record low C = 5.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.2
| Feb rain mm = 2.6
| Mar rain mm = 13.7
| Apr rain mm = 36.0
| May rain mm = 94.4
| Jun rain mm = 63.6
| Jul rain mm = 82.1
| Aug rain mm = 114.0
| Sep rain mm = 150.7
| Oct rain mm = 170.4
| Nov rain mm = 66.3
| Dec rain mm = 15.7
|year rain mm = 810.7
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 1.0
| Apr rain days = 2.1
| May rain days = 5.2
| Jun rain days = 4.2
| Jul rain days = 5.9
| Aug rain days = 6.2
| Sep rain days = 6.8
| Oct rain days = 7.5
| Nov rain days = 4.2
| Dec rain days = 1.4
|year rain days = 45.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 46
| Feb humidity = 38
| Mar humidity = 38
| Apr humidity = 37
| May humidity = 48
| Jun humidity = 58
| Jul humidity = 61
| Aug humidity = 65
| Sep humidity = 64
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 65
| Dec humidity = 60
|year humidity = 54
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

===Soil===

Taluk mostly consists of [[Loam|Clayey-Loam]] Soil. This soil has moisture-retention capacity and allows deep furrowing and is suitable for cultivation of cereals, vegetables and pulses.

===Rivers===
The Taluk does not have any perennial rivers. River [[Papagni]] has got its catchment basin on the hills of Ambajidurga. The basin over the years has got completely ruined with no vegetation and with soil erosion. Recently, under NREGA guidelines about 73,111 plants are planted and being nurtured to improve the conditions at the catchment basin and inflow of the once existing river.

===Water Resources===
Chintamani has a few large lakes that take care of the Town's thirst for water. Kanampalli Lake is the main water reservoir for the Town. Besides other lakes include – Ambajidurga Lake, Gopasandra Lake, Malapalli Lake, Nekkundipete Lake. Under the 100 [[Crore]] Grant Scheme, these lakes are being rejuvenated and storage is being upgraded with modern facilities.

==Civic Administration==
The Taluk falls under [[Bangalore division|Bangalore Division]] and Chikkaballapur Sub-Division. The Taluk consists of 6 hobblies – Chintamani, Ambajidurga, Kaivara, Muragamalla, Munganahalli and Chilakalanerpu. Of these, Chintamani Hobbli forms the Chintamani Town. The 6 hobblies together have around 339 villages.<ref>[http://www.karnatakaindustry.gov.in/Kolar.html#Chintamani|Karnataka Industrial Development Board]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The Taluk Administration lies with the Taluk Panchayat, which will be in-charge of the implementation and progress of the developmental activities and schemes. Executive Officer, Taluk Panchayat looks after the administration. Who in turn chief executive officer, Zilla Panchayat.

The Chintamani Municipality was constituted on 28 November 1938. In the year 1995, it was reconstituted to form City Municipal Council. The City Council currently contains 31 wards each represented by a Councillor.

'''Ward List'''
, Abbagundu, Anjani Extension, Bamboo Bazaar, Chowda reddy Palya, Halepete, Huvina Pete, JJ Colony, Kanampalli, Kolar Cross, Kolar Road, KR Extension, Malapalli, Mehaboob Nagar, Narashimha Pete, Nekundhipete, NNT Temple Behind, NR Extension, Patalamma Temple Road, Shanti Nagar, Sri Rama Nagar, Sonashetty Halli, Tank Bund Road, Tank Bund Road East, Thimmasandra, Tippu Nagar, Venkatagiri Kote 1, Venkatagiri Kote 2, Venkatagiri Kote 3, Venkateshwara Extension, Vinoba Colony, KGN colony, Nakundi pete

==Economy==
The economy is agriculture based. Chintamani is famous for its succulent Tomatoes, Groundnuts, Mangoes, Bananas and Silk Production. Chintamani is also famous for snacks such as chakli, nippat, groundnuts and others. The Chintamani Tomato Market is one of the biggest in Karnataka. It is also famous for some drinks like nannari. Chintamani plays its role even in the production and export of Agarbatti. It is also famous for its silk industry and dairy milk farms and it is also famous for onions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chikballapur.nic.in/dhistory.htm |title=Chickballapur District Website |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808194813/http://chikballapur.nic.in/dhistory.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transport==

===Bus Service===

The town falls under the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] wing of the State Transport Department. Chintamani has an excellent and state of the art [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Bus Service. Since few decades there has been a large Bus Depot and Bus Terminus in the town, well located, maintained and periodically upgraded/developed by the authorities. All the routes operational from the town have a computerized ticketing system in place since last few years. Proposals for the GPS Tracking are under consideration and due implementation shortly. Additional to that private buses have added to the efficiency of road transport in Chintamani.

The town is catered mostly through the Suvarna Karnataka Sarige type of [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Buses. The mostly catered route outside the district is Chintamani – Bangalore. Apart from this there are a numerous routes that cater to many of the important Towns & Cities around that include – Mysore, Chitradurga, Shimoga, Tirupati, Hindupur, Gowribidanur etc. There are number of routes that connect the town with the adjacent town of the Chikkaballapur and Kolar Districts.

The KSRTC has provided its employees with a Residential Quarters and required amenities at a prominent location in the town. As well the Town has one of the main depots in the region.

In the recent years, there has been a greater involvement by the authorities in the up gradation of the Transport Facilities. As part of this, the main Bus Terminus on the Chelur Road has been modified in phase manners to include – RCC Flooring, Improved Bus Shelters, Public Toilets, Commercial Shops, Signage and Information Systems. As well there have been Bus Stops constructed at every village and town on the route between Chintamani – Bangalore as part of this project. And local bus service is in its way of implementation with the goal to cater the local villages and nearby places of importance on the lines of BMTC

Apart from State Transport Corporation, the area has a number of private players, who cover many of the routes as well along with some of those that are not covered by the KSRTC.

The KSRTC Bus Depot is located on the Bangalore Road and that of the Bus Terminus near the Chelur Circle. The KSRTC Residential Quarters are located adjacent to the KSRTC Bus Depot.

===Railways===

{{Infobox public transit
|name = Chintamani
|image = CMY Railway Station.jpg
|alt =
|imagesize =
|caption = Railway Station Construction View
|owner = India Railways
|locale = Chintamani, Karnataka
|transit_type =
|lines = 3
|stations = 1
|ridership =
|annual_ridership =
|chief_executive =
|headquarters =
|website =
|began_operation =
|operation_will_start = November 2013
|ended_operation =
|operator = South western Railways
|marks =
|vehicles =
|train_length =
|headway =
|system_length =
|track_gauge = Broad Gauge
|ogauge =
|notrack =
|minimum_radius_of_curvature =
|el =
|average_speed =
|top_speed =
|map =
|map_name =
|map_state = show
}}

The Chintamani Railway Station which was once a busy terminal, before the advent of Bus Service, had been neglected during the course of time and the services were completely halted since last few decades.

Recently after due proposals and requests from general public, the Railway Authorities, decided to restart the service and the repair of the existing tracks and stations were taken up. Very soon, the Railways ordered the up gradation of the Narrow Gauge to Broad Gauge and the entire work soon took a sharp swing.

By 2013 November, the New Station at the Chintamani Town were in final stages of completion, whereas the track work between Chintamani-Srinivaspur was under testing. The services were started in the month of November 2013.

The Chintamani Station is abbreviated as CMY on the railway station index. The Train Services is called Demu with six coaches being operational.

The train departs from Bangalore City Railway Station at 8:30 am and reaches Chintamani via Chickballapur and Shidlaghatta en route to Kolar by noon. On the reverse trip the train departs from Kolar by 2:00 pm and comes to Chintamani by 2:40 pm. It departs by 2:45 pm and reaches Bangalore City Railway Station by 5.30 pm.

There is a demand that one more train should be introduced in this route with early morning departure from Kolar around 6 am and come to Chintamani around 7 am and reaching Bangalore city around 9:30 am to serve commuters from Chintamani to Bangalore.

===Airways===

The town does not have any airports or helipads at present. The nearest airport is the [[Bengaluru International Airport]], [[Devanahalli]], 62 km away.

==Demographics==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ '''Population at a glance'''
|+ (As per 2001 Population Census)
|-
! style="width:40px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Description
! style="width:40px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Total
! style="width:40px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Male
! style="width:40px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Female
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,71,284
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,38,311
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,32,973
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Villages
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,05,791
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,04,466
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,01,325
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Chintamani City
| style="text-align:center;"| 65,493
| style="text-align:center;"| 33,845
| style="text-align:center;"| 31,648
|}

==Culture==

Since the place is surrounded by 2 different states, the culture here is majorly Kannada influenced by Telugu (Rayalaseema) culture. chinthamani is also famous for the evening snacks, specially roasted pea nuts, variety of sweets.

==Education==

As per the latest reports of the Department of Public Instruction of Karnataka, the [Chintamani Taluk|Taluk of Chintamani] a total of 420 registered schools, of which 222 are Lower Primary Schools and rest 198 are Higher Primary Schools. This list is inclusive of all the schools run by Education Department, Social Welfare Boards, Local Bodies, Aided, Un Aided, Central, Others.<ref>[http://www.schooleducation.kar.nic.in/databank/DISEReports1213/Block_02SchoolsElementaryMGT.pdf Page No 1, Sl. No 16]</ref>

Below is the list of schools located in the City of Chintamani

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ '''List of Private Schools'''
|+ (As per Department of Public Instruction, Government of Karnataka)
|-
! style="width:40px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Sl
! style="width:180px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Name
! style="width:150px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Trust Incharge
! style="width:80px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Location
! style="width:40px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| Lower & Higher Primary School
! style="width:40px; text-align:center; background:#e6e8fa;"| High School
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1
|| Kishora Vidya Bhavana
|| Chintamani Educational Trust
|| Bangalore Road
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2
|| Jyothi English Medium School
|
| Madikere
| style="text-align:center;" |*
| style="text-align:center;" |*
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
|| Anantha Vidhayala Samsthe
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|| *
| style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4
|| Chethana Vidya Samathe
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 5
|| Diligence Composite High School
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Chelur road
|| *
| style="text-align:center;" |*
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 6
|| Dolphins Delhi Public School
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|| *
| style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 7
|| Kempe Gowda School
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 8
|| Kinder Garten School
| style="text-align:center;" |
|| Anjani Extension
|| *
| style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 9
|| Kittur Rani Channamma School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 10
|| Little Lords School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 11
|| LPS
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 12
|| Mathrushri Primary School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 13
|| MKB Public School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 14
|| MWA School
|| Muslim Welfare Association
|| KR Extension
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 15
|| Nalanda
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| Bangalore Road
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 16
|| Naveen Vidya Samsthe
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 17
|| New Modern School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 18
|| New Public School
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| Bangalore Road
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 19
|| Pavan School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 20
|| Pragathi Vidya Mandira
|| Sree Vinayaka Educational Trust
|| MG Road
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 21
|| Royal Convent
|| Royal Educational Trust
|| Anjani Extension
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 22
|| Sarvodaya English School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 23
|| SFS School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 24
|| Shanthi Nikethana
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| Bangalore Road
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 25
|| Shilpa School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 26
|| SRET School
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| Bagepalli Road
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 27
|| Sri Jain Public School
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| Malapalli
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 28
|| Sri Lal Bahadoor Memorial School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 29
|| Sri Vani English Convent
|| Vani Education Trust
|| Tank Bund Road
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 30
|| Sri Vishwa Bharathi
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 31
|| Swathi Vidya Samsthe
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 32
|| The Horizon School
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 33
|| The Preethi Public School
|| MG Road
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 34
|| Uday HPS
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|| *
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 35
|| Vani (Kannada) School
|| Vani Education Trust
|| Tank Bund Road
|| *
|| *
|- style="text-align:center;"
|36
|Vasavi Vidyanikethana
|Vasavi Educational Trust
|Diamond Taxies Road
|*
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|37
|Vikram Composite High School
|Sri Lakshmi Educational Society (R)
|Chelur Road
|*
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|38
|Adarsh Vidyalaya RMSA
|
|*
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|39
|The Toddlers Montessori School
|
|Anjani Extension
|*
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

==Religious Tourism==
*[[Kaivara]] kshetra, South Westerly
*Kailasagiri and Ambaji Durga cave temple, South Westerly
*Lakshmi Venkataramana temple, Alamgiri, Southerly<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/389565/a-vijayanagar-relic-alambagiri.html|title=A Vijayanagar relic in Alambagiri|date=3 March 2014}}</ref>
*Murugamulla: Fakhi Shah Wali Dargah and Muktheshwara swami temple, Easterly
*Lakshmi Venkateshwara Temple, Konakuntlu.
*Sri Vasavi Temple, doddapet Chintamani (biggest vasavi temple in karnataka)
*Sri Brahmachaithanya Sri Rama Mandir,<ref>{{Citation |title=Gondavalekar Maharaj |date=2023-07-03 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondavalekar_Maharaj&oldid=1163175962 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> N R Extension, Chintamani Town
*Sri Kambalapalli '''SeethaRama sametha Anjaneya Swamy''' - '''Kambalapalli'''

==See also==
*[[Dharmavarahalli]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chikkaballapura district]]

Viluppuram Bus Station

2026-03-06T22:10:41Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up The Entry V1

{{Short description|Bus station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Viluppuram New Bus Stand {{R-I|bus}}
| cta_header =
| type =
| style =
| image = Villupuram Bus Stand.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| hangul =
| hanja =
| rr =
| mr =
| address = Trichy Trunk Road, [[Viluppuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]{{snd}}605602.
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.7416|78.9627|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 3 (67 Bays)
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2000|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code =
| owned = Viluppuram Municipality
| operator = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-transport.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu Government Portal|title= Objective of Departments|accessdate=2012-10-07}}</ref>
| zone = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC Viluppuram Division]]<ref>{{cite web |title= TNSTC Viluppuram|date= 11 August 2014 |url= https://tnstc.wordpress.com/tnstc-villupuram/ |agency= Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation}}</ref>
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Viluppuram Bus Station''', popularly known as '''Villupuram New Bus Stand''', is one of the [[bus terminus]] of [[Viluppuram]], the other being the Viluppuram Old Bus Stand that is primarily used for intra-city buses. The bus station is located {{convert|2|km}} away from the town's major railhead [[Viluppuram Junction]]. [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] services both mofussil and town buses to the station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/cbedivone.htm |website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref> By area-wise it is one of the largest bus terminus in [[Tamil Nadu]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Services ==
[[File:Villupuram Bus Stand 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px]]
Due to the town's location between [[Chennai]] and [[Tiruchirapalli]], all south-bound buses from [[Tamil Nadu|State]] capital [[Chennai]] have to pass the terminus. The terminus is managed by [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]]. This terminus servicing the premium buses which are operated by [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bus Route |url=https://thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tnstc-urged-to-operate-pointtopoint-service-in-salem-chennai-route/article7405868.ece |newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="tnstc">{{cite web | url=http://www.tnstc.in/typesofservices.html | title=Types of services | publisher=TNSTC | accessdate=13 July 2014}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable"
|-
!Platform!!Destinations

|-
|1|| [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Vellore]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Thirukovilur]], [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]], [[Tirupati]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Dharmapuri]],
[[Bengaluru]] and [[Gingee]]
|-
|2|| [[Chennai]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Panruti]], [[Neyveli]], [[Hosur]] and [[Cuddalore]]
|-
|3|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Palani]], [[Erode]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Ulundurpet]], [[Sankarapuram]] and [[Kallakurichi]]
|}

== Connections ==
The bus station is located {{convert|2|km}} from the town's major rail head [[Viluppuram Junction]], one of the largest and important station in the [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway Zone]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/stu.htm State Transport Undertakings]

[[Category:Bus stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 2000]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]

Phagsoo

2026-03-06T04:42:35Z

KellyeZimmermann: new some article and citations - done

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Figsoo
| type = Village/[[Tehsil]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = center
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.130255|N|75.769785|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics_name1 =
| demographics_title =
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhaderwahi]], [[Gojri]]
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 182203
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Sarpanch]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Farooq Ahmed Sheikh<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thathri: SHO Inderjeet Singh distributed Qur'an among locals, says it is Rooh e Iftari|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2020/05/16/thathri-sho-inderjeet-singh-distributed-quran-among-locals-says-it-is-rooh-e-iftari/|date=16 May 2020|publisher=The Chenab Times|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>
| website =
| official_name = Fagsu
}}
'''Phagsoo''' (also Fagsu) is a village and [[tehsil]] in the [[Doda district]] of the [[Jammu division]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It was previously part of the [[Thathri]] tehsil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil in Doda district|url=https://doda.nic.in/tehsil/|publisher=[[Doda district|Doda Administration]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
Phagsoo's boundaries are a dense forest in the north, two streams (Nallahs) in the east, and the town of [[Jangalwar]] in the south.<ref>{{Cite news|title=LeT Terrorist Carrying Rs 5 Lakh Reward Arrested in J&K's Doda, AK-47 Recovered|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/let-terrorist-carrying-rs-5-lakh-reward-arrested-in-jks-doda-ak-47-recovered-2244797.html|date=24 July 2019|publisher=[[News18]]|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

==About and demographics==
Phagsoo village is located {{convert|8|km|mi}} from [[Thathri]], its subdistrict headquarters, and {{convert|40|km|mi}} from [[Doda district]]. The nearest villages near Phagsoo are [[Jangalwar]], [[Zea Abad (Thathri)|Madan Chittar]], Nowtass and Kahila.<ref name="tct-2014">{{Cite news |last =Teli|first=Amir Iqbal| title=Newly formed tehsil Phagsoo, it's demographics|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2014/08/09/newly-formed-tehsil-phagsoo-its-demographics/|date=9 August 2014|publisher=The Chenab Times|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>

===Demographics===
The village is spread over {{convert|359.8|ha|sqkm}}. Its population is 2,709 (1,386 males and 1,323 females) living in 480 houses.<ref name="tct-2014"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phagsoo}}
[[Category:Chenab Valley]]
[[Category:Villages in Doda district]]
[[Category:Doda district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Pratibandh

2026-03-03T23:41:12Z

KellyeZimmermann: new a article w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pratibandh
| image = Pratibandh.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| writer = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| based_on = ''[[Ankusam]]''
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = K. S. Hari
| editing = Vellaiswamy
| released = {{Film date|1990|09|28|df=yes|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pratibandh''''' is a 1990 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] and starring [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]. The film marked the Hindi debut of leading [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] star Chiranjeevi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/south-cinema-south-actor-chiranjeevi-did-only-2-bollywood-films-aaj-ka-goonda-raaj-and-pratibandh-in-hindi-in-90s-after-become-megastar-and-hurt-amitabh-bachchan-pride-7021851-page-2.html|title=साउथ एक्टर ने सिर्फ 2 हिंदी फिल्में कर, 90s के बॉलीवुड दिग्गजों को पछाड़ा,मीनाक्षी-जूही चावला की चमका दी किस्मत|first=Radha|last=Sharma|date=27 July 2023|language=Hindi|work=[[News18]]|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> Chawla received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination at the [[36th Filmfare Awards]] for her performance in the film. The film is a remake of the 1989 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Ankusam]]''. It was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&dq=supreme+hero+chiranjeevi&pg=PT109 |title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia |date=2014-09-12 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-799-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Siddhantha ([[Chiranjeevi]]) is an honest police officer who learns that an assassin named "Spot" Nana ([[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]) is assigned to kill his former mentor-turned-[[Chief minister (India)|CM]] Satyendra Sharma ([[J. V. Somayajulu]]) and thwarts Nana's assassination attempts. Enraged, Nana kills Siddhantha's wife, Shanti ([[Juhi Chawla]]), who was a former witness to Nana's crimes. In a last attempt to save Satyendra, Siddhantha finally kills Nana and proves to Satyendra that an assassination attempt was made by lighting the torch (the torch was supposed to be lit by Satyendra), rigged with explosives. Siddhantha dies in the explosion after requesting Satyendra to make the former's son a police officer.

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Siddhantha
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Shanti
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as "Spot" Nana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/spot-nana-rip/articleshow/16118190.cms|title=Spot Nana RIP|first=P.|last=Pavan|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=15 April 2011|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
* [[Harish Patel]] as Katkar
* [[J. V. Somayajulu]] as [[Chief Minister (India)|CM]] Satyendra Sharma
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]]
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as Corrupt Police Official
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Judge
* [[Sumalatha]] as Naseem
* [[Allu Sirish]] as Student
}}

== Soundtrack ==
#"Kabhi Hua Nahi Kabhi Dekha Nahi" - [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
#"Pyar Mujhe Tum Karte Ho Itna" - Alka Yagnik, Amit Kumar
#"Baccho Bajao Tali Aayi Khilone Wali" - Alka Yagnik
#"Yeh Badnaseeb Bachcha" - [[Mohammad Aziz]]

==Awards==
'''[[36th Filmfare Awards]]:'''

'''Nominated'''
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Allu Aravind]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Chiranjeevi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0100401}}

{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:1990 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]

Face to Face (2012 Indian film)

2026-03-03T20:48:45Z

KellyeZimmermann: adding post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Face to Face
| image = Face-To-Face.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. M. Vinu]]
| producer = M. K. Nassar
| writer = Manoj Payyannur
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Ragini Dwivedi]] [[Roma Asrani]]
| music = [[Alphonse Joseph (composer)|Alphonse Joseph]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = Samjith Mohd
| studio = Good Line Productions
| distributor = Good Line Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Face to Face (Titled as Face 2 Face)''''' is a 2012 [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller| crime film]] film directed by [[V. M. Vinu]] and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Ragini Dwivedi]] and [[Roma Asrani]]. The film was written by Manoj Payyanur and produced by M. K. Nazar under the banner of Good Line Productions. It was released on 13 November 2012 during [[Deepavali]] alongside [[My Boss]] and [[101 Weddings]].

==Plot==
Balachandran is a suspended and honest cop, who lost his wife Jayasree and son because of his alcoholism. Balachandran is now working as a Real estate Businessman and living with his brother Anwar and sister-in-law Dr.Uma. Balachandran meets his childhood friend [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Ramdas and [[Inspector|CI]] Abdul Lateef.

One day, Balachandran finds out that the ex-chief minister Kuriyan Punchakkadan's son Thomas is murdered and hanged on a cross near a beach. Ramdas calls Balachandran to his office to enquire about Thomas's murder. He says that he met Thomas at a hotel before his death. He even reveals that Thomas is a known pimp, who is involved in sex racketing and human trafficking. He has a human trafficking partner named Nirmala Thankachi, a beautition. Their main place where they do their business is Pagoda Resort, which is owned by a drug dealer named Nirmal Kumar. Thomas's cousin George is the supporter of Thomas's every dirty job. He tries to arrest Thomas but when he takes to the station, his releasing order came. Thomas and George tries to kill him once with his and make it as an accident but Balachandran manages to escape. Balachandran helps Lateef to investigate Thomas's murder without Ramdas's knowledge.

One day he meets 4 youngsters, Chandu, Peter, Shyam and Rahul and befriends them. Balachandran take them to old estate. Soon, a flashback occurs showing that Balachandran found out that they 4 killed Thomas in the estate and Balachandran was pretending to be friendly with them. He asks them why they killed Thomas. They reveals that they killed him as he raped and killed Peter's sister Isa. Balachandran reveals that Chandu is Balachandran's son Naveen and hugs him. He tells to Ramdas that he kill Thomas and Balachandran gets arrested. Jayasree comes to meet him in jail and she said its all her fault, then Balachandran said its not your fault, my alcoholism made it.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Balachandran
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] T.Ramadas [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Balachandran's childhood friend
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Abdul Latheef
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Jayasree Balachandran
* [[Roma Asrani]] as Dr. Uma Antharjanam, Balachandran's sister-in-law
* [[Vineeth Kumar]] as Anwar (TV-Reporter), Uma's husband
* Jins Varghese as Shaji (TV-Cameraman)
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Chief minister|Ex-Chief Minister]] Kurian Varghese Punchakadan, Thomas's father
* [[Firoz Khan]] as Thomas Punchakkadan, Kurian's son and George's cousin
* [[Nishanth Sagar]] as George Joseph Punchakkadan, Thomas's cousin and friend
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Aalikkoya, Punchakadan's driver and Peter's neighbour
* [[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Raghuprasad
* Binoy Nambola as Peter
* [[Reena Basheer]] as Chandrababu's wife and Shyam's mother
* Amrita as Isa, Peter's sister
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Dr. Chandrababu, Shyam's father
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]]
* [[Sivaji Guruvayoor]] as [[Director General of Police#India|DGP]] Nandakishore Varma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri]] as [[Constable]] Velayudhan's wife
* [[V. M. Vinu|V.M.Vinu]] as shop owner
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[Roma Asrani]] and the Kannada actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] played the lead roles along with Mammootty. The film had an [[ensemble cast]] of supporting actors including [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Mamukkoya]] and Kunchan along with four new faces: Gautam, Rishikesh, Rohit and Binoy.<ref name=NIE/> The film was extensively shot in [[Goa]], [[Ernakulam]] and [[Munnar]].

According to the director, ''Face to Face'' is a "high-octane thriller woven around a murder mystery. The film brings on to the screen loads of action and suspense."<ref name=NIE>Navamy Sudhish (11 November 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121119232850/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1333495.ece "VM Vinu excited about his Mammootty-starrer"]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack features three songs composed by [[Alphons Joseph]] . The lyrics were written by Anil Panachooran and Anna San Jaimt.

; Track list
{{track listing
| headline=
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length = {{Duration|m=10|s=18}}
| total_length = 10:18
| title1 = Kannum Pooti Kathum Pothu
| extra1 = [[Vishakh Sasi Dharan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Anil Panachooran]]
| length1 = 3:30
| title2 = Aakasha Chillil muthande
| extra2 = [[Alphons Joseph]] & [[San Jaimt]]
| lyrics2 = [[Anil Panachooran]] & [[San Jaimt]]
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Changathi Padayum
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| lyrics3 = [[Anil Panachooran]]
| length3 = 3:33

}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released in 81 theaters across Kerala on 30 November 2012; the movie had gained negative responses from both critics and viewers.<ref name=NIE/>

[[Sify]] gave the movie two stars out of five and stated this: "With the absence of basic logic at most times and a style that was perhaps okay eons ago, this film is tough to be digested even for the hardcore fans of" Mammootty.<ref name="Review 2">{{cite web|title=Face to Face Review|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/face-2-face-review-malayalam-15014258.html|author=Moviebuzz|website=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412133057/http://www.sify.com/movies/face-2-face-review-malayalam-15014258.html|archive-date=12 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[The Times of India]] also gave the movie two stars and stated: "The film does not engage the audience. It is so much pre-occupied with an infuriating surge of self-pity and some stereo-typed villainy. Save for the perennial charm on his face, even Mammootty fails to salvage a shoddily-written plot."<ref name="Review 4">{{cite news|title=Face to Face Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/face-to-face/movie-review/17452622.cms|author=Aswin J. Kumar|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Rediff.com]]'s headline was "Face 2 Face is best avoided" and added, "None of these gimmicks can salvage the film because of its weak plot and over-dependence on star power. "<ref name="Review 5">{{cite web|title=Face 2 Face is best avoided|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-face-2-face/20121203.htm|author=Paresh C. Palicha|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2562286|Face 2 Face}}
* [http://www.kvartha.com/2012/12/face-to-face-of-mammootty-falls.html Article]

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. M. Vinu]]

Janaki Weds Sriram

2026-03-03T18:06:22Z

KellyeZimmermann: new

{{short description|2003 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Janaki Weds Sriram
| image = Janaki Weds Sriram poster.jpeg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Anji Srinu
| writer = Anji Srinu
| producer = S. Ramesh Babu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]]
*[[Gajala]]
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]]
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]]
}}
| cinematography = K. Prasad
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| music = Ghantadi Krishna
| studio = SRB Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|2003|09|12|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Janaki Weds Sriram''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by Anji Srinu. The film stars [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]], [[Gajala]], [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] and [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] while [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] play supporting roles. Janaki and Sriram are childhood friends who are separated. Sriram later meets Anjali who falls for him but Sriram realizes that he is still in love with Janaki. The film released on 12 September 2003.

==Plot==
{{no plot|section|date=January 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] as Sriram
* [[Gajala]] as Janaki
* [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] as Anjali
* [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Prema
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Anjali's grandfather
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Hyderabad Mikeless Jackson / Vijayawada Shah Rukh Khan Pickpocketer / Tamil Nadu Auto Janiwala
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Anjali's father
* [[Chalapathi Rao]]
* Narayana Rao
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Anjali's mother
* Apoorva as Chamundeshwari
* Deepa
* Vimala Sri
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Vice Principal Ekalingam
* [[Vizag Prasad]]
* [[Gundu Sudarshan|Sudarshan]] as Gundu
* Naveen
* [[Ananth Babu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album consists of 8 singles composed by Ghantadi Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janaki Weds Sriram by Ghantadi Krishna|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/janaki-weds-sriram/5Xbz8M1ZdDo_|website=Jio Saavn|date=August 2014 }}</ref> Music was released on Surya Music.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-08-18|title=Chords & Notes|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28445836.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length6 = 4:23
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], Nitya Santoshini
| lyrics5 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length5 = 5:07
| title6 = Ninnu Yentha Choosina
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], Tina Kamal
| lyrics6 = Taidala Bapu
| title7 = Rivvuna Egire Guvva (sad version)
| length4 = 5:05
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics7 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| length7 = 5:19
| title8 = Eiffel Toweraina
| extra8 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Surekha Murthy
| lyrics8 = Taidala Bapu
| title5 = Ye Doora Theeraralo
| lyrics4 = Taidala Bapu
| total_length = 40:49
| extra2 = Tina Kamal
| headline = ''Janaki Weds Sriram'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| title1 = Mera Dil Thujako Diya
| extra1 = Kumar Sanu, Chorus
| lyrics1 = Taidala Bapu
| length1 = 4:59
| title2 = Pandu Vennelo Ee Venu Gaanam
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra4 = Sandeep Banaka, Sunitha, Nishika
| length2 = 5:19
| title3 = Rivvuna Egire Guvva
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| lyrics3 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length3 = 4:59
| title4 = Andhaala Bhamudu
| length8 = 5:38
}}

== Reception ==
In his review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Gudipoodi Srihari called ''Janaki Weds Sriram'' a "feel-good story". He wrote that Rohit gave a satisfactory performance but Gazala stole the show. "Flexible that she is an actress, she suits any kind of role".<ref>{{Cite news|last=G. S.|date=2003-09-15|title=Feel-good story|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/feel-good-story/article28448844.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In a more mixed review, Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' felt that the story was mix of successful films like ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' and ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''. He felt that the climax was very cinematic and unconvincing and the film got boring at times.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-09-12|title=Telugu cinema review - Janaki weds Sreeram - Rohit, Rekha, Gajala - Anji Seenu|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-janakiwedssreeram.html|access-date=|website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''[[Zamin Ryot]]''{{'s}} Griddaluru Gopalrao, on the other hand, termed the film "very bad". Gopalrao opined that while story started with an interesting premise, the film lost its steam as it progressed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=2003-09-23|title=జానకి వెడ్స్ శ్రీరామ్: వెరీ బ్యాడ్|trans-title=Janaki Weds Sriram: Very Bad|page=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2003/Sep/26-Sep-2003.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|0381286}}

[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]

Om Sakthi

2026-03-03T05:23:52Z

KellyeZimmermann: new basic stub from scratch

{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Om Sakthi
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| producer = M. Muthuraman
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
| cinematography = D. D. Prasad
| editing = P. R. Gowthamraj
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|5|21|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Om Sakthi''''' is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[drama film]] directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], starring [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]. Vijayakanth played a negative role and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] made a special appearance. It was released on 21 May 1982,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref> and failed at the box office, leading to a brief career setback for Vijayakanth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=தோல்விகளை வென்று சாதனைப் படைத்த விஜயகாந்த், எஸ்.ஏ.சந்திரசேகரன் கூட்டணி |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-neethiyin-marupakkam-movie-completed-38th-year-yesterday-released-on-september-27th-1985-1174272.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022065412/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-neethiyin-marupakkam-movie-completed-38th-year-yesterday-released-on-september-27th-1985-1174272.html |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=வில்லனாக விஜயகாந்த் நடித்த 5 படங்கள்.. வளர்ந்து வரும் மார்க்கெட்டை அழிக்க போட்ட திட்டம் |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/5-films-with-vijayakanth-as-the-villain-to-destroy-a-growing-marke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022065931/https://www.cinemapettai.com/5-films-with-vijayakanth-as-the-villain-to-destroy-a-growing-marke/ |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Cinemapettai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Kathavarayan
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Kanniamma / Amman
*[[R. Dilip (Tamil actor)|R. Dilip]]
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Singaram
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Anandhi
*Lalitha as Shenbagam

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1982 |title=Om Sakthi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/om-sakthi/joBBxZhWivI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022065119/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/om-sakthi/joBBxZhWivI_ |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| "Abirama Valliyenum Thiruvale" || [[Deepan Chakravarthy]] || 04:33
|-
| "Engaee Engaee Nee Pogirai" || [[S. Janaki]] || 05:43
|-
| "Omkariye Maa Kaliye" ||[[S.P. Sailaja]], [[T. L. Maharajan]]|| 05:35
|-
| "Oothu Naa Sorgatha Pakumvara" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 04:52
|}

== Reception ==
Balumani of ''Anna'' newspaper wrote that, on the whole, ''Om Sakthi'' does have some kind of power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=21 May 1982 |title=ஓம் சக்தி |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-6-209 |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jaathi Malli

2026-03-03T04:56:12Z

KellyeZimmermann: new

{{short description|1993 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jaathi Malli
| image = Jaathi Malli.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| producer = Rajam Balachander Pushpa Kandaswamy
| writer = K. Balachander [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]
| starring = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] [[Vineeth]] [[Yuvarani]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragadha Mani]]
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1993|1|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jaathi Malli''''' ({{translation|[[Jasminum grandiflorum|Royal jasmine]]}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[K. Balachander]] starring [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Vineeth]] and [[Yuvarani]]. The film was released on 14 January 1993, and won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]].

== Plot ==
Sriranjini, a [[ghazal]] singer, visits a hill station to recover from the trauma of her mother's murder who was very close to her. She meets Kesavan, who is a taxi driver. He shares his own pain regarding his father murdering his mother and siblings in a drunken rage. Horrified by this story, Sriranjini starts thinking less of her own loss. Circumstances lead to Sriranjini living in the same house as a paying guest. Their relationship remains aloof, despite their mutual admiration.

They run into lovers Vineeth and Yuvarani who call themselves Moscow and Berlin. They are from different religions, Hinduism and Islam. It is not revealed as to who is Muslim and who is Hindu. They inform that they eloped as they wanted to defy their parents concept of marriage. The pesky lovers try to bring Sriranjini and Kesavan together. They also move into the house of Kesavan but are closer to Sriranjini who comes out of her depression regarding her mother's death.

Sriranjini later finds that Kesavan's story regarding his families fate is entirely fabricated and he hails from an affluent family. He confesses that he lied to make her understand that some people have bigger tragedies than what she saw in her life. He could not live with his family as they were having too many properties and inheritance fights and so, he decided to forfeit his inheritance entirely and lead a simple life as a taxi driver.

Later a rich North Indian man pays a lot of attention to Sriranjini and shows that he constantly listens to her music. Kesavan gets jealous of their constant chit chat in Hindi and regarding Ghazals and Sriranjini leaves the house after a fight. She finds that her patron almost keeps her in house arrest and expects her to be his mistress. Sriranjini wants to go back to Kesavan. The younger couple, Moscow and Berlin, try to help the older couple to get together.

When caught by the rioters, Moscow and Berlin ask the rioters to find their religion from their blood. The city is in strict curfew and they are injured in gunfire. They bring the older couple together before dying in each other's arms.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Kesavan<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Sriranjini
*[[Vineeth]] as Moscow
*[[Yuvarani]] as Berlin
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Sathyam
*[[Vichithra]] as Savitri, Sathyam's wife
*[[Dhamu]] as Dhamu
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Director Pazhani Bhaskaran
* Rajesh Kumar as Reddy
*[[H. Ramakrishnan]] as Dr. Sahasranamam
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Vaidyanathan, Sahasranamam's brother
*[[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as compounder at Sahasranamam's clinic
*[[Charle]] as Udhagai Murugan
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Aanandham, Sahasranamam's wife
* Yuvashree as Rani, nurse at Sahasranamam's clinic
}}

== Production ==
Balachander approached [[T. Rajendar]] to portray a guest role in the film which he rejected.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=27 March 2017 |title=I am the pioneer of kuthu: T Rajendherr |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-the-pioneer-of-kuthu-t-rajendar-or-tr/article17676587.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-the-pioneer-of-kuthu-t-rajendar-or-tr/article17676587.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]'s character was named Sriranjani, after the [[Carnatic raga]] of the [[Shree ranjani|same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Lakshmi |date=12 March 2003 |title=From Sindhu Bhairavi to Sahana |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/12/stories/2003031200080200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030821151935/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/12/stories/2003031200080200.htm |archive-date=21 August 2003}}</ref> Part of the film's title serves as a [[double entendre]]; the full title refers to the jasmine flower, while ''jaathi'' also means caste.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragadha Mani]]. All lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Jaadi Malli |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jaadi-malli/17qWeZgFrQY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528164915/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jaadi-malli/17qWeZgFrQY_ |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Azhaithal Varuvaal
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 03:30
| title2 = Hey Kuppa
| extra2 = [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragadha Mani]]
| length2 = 03:00
| title3 = Kamban Engu
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 05:04
| title4 = Manmatha Leelai
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 04:22
| title5 = Marakamudiyavillai
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 04:16
| title6 = Solladi Barathamatha I
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 04:05
| title7 = Solladi Barathamatha II
| extra7 = Maragatha Mani, K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 02:13
| title8 = Samundharu
| extra8 = K. S. Chithra
| length8 = 03:32
| total_length = 30:02 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Jaathi Malli'' was released on 14 January 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 1993 |title=Jaathi Malli |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930114&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it "a total let down. The script just meanders with various subplots that gets linked whenever the director happens to remember each of them".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=29 January 1993 |title=A letdown |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B4plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1266%2C2614013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531031805/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B4plAAAAIBAJ&pg=1266%2C2614013&sjid=nJ4NAAAAIBAJ |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=11 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Balachander for making a film against caste riots but panned the cliched climax.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=சி.ஆர்.கே. |date=7 February 1993 |title=ஜாதி மல்லி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-02-07/page/n7/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230125171412/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-02-07/page/n7/mode/2up |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=23 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=7 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Though the film was not a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=27 June 2018 |title=From 'Gentleman' to 'Amaravathi' : Revisiting popular films which released 25 years ago |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gentleman-amaravathi-revisiting-popular-films-which-released-25-years-ago-83756 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228073451/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gentleman-amaravathi-revisiting-popular-films-which-released-25-years-ago-83756 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> it won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=மரபுகளை உடைத்த கதைசொல்லி .. காவியங்களை படைத்த கேபி பிறந்தநாள் இன்று..! |url=http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/73548/K--Balachander---Indian-filmmaker---Birthday---- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810211813/http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/73548/K--Balachander---Indian-filmmaker---Birthday---- |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |pages=507–508 |orig-date=1994 |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Naugaon

2026-03-01T22:49:31Z

KellyeZimmermann: expanded content

{{Short description|Village in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
'''Naugaon''' is a village of approximately 500 people<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/40756-naugaon-uttarakhand.html|title=Naugaon Village Population - Bhatwari - Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> in the [[Uttarkashi district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapadia|first=Harish |title=Across Peaks and Passes in Garhwal Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KptmxrqhKl4C&q=Naugaon+Uttarkashi&pg=PA228|year=1999|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=8173870977|page=228}}</ref> It is situated beside the [[Yamuna]] river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uttarkashi.nic.in/pages/display/95-natural-attraction|title=Natural Attraction|publisher=District Administration Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, India|accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref> It lies at the junction of Naugaon-Purola Rd and [[National Highway 507 (India)|National Highway 507]] near the towns [[Barkot, India|Barkot]], Purola and Damta.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|30|47|21.17|N|78|8|26.75|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Uttarkashi district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Shatrughan Mahto

2026-03-01T16:51:37Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Shatrughan Mahto''' (born 1971)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Shatrughan Mahto(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAGHMARA(DHANBAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1022 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Baghmara Assembly constituency]] in [[Dhanbad district]]. He won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Shatrughan Mahto wins Baghmara with 87529 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/baghmara-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638460-2024-11-23 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shatrughan Mahto , BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Shatrughan Mahto , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/jharkhand/assembly-election-candidates-list-2024/shatrughan-mahto-51043-1 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mahto is from [[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]], Dhanbad district, Jharkhand. He is the son of late Puna Mahto. He studied intermediate (Class 12) in arts at Katrash College, [[Katras]], [[Bihar]] and in 1992 passed the examinations conducted by the Intermediate Education Council, [[Patna]]. He is a former employee of [[Bharat Coking Coal Limited]].<ref name="myneta"/> Mahto is elder brother of current [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Dulu Mahato|Dulu Mahto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-18 |title=बीजेपी सांसद ढुलू महतो और उनके भाई विधायक शत्रुध्न महतो पर रंगदारी मांगने का आरोप {{!}} Live Dainik - Latest & Live Breaking News in Hindi |url=https://livedainik.com/bjp-mp-dhulu-mahato-and-his-brother-mla-shatrughan-mahato-accused-of-demanding-extortion/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mahto won from Baghmara Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 87,529 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jaleshwar Mahato]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 18,682 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghmara Election Result 2024: LIVE Updates {{!}} Baghmara Election Result 2024: SHATRUGHAN MAHTO of BJP wins |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates-baghmara-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-losser-candidate-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-jmm-eci-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-2823495.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Baghmara, Jharkhand Election Results 2024 Highlights: Baghmara में BJP ने INC को दी शिकस्त |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/baghmara-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2104015-2024-11-23 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shatrughan Mahto, BJP Candidate from Baghmara Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/jharkhand/shatrughan-mahto-s27aed2008a043e2024c006/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahto, Shatrughan}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]

Ministry of Home Affairs (India)

2026-03-01T14:15:54Z

KellyeZimmermann: minor update

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{For|list of ministers|Minister of Home Affairs (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Home Affairs
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| formed = {{Start date and age|1947|08|15|df=yes}}
| logo_caption = Ministry of Home Affairs
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| nativename =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Kartavya Bhavan-03 [[Janpath]], [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| budget = {{INRConvert|255233.53|c|lk=on}} (2026–27)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf|title=Budget Provisions, net of receipts and recoveries, for the year 2026-2027|website=www.indiabudget.gov.in|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Amit Shah]]<ref name="mha.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OrganizationalChart(E).pdf|title=ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS|date=30 November 2017|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]]|url-status=dead|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162536/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OrganizationalChart(E).pdf|archive-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| deputyminister2_name = [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs#Ministers of State for Home Affairs|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Nityanand Rai]]<ref name="mha.nic.in" />
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs#Ministers of State for Home Affairs|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]
| chief1_name = [[Govind Mohan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref name="mha.nic.in" />
| chief1_position = [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo = Ministry of Home Affairs India.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| employees =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| parent_department =
| type = Ministry
| native_name_r =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| child3_agency =
| child4_agency =
| child5_agency =
| child6_agency =
| child7_agency =
| child8_agency =
| child9_agency =
| child10_agency =
}}
The '''Ministry of Home Affairs''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Gṛha Mantrālaya'') is a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] of the [[Government of India]]. It is mainly responsible for the maintenance of [[internal security]] and [[domestic policy]]. It is headed by the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|minister of home affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/about-us/about-the-ministry|title=About the ministry {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=mha.gov.in|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>

The Ministry of Home Affairs is also the '''Cadre Controlling Authority''' for the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS), [[Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service|DANIPS]], [[Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Service|DANICS]] and Central Secretariat Official Language Service (CSOLS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/central-secretariat-official-language-service-recruitment-rules-2015|title=Central Secretariat Official Language Service Recruitment Rules - 2015|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|States Department}}
During British rule, internal security, law enforcement, and public order were managed by the Home Department of the British Indian Government. This department was formally established in 1861 following the Indian Council Act, tasked with maintaining law and order, overseeing the police forces, and administering the criminal justice system across British India. It played a crucial role in maintaining colonial control, often focused on suppressing dissent and political movements against the [[British Raj]].

The first home minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] had a decisive role in integrating [[List of princely states of British India (by region)|562 princely states]] into the Indian Union, which was done with [[V. P. Menon]], a senior civil servant who served as Secretary to the [[States Department|Ministry of the States]].

After India gained independence in 1947, the Home Department was reorganized into the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. The new ministry was entrusted with crucial responsibilities for internal security, law and order, integration of princely states, border management, and the rehabilitation of refugees in the aftermath of Partition. Additionally, the ministry began the process of reorganizing states on linguistic lines, an endeavor that culminated in the States Reorganisation Act of 1956.

The ministry also assumed responsibility for the administration of Union Territories, citizenship laws, and the regulation of foreign nationals. With growing challenges of insurgency, terrorism, and communal violence, the ministry's role expanded to include counter-terrorism policies and coordination among various security agencies.

==Senior officials==
===Home Secretary and other senior officials===
{{main|Home Secretary (India)}}
The '''home secretary''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Gṛiha Sachiva'') is the administrative head of the Ministry of Home Affairs. This post is held by a very senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of the rank of [[secretary to Government of India]]. The current home secretary is Govind Mohan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] All [[Central Armed Police Forces]] such as the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], [[CISF]], [[Border Security Force|BSF]], etc. and the Union territory police forces are under the control of the Union Home Ministry. The Union home secretary is the chief advisor to the Union home minister on all matters such as policy formation, etc. The post of Union home secretary is equivalent to the chief secretary of a state. The Union home secretary draws salary at the pay level 17 of the 7th Central Pay Commission i.e. rupees 2,25,000 plus other allowances applicable per month which is equivalent to a chief secretary's salary.

==== Central Armed Police Forces and domestic intelligence agency ====
Chiefs of [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPFs]], [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] and [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] have operational independence to manage their forces with policy directives coming from the ministry. [[Director general of police|DGs]] of [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPFs]] may also report to the special secretary (internal security) and special secretary/[[Additional Secretary to Government of India|additional secretary]] (border management).
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Chiefs of Central Armed Police Forces and Intelligence Bureau
!
!Designation
|-
|[[Tapan Deka]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tapan-deka-director-intelligence-bureau-1966387-2022-06-24|title=Tapan Kumar Deka appointed as Director of Intelligence Bureau|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>
|[[Director of the Intelligence Bureau]]
|-
|Gyanendra Pratap Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Director general of police|Director General]], [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|-
|[[Praveen Kumar (police officer)|Praveen Kumar]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Director general of police|Director General]], [[Border Security Force]]
|-
|[[Praveer Ranjan]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Director general of police|Director General]], [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
|[[Sanjay Singhal]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Director general of police|Director General]], [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
|-
|Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Director general of police|Director General]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|-
|[[B. Srinivasan]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Director general of police|Director General]], [[National Security Guard]]
|-
|Rakesh Aggarwal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Director general of police|Director General]], [[National Investigation Agency]]
|}

==Organisation==
The Ministry of Home Affairs has the following constituent departments:
=== Department of Home ===
'''Attached/Subordinate Offices'''
*[[Andaman & Nicobar Islands Police]]
*Directorate General{{ndash}}Fire Services, Civil Defense and Home Guards
*Directorate of Forensic Science Services
*[[Delhi Police]]
*[[Central Armed Police Forces]]
**[[Assam Rifles]]
**[[Border Security Force]]
**[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
**[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
**[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
**[[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
**[[National Security Guard]]
*[[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
*[[National Investigation Agency]]
*[[National Disaster Management Agency]]
**[[National Disaster Response Force]]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
'''Commissions/Committees'''
*[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner]]
*[[National Human Rights Commission]]
'''Statutory Bodies'''
*[[Bureau of Immigration (India)|Bureau of Immigration]]
*[[Narcotics Control Bureau]]
*[[National Crime Records Bureau]]
'''Councils'''
* Inter-State Council
'''Boards/Academies/Institutions'''
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]], Hyderabad
* [[National Industrial Security Academy]], Hyderabad
* North Eastern Police Academy, Umiam
* [[National Civil Defence College]], Nagpur
* National Fire Service College, Nagpur
* [[National Forensic Sciences University]], Gandhinagar
* Welfare and Rehabilitation Board, New Delhi
* [[National Institute of Disaster Management (India)|National Institute of Disaster Management]], New Delhi
* Regional Institute of Correctional Administration, Kolkata
* [[Rashtriya Raksha University]], Gandhinagar
'''Autonomous Bodies, Boards & Corporations'''
* National Foundation for Communal Harmony
* [[Repco Bank]]

=== Department of Border Management ===
Department of Border Management, dealing with the management of borders, including coastal borders.

=== Department of Official Language ===
'''Attached/Subordinated Offices'''
*Central Translation Bureau
'''Commissions/Committees'''
*Committee of Parliament on Official Language
*Town Official Language Implementation Committee
'''Statutory Bodies'''
*Central Hindi Training Institute

===Divisions===
These are organizational divisions of the ministry itself, without the splitting into specialised departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/divisions|title=Divisions of MHA|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]]|url-status=dead|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131327/http://mha.nic.in/divisions|archive-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>

==== Administration Division ====
Handling all administrative and vigilance matters, allocation of work among various Divisions of the ministry and monitoring of compliance of furnishing information under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]], matters relating to the [[Order of precedence in India|Order of Precedence]], [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Padma Awards]], Gallantry Awards, Jeevan Raksha Padak Awards, [[Flag of India|National Flag]], [[National Anthem of India|National Anthem]], [[Emblem of India|State Emblem of India]] and Secretariat Security Organisation.

==== Border Management Division ====
Matters relating to coordination by administrative, diplomatic, security, intelligence, legal, regulatory, and economic agencies of the country for the management of international borders, the creation of infrastructure like roads/fencing and floodlighting of borders, border areas development program pilot project on Multi-purpose National Identity Card and Coastal Security.

==== Centre-State Division ====
The division deals with Centre-State relations, including working on the constitutional provisions governing such relations, the appointment of governors, creation of new states, nominations to Rajya Sabha/Lok Sabha, Inter-State boundary disputes, over-seeing the crime situation in States, imposition of President's Rule and work relating to Crime and Criminal Tracking Network System (CCTNS), etc.

==== Coordination Division ====
Intra-ministry coordination work, parliamentary matters, public grievances (PGs), publication of annual report of the ministry, record retention schedule, annual action plan of the ministry, custody of classified and unclassified records of the ministry, internal work study, furnishing of various reports of [[Scheduled Castes|scheduled castes]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]] and [[Disability|persons with disabilities]], etc.

==== Disaster Management Division ====
Responsible for the response, relief, and preparedness for natural calamities and human-made disasters (except [[drought]] and [[epidemics]]). The division is also responsible for legislation, policy, capacity building, prevention, mitigation, and long-term rehabilitation.

==== Finance Division ====
The division is responsible for formulating, operating, and controlling the budget of the ministry under the Integrated Finance Scheme.

==== Foreigners Division ====
The division deals with all matters relating to [[Visa (document)|visa]], [[immigration]], [[Indian nationality law|citizenship]], [[Indian nationality law#Overseas citizenship|overseas citizenship of India]], acceptance of foreign contribution and hospitality.

==== Freedom Fighters and Rehabilitation Division ====
The division frames and implements the Freedom Fighters' Pension Scheme and the schemes for the rehabilitation of migrants from former West Pakistan/East Pakistan and the provision of relief to Sri Lankan and Tibetan refugees. It also handles work relating to Enemy Properties and residual work relating to Evacuee Properties.

==== Human Rights Division ====
The division deals with matters relating to the Protection of Human Rights Act and also matters relating to national integration and communal harmony.

==== Internal Security Division-I ====
[[Internal security]] and law and order, including anti-national and subversive activities of various groups/extremist organisations, policy and operational issues on terrorism, security clearances, monitoring of [[Inter Services Intelligence|ISI]] activities and [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]-level talks with [[Pakistan]] on terrorism and drug trafficking as a part of the composite dialogue process.

Recently launched cyber coordination center (CYCORD) https://cycord.gov.in{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} meant for assisting LEAs in all the matters of cyber-crime, cyber-espionage and cyber-terrorism works under this division.

==== Internal Security Division-II ====
Division deals with arms and explosives; letters of request for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters; National Security Act, 1980 and representations thereunder; administration of [[Narcotics Control Bureau]]; providing central assistance to victims of terrorist, communal, and [[Naxalism|naxal]] violence; matters relating to breach of privilege of MPs, etc.

==== Judicial Division ====
Legislative aspects of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] (BNS), [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]] (BNSS), and also the Commission of Inquiry Act. It also handles matters relating to state legislations, which require the assent of the President under the Constitution, political pension to erstwhile rulers before independence, and mercy petitions under Article 72 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].

==== Left Wing Extremism Division. ====
Countering of left-wing [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite-Maoist]] extremism in India.

==== North East Division ====
The division deals with the internal security and law and order situation in the [[Seven Sister States|northeastern states]], including matters relating to insurgency and talks with various extremist groups operating in that region.

==== Police Division-I ====
The division functions as the cadre controlling authority in respect of [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) and also deals with the award of Presidents' Police Medals for Meritorious/ Distinguished service and Gallantry, etc.

==== Police Division-II ====
This division deals with the policy, personnel, operational (including deployment), and financial matters relating to all the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPFs). It also deals with matters relating to the welfare of the serving and retired CAPF personnel and the [[India and the United Nations#Peacekeeping Missions|deployments in UN peacekeeping missions]].

==== Police Modernisation Division ====
The division handles all items of work relating to the modernisation of State Police Forces, provisioning/procurement of various items for the modernisation of Central Police Forces, police reforms, and police missions.

==== Policy Planning Division ====
The division deals with matters relating to policy formulation in respect of internal security issues, international cooperation on counter-terrorism, international covenants, bilateral assistance treaties, and related items of work.

==== Union Territories Division ====
The division deals with all legislative and constitutional matters relating to [[Union territory|Union territories]], including [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. It also functions as the cadre controlling authority of the [[Arunachal Pradesh]]-[[Goa]]-[[Mizoram]]-[[Union territory|Union Territories]] (AGMUT) cadre of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), the [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS/IFoS), and the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) as also [[Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Service]] (DANICS)/ [[Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service]] (DANIPS). Besides, it is responsible for overseeing the crime and law and order situation in UTs.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
* [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)]]
* [[Standing Committee on Home Affairs|Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]
* [[Indian Police Foundation and Institute]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31 Amit Shah takes charge of Home Ministers of India 2019]

==External links==
{{commons category|Ministry of Home Affairs (India)}}
* [https://www.mha.gov.in/en Official website]
* [http://www.mha.gov.in/hi Official website] {{in lang|hi}}
* [http://india.gov.in/min_dep.php?minid=29&minname=Ministry%20of%20Home%20Affairs Directory of Important Web Links of MHA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211205253/http://mha.nic.in/foreigDiv/ForeigHome.html Ministry of Home Affairs: Foreigners Division]
* [http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_min_search.asp?kwd=&pageno=1&minid=5 Official MHA Press Releases]

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Home Affairs]]
[[Category:Internal affairs ministries|India]]

Amin Kamil

2026-02-09T14:45:38Z

KellyeZimmermann: refined article for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Poet and writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Amin Kamil
| image = Mohammad amin kamil.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Muhammad Amin Nengroo
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|8|3}}
| birth_place = [[Kaprin]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|10|30|1924|8|3}}
| death_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[fiction writer]], [[literary critic]], [[researcher]], and [[editor]]
| nationality =
| citizenship = Kashmiri
| education =
| alma_mater =
| genre =
| subjects =
| movement = [[Progressive Writers Movement]], [[Modernism]]
| notableworks = Gati Manz Gaash (1958), Kathi Manz Kath (1966), Lava ta Prava (1965), Beyi Suy Paan (1967), Padis Pod Tshay (1972), Yim Myani Sokhan (2001)
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1967), [[Padma Shri]] (2005)
| signature =
}}
'''Amin Kamil''' (3 August 1924 – 30 October 2014) was a Kashmiri [[poet]], [[literary critic]], [[researcher]] and [[editor]].<ref>Kashmir Lost Its 'Master of Ghazal', Bilal Handoo, https://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-lost-its-master-of-ghazal-67396/</ref> He is also known for his [[short stories]], a genre of which he was one of the pioneers in Kashmiri.<ref>[https://kashmirlit.org/remembering-kamil Remembering Kamil, Majid Maqbool, Kashmir Lit (2015) via]</ref> He remains one of the most popular and influential masters of the Kashmiri language, leaving behind a legacy of literary brilliance.<ref>Amin Kamil: Wizard of Kashmiri Ghazal, Imtiaz Alam, Journal of Critical Reviews, Vol 7, Issue 11, 2020, pp.4824-4828.</ref>

==Life==

Kamil was born at [[Kaprin]], a village in South Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://showkatshafi.com/amin-kamil-profile-life-writing/ | title=Amin Kamil: Life and poetry of the Soulful Kashmiri poet - Showkat Shafi | date=March 2024 }}</ref> He graduated in Arts from the [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] and took his degree in Law from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} He joined the Bar in 1947 and continued to practice Law until 1949, when he was appointed a lecturer in [[Sri Pratap College]], [[Srinagar]]. He was closely associated with [[Progressive Writers' Movement]] of that time and under its influence switched over from [[Urdu]] to Kashmiri as his medium of expression.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} He joined the State Cultural Academy when it was set up in 1958 and was appointed the Convener for the [[Kashmiri language]]. He later became Editor for Kashmiri and edited the two journals of the Academy – Sheeraza and Son Adab with distinction for many years. He retired from the service of the Academy in 1979.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==Fiction==
In 1958, ''Gati Manz Gaash'' (Light amidst darkness) was published, a novel inspired by the well-known observation of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the context of the aftermath of the partition of the [[Indian sub-continent|Indian subcontinent]] in 1947, that in the midst of darkness prevailing everywhere he had found a ray of light in Kashmir alone.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

Kamil's collection of short stories, ''"Kathi Manz Kath"'' (Story within Story) published in mid-60s includes his most highly regarded work, "Kokar Jang" (The Cockfight). The Cockfight is considered as the most popular story in the Kashmiri literature. It has been translated into many Indian languages and has appeared in English translation in anthologies such as ''Indian Short Stories 1900–2000'' edited by I. Vi. Ramakrishan;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLn11KD4ea0C&q=amin+kamil&pg=PA347|title=Indian Short Stories,1900-2000|first=I. Vi|last=Rāmakr̥ṣṇan|date=9 February 2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126010912|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Contemporary Kashmiri Short Stories'' edited by Hriday Kaul Bharati, Neerja Mattoo;<ref>Contemporary Kashmiri Short Stories edited by Hriday Kaul Bharati, Neerja Mattoo [https://books.google.com/books?id=4n_rBDk-GOMC&dq=amin+kamil&pg=PA5]</ref> ''Contemporary Indian Short Stories Vol 3'' all published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. The Cockfight is prescribed in the school and university curriculum in Jammu and Kashmir. It has also appeared in ''Best Loved Indian Stories of the Century'' published by Penguin India in 1999. Prof. J. L. Koul writes about this story that "...perhaps, the comic muse at its subtlest best (though not unmixed with irony) in Kashmiri short story is to be seen in Amin Kamil's ''Hini Rahman'' and ''Kokar Jang'', particularly in the latter, in which the foibles and eccentricities of character of the two women neighbors, Jaana Bits and Shah Maal, are expressed through their respective cocks."<ref>J L Koul, Studies in Kashmiri, Kapoor Brothers, 1968, p.261.</ref> Kamil has a special talent for blending humour, irony and politics/social comment in his stories as well as poems. As an example of this, in his poems, is "Taay Nama" published in mid-80s. Kamil's poems as well as stories frequently comment on the socio-political situation of Kashmir. In this connection, his story "Sawal Chu Kaluk" [https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021144/http://www.kashmiraffairs.org/Literature.html Enigma] has received much acclaim.

==Poetry==

Writing in ''The Encyclopedia of Indian Literature'', Ghulam Nabi Gauhar says of Kamil: "He is a master of Kashmiri Ghazal and has to his credit poems of eternal value."<ref>Ghulam Nabi Gauhar, Encyclopedia of Indian Literature, Vol 2, p. 1392, Shitya Akademi, New Delhi.</ref>

==Awards and honours==
[[Image:Amin kamil.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Amin Kamil receiving Robe of Honor]]Amin Kamil won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1967 for his book of poems, ''Laveh Te Praveh''.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}



Kamil has won awards from the Jammu & Kashmir Cultural Academy, the State Government of Jammu & Kashmir, Robes of Honor from many prestigious organisations, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130130132859/http://www.indianmuslims.info/people/list_of_sahitya_akademi_award_winners.html Sahitya Akademi Award]}} (1967) International Irfan Foundation Award, Kashmir University's Lifetime Achievement Award, and [[Padma Shri]] in the year 2005 (Literature & Education) from the [[Indian government]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Poets I Bio-Notes on Kashmiri Poets I  |author=MetaNym  |url=http://www.geocities.com/indian_poets/kashmiri.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026144556/http://geocities.com/indian_poets/kashmiri.html |archive-date=26 October 2009 |url-status=dead|df=dmy }}</ref> Recently, a two-day national seminar on Amin Kamil was held at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in which Kamil was recognised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1068:kamils-book-released-at-amu-seminar-&catid=3:regional-news&Itemid=4 |title= Kamil's Book Released at AMU Seminar|website=www.kashmirobserver.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615214021/http://kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1068%3Akamils-book-released-at-amu-seminar-&catid=3%3Aregional-news&Itemid=4 |archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kamil.neabinternational.org/inthenews.htm |title=Amin Kamil – In the News |publisher=Kamil.neabinternational.org |date=12 March 2009 |access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> Jammu & Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages published a special issue of its literary magazine Sheeraza on Amin Kamil's life and works, which was released in Srinagar in Summer 2011.<ref>[http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/sheeraza-issue-on-amin-kamil-released-10287.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317072537/http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/sheeraza-issue-on-amin-kamil-released-10287.aspx|date=17 March 2012}}</ref>

==Death==
Amin Kamil died on 30 October 2014, Thursday morning, in Jammu. He was 90 years old.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==See also==
*[[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kashmiri]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://kamil.neabinternational.org/ Kamil's official website]
* [http://www.museindia.com/showcont.asp?id=194/ Muse India Archive]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=4n_rBDk-GOMC&dq=amin+kamil&pg=PA5 The Cock-fight]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721005938/http://muneeburrahman.blogspot.com/2005/08/amin-kamil-editor-par-excellence.html Kamil as Editor]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamil, Amin}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kashmiri]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Shopian district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Tamil numerals

2026-02-08T18:37:07Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up Basic Entry More To Come

{{Short description|Numeral system}}
{{morefootnotes|date=August 2020}}
{{Tamil transliteration}}
{{Numeral systems}}
{{Tamils}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Milestone tanjore old.jpg|thumb|right|A milestone which uses both Tamil and Indo-Arabic Numerals (Tanjore Palace Museum).]]
[[File:Mauritian rupees 100.png|thumb|right|200px|Modern Tamil numerals featured on a 100 [[Mauritian rupee]] note.]]

The [[Tamil language]] has [[Numeral (linguistics)|number words]] and dedicated symbols for them in the [[Tamil script]]. They have mostly been supplanted by [[Arabic numeral]]s in common usage.

==Basic numbering in Tamil (Tamil Illakkam)==

===Zero===

Old Tamil possesses a special numerical character for zero ''(see [[#Old Tamil numerals|Old Tamil numerals]] below),'' which is read as {{translit|ta|ISO|andru}} (literally, no/nothing). Modern Tamil words for zero include {{lang|ta|சுழியம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|suḻiyam}}) or {{lang|ta|பூஜ்ஜியம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|pūjjiyam}}).

===First ten numbers ({{lang|ta|முதல் எண்கள்}})===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Tamil
Ilakkam
!Arabic
Numeral
! Tamil word and transliteration
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௦}} || [[0 (number)|0]] || {{lang|ta|சுழியம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|suḻiyam}}) [[Old Tamil]]: {{lang|ta|பாழ்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|pāḻ}})<ref>{{cite book|last1=N. Subrahmanian|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|date=1996|publisher=Ennes Publications|pages=235, 416|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMJGAAAAMAAJ&q=%22pal%22+zero|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௧}} || [[1 (number)|1]] || {{lang|ta|ஒன்று}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|oṉṟu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௨}} || [[2 (number)|2]] || {{lang|ta|இரண்டு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|iraṇḍu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௩}} || [[3 (number)|3]] || {{lang|ta|மூன்று}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|mūṉṟu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௪}} || [[4 (number)|4]] || {{lang|ta|நான்கு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|nāṉku}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௫}} || [[5 (number)|5]] || {{lang|ta|ஐந்து}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|aindhu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௬}} || [[6 (number)|6]] || {{lang|ta|ஆறு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|āṟu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௭}} || [[7 (number)|7]] || {{lang|ta|ஏழு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|ēḻu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௮}} || [[8 (number)|8]] || {{lang|ta|எட்டு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|eṭṭu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௯}} || [[9 (number)|9]] || {{lang|ta|ஒன்பது}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|oṉpathu}})
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௰}}|| [[10 (number)|10]] || {{lang|ta|பத்து}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|paththu}})
|}

==Transcribing other numbers==

===Reproductive and attributive prefixes===
Tamil has a numeric prefix for each number from 1 to 9, which can be added to the words for the powers of ten (ten, hundred, thousand, etc.) to form multiples of them. For instance, the word for fifty, {{lang|ta|ஐம்பது}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|aimpatu}}) is a combination of {{lang|ta|ஐ}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|ai}}, the prefix for five) and {{lang|ta|பத்து}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|pattu}}, which is ten). The prefix for nine changes with respect to the succeeding base 10. {{lang|ta|தொ}} + the unvoiced consonant of the succeeding base 10 forms the prefix for nine. For instance, 90 is {{lang|ta|தொ}} + {{lang|ta|ண்}} ({{lang|ta|ண்}} being the unvoiced version of {{lang|ta|ணூ}}), hence, {{lang|ta|தொண்ணூறு}}).

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
![[Tamil script]]||Tamil prefix || Transliteration
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௧}} || {{lang|ta|ஓர்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|ōr}}
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௨}} || {{lang|ta|ஈர்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|īr}}
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௩}} || {{lang|ta|மூ}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mū}}
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௪}} || {{lang|ta|நால்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|nāl}}
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௫}} || {{lang|ta|ஐ}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|ai}}
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௬}} || {{lang|ta|ஆறு}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|āṟ(u)}}
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௭}} || {{lang|ta|ஏழ்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|ēḻ(u)}}
|-
|style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal"|{{lang|ta|௮}} || {{lang|ta|எண்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|eṇ}}
|-
|}

These are typically void in the Tamil language except for some Hindu references; for example, {{lang|ta|அட்ட இலட்சுமிகள்}} (the eight Lakshmis). Even in religious contexts, the Tamil language is usually more preferred for its more poetic nature and relatively low incidence of consonant clusters.

===Specific characters===
Unlike other modern Indian number systems, Tamil has distinct digits for 10, 100, and 1000. It also has distinct characters for other number-based aspects of day-to-day life.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! ten || hundred || thousand
|-
| {{lang|ta|௰}} || {{lang|ta|௱}} || {{lang|ta|௲}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! day || month || year || debit || credit || as above || rupee || numeral
|-
| {{lang|ta|௳}} || {{lang|ta|௴}} || {{lang|ta|௵}} || {{lang|ta|௶}} || {{lang|ta|௷}} || {{lang|ta|௸}} || {{lang|ta|௹}} || {{lang|ta|௺}}
|}

===Powers of ten ({{lang|ta|பதின்பெருக்கம்}})===
There are two numeral systems that can be used in the [[Tamil language]]: the Tamil system which is as follows<ref>Selvakumar, V. (2016). History of Numbers and Fractions and Arithmetic Calculations in the Tamil Region: Some Observations. ''HuSS: International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(1)'', 27-35. https://doi.org/10.15613/HIJRH/2016/V3I1/111730</ref> {{clarify|date=February 2019}}

The following are the traditional numbers of the {{translit|ta|ISO|Tamiḻakam}} region.{{Clarify|date=August 2024}}

====Original Tamil system====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Rank
|101
|102
|103
|104
|105
|106
|109
|1012
|1015
|1018
|1020
|1021
|-
!Words
|பத்து
|நூறு
|ஆயிரம்
|பத்தாயிரம்
|நூறாயிரம்
|மெய்யிரம்
|தொள்ளுண்
|ஈகியம்
|நெளை
|இளஞ்சி
|வெள்ளம்
|ஆம்பல்
|-
!Character
|{{lang|ta|௰}}
|{{lang|ta|௱}}
|{{lang|ta|௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௰௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௱௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௲௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௲௲௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௲௲௲௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௲௲௲௲௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௲௲௲௲௲௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௱௲௲௲௲௲௲}}
|{{lang|ta|௲௲௲௲௲௲௲}}
|-
!Transliteration
|{{translit|ta|ISO|pattu}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|nūṟu}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|āyiram}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|pattāyiram}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|nūṟāyiram}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|meyyiram}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|toḷḷuṇ}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|īkiyam}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|neḷai}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|iḷañci}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|veḷḷam}}
|{{translit|ta|ISO|āmbal}}
|-
!Translation
|[[10 (number)|ten]]
|[[hundred]]
|[[thousand]]
|[[10000 (number)|ten thousand]]
|[[One hundred thousand|hundred thousand]]
|[[million]]
|[[1,000,000,000|billion]] (milliard)
|[[Trillion (short scale)|trillion]] (billion)
|[[quadrillion]] (billiard)
|[[quintillion]] (trillion)
|hundred quintillion
|[[sextillion]] (trilliard)
|}

====Current Tamil system====
{{See also|Indian numbering system}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Rank
| 105
| 106
| 107
| 108
| 109
| 1011
| 1013
| 1015
| 1017
| 1019
| 1021
| 1025
|-
! Words
| {{lang|ta|இலட்சம்}}
| {{lang|ta|பத்து இலட்சம்}}
| {{lang|ta|கோடி}}
| {{lang|ta|பத்துக் கோடி}}
| {{lang|ta|அற்புதம்}}
| {{lang|ta|நிகர்ப்புதம்}}
| {{lang|ta|கர்வம்}}
| {{lang|ta|சங்கம்}}
| {{lang|ta|அர்த்தம்}}
| {{lang|ta|பூரியம்}}
| {{lang|ta|முக்கொடி}}
| {{lang|ta|மாயுகம்}}
|-
! Character
| {{lang|ta|௱௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௰௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௱}}{{lang|ta|௲}}{{lang|ta|௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௲௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௱௲௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௱௲௲௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௲௲௲௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௱௲௲௲௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௰௲௲௲௲௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௲௲௲௲௲௲௲}}
| {{lang|ta|௰௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲}}
|-
! Transliteration
| {{translit|ta|ISO|ilaṭcam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|pattu ilaṭcam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|kōṭi}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|pattuk kōṭi}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|aṟputam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|nikarpputam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|karvam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|śaṅkam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|arttam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|pūriyam}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|mukkoṭi}}
| {{translit|ta|ISO|māyukam}}
|-
!Translation
|[[lakh]]
|ten lakh
|[[crore]]
|ten crore
|arab
|kharab
|nil / hundred kharab
|padma
|shankh / hundred padma
|hundred shankh
|ten thousand shankh
|ten crore shankh
|}

===Partitive numerals ({{lang|ta|பகுத்தல்}})===

====Fractions ({{lang|ta|பின்னம்}})====
Proposals to encode Tamil [[Fraction (mathematics)|fractions]] and symbols to [[Unicode]] were submitted.<ref>Sharma, Shriramana. (2012). ''Proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols''. Retrieved 12 March 2019 from https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12231-tamil-fractions-symbols-proposal.pdf</ref><ref>Government of Tamil Nadu. (2017). ''Finalized proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols''. Retrieved 12 March 2019 from http://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4822-tamil-frac.pdf</ref> As of version 12.0, [[Tamil Supplement|Tamil characters]] used for fractional values in traditional accounting practices were added to the Unicode Standard.

=====Transcribing fractions ({{lang|ta|பின்னம் எழுத்தல்}})=====
Any fraction can be transcribed by affixing -{{lang|ta|இல்}} (-il) after the [[denominator]] followed by the [[numerator]]. For instance, 1/41 can be said as {{lang|ta|நாற்பத்து ஒன்றில் ஒன்று}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|nāṟpattu oṉṟil oṉṟu}}).

The suffixing of the -{{lang|ta|இல்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|-il}}) requires the last consonant of the number to be changed to its {{lang|ta|இ}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|i}}) form. For example, {{lang|ta|மூன்று}} + {{lang|ta|இல்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|mūṉṟu}} + {{translit|ta|ISO|-il}}) becomes {{lang|ta|மூன்றில்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|mūṉṟil}}); note the {{lang|ta|உ}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|u}}) has been omitted.

'''Common fractions ({{lang|ta|பொது பின்னங்கள்}})''' have names already allocated to them, hence, these names are often used rather than the above method.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Glyph !! x/320 !! Value !! Decimal !! Tamil name !! Transliteration
|-
| 𑿀 || {{frac|1|320}} || {{frac|1|320}} || 0.003125 || {{lang|ta|முந்திரி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|muntiri}}
|-
| 𑿁 || {{frac|2|320}} || {{frac|1|160}} || 0.00625 || {{lang|ta|அரைக்காணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|araikkaṇi}}
|-
| 𑿂 || {{frac|4|320}} || {{frac|1|80}} || 0.0125 || {{lang|ta|காணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kāṇi}}
|-
| 𑿄 || {{frac|8|320}} || {{frac|1|40}} || 0.025 || {{lang|ta|அரைய்மா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|araimā}}
|-
| 𑿆 || {{frac|12|320}} || {{frac|3|80}} || 0.0375 || {{lang|ta|முக்காணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mukkaṇi}}
|-
| 𑿈 || {{frac|16|320}} || {{frac|1|20}} || 0.05 || {{lang|ta|மா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mā}}
|-
| 𑿋 || {{frac|32|320}} || {{frac|1|10}} || 0.1 || {{lang|ta|இருமா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|irumā}}
|-
| 𑿍 || {{frac|48|320}} || {{frac|3|20}} || 0.15 || {{lang|ta|மும்மா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mummā}}
|-
| 𑿏 || {{frac|64|320}} || {{frac|1|5}} || 0.2 || {{lang|ta|நான்குமா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|nāṅkumā}}
|-
| 𑿃 || {{frac|5|320}} || {{frac|1|64}} || 0.015625 || {{lang|ta|கால் விசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kālvicam}}
|-
| ழூ || {{frac|10|320}} || {{frac|1|32}} || 0.03125 || {{lang|ta|அரை விசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|araivicam}}
|-
| 𑿇 || {{frac|15|320}} || {{frac|3|64}} || 0.046875 || {{lang|ta|முக்கால் விசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mukkālvicam}}
|-
| 𑿉,𑿊 || {{frac|20|320}} || {{frac|1|16}} || 0.0625 || {{lang|ta|விசம்}} / {{lang|ta|மாகாணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|vicam}} / {{translit|ta|ISO|mākāṇi}}
|-
| 𑿌 || {{frac|40|320}} || {{frac|1|8}} || 0.125 || {{lang|ta|அரை கால்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|araikkāl}}
|-
| 𑿎 || {{frac|60|320}} || {{frac|3|16}} || 0.1875 || {{lang|ta|மூ விசம்}} / {{lang|ta|மும்மா முக்காணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mūvicam}} / {{translit|ta|ISO|mummāmukkaṇi}}
|-
| 𑿐 || {{frac|80|320}} || {{frac|1|4}} || 0.25 || {{lang|ta|கால்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kāl}}
|-
| 𑿑,𑿒 || {{frac|160|320}} || {{frac|1|2}} || 0.5 || {{lang|ta|அரை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|arai}}
|-
| 𑿓 || {{frac|240|320}} || {{frac|3|4}} || 0.75 || {{lang|ta|முக்கால்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mukkāl}}
|-
| 𑿔{{ref|1}} || ×{{frac|1|320}} || ×{{frac|1|320}} || ×0.003125 || {{lang|ta|கில்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kiḷ}}
|}
{{note|1}} when prefixed to a fraction, reduces (downscales) the value of the fraction by a
scale of 1/320 (the value of the lowest fraction muntiri).

Other fractions include:
{| class="wikitable"
! Value !! Name !! Transliteration
|-
| {{frac|3|16}} = 0.1875 || {{lang|ta|மும்மாகாணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mummākāṇi}}
|-
| {{frac|3|20}} = 0.15 || {{lang|ta|மும்மா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mummā}}
|-
| {{frac|3|64}} = 0.046875 || {{lang|ta|முக்கால்வீசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mukkālvīsam}}
|-
| {{frac|3|80}} = 0.0375 || {{lang|ta|முக்காணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mukkāṇi}}
|-
| {{frac|1|32}} = 0.03125 || {{lang|ta|அரைவீசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|araivīsam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|64}} = 0.015625 || {{lang|ta|கால் வீசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kāl vīsam}}
|-
| {{frac|3|320}} = 0.009375 || {{lang|ta|முக்கால்காணி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mukkālkāṇi}}
|-
| {{frac|1|320}} = 0.003125 || {{lang|ta|முந்திரி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|muntiri}}
|-
| {{frac|3|1280}} = 0.00234375 || {{lang|ta|கீழ் முக்கால்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ mukkāl}}
|-
| {{frac|1|640}} = 0.0015625 || {{lang|ta|கீழரை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻarai}}
|-
| {{frac|1|1280}} = 7.8125{{e|-4}} || {{lang|ta|கீழ் கால்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ kāl}}
|-
| {{frac|1|1600}} = 0.000625 || {{lang|ta|கீழ் நாலுமா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ nālumā}}
|-
| {{frac|3|5120}} ≈ 5.85938{{e|-4}} || {{lang|ta|கீழ் மூன்று வீசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ mūṉṟu vīsam}}
|-
| {{frac|3|6400}} = 4.6875{{e|-4}} || {{lang|ta|கீழ் மும்மா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ mummā}}
|-
| {{frac|1|2500}} = 0.0004 || {{lang|ta|கீழ் அரைக்கால்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ araikkāl}}
|-
| {{frac|1|3200}} = 3.12500{{e|-4}} || {{lang|ta|கீழ் இருமா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ irumā}}
|-
| {{frac|1|5120}} ≈ 1.95313{{e|-4}} || {{lang|ta|கீழ் வீசம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻ vīsam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|6400}} = 1.56250{{e|-4}} || {{lang|ta|கீழொருமா}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻorumā}}
|-
| {{frac|1|102400}} ≈ 9.76563{{e|-6}} || {{lang|ta|கீழ்முந்திரி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kīḻmuntiri}}
|-
| {{frac|1|2150400}} ≈ 4.65030{{e|-7}} || {{lang|ta|இம்மி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|immi}}
|-
| {{frac|1|23654400}} ≈ 4.22754{{e|-8}} || {{lang|ta|மும்மி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mummi}}
|-
| {{frac|1|165580800}} ≈ 6.03935{{e|-9}} || {{lang|ta|அணு}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|aṇu}}{{ref|a}}
|-
| {{frac|1|1490227200}} ≈ 6.71039{{e|-10}} || {{lang|ta|குணம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kuṇam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|7451136000}} ≈ 1.34208{{e|-10}} || {{lang|ta|பந்தம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|pantam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|44706816000}} ≈ 2.23680{{e|-11}} || {{lang|ta|பாகம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|pāgam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|312947712000}} ≈ 3.19542{{e|-12}} || {{lang|ta|விந்தம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|vintam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|5320111104000}} ≈ 1.87966{{e|-13}} || {{lang|ta|நாகவிந்தம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|nāgavintam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|74481555456000}} ≈ 1.34261{{e|-14}} || {{lang|ta|சிந்தை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|sintai}}
|-
| {{frac|1|1489631109120000}} ≈ 6.71307{{e|-16}} || {{lang|ta|கதிர்முனை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|katirmuṉai}}
|-
| {{frac|1|59585244364800000}} ≈ 1.67827{{e|-17}} || {{lang|ta|குரல்வளைப்படி}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|kuralvaḷaippaḍi}}
|-
| {{frac|1|3575114661888000000}} ≈ 2.79711{{e|-19}} || {{lang|ta|வெள்ளம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|veḷḷam}}
|-
| {{frac|1|357511466188800000000}} ≈ 2.79711{{e|-21}} || {{lang|ta|நுண்மணல்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|nuṇmaṇal}}
|-
| {{frac|1|2323824530227200000000}} ≈ 4.30325{{e|-22}} || {{lang|ta|தேர்த்துகள்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|tērttugaḷ}}
|}
{{note|a}} ''Aṇu'' was considered as the lowest fraction by ancient Tamils as size of smallest physical object (similar to an atom). Later, this term went to Sanskrit to refer directly to atoms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023|reason=Doubtful}}

====Decimals ({{lang|ta|பதின்மம்}})====
Decimal point is called {{lang|ta|புள்ளி}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|puḷḷi}}) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. For example, 1.1 would be read as {{lang|ta|ஒன்று புள்ளி ஒன்று}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|oṉṟu puḷḷi oṉṟu}}). In Sri Lankan Tamil, Thasam தசம்.

====Percentage ({{lang|ta|விழுக்காடு}})====
Percentage is known as {{lang|ta|விழுக்காடு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|viḻukkāḍu}}) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] or {{lang|ta|சதவீதம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|śatavītam}}). These words are simply added after a number to form percentages. For instance, four percent is {{lang|ta|நான்கு சதவீதம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|nāṉku satavītam}}) or {{lang|ta|நான்கு விழுக்காடு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|nāṉku viḻukkāḍu}}). Percentage symbol (%) is also recognised and used.

===Ordinal numbers ({{lang|ta|வரிசை எண்கள்}})===
Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix -{{lang|ta|ஆம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|ām}}) after the number, except for 'First'.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ordinal
! Tamil
! Transliteration
|-
| First || முதல் || {{translit|ta|ISO|mudal (/muðal/)}}
|-
| Second || {{lang|ta|இரண்டாம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|iraṇḍām}}
|-
| Third || {{lang|ta|மூன்றாம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|mūṉṟām}}
|-
| Fourth || {{lang|ta|நான்காம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|nāṉkām}}
|-
| 101st || {{lang|ta|நூற்று ஒன்றாம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|nūṟṟu oṉṟām}}
|}

===Collective numerals ({{lang|ta|கூட்டெண்கள்}})===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Tamil !! Transliteration
|-
| Single || {{lang|ta|ஒற்றை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|oṟṟai}}
|-
| Pair || {{lang|ta|இரட்டை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|iraṭṭai}}
|-
| Reproductives || {{lang|ta|௺}} + {{lang|ta|வினைச்சொல்}} || Numeric prefix + noun*
|-
| Single (pillar), double (pillar)... || {{lang|ta|ஒருக்}}({{lang|ta|கால்}}), {{lang|ta|இருக்}}({{lang|ta|கால்}})- || {{translit|ta|ISO|oruk(kāl)}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|iruk(kāl)}}*
|-
| Distributives || {{lang|ta|௺}} + {{lang|ta|முறை}} || Numeric prefix + {{translit|ta|ISO|muṟai}}
|-
| Once, twice... || {{lang|ta|ஒருமுறை}}, {{lang|ta|இருமுறை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|orumuṟai}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|irumuṟai}}
|-
|}

* As always, when blending two words into one, an unvoiced form of the consonant as the one that the second starts with, is placed in between to blend.

==Traditional Tamil counting song==

This song is a list of each number with a concept its primarily associated with.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tamil !! Transliteration !! English
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஒரு குலம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|oru kulam}} || One race
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஈரினம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|īriṉam}} || Two sexes{{snd}}male ({{lang|ta|ஆண்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|āṇ}}), female ({{lang|ta|பெண்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|peṇ}})
|-
| {{lang|ta|முத்தமிழ்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|muttamiḻ}} || Three sections of Tamil{{snd}}literature ({{lang|ta|இயல்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|iyal}}), music ({{lang|ta|இசை}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|isai}}), and drama ({{lang|ta|நாடகம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|nāṭakam}})
|-
| {{lang|ta|நான்மறை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|nāṉmaṟai}} || Four scriptures
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஐம்புலன்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|aimpulaṉ}} || Five senses
|-
| {{lang|ta|அறுசுவை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|aṟucuvai}} || Six tastes{{snd}}sweet ({{translit|ta|ISO|iṉippu}}), pungent ({{translit|ta|ISO|kārppu}}), bitter ({{translit|ta|ISO|kasappu}}), sour ({{translit|ta|ISO|puḷippu}}), salty ({{translit|ta|ISO|uvarppu}}), and astringent ({{translit|ta|ISO|tuvarppu}}).
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஏழிசை}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|ēḻicai}} || Seven musical notes ({{translit|ta|ISO|kural}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|tuttam}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|kaikkiḷai}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|uḻai}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|iḷi}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|viḷari}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|tāram}})
|-
| {{lang|ta|எண் பக்கம்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|eṇ pakkam}} || Eight directions{{snd}}east ({{translit|ta|ISO|kiḻakku}}), west ({{translit|ta|ISO|mēṟku}}), north ({{translit|ta|ISO|vaḍakku}}), south ({{translit|ta|ISO|teṟku}}), south-west ({{translit|ta|ISO|teṉ-mēṟku}}), south-east ({{translit|ta|ISO|teṉ-kiḻakku}}), north-west ({{translit|ta|ISO|vaḍa-mēṟku}}), and north-east ({{translit|ta|ISO|vaḍa-kiḻakku}}).
|-
| {{lang|ta|நவமணிகள்}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|navamaṇikaḷ}} || Nine gems{{snd}}diamond ({{lang|ta|வைரம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|vairam}}), emerald ({{lang|ta|மரகதம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|marakatam}}), blue sapphire ({{lang|ta|நீலம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|nīlam}}), garnet ({{lang|ta|கோமேதகம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|kōmētakam}}), red coral ({{lang|ta|பவளம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|pavaḷam}}), ruby ({{lang|ta|மாணிக்கம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|māṇikkam}}), pearl ({{lang|ta|முத்து}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|muttu}}), topaz ({{lang|ta|புட்பராகம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|puṭparākam}}), and cat's eye ({{lang|ta|வைடூரியம்}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|vaiṭūriyam}}).
|-
| {{lang|ta|தொன்மெய்ப்பாடு}} || {{translit|ta|ISO|toṉmeyppāṭu}} || Also known as {{translit|ta|ISO|navarasam}} as per the dance expressions. These are joyful ({{translit|ta|ISO|uvakai}}), humour ({{translit|ta|ISO|nakai}}), cries ({{translit|ta|ISO|aḻukai}}), innocent ({{translit|ta|ISO|vekuḷi}}), proud ({{translit|ta|ISO|perumitam}}), fear ({{translit|ta|ISO|accam}}), disgust ({{translit|ta|ISO|iḷivaral}}), wonder ({{translit|ta|ISO|maruṭkai}}), and tranquility ({{translit|ta|ISO|amaiti}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Literary theories in Tamil: with special reference to Tolka:ppiyam|year=1997|publisher=Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture|page=135}}</ref>
|}

==Influence on other Dravidian languages==
As the ancient classical [[Dravidian language]], Tamil numerals influenced and shaped the numerals of the others in the family. The following table compares the main [[South India|Dravidian]] languages.

{| class="wikitable"
|-

! Number
! [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
! [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
! [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
! [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
! [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
! [[Kolami language|Kolami]]
! [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
! [[Brahui language|Brahui]]
! [[Proto-Dravidian]]
|-
| 1
| {{translit|ta|ISO|oṉṟu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|ondu}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|onnŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|okaṭi}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|oñji}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|okkod}}
| {{translit|kru|ISO|oṇṭa}}
| {{translit|brh|ISO|asiṭ}}
| *oru(1)
|-
| 2
| {{translit|ta|ISO|iraṇḍu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|eraḍu}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|raṇṭŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|renḍu}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|eraḍ}}, {{translit|tcy|ISO|iraḍ}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|irāṭ}}
| {{translit|kru|ISO|indiṅ}}
| {{translit|brh|ISO|irāṭ}}
| *iru(2)
|-
| 3
| {{translit|ta|ISO|mūṉṟu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|mūru}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|mūnnŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|mūḍu}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|mūji}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|mūndiṅ}}
| {{translit|kru|ISO|mūnd}}
| {{translit|brh|ISO|musiṭ}}
| *muC
|-
| 4
| {{translit|ta|ISO|nālŭ}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|nāṉku}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|nālku}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|nālŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|nālugu}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|nāl}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|nāliṅ}}
| {{translit|kru|ISO|nākh}}
| {{translit|brh|ISO|čār}} (II)
| *nān
|-
| 5
| {{translit|ta|ISO|aintu}}, {{translit|ta|ISO|añju}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|aydu}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|añcŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|ayidu}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|ayin}}, {{translit|tcy|ISO|ain}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|ayd}} 3
| {{translit|kru|ISO|pancē}} (II)
| {{translit|brh|ISO|panč}} (II)
| *cayN
|-
| 6
| {{translit|ta|ISO|āṟu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|āru}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|āṟŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|āru}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|āji}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|ār}} 3
| {{translit|kru|ISO|soyyē}} (II)
| {{translit|brh|ISO|šaš}} (II)
| *caru
|-
| 7
| {{translit|ta|ISO|ēḻu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|ēḷu}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|ēḻŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|ēḍu}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|ēḍ}}, {{translit|tcy|ISO|ēl}}, {{translit|tcy|ISO|ēḷ}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|ēḍ}} 3
| {{translit|kru|ISO|sattē}} (II)
| {{translit|brh|ISO|haft}} (II)
| *ēlu
|-
| 8
| {{translit|ta|ISO|eṭṭu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|eṇṭu}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|eṭṭŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|enimidi}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|eḍma}}, {{translit|tcy|ISO|yeḍma}}, {{translit|tcy|ISO|eṇma}}, {{translit|tcy|ISO|enma}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|enumadī}} 3
| {{translit|kru|ISO|aṭṭhē}} (II)
| {{translit|brh|ISO|hašt}} (II)
| *eṭṭu
|-
| 9
| {{translit|ta|ISO|oṉpatu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|ombattu}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|onpatŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|tommidi}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|ormba}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|tomdī}} 3
| {{translit|kru|ISO|naiṃyē}} (II)
| {{translit|brh|ISO|nōh}} (II)
| *toḷ
|-
| 10
| {{translit|ta|ISO|pattu}}
| {{translit|kn|ISO|hattu}}
| {{translit|ml|ISO|pattŭ}}
| {{translit|te|ISO|padi}}
| {{translit|tcy|ISO|patt}}
| {{translit|kfb|ISO|padī}} 3
| {{translit|kru|ISO|dassē}} (II)
| {{translit|brh|ISO|dah}} (II)
| *pat(tu)
|}

Also, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] through the [[Pallava script]] which itself through the [[Kawi script]], [[Khmer script]] and other South-east Asian scripts has shaped the numeral [[grapheme]] of most South-east Asian languages.

==History==
Before the [[Government of India]] unveiled {{Indian rupee}} as the new [[Indian rupee sign|rupee symbol]], people in Tamil Nadu used the Tamil letter {{lang|ta|௹}} as the symbol. This symbol continues to be used occasionally as rupee symbol by Indian Tamils. It is also used by Tamils in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Sara |date=2022-05-05 |title=Travel Insurance for Sri Lanka |url=https://www.insuremytrip.com/destinations/sri-lanka-travel-insurance/ |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=InsureMyTrip |language=en-US}}</ref>

The symbol {{lang|ta|௳}} is also known as the {{translit|ta|ISO|Piḷḷaiyār Suḻi}} ({{lit|Curl of {{translit|ta|ISO|Piḷḷaiyār}}}}), a symbol that most [[Tamil people|Tamil]] Hindus will start off any auspicious document with. It is written to invoke the god {{translit|ta|ISO|Piḷḷaiyār}}, known otherwise as [[Ganesha]], who is the remover of obstacles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh22qvzQuowC&dq=pillaiyar+suzhi&pg=RA1-PA62-IA3 |title=99 Thoughts on Ganesha |date=2015-01-27 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-152-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Kaṇita Tīpikai]]
*[[Tamil script]]
*[[Tamil units of measurement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Numerals}}
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Numerals|Tamil numerals]]

Tangani railway station

2026-01-26T09:43:41Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up New Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|TANGANI}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Dambuk, [[ Assam]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.452307|N|94.714859|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|112|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 3
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened = 2 December 2018
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| acessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TNGN
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Tinsukia}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Double electric line
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
}}

'''Tangani railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Dhemaji district]], [[Assam]]. Its station code is '''TNGN'''. It serves Lower Sisitangani region. The station has two platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TNGN/Tangani |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tangani-tngn/10627 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240523090719/https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tangani-tngn/10627 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is a railway station that connects Dhemaji and Dibrugarh.

== Major trains ==

* Ledo-Murkongselek DEMU
* Murkongselek-Ledu DEMU

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Assam}}

{{Assam-railstation-stub}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Dhemaji district]]
[[Category:Tinsukia railway division]]

Tomb of Rumi Khan

2026-01-21T04:19:45Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up A Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Mausoleum located in Ahmednagar in the Indian state of Maharashtra}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}

'''Rumi Khan's Tomb''', also known as '''Pila Gumbad''' ("yellow dome") is a mausoleum located in [[Ahmednagar]], in the Indian state of Maharashtra.<ref name="archive">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153598/page/n273/mode/2up |title=History of Medieval Deccan |date=1974 |editor-last=Sherwani |editor-first=Haroon Khan |volume=II |pages=264–265 |editor-last2=Joshi |editor-first2=P. M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118595/page/393/mode/2up |title=The Kingdom Of Ahmadnagar |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=394–395}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rumi Khan was a nobleman and a gun-caster in the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar Sultanate]], who died sometime in the late 16th century. The tomb was probably constructed during his lifetime, and used as a garden pavilion before his interment. This garden probably contained a gun-casting foundry, and it is possible that the ''[[Malik-E-Maidan|Malik-i Maidan]]'' was cast here.<ref name="google">{{Cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |author-link=Pushkar Sohoni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSaODwAAQBAJ&dq=rumi+khan's+tomb&pg=PA181 |title=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India |publisher= Bloomsbury|year=2018 |isbn= 978-1-83860-928-3|pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
The tomb is constructed entirely out of dressed stone, without any plaster ornamentation on the exterior. It measures about 26 feet square, and has a height of about 40 feet. The walls are four feet thick. Externally, each wall consists of two horizontal floors, divided by a band of [[merlon]]-shaped crestings. Each floor has three recessed arches. Windows and doors are provided in the central arches of each wall. The building is surmounted by a lofty dome resting upon a drum, adorned with a band of [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]-petal moldings. Flat-roofed kiosks are placed at all four corners of the roof, and a [[trefoil]]-patterned [[parapet]] runs in between them.<ref name="archive"/><ref name="google"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&dq=Tomb+of+Rumi+Khan&pg=PA394 |title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2651-9 |pages=394 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |last2=Zebrowski |first2=Mark |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] I : 7 |pages=83 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718003730/https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Tombs in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Deccan sultanates]]

1997 Melavalavu massacre

2026-01-17T23:36:32Z

KellyeZimmermann: Adding

{{short description|Caste related violence against Dalits}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1997 Melavalavu massacre
| image =
| caption =
| location = Melavalavu, [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| date = 30 June 1997
| fatalities = 7
| injuries =
}}
The '''1997 Melavalavu massacre''' refers to the murder of a [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat President]] of the village and six other men of the [[Dalit]] community by dominant caste members in [[:ta:மேலவளவு ஊராட்சி|Melavalavu]], [[Madurai]] on 30 June 1997. The men were hacked to death after some dominant caste members refused to accept a Panchayat president from the Dalit Community.

Seventeen men were convicted for the crime and were sentenced to life imprisonment and three men were released in 2008. Thirteen of the convicted were released in 2019 during the [[AIADMK]] regime. The families of the victims claimed the early release had political overtones.

== Background ==
The Melavalavu panchayat located near [[Melur]] in Madurai district. Melavalavu village, is dominated by the people of [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]](Thevar) caste, while the people of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] are a minority in the village residing mostly in Ambedkar Nagar area. The village [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] was allocated to the members of the Scheduled Castes as a [[Reserved political positions in India|reserved constituency]] in 1996 by the government. But the Dalits were threatened by the dominant castes that they should not contest the election as the Head of the Village Panchayat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/scars-of-massacre-yet-to-fade-from-melavalavu/|title=22 years after Melavalavu massacre, what has changed — and what hasn't|last=Tamilarasu|first=Prabhakar|date=2019-11-25|website=The Federal|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Supreme-Court-reserves-verdict-in-Melavalavu-case/article16520396.ece|title=Supreme Court reserves verdict in Melavalavu case|date=2009-09-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following this, elections were held on 31 December 1996 due to the inability to hold elections on 9 October 1996 and 28 December 1996. Murugesan, a member of the Dalit community won the election. He went to the district collectors Office and asked the district collector and the Tamil Nadu government for protection for himself and his dependents after threats by dominant caste members who denied Dalits as their president and vice president of Panchayat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article29963867.ece|title=Premature release of all Melavalavu murder convicts sparks outrage in Tamil Nadu|last=Rajasekaran|first=Ilangovan|website=Frontline|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> He along with six other men were murdered when they were returning in a town bus from Madurai after meeting the Collector office on 30 June 1997. The gang stopped the town bus near the village tank and hacked the Dalits to death.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/nov/13/1997-tamil-nadu-dalits-murder-a-long-way-for-justice-a-short-way-for-release-2060975.html|title=1997 Tamil Nadu Dalits murder: A long way for justice, a short way for release|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=13 November 2019|first=Vinodh|last=Arulappan|access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/1997-melavalavu-dalit-massacre-madras-hc-directs-13-convicts-not-to-enter-village-2403203.html|title=1997 Melavalavu Dalit Massacre: Madras HC Directs 13 Convicts Not to Enter Village|website=News18|date=27 November 2019|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

Village Panchayat President, Murugesan, Vice President Mukan, Raja, Sellathurai, Sevmoorthy, Bhupathi and Soundarrajan were murdered. The Village Panchayat President K.Murugesan's head was cut off and thrown into a well, half a kilometer away.<ref name=":0" />

== Convictions ==
The 40 persons were charged for the offences under Sections 120-B, 148, 341, 506 (ii), 302 read with 34 read with 149 IPC, and Section 302 read with Section 3 (2) (v) of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, read with 149 read with 34 IPC. Though 40 were framed, only 17 got convicted and the trial court failed to punish the accused under SC/ST Act. The State didn't appeal against the acquittal of the other 23 accused, but the convicts made appeal before Madras High Court, and their conviction was upheld by the Madras High Court.

Madras High Court criticized the trial court for not punishing the accused under SC/ST Act.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melavalavu Massacre High Court Judgement|url=https://article51a.in/wp-content/uploads/Crl-A-803-of-2002-Melavalavu-Judgement.pdf|url-status=live|website=Article 51A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220071041/https://article51a.in/wp-content/uploads/Crl-A-803-of-2002-Melavalavu-Judgement.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2022 }}</ref>
''" The judgement of the trial court suffers from non-application of mind and the trial court failed to take into consideration the reliable testimony and the material evidence on record. Again, as rightly pointed out, the act of the accused was not merely to murder the deceased but also to terrorise the entire Scheduled Caste community from daring to stand for Panchayat election."''
[[File:Thirumavalavan in Viduthalaikalam.jpg|thumb|Thirumavalavan In murugesan memorial Melavalavu.]][https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/remembering-melavalavu-massacre/article65585014.ece Homage paid at Melavalavu]

In 2008, three men were released on C. N. Annadurai's birthday during the DMK regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=542434|title=சாதி வன்மத்தால் நடந்த கொலையில் குற்றவாளிகளை முன்கூட்டியே விடுதலை செய்தது ஏன் ?: மேலவளவு வழக்கில் தமிழக அரசுக்கு நீதிமன்றம் கேள்வி|work=www.dinakaran.com|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120094914/http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=542434|url-status=dead}}</ref> While one of the remaining 14 has died of snake bite during his trial. The remaining 13 people were released in 2019 during the birthday of M.G.R in AIADMK regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minnambalam.com/k/2019/11/18/31/melavalavu-massacre-case-13-lifetime-prisoners-release-high-court-qustion|title=மேலவளவு படுகொலை வழக்கு-விடுதலை: உயர் நீதிமன்றம் அதிர்ச்சி!|work=மின்னம்பலம்|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093106/https://minnambalam.com/k/2019/11/18/31/melavalavu-massacre-case-13-lifetime-prisoners-release-high-court-qustion|url-status=dead}}</ref> The men were not allowed to enter the village and were made to stay in Vellore till a petition which demanded against their early release is completed. The families of the victims had also sent a petition to the state government against the early release of the convicts. They also claimed that the release had political overtones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/melavalavu-massacre-13-convicts-prohibited-entering-village-stay-vellore-113057|title=Melavalavu massacre: 13 convicts prohibited from entering village, to stay in Vellore|last=Thirumurthy|first=Priyanka|date=28 November 2019|website=The news minute}}</ref>
[[File:விடுதலைக்களம்.jpg|thumb|Construction of the memorial. ]]
In February 2020, The [[Madras High Court]] withdrew the interim order which restricted the 13 convicts to Vellore district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restrictions on Melavalavu massacre convicts withdrawn|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/feb/19/restrictions-on-melavalavu-massacre-convicts-withdrawn-2105435.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]](VCK), the [[Communist Party of India Marxist]] and other organisations commented against the release of the prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tncpim.org/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81/ |title=மேலவளவு படுகொலையில் விடுதலை செய்யப்பட்ட 13 பேரின் விடுதலையை ரத்து செய்ய வேண்டும்! – இந்திய கம்யூனிஸ்ட் கட்சி (மார்க்சிஸ்ட்) |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127091139/https://tncpim.org/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The VCK built a memorial for the victims of murder and thousands of the party cadres gather there every year to pay their respects.{{Sfn|Thirumaavalavan|2004|p=17}}

On 22 November 2019, police arrested [[Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front]] protesters at Madurai for protesting against the release of the prisoners.<ref>கண்டன ஆர்ப்பாட்டத்துக்கு கடைசி நேரத்தில் அனுமதி மறுப்பு; கைது தீக்கதிர் நாளிதழ், 23 நவம்பர் 2019, பக்கம் :1</ref><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[2019 Mettupalayam wall collapse]]
* [[2004 Kalapatti violence]]
* [[2016 Ariyalur gang rape case]]

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|last=Thirumaavalavan|title=Uproot Hindutva : the fiery voice of the liberation panthers|date=2004|publisher=Samya|isbn=81-85604-79-7|location=Kolkata|oclc=61247646}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|10.101|78.356|type:event_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Violence against men in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]

Thal Ghat

2025-12-31T11:23:46Z

KellyeZimmermann:

{{Short description|Mountain pass in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Thal Ghat
| photo = Karte Thal Ghat.png
| photo_caption = Thal ghat map
| elevation_ref = {{convert|585|m|ft|}}
| traversed =
| location = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| range = [[Western Ghats]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.67|N|73.48|E|region:IN_type:pass|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| map = India Maharashtra
| map_size =
| map_caption={{small|Location of Thal Ghat (Kasara Ghat) in Maharashtra}}
}}

'''Thal Ghat''' (also called as '''Thul Ghat''' or '''Kasara Ghat''') is a [[ghat]] section (mountain incline or slope) in the [[Western Ghats]] near the town of [[Kasara]] in [[Maharashtra]]. The Thal Ghat is located on the busy [[Mumbai]]–[[Nashik]] route,<ref name="ghatmishap">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/mumbai/31886847_1_nashik-death-toll-kasara-ghat |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103103212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/mumbai/31886847_1_nashik-death-toll-kasara-ghat |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 3, 2013 |title= Kasara Ghat mishap death toll rises to 6 |date=May 29, 2012 |first=Pradeep |last=Gupta |access-date= October 8, 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai, Nashik}}</ref> and is one of the four major routes, rail and road routes, leading into Mumbai. The railway line, which passes through the ghat is the steepest in [[India]] with a [[gradient]] of 1 in 37.<ref name="toi-1">{{cite news
| last = Dasgupta
| first = Devraj
| title = CR conquers Kasara ghat, runs 58-wagon goods train
| work = [[Times of India]], [[Mumbai]]
| pages = 4
| publisher = [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]
| date = 2007-05-26
}}
</ref>

==Thul Ghat (rail)==
The Thul Ghat rail section was officially opened on 1 January 1865 to [[Igatpuri|Egutpoora]] (today, Igatpuri), precisely 4 years after the line had been extended to [[Kasara|Kassarah]] (today, Kasara) on 1 January 1861.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Railway / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,1974,1979 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=cr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The Thul Ghat (incline) is a series of mountain slopes in the [[Western Ghats]] traversed by the [[Bhusawal-Kalyan section|Bhusawal-Kalyan line]]. From [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]] to [[Kasara railway station|Kasara]], the line covers a length of {{convert|42|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} and rises to an altitude of {{convert|948|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at Kasara. The next section from Kasara to [[Igatpuri railway station|Igatpuri]] is {{convert|9.5|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} across Thul Ghat and within that distance the line rises from {{convert|948|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1918|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} the gradient in the section being 1:37.<ref name="ghat">{{cite web |title=Eminent Railwaymen of Yesteryears |url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/eminent-railwaymen.html |access-date=29 March 2013 |work=James J. Berkley/ The Thal Ghat |publisher=[[IRFCA]] |archive-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701160444/http://irfca.org/articles/eminent-railwaymen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The line negotiates this steep incline with the help of curves. The Ehegaon viaduct along this line is {{convert|719|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|180|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} high.<ref name=ghat/> According to IRFCA, “The viaduct is situated in a steep valley nestling in the midst of hills that skirt around it in the tunnels and then is carried across the yawning chasm on a tall imposing structure… Some of the viaducts and tunnels on this line are considered outstanding achievements in Civil Engineering and are among the finest works in the world.”<ref name=ghat/>

Till early-2007 [[Direct Current]] (DC) traction was used to pull trains in this sector. On 2007-05-25, the first [[Alternating Current]] (AC) 4,800 tonne goods train was hauled through this region. The AC traction has a voltage of 25,000 volts as compared to 1,500 volts of DC. When it was under Direct Current 58 wagon trains used to be detached into two separate units, and lugged separately. Now six AC locomotives pull the entire train.<ref name="toi-1"/> Winding around the railway line is [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]].

===Reversing station===
There used to be reversing station on this ghat. This was later removed because of inconvenience after construction of new track.

==Road==
{{Routemap
|title = Thal Ghat
|collapse = <includeonly>yes</includeonly>
|map=
~~ Legend:
STRq ~~ ~~ [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Railway]]
RP2q ~~ ~~ [[National Highway 160 (India)|NH 160]]
|map2=
~~km~~
\\\CONTg grey\\vCONTg\\\CONTg~~to [[Mumbai]]
\\\RP2t\\vHST\\\~~[[Kasara]]
\\\RP2\\vTUNNEL2\\\
\\RP2+l\RP2new\RP2+r\tvSTRa\\\
\\RP2l\RP2+r\RP2l\tvSKRZ-G2h\RP2+r\\
\RP2+l\RP2q\RP2rf\RP2+l\tvSKRZ-G2h\RP2rf\\
\RP2l\RP2+r\\RP2\tvSTRe\\\
\\RP2\\RP2\tvSTRa\\\
\\RP2\\RP2l\tvSKRZ-G2h\RP2+r\\
\\RP2\\RP2+l\tvSKRZ-G2h\RP2rf\\
\\RP2\RP2+l\RP2rf\tvSTRe\\\
\RP2+l\RP2rf\RP2\\hvSTR\\\~~Thal ghat Viaduct
RP2+l\RP2rf\\RP2l\RP2+r\tvSTRa\\\
RP2l\RP2+r\\\RP2l\tvSKRZ-G2h\RP2+r\\
\RP2l\RP2+r\\RP2+l\tvSKRZ-G2h\RP2rf\\
\\RP2l\RP2sew\RP2rf\tvSTRe\\\
\\\RP2\\vSTR\\\
\\\RP2\\vTUNNEL2\\\
\\\RP2\\vTUNNEL2\\\
\\\RP2t\\vHST\\\~~[[Igatpuri]]
\\\CONTf grey\\vCONTf\\\CONTf~~to [[Nashik]]
}}

During much of the nineties and before, Kasara Ghat was notorious for fatal road accidents. However, since April 2009, owing to creation of separate 2-lane roads in the Ghat for each direction (under the Nashik-Mumbai Highway 4-laning project), driving through the Ghat is a breeze as head traffic is absent. In fact, the Nashik-Mumbai direction of the Ghat is something motorists might even look forward to driving on because of the flat, winding tar road.

One of India's longest road tunnels is located in Kasara. It connects [[Igatpuri]] and Kasara under the Nagpur Mumbai Super Communication Expressway (NMSCE), also known as [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway|Samruddhi Mahamarg]]. The tunnel is 7.7 km long which makes it the longest road tunnel in Maharashtra. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-15 |title=At 7.7 km, Maharashtra's longest tunnel linking Igatpuri to Kasara on verge of completion |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/at-7-7-km-maharashtras-longest-tunnel-linking-igatpuri-to-kasara-on-verge-of-completion/articleshow/94871834.cms |access-date=2023-10-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center">
File:A old GIPR bridge on the Thal Ghat.jpg
File:Ghaut, G.I.P.Ry. (12512604193).jpg|Thal Ghat between 1855-1865
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bhor Ghat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Kasara ghat}}[https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadXMBHyDaiEzitZGoWRj7ecHaGGzkrFfHi9U7A1v9nQsNxqJJjMWHFyDI3uuWArw7Rxxa-m6S9QgZ5LrL07AfefQUDRa5Ck2hArutPKouMQf0ppkcTir6SkzBwhtSuE1z9dHMSgt_FLegY6dW1C3hss0EfDBfk1E4fx8dWeZ0_7IaIW5N-6haR2EzwFNf7mWfa7Sl0fGINfb2tpIEDAhHgrn7E5wxddyQ9xEBGesd5KC_UvThyRczo-fnFQ0zqO1depIHGd-n-YZ5Haam3-ik-_pMqs2w_AyB8kVgl5x6hiaunRY5Q An 1861 Paper on the Thul Ghat Railway, by GIPR Chief resident Engineer, James. J. Berkeley.]

https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Thal_Ghat_Railway_Construction<nowiki/>{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My_rPu0yy5o Manmad Godavari Express: Kasara to Igatpuri (Thul Ghat)]
|video2= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtEYbOOQ1Sc Panchvatti Express: Igatpuri to Kasara (Thul Ghat)]
|video3=[http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2kycn_train-on-bridge-at-thull-ghat_travel#.UVVkhTeDet8 Train on bridge at Thul Ghat]
}}{{Mountain passes of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasara Ghat}}
[[Category:Mountain passes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail mountain passes of India]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Western Ghats]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Coconut production in Kerala

2025-12-24T08:46:23Z

KellyeZimmermann: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

'''[[Kerala]]''' or ''Keralam'' (as it is known in the region's [[Malayalam]] language) are called ‘''alam''’ meaning ‘the land of’, and ‘''kera''’ meaning ‘coconut’. Jammed between the sea and coastal mountains, Kerala is subject to the [[monsoon]] rains that flood the land and the rice paddies on the subcontinent's southern tip. Long growing seasons yield a coconut crop every 40 days, with each tree producing 20 to 30 coconuts per harvest. [[Malayali|Keralites]], most of whom seem to have at least four or five trees on their small plots of land, claim they are ''Kalpa Vriksham'' —“the trees of heaven.” They use the coconuts themselves for food, tender coconuts for water and spirituous toddy for drinking; the fronds for mats and roofs; the oil for cooking; and the husk fibre for a thriving rope industry. They are intrinsically tied to the culture and folklore well. It is a part of every celebration —as an ingredient in the [[Cuisine of Kerala|Keralan delicacies]] prepared, as offering to the gods and to mark an auspicious occasion (by breaking a coconut). Various terms like [[copra]] and [[coir]] are derived from the native [[Malayalam language]].

By the late 1970s it accounted for some 68% of total production in India and at one stage some 8,99,198 hectares were reportedly under cultivation.<ref name="Oommen1979">{{cite book|last=Oommen|first=M. A.|title=Kerala economy since independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mszsAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 November 2011|year=1979|publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.|pages=48–52}}</ref> Today Kerala produces roughly 45% of India's coconuts, with some 92% of total production lying in the southern Indian states and Kerala's neighbours. The [[Coconut Development Board]] which plays an important role in the development of coconut production in India has its headquarters in Kochi, Kerala.<ref>[http://coconutboard.nic.in/ Coconut Development Board]</ref> One problem which poses a major threat to production in Kerala is 'Root Wilt Disease'.<ref name="Sankhyā B">{{cite book|title=Sankhyā B|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh7xAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 November 2011|date=1 January 1976|publisher=Statistical Pub. Society.|pages=73–4}}</ref>

== Places with high cultivation ==
Coastal regions have sandy soils which is the best for coconut trees which results in a higher yield of the produce (fruit). In Kerala Interior places with fertile soils and plain regions also give good growth to coconut trees.

=== Places (List) ===
* [[Trivandrum]]
* [[Kochi]]
* [[Kollam]]
* [[Alappuzha]]
* [[Ponnani]]
* [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]
* [[Kozhikode]]
* [[Kannur]]
* Places in plain fertile regions of Kottayam and Pathanamthitta District.<ref>[http://coconutboard.nic.in/ Coconut Development Board]</ref>

==Uses==
In Kerala, the coconut tree is called as "Kalpa Vriksham" which essentially means all parts of a Coconut tree is useful some way or other. ''[[Cocus nucifera]]'' dominate the landscape in many parts, rising up to a height of 25m, and bearing over 50 fruits on average in a year. The trees have many uses; their leaves are used to make sheds, baskets, and doormats, the husk for making [[coir]], the shell for making ladles and spoons, and fruits used for making hair oil or for eating. Coconut is a staple ingredient in many [[Cuisine of Kerala|Kerala dishes]] and coconut oil is widely consumed and used to make drinks such as [[coconut toddy]] and dishes such as ''[[appam]]''. Coconut is also used for making coconut paste which is essential for making traditional curries.<ref name="OsellaOsella2000">{{cite book|last1=Osella|first1=Filippo|last2=Osella|first2=Caroline|title=Social mobility in Kerala : modernity and identity in conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMRw0gTZSJwC&pg=PA235|accessdate=15 November 2011|year=2000|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-1693-2|page=235}}</ref>

A number of places in Kerala such as [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Kumarakom]], [[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]], [[Mararikulam]] and [[Erode district|Periyar]] offer coconut tours to visitors in their plantations, providing an insight into coconut cultivation in Kerala.

==Picture gallery==

<gallery class="center">
File:Coconut tree from Kerala.jpg|A coconut tree in Kerala
File:Coconut trees and paddy field 02.JPG|Coconut trees and paddy field
File:Intercropping coconut n Tagetes erecta.jpg|Intercropping coconut with ''[[Tagetes erecta]]''
File:Kallar, Kerala.jpg|Kallar, Kerala
File:Toddy Shop (2699390021).jpg|[[Toddy shop]]
File:Varambu1.jpg|Varambu
File:Vadavannur Rice Fields 6.jpg|[[Vadavannur]] Rice Fields
File:Friends of Coconut Tree DSCN0310.jpg|Coconut Tree
File:Varkala Beach CoconutTree.jpg|CoconutTree on a beach ([[Varkala]])
File:Beautiful Sea Coconut Trees.jpg|Beautiful Sea Coconut Trees
File:Ashtamichira.jpg|[[Ashtamichira]]
File:Coconuts arrangement in kerala.jpg|Coconuts arrangement in kerala
File:തേങ്ങ പൊതിക്കാനുള്ള ഉപകരണം.jpg|തേങ്ങ പൊതിക്കാനുള്ള ഉപകരണം
File:Coir fiber z.jpg|[[Coir]] fibers
File:Coir worker7.jpg|[[Coir]] worker
File:Making coir rope in Kerala.JPG|Making coir rope in Kerala
File:Women at work in a small scale coir spinning unit at kollam.jpg|Women at work in a small scale coir spinning unit at [[Kollam]]
File:Ola madanjathu 1.jpg|Ola madanjathu
File:Vallom 1.jpg|Vallom
File:Kuruthola kalari DSCN0010.JPG|Kuruthola kalari
File:Coconut craft @ Fort Kochi..JPG|Coconut craft at [[Fort Kochi]]
File:Coconut Leaf Gate.JPG|Coconut Leaf Gate
File:Coconut Apple - പൊങ്ങ് 01.JPG|Coconut Apple - പൊങ്ങ്
File:Puttu with Kadala.JPG|[[Puttu]] with Kadala
File:അപ്പവുംകറിയും.JPG|[[Appam]] and Curry
File:Kozhukatta - Kerala cuisine.jpg|Kozhukatta - [[Cuisine of Kerala]]
File:Vada(kerala style).jpg|[[Vada (food)|Vada]] (Kerala style, with coconut chutney)
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Coir]]
* [[Copra]]
* [[Coconut production in India]]
* [[Coconut Development Board]]
* [[Geography of Kerala]]
* [[Tourism in Kerala]]
* [[Cuisine of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Coconuts in Kerala}}

{{Coconut production}}
{{Coconut}}
{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Coconut production]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Kerala]]
[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]
[[Category:Commodity markets in Kerala]]

Dabral

2025-12-05T09:16:33Z

KellyeZimmermann: adding a page

{{short description|Indian family name}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox surname
|name = Dabral
|pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|d|æ|b|ˈ|ɹ|ə|l}} {{respell|DAB|rəl}} {{IPA|hi|ɖəbˈraːl}}
|image = File:Aum Om orange circle blue.svg
|caption =
|meaning = derived from a village named ''Dabar'', meaning "originated from Dabar"
|region = [[Tehri Garhwal district]], Uttarakhand, India
|variant =
|seealso = [[Bahuguna]], [[Barthwal]], [[Chandola]], [[Gairola]], [[Hatwal]], [[Naudiyal]], [[Nautiyal]], [[Semwal]], [[Uniyal]], [[Nailwal]]
|footnotes =
|}}

'''Dabral''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Ḍabrāl''), is a surname found in the Hindu community of [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Gangari Brahmin]]s primarily living in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region of [[Uttarakhand]]. Members of this community are also found in Tehri Garhwal and Kumaon.

According to their traditions, Dabrals are the descendants of the [[Rishi|sage]] [[Bharadwaja]]. Adherent of the [[Shaivism]] sect, they do worship [[Shiva]] as their [[Kuladevata|prime deity]].<ref>People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A. Hasan & J. C. Das Part Three pages 1545 to 1549 Manohar Publications</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Dabral'' is a [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] word, derived from a village named ''Dabar'', meaning "originated from Dabar".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.namespedia.com/details/Dabral|title=Dabral – Names Encyclopedia|website=namespedia.com}}</ref> Dabar word is present in many modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] meaning a small lake or pond in a country area. There are many villages named Dabar and its local variations like ''Dabra'' or ''Dabri'' scattered throughout Indian Subcontinent.

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}
According to [[Rahul Sankrityayan]]'s book ''Himalaya Parichaya: Garhwal'' ({{Translation|Introduction of the Himalayas: Garhwal}}), the Dabrals were originally inhabitants of [[Maharashtra]] in [[Western India]], from where they migrated to the [[Himalayas]] in the [[North India|north]] as a result of the [[Islamic conquest of India|Islamic invasion]] in the 14th century A.D.

The same source cites that two [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] brothers from Maharashtra named Raghunath and Vishwanath migrated to the Garhwal region in the year 1376 A.D. where they first settled at the hilly village ''Dabar'' in [[Pauri Garhwal district]] near the town [[Lansdowne, Uttarakhand|Lansdowne]] in present-day Uttarakhand, hence the surname ''Dabral''. Modern day Dabrals are considered their descendants.

== Notable people with the name Dabral==

*[[Shivprasad Dabral Charan]]; historian and writer from Uttarakhand
*[[Dabral Baba]] (born Govind Prasad Kukreti); Indian yogi and mystic
*[[Manglesh Dabral]]; Indian poet

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
*[[Sarola Brahmin]]
*[[Garhwal Kingdom]]
*[[Garhwali language]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindustani origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttarakhand]]

Ramayapalem, Marripudi

2025-12-02T16:57:05Z

KellyeZimmermann: new some details w/ refs - done

{{about|the village in Marripudi mandal|the village in Peda Araveedu mandal|Ramayapalem, Peda Araveedu}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramayapalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|28|42.10|N|79|46|43.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Prakasam
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 43
| population_total = 1,000
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523270
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ongole
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ongole]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kondapi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Ramayapalem''' is a small village located in [[Marripudi, Prakasam|Marripudi]] Mandal,<ref>[http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=22617 Glorious India.com]</ref> [[Prakasam district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
Draft Electoral Rolls - http://ceoandhra.nic.in/final_pdf_2010.html 
Draft Electoral Rolls - http://ceo.ap.gov.in/counter1/final_pdf_show_delimit.asp?strconst=AC229&strps=012&strlang=T{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Prakasam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

Solapur–Hubballi Intercity Express

2025-11-23T21:58:59Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up Some Place Basic Info

{{Short description|Intercity train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Solapur - Hubballi Intercity Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Solapur}} ('''SUR''')
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Hubli Junction}} ('''UBL''')
| distance = {{convert|359|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hours 05 minutes
| frequency = Daily{{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11423/11424
| speed = {{cvt|44|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Hubli - Solapur) Intercity Express route map.png|250px|(Hubli - Solapur) Intercity Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Solapur - Hubballi Intercity Express''' is an intercity train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Solapur railway station|Solapur]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Hubli railway station|Hubballi]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is currently being operated with 11423/11424 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1804&did=1390915609554B3A6EBA2137D2C58FC928AF03ECB72A8.web103 4 WR TRAINS AUGMENTED on PERMANENT BASIS]</ref><ref>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2003&id=0,4,268 Temporary augmentation of trains]</ref>

== Service==

The 11423/Solapur - Hubballi Intercity Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 359 km in 8 hrs 5 mins. 11424/Hubballi - Solapur Intercity Express has an average speed of 43 km/h and 359 km in 8 hrs 15 mins.

==Schedule==
Train runs Daily from both the stations. Only dedicated to this route

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train Number !! Station Code !! Departure Station !! Departure Time !! Departure Day !! Arrival Station !! Arrival Time !! Arrival Day
|-
| 11423 || SUR || [[Solapur railway station|Solapur]] || 6:25 AM || Daily || [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli]] || 2:25 PM || Same Day
|-
| 11424 || UBL || [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli]] || 3:00 PM || Daily || [[Solapur railway station|Solapur]] || 11:15 PM || Same Day
|}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Solapur}}
* {{rws|Hotgi Junction}}
* {{rws|Bijapur}}
* {{rws|Bagalkot}}
* {{rws|Gadag Junction}}
* {{rws|Hubli Junction}}

==Coach composite==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 Chair car
* 6 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a Hubballi Loco Shed based [[WAG-9]] electric locomotive from [[Solapur]] to [[Hubballi]] and vice versa.

== Direction reversal==

Train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{rws|Gadag Junction}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/solapur-hubballi-intercity-express-11423/1590/147/289 11423/Solapur - Hubballi Intercity Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/hubballi-solapur-intercity-express-11424/1580/289/147 11424/Hubballi - Solapur Intercity Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solapur - Hubballi Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Transport in Solapur]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Chariali

2025-10-16T12:35:53Z

KellyeZimmermann:

'''Chariali''' or '''Charali''' may refer to:
* Baihata Chariali or [[Baihata]], a town in Assam, India
* [[Biswanath Chariali]] or Biswanath, a city in Assam, India
* [[Maligaon Chariali]], a location in Guwahati, Assam, India
* [[Çərəli]] or Charali, a village in Place in Qubadli, Azerbaijan
* [[Charali (Nepal)]], a neighbourhood in the municipality of Mechinagar Municipality, Koshi, Nepal

{{Disambiguation}}

DD News

2025-10-03T12:44:21Z

KellyeZimmermann: edit

{{Short description|Indian public broadcast television news channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = DD News
| logo =
| logo_size = 160px
| launch_date = {{start date|1999|08|15|df=yes}} (original) {{start date and age|2003|11|03|df=yes}} (relaunch)
| closed_date = {{end date|2002|1|25|df=yes}} (original) ({{age in years and days|1999|08|15|2003|11|03|df=yes}})
| replaced_by = [[DD Bharati]] (2002)
| replaced = [[DD Metro]] (2003)
| owner = [[Prasar Bharati]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] {{small|(downscaled to [[16:9 aspect ratio|16:9]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)}}
| type = [[Television Channel]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| area = [[Asia]], [[Europe]]
| network = [[Doordarshan]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| former_names = Doordarshan Kendra Delhi, DD News and Current Affairs (15 August 1999 - 11 September 2001)
| key_people = Navneet Kumar Sehgal (Chairman) Gaurav Dwivedi, IAS (CEO) [[Sudhir Chaudhary]] (Editor-in-chief)
| sister_channels = [[DD National]] [[DD India]] [[DD Sports]] [[DD Bharati]] [[DD Kisan]] [[DD Retro]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.ddnews.gov.in/|Official Website}}
| terr_serv_1 = [[Digital terrestrial television]]
| terr_chan_1 = Check local frequencies
| online_serv_1 = Waves
| online_chan_1 = [http://www.wavespb.com/pb_live_details?id=dL+j670XDv6akWss3WWOXQ==:MTIzNDU2Nzg5MDEyMzQ1Ng== Watch Live]
| online_serv_2 = [[National Informatics Centre]]
| online_chan_2 = [http://www.webcast.gov.in/ Webcast NIC]
| online_chan_3 = {{URL| https://youtube.com/c/DDNews|Official Channel}}
| online_serv_3 = [[YouTube]]
}}

'''DD News''' is an Indian [[free-to-air]] [[Hindi-language]] [[public broadcasting|public broadcast]] television news channel, owned and operated by [[Doordarshan]], one of the two divisions of [[Prasar Bharati]] under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]. It was launched on 11 November 2003 as the nation's first [[24-hour news cycle|24-hour]] [[news channel]] to be available on both cable and terrestrial platforms to replace DD Metro. The proposal of its launch was subsequently approved by the [[Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] in a meeting held on 3 October 2003.

DD Metro was converted into a 24-hour TV news channel, into DD News, which launched on 3 November 2003. During its initial years, its terrestrial reach was 21.6% by area and 44.9% by [[Demographics of India|population of India]].

In 2019, international sister channel [[DD India]] became the exclusive channel for English News and Current Affairs from [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1088343363609214977|user=shashidigital|title=English News viewership of @DDNewsLive was always high. It is now getting measured and reported separately by…|date=24 January 2019}}</ref> After that parent body [[Prasar Bharati]]'s CEO claimed that DD News will be "100% Hindi soon",<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1088413025340542981|user=shashidigital|title=All DTH and Cable platforms are being advised regarding the same so that DD India is listed correctly under English…|date=24 January 2019}}</ref> but is yet to be implemented because of availability of content to be aired. Special feature of the channel includes a [[Sanskrit]] news show called ''Vaarta''.

The DD News mobile app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.DDNews|title = DD News - Apps on Google Play}}</ref> and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/dd-news/id992334423?mt=8 |title=DD News on the App Store |website=[[iTunes]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508061819/https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/dd-news/id992334423?mt=8 |archive-date=2016-05-08}}</ref> was launched on 7 May 2015 by the then [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] [[Arun Jaitley]]. The app aims to instantly communicate news on a 24x7 basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/apps/DD-News-mobile-app-launched/articleshow/47190006.cms?from=mdr]{{dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref name="DDNapp">{{cite web|title=DD News launches revamped App|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/Current%20Affairs/Pages/DDNapp.aspx|website=DD News|publisher=DDNews|access-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216130808/http://ddinews.gov.in/Current%20Affairs/Pages/DDNapp.aspx|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Initially, after experiencing a partnership with [[CNN]], [[Doordarshan]] launched a news and current affairs channel [[DD CNNi]] in 1995. DD was catering to an international audience via its [[DD International]] channel, and also providing English news, views, current affairs and infotainment programmings to Indian audiences via its DD3 channel.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} Its [[DD National]] and DD Metro channels were also delivering news content, and many private producers also had their news programmes on DD channels. They converted it to [[DD Bharati]] on 26 January 2002.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Later DD again launched its DD News channel by replacing DD Metro in 2003 and assured its availability on terrestrial mode. DD News is India's only 24-hour terrestrial news channel.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} It formerly telecast over 16 hours of live news bulletins in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Urdu]]. News headlines and breaking news updates were made accessible via [[SMS]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

DD News also carries financial information about stocks and commodities, accessing information from the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE) and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) in addition to leading [[List of commodities exchanges|commodity exchanges]] including the [[National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange]] (NCDEX) and the [[MCX Stock Exchange]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In January 2019, Prasar Bharati converted it into a Hindi news channel, while [[DD India]] was converted into an English news channel.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

On 20 April 2024, DD News announced changing its logo. The old logo, red in colour, was changed to saffron. The change was criticised by several opposition political parties, alleging a move of [[saffronisation]] by the ruling party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. BJP denied the claim saying that [[Doordarshan]] originally was launched with a saffron logo in 1959 and that the objection towards it is a display of hate against [[bhagwa]] and [[hindus]]. [[Prasar Bharati|Prasar Bharti]] CEO, Gaurav Dwivedi claimed that the new logo is orange in colour and that it is a change of ''"visual aesthetic"''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=India's national broadcaster DD News faces flak from opposition leaders over new logo |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-national-broadcaster-dd-news-faces-flak-from-opposition-leaders-over-new-logo-713289 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Doordarshan logo changes to saffron from red, opposition leaders unhappy |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/doordarshan-logo-changes-to-saffron-from-red-opposition-leaders-unhappy-426235-2024-04-20 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Doordarshan changes logo colour from red to saffron, sparks row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/doordarshan-changes-logo-colour-to-saffron-national-broadcaster-2529524-2024-04-20 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Mobile application==
Information and Broadcasting Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] on 7 May 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/dd-news-app-launched-by-prasar-bharti-689781?|title = DD News App Launched by Prasar Bharti| date=7 May 2015 }}</ref> launched a mobile application of DD News that will provide DD News a platform to instantly communicate news on a 24×7 basis.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by DD National]]
* [[All India Radio]]
* [[DD Direct Plus]]
* [[Doordarshan]]
* [[List of South Asian television channels by country]]
* [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]
* [[Television in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ddinews.gov.in/ DD News site, with live streaming]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALJm42qQZnI 11 years of DD News: Special presentation & discussion]

{{Television news in India}}
{{CATV}}
{{Terrestrial television channels of India}}

[[Category:Doordarshan]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2003]]
[[Category:Direct broadcast satellite services]]
[[Category:Indian direct broadcast satellite services]]

Vadakarapathy Gram Panchayat

2025-07-18T14:45:23Z

KellyeZimmermann: Put Up The Details V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Vadakarapathy''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation serving the villages of [[Vadakarapathy]] and [[Ozhalapathy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224693&rlbtype=V |accessdate=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106043451/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224693&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh

2025-05-13T19:47:38Z

KellyeZimmermann: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born c. 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh
| birth_date = {{circa|1979}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Engineer Rashid]]
| successor =
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party]]
| occupation = politician, teacher
}}
'''Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh''' (born {{circa|1979}}<ref name="b751">{{cite web | title=Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh(Independent(IND)):Constituency- LANGATE(KUPWARA) | website=MyNeta | date=1 Sep 2014 | url=https://www.myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=785 | access-date=12 Oct 2024}}</ref>) is an Indian politician and former teacher,<ref name="m492">{{cite web | title=Engineer Rashid's brother Khurshid Ahmad Sheikh wins Langate seat in J&K election 2024 | website=Hindustan Times | date=8 Oct 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/engineer-rashids-brother-khurshid-ahmad-sheikh-trails-from-langate-october-8-jammu-and-kashmir-election-results-latest-101728355680373.html | access-date=12 Oct 2024}}</ref> currently serving as a member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]]. He is a member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party]] and is representing [[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate assembly constituency]] since October [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]].<ref name="d737">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U086.htm | access-date=12 Oct 2024}}</ref>

Sheikh is the brother of MP [[Engineer Rashid]], a politician who previously represented Langate assembly constituency before being elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] from [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla parliamentary constituency]] in 2024.<ref name="s332">{{cite web | last=Peeyush | first=Parimal | title=Jammu and Kashmir Elections: Can Khurshid Ahmad Sheikh repeat brother Engineer Rashid's magic in Langate? | website=Moneycontrol | date=9 Sep 2024 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-elections-can-khurshid-ahmad-sheikh-repeat-brother-engineer-rashids-magic-in-langate-12817566.html | access-date=12 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="At Least 13 New MLAs In Jammu And Kashmir Are From Political Families">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |date=13 October 2024 |title=At Least 13 New MLAs In Jammu And Kashmir Are From Political Families |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/at-least-13-new-mlas-in-jammu-and-kashmir-are-from-political-families-6779727 |accessdate=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=10 October 2024 |title=6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-independent-mlas-may-back-nc-taking-it-to-magic-no-of-48/articleshow/114097379.cms |accessdate=23 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiekh, Khursheed Ahmad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:People from Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
{{improve categories|date=October 2024}}

M. S. Thripunithura

2025-03-08T01:00:00Z

KellyeZimmermann: small cleanup citations to improve readability also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian actor (1943–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Thripunithura
| birth_name = Madathilparambil Seshan Venkitaraman
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|05|26}}
| birth_place = [[Thripunithura]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (present-day [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2006|03|08|1943|05|26}}
| death_place = [[Shoranur, Kerala]], India
| image = M S Thripunithura.jpg
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Teacher}}
| spouse = Bhagyalakshmi
| children = 3
| relatives =
}}
'''Madathilparambil Seshan Venkitaraman''' (26 May 1943 – 8 March 2006), known by his stage name '''M. S. Thripunithura''', was an Indian actor who worked in [[Malayalam film Industry]]. He was born in [[Thripunithura]] in the erstwhile [[Cochin State]]. He died in [[Shoranur]] due to cardiac arrest while he was on the way to [[Ernakulam]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004753/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/09/stories/2006030917490400.htm M. S. Thripunithura dead, The Hindu]</ref>

==Actor==

M. S. Thripunithura made his debut in the movie ''[[Kadalamma]]''. Thripunithura acted in over 300 Malayalam films including hit films ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'' (1987), ''[[Perumthachan]]'' (1990), ''[[His Highness Abdullah]]'' (1990), ''[[Santhwanam]]'' (1991), ''[[Bharatham]]'' and ''[[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]]'' (1992). As a stage artist, he has won the ''Kerala State Award for Best Actor'' for his role in the play, ''Mochanam''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071123171941/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031700560200.htm Art of living, The Hindu]</ref>

He was also a [[Carnatic music]]ian and had interests in [[Sanskrit]] and [[astrology]]. Thripunithura was also interested in cooking, which he developed from his grandfather, Veeraraghava Iyer, who was the cook for the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Maharajah of Cochin]].

==Personal life==

M. S. Thripunithura was married to Bhagyalakshmi and has three daughters Poornima, Pushpa, Pooja.<ref>[http://www.malayalamcinema.com/new/memoryDetails.php?memory_id=16 Memories, AMMA]</ref> He had a late marriage, marrying at the age of around 45. He died in the early hours of 8 March 2006 after suffering from a [[cardiac arrest]] while on a train journey. He was cremated at the premises of his home in Thripunithura in the same evening.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1979 || '' [[Angakkuri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Vyooham]]'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Sandhya Vandanam (film)|Sandhya Vandanam]]'' || Marar ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Swanthamevide Bandhamevide]]'' || Indulekha's father ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'' || Bhadran Nampoothiripadu ||
|-
| '' [[Oridathu]]'' || Nampoothirippadu ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1988 || ''[[Moonnam Mura]]'' || Namboothiri ||
|-
| ''[[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal]]'' || Valsala's Father ||
|-
| '' [[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' || Swaminathan ||
|-
| ''[[Puravrutham]]'' || Landlord ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1989 || ''[[Naduvazhikal]]'' || M.L.A. Chandradas ||
|-
| '' [[Dasharatham]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Govindan ||
|-
| ''[[Chanakyan]]'' || Geethu's father ||
|-
| '' [[Jagratha]]'' || Editor Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Carnivel]]'' || Head Constable Kanaran ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1990 || ''Veena Meettiya Vilangukal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Randam Varavu]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Ramanuja Iyer ||
|-
| ''[[Iyer the Great]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Parampara (1990 film)|Parampara]]'' || Meera's father ||
|-
| ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' || Kunjoottan's Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Orukkam]]'' || Koyikal Madhava Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[His Highness Abdulla]]'' || Nampoothiri ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1991 || ''[[Innathe Program]]'' || Indu's father ||
|-
| ''Cheppu Kilukkunna Changathi'' || Chidambara Krishna Iyer ||
|-
| ''[[Santhwanam]]'' || Swaminathan ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Balram]]'' || Krishna Pillai ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Yodha (1992 film)|Yodha]]'' || Kutti Mama ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1993 || ''[[Venkalam]]'' || Damodaran Nampoothiri ||
|-
| ''[[Pravachakan]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| ''Kunjikkannan'' || Poovathil Kunjikannan ||
|-
| ''[[Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni]]'' || Kalpana's father ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1994 || ''[[Gamanam (1994 film)|Gamanam]]'' || Ananthapadhmanabha Iyyer ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumba Vishesham]]'' || Aswathy's father ||
|-
| ''Bheesmacharya'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1995 || ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' || College Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Vasudevan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Aksharam]]'' || Kunjikrishna Pothuwal ||
|-
| ''[[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]]'' || Warrier ||
|-
| ''[[Achan Kombathu Amma Varampathu]]'' || Sharady ||
|-
| ''Thirumanassu'' || Achutha Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Sreeragam]]'' || Harihara Iyer ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1996 || ''[[Devaraagam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lalanam]]'' || Swamy ||
|-
| ''April 19'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' || Astrologer ||
|-
| ''[[Manasam]]'' || Rajalakshmni's father ||
|-
| ''Gajaraja Manthram'' || Ananthan's Uncle ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Kalaapam'' || Krishnanunni Mashu ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1999 || ''[[Crime File]]'' || Namasivaya Swami ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' || Head Master ||
|-
| ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' || Vasudevan Namboothiri ||
|-
| ''[[Pathram]]'' || Konathiri ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2000 || ''[[Manassil Oru Manjuthulli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''India Gate'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]'' || Anandakuttan Ammavan ||
|-
| ''[[Melevaryathe Malakhakkuttikal]]'' || Magistrate ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2001 || ''Barthavudhyodam'' || Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''Andolanam'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Kakke Kakke Koodevide'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''Freedom '' || ||
|-
| ''[[Natturajavu]]'' || Kurup ||
|-
| ''Nirapakittu'' || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]'' || Astrologer ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Shyamam'' || Thirumeni ||
|-
|}

==Television serials==
* Manasi ([[Doordarshan]])
*Kavyanjali ([[Surya TV]])
*Thaali ([[Surya TV]])
*Sthree ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*Melappadam ([[Doordarshan]])
*Kairalivilasam lodge ([[Doordarshan]])
*Kadamattath kathanar ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=1525288}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=MS%20Thrippoonithura&limit=30 M. S. Thrippoonithura at MSI]
*{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031700560200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123171941/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031700560200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2007|title=Art of living|accessdate=6 February 2010|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 March 2006}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thripunithura, M. S.}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Dariyabad, Prayagraj

2024-11-09T05:04:19Z

KellyeZimmermann: adding new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dariyabad
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 26 January 1951
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]

[[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 

| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP 70
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dariyabad''' ({{Langx|hi|दरियाबाद}}) is a locality in of [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].
Dariyabad is a neighbour of Meerapur. Dariyabad is surrounded by the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] from one side. The Takshakeswar temple, dedicated to [[Shiva]], is in Dariyabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=3 August 2022 |title=Nag Panchami: Lord Shiva Devotees Throng City Temples To Offer Prayers {{!}} Allahabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/nag-panchami-lord-shiva-devotees-throng-city-temples-to-offer-prayers/articleshow/93308863.cms |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Prayagraj]]

{{Allahabad-geo-stub}}