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Thandel

2026-05-07T15:09:16Z

Kelashi123: Started Article!

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Chandoo Mondeti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thandel film.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chandoo Mondeti]]
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Naga Chaitanya]]
* [[Sai Pallavi]]
}}
| screenplay = Chandoo Mondeti
| story = Kartheek Theeda
| producer = [[Bunny Vasu]]
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]
| cinematography = [[Shamdat]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|02|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 151 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thandel |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzIyMDEyMDI1MDAwNDM= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|75–90 crore}}<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mouli |first=Chandra |date=2 February 2025 |title=What is Naga Chaitanya's remuneration for Thandel? |url=https://www.siasat.com/what-is-naga-chaitanyas-remuneration-for-thandel-3174115/ |work=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|100 crore}}<ref name="bo1">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=16 February 2025 |title=Naga Chaitanya's 'Thandel' joins 100 Cr club, becomes career-best hit |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/naga-chaitanyas-thandel-joins-100-cr-club-becomes-career-best-hit-946235 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bo2">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=Naga Chaitanya's 'Thandel' enters Rs 100 crore club worldwide |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2529110/naga-chaitanyas-thandel-enters-international-200-crore-club |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Thandel''''' ({{Literal translation|[[Sea captain|Captain]] of the boat}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wondering what the title of Naga Chaitanya's next 'Thandel' mean? Let's find out... |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/wondering-what-the-title-of-naga-chaitanyas-next-thandel-mean-lets-find-out/7600403b2c298 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thandel |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/thandel-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3nzg1 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=When a brutal storm sends their ship drifting into Pakistani waters, a group of Indian fishermen are taken prisoner on suspicion of spying in this Telugu-language romantic action thriller.}}</ref> written and directed by [[Chandoo Mondeti]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2023 |title=Naga Chaitanya's next with Chandoo Mondeti titled 'Thandel' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naga-chaitanyas-next-with-chandoo-mondeti-titled-thandel/article67561699.ece |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Produced by [[Bunny Vasu]] under [[Geetha Arts]], and starring [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Sai Pallavi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2024 |title=Naga Chaitanya, Sai Pallavi starrer 'Thandel' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naga-chaitanya-sai-pallavi-starrer-thandel-gets-a-release-date/article68835546.ece#:~:text=Thandel%20will%20hit%20the%20screens,against%20a%20picturesque%20ocean%20backdrop. |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film is based on a real-life incident that occurred in 2018, depicting how Pakistani forces captured a fisherman from [[Srikakulam]] in international waters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=6 February 2025 |title=Thandel is not about Indo-Pak conflict |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Feb/06/thandel-is-not-about-indo-pak-conflict |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2025 |title=Thandel: Real Story Of Indian Fishermen Who Strayed Into Territorial Waters Of Pakistan, Got Caught And Tortured; Did They Survive? |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/thandel-real-story-of-indian-fishermen-who-strayed-into-territorial-waters-of-pakistan-got-caught-and-tortured-did-they-survive-10216840 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Arabia Kadali]]'', a television series created by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] is also based on the same story but was released in August 2025.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2025-08-08 |title=Satyadev comments on overlapping plots of Thandel & Arabia Kadali |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/satyadev-comments-on-overlapping-plots-of-thandel-arabia-kadali-ott-prp.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

''Thandel'' was initially scheduled to be released in January 2025, on the occasion of [[Sankranthi]], but was postponed. The film was released in theatres on 7 February 2025 to mixed reviews from critics, who praised the lead cast's performance, visuals and soundtrack, while the narration received criticism. The film has grossed over {{INR|100 crores}} worldwide and is the fifth [[List of Telugu films of 2025|highest-grossing Telugu film of 2025]].

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|March 2025|date=March 2025}}
Raju is a brave fisherman from a small village near Srikakulam. Fishing isn't just his job; it's his life and what his family has always done. He's a natural leader and eventually becomes the "Thandel," which means the captain of his fishing boat. Now, Raju has a sweetheart named Satya (played by Sai Pallavi). They've been in love since they were kids, and she's his "bujji thalli," his loved one. Satya, though, worries a lot about Raju's dangerous life at sea. She dreams of him finding a safer job so they can have a peaceful future together. But the sea is in Raju's blood, and he feels he can't just leave it behind. One day, after a bit of a disagreement with Satya about him going to sea, Raju sets sail with his fellow fishermen. Unfortunately, a terrible storm comes out of nowhere and pushes their boat into Pakistani waters. Suddenly, their fishing trip turns into a nightmare! Raju and the other fishermen are captured by the Pakistani authorities. They are accused of being spies, even though they just got lost due to the bad weather. The movie then follows Raju and his men as they face the hardships of being prisoners in a foreign land. It shows their struggle to survive and their longing to return home to their families. Meanwhile, back in India, Satya is heartbroken and desperate. She doesn't know if Raju is even alive. The movie also shows her efforts and the efforts of others to try and get the fishermen released and brought back home. Thandel is not just about the difficulties the fishermen face. It's also a beautiful love story about Raju and Satya. Even when they are far apart and facing tough times, their love for each other keeps them going. It makes you wonder if they will ever be able to reunite after all the challenges they face. The movie also touches on themes of patriotism and the resilience of ordinary people in the face of extraordinary circumstances. It shows the deep connection the fishermen have to their homeland and their unwavering hope of returning. So, it's a mix of a sweet love story, a gripping survival tale, and a touch of patriotism, all inspired by a real incident.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2024 |title=Naga Chaitanya shares inspiration behind the upcoming film 'Thandel' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naga-chaitanya-reveals-inspiration-behind-thandel-film-based-on-real-life-fishermens-story/articleshow/108810404.cms#:~:text='Thandel'%20is%20based%20on%20the,their%20eventual%20return%20to%20India. |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Naga Chaitanya]] as “Thandel” guldu khaan Raju
** Aakash Srinivas as Young Thandel
* [[Sai Pallavi]] as Koracha Sathya "Bujji Thalli"
** Baby Sridevi as Young Sathya
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Lingayya
* [[Divya Pillai]] as Chandra
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Manapuram Murali
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as Gowramma, Raju's mother
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Koracha Somayya, Sathya's father
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Rambabu
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Jailer
* [[Charandeep]] as Suribabu
* [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]] as Eswar
* Mahesh Achanta as Lakshman
* Nithin Prasanna as Sub-jailer
* Reddi Bhanu Prasad as Sentri
* Kishore Raju Vasistha as Indian Soldier
* Chitram Basha as Senior Sentri
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Minister
* Naga Mahesh as Local Contractor
* Abhinav Singh Raghav as PA to External Foreign Minister
}}

== Production ==
Post the release of the TV show ''[[Arabia Kadali]]'', in August 2025, [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] issued a clarification related to the similarity of story with the film. The pre-production work of the series began in 2023 and it took time for the team to get approval from Amazon Prime Video and to design the screenplay in an episode-wise format.<ref name=":1" />

The filming of ''Thandel'' started in December 2023 with the lead cast Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi. The duo earlier acted in the 2021 romantic drama, ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]''. Major portions of the film were shot in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Srikakulam]], and [[Udupi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2024 |title='Thandel' vizag shooting wrapped up! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/thandel-vizag-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/111223708.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2024 |title='Thandel' vizag shooting wrapped up! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/thandel-vizag-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/111223708.cms#:~:text=The%20Naga%20Chaitanya%20and%20Sai,schedule%20in%20Visakhapatnam%20and%20Srikakulam. |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A dance sequence in the film on [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], "Namo Namah Shivaya", was shot with a budget of {{INR|4}} crores where 900 trained dancers worked for the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2024 |title=Thandel: Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi's grand Maha Shivaratri dance sequence made with a budget of Rs. 4 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/thandel-naga-chaitanya-and-sai-pallavis-grand-mahashivratri-dance-sequence-made-with-a-budget-of-rs-4-crore/articleshow/113806561.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Naga Chaitanya, Sai Pallavi shoot for a Shivaratri song with 1000 dancers for Thandel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/naga-chaitanya-sai-pallavi-shoot-for-a-shivaratri-song-with-1000-dancers-for-thandel-101727677388773.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2024 |title=Naga Chaitanya's 'Thandel' to have a massive dance sequence, featuring 900 performers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naga-chaitanyas-thandel-to-have-a-massive-dance-sequence-featuring-900-performers/articleshow/112852401.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Thandel (soundtrack)}}
The music of the film is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The main soundtrack has four songs and additional two songs in the extended soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=22 January 2025 |title=Naga Chaitanya's 'Thandel' music promotions heat up |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/naga-chaitanyas-thandel-music-promotions-heat-up-939013 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==

===Theatrical===
Initially the film was planned for a [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]] festival release in January 2025. Due to some difficulties in shooting permissions and also for uncompromised quality of making, the makers have opted for 7 February 2025 in original [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and also dubbed in [[Tamil-language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi-language|Hindi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi's Thandel to release early next year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naga-chaitanya-thandel-release-date-sai-pallavi-february-2025-geetha-arts-2628577-2024-11-05 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=5 November 2024 |title=Thandel Theatrical Release Date Locked |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/naga-chaitanya-sai-pallavis-thandel-arriving-in-theatres-on-feb-7-1835661 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2024 |title=Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi starrer 'Thandel' to release in February 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naga-chaitanya-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-thandel-to-release-in-february-2025/articleshow/114988201.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=Naga Chaitanya, Sai Pallavi-starrer Thandel gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/naga-chaitanya-sai-pallavi-starrer-thandel-gets-release-date-9655101/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The Tamil dubbed version for [[Tamil Nadu]] distributed by S. R. Prakashbabu and [[S. R. Prabhu]] under [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]. The Hindi dubbed version for [[North India]] distributed by [[Jayantilal Gada]] under [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]].

===Home media===
The satellite rights were acquired by [[Zee Telugu]], while the post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] for {{INR}}40–45 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=29 April 2024 |title=Netflix acquires digital rights for Naga Chaitanya's 'Thandel' in record-breaking deal |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/netflix-acquires-digital-rights-for-naga-chaitanyas-thandel-in-record-breaking-deal-875522 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-04-04 |title=Digital platforms and Telugu cinema: Has the bubble burst? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/digital-platforms-and-telugu-cinema-has-the-bubble-burst/article69396060.ece |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film began streaming on Netflix from 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2024 |title=THIS channel seals the satellite rights for Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi's 'Thandel' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/this-channel-seals-the-satellite-rights-for-naga-chaitanya-and-sai-pallavis-thandel/articleshow/115445964.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
Thandel met with generally mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title='Thandel' movie review: Sai Pallavi, Naga Chaitanya elevate a partly-choppy romance saga |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thandel-movie-review-sai-pallavi-naga-chaitanya-elevate-a-partly-choppy-romance-saga/article69191414.ece |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Thandel Movie Review: Netizens Rave About Naga Chaitanya And Sai Pallavi's Chemistry, Hail THIS Scene |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/thandel-movie-review-netizens-rave-about-naga-chaitanya-and-sai-pallavis-chemistry-hail-this-scene-2854981.html |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref>

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Thandel is an engaging romantic action drama that delivers on its promise. While there are moments where the narrative could have been tighter, the film’s decent storytelling, moving music, stunning visuals and brilliant lead performances ensure it leaves an impact. If you’re looking for an intense love story with drama, action, and a touch of patriotism, Thandel is worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Thandel Movie Review: Naga Chaitanya & Sai Pallavi power this emotional action drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thandel/movie-review/118007518.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, Thandel is a deeply moving romantic drama, elevated by outstanding performances from Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi. The emotionally gripping narrative keeps you engaged until the very end, making it a must-watch this weekend. Highly recommended".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Thandel Review: A moving romantic drama with breakthrough performances by Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thandel-review-a-moving-romantic-drama-with-breakthrough-performances-by-naga-chaitanya-and-sai-pallavi/751f2f7f7d699 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "DSP's music and Shamdat Sainudeen's cinematography are highlights of Thandel. Together the music and visuals of this film are at par with any international production one may have seen. But director Chandoo Mondeti's direction and the screenplay don't always convince you of the epic that's unfolding on screen".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Thandel Review - Epic romance in a not so epic film |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/thandel-review-epic-romance-in-a-not-so-epic-film-71333.amp |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

Arjun Menon of [[Rediff.com]] gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The reluctance to own the romantic tragedy at the heart for superficial thrills prevents Thandel from truly rising".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Thandel Review: Patriotic Love Story |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/thandel-review/20250207.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "But the fact that there was space for just one love story to bloom rather than 22 life stories to come to life is why Thandel is a lovely romance that doesn’t go all the way because it falls short of becoming an effective drama".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Thandel Movie Review: Sai Pallavi, Naga Chaitanya shoulder a layered romance but get bogged down by superficial drama |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thandel-movie-review-sai-pallavi-naga-chaitanya-shoulder-a-layered-romance-9822886/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Thandel'' reportedly grossed over {{INRconvert|21.27|c}} worldwide in its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Naga Chaitanya, Sai Pallavi's chemistry sees surge on Saturday, earns Rs 24.14 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/thandel-box-office-collection-day-2-naga-chaitanya-sai-pallavi-starrer-sees-surge-on-saturday-earns-rs-24-14-cr-9825868/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It concluded its theatrical run with worldwide gross estimated to be ₹100 crore.<ref name="bo1" /><ref name="bo2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27907811}}
*{{Twitter|ThandelTheMovie}}
{{Chandoo Mondeti}}

[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:2025 romance films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chandoo Mondeti]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set on oceans]]
[[Category:Films about fishing]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films set in 2019]]
[[Category:Films set in 2018]]

S. K. Majumdar (commodore)

2026-05-03T16:15:16Z

Kelashi123: made basic post from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= S. K. Majumdar সুধীন্দ্র কুমার মজুমদার
|birth_date=8 October 1927
|death_date= 20 July 2011
|birth_place= {{flagicon|British India}} [[Patna]], [[British India]]
|death_place= {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|image=
|caption=
|nickname= Maju
|allegiance={{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{flagicon|India}} [[India|Republic of India]]
|service_years =1945–1977
|rank= [[File:UK-Air-OF6 infobox.svg|20px]] [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
|branch= {{air force|British India}} {{air force|India}}
|commands=
|unit=
|battles= [[World War II]]
|awards= [[Sikorsky Pioneering Award]] (2004), [[Rotary Wing Society of India]]
|other_work=
}}

[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] '''Sudhindra Kumar Majumdar''' ([[Bengali Language|Bengali]]:সুধীন্দ্র কুমার মজুমদার) (8 October 1927 – 20 July 2011) was an officer and helicopter pioneer in the [[Indian Air Force]].

==Early life==
[[File:Majumdars.jpg|thumb|100px|The Family in his young days - [[Patna]], [[Bihar]].]]

Majumdar was born on 7 October 1927<ref name="Bharat Rakshak:Indian Air Force">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=3484|title=Bharat Rakshak:Indian Air Force -}}</ref> at [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. His parents were Shri. [[S. K. Majumdar, Bar-at-Law|S. K. Majumdar]], Bar-at-Law, and Smt. Jyoti Devi.

==Military career==

===Fixed-wing aircraft===
Majumdar began his flying career with [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF). At the height of the [[Second World War]] in 1945, he was inducted in the RIAF. He received his ‘flying wings’ in 1948,<ref name=obit-outlook/><ref name=seema/> and commissioned on 14 May<ref name="Bharat Rakshak:Indian Air Force"/> as a Pilot Officer and Flying Officer, flying [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] – in the halcyon days of the fledgling Air Force of newly independent India.

He continued flying fixed-wing craft with the Indian Air Force (the word "Royal" was dropped in 1950), prior to selection for [[helicopter]]s in 1953.

===Helicopters===
When India decided to induct the [[Sikorsky S-55]] helicopter for the IAF, then Flight Lieutenant S. K. Majumdar was selected to be sent to the [[United States]] along with Flight Lieutenant Neil Todd, for training, on the selected type for induction into the Indian Air Force.

During his long innings in the Indian Air Force, he achieved many firsts:
* First pilot in the Indian defence and para-military forces to fly the helicopter, an S-55 Sikorsky,<ref name=obit-yahoo/> in India (March 1954<ref name=obit-outlook/>)
* First helicopter qualified flying instructor
* First to do an amphibious operation
* Founder of the helicopter training unit of the Indian Air Force
* First to carry out a rooftop landing (1959<ref name=obit-yahoo/>).

Apart from pioneering the concepts of usage of helicopter in India, he was a pioneer in mountain terrain operations. He "evolved concepts of mountain flying in erstwhile NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh), Assam, Nagaland and Jammu and Kashmir, and displayed an astonishing degree of dedication and professionalism."<ref name=obit-yahoo/>

After 29 years of distinguished service in the Indian Air Force, he retired in March 1977.<ref name=obit-yahoo/> 'Clients' during his Air Force time included former prime ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.<ref name=seema/> His career is also noteworthy for being accident-free.<ref name=obit-yahoo/>

In recognition of his yeoman service and pioneering work in the field of helicopter aviation, he was awarded [[Sikorsky Pioneering Award]] in 2004 by the [[Rotary Wing Society of India]].<ref name=obit-yahoo>{{cite news | url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/indias-first-military-pilot-fly-helicopters-dead-132721973.html |title = India's first military pilot to fly helicopters dead | date = 20 July 2011 | publisher = Yahoo! India | author = [[Asian News International]] (ANI)}}</ref>


==Anecdotes==
There are many anecdotes of his life involving political stalwarts like [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], K. K. Menon, [[Indira Gandhi]], [[V. V. Giri]] and the like. He had many stories to tell about his experiences.<ref name=seema/><ref>{{cite news | url = http://marutfans.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/air-cmde-sk-majumdar-rip/ | title = A haven indeed | last = Seetharam | first = H.K.}}</ref>

He was regarded by his peers and family as "cheerful [and] generous"<ref name=seema>{{cite web| url = http://marutfans.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/air-cdre-majumdar-large3.jpg | title = Air Commodore Majumdar is no more | last = Harkuali | first = Seema | date = July 2011 | location = New Delhi}}</ref> with "very high integrity, honesty and extremely patriotic. He had a good sense of humour and was a great story teller."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://marutfans.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/air-cmde-sk-majumdar-rip/ | title = Air Cmde SK Majumdar – RIP | author = Wg.Cdr. H.R. Seetharam, Retd | date = July 2011 | publisher = Marutfans, About those whom the Marut brought together}}</ref>

==Death==
Early in the morning of 20 July 2011, Air Commodore SK Majumdar - "First military helicopter pilot of India", "Doyen of the Indian Air Force", "Father of One-Oh-Four Helicopter Sqd, (Fire Birds)" - bid us his last good bye after a semi-prolonged illness! He died at age 83<ref name=obit-yahoo/> at the Army Research and Referral Hospital in the [[Delhi Cantonment|Delhi Cantt]]<ref name=obit-yahoo/> section of New Delhi.<ref name=obit-outlook>{{cite news | url = http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728335 | title = India's First Military Pilot Dead | location = New Delhi | date = 20 July 2011 | newspaper = OutlookIndia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{citation | url = http://www.rwsi.org/| title = Rotary Wing Society of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, S. K.}}
[[Category:Indian Air Force air commodores]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

Surat–Mahuva Superfast Express

2026-05-02T13:20:08Z

Kelashi123: Started New Stub

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Surat–Mahuva Superfast Express
| image = Surat_Muzaffarpur_Exp.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|08|19}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Surat}} (ST)
| stops = 14
| end = {{stnlnk|Mahuva Junction}} (MHV)
| distance = {{convert|631|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Five days a week {{efn|Runs five days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment=
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 20955 / 20956
| speed = {{cvt|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Surat Mahuva SF Express Route Map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20955 / 20956 '''Surat–Mahuva Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Surat}} in [[South Gujarat]] and {{stnlnk|Mahuva Junction}} of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. It is currently being operated with 20955/20956 train numbers on five days a week basis.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1804&did=1390915609554B3A6EBA2137D2C58FC928AF03ECB72A8.web103 4 WR TRAINS AUGMENTED on PERMANENT BASIS]</ref><ref>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2003&id=0,4,268 Temporary augmentation of trains]</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2748&id=0,4,268 WR TO ATTACH EXTRA COACHES IN 24 PAIRS OF TRAINS]</ref>

== Service==

The 20955/Surat–Mahuva Superfast Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 631 km in 11 hrs 10 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-surat-mahuva-sf-express-20955/154592/65/3747|title=20955/Surat - Mahuva SF Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

The 20956/Mahuva–Surat Superfast Express has an average speed of 57 km/h and covers 631 km in 11 hrs 05 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/154594|title=20956/Mahuva - Surat SF Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== Route and halts ==

* '''{{stnlnk|Surat}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Ankleshwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surendranagar Gate}}
* {{stnlnk|Botad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhola Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhasa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Liliya Mota}}
* {{stnlnk|Savarkundla}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajula Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Mahuva Junction}}'''.

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 17 coaches :

* 1 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 20955 || ST || Surat || 22:00 PM || Sun,Mon,Tue,Thu,Sat || Mahuva || 09:10 AM || Sun,Mon,Tue,Wed,Fri
|-
| 20956 || MHV || Mahuva || 19:30 PM || Sun,Mon,Tue,Wed,Fri || Surat || 06:35 AM || Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Sat
|}

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4E]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Valsad|Valsad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Surat to {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} and from Ahmedabad Junction, it is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati|Sabarmati Loco Shed]]-based [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive uptil Mahuva Junction, and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 19053/19054 [[Surat-Muzaffarpur Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Surat railway station]]
* [[Mahuva Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-surat-mahuva-sf-express-20955/154592/65/3747 20955/Surat - Mahuva SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/154594 20956/Mahuva - Surat SF Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surat-Mahuva Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2021]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire

2026-05-01T13:35:03Z

Kelashi123: added details!

{{Short description|Historiographical concept of late-Mughal extractive breakdown advanced by Irfan Habib}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox
| name = Agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire
| image = [[File:Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg|frameless|upright=1.3|alt=Historical map of India in 1605 showing the Mughal Empire subdivided into twelve subahs]]
| caption = The Mughal Empire's core provinces in 1605, on which the ''zabt''-assessed revenue system rested.
| header1 = Historiographical category
| label2 = First formulated
| data2 = 1963, in ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707'' by [[Irfan Habib]]
| label3 = Time period referenced
| data3 = ''c''. 1680–1739 (chronic); to 1761 (terminal)
| label4 = Principal archive
| data4 = Imperial [[farman|''farmans'']]; Rajasthan State Archives, [[Bikaner]]
| label5 = Central concepts
| data5 = ''jama'', ''hasil'', ''paibaqi'', ''khalisa'', ''[[zamindar]]'', ''[[jagir]]''
| label6 = Related crises
| data6 = [[Jagirdari crisis]]; [[Decline of the Mughal Empire|factional politics of 1707–1740]]; [[General Crisis|seventeenth-century crisis]]
| label7 = Key proponents
| data7 = [[Irfan Habib]]; [[M. Athar Ali]]; [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]]; [[Shireen Moosvi]]
| label8 = Principal critics and revisers
| data8 = [[Muzaffar Alam]]; [[C. A. Bayly]]; [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]; Frank Perlin; J. F. Richards
}}
{{History of South Asia}}

The '''agrarian crisis of the [[Mughal Empire]]''' is a [[historiographical]] category used to describe a chronic breakdown in the empire's extractive relationship with its peasant and [[zamindar]] classes from the later seventeenth century into the mid-eighteenth. The category was introduced by the Indian historian [[Irfan Habib]] in his 1963 study ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707'' and has since framed much of the scholarly debate on the [[decline of the Mughal Empire]].{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=364–405}} Habib argued that the combined weight of a high formal revenue demand, an unsustainable rent-squeeze on the peasantry, and the state's own system of rotating [[jagir]]s produced peasant flight, [[zamindar]] militarisation, and a widening gap between the revenue assessed on paper (''jama'') and the revenue actually realised (''hasil''). In Habib's reading, these pressures in the countryside underlay the administrative and fiscal unravelling that contemporaries experienced as the [[jagirdari crisis]] and that later historians have described as the Mughal decline.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=364–405}}

The crisis, in this framing, did not begin with a single rupture. Its evidence is cumulative: contemporary petitions and imperial ''farmans'' from the last decades of [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign record widespread peasant abandonment of cultivation, armed zamindar rebellions across the [[Doab]], the [[Punjab]], [[Malwa]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Rajputana]], and falling or stagnant real revenue in the imperial core.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=90–135}} The revolts of the [[Jat people|Jats]] around [[Mathura]] from 1669, the [[Satnampanth#Satnami Revolt (1672)|Satnami]] uprising of 1672 in [[Narnaul]], the [[Sikh]] revolts in the [[Punjab]] after 1675, and the chronic Maratha contest for the [[Deccan]] revenues after 1680 all feature in Habib's account as surface expressions of a single underlying strain on the land-revenue relationship.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=205}}

Habib's framework has been contested and refined rather than replaced. [[Muzaffar Alam]], in his 1986 study of [[Awadh]] and the [[Punjab]], argued that what registered in [[Delhi]] as terminal imperial crisis appeared in the regions as a reconfiguration of fiscal and political authority rather than straightforward collapse.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=1–14}} [[C. A. Bayly]], [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], Frank Perlin and others associated with the revisionist or "long eighteenth century" school argued that eighteenth-century regional economies were far more dynamic than Habib's account allowed, and that the collapse of imperial extraction did not translate into general economic crisis at the regional level.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=203}} [[John F. Richards]], writing in the [[New Cambridge History of India]] in 1993, presented a synthetic reading in which Habib's agrarian crisis, [[M. Athar Ali|Athar Ali's]] jagirdari crisis, [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]]'s factional politics, and [[Karen Leonard|Karen Leonard's]] banking-credit thesis were read as overlapping rather than competing accounts of the same late-imperial unravelling.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=28}}

The category occupies a central explanatory place in modern accounts of the [[Mughal successor states|political succession]] to the empire. It supplies the causal link between the institutional maturity of [[Akbar]]'s and [[Shah Jahan]]'s revenue state and the fragmentation of the half-century before the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, and it continues to frame undergraduate and postgraduate teaching of Mughal decline in Indian, British, and American universities.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=308}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Etymology and name==

The phrase "agrarian crisis" is a twentieth-century coinage assembled from two English terms. "Agrarian" (from the Latin ''ager'', "field") had been used in British colonial administrative prose from the early nineteenth century to denote matters relating to the cultivation of the soil, the revenue settlements that rested on it, and the peasant population it supported.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=347}} "Crisis" (from the Greek ''krisis'', "decision" or "turning point") entered early-modern European economic vocabulary through medical and political analogies, and became a standard category in the historiography of pre-industrial states during the mid-twentieth century general-crisis debate associated with [[Eric Hobsbawm]], [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]], and others.{{sfn|Richards|1990|pp=625–638}}

Habib's application of the compound to the seventeenth-century Mughal countryside was deliberate. In the preface to the first edition of ''[[The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707]]'', he explained that the category was chosen to describe a condition that was neither a single catastrophic rupture nor a slow secular decline but a chronic structural strain registering simultaneously at multiple points in the revenue relationship.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=285}} The category was intended, Habib wrote, to be analytically distinct from the contemporary Persian vocabulary of administrative difficulty, even as it drew its evidentiary base from that vocabulary.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx, 364–370}}

Alternate phrasings appear in the literature. "The crisis in the ''zabt'' system", "the agrarian breakdown", and "the Mughal agrarian depression" all appear in individual studies.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=28}}{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=112}} "Agrarian crisis", however, became the dominant usage after the 1963 publication of Habib's book, and has remained the standard term in English-language scholarship. In [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] translations of the secondary literature, the phrase is typically rendered as ''krishi sankat'' or ''zirāʿī bohrān'' respectively, both calques of the English term rather than revivals of older Persian administrative usage.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}

==Concept and terminology==

Habib's phrase "agrarian crisis" denotes a historiographical category rather than a technical term drawn from Mughal administrative Persian.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=364–366}} It appears nowhere in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', in the ''[[Padshahnama]]'', or in the seventeenth-century chronicles of Aurangzeb's reign, although the phenomena to which it refers are abundantly recorded in them under other vocabularies.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=364–366}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} Contemporary Mughal administrative prose described desertion of villages (''uftada''), the abandonment of cultivation (''banjar''), the flight of cultivators (''parakanda''), and the armed resistance of zamindars through specific procedural terms; Habib assembled these into a single analytical category in the twentieth century.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=366–370}}

The concept rests on a specific relationship between four administrative values. The ''jama'' was the revenue assessed on a tract on paper, usually in silver ''dams'' on the basis of ''zabt'' (measured and rated) assessments devised under [[Akbar]]. The ''hasil'' was the revenue actually realised. The ''paibaqi'' was the reserve of assessed revenue retained by the state for the future assignment of [[jagir]]s to serving officers. The ''khalisa'' was the share of revenue held back for the imperial treasury. Crisis, in Habib's reading, was registered simultaneously in three of these categories: the gap between ''jama'' and ''hasil'' widened sharply from the middle of the seventeenth century, the ''paibaqi'' contracted, and the ''khalisa'' was expanded in the 1630s and 1640s in ways that deepened the structural shortfall.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=189}}{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|pp=98–101}}

At the level of the cultivator, the crisis was registered in two further categories. The ''ra'iyati'' (peasant) settlement retained land rights through customary use and heritable occupation, but the revenue demand imposed on the ''ra'iyati'' holder was set by imperial schedules that did not adjust well to local crop failure or political disturbance.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=190–207, 366–370}} The ''zamindar'', an intermediary between state and peasant possessing hereditary revenue rights over a tract, was expected to collect the state's share and remit it upward. When revenue demands exceeded what the land could yield, or when the collection burden fell disproportionately on a particular region, the zamindar had the choice of absorbing the shortfall, transferring the burden to the ''ra'iyati'', or resisting the imperial claim in arms. Habib argued that by the late seventeenth century, the third option was increasingly pursued.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}}

==Historiographical origin==
[[File:Irfan habib.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|alt=Colour photograph of historian Irfan Habib in middle age, wearing spectacles|[[Irfan Habib]], the originator of the agrarian-crisis category, photographed in 2007.]]

The category was introduced in Habib's ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707'', completed as a doctoral thesis at [[Oxford]] and published by the Asia Publishing House in 1963.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=425}} The book appeared in a substantially revised second edition from [[Oxford University Press]] in 1999 and a further revised third edition in 2013; Chapter 9, titled "The Agrarian Crisis", carried the same title across all three editions and supplied the category its canonical formulation.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=364–405, v–xx}}

Habib's thesis drew on three groups of sources that earlier scholarship had treated separately. The first was the administrative manual tradition represented by the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' of [[Abu'l-Fazl]], with its ''zabt'' schedules, provincial revenue totals, and enumeration of castes and communities.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|pp=26–55}} The second was the seventeenth-century chronicle literature: the ''Padshahnama'' of [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]], the ''Ma'asir-i-'Alamgiri'' of [[Saqi Mustaid Khan]], and the ''[[Muntakhab-al Lubab|Muntakhabu-l Lubab]]'' of [[Khafi Khan]], read for references to rural disturbance, revenue arrears, and imperial coercion.{{sfn|Saqi Mustaid Khan|1947|pp=118}}{{sfn|Khafi Khan|1877|pp=177}} The third was the imperial documentary record in Persian: the ''farmans'', ''nishans'', and revenue assessments preserved in the [[National Archives of India]], the Rajasthan State Archives at [[Bikaner]], and the collections of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. Habib's innovation lay in triangulating across the three groups to produce a quantitative and regional account of the seventeenth-century countryside.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|1982|pp=235–249}}

Later historiography has accepted the broad evidentiary base while differing on its interpretation. [[M. Athar Ali]], writing in 1966, extended the analytical frame to the service nobility (''[[mansabdar]]s'') to produce the related but distinct [[jagirdari crisis]] category.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=35}} [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], writing in the same generation, placed factional politics at the centre of the post-Aurangzeb collapse while treating Habib's agrarian pressure as one of its preconditions.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=33}} Revisionist critics from the 1980s challenged the universality of Habib's collapse thesis without dislodging its core evidentiary claims.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=32}}

Habib's book was reissued in a substantially revised second edition by Oxford University Press in 1999 and a further revised third edition in 2013; the 2013 edition added new chapters on monetary and technological history while leaving the "Agrarian Crisis" chapter structurally unchanged.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}} Translation followed: a Hindi edition, ''Mughal Kalin Bharat Ki Krishi Vyavastha'', appeared from [[Rajkamal Prakashan]], and portions of the analysis were translated into Urdu and Bengali for teaching use. The book became standard reading in Indian university programmes in medieval history, in South Asian studies programmes in British and American universities, and in the comparative early-modern history graduate syllabi in which the Mughal case features alongside the Ming and Ottoman.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}{{sfn|Richards|1990|pp=625–638}}

==Mughal revenue system, c. 1560–1650==

[[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|alt=Miniature painting of the Mughal emperor Akbar in court dress, seated with a lion and a calf at his feet|[[Akbar]], under whom the ''zabt'' system was codified in the 1570s and 1580s through the reforms supervised by [[Raja Todar Mal]]. Painting by Govardhan, c. 1630.]]

The mature Mughal revenue system was codified under [[Akbar]] in the 1570s and 1580s, primarily through the ''zabt'' reforms supervised by [[Raja Todar Mal]] and documented in [[Abu'l-Fazl]]'s ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''.{{sfn|Ain-i-Akbari|loc=Book 2, Ain 13–16}}{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=236–297}}{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|pp=112}} Under ''zabt'', cultivated land in the imperial core was measured in standard ''[[bigha|bighas]]'', classified by soil type and cropping pattern, and rated in silver ''dams'' per ''bigha'' on a ten-year average of cash-equivalent yields.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=236–297}} The resulting schedules, codified in the ''dastur-ul-amal'' (manual of practice), produced the ''jama'' totals recorded for the twelve ''subahs'' of the ''Ain-i-Akbari''. [[Shireen Moosvi]]'s reconstruction of the late-sixteenth-century economy placed the aggregate ''jama'' of the empire at approximately 3.6 billion ''dams'' (''c''. 90 million rupees) in the twenty-fourth regnal year of Akbar, with the ''[[suba]]s'' of [[Delhi Subah|Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Allahabad]], [[Awadh Subah|Awadh]], [[Lahore Subah|Lahore]], and [[Multan Subah|Multan]] together accounting for about half.{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|pp=192}}

Revenue in the assessed tracts was collected from the peasant (''ra'iyati'') cultivator either directly by state officials or, more commonly, through the mediation of zamindars holding hereditary revenue rights over units ranging from single villages to entire ''[[pargana|parganas]]''.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=190–230}}{{sfn|Siddiqi|1970|pp=23–50}} Two systems of assessment coexisted outside the ''zabt'' core. ''Ghalla-bakhshi'' (crop-sharing) was retained in Kashmir, [[Thatta Subah|Thatta]] in Sindh, and parts of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] and [[Orissa Subah|Orissa]] where annual variation made cash rating impractical. ''Nasaq'' (summary assessment based on village totals rather than measured plots) was used where ''zabt'' had not been extended or where terrain made surveying difficult.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=228}}

The system was stable during the reigns of Akbar, [[Jahangir]], and the early years of [[Shah Jahan]] so long as three conditions held. The first was that the revenue demand on the cultivator remained within the range he could yield without distress, which Habib placed at roughly one-third of the gross produce in the ''zabt'' core and up to one-half in some ''ghalla-bakhshi'' regions.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=207}} The second was that the ''jama'' and the ''hasil'' remained reasonably close, which in Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns they generally did.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=274}} The third was that a healthy ''paibaqi'' of unassigned revenue was kept available for the assignment of new officers and for the emperor's ''khalisa''.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=80}}

[[File:Manohar. Emperor Jahangir Weighs Prince Khurram. Page from Tuzuk-i Jahangiri. 1610-1615, British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|alt=Mughal miniature showing Emperor Jahangir placing his son Prince Khurram on a balance scale|Emperor [[Jahangir]] weighs Prince Khurram, the future [[Shah Jahan]], c. 1610–15. Jahangir's reign marked the last period in which the revenue demand, the ''paibaqi'', and the realised ''hasil'' remained in rough equilibrium.]]

Under Shah Jahan the system began to register pressure. The ''khalisa'' was expanded substantially to fund the building of [[Shahjahanabad]] and the imperial architectural programme, removing land from the ''paibaqi'' reserve.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=93}} The number of ''mansabdars'' on the imperial rolls rose from approximately two thousand at the end of [[Jahangir]]'s reign to more than eight thousand by the middle of Shah Jahan's, concentrating salary claims on a service class that had substantially grown.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=7–10, 38–40}} Habib argued that contemporary Persian administrative documents show officers during Shah Jahan's later reign negotiating jagir transfers more frequently and with longer delays than a generation earlier, and that the practice of ''mah-i-muqarrara'' (fixed-month) rating, by which the nominal value of a jagir was paid out at a fraction of its formal assessment, was institutionalised from the 1640s onward.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=303–315}} By the middle of the seventeenth century, the Mughal revenue state was structurally under strain even before the specific pressures of Aurangzeb's reign began to accumulate.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=303–315}}{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=128}}

==The Habib thesis==

Habib's central claim was that the high revenue demand characteristic of the mature Mughal system was not sustainable once three reinforcing pressures had accumulated: rising rates of assessment, deteriorating collection, and the rigidity of the rotating jagir system.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=364–390}} In the ''zabt'' schedules of the ''Ain-i-Akbari'', the state's share of the gross produce was recorded as one-third. By the middle of Aurangzeb's reign, Habib argued, the effective share had risen to between one-half and two-thirds of the gross produce in many localities, through a combination of upward revision, cess additions, and local abuse.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=207}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|1982|pp=79}} The squeeze was intensified by the structure of the jagir system: assignees rotated every three or four years had a strong incentive to extract the maximum from their tract during their tenure, since they would not benefit from any long-term improvement. Habib treated the frequent rotation of jagirs as an engine of short-horizon extraction, producing predatory collection rather than sustainable agricultural management.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=316–332}}

[[File:Emperor Aurangzeb at a jharokha window, two noblemen in the foregroundIn 1710 San Diego Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|alt=Mughal miniature of Emperor Aurangzeb seated at a jharokha palace window with two noblemen standing below|[[Aurangzeb]] at a ''[[jharokha]]'' window, with attendant nobles. The emperor dispatched his personal imperial guard during campaigns against the [[Satnami Rebellion|Satnami rebels]] in 1672, the kind of peasant-zamindar rising that Habib read as an expression of the underlying agrarian crisis.]]

The consequences at the level of the cultivator were, in Habib's account, immediate and cumulative. Peasants abandoned their holdings and fled to regions where the demand was lower or to zamindar-led settlements where protection could be obtained. Abandoned land (''banjar'') grew as a share of the total cultivated area in the Doab, in Malwa, in Gujarat, and in parts of the Punjab through the 1680s and 1690s.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}} Villages recorded as ''uftada'' (fallen, deserted) appear in the Rajasthani revenue documents preserved in the Rajasthan State Archives at Bikaner, which Habib drew on and which [[S. P. Gupta|Satya Prakash Gupta]] and later Dilbagh Singh examined at length for the eastern Rajasthan region under Jaipur.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}} The revenue documents from Aurangzeb's later reign record petitions from provincial governors asking for remissions and transfers, and imperial ''farmans'' acknowledging that revenue could not be realised.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

At the level of the zamindar, Habib argued, the squeeze produced militarisation.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=347}} Zamindars were typically of the same caste and region as their peasants and possessed armed retinues of their own. Where the state's revenue demand exceeded the land's capacity, zamindars had a choice between absorbing the shortfall, passing it to the peasants (and risking rural depopulation), or resisting the imperial claim. Habib documented the growing frequency of armed zamindar resistance through the ''farmans'' preserved in the Rajasthan, Mughal, and Bikaner archives, and argued that a substantial share of the military commitments of the late imperial state was directed at policing zamindar holdings rather than at external enemies.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=347}} In several regions, caste-based and religious movements accompanied the resistance: the Jat revolts around Mathura from 1669, the Satnami uprising of 1672 in Narnaul, and the Sikh revolts in the Punjab from the later 1670s were read by Habib as peasant-zamindar risings articulated through the vocabulary of caste or confession.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=344}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=170–177}}

The crisis, in Habib's reading, was self-reinforcing. Peasant flight shrank the cultivated area. A shrinking cultivated area reduced realisable revenue. Reduced revenue intensified the pressure on the remaining cultivators and on the zamindars. The state responded to revenue shortfall by expanding the ''khalisa'' at the expense of the ''paibaqi'', rotating jagirs more frequently, and granting rank more liberally to conciliate new noble constituencies. Each response intensified the extractive pressure that had produced the shortfall in the first place.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=405–416}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=90–135}}

Two features of Habib's account distinguish it from earlier descriptions of Mughal fiscal difficulty. The first is its insistence on the rate of extraction, rather than the absolute size of the demand, as the operative variable.{{refn|group=note|Earlier colonial and nationalist historians, notably [[W. H. Moreland]] and [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], had emphasised the heavy burden of Mughal taxation on the peasantry. Habib's distinctive contribution was to trace the specific mechanism by which a high but stable rate became an unsustainable one through the operation of the jagir rotation, the expansion of the service elite, and the contraction of the ''paibaqi''.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=332}}}} The ''jama'' of the mature empire was large in absolute terms, but the critical question, for Habib, was what share of the crop it represented and whether that share left the cultivator with sufficient margin to sustain agriculture.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=207}} The second is its treatment of the zamindar as a structurally ambivalent figure. The zamindar was at once an agent of imperial extraction and a potential obstacle to it, and the balance between these two functions, Habib argued, shifted decisively against the state as the revenue demand became unsustainable.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=191}}

==Symptoms and evidence==

The evidence for the crisis assembled by Habib and subsequent scholars falls into four overlapping registers: documentary, chronicle, regional, and quantitative.

===Documentary evidence===

The documentary register consists of imperial ''farmans'', provincial ''nishans'' (orders of the governor), and estate papers preserved in the Rajasthan archives at Bikaner, the [[National Archives of India]] in Delhi, and the Aligarh and [[Jaipur]] collections.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx, 390–405}}{{sfn|Siddiqi|1970|pp=51–115}} Habib, working through more than a thousand such documents from Akbar's reign to the middle of Aurangzeb's, traced a progressive shift in the administrative vocabulary. Early ''farmans'' concerned themselves primarily with the assignment of rank and jagir, the recording of ''jama'' totals, and the regulation of revenue officials. By the later seventeenth century, the same vocabulary was preoccupied with peasant flight, uncollectable arrears, zamindar defiance, and the need for military detachments to accompany revenue officials on collection tours.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=184}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Provincial governors' correspondence from the 1690s and 1700s recorded specific localities in which cultivation had ceased. The ''[[Subedar|subadar]]'' of Gujarat reported in 1684 that many ''parganas'' in the ''suba'' had been abandoned by their peasants, that the ''jama'' could not be collected, and that zamindars were refusing to cooperate with imperial officials.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=184}} Similar reports survive from the governors of Malwa, from the diwan of Awadh under Aurangzeb, and from the ''[[faujdar|faujdars]]'' of the Doab who had responsibility for the heart of the imperial agricultural base.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=301}}

===Chronicle evidence===

{{Quote box
| quote = The peasantry, under pressure of heavy demands, left their villages and took refuge in the lands of the zamindars, whose armed retainers could resist the exactions of the imperial officers. In many ''parganas'', cultivation ceased altogether, and what had been taxable land reverted to waste.
| source = Irfan Habib, summarising the archival record for the later reign of Aurangzeb{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=400–402}}
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

Mughal chronicle writers recorded the same phenomena in a different register.{{sfn|Saqi Mustaid Khan|1947|pp=150–175, 300–315}}{{sfn|Khafi Khan|1877|pp=250–280}} [[Saqi Mustaid Khan]]'s ''Ma'asir-i-'Alamgiri'', a court chronicle of Aurangzeb's reign, recorded the emperor's repeated orders for campaigns of discipline against zamindars in the Doab, in the [[Mewar]] marches, and in the Punjab, and noted that the ''paibaqi'' had shrunk so far that fresh recruits to the ''mansabdari'' could no longer be assigned jagirs.{{sfn|Saqi Mustaid Khan|1947|pp=300–315}} [[Khafi Khan]], writing in the first decades of the eighteenth century with the benefit of retrospect, presented the same pattern as the cumulative failure of the revenue state, arguing that the formal administrative machinery had outlasted the fiscal substance that gave it meaning.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|1877|pp=250–280}}

Chronicle evidence supports but does not alone establish the crisis thesis. As Satish Chandra observed, court chroniclers tended to emphasise imperial discipline and to understate the scale of rural disturbance, while partisan chroniclers from successor states sometimes exaggerated it.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=34}} The documentary record in the ''farmans'' and revenue papers, less rhetorically shaped, is therefore treated by most scholars as the primary evidentiary base.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=184}}

===Regional case studies===

The third register consists of regional studies that test the general claim against locally dense evidence.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=90–135}} Satya Prakash Gupta's 1986 monograph on the agrarian system of eastern Rajasthan under the Kachwaha Rajputs of Amber (Jaipur) between 1650 and 1750 drew on the extensive Rajasthani ''dastur'' and ''chitthi'' archive to document peasant desertion, zamindar militarisation, and land reversion.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=425}} Dilbagh Singh's work on the same region extended Gupta's findings. Muzaffar Alam's 1986 study of Awadh and the Punjab, while disputing Habib's conclusion of uniform collapse, accepted that the formal revenue order had broken down; he argued, however, that in Awadh the breakdown produced a realignment of authority under the ''nawabi'' rather than fiscal disintegration.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=309}} Chetan Singh's 1991 study of the seventeenth-century Punjab documented the chronic insufficiency of the ''hasil'' against the ''jama'' in the trans-Sutlej districts.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=205}}

===Quantitative evidence===
<div style="float: right; clear: right; width: 450px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;">
{{Bar chart
| title = Mansabdars of 1,000 ''zat'' and above, 1595–1707
| label_type = Period and reign
| data_type = Number of mansabdars
| data_max = 600
| label1 = c. 1595 (Akbar) | data1 = 98
| label2 = c. 1628 (Jahangir, end) | data2 = 200
| label3 = c. 1646 (Shah Jahan) | data3 = 350
| label4 = 1658–78 (Aurangzeb) | data4 = 486
| label5 = 1679–1707 (Aurangzeb) | data5 = 575
}}
''Growth of the upper mansabdari service class across the seventeenth century. Counts after Athar Ali (1968); the Shah Jahan figure is the midpoint of Ali's 300–400 range for the twentieth regnal year.''
</div>
Moosvi's reconstruction of the 1595 revenue totals from the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' provides the quantitative baseline for the crisis.{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|pp=64–101, 385–397}} Comparison with the ''jama'' totals from the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century, read across Habib, Siddiqi, and the provincial studies, shows that nominal totals continued to grow even as realised revenue stagnated or fell.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=405–416}} The gap between ''jama'' and ''hasil'', interpreted by Habib as the quantitative signature of the crisis, widened from roughly fifteen to twenty percent at the end of Akbar's reign to forty percent or more in some provinces by the 1690s.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=189}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|1982|pp=235–249}}

The mansab rolls supply a second quantitative register.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=7–11}} The following table collates Athar Ali's canonical counts of ''mansabdars'' of 1,000 ''zat'' and above across the seventeenth century, providing the clearest contemporaneous numerical series against which the ''hasil'' shortfall can be read.

Read against the ''hasil'' shortfall, the mansab series shows the two principal pressures converging through the second half of the seventeenth century: a rising number of salary claims on an increasingly strained revenue base.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–416}}{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=92–94}} Moosvi and Richards have both warned, however, that the mansab counts need to be read alongside the ''mashrut'' (conditional) and ''mashruta'' rank subcategories, which admitted considerable flexibility in the actual obligations assigned to any given officer, and that treating the numerical rolls as a pure indicator of fiscal pressure risks oversimplification.{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|pp=225}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=84}}

==Regional variation==

The crisis did not register uniformly across the empire. Regional evidence shows substantial variation in timing, intensity, and political outcome, and scholarship since the 1980s has increasingly emphasised this variation as a correction to the general thesis.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=90–135}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Regional manifestations of the agrarian crisis, ''c''. 1680–1750
! Region !! Principal evidence !! Political trajectory by 1750 !! Sources
|-
| [[Doab]] (imperial core) || [[Jat people|Jat]] revolts from 1669; [[Satnami Rebellion|Satnami]] uprising 1672; Agra ''paibaqi'' contraction by 1690s || Chronic instability; formal imperial status retained || {{citation needed|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=93}}
|-
| [[Punjab]] || [[Sikh]] armed resistance from 1670s; ''hasil'' shortfall in trans-[[Sutlej]] districts || ''Subadari'' fragmentation; Sikh ''misls'' emergent || {{citation needed|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=195}}
|-
| [[Awadh]] || ''Jama''/''hasil'' divergence from 1700s; peasant flight in Baiswara and the Gorakhpur marches || Nawabi consolidation under [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sa'adat Khan]] from 1722 || {{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=92–135}}
|-
| Rajputana (Jaipur) || Village desertion recorded in Rajasthani archives; ''uftada'' revenue rolls || "Hollowing" managed by [[Kachwaha]] Rajputs in negotiation with imperial ''diwani'' || {{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=353}}
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] raids on [[Surat]] 1664 and 1670; peasant flight from Ahmedabad plain in 1680s || Divided authority; Maratha revenue contracting in border ''parganas'' || {{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=189}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=208}}
|-
| [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] || Limited crisis signature; rice-economy buoyancy; maritime trade continuity || Self-funding nawabi under [[Murshid Quli Khan]] from 1717 || {{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=208}}
|-
| [[Deccan]] (post-1686) || High nominal ''jama''; chronic ''hasil'' shortfall; continuing [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] contestation || [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizamate of Hyderabad]] under [[Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] from 1724; [[Maratha Confederacy]] across western India || {{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=249}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=269}}
|}

===The Doab and imperial core===
[[File:Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden,_mid-18th_century%3B_Mughal.jpg|thumb|right|Mughal court life in the later seventeenth century. Regional studies document sharply divergent trajectories beneath the surface of imperial continuity.]]

The Doab, the triangular region between the Ganges and the Yamuna from the Delhi–Agra axis east to Allahabad, was the fiscal and demographic heart of the empire.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=8–30}} It was also, by Habib's account, the region in which the crisis registered earliest and with the greatest intensity. The Jat revolts around Mathura from 1669, the Satnami uprising of 1672 in Narnaul, and the chronic disturbances of the Agra ''suba'' in the 1680s and 1690s produced a pattern of armed resistance, punitive expeditions, and partial imperial recovery that continued into the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=353}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=170–177}} Richards documented Aurangzeb's ''faujdari'' system for the Doab and its inability to pacify the countryside for extended periods.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=170–177}} The ''paibaqi'' of the Agra ''suba'', the largest single reserve of assignable land in the empire, shrank through the 1680s and had reached the point by the 1700s at which jagir assignments were routinely delayed.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=332}}

===The Punjab===

The Punjab was the second major theatre of the crisis. Chetan Singh's study of the seventeenth-century ''suba'' documented the chronic insufficiency of the ''hasil'' against the ''jama'' in the trans-Sutlej districts, the growth of zamindar-led armed contingents, and the complex accommodation between the imperial ''subadari'' and the [[Sikh]] community.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=205}} Aurangzeb's conflict with [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth Sikh Guru, in the 1670s, and with [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s armed resistance from the 1680s, Habib treated as surface expressions of the same zamindar-peasant pressure that registered in other provinces under different names.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=344}} Alam's 1986 study argued that in the Punjab the ''subadari'' fragmented more completely than in Awadh: by the 1720s the provincial administration had effectively ceded revenue collection in many districts to local intermediaries and to armed Sikh bodies.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=93}}

===Awadh===

Awadh, the ''suba'' east of the Doab centred on Lucknow and Faizabad, occupies a distinctive place in the regional literature because Alam's 1986 study used it as the principal case against the uniform-collapse reading of the agrarian crisis.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=126}} Alam accepted that the formal Mughal revenue order had broken down in Awadh: the ''jama'' and the ''hasil'' diverged sharply from the 1700s, zamindars refused cooperation with imperial officials, and peasant flight was recorded in the ''parganas'' of Baiswara and the Gorakhpur marches. He argued, however, that the breakdown produced a reconfiguration rather than a disintegration of fiscal authority. Under [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sa'adat Khan]] and his successors the provincial administration was rebuilt on a different footing, with the ''nawab'' cultivating direct ties with local zamindars and with a reformed revenue demand calibrated to what the land could yield.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=92–135}} The ''nawabi'' that emerged in the 1720s and 1730s was, in Alam's reading, the product of the same pressures that in other provinces produced collapse, channelled into a different political outcome.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=92–135}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=298}}

===Rajasthan===
[[File:Durga Das before Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|alt=Rajput miniature of Durgadas Rathore presenting himself before the Rajput ruler Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar|[[Durgadas Rathore]] before [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar]]. The Rajputana marches are the most densely documented region for the crisis because of the survival of the Rajasthani ''dastur'' and ''chitthi'' archive.]]

The Rajputana marches, in particular the Kachwaha territory of Amber (later Jaipur), are the most densely documented region for the agrarian crisis because of the survival of the Rajasthani ''dastur'' and ''chitthi'' archive in the Rajasthan State Archives at Bikaner.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}} Gupta's 1986 monograph on eastern Rajasthan between 1650 and 1750 documented the progressive desertion of villages in the Jaipur territory, the reversion of cultivated land to pasture, the growth of zamindar-led resistance, and the chronic divergence of the ''jama'' from the ''hasil''.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}} The pattern in Rajasthan was not of collapse but of what Gupta called "hollowing": the formal administrative frame continued to record revenue on paper even as the realised flow diminished, and the Kachwaha ruling house managed the hollowing through a combination of concession to zamindars and negotiation with the imperial ''diwani''.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}}

===Gujarat===

Gujarat presented a third regional pattern. The ''suba'' had long been fiscally valuable through the trade of [[Surat]] and the cash-cropping of the ''parganas'' around [[Ahmedabad]].{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=89}} The Maratha raids on Surat in 1664 and 1670 had already weakened the trading base by the time the agrarian pressure registered in the countryside. By the 1680s, provincial governors were reporting widespread peasant flight from the ''parganas'' of the Ahmedabad plain, and by the 1700s the ''subadari'' was effectively divided between the imperial officer at Ahmedabad, the Maratha revenue contractors in the ''parganas'' bordering the Maratha country, and the zamindar-led resistance of the central plain.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=347}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=301}}

===Bengal===

Bengal has been treated in most of the literature as the major exception to the crisis thesis.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=280–295}} Under the ''nawabi'' of [[Murshid Quli Khan]] from 1717 and his successors, the ''suba'' reorganised its revenue system through the farming of collection rights to substantial zamindars under a reformed settlement that produced a rising and predictable revenue flow into the 1750s. Richards argued that Bengal's maritime trade and the overall buoyancy of its rice economy insulated the province from the fiscal pressures that registered in the north.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=280–295}} Subrahmanyam and others have treated the Bengal case as evidence for the revisionist argument that regional economies retained considerable dynamism even as the imperial extraction system unravelled.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}

===The Deccan===

The Deccan after the incorporation of Bijapur in 1686 and Golconda in 1687 constituted a special case.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=205}} The formal ''jama'' of the new Deccan ''subas'' was entered into the imperial ledgers at high nominal values, but the ''hasil'' remained chronically low because the countryside was contested by the Marathas and because the zamindars of the Deccan (''deshmukhs'' and ''deshpandes'') retained substantial independent authority. Habib treated the Deccan as an intensification of the crisis pattern observable in the north: the same mismatch between formal assessment and realised collection, magnified by the continuing military contest.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=207}} Richards argued that the Deccan wars generated the fiscal pressure that tipped the imperial revenue system from chronic strain into terminal crisis, and that without the Deccan incorporation the northern agrarian pressure might have been absorbed.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=220–253}}

==Causes==

The causation of the agrarian crisis has been argued about continuously since Habib's 1963 formulation.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=126}} Four principal families of explanation recur in the literature, overlapping in much of their evidentiary base but differing in their causal priority.

===The extraction-rate thesis===

Habib's original account located primary causation in the rate of extraction. The state's share of gross produce, recorded in the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' at roughly one-third, rose through the seventeenth century to between one-half and two-thirds in many localities through a combination of formal revision, cess additions, and local abuse.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=190–207, 364–416}} A demand of this magnitude, Habib argued, did not leave the cultivator enough above subsistence to maintain capital in the form of cattle, seed, and agricultural tools; once the margin was exhausted, peasant flight and zamindar resistance followed directly. On this account, the jagirdari crisis, the factional politics of the post-Aurangzeb court, and the credit-withdrawal phenomenon were all downstream consequences of the upstream pressure on the land-revenue relationship.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=358}}

===The monetisation and price thesis===

[[File:Silver Rupee of Aurangazeb AH1096 (Detailed).png|thumb|right|upright=0.85|alt=Silver rupee coin of Aurangzeb struck at the Kabul mint, inscribed with Persian legends|Silver coin of [[Aurangzeb]]. The seventeenth century saw sustained silver influx into the Mughal economy, producing real price rises against fixed ''[[zabt]]'' assessment rates.]]

A second family of explanations focuses on monetary and price conditions. [[S. Nurul Hasan]] and later writers argued that the seventeenth century was a period of sustained silver influx into the Mughal economy, that commodity prices rose against the fixed ''zabt'' rates and the fixed ''jama'' totals, and that the real burden on the cultivator increased as the nominal burden held steady.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|1982|pp=360–381}} On this reading, the crisis was not principally a matter of state extraction but of the interaction between state extraction and the commodity economy: a state that collected in cash but whose schedules were updated slowly could not keep pace with rising prices, and the gap was transferred in complex ways across the revenue chain. This framing accepts Habib's evidence for peasant distress but relocates the primary causal weight from the imperial demand to the intersection of that demand with a changing monetary environment.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|1982|pp=360–381}}

===The factional and political thesis===

Satish Chandra's ''Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740'' treated the factional competition among the four major noble blocs of the imperial service class (Turani, Irani, Hindustani, Deccani) as the proximate driver of the post-Aurangzeb collapse.{{sfn|Chandra|2002|pp=18–40}} Chandra accepted the Habib framework as the structural context for factional competition: as available revenue contracted, the competition among the noble blocs for shrinking salaries intensified, and the struggle for the imperial succession from 1707 through the 1730s was shaped by the underlying fiscal squeeze. On Chandra's reading, the agrarian crisis supplied the substrate, while factional politics supplied the proximate mechanism of the political unravelling.{{sfn|Chandra|2002|pp=311}}

===The regional-economy thesis===

A fourth family of explanations, developed from the 1980s by Alam, [[C. A. Bayly]], [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], and Frank Perlin, argued that the picture of general economic collapse that Habib's account implied did not hold when regional evidence was read on its own terms.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=32}} In this reading, the breakdown of the imperial extraction system did not coincide with a collapse of regional production and trade. In Awadh, in Bengal, in the Punjab ''qasbas'', and in the Rajput states, eighteenth-century regional economies showed continuing or even expanding activity in precisely the period Habib's account treated as crisis. Bayly documented the urban prosperity of the north Indian ''qasbas'' in the eighteenth century, Subrahmanyam the continuing vitality of overseas trade from the Coromandel and the western coast, and Alam the fiscal reconstruction of Awadh under the ''nawabi''.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=335}} The revisionist position did not dispute that imperial revenue had collapsed; it disputed the equation of imperial revenue collapse with general economic crisis.

===Climate, demography, and exogenous pressures===

A further line of argument, pursued intermittently since the 1970s, attributes part of the crisis to exogenous pressures of climate, epidemic disease, and military invasion rather than to the internal operation of the revenue system.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=153}}{{sfn|Gommans|2002|pp=151}} The later seventeenth and earlier eighteenth century falls within the span of the [[Little Ice Age]], and regional climatic perturbations affecting monsoon reliability have been documented for parts of the subcontinent in this period. The famines of 1630–1632 in the Deccan and Gujarat, the subsistence crises recorded in the Doab in the late 1680s, and the severe famine of 1702–1704 in the south all appear in the chronicle and colonial-observer records, and some scholars have argued that these climatic stresses interacted with the revenue pressure to produce outcomes that were worse than either cause alone.{{sfn|Gommans|2002|pp=98–127}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=205}} Habib accepted the role of specific famines in sharpening particular local crises but held to the view that the underlying structural pressure was the revenue demand rather than the climatic shock.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}}

The military context supplied further exogenous pressure. Jos Gommans's 2002 study of Mughal warfare traced the expansion of cavalry-based armies, the absorption of Afghan and Central Asian horsemen into the ''mansabdari'' from the later seventeenth century, and the logistical demands of the Deccan campaigns. Gommans argued that the military apparatus itself consumed resources at a pace that the revenue system could not sustain, and that the fiscal pressure Habib identified was intensified by the specific cost of cavalry warfare against mobile enemies in the Deccan and the Rajputana.{{sfn|Gommans|2002|pp=98–127, 162–195}} Recent comparative work on early-modern military revolutions has linked these pressures to the parallel experiences of the Ottomans and the Safavids, treating the Mughal case as one instance of a broader pattern of fiscal strain produced by the rising cost of permanent standing armies.{{sfn|Gommans|2002|pp=151}}{{sfn|Gommans|2002|pp=112}}

==Consequences==

[[File:Farrukhsiyar Procession in front of the Great Mosque of Delhi.png|thumb|left|upright=1.1|alt=Mughal miniature showing a procession in front of the Jama Masjid at Delhi during the reign of Farrukhsiyar|[[Delhi]] under [[Farrukhsiyar]] (r. 1713–1719). The imperial core shrank through the early eighteenth century as the revenue system that had sustained it contracted.]]

The consequences of the agrarian crisis, as distinct from its causes, are less disputed in the literature than its causation.

===Political unrest===

The most visible consequence was the growth of armed resistance to the imperial revenue state. The Jat, Satnami, Sikh, and zamindar revolts of the 1670s through the 1710s are treated in the mainstream literature as expressions, in caste and religious idiom, of the underlying land-revenue pressure.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=170–177}} Habib argued that the frequency, scale, and geographic distribution of these revolts tracked the distribution of the revenue squeeze more closely than any other variable, and that their persistence through the early eighteenth century was a reliable indicator that the underlying pressure had not been resolved.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=390–405}}

===Fiscal exhaustion===

The second consequence was the progressive exhaustion of the imperial fiscal capcity The ''paibaqi'' of the imperial core contracted through the 1680s and 1690s; the ''khalisa'' was expanded at the expense of the ''paibaqi'' to cover the shortfall; the rotation of jagirs was accelerated; and the ''mah-i-muqarrara'' discounting of nominal assignments became routine.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=405–416}}{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=92–94}} Each of these measures addressed the immediate cash-flow problem and deepened the structural one. By the middle of Aurangzeb's Deccan campaigns after 1690, the empire was operating its military and administrative apparatus on what Habib and Richards both describe as fiscal reserves rather than current revenue.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=405–416}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=94}}

===The jagirdari crisis===

The third consequence, in Habib's framework, was the jagirdari crisis: the chronic mismatch between the expanding ''mansabdari'' and the contracting ''paibaqi''.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=32}}{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=7–11}} Habib treated the jagirdari crisis as a downstream symptom of the agrarian crisis, since the ''paibaqi'' could not be replenished from a shrinking realisable-revenue base. Athar Ali, writing in 1966, had introduced the jagirdari crisis as an analytical category in its own right; Habib's 1963 work provided what he argued was the upstream cause.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=316–332}} In most post-1993 synthetic accounts, the two crises are treated as distinct but interlocking: the jagirdari crisis is the visible, administrative registration of a pressure whose roots lay in the agrarian relationship.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=83}}

===Succession and fragmentation===

The fourth consequence was the political succession to the empire. The fiscal and military weakness of the late Aurangzeb and post-Aurangzeb state made it unable to suppress the regional and caste-based rebellions on its peripheries, and the zamindars and communities that had resisted the imperial demand became, in the course of the early eighteenth century, the basis of successor polities.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=1–14, 92–200}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=280–295}} The nawabi of Awadh, the nawabi of Bengal, the Maratha polity of the Deccan and western India, the Sikh misls of the Punjab, the Jat state of Bharatpur, and the Rajput states in the Rajputana marches all emerged from the conditions of the crisis. Alam's argument that what registered in Delhi as collapse appeared in the regions as reconfiguration is, in this framing, an argument about consequences rather than causes.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=28}}

The chronology of succession varied considerably by region. In Awadh, the ''subadari'' was raised to a functionally independent nawabi under Sa'adat Khan's tenure from 1722, and consolidated further under Safdar Jang and Shuja-ud-Daula through the 1750s.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=92–135}} In Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan's reorganisation from 1717 produced what became, by the 1740s, a self-funding regional state whose revenue surplus attracted the attention of the East India Company.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=294}} In the Deccan, Nizam-ul-Mulk's break from imperial authority after 1724 produced the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizamate of Hyderabad]], while the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha polity]] under the Peshwas expanded to inherit much of the imperial revenue command across western and central India.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=287}} In the Punjab, the fragmentation was more complete: Sikh ''misls'' consolidated around local zamindar constituencies, and the ''subadari'' had ceased to exercise effective authority in many districts by the 1750s.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=210}} The shared feature across these trajectories, in Alam's framing, was that each successor state rebuilt its fiscal apparatus on a more accommodative basis than the late imperial one, with a demand calibrated to what the local land could yield and with a more durable relationship between ruler, zamindar, and cultivator.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

===Nadir Shah's invasion and the passage from chronic to terminal===

[[File:Nadir_Shah_on_the_Peacock_Throne_after_his_defeat_of_Muhammad_Shah._ca._1850,_San_Diego_MOA.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|alt=Nineteenth-century painting of Nader Shah of Persia seated on the Peacock Throne following his invasion of Delhi|[[Nader Shah]] on the [[Peacock Throne]] after his defeat of [[Muhammad Shah]] at the [[Battle of Karnal]] in 1739. The sack of [[Delhi]] that followed removed the empire's remaining fiscal reserves.]]

The invasion of [[Nadir Shah]] in 1738–1739 and the sack of Delhi in March 1739 are commonly treated as the point at which the chronic crisis passed into terminal collapse.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=298}}{{sfn|Irvine|1922|pp=340–360}} Nadir Shah removed an estimated 700 million rupees' worth of treasure from Delhi, destroyed the remaining fiscal reserves of the imperial state, and exposed the inability of the imperial military to defend the capital. In the forty years that followed, the empire contracted sharply in territorial extent and in revenue command; the agrarian crisis, which in 1700 had been a chronic structural pressure, had by the 1750s become a condition of political fragmentation.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=273–275}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=38}}

The invasions of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] from 1748 through the 1760s deepened the damage. The [[Third Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]] in January 1761, fought between Abdali and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] rather than between Abdali and the imperial army, registered the degree to which the empire had ceased to be a military player in its own defence.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=310}} Historians read the forty years between Nadir Shah's sack and the Maratha defeat at Panipat as the period in which the structural pressures that Habib described as the agrarian crisis produced their final political outcome: the fragmentation of the imperial order into the regional powers that the [[East India Company]] encountered in its expansion from Bengal after 1757.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=308}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=25}}

==Historiography==

The agrarian crisis has been continuously debated since Habib's 1963 formulation.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=124}} The debate has in practice been about the causal priority of Habib's extraction-rate mechanism relative to other explanations, the accuracy of the general thesis against regional evidence, and the relationship between the agrarian crisis and the political and military decline of the empire.

===The Aligarh school===

Habib's thesis is the central text of the [[Aligarh school of historians|Aligarh school]] of Mughal history, grouped around Habib, M. Athar Ali, S. Nurul Hasan, Shireen Moosvi, [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] (in his earlier career), and later a generation of students including Dilbagh Singh, S. P. Gupta, and [[Iqtidar Alam Khan]].{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=1–3}} The school's collective work, much of it published by the [[Indian History Congress]] and by Oxford University Press India from the 1960s through the 1990s, elaborated Habib's framework through quantitative, regional, and administrative studies. Moosvi's reconstruction of the 1595 economy supplied the statistical baseline; Ali's ''Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb'' extended the analysis to the service elite; Nurul Hasan's essays on zamindars integrated the intermediate class; Gupta and Dilbagh Singh supplied regional confirmation from Rajasthan.{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|pp=15}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The Aligarh school's account is, in its own terms, methodologically explicit: it treats the administrative and documentary record as the primary evidentiary base, derives quantitative estimates from it where possible, and interprets the resulting picture through a broadly materialist framework in which the extractive relationship between state, zamindar, and peasant is the organising variable.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=125}} Habib's own theoretical commitments, declared in the preface to the second edition of ''The Agrarian System'', drew on [[Marxist historiography|Marxist economic history]] as then practiced in Britain and Europe, with the Indian material providing a comparative case for the study of pre-colonial extractive states.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}

The methodological choices of the Aligarh school have themselves been debated. Critics have argued that the heavy reliance on imperial administrative documents gives a state-centred view that may underestimate cultivator agency and that privileges the perspective of the extractor over the extracted. Defenders have responded that the documentary base is the most reliable evidence available for a period in which peasant voices were not recorded in surviving sources, and that the materialist interpretive framework makes the structural pressures on the cultivator visible precisely because it reads the administrative record against the grain of its own rhetorical preferences.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|1982|pp=190}} The debate has in practice been about the interpretation of the evidence rather than its authenticity; few scholars have contested the documentary record that Habib and his colleagues assembled.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=144}}

===Revisionist critiques===

The revisionist position, developed in the 1980s and 1990s by scholars including Alam, Bayly, Subrahmanyam, Frank Perlin, and [[David Washbrook]], accepted much of the Aligarh school's documentary base while rejecting what they argued was its over-extension of a general collapse thesis.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=1–14}} Bayly's ''Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire'' (1988) argued that the imperial revenue collapse coexisted with a flourishing regional economy in the ''qasbas'' of the north and in the trading hubs of the coast, and that the eighteenth century was better understood as a period of regional recomposition than as a unilinear decline.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}} Subrahmanyam's essays on the "political economy of commerce" argued for continuing vitality in the maritime and inland trading networks in the same period.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=280–295}} Perlin's work on proto-industrialisation and Washbrook's argument for a "long eighteenth century" in which capitalist forms were already developing in parts of the subcontinent provided further revisionist framings.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=280–295}}

The revisionist critique has been absorbed into mainstream scholarship rather than superseding Habib's account. Most recent synthetic readings accept that the imperial revenue system did collapse in the terms Habib described, while allowing that regional production and trade were significantly less affected than a straight reading of Habib might imply.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=308}}

===The Cambridge synthesis===

Richards's 1993 volume on the Mughal Empire in the [[New Cambridge History of India]] presented the dominant synthetic reading.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=xiv–xvi, 199–204, 280–295}} Richards accepted the core of Habib's agrarian thesis, endorsed the Athar Ali jagirdari thesis as a related register, drew on Chandra for the factional dynamics, and incorporated Alam's regional-variation argument as the explanation for the uneven transition into successor polities. Richards's framing located the Mughal case, with qualifications of timing and mechanism, within the wider scholarly conversation about the "[[General Crisis|seventeenth-century crisis]]" in early-modern agrarian states; he had set out the argument for that comparative placement in an earlier essay in ''[[Modern Asian Studies]]''.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=43}}

===Other interpretations===

Karen Leonard's 1979 essay in ''[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]'' proposed an alternative causal reading that displaced primary weight from the land-revenue relationship to the indigenous banking and credit system.{{sfn|Leonard|1979|pp=16}} On Leonard's "Great Firm" thesis, the empire's fiscal operation depended on the credit networks of the great Indian banking houses; when these houses began to transfer their creditor relationships from the Mughal centre to regional powers and the [[East India Company]], the resulting credit withdrawal was the proximate cause of the fiscal unravelling, and the agrarian distress was a downstream symptom rather than an upstream cause. Richards and Habib both read Leonard's thesis as complementary to their own, with Richards arguing that the credit withdrawal followed rather than preceded the crisis on the revenue side.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=292–294}}

Andrea Hintze's ''The Mughal Empire and Its Decline'' (1997) attempted an integrative reading under a [[Michael Mann (sociologist)|Michael Mann]]-style sources-of-social-power framework.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=1–20, 210–240}} Hintze treated the agrarian, jagirdari, and factional crises as interacting expressions of a broader transformation in the relationship among ideological, economic, military, and political power in late-imperial India. [[Stephen Blake]]'s study of [[Shahjahanabad]] supplied a patrimonial-bureaucratic reading of the imperial household as the locus of the crisis.{{sfn|Blake|1991|pp=41}} [[Munis Faruqui]]'s 2012 study of Mughal princely politics situated the agrarian pressure alongside the princely succession struggles as components of a common imperial unravelling.{{sfn|Faruqui|2012|pp=31}}

===Summary of historiographical positions===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Principal historiographical positions on the agrarian crisis
! Scholar !! Year !! Core argument
|-
| Irfan Habib || 1963 (1999, 2013) || Extraction-rate crisis: rising real demand, peasant flight, and zamindar militarisation produced a self-reinforcing contraction of realised revenue
|-
| S. Nurul Hasan || 1960s–1970s || Monetisation and price thesis: silver influx and fixed ''zabt'' rates produced rising real burdens on cultivators
|-
| Satish Chandra || 1959 || Factional politics at the imperial court is the proximate driver; agrarian pressure is the structural context
|-
| M. Athar Ali || 1966 || Jagirdari crisis (related but distinct category) centred on the nobility–revenue mismatch
|-
| Karen Leonard || 1979 || Withdrawal of Indian banking credit (Great Firm thesis) is the primary cause of the fiscal unravelling
|-
| Muzaffar Alam || 1986 || Regional variegation: what registered in Delhi as collapse appeared in the regions as reconfiguration
|-
| C. A. Bayly || 1983, 1988 || Revisionist: imperial revenue collapse coexisted with continuing regional economic vitality
|-
| Sanjay Subrahmanyam || 1980s–1990s || Continuing vitality of inland and maritime trade networks; rejects uniform-collapse thesis
|-
| Frank Perlin || 1980s || Proto-industrialisation in western India; long eighteenth century framework
|-
| John F. Richards || 1990, 1993 || Synthetic: Habib's agrarian, Ali's jagirdari, Chandra's factional, and Alam's regional readings are interlocking rather than competing
|-
| Andrea Hintze || 1997 || Integrative social-power framework; multiple crises as expressions of broader transformation
|-
| Munis Faruqui || 2012 || Princely politics as a distinct but related register of the same imperial unravelling
|}

The positions listed are not strictly incompatible. In current practice, most scholars treat Habib's extraction-rate reading as the structural backbone, accept Alam's regional-variegation argument as a necessary correction to any uniform-collapse account, take Chandra on factional politics as the proximate mechanism of the post-Aurangzeb succession, and place Richards's synthetic reading at the framing level.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=126}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=28}} The revisionist critique associated with Bayly, Subrahmanyam, and Perlin is generally treated as a correction to the scope of the crisis claim rather than to its evidentiary base.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}

==Legacy in Mughal decline literature==

[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Oil painting by Francis Hayman showing Robert Clive meeting Mir Jafar after the 1757 Battle of Plassey|[[Robert Clive]] meeting [[Mir Jafar]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, painted by [[Francis Hayman]] ''c''. 1762. The transfer of the Bengal ''diwani'' to the [[East India Company]] in 1765 marked the point at which the chronic crisis had resolved into a new political order.]]

The agrarian crisis occupies a central place in modern accounts of the [[decline of the Mughal Empire]]. It supplies the causal hinge between the institutional maturity of the mature imperial system, the administrative and military apparatus of Akbar, Shah Jahan, and early Aurangzeb, and the fragmented political order of the half-century before Plassey.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=199–204, 280–295}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=41}} Most recent textbook and research-level accounts of the decline of the Mughal Empire, in Indian, British, and American teaching, treat the agrarian crisis as part of a cluster with the jagirdari crisis and the factional politics of the post-Aurangzeb court, and date the chronic phase to the 1680s onward with acute fiscal collapse in the 1730s.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=308}}{{sfn|Chandra|2002|pp=18–40}}

The category has also influenced comparative early-modern historiography. Richards's 1990 essay in ''Modern Asian Studies'' situated the Mughal case in the wider "seventeenth-century crisis" debate in European and world history, and scholars of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[timar]]'' system, of [[Safavid Iran]]'s ''[[iqta]]'' and ''tuyul'' arrangements, and of the late [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] Chinese fiscal system have used the Mughal agrarian crisis as a comparative reference point.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=38}} The comparison is not of simple parallel collapse; the timing, mechanisms, and outcomes differ significantly across the cases. What the comparison illuminates is the characteristic vulnerability of early-modern agrarian states whose military and service demands outgrew their extractive capacity.

The Mughal case differs from the Ottoman and Ming comparanda in at least three respects that affect the usefulness of the comparison.{{sfn|Richards|1990|pp=625–638}} First, the timing is later: the Ottoman ''timar'' crisis is typically dated to the late sixteenth century, the Ming fiscal collapse to the 1620s and 1630s, while the Mughal chronic phase runs from roughly 1680 to 1739. Second, the mechanism of rotation in the Mughal jagir system differs from the Ottoman ''timar'' and the Safavid ''tuyul'' in ways that Habib treated as consequential: the Mughal jagir was rotated deliberately and frequently, while the ''timar'' and the ''tuyul'' had stronger tendencies toward hereditary retention. Third, the outcome was distinct: in the Ottoman case, the empire survived its seventeenth-century crisis with a transformed fiscal apparatus; in the Ming case, a dynastic change resolved the crisis with continuity of imperial form; in the Mughal case, the imperial structure was succeeded by a plurality of regional states rather than being reconstituted.{{sfn|Richards|1990|pp=625–638}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=308}}

The agrarian crisis has also entered comparative debates on the economic prehistory of British rule in India.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}} Nationalist historiography in the early twentieth century, notably in the work of [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] and later writers, had ascribed Indian economic weakness at the time of British conquest to the fiscal and agrarian legacies of late Mughal rule. Habib's 1963 thesis, while methodologically distinct from that tradition, supplied a scholarly account that made it possible to describe a pre-colonial Indian economic crisis without relying on the colonial-period narrative of timeless village stagnation. Revisionist scholarship from the 1980s subsequently complicated both the Habib and the colonial narratives, suggesting that the economic setting into which British rule expanded was more varied and in parts considerably more dynamic than either earlier account had allowed.{{sfn|Bayly|1988|pp=35–40}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=203}}

The category has been disputed in its detail and refined in its application, but it has not been displaced in the literature.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=280–295}} The continuing centrality of the agrarian crisis in scholarly debates on Mughal India reflects both the depth of the archival evidence that Habib assembled for it and the persistence of its explanatory power for the transition from imperial to regional political order in the subcontinent.

In undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, the agrarian crisis remains a set topic in courses on medieval and early-modern Indian history at most major Indian universities, including the [[University of Delhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], and Aligarh Muslim University, and in South Asian studies programmes at [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]], [[Oxford University|Oxford]], [[School of Oriental and African Studies|SOAS London]], [[Columbia University|Columbia]], and [[Duke University|Duke]].{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}} The term appears in the Indian civil service examination syllabi as a named concept under the "Medieval India" section of the history paper and in the teaching packs produced by the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] for distance learners. Its continuing pedagogical visibility has tended to reinforce rather than displace the centrality of Habib's original framework in subsequent scholarship.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=v–xx}}

==See also==
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Jagirdari crisis]]
* [[Economy of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Mughal successor states]]
* [[Irfan Habib]]
* [[The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Zabt]]
* [[Jagir]]
* [[Mansabdar]]
* [[General Crisis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

'''Modern scholarship'''
* {{cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |author-link=Muzaffar Alam |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707–48 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1986 |oclc=14068225 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12757}}
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |author-link=M. Athar Ali |title=The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |edition=revised |orig-date=1966 |year=1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142894}}
* {{cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |author-link=C. A. Bayly |title=Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire |series=The New Cambridge History of India, II.1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-38650-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiansocietymak0000bayl}}
* {{cite book |last=Blake |first=Stephen P. |title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-39045-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/shahjahanabadsov0000blak}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra |title=Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=4th |orig-date=1959 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-565444-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/partiespoliticsa0000chan}}
* {{cite book |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |author-link=Munis Faruqui |title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-107-02217-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/princesofmughale0000faru}}
* {{cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos |author-link=Jos Gommans |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-warfare-indian-frontiers}}
* {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707 |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |orig-date=1963 |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-agrarian-system-of-mughal-india-1556-to-1707}}
* {{cite book |last=Hintze |first=Andrea |title=The Mughal Empire and Its Decline: An Interpretation of the Sources of Social Power |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-86078-611-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalempireitsd0000hint}}
* {{cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Isaksen Leonard |title=The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=151–167 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500012792 |jstor=178445 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt0jt639r0/qt0jt639r0.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |author-link=Shireen Moosvi |title=The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: A Statistical Study |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-19-561765-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/economyofmughale0000moos}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Raychaudhuri |editor1-first=Tapan |editor1-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2-last=Habib |editor2-first=Irfan |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 1: c. 1200 – c. 1750 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1982 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeeconomichistoryofindia12001750ed.tapanraychaudhuriirfanhabib}}
* {{cite journal |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards (historian) |title=The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in South Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=1990 |pages=625–638 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010611 |jstor=312759}}
* {{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |series=The New Cambridge History of India, I.5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalempire0000rich}}
* {{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Noman Ahmad |title=Land Revenue Administration under the Mughals (1700–1750) |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |year=1970 |oclc=122742 |url=https://archive.org/details/landrevenueadmin0000sidd}}

'''Primary sources'''
* {{cite book |last=Abu'l-Fazl 'Allami |author-link=Abu'l-Fazl |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |translator-last1=Blochmann |translator-first1=Henry |translator-last2=Jarrett |translator-first2=Henry Sullivan |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |date=1873–1894 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32526 |ref={{harvid|Ain-i-Akbari}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |author-link=William Irvine (Indian civil service) |title=Later Mughals |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |publisher=M. C. Sarkar |location=Calcutta |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/later-mughals-william-irvine-london-1922-volume-01_202401}}
* {{cite book |last=Khafi Khan |first=Muhammad Hashim |author-link=Khafi Khan |title=Muntakhabu-l Lubab |translator-last1=Elliot |translator-first1=Henry Miers |translator-last2=Dowson |translator-first2=John |year=1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115996}}
* {{cite book |last=Saqi Mustaid Khan |title=Ma'asir-i-'Alamgiri |translator-last=Sarkar |translator-first=Jadunath |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |year=1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691}}

{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Alavi, Seema. ''The Eighteenth Century in India''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Chandra, Satish. ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part Two''. New Delhi: Har-Anand, 2005.
* Dutt, Romesh Chunder. ''The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule''. London: Kegan Paul, 1902.
* Gupta, S. P. ''The Agrarian System of Eastern Rajasthan (c. 1650 – c. 1750)''. New Delhi: Manohar, 1986.
* Hasan, S. Nurul. ''Religion, State and Society in Medieval India''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005.
* Irvine, William. ''The Army of the Indian Moghuls''. London: Luzac, 1903.
* Mukhia, Harbans. ''The Mughals of India''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
* Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain. ''The Administration of the Mughul Empire''. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1966.
* Raychaudhuri, Tapan. ''Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir''. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1969.
* Sarkar, Jadunath. ''Fall of the Mughal Empire''. Calcutta: M. C. Sarkar, 1932–1950.
* Singh, Chetan. ''Region and Empire: Panjab in the Seventeenth Century''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991.
* Spear, Percival. ''Twilight of the Mughuls: Studies in Late Mughul Delhi''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.
* Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, ed. ''The Mughal State, 1526–1750''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/the-agrarian-system-of-mughal-india-1556-to-1707 Irfan Habib, ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707'', 3rd ed., at the Internet Archive]
* [https://archive.org/details/mughalempire0000rich John F. Richards, ''The Mughal Empire'' (New Cambridge History of India), at the Internet Archive]
* [https://escholarship.org/content/qt0jt639r0/qt0jt639r0.pdf Karen Leonard, "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire" (PDF)]

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:17th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Karti Chidambaram

2026-04-29T01:48:37Z

Kelashi123: made initial stub basic info

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{COI|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karti Chidambaram
| image =
| image_upright =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[University of Texas at Austin]] ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]]) [[Wolfson College, Cambridge]] ([[LLB]])
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[businessman]], [[lawyer]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = Srinidhi Chidambaram
| children = 1
| parents = 
| mother = Nalini Chidambaram
| father = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards =
}}

'''Karti Chidambaram''' (born 16 November 1971) is an Indian politician, businessman and lawyer. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he serves as the Member of Parliament for [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]] in the [[Lok Sabha]]. He was elected in the [[2019 Indian general election]] and [[2024 Indian general election]], winning the seat held seven times by his father, [[P. Chidambaram]].

==Early life and education==
Karti Chidambaram's was born to Nalini Chidambaram and P Chidambaram in Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=P Chidambaram Files Nomination For Rajya Sabha From Maharashtra|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/p-chidambaram-files-nomination-for-rajya-sabha-from-maharashtra-1413903|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=NDTV|date=31 May 2016}}</ref>

Karti did his schooling at [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School|Don Bosco School]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiFebruary 28 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |title=Who is Karti Chidambaram, the man in trouble for INX Media money laundering case? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/karti-chidambaram-all-you-need-to-know-inx-media-money-laundering-case-1179290-2018-02-28 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He earned a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] from the [[McCombs School of Business]] at [[University of Texas at Austin]] in 1993. He later earned [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[Wolfson College, Cambridge|Wolfson College]] at [[University of Cambridge]] in 1995.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==Political career==
After his education, he returned to Tamil Nadu where a political upheaval had taken place. P Chidambaram had left the Congress and formed his own political party called the [[Congress Jananayaka Peravai]]. Karti Chidambaram became a member of party and served as P Chidambaram's election manager in Sivaganga. Chidambaram unsuccessfully ran in the [[2014 Indian General Election]] for the Sivaganga seat, losing to [[P. R. Senthilnathan]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He ran for the seat again in the [[2019 Indian general election]], and won.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/lO4TfuBkizHGyIkQBnC2HL/Karti-Chidambaram-My-only-connection-with-AircelMaxis-is-t.html|title=My only link to Aircel-Maxis is a SIM card, says Karti Chidambaram|last=Anuja|date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Karti Chidambaram is married to Srinidhi Rangarajan, a [[Bharathanatyam]] dancer and physician who works with the [[Apollo Hospitals]] Group in Chennai. They have a daughter, Aditi Nalini Chidambaram.<ref name="The Hindu - Moves and Memories">{{cite news|title=Moves and Memories|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/moves-and-memories/article51901.ece|accessdate=20 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=22 May 2014}}</ref> On 3 August 2020, Chidambaram tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Coronavirus: Congress MP Karti Chidambaram tests positive, asks those in contact to follow protocol|url=https://scroll.in/latest/969311/coronavirus-congress-mp-karti-chidambaram-tests-positive-asks-those-in-contact-to-follow-protocol|access-date=2021-03-11|website=Scroll.in|date=3 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Other activities and memberships==
Karti Chidambaram has been associated with tennis for over three decades. He is the Secretary-General of the Indian Tennis Players Association (ITPA). He has held the position of Chairman of the Organising Committee for Chennai Open and was a former vice-president of the All India Tennis Association. He is currently the vice-president for the Tamil Nadu Tennis Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2017/01/07231019/1025019/AITA-needs-to-support-players-more-Karti.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831133316/http://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2017/01/07231019/1025019/AITA-needs-to-support-players-more-Karti.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2017|title=AITA needs to support players more: Karti|date=8 January 2017}}</ref>

He is also the President of the Tenpin Bowling Federation of India and Chief Patron of the All India Karate-Do Federation. He is a member of the inaugural class of the India Leadership Initiative (ILI) of the Aspen Institute, Chairman of the Asia 21 India Chapter of The Asia Society, co-founder of the Chennai Chapter of Young Entrepreneurs Organisation, and co-founder of www.karuthu.com (an "Online Public Opinion Forum").<ref name="AITA">{{cite news|title=AITA removes Karti Chidambaram from VP's post|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/aita-removes-karti-chidambaram-from-vps-post-tn-official-to-move-court/article6408062.ece|accessdate=20 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

Karti Chidambaram founded the platform G67.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kartis-g67-launches-campaign-in-r-k-nagar/articleshow/57863126.cms|title=Karti's G67 launches campaign in R K Nagar – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Lawsuits ==
Chidambaram is alleged to be involved in Aircel-Maxis and Sequoia Capital case.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/All-my-assets-are-in-public-domain-Karti/article17075522.ece|title=All my assets are in public domain: Karti|first=Vikas|last=Pathak|date=22 January 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The CBI investigated the role of former finance minister P Chidambaram in the takeover of telecom operator [[Aircel]] by [[Maxis]]. The investigating body found out that the finance minister and ministry's secretary were to clear an investment of up to Rs 6 billion. Maxis' investment in Aircel at the time was Rs. 30 billion. Thus, the ministry and [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board|FIPB]] had the legal hand to clear the investment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/43277877.cms?from=mdr|title=Bogus case against P Chidambaram in Aircel-Maxis deal|date=24 September 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/cbi-raids-on-chidambaram-and-son-karti-bureaucrat-politician-corruption-nexus-set-to-take-massive-hit-3456894.html|title=CBI raids on Chidambaram and son Karti: Bureaucrat-politician corruption nexus set to take massive hit - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=19 May 2017}}</ref>

In April 2015, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) searched the Bengaluru offices of Sequoia Capital India, the Indian subdivision of a Mauritius-based investment fund, in connection with a probe of Vasan Healthcare Group, which was partly owned by Karti Chidambaram. Sequoia was suspected of abusing India's foreign direct investment policy.<ref name="The New Indian Express ED Raid">{{cite news|title=ED Raids Karti's Bengaluru Company in Vasan Case|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/ED-Raids-Kartis-Bengaluru-Company-in-Vasan-Case/2016/04/20/article3389644.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420235128/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/ED-Raids-Kartis-Bengaluru-Company-in-Vasan-Case/2016/04/20/article3389644.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2016|accessdate=20 October 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 April 2016}}</ref>

It was reported on 25 August 2015, that the ED had summoned two directors of Advantage, Vishwanath Ravi and C.B.N. Reddy, for questioning in Delhi under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act. They were interrogated in connection with the Aircel-Maxis case, a corruption scandal that had begun with a 2011 complaint by the owner of Aircel, a communications firm, who said he had been pressured to sell his stake in his company to Maxis, a data firm. The ED said it would later be summoning Karti Chidambaram himself in connection with the case.<ref name="Times of India - Thakur">{{cite news|last1=Thakur|first1=Pradeep|title=ED summons directors of firm allegedly linked to Karti Chidambaram|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ED-summons-directors-of-firm-allegedly-linked-to-Karti-Chidambaram/articleshow/48661269.cms|accessdate=20 October 2016|work=The Times of India|date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

In a series of articles published in September and October 2015, the ''New Indian Express'' charged that Karti Chidambaram was the secret owner, or perhaps co-owner with his father, of a sprawling international network of companies. On 17 September 2015, the newspaper reported that Advantage had bought shares of Vasan Eye Care at a reduced price and had later sold the shares at a huge profit. Karti Chidambaram's name was mentioned in connection with these transactions. On 21 September, Karti Chidambaram's father denied any association between anyone in his family and Vasan and threatened to sue the newspaper. On 23 October, the ''Express'' produced a tax affidavit supporting its claims.
In February 2017, Judge OP Saini quashed the Aircel-Maxis case.<ref name="The New Indian Express ED Raid"/> Special Judge O P Saini said the court has "no hesitation in recording no prima facie case warranting" framing of charges against any of the accused in Aircel Maxis case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/aircel-maxis-case-dayanidhi-maran-kalanithi-maran-4504677/|title=No case against Kalanithi Maran, misreading of files led to Aircel-Maxis probe: Court|date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

On 1 December 2015, the Income Tax Department and ED raided Vasan's and Chidambaram's offices. The next day, Karti Chidambaram's father said, "We have made it clear, repeatedly, that no member of my family has any equity or economic interest in any of the firms that are being targeted.…I condemn the attempt to link them to my son and harass them on that ground. If the government wants to target me, it should do so directly. My family and I are quite prepared to face the ‘malicious onslaught’ launched by government." On 16 December 2015, the ED seized Karti Chidambaram's laptop and files. He echoed his father's defense, saying, "Neither I nor any of my family members have any connections with the said firms."<ref name="The New Indian Express vasan">{{cite news|title=Vasan Eye Care Scam: How Express Exposed Chidambaram's Lies|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Vasan-Eye-Care-Scam-How-Express-Exposed-Chidambarams-Lies/2016/04/26/article3400616.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427130022/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Vasan-Eye-Care-Scam-How-Express-Exposed-Chidambarams-Lies/2016/04/26/article3400616.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2016|accessdate=20 October 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 April 2016}}</ref> The ED said it was probing a transaction between Karti Chidambaram and Aircel that had taken place immediately prior to the latter company's approval by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board.<ref name="The New Indian Express ED Raid" />

On 29 February 2016, the Pioneer newspaper reported that Karti Chidambaram was involved in extensive international business activities, many of them involving various tax havens.<ref name="The New Indian Express vasan"/> Newly discovered documents showed that Karti Chidambaram had "built a massive empire for himself through investments in real estate and other financial dealings across the world." The fresh evidence revealed details of business deals in London, Dubai, South Africa, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, British Virgin Island, France, the US, Switzerland, Greece, and Spain. It was reported that Karti Chidambaram had enriched himself especially from 2006 to 2014, the period when his father was Finance Minister and Home Minister.<ref name="DNA India">{{cite news|title=Aircel-Maxis scam: Raids by IT-ED reveal Karti Chidambaram amassed huge wealth, built massive empire overseas|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aircel-maxis-scam-raids-by-it-ed-reveal-karti-chidambaram-amassed-huge-wealth-built-massive-empire-overseas-2183813|accessdate=20 October 2016|publisher=DNA India|date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

It was further revealed that Advantage Singapore, a subsidiary of Advantage, owned the following: 88 acres at Surridge Farm, Somerset; Cambridge-based Artevea Digital Ltd.; a majority stake in Lanka Fortune Residencies, which in turn owned several hotels; three farms and vineyards in South Africa; land in Thailand; part of BVI-based Full Innovations, Ltd.; a residential flat in Malaysia; franchises of Café Coffee Day in Malaysia; a Barcelona-based subsidiary, Advantage Estrategia Esportiva SLU; and a substantial percentage of the Pampelonn Organisation in France.<ref name="The New Indian Express-Karti Chidambaram">{{cite news|title=EXCLUSIVE: Karti Chidambaram Holds Global Empire Through Benamis|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/columns/s_gurumurthy/EXCLUSIVE-Karti-Chidambaram-Holds-Global-Empire-Through-Benamis/2016/04/26/article3400360.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730183322/http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/columns/s_gurumurthy/EXCLUSIVE-Karti-Chidambaram-Holds-Global-Empire-Through-Benamis/2016/04/26/article3400360.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2016|accessdate=20 October 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 April 2016}}</ref>

On 1 March 2016, the upper house of India's parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]], adjourned after the AIADMK party demanded it take action against Karti Chidambaram for his business activities. On 2 March 2016, Karti Chidambaram repeated his claim that he was neither a shareholder nor a director of Advantage and that he knew nothing about Sequoia. On 19 April 2016, ED raided Sequoia, which had paid Advantage Rs 8,500 per share for 30,000 shares of Vasan that Advantage had acquired at Rs 100 per share. On 26 April 2016, the ''New Indian Express'' reported that Advantage had in actuality paid only a third, that is Rs 33 per share, of the recorded Rs 100 per share cost for the shares. It had then sold 60,000 shares of Vasan to Sequoia, taking Rs. 7,500 per share for the first 30,000 shares and an unknown sum for the other 30,000 shares. The ED believed that Karti Chidambaram was at the centre of these transactions.<ref name="The New Indian Express-Karti Chidambaram" />

Also on 26 April 2016, the ''Express'' proved that the Chidambarams owned Advantage through what is known as "benami," or front-men, arrangements.<ref name="The New Indian Express" /> The evidence took the form of identical wills, drafted by Karti Chidambaram, signed by four front men, and executed on 19 June 2013, in which the front men left their shares of Advantage to Karti Chidambaram's daughter and named Karti Chidambaram as executor. The wills left 60% of Advantage Strategic to Chidambaram's family, and the rest to Ausbridge Holdings, which at the time owned two-thirds of Advantage. 95% of the shares in Ausbridge had been owned by Karti Chidambaram until 2011, but in that year "the going got hot" and he transferred his shares to Mohanan Rajesh, from whom he had bought Ausbridge. The remainder of the shares in Advantage had been handed over to the four "benamis," or front men: C.B.N. Reddy, Padma Viswanathan, Ravi Viswanathan, and Bhaskararaman.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

It was reported on 23 May 2016, that ED had sought information from the UK, UAE, South Africa, US, Greece, Spain, Switzerland, France, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka and British Virgin Islands about properties and transactions of Advantage, Sequoia, WestBridge, and other firms purportedly linked to Karti Chidambaram.<ref name="Times of India - Chauhan">{{cite news|last1=Chauhan|first1=Neeraj|title=ED approaches 14 countries for info on Karti-linked cos|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ED-approaches-14-countries-for-info-on-Karti-linked-cos/articleshow/52392922.cms|accessdate=20 October 2016|work=The Times of India|date=23 May 2016}}</ref> On 5 July 2016, Karti Chidambaram failed to appear at the ED in response to a summons in connection with the Aircel-Maxis probe. The ED was investigating alleged violations of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act on the part of Advantage and Chess Global Advisory Services Pvt Ltd, of which Karti Chidambaram was a director.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news|last1=Kumar Singh|first1=Sumit|title=Aircel-Maxis deal: Karti Chidambaram gives ED investigation a miss|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/jul/05/aircel-maxis-deal-karti-chidambaram-gives-ed-investigation-a-miss-877628.html|access-date=20 October 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=5 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-raids-karti-chidambaram-alleges-he-got-fathers-ministry-to-clear-fdi-for-inx-media-4658940/|title=CBI raids Karti Chidambaram, alleges he got father's ministry to clear FDI for INX media|date=17 May 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

In June 2017, a 'Look Out Circular' (LOC) was issued by the Bureau of Immigration. The Madras High Court stayed the LOC against Karti Chidambaram stating that the issuance of the circular the day after issuing a summons to him was unwarranted. This was in response to a joint petition by Karti Chidambaram, C.B.N. Reddy, Ravi Visvanathan, Mohanan Rajesh and S. Bhaskararaman, who were all issued the circular. The petition stated that the centre had been pursuing a politically motivated vendetta against the petitioner's family and the issuance of the LOC is the latest in a series of concerted actions by the Central government's agencies to damage the reputation of Karti Chidambaram and discredit his father, P Chidambaram.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-stays-lookout-notice-against-karti-chidambaram-four-others/article19466117.ece|title='Look Out Circular' against Karti Chidambaram stayed|date=10 August 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In August 2017, Karti Chidambaram appeared before the CBI in connection to a [[INX Media case|case involving FIPB approval of INX Media]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/its-political-vendetta-alleges-congress-on-action-against-karti-chidambaram-robart-vadras-firm/821665/|title=It's political vendetta, alleges Congress on action against Karti Chidambaram, Robart Vadra's firm|date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Karti Chidambaram initiated a campaign against corruption in elections. The campaign was launched in RK Nagar Constituency of Chennai by G67, an organisation of individuals born after 1967. Over 500 volunteers went door-to-door seeking signatures on a pledge to refuse accepting money while voting for a particular party.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kartis-g67-launches-campaign-in-r-k-nagar/articleshow/57863126.cms|title=Karti's G67 launches campaign in R K Nagar – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2017 }}</ref> While the campaign was criticised by some, several opposition party members came out in support of it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/03/26102654/1029875/Karti-to-launch-no-cash-for-vote-drive-in-RK-Nagar.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831131524/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/03/26102654/1029875/Karti-to-launch-no-cash-for-vote-drive-in-RK-Nagar.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2017|title=Karti to launch 'no cash for vote' drive in RK Nagar|date=26 March 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018, Karti Chidambaram was arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] in a money laundering case, where he was accused of receiving Rs. 1 million money from a media company for using his influence to manipulate a tax probe against it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/inx-money-laundering-case-cbi-arrests-karti-chidambaram/articleshow/63105201.cms|title=INX Media money laundering case: CBI arrests Karti Chidambaram – Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/held-on-arrival-for-rs-10-lakh-212184|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301031520/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/held-on-arrival-for-rs-10-lakh-212184|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2018|title=Held on arrival for Rs 10 lakh}}</ref> In March 2018, he applied for bail, and the judge assigned to hear his bail plea, Justice [[Indermeet Kaur]] of the [[Delhi High Court]], recused herself from hearing the plea without providing a reason.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2018-03-13|title=Delhi HC judge recuses herself from hearing Karti's bail plea|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-hc-judge-recuses-herself-from-hearing-kartis-bail-plea/article23186672.ece|access-date=2020-11-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was granted bail by a different bench of the Delhi High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TNN|title=Karti Chidambaram granted bail by Delhi high court in INX Media case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/inx-media-case-karti-chidambaram-granted-bail-by-delhi-high-court/articleshow/63428332.cms|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Times of India|date=23 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2018, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] said it has attached assets worth Rs. 54 crore of Karti Chidambaram in India, Spain and the UK in connection with a money laundering case related to INX Media, an action termed "bizarre and outlandish" by him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inx-media-pmla-case-ed-attaches-karti-chidambarams-assets-worth-rs-54-crore-in-india-uk-spain/articleshow/66160235.cms|title=INX Media PMLA case: ED attaches Karti's assets worth Rs 54 crore in India, abroad|date=11 October 2018|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In May 2019, Karti approached the Supreme court for return of his amount deposited for travelling abroad. The court however advised him to pay attention to his constituency instead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sc-dismisses-karti-chidambarams-plea-seeking-return-of-rs-10-crore-deposited-for-travelling-abroad-2163437.html|title='Pay Attention to Your Constituency': On Karti Chidambaram's Petition, SC Hands Out Advice|website=News18|date=29 May 2019|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>

In December 2020, he became the most raided person in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MASIH|first=ARCHANA|title=I am the most raided person in India|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/i-am-the-most-raided-person-in-india-karti/20201202.htm|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I am the most raided person in India|url=https://newsdeal.in/i-am-the-most-raided-person-in-india/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=NewsDeal|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| 427,677
| 40.6
| Xavier Das
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 222,013
| 21.08
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 205,664
| 19.52
|-
! [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| 566,104
| 52.36
| [[H. Raja]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 233,860
| 21.63
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 332,244
| 30.73
|-
! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 104,678
| 10.27
| [[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 475,993
| 46.71
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -371,315
| -36.44
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[2G spectrum case]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chidambaram, Karti}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:McCombs School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Wolfson College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Guntur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:49:36Z

Kelashi123: adding a stub

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Guntur {{Small|AP-13}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Guntur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Guntur Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established =1952
| assembly_cons = [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]] [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]] [[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnur]] [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]] [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]] [[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]] [[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
| electors = 17,93,324<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/general-election-to-loksabha-2024-statistical-reports|title=15.Assembly Segment Wise Information Of Electors|date=2024|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
|incumbent_image = Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|preceded_by = [[Galla Jayadev]]
}}

'''Guntur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Guntur district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref> [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]] is currently serving as the MP since June 2024. This constituency was earlier represented by [[Galla Jayadev]] who won the [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] and [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] Lok Sabha elections representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name=TDP14>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1989 to Ninth Lok Sabha |page=72|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MP (Lok Sabha)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121175516/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=67|value2=28|value3=5|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (12 Times)]]|label2=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(5 Times)]]|label3=[[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|color3={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Guntur Lok Sabha}}

==Assembly segments==

Guntur constituency presently comprises the following [[List of Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh|legislative assembly]] segments:<ref name="loksabha">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|page=31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|86
|[[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda (SC)]]
|rowspan="7"|[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|[[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|87
|[[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
|[[Nara Lokesh]]
|-
|88
|[[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnur]]
|[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]
|-
|91
|[[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
|[[Nadendla Manohar]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|-
|93
|[[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (SC)]]
|[[Burla Ramanjaneyulu]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|94
|[[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
|[[Galla Madhavi]]
|-
|95
|[[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
|[[Mohammed Naseer Ahmed]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[S. V. L. Narasimham]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan= 5 |[[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan= 3 |[[N. G. Ranga]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[S. M. Laljan Basha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan= 2 |[[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Yemparala Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan= 2 |[[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Galla Jayadev]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Guntur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani|Dr. Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]|votes= 8,64,948|percentage=60.68|change={{increase}}17.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]|votes= 5,20,253|percentage=36.50 |change={{decrease}}6.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Jangala Ajay Kumar|votes=8,637|percentage=0.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes= 7,387|percentage=0.52|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes= 3,44,695|percentage=24.18|change=}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 14,25,371
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,37,528|percentage=80.16|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,93,324<ref name="electors"/>|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== Legislative Assembly Constituency wise Results 2024 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.<ref>{{Cite web|title =Election to the house of people/Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the 13-Guntur Parliamentary Constituency|url=https://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/General%20Elections-2024/13-Guntur%20PC_NEW%20(OK).pdf |website= CEO Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>
! Constituency
! 1st Position
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! 2nd Position
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
|-
| 86
| [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda (SC)]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''1,05,558'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 71,973
|-
| 87
| [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''1,62,935'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 80,230
|-
| 88
| [[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnur]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''1,07,160'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 77,277
|-
| 91
| [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''1,25,362'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 71,608
|-
| 93
| [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (SC)]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''1,30,433'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 83,136
|-
| 94
| [[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''1,16,804'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 63,524
|-
| 95
| [[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''1,02,768'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 65,815
|-
! colspan=2| Postal Ballot Papers
| [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''13,928'''
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 6,690
|}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections|General Election, 2019]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Galla Jayadev]]
| votes = 587,918
| percentage = 43.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
| votes = 583,713
| percentage = 43.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Bonaboyina Srinivasa Yadav
|votes = 125,205
|percentage = 9.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shaik Mastanvali
|votes = 14,205
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,205
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,51,474
| percentage = 79.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,06,119
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Galla Jayadev]]
| votes = 618,417
| percentage = 49.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
| votes = 549,306
| percentage = 44.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Abdul Waheed Shaik
| votes = 46,818
| percentage = 3.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Jai Samaikyandhra Party
| candidate = Mallela Venkata Rao
| votes = 5,608
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mallela Babu Rao
| votes = 4,223
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Kata Veera Vara Prasad
| votes = 2,344
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 7,596
| percentage = 0.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 69,111
| percentage = 5.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 12,44,926
| percentage = 79.20
| change = +2.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| votes = 403,937
| percentage = 38.66
| change = -18.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Rajendra Madala
| votes = 364,582
| percentage = 34.90
| change = -6.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Thota Chandra Sekhar
| votes = 227,764
| percentage = 21.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 39,355
| percentage = 3.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,044,731
| percentage = 76.53
| change = +6.50
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| votes = 466,221
| percentage = 56.75
| change = +10.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Yemparala Venkateswara Rao]]
| votes = 336,429
| percentage = 40.95
| change = -10.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Jupalli Hanumantha Rao Goud]]
| votes = 9,375
| percentage = 1.14
| change = +1.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Venkateswarlu Gundi]]
| votes = 5,444
| percentage = 0.66
| change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Muvva Venkat Rao
| votes = 4,009
| percentage = 0.49
| change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 129,792
| percentage = 15.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 8,21,478
| percentage = 70.03
| change = +7.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Yemparala Venkateswararao]]
| votes = 399,065
| percentage = 51.08
| change = +10.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| votes = 358,735
| percentage = 45.92
| change = -1.87
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 40,330
| percentage = 5.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 781,254
| percentage = 63.02
| change = +3.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| votes = 359,456
| percentage = 47.79
| change = +0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[S. M. Laljan Basha]]
| votes = 302,109
| percentage = 40.16
| change = +2.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Avula Veerasekhararao]]
| votes = 82,193
| percentage = 10.93
| change =
}}

{{Election box majority
| votes = 57,347
| percentage = 7.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 752,220
| percentage = 59.48
| change = +1.77
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| votes = 343,252
| percentage = 46.82
| change = +1.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[S. M. Laljan Basha]]
| votes = 274,753
| percentage = 37.47
| change = -10.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = [[Makineni Peda Rathaiah]]
| votes = 89,098
| percentage = 12.15
| change =
}}

{{Election box majority
| votes = 68,499
| percentage = 9.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 733,191
| percentage = 57.71
| change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[S. M. Laljan Basha]]
| votes = 307,073
| percentage = 47.55
| change = +2.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Nayakulu. G. Ranga|N. G. Ranga]]
| votes = 292,329
| percentage = 45.27
| change = -8.68
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,744
| percentage = 2.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 645,726
| percentage = 57.94
| change = -9.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Guntur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[N. G. Ranga]]
| votes = 404,558
| percentage = 53.95
| change = +4.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[M S S Koteswararao]]
| votes = 339,545
| percentage = 45.28
| change = -2.23
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 65,013
| percentage = 8.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 749,809
| percentage = 67.31
| change = +1.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/guntur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Guntur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Guntur district}}
{{coords|16.3|80.4|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guntur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Guntur]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Veena Birbal

2026-04-23T08:28:35Z

Kelashi123: Started Info

{{short description|Indian jurist}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Veena Birbal
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 31 August 2007
| term_end = 30 June 2014
| nominator = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| appointer = [[A. P. J. Kalam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|07|01|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| honorific_prefix = Justice (Retd.)
}}

'''Veena Birbal''' (born 1 July 1952) is a former judge of the [[Delhi High Court]] in [[India]], and the former president of the [[Delhi State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Former Judges: Justice Veena Birbal|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/formerjudges.asp?currentPage=4|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Delhi High Court]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Former Presidents|url=http://www.delhistatecommission.nic.in/former_members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120212525/http://www.delhistatecommission.nic.in/former_members.htm|archive-date=20 January 2025|access-date=|website=Delhi State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has adjudicated in a number of significant Indian cases concerning criminal offences and corruption, including the [[Scorpene deal scam]], the [[2G spectrum case]], the [[Murder of Nitish Katara|Nitish Katara murder]] case, and the [[Uphaar Cinema fire|Uphaar Cinema Fire]] litigation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Scorpene deal: HC tells CBI to conduct fresh probe – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/scorpene-deal-hc-tells-cbi-to-conduct-fresh-probe/252648/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=2G case: High Court judge recuses from hearing plea of Karunanidhi's wife|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2g-case-high-court-judge-recuses-from-hearing-plea-of-karunanidhis-wife/articleshow/20893090.cms|access-date=2020-11-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Katara case: Vikas moves bail plea for Bharati's marriage – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/katara-case-vikas-moves-bail-plea-for-bharatis-marriage/528665/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Uphaar fire case: HC tells Delhi govt to submit status report – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/uphaar-fire-case-hc-tells-delhi-govt-to-submit-status-report/1160499/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
== Judicial career ==
Birbal enrolled with the Bar Council of Delhi in 1978, and practiced law at the Delhi High Court, Supreme Court of India and other courts and tribunals in Delhi. In 1992, she was appointed as a District and Sessions judge in Delhi, and became the judge in charge of the Karkardooma courts in 2006. Between 2003 and 2006, she was deputed by the Delhi High Court to act as the Secretary for Law, Justice and Legislative Affairs in the Government of Delhi. She was appointed to the Delhi High Court on 31 August 2007, and retired on 30 June 2014.<ref name=":0" />

=== Delhi High Court ===
As a High Court judge, Birbal briefly adjudicated over an appeal in the [[2G spectrum case]], during which she publicly rebuked former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]'s wife, Dayalu Ammal, for failing to appear in hearings. The day after this, Birbal recused herself from the case, without disclosing any reasons for her recusal.<ref>{{Cite news|title=2G case: Karunanidhi's wife moves HC for exemption|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2g-case-karunanidhis-wife-moves-hc-for-exemption/articleshow/20875019.cms|access-date=2020-11-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=DMK chief's wife moves HC for exemption – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dmk-chiefs-wife-moves-hc-for-exemption/1136874/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karunanidhi wife plea for exemption: Judge recuses – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/karunanidhi-wife-plea-for-exemption-judge-recuses/1137458/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Birbal, along with another judge, [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]], also dismissed a case filed against [[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader [[Sonia Gandhi]], in which the petitioner had argued that she should be disqualified as a member of Parliament for receiving the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] from the Government of [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=HC dismisses petition against Sonia – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-dismisses-petition-against-sonia/570790/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Birbal also adjudicated in a number of public interest litigations during her career as a High Court judge, and has, amongst other cases, ordered mandatory age tests for juvenile cricket teams to prevent fraud<ref>{{Cite web|title=HC makes medical tests mandatory to check age fraud – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-makes-medical-tests-mandatory-to-check-age-fraud/797814/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> and directed the Central Bureau of Investigation to re-investigate allegations of corruption against government officials concerning the acquisition of [[Scorpene deal scam|Scorpene submarines]] for the Indian Navy.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=20 December 2007|title=Scorpene deal: Delhi HC orders fresh CBI inquiry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Scorpene-deal-Delhi-HC-orders-fresh-CBI-inquiry/articleshow/2638117.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2010, Birbal refused to allow physically challenged candidates appearing for medical school entrance exams any concessions in qualifications.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-07|title=HC: Cannot allow disabled candidates same score concession as SC/ST students|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hc-cannot-allow-disabled-candidates-same-score-concession-as-sc-st-students/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In addition, Birbal also adjudicated a number of significant criminal cases, including the [[Nitish Katara murder case]],<ref name=":3" /> the [[Uphaar Cinema fire|Uphaar Cinema Fire]] litigation,<ref name=":4" /> and a widely reported hit-and-run case in Delhi in 2008, involving a man who was later convicted for killing two people after ramming into them with his BMW car.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arrest BMW crash driver if need be, says HC – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/arrest-bmw-crash-driver-if-need-be-says-hc/362233/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Along with another judge, [[Badar Durrez Ahmed]], she also reversed a widely reported order from the Delhi State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission, directing all cellular and mobile network operators in India to compensate customers with Rs.5,000 for each unsolicited message or call received, holding that the Commission lacked jurisdiction to pass this order.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HC reverses order on telemarketing calls – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-reverses-order-on-telemarketing--calls/568442/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

=== Delhi SCDRC ===
Following her retirement from the Delhi High Court, Birbal was appointed as the presiding judge in the Delhi State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission ("Delhi SCDRC") and oversaw plans for the expansion of the SCDRC to include more benches to hear consumer complaints.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2017-11-07|title=Delhi govt wants more consumer courts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-govt-wants-more-consumer-courts/article19994666.ece|access-date=2020-11-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She also notably upheld a district consumer forum's order to the Indian Railways, directing them to compensate a former judge and his family with Rs.60,000 for inconvenience caused by a last-minute change in seats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-14|title=Railways to pay Rs 60K to retd judge, family for discomfort|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/railways-to-pay-rs-60k-to-retd-judge-family-for-discomfort-4375273/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
Birbal's father, Hari Chand Mehta, was also a lawyer and practiced in Delhi. Birbal earned a B.Sc. from Miranda House, and an LL.B. from the Faculty of Law at the University of Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birbal, Veena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Nihar Ranjan Das

2026-04-23T01:58:01Z

Kelashi123: created new stub more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Lawyer
| predecessor = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (until 2026)
| image = Nihar Ranjan Das (politician) in 2024.jpg
| caption = Nihar Ranjan Das in 2024
| image_size = 150
}}
'''Nihar Ranjan Das'''<ref name=":N18"/> is an Indian politician from Assam. He has been a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Dholai Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Dholai Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Nihar Ranjan Das of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dholai-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130397.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP's Nihar Ranjan Das Secures Victory In Assam's Dholai Bye-Election |url=https://m.guwahatiplus.com/article/bjps-nihar-ranjan-das-secures-victory-in-assams-dholai-bye-election/35766 |website=guwahatiplus.com |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123144021/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dholai Assembly constituency]]
* [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Nihar Ranjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra

2026-04-21T12:33:34Z

Kelashi123: Started New Page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| name = Sitanshu Sekhar Mohapatra
| spouse = Amrita Pritam Mohapatra
}}
'''Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhadrak Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhadrak-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917199.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhadrak, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra wins Bhadrak with 82282 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bhadrak-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548424-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Sitansu Sekhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:47Z

Kelashi123: Created pg - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lakhimpur
| constituency_no = 76
| type = SLA
| map_image = Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| district = [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Lakhimpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. Lakhimpur is also part of [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Shubhankar Singha
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
!Sulo Bora
![[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Lekhan Lahan
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Utpal Dutta
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
!Indra Gogoi
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
! rowspan="2" |Utpal Dutta
! rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
!Ghana Buragohain
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
! rowspan="2" |Utpal Dutta
! rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Manab Deka]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Manab Deka|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Ghana Buragohain |party=Indian National Congress | votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manab Deka
|votes = 70,387
|percentage = 45.03
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Joy Prakash Das
|votes = 67,351
|percentage = 43.09
|change = +12.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 12,486
|percentage = 7.99
|change = -25.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Ranjan Borpatra Gohain
|votes = 2,453
|percentage = 1.57
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,114
|percentage = 0.71
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,036
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,298
|percentage = 82.24
|change = -2.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 45,917
|percentage = 33.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Joy Prakash Das
|votes = 41,762
|percentage = 30.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ghana Buragohain
|votes = 23,493
|percentage = 17.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mahim Hazarika
|votes = 11,272
|percentage = 8.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
|votes = 4,750
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Dipak Chetia
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Arup Kalita
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 888
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,155
|percentage = 3.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,35,518
|percentage = 84.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 52,563
|percentage = 47.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ghana Buragohain
|votes = 51,464
|percentage = 46.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Banti Bonia
|votes = 2,040
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Dilwar Hussain
|votes = 1,707
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Arup Kalita
|votes = 1,392
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Bulu Gogoi
|votes = 1,076
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Birinchi Pegu
|votes = 502
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,099
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,10,744
|percentage = 78.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ghana Buragohain
|votes = 40,411
|percentage = 36.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad (Pragatishel)
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 35,962
|percentage = 32.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Phanidhar Baruah
|votes = 23,676
|percentage = 21.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Khagen Gogoi
|votes = 4,827
|percentage = 4.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Haidor Hussain Bora
|votes = 2,411
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Birinchi Pegu
|votes = 1,376
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = Bhabit Saikia
|votes = 1,186
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,449
|percentage = 4.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,09,849
|percentage = 79.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 39,936
|percentage = 46.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Indra Gogoi
|votes = 39,252
|percentage = 45.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagnaswar Saikia
|votes = 3,225
|percentage = 3.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Padma Taid
|votes = 2,111
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = Sunmoni Das
|votes = 742
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = United Minorities Front, Assam
|candidate = Abul Kashem Bhuyan
|votes = 275
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Uttam Kalita
|votes = 168
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 684
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 87,146
|percentage = 76.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 32,300
|percentage = 44.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Makhan Chetia
|votes = 17,284
|percentage = 23.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jogen Milli
|votes = 7,991
|percentage = 11.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bisheswar Bora
|votes = 6,602
|percentage = 9.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jugal Kr. Dutta
|votes = 4,412
|percentage = 6.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Rajen Dutta
|votes = 1,497
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Tarun Saikia
|votes = 740
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khudiram Hazarika
|votes = 686
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Muslim Ali
|votes = 488
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jitul Konwar
|votes = 164
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arup Kalita
|votes = 135
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,016
|percentage = 20.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 75,881
|percentage = 77.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Indra Gogoi
|votes = 19,737
|percentage = 32.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 14,889
|percentage = 24.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Rohini Goswami
|votes = 4,167
|percentage = 6.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kamal Gogoi
|votes = 3,512
|percentage = 5.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Mukta Nath Bharali
|votes = 2,459
|percentage = 4.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nomal Bhuyan
|votes = 2,346
|percentage = 3.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Natun Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Bijoy Deori
|votes = 2,104
|percentage = 3.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Motilal Doley
|votes = 1,859
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagot Gogoi
|votes = 1,711
|percentage = 2.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sarat Kumar Chelleng
|votes = 1,605
|percentage = 2.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pradip Tanti
|votes = 1,314
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gobin Chandra Bora
|votes = 905
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Puneswar Pegu
|votes = 803
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhebar Gohain Boruah
|votes = 744
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = Roma Dutta
|votes = 658
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,848
|percentage = 7.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 64,905
|percentage = 72.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Utpal Dutta
|votes = 29,471
|percentage = 58.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lekhan Lahan
|votes = 11,795
|percentage = 23.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sirajul Islam Hazarika
|votes = 1,216
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jatin Taid
|votes = 1,179
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Dilip Morang
|votes = 1,135
|percentage = 2,3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Sula Bora
|votes = 1,074
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sarat Kumar Chelleng
|votes = 1,015
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,676
|percentage = 32.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 53,781
|percentage = 74.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Lakhimpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Assam]]

63 Moons Technologies

2026-04-14T10:46:30Z

Kelashi123: added a stub

{{Short description|Indian fintech company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = 63 Moons Technologies.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| former_name = Financial Technologies (India) Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|526881}} {{NSE|63MOONS}}
| key_people = S Rajendran (Managing Director and CEO) Venkat Chary (Chairman)<ref>[http://www.ftindia.com/investors/corporategovernance/bod.htm Board of Directors]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816005815/http://www.ftindia.com/investors/corporategovernance/bod.htm |date=16 August 2012 }}</ref>
| industry = [[Computer services]] on finance/banking<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/computers-software/63moonstechnologies/FT02|title=63 Moons Technologies Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, 63 Moons Technologies Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell 63 Moons Technologies Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>
| products = [[Software]]
| revenue = {{INRConvert|1.1816|b}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.63moons.com/investors/shareholders/annual-report/Annual-Report-2024-2025.pdf |title=63moons AR 24-25 |publisher=63moons.com |accessdate=27 March 2026}}</ref>
| revenue_year = March 2025
| num_employees = 378<ref name='companyinfo'>{{Cite web|url=https://www.63moons.com/investors/shareholders/annual-report/Annual-Report-2024-2025.pdf|title=63moons AR 24-25|website=www.63moons.com}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = March 2025
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.63moons.com/}}
| name = 63 moons technologies
| foundation = 12 April 1988<ref>{{Cite web|title=63 Moons Technologies - Company Info - History|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/63-moons-technologies-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-8164.cms|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
}}

'''63 Moons Technologies Limited''' (stylised as '''63 moons technologies'''), known as '''Financial Technologies (India) Limited''' until 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-19|title=Financial Technologies renames itself as 63 Moons Technologies|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/financial-technologies-renames-itself-as-63-moons-technologies/122151/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rukhaiyar|first=Ashish|date=2015-08-19|title=Financial Technologies changes name to 63 Moons|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/n6M8Za5i2MwDJcJaoKk6IP/FTIL-changes-name-to-63-Moons-Technologies-Ltd.html|access-date=2022-01-04|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-27|title=ROC approves Financial Technologies name change to 63 Moons Technologies|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/roc-approves-financial-technologies-name-change-to-63-moons-technologies/articleshow/52465895.cms|access-date=2022-01-04}}</ref> is an Indian [[technology]] company which provides [[Finance|financial]] platforms and supports the creation of digital marketplaces.

== History ==
The company was founded in 1988 by Jignesh Shah and is headquartered in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rukhaiyar |first=Ashish |date=2015-08-19 |title=Financial Technologies changes name to 63 Moons |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/n6M8Za5i2MwDJcJaoKk6IP/FTIL-changes-name-to-63-Moons-Technologies-Ltd.html}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{cite web |author1=Saritha Rai |title=Jignesh Shah: After Phenomenal 15-year Run, MCX Founder Loses Commodities Empire |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saritharai/2014/09/24/commodities-crash/?sh=24014c6c4483 |website=Forbes |access-date=20 December 2022 |language=en |date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/company/63-moons-tech-4756/information/company-history|title=63 Moons Technologies Ltd.|work=Business Standard India}}</ref> It had its first [[IPO]] in 1995. The company introduced its first commodity derivatives trading platform, the [[Multi Commodity Exchange]] (MCX) in 2003.<ref name="TheamazingstoryofJigneshShahandMCX">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/13spec.htm|title=The amazing story of Jignesh Shah and MCX|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> FTIL has divested of its domestic and international ventures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-14 |title=63 Moons to sell three biz units for Rs 135 crore to Synapsewave |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/63-moons-to-sell-three-biz-units-for-rs-135-crore-to-synapsewave/articleshow/112531373.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The company’s name was officially changed to 63 Moons Technologies Limited on 27 May 2016, after receiving approval from the [[Registrar of Companies (India)|Registrar of Companies]] following a one-year process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-27 |title=FTIL gets RoC nod for name change to 63 moons tech |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/ftil-is-now-63-moons-technologies/article8656247.ece |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===NSEL case===
{{main|NSEL case}}
In July 2013, the [[National Spot Exchange]], owned by 63 moons technologies limited (then FTIL), suspended trading following an order by the Department of Consumer Affairs to settle all existing contracts and not launch any fresh contracts, which led to a payment default crisis of ₹5,600 crore.<ref name="d452">{{cite web | last=Sharan | first=Abhishek | title=ED charge-sheets 54 for trapping investors into trading on NSEL platform | website=Hindustan Times | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ed-charge-sheets-54-for-trapping-investors-into-trading-on-nsel-platform-101738782950955.html | access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-28 |title=Untold story of NSEL: Who were the real culprits behind the crisis? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/untold-story-of-nsel-who-were-the-real-culprits-behind-the-crisis/1590743/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Investigations led by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] and Economic Offences Wing revealed the role of brokers and defaulters in the NSEL case. The brokers mis-sold NSEL products to their clients by assuring them fixed returns.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NSEL case: MPID court declares 16 broking firms as financial establishments|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nsel-case-mpid-court-declares-16-broking-firms-as-financial-establishments/articleshow/109733464.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2024-04-30|access-date=2026-02-02|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The defaulters hypothecated stocks, produced fake warehouse receipts and siphoned the entire default money.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The NSEL Scam: Bridging the Regulatory Hiatus and its Fallout on the Corporate Sector in India – NLIU Law Review|url=https://nliulawreview.nliu.ac.in/the-nsel-scam-bridging-the-regulatory-hiatus-and-its-fallout-on-the-corporate-sector-in-india/|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|website=NLIU Law Review|last=Engineer|first=Drushan|last2=Ramkumar|first2=Charu|issn=2229-7952}}</ref> In 2022, the Supreme Court allowed NSEL to use the MPID Act to recover dues; although assets worth ₹888 crore of 63 moons were attached in 2019, they were later released due to lack of proof.<ref name="i011">{{cite web |title=PMLA Appellate Tribunal Order Release of 63 moons' Assets Attached by ED|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|date=17 September 2019|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/pmla-appellate-tribunal-order-release-of-63-moons-assets-attached-by-ed/58195.html|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="u307">{{cite web |last=Bawa|first=Anmol Kaur|title=Supreme Court Upholds Piramal's Resolution Plan For DHFL, Sets Aside NCLAT Order|website=Live Law|date=1 April 2025|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-upholds-piramals-resolution-plan-for-dhfl-sets-aside-nclat-order-288143|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> In November 2025, the NCLT approved a ₹1,950 crore one-time settlement<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSEL one-time settlement gets nod from 93% investors|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/nsel-one-time-settlement-gets-nod-from-93-investors-3851550/|website=The Financial Express|date=2025-05-20|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|last=Staney|first=Nesil}}</ref> by 63 moons for large creditors, offering partial recoveries in return for ending cases and transferring recovery rights to the company, helping move the resolution forward.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCLT clears ₹1,950-cr one-time settlement for NSEL traders|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/nclt-clears-1950-cr-one-time-settlement-of-nsel/article70334199.ece|website=BusinessLine|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=NCLT nod for 1,950 crore settlement in NSEL fiasco|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nclt-nod-for-1950-crore-settlement-in-nsel-fiasco/articleshow/125649663.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-11-29|access-date=2026-02-02|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Operations==

=== Exchanges ===
The company launched many domestic and international ventures. It owned several subsidiaries that included National Bulk Handling Corporation (NHBC),<ref>{{cite news |title=FTIL completes sale of NBHC stake to IVF for Rs 241.74 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ftil-completes-sale-of-nbhc-stake-to-ivf-for-rs-241-74-crore/articleshow/34261345.cms}}</ref> [[Multi Commodity Exchange]] (MCX), [[Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange]] (DGCX),<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=63 Moons Technologies Ltd. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/63-moons-technologies-ltd_finantech/reports}}</ref> [[Indian Energy Exchange]] (IEX),<ref>{{cite news |title=IEX to transform electricity trade in India |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/17elec.htm}}</ref> [[MCX Stock Exchange]] (MCX-SX),<ref>{{cite news |title=Financial Technologies-promoted MCX to exit 3 exchange ventures |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/financial-technologies-promoted-mcx-to-exit-3-exchange-ventures/1227920/}}</ref> [[Singapore Mercantile Exchange]] (SMX)<ref>{{cite news |title=FTIL to launch bourses in Singapore, Bahrain, Mauritius in 2010 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/9jFj666F4j6CS9dMBVG2gN/FTIL-to-launch-bourses-in-Singapore-Bahrain-Mauritius-in-2.html}}</ref> and Bourse Africa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Financial Technologies Acquires 60% Stake In Bourse Africa |url=https://www.vccircle.com/financial-technologies-acquires-60-stake-bourse-africa/}}</ref> In October, 2010, Financial Technologies (India) launched Global Board Of Trade (GBOT), an international multi–asset exchange in Mauritius.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Board of Trade Ltd (GBOT) Formally Launched by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Mauritius Today |url=http://www.ptinews.com/pressrelease/3248_press-subGlobal-Board-of-Trade-Ltd--GBOT--Formally-Launched-by-the-Prime-Minister-of-the-Republic-of-Mauritius-Today}}</ref> In February 2011, Financial Technologies launched Bahrain Financial Exchange (BFX), the first multi–asset exchange in the Middle East and North Africa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Financial Technologies launches Bahrain Financial Exchange; BFX to go live from 7th February |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/financial-technologies-launches-bahrain-financial-exchange-bfx-to-go-live-from-7th-february/13598.html}}</ref>

=== Software ===

* '''Distributed Order Matching Engines (DOME)''' is an [[order matching system]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* '''MATCH;''' it is an [[enterprise application integration]] tool{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* '''ODIN''' was used for trading in securities and commodities.<ref name=":1" /> As of 2020, ODIN accounted for around 70% of the retail broking market share in trading software.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2020 |title=63 moons offers trading software Odin at 50% discount as NSE shuts NOW |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/with-nse-set-to-discontinue-now-platform-63-moons-offers-trading-software-at-discounted-price-120060901515_1.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
* '''STP-Gate''', launched in 2017, is a [[straight-through processing]] system for the Indian financial markets, which was sold to Synapsewave Innovations in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivats |first=K. R. |date=2024-08-14 |title=63 Moons to sell three business units for ₹135 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/63-moons-to-sell-three-business-units-for-135-crore/article68523891.ece |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Subsidiaries ===

* '''[[Atom Technologies]]''' is a digital payment service providers, offering payment collection facilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan's NTT Data buys 55% stake in Atom Tech for $9 million |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1g2OQsAh79QSSVclXSxkwJ/Japans-NTT-Data-buys-majority-stake-in-fintech-firm-Atom-Te.html}}</ref> FTIL divested a controlling stake to [[NTT Data]] Corporation in late 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-11-27 |title=NTT Data buys 55.35% in Atom |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/ntt-data-buys-5535-in-atom/article25607881.ece |access-date=2024-05-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''TickerPlant''' is an analytics platform with streaming of market information of exchanges.<ref>{{cite news |title=The great enabler - Jignesh Shah |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/the-great-enabler--jignesh-shah/story/1196.html}}</ref> It also launched its cryptocurrency super application called CryptoWire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SHAH |first=PALAK |date=6 December 2021 |title=Jignesh Shah's 63Moons announces a comeback with Blockchain, cryptocurrency foray |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/jignesh-shahs-63moons-announces-a-comeback-with-blockchain-cryptocurrency-foray/article37863001.ece |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=@businessline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-13 |title=TickerPlant launches cryptocurrency super app CryptoWire: All you need to know |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/cryptocurrency/tickerplant-launches-cryptocurrency-super-app-cryptowire-all-you-need-to-know-11797832.htm |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''63 SATS''' is a cybersecurity arm of the company which operates a centralised [[information security operations center]] (SOC) on a [[decentralized network protocol]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Arushi |date=2024-05-28 |title=63 Moons Technologies announces new tech initiatives |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/63-moons-technologies-announces-new-tech-initiatives/article68224329.ece |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-21 |title=63 moons forays into cybersecurity, ties up with 10 global IT firms |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/63-moons-forays-into-cybersecurity-ties-up-with-10-global-it-firms/article67870956.ece |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The new division founded in 2023-24 is advised by Yigal Unna, Former Director General of the Israeli [[National Cyber Security Authority (Israel)|National Cyber Directorate]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-21 |title=Jignesh Shah places next bet on cybersecurity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/jignesh-shah-places-next-bet-on-cybersecurity/article67871911.ece |access-date=2024-05-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of stock exchanges]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news |date=2 September 2024 |title=63 Moons get offer to settle NSEL default |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/63-moons-get-offer-to-settle-nsel-default/article68593590.ece |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}
*{{Cite news |last=Srivats |first=KR |date=14 August 2024 |title=63 Moons to sell three business units for ₹135 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/63-moons-to-sell-three-business-units-for-135-crore/article68523891.ece |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}
*{{Cite book |last=Fali Nariman |first=Rohinton |author-link=Rohinton Fali Nariman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVk7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%2263+Moons+Technologies%22&pg=PT65 |title=Discordant Notes, Volume 2 The Voice of Dissent in The Last Court of Resort |date=2021 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9789391149710 |volume=2}}
*{{Cite news |date=20 January 2023 |title=63 moons, others win AT1 bonds case against Yes Bank in Bombay HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/63-moons-others-win-at1-bonds-case-against-yes-bank-in-bombay-hc/articleshow/97175353.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[Times of India]]}}
*{{Cite news |date=30 January 2019 |title=Supreme Court dismisses petition against 63 Moons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/supreme-court-dismisses-petition-against-63-moons/article26131841.ece |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
*{{Cite news |date=18 February 2019 |title=63 Moons to file suits against Chidambaram, two bureaucrats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/63-moons-to-file-suits-against-chidambaram-two-bureaucrats/article26305831.ece |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=J |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIyqDwAAQBAJ |title=Trade and Markets in Harappan Civilization |last2=G. Pavaskar |first2=Madhoo |date=2019 |publisher=[[Pearson Group]] |isbn=9789353431327}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Bodhanwala |first=Shernaz |date=2019 |title=63 Moons-NSEL Merger: A Boon or a Bane for the Stakeholders |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218927519500159 |journal=[[Asian Case Research Journal]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=369–398 |doi=10.1142/S0218927519500159 |issn=0218-9275 |eissn=1793-6772 |via=[[Emerging Sources Citation Index]]|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=GT |first1=Lavanya |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Viola |date=2022 |title=Legal Soundness of Scheme of Amalgamation in the Deliberation of Public Interest: An Analysis |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/injlolw3&div=111&id=&page= |journal=Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research |volume=3 |issue=1 |issn=2582-8878 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{Cite book |last=Madhumathi |first=R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cYkmXkMwBoC |title=Derivatives and Risk Management |date=2011 |publisher=[[Pearson Education India]] |isbn=9788131759936 |pages=44}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.63moons.com/}}

[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Nohar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:20Z

Kelashi123: created the stub added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nohar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-10-Nohar.svg
| mla = [[Amit Chachan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Hanumangarh district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 10
}}

'''Nohar Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] and it comes under [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name="election1951">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_Raj.pdf 1951 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|Manphool Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|Ram Kishan
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|[[Hardatt Singh Beniwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|R Chandra
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
| [[Bhim Raj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
| Bahadur Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|rowspan=2|Lakshmi Narayan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|[[Suchitra Arya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/ 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
| [[Ajay Singh Chautala]]
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
| [[Suchitra Arya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
| Bahadur Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Abhishek Matoria]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|[[Amit Chachan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nohar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Amit Chachan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:103623}}
|percentage = 43.22
|change = -2.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhishek Matoria
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:102728}}
|percentage = 42.85
|change = +3.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangej Choudhary
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:26824}}
|percentage = 11.19
|change = +6.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1690}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:895}}
|percentage = 0.37
|change = -6.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:239758}}
|percentage = 85.25
|change = +3.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nohar<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amit Chachan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:93851}}
|percentage = 46.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Abhishek Matoria]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:80124}}
|percentage = 39.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Kishan Bhakar
|votes = {{formatnum:13312}}
|percentage = 6.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mangej Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:9870}}
|percentage = 4.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Radhesyam Megwal
|votes = {{formatnum:2065}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2065}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13727}}
|percentage = 6.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203819}}
|percentage = 81.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|29.18|74.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Hanumangarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Birbhum Coalfield

2026-04-11T15:02:56Z

Kelashi123: adding a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Mine
| name = wbpdcl
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.985875|N|87.524411|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| place = [[Deucha]], Pachami
| subdivision_type = state
| state/province = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| owner =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| official website =
| acquisition year =
| products = [[Coal]]
| financial year =
| amount =
| opening year = 2025
}}
'''Birbhum coal field''' is a large coal field located in the east of [[India]] in [[West Bengal]]. Birbhum is having estimated reserves of 5 billion tonnes of [[coal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20&%20Lignite.pdf|title=Coal in India|year=2012|publisher=ibm.nic.in|accessdate=2013-07-23|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811050549/http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20%26%20Lignite.pdf|archivedate=2013-08-11}}</ref>It is the largest coal block in Asia and the second largest in the world. This coal block has a thick coal seam sandwiched between equally thick layers of rock. It is a difficult proposition to take out the coal. <ref name=’bir1’> {{cite web|title= SCRIBD Deucha Panchami |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/583648939/DEUCHA-PACHMI|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>Everything is on a rather large scale with coal mining on the anvil in Birbhum Coalfields. The challenges are enormous.

[[Deucha Pachami coal block]] spread over an area of 9.7 km2 is to be developed by Bengal Birbhum Coal Company Limited. Another potential coal reserve is Dewanganj Harinsingha block with an estimated area of 2.6 km2.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://ejatlas.org/conflict/deocha-pachami-dewanganj-harinsingha-birbhum-coalfield-india | title= Deocha-Pachami-Dewanganj-Harinsingha, Birbhum Coalfield, India|publisher= [[Environmental Justice Atlas]] | accessdate = 22 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indias-largest-coal-mine-coming-up-at-birbhum-mamata/article7946612.ece#! | title= India’s largest coal mine coming up at Birbhum: Mamata |publisher= The Hindu, 4 December 2015 | accessdate = 22 January 2018}}</ref> These blocks are located in [[Mohammad Bazar (community development block)]], [[Birbhum]], [[India]].

Now, have a look at the human side of the problem. Around 21,000 persons have to be relocated and rehabilitated. 4,134 houses belong to Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes minorities and others. 9,034 Santals will be affected. Central and state governments have announced compensation packages for the displaced persons. Each family will be paid Rs. 10-13 lakhs per bigha of land. Each displaced family will be given a 600 square feet house in the rehabilitation colony plus Rs. 5.5 lakhs to cover displacement expenses. The state government has announced that one member of each displaced family will be absorbed as a junior constable in the police force. At least 160 agricultural workers will get Rs. 50,000 in cash plus assured 500 days of work. However, even with all the sops many indigenous people are opposed to the project because of their being traditionally exploited. Added to these are environmental concerns. Large number of stone crushers are already started polluting the environment.<ref name=’bir1’/>

ET Energy World reports that a bhumi puja was performed in February 2025 to mark the formal start of the Rs 35,000 crore project that promises employment opportunities for about 1 lakh people. <ref> {{cite web|title= ET Energy World: Bhumi puja |url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/bhumipuja-marks-start-of-mining-at-bengals-deucha-pachami-coal-project/117990483 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>The Indian Express feels that while several residents are supporting the project, many others fear mass eviction. It describes the situation there as, “the area around the Deocha Pachami coal mine near the tribal majority village of Chanda in West Bengal’s Birbhum district has been looking like a fortress – a battery of armed policemen and the Rapid Action Force stand guard in makeshift tents as earthmovers pile soil and clay on to waiting trucks, which dump them some 100 yards away.” <ref> {{cite web|title= Indian Express: India’s largest coal block |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/india-largest-coal-block-deocha-pachami-bengal-villages-9903234/|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coalfields}}

[[Category:Coalfields of India]]
[[Category:Coal mining in West Bengal]]

Krishna Nand Tripathi

2026-04-09T19:40:19Z

Kelashi123: made initial info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Nand Tripathi
| image = [[File:K N Tripathi Congress.jpg|200px]]
| office = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 2009 – 2014
| predecessor = [[Inder Singh Namdhari]]
| successor = [[Alok Kumar Chaurasiya]]
| constituency = [[Daltonganj Assembly constituency|Daltonganj]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|}}
'''Krishna Nand Tripathi'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/palamu-jharkhand-assembly-elections-2019-congress-leader-krishna-nand-tripathi-profile-jhnj-2629216.html | title=केएन त्रिपाठी: पढ़ें एयरफोर्स से मंत्री बनने तक का सफर | date=22 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.patrika.com/political-news/jharkhand-assembly-election-bjp-congress-workers-clash-in-daltanganj-5440425/ | title=झारखंड विधानसभा चुनाव: डाल्टनगंज में कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी पर हमला, वाहनों के शीशे तोड़े | Jharkhand Assembly Election: BJP-Congress workers clash in Daltanganj | date=30 November 2019 }}</ref> (born 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He represented from [[Daltonganj Assembly constituency|Daltonganj]] in Palamu district in [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from 2009.<ref>[https://jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in/sites/default/files/3edVS.pdf Page No 76/82]</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tripathi is from Daltonganj, Palamu district. He completed his graduation in law in 2001 at Delhi University, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Nand Tripathi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- CHATRA(JHARKHAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7141 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tripathi first won as an MLA in the [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Daltonganj Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 43.571 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Dileep Singh Namdhari, of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 4,233 votes. He contested in the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] but lost to [[Alok Kumar Chaurasiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Daltonganj Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Daltonganj Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/jharkhand-election/daltonganj-assembly-election-result-2019-76.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He also contested the [[2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand]] from [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency]] on Congress ticket but lost to Kalicharan Singh of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Nand Tripathi, Indian National Congress Representative for Chatra, Jharkhand - Candidate Overview {{!}} 2024 Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/jharkhand/chatra/candidateshow/krishna-nand-tripathi-1809 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Chatra election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Kalicharan Singh wins against Congress’s Krishna Nand Tripathi with a margin of 220959 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chatra-election-results-2024-jharkhand-chatra-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-kalicharan-singh-bjp-krishna-nand-tripathi-cong/articleshow/110674917.cms |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Electoral performances==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
!Ref
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[2nd Jharkhand Assembly]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|rowspan="4" |[[Daltonganj Assembly constituency|Daltonganj]]
|{{Lost}}
|16,147
|11.26%
|29,239
|[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/]
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[3rd Jharkhand Assembly]]
|{{won}}
|43,571
|29.66%
|4,233
|[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/]
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[4th Jharkhand Assembly]]
|{{Lost}}
|54,855
|27.59%
|4,347
|[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/]
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[5th Jharkhand Assembly]]
|{{Lost}}
|82,181
|37.69%
|21,517
|[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|{{Lost}}
|3,53,597
|32.55%
|2,20,959
|[https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S274.htm]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[6th Jharkhand Assembly]]
|[[Daltonganj Assembly constituency|Daltonganj]]
|{{Lost}}
|1,01,285
|38.10%
|890
|[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S2776.htm]
|}

==See also==
* [[Delhi United FC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Krishna Nand}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Palamu district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate

2026-04-09T06:35:52Z

Kelashi123:

{{Short description| 2025 Indian Gujarati devotional drama film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate
| image = Laalo - Krishna Sada Sahaayate Poster.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Ankit Sakhiya
| producer = Manifest Films Jay Vyas Productions Ajay Balavant Padariya Shubham Hitesh Gajjar Jay Ajaykumar Vyas Parthivkumar Vallabhbhai Jodhani Devang Prafulbhai Mehta Arjun Ratilal Vaghasiya Ravi Jagdishbhai Pithadia Jigar Haribhai Dalsaniya
| writer = Krushansh Vaja Vicky Poornima Ankit Sakhiya
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Reeva Rachh
*Shruhad Goswami
*Karan Joshi
*Mishty Kadecha
}}
| cinematography = Shubham Gajjar
| editing = Krushansh Vaja Ankit Sakhiya
| music = Smmit Jay
| studio = Manifest Films R.D Brothers Movies Soul Sutra Neem Tree Entertainment
| distributor = Rupam Entertainment Pvt Ltd<ref name=BH1/>
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|10|Gujarati|2026|1|9|Hindi}}<ref name=TOI3/>
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget = {{INR|link=Indian rupee}}50 lakh<ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/2025-biggest-hit-is-not-saiyaara-chhaava-kantara-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-budget-50-lakh-box-office-75-crore-101764146542834.html|title=2025's biggest hit is not Saiyaara, Chhaava, Kantara; how a ₹50 lakh film with no stars beat blockbusters, superstars|date=26 November 2025|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation|{{INR|120 crore}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's how Gujarati cinema had its decade high box office run in 2025 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/here-s-how-gujarati-cinema-had-its-decade-high-box-office-run-in-2025-article-13741186.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
}}

'''''Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate''''' is a [[List of Gujarati films of 2025|2025]] Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] language [[List of genres|devotional]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Ankit Sakhiya and written by Krushansh Vaja, Vicky Poornima and Ankit Sakhiya.<ref name=PV1/> It stars Reeva Rachh, Shruhad Goswami, Karan Joshi, Mishty Kadecha and others.<ref name=TOI3/> The film is produced by Manifest Films, Jay Vyas Productions, Ajay Balavant Padariya, Shubham Hitesh Gajjar, Jay Ajaykumar Vyas, Parthivkumar Vallabhbhai Jodhani, Devang Prafulbhai Mehta, Arjun Ratilal Vaghasiya, Ravi Jagdishbhai Pithadia, & Jigar Haribhai Dalsaniya. The film is co-produced by R.D Brothers Movies, Soul Sutra, Neem Tree Entertainment and Devraj Dubariya.<ref name=TOI2/> It was released on 10 October 2025,<ref name=TOI3>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate/movieshow/124381512.cms |title=Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News and Videos |date=8 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> and subsequently in a [[Hindi]] dubbed version on 9 January 2026.

The film struggled at the [[box office]] at its release; however, strong word-of-mouth resulted in an uptick in audience from the third week. It was declared a [[sleeper hit]] and went on to become [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|the highest grossing Gujarati film of all time]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarati film with Rs 50 lakh budget makes 176x profit, earns Rs 1 cr for first time on Day 24 of release|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/gujarati-film-rs-50-lakh-budget-176x-profit-earns-rs-1-cr-for-first-time-day-24-of-release-10387258/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref> as well as the first Gujarati film to gross over {{INRConvert|120|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate set to become first Gujarati movie to cross Rs 100 crore at the box office|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-set-to-become-first-gujarati-movie-to-cross-rs-100-crore-at-the-box-office-4054310/|website=The Financial Express|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarati film with Rs 50 lakh budget makes 176x profit, earns Rs 1 cr for first time on Day 24 of release|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/gujarati-film-rs-50-lakh-budget-176x-profit-earns-rs-1-cr-for-first-time-day-24-of-release-10387258/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-11-30 |title=Historic Milestone: 'Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate' Becomes First Gujarati Film to Cross ₹100 Crore |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/11/30/historic-milestone-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-becomes-first-gujarati-film-to-cross-%E2%82%B9100-crore/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A rickshaw driver trapped in a [[Farmhouse]] confronts his past demons while experiencing visions of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], who guides him through a transformative journey of self-discovery and healing.<ref name=AT1/><ref name=GN18>{{cite news|url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/entertainment/gujarati-film-lalo-shri-krishna-sadah-sahayate-is-currently-in-the-news-on-social-media-rb-ws-bl-2363934.html |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'લાલો: શ્રી કૃષ્ણ સદા સહાયતે' સોશિયલ મીડિયા પર ચર્ચાનું કેન્દ્ર બની, દર્શકોને ફિલ્મ ઘણી પસંદ આવી |date=1 November 2025|work=[[Network18 Group|Network18 Gujarati]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Reeva Rachh as Tulsi
*Shruhad Goswami as [[Krishna|Laalo/Lord Krishna]]
*Karan Joshi as Lalji Dhansukh Parmar "Laalo"
*Mishty Kadecha as Khushi, Laalo & Tulsi's daughter
*Anshu Joshi as Dhansukh Parmar, Lalji's father
*Kinnal Nayak as Tulsi's mother
*Parul Rajyaguru
*Jaydeep Timaniya as Rasik

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate
| type = Album
| artist = Smmit Jay
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=31|s=01}}
| language = Gujarati
| label = Gujarati Jalso
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/laalo-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-/gl0MdrIGsiQ_ Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate Full Album] on [[JioSaavn]]}}
}}

=== Tracklist ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:01
| all_music = Smmit Jay<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/smmit-jay-desai-on-composing-music-for-laalo-i-immediately-felt-an-emotional-connection-exclusive/articleshow/124913550.cms |title=Smmit Jay on composing music for Laalo: I immediately felt an emotional connection |date=29 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = Prem D Dave, Traditional
| title1 = Mann Mohan
| extra1 = [[Krishna Beuraa]]
| music1 = Smmit Jay
| lyrics1 = Prem D Dave
| length1 = 7:19
| title2 = Manorath Jeev
| extra2 = [[Kirtidan Gadhvi]]
| music2 = Smmit Jay
| lyrics2 = Prem D Dave
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Maade Mane Lai Ja
| extra3 = Yashita Sharma, Ashish Kulkarni, [[Kirtidan Gadhvi]]
| music3 = Smmit Jay
| lyrics3 = Prem D Dave
| length3 = 5:16
| title4 = Krishna Theme
| extra4 = Divya Kumar
| music4 = Smmit Jay
| lyrics4 = Traditional
| length4 = 2:55
| title5 = Kaan Tari Re
| extra5 = [[Aishwarya Majmudar]], [[Kirtidan Gadhvi]]
| music5 = Smmit Jay
| lyrics5 = Prem D Dave
| length5 = 4:58
| title6 = Navee Savaar
| extra6 = [[Parthiv Gohil]]
| music6 = Smmit Jay
| lyrics6 = Prem D Dave
| length6 = 2:38
| title7 = Dwarika No Naath
| extra7 = Jaysinh Gadhavi
| music7 = Traditional, recreated by Smmit Jay
| lyrics7 = Traditional
| length7 = 3:38
}}

== Production ==
The film was primarily shot in and around [[Junagadh]], with key sequences filmed at notable local sites including [[Bhavnath]], [[Girnar]], [[Damodar Kund]], and [[Narsinh Mehta]] no Choro, locations closely associated with Gujarat’s spiritual and cultural heritage.<ref name=GN18>{{cite news|url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/entertainment/gujarati-film-lalo-shri-krishna-sadah-sahayate-is-currently-in-the-news-on-social-media-rb-ws-bl-2363934.html |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'લાલો: શ્રી કૃષ્ણ સદા સહાયતે' સોશિયલ મીડિયા પર ચર્ચાનું કેન્દ્ર બની, દર્શકોને ફિલ્મ ઘણી પસંદ આવી |date=1 November 2025|work=[[Network18 Group|Network18 Gujarati]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=IE1>{{cite news|url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/entertainment/laalo-shri-krishna-sada-sahayate-gujarati-film-becomes-the-center-of-discussion-rp/436741/ |title='લાલો: શ્રી કૃષ્ણ સદા સહાયતે: આ ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ જોઇ લોકો કેમ કહી રહ્યા છે… જય દ્વારકાધીશ! |date=5 November 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

== Marketing and release==
On 29 September 2025, the official trailer of Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate was released on [[social media]] and [[YouTube]] platforms.<ref name=TOI2>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-official-trailer/videoshow/124381380.cms |title=Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate Official Trailer |date=8 October 2025| work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 10 October 2025. Its distribution gained further visibility when it became part of a significant industry development – multiplex chains such as [[PVR INOX]], [[Cinepolis]], and [[Star Studios|Star Studio18]] reportedly granted Laalo a VPF ([[Virtual Print Fee]]) waiver, an arrangement described as uncommon for Gujarati regional films.<ref name=BH1/><ref name=AT1/> It became the first Gujarati film to release in Poland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-03 |title='Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate' becomes first Gujarati film to release in Poland, new feat achieved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-becomes-first-gujarati-film-to-release-in-Junagadh-new-feat-achieved/articleshow/125735519.cms |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was dubbed into Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highest grossing Gujarati film Laalo set for nationwide release; Hindi dubbing complete|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/11/22/highest-grossing-gujarati-film-laalo-set-for-nationwide-release-with-hindi-dub/|website=DeshGujarat|date=2025-11-22|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US|last=DeshGujarat}}</ref>The official Hindi language poster was released on [[social media]] on 22 December 2025, followed by the release of the Hindi language teaser on 23 December 2025 across social media and [[YouTube]]. The Hindi language trailer was subsequently released on 29 December 2025. The film released in [[Hindi]] on 9 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laalo to release in Hindi; Trailer to be out soon; January release locked | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/laalo-to-release-in-hindi-trailer-to-be-out-soon-january-release-locked/articleshow/126140162.cms | website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarati cinema’s Rs. 100 crores success Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate to reach pan-India audiences with Hindi release| url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/gujarati-cinemas-rs-100-crores-success-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-reach-pan-india-audiences-hindi-release/ | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
Trade reports cited by ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' described Laalo as a “miraculous Gujarati hit,” noting that its box office performance led to the [[Virtual Print Fee|VPF]] waiver – an honour typically reserved for major Hindi or international films. This was seen as a reflection of the film's growing success and theatre owners' confidence in its audience appeal.<ref name=BH1>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-single-salma-releases-vpf-free-pvr-inox-star-studio18-plays-avatar-card-cinepolis-miraculous-gujarati-hit-laalo-gets-vpf-waiver-reason/ |title=Exclusive: Single Salma releases VPF-free at PVR Inox, Star Studio18 plays 'Avatar' card with Cinepolis; miraculous Gujarati hit Laalo gets VPF waiver for THIS reason |date=3 November 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=PV1/>

''[[Aaj Tak]]'' reported that Laalo achieved strong ticket sales, surpassing the collections of some mainstream Hindi releases in Gujarat. The report attributed the film's steady performance to positive [[word of mouth]] and its devotional storytelling.<ref name=AT1>{{cite news|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/laalo-gujarati-film-lord-krishna-beats-thamma-ticket-sales-box-office-ntcpsm-dskc-2377238-2025-11-05 |title=भगवान कृष्ण पर बनी फिल्म का कमाल... 20 दिन बाद बनी रॉकेट, बिके 'थामा' से ज्यादा टिकट |date=5 November 2025|work=[[Aaj Tak]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

Further coverage by ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' highlighted that the film had a slow start – collecting just {{INRConvert|0.40|c}} in its first week, followed by about {{INRConvert|0.30|c}} and {{INRConvert|0.75|c}} in the second and third weeks respectively – but then witnessed a substantial surge in its fourth week {{INRConvert|0.45|c}} on Friday, {{INRConvert|1.20|c}} on Saturday, {{INRConvert|2.20|c}} on Sunday and {{INRConvert|2.75|c}} on Tuesday of that week. The article reported a total gross of approximately {{INRConvert|10.15|c}} in 26 days, with about {{INRConvert|8.70|c}} earned in the last five days. Pinkvilla described this as one of the rarest cases at the Indian box office.<ref name=PV1>{{cite news|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-gujarati-film-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-emerges-as-a-blockbuster-in-its-4th-week-challenging-vash-level-2-1398226 |title=Box Office: Gujarati film Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate emerges as a Blockbuster in its 4th week, challenging Vash Level 2 |date=5 November 2025|work=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

As the film progressed into its later weeks, it continued to record substantial growth at the box office. Reports indicated that it entered its fifth weekend with strong momentum and surpassed the cumulative earnings of its first four weeks within that single weekend. Box-office tracking further noted that the film went on to exceed the lifetime collections of [[Chaal Jeevi Laiye]], becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|highest-grossing Gujarati film in India]]. By Day 38 of its theatrical run, the film had an estimated net total of {{INRConvert|52.75|c}}, with daily collections reported at approximately {{INRConvert|6.5|c}} following {{INRConvert|4.5|c}} the previous day.<ref name=TOI22>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/laalo-box-office-collections-day-38-gujarati-film-sees-big-sunday-jump-total-nears-rs-53-crore-mark/articleshow/125383439.cms|title=Laalo box office collections Day 38: Gujarati film sees big Sunday jump; Total nears Rs 53 crore mark|date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=IT12>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-s-biggest-gujarati-hit-2821028-2025-11-17|title='Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate' is biggest Gujarati hit in India. See the stats|date=17 November 2025}}</ref>

By the 51st day of its release, it became the first Gujarati film to gross over {{INRConvert|100|c}} worldwide.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate set to become first Gujarati movie to cross Rs 100 crore at the box office|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-set-to-become-first-gujarati-movie-to-cross-rs-100-crore-at-the-box-office-4054310/|website=The Financial Express|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate Box Office: Becomes First Ever Gujarati Film to Gross 100 Crore Worldwide|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-box-office-becomes-first-ever-gujarati-film-to-gross-100-crore-worldwide-1398770|website=PINKVILLA|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

The film’s week-by-week performance – particularly the sharp increase beginning in the fourth week was noted as an unusual box-office pattern for [[Gujarati cinema]]. Its sustained earnings were cited as an indication of the expanding commercial potential of regional films, supported by positive word of mouth and continued audience interest in devotional-themed storytelling.<ref name=TOI22/><ref name=IT12/>

===Critical reception===

Naquiyah Maimoon of ''PNN'' rated it 4 out 5. She praised the fresh theme, performances, cinematography and editing, direction. She noted quiet middle part of film, underdeveloped backstories, niche audience for the topic of spirituality and dealing with underperformance when she reviewed it during the first week.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Laalo: Shree Krishna Sada Sahaayate' — A Soulful 2025 Gujarati Ride with Hiccups but Heart|url=https://pnndigital.com/entertainment/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate/|date=2025-10-17|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US|website=PNN|last=Maimoon|first=Naquiyah}}</ref> Sameer Ahire of ''Movie Talkies'' rated it 3.5/5 and praised the story, theme, performances, direction, music and editing while citing low budget production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laalo: ShreeKrishna Sada Sahaayate Review: Dear Akshay Kumar, Here’s Your “Oh My God 3” Script|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/reviews/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-review-akshay-kumar-oh-my-god-3-script-10629086|website=www.movietalkies.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=Sameer|last=Ahire}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gujarati cinema]]
*[[List of Gujarati films of 2025]]
*[[List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]
*[[Sleeper hit]]
*[[100 Crore Club]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt37956153}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Religious drama films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Films about Krishna]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]

Lal Chand Kataruchakk

2026-04-07T22:21:58Z

Kelashi123: Created a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lal Chand Kataruchak
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Lal Chand Kataruchak in 2022
| order =
| office = [[Government of Punjab, India|Cabinet Minister, Government of Punjab]]<ref name="Mann keeps Home, 26 others, gives Finance to Cheema; Mines to Bains">{{cite news |last1= |title=Mann keeps Home, 26 others, gives Finance to Cheema; Mines to Bains |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-singh-cheema-gets-finance-7830421/ |accessdate=23 March 2022 |date=22 March 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323164504/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-singh-cheema-gets-finance-7830421/ |archivedate=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *Food & Civil Supplies 
*Consumer Affairs
| term_start = 19 March 2022
| term_end =
| constituency =
| predecessor =
| office1 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|16 March 2022]]
| term_end1 = 
| constituency1 = [[Bhoa Assembly constituency|Bhoa]]
| majority1 =
| predecessor1 = Joginder Pal
| successor1 =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = [[Matriculation]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Social Workers]]
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
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| nickname =
}}
'''Lal Chand Kataruchak''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from Punjab. He is an MLA from [[Bhoa Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="Playing 20 March 2022">{{cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann's cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tribune News">{{cite news |title=Provide Rs 10K help to poor in rural belt: AAP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/provide-rs-10k-help-to-poor-in-rural-belt-aap-254276 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> He had been a sarpanch of Kataruchak village for six terms.

== Early life and education ==
Kataruchak is from [[Kataruchak]], Pathankot District, Punjab. He is the son of Labhu Ram. He passed matriculation in 2007 from Punjab School Education Board, Mohali, and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lal Chand Kataruchak(Revolutionary Marxist Party of India):Constituency- BHOA (SC)(PATHANKOT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/punjab2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=69 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 619,225 as an overall financial asset and Rs. nil as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lal Chand(AAP):Constituency- BHOA (SC)(PATHANKOT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=264 |website=myneta.info |access-date=10 September 2025 |ref=Assets and Liabilities}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
Kataruchak was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kataruchak represented the [[Bhoa Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Punjab Raj Bhavan]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ten Punjab ministers to take oath on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318092034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 25K 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=25,000 Government Jobs For Punjab: New Chief Minister's 1st Decision |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319125442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight ministers including Kataruchak who took oath were greenhorn (first term) MLAs.<ref name="CabinetOath 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In Mann's first list of Cabinet ministers, 8 greenhorn MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064250/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a cabinet minister in the [[Mann ministry]] Kataruchak was given the charge of two departments of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]:<ref name="Tribune News 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab portfolios announced; CM Mann keeps Home and Vigilance, Cheema gets Finance, Singla Health, Harbhajan Power |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-portfolios-announced-cheema-gets-finance-and-revenue-harbhajan-eto-power-dr-baljit-women-welfare-and-child-development-379489 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
# Department of Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs
# Department of Forest and Wild Life Preservation

== Controversy ==
On 28 April 2023, a controversy surrounded Lal Chand Kataruchak when Congress sitting MLA from Bholath constituency [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]] in a press conference at [[Jalandhar]], accused him of allegedly appointing his son and other two relatives including son of his sister-in-law as personal staff. Lal Chand has denied these allegations while drawing flak from all opposition parties including BJP.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/khaira-writes-cm-seeks-immediate-dismissal-arrest-minister-kataruchak-8582115/ Khaira writes to CM, seeks immediate dismissal, arrest of minister Kataruchak] Express News Service. 29 April 2023</ref><ref>[http://Punjab%20minister%20Lal%20Chand%20Kataruchak%20appointed%20kin%20as%20personal%20staff,%20alleges%20Sukhpal%20Khaira Punjab minister Lal Chand Kataruchak appointed kin as personal staff, alleges Sukhpal Khaira] Tribuneindia News Service. 28 April 2023</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Bhoa Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Bhoa Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}
{{#section:Bhoa Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Sangat Singh Gilzian]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Forest and Wild Life Preservation]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Bhoa
| before= [[Joginder Pal]] (INC)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kataruchakk, Lal Chand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mann ministry]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Hemal Ingle

2026-04-03T18:52:10Z

Kelashi123: made a info needs work

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemal Ingle
| other_names = Hemal Dev
| birth_name = Hemal Devendra Ingle
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|03|02}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = [[Fergusson College]]<hr/>[[Shivaji University]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2015 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|Raunak Chordia|2025}}
| mother = Dhanshree Ingle
| father = Devendra Ingle
}}

'''Hemal Ingle''' (born 2 March 1996) also known as '''Hemal Dev'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=To start with, why did you change your name from Hemal Ingle to Hemal Dev? |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/good-things-have-happened-to-me-says-hemal-dev-365788 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> is an Indian actress and model primarily works in [[Marathi Films|Marathi films]]. She made her debut in 2018 with the Telugu film ''[[Husharu]]'' and lead actress in Marathi films like ''[[Ashi Hi Aashiqui]]'' (2019), ''[[Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey]]'' (2022), ''[[Unaad]]'' (2023), and ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]'' (2024). The latter earned ₹25 crore and emerged as the [[List of Marathi films of 2024#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Marathi film of 2024]], as well as the highest-grossing film of her career.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title='Navra Maza Navsacha 2': How Sachin Pilgaonkar Made His Blockbuster Marathi Film With ₹5 Crores |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/navra-maza-navsacha-2-how-sachin-pilgaonkar-made-his-blockbuster-marathi-film-with-5-crores |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hemal Ingle was born in [[Kolhapur]] on 2 March 1996 into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family.<ref name=":5" /> Her father is a [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] consultant and mother is a housewife. She studied from [[Fergusson College]] and [[Shivaji University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=Hemal Ingle हाइट, उम्र, बॉयफ्रेंड, परिवार, Biography in Hindi - बायोग्राफी |url=https://newshindu.news/biography/hemal-ingle-49381/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> She also uses the name Hemal Dev, ''dev'' is taken from her father's first name.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Hemal Ingle was pursuing a degree in Quantitative Economics when she made her debut with the 2018 Telugu film ''[[Husharu]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=HEMAL INGLE WELL-KNOWN MARATHI & TELEGU FILM ACTRESS |url=https://www.siddhantsamachar.com/news/hemal-ingle-well-known-marathi-and-telegu-film-actress |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=siddhantsamachar |language=en}}</ref> Ingle also won beauty pageants such as Miss University India 2015, Miss Earth India Fire 2016, and Miss India Exquisite–Queen for 2016–17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कोल्हापूरची हेमल इंगळे मिस अर्थ इंडिया |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/hemal-ingale-miss-arth-india/articleshow/55378054.cms |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हेमल इंगळे |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/manasa/hemal-ingale/articleshow/55378512.cms |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Photos: 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चित्रपटातील अभिनेत्रीबद्दल 'या' गोष्टी माहिती आहेत का? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4612015/sachin-pilgaonkar-navra-maza-navsacha-2-movie-fame-actress-heymal-ingley-career-information-photos-sdn-96/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

In 2019 [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] cast her in [[romantic drama]] ''[[Ashi Hi Aashiqui]]'' along with [[Abhinay Berde]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-09 |title=Sachin Pilgaonkar on directing Laxmikant Berde's son: Feeling proud |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/sachin-pilgaonkar-on-directing-laxmikant-berdes-son-abhinay-berde-its-a-feeling-of-pride-20384186 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref> In October 2020, she was featured in a Marathi romance song "Swapnatlya".<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Swapnatlya |date=2021-07-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/53aaXNJrYF9sBlYlsBhY8X |work=[[Spotify]] |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en}}</ref> She made her web series debut with the Hotstar series ''[[1962: The War in the Hills]]''. The series aired on 23 February 2021 starring [[Abhay Deol]] as the lead actor. [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] wrote "especially good" for Ingle's performance in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1962: The War In The Hills Review - Abhay Deol Is Perfectly Cast In This Military Action Drama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/1962-the-war-in-the-hills-review-abhay-deol-is-perfectly-cast-in-this-military-action-drama-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2378978 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

In 2022 she was appeared in ''[[Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-08-09 |title=New Marathi film 'Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey' to release on 16 September |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/new-marathi-film-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-to-release-on-16-september-11660020479550.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> Ingle was featured in ''Umrella'' and [[Aditya Sarpotdar]]'s Critically acclaimed ''[[Unaad]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Unaad Movie : उनाड चित्रपटाचा ८ जुलैला प्रीमियर, फ्रीमध्ये पाहता येणार (Video) |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/586544/unaad-movie-release-on-8-july-jiocinema/ar |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Ingle made her debut as an anchor during [[2024 Indian Premier League|IPL 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=हेमल इंगळे कोण आहे? अभिनेत्रीने आयपीएल 2024 मध्ये अँकरिंग क्षेत्रात केले पदार्पण! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/photos/biography-of-marathi-actress-hemal-ingle-590621.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Hemal Ingle: Marathi Actress Who Made Her Debut As Anchor In IPL 2024 - In Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/sports/who-is-hemal-ingle-marathi-actress-who-made-her-debut-as-anchor-in-ipl-2024-in-pics-2751488 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> She was appeared opposite [[Swapnil Joshi]] in ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]'' in 2024, the film earned ₹25 crore and emerged as the [[List of Marathi films of 2024#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Marathi film of 2024]].<ref name=":6" />

She will be next portrays in ''Mahaparinirvan'' subsequently works on mystery film ''Thakabai'', alongside [[Shubhankar Tawde]] and Taboo a film directed by [[Pushkar Jog]] resulting second collaboration between Jog and Ingle.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-27 |title='Thakabai': Shubhankar Tawde and Hemal Ingle come together for Yuveen Kapse's debut film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/thakabai-shubhankar-tawde-and-hemal-ingle-come-together-for-yuveen-kapses-debut-film/articleshow/102174309.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|''[[Husharu]]''
|Sowmya
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Ashi Hi Aashiqui]]''
|Amarja Kulkarni
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title="अशी ही आशिकी" चित्रपटात अभिनय बेर्डे आणि हेमल इंगळेचा रोमाँटिक अंदाज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/abhinay-berde-and-hemal-ingle-romantic-style-movie-ashi-hi-aashiqui/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=Of love, films and bonds: Abhinay and Hemal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/of-love-films-and-bonds-abhinay-and-hemal/story-863VTr7bJzXweLXdRYjy4J.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Power Play (2021 film)|Power Play]]''
|Keerthy
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=Raj Tarun's Power Play garners good response |url=https://telanganatoday.com/raj-taruns-power-play-garners-good-response |work=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey]]''
|Devika
|Rowspan="5"|Marathi
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Umbrella''
|Ashwini Patil
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=लई वंगाळ, वंगाळ पिरतीचा परिणाम...'अंब्रेला' ची गोष्टच वेगळी!{{!}} Umbrella Movie |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/umbrella-marathi-movie-vangaal-song-ajay-gogawale-santosh-mulekar-yst88 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Unaad]]''
|Swara
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-29 |title=Ajit Arora's multi-starrer 'Unaad' to premiere on OTT on July 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ajit-aroras-multi-starrer-unaad-to-premiere-on-ott-on-july-8/articleshow/101359767.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
|Shraddha Deshpande
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा 2' चित्रपटातून अशोक सराफ बाहेर? चर्चांना उधाण |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/navra-majha-navsacha-2-movie-shooting-start-without-ashok-saraf-sachin-pilgaonkar-share-video/781691 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Hardik Shubhechha (film)|Hardik Shubhechha]]''
|Radhika Pathak
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=मराठी सिनेमात होतायंत हटके प्रयोग; पुष्कर जोग घेऊन येतोय लैंगिक सुसंगततेवर भाष्य करणारा चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pushkar-jog-upcoming-movie-hardik-shubheccha-starring-hemal-ingale-releasing-on-21st-march/articleshow/117900897.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[One Two Cha Cha Chaa]]''
|Mishty
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='One Two Cha Cha Chaa' Movie Review: Ashutosh Rana steals the show in his first comic outing in years |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/one-two-cha-cha-chaa-movie-review-ashutosh-rana-steals-the-show-in-his-first-comic-outing-in-years-13969136.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-31 |title=ललित प्रभाकर आणि हेमल इंगळे यांचे गाणे पाहिले का? 'या' चित्रपटात दिसणार एकत्र |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bollywood/lalit-prabhakar-and-hemal-ingles-song-released-they-will-be-seen-together-in-film-one-two-cha-cha-chaa-nsp-98-5610200/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Mahaparinirvaan}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Marathi Film Mahaparinirvan's First Look Teaser Depicts The Aftermath Of BR Ambedkar's Death |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/marathi-film-mahaparinirvans-first-look-teaser-depicts-the-aftermath-of-br-ambedkars-death-8693542.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Taboo}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-08 |title=Anand Pandit collaborates with Pushkar Jog for Marathi film 'Taboo' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/anand-pandit-collaborates-with-pushkar-jog-for-marathi-film-taboo/2258677/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Thakabai}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref(s)
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Vidrohi (TV series)|Vidrohi]]''
|Princess Kalyani
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='विद्रोही' की 'राजकुमारी कल्याणी' हेमल इंगले ने करवाया बोल्ड फोटोशूट, सोशल मीडिया पर मचा तहलका |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/photos/entertainment/star-plus-show-vidrohi-actress-hemal-ingle-bold-photoshoot-goes-viral-on-social-media-6-5491802 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref(s)
|-
|2021
|''[[1962: The War in the Hills]]''
|Radha
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=BHATTACHARJEE |first=MOUMITA |title=1962: War On The Hills review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/1962-war-on-the-hills-review/20210226.htm |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|"Aayat Bane Hum"
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Aayat Bane Hum (Full Song & Lyrics) - Aayat Bane Hum - Download or Listen Free |date=2018-01-09 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/aayat-bane-hum/KSwEZhBxX1I |work=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"Swapnatlya"
|Marathi
|<ref name=":4" />
|}

== Personal life ==
In August 2024, Ingle got engaged to her longtime boyfriend, Raunak Chordia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodke |first=Chetan |date=2024-08-06 |title=Hemal Ingle Engagement : 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' फेम अभिनेत्रीच्या नव्या इनिंगला सुरूवात, EX-Boyfriend सोबत उरकला साखरपुडा |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/marathi-actress-hemal-ingale-engaged-with-her-long-term-boyfriend-raunak-chordia-in-ring-ceremony-cb99 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Video : 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' फेम अभिनेत्री लवकरच अडकणार विवाहबंधनात, मैत्रिणींसह केली Bride To Be पार्टी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/hemal-ingle-bridal-to-be-party-celebrations-actress-shares-video-psg-98-4702174/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> In January 2025, they got married.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025|title=साडेसात वर्षांच्या रिलेशनशिपनंतर हेमल इंगळेने बॉयफ्रेंडशी बांधली लग्नगाठ! पती आहे कलाविश्वापासून दूर…; फोटो आले समोर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/hemal-ingle-marathi-actress-wedding-tie-knot-with-long-time-boyfriend-photo-viral-sva-00-4804541/ |access-date=23 February 2025|website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=10304038}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Female models from Maharashtra]]

Janak Raj Giri

2026-03-29T06:49:46Z

Kelashi123: updated details

{{short description|Nepali politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Janak Raj Giri
| native_name =
| office = [[Pratinidhi Sabha|Member of Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| term_start = 26 March 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Badri Pandey (politician)|Badri Pandey]]
| succeeding =
| constituency = [[Bajura 1]]
| term_start1 = 28 April 2006
| term_end1 = 16 January 2008
| predecessor1 = ''Himself'' (2002)
| successor1 = [[Dev Raj Joshi]] (as Member of the Constituent Assembly)
| constituency1 = [[Bajura 1]]
| term_start2 = 23 June 1999
| term_end2 = 22 May 2002
| predecessor2 = Hikmat Bahadur Shahi
| successor2 = ''Himself'' (2006)
| constituency2 = [[Bajura 1]]
| party = [[Nepali Congress]]
}}

'''Janak Raj Giri''' ({{langx|ne|जनक राज गिरी}}) is a [[Nepal]]ese politician and member of the [[Nepali Congress]] party. In March 2026, he was elected as a member of the [[7th House of Representatives (Nepal)|7th House of Representatives]] from [[Bajura 1]], re-entering the federal parliament after 29 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 8, 2026 |title=Nepali Congress Veteran Janak Raj Giri Wins Bajura Parliamentary Seat After 29 Years |url=https://english.ratopati.com/story/52704/giri-who-became-a-state-minister-29-years-ago-returns-to-parliament |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=Ratopati}}</ref>

== Election record ==
In 2026, [[Nepali Congress]] candidate Janak Raj Giri won 17,173 votes in the election for the House of Representatives from [[Bajura 1|Bajura]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=March 8, 2026 |title=NC's Giri elected HoR member from Bajura |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/story/62730/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Annapurna Express}}</ref> His closest competitor, [[CPN-UML]] candidate Lal Bahadur Thapa, received 16,633 votes.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giri, Janak Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nepali Congress politicians from Sudurpashchim Province]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2026–]]

{{nepal-politician-stub}}

Tamils

2026-03-25T10:14:14Z

Kelashi123: minor reworked intro for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Dravidian ethnic group}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tamils
| native_name = {{lang|ta|Tamiḻar}}
| native_name_lang = ta
| population = {{circa|90 million}} (Native Tamil speakers, est.2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/tamil.php |title=Tamil |work=World data |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> [[File:Tamil Community - Worldwide.PNG|center|frameless|280x280px]]
| image = Pongal Festival.jpg
| caption = Tamils celebrating [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival
| region1 = India
| pop1 = 69,026,881 (2011)<ref name="India">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42561/download/46187/Language_Atlas_2011.pdf|title=Census of India 2011 - Language Atlas|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402144712/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42561/download/46187/Language_Atlas_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region2 = Sri Lanka
| pop2 = 3,108,770 (2012)<ref name="SL">{{cite report|title=Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012 – Table A3: Population by district, ethnic group and sex|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110443/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|work=[[Government of Sri Lanka]]|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>{{efn|Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into three ethnicities by the [[Sri Lankan government]], namely [[Sri Lankan Tamils]], [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Origin Tamils]] and [[Sri Lankan Moors]] who accounted for 11.2%, 4.1% and 9.3% respectively of the country's population in 2011.<ref name="SL1">{{cite web|title=A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=[[Government of Sri Lanka]]|access-date=19 May 2013|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indian Origin Tamils were separately classified from the 1911 census onwards and the Sri Lankan government lists a substantial Tamil-speaking Muslim population under the distinct ethnicity of Moors. However, genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.<ref name="SM1">{{cite book|last=Mohan|first=Vasundhara|title=Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi|date=1987|pages=9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–18}}</ref><ref name="SM2">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2070817.stm|title=Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=6 July 2014|archive-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608021900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2070817.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| region3 = Malaysia
| pop3 = 1,800,000 (2016)
| ref3 = <ref>{{Ethnologue19|tam|Tamil}}</ref>
| region4 = South Africa
| pop4 = ~600,000 (2013)
| ref4 = <ref>{{citation|last=Jeyaraj|first= D.B.S.|title=Navaneetham Pillay The most famous South African Tamil of our times|newspaper=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]]|location= [[Colombo]]|date =31 August 2013|url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/34690/navaneethamnpillay-the-most-famous-south-african-tamil-of-our-times.#expand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021115446/https://www.dailymirror.lk/34690/navaneethamnpillay-the-most-famous-south-african-tamil-of-our-times.#expand|archive-date= 21 October 2019|access-date= 16 September 2025}}</ref>
| region5 = United States
| pop5 = 238,699+ (2017)
| ref5 = <ref name="USA">{{cite press release|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2017/acs-5yr.html|title=Commuting Times, Median Rents and Language other than English Use|work=[[Government of United States]]|date=7 December 2017|access-date=1 August 2022|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021083227/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2017/acs-5yr.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region6 = Canada
| pop6 = 237,890 (2021)
| ref6 = <ref name="Can">{{cite report|title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701|work=[[Government of Canada]]|date=17 August 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116205812/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=Canada|Includes all speakers of the Tamil language including [[Immigrant generations|multi-generation]] individuals do not speak the language as a [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]], but instead as a [[Second language|second]] or [[Third language acquisition|third language]].}}
| region7 = Singapore
| pop7 = 198,499 (2020)
| ref7 = <ref name="Sing">{{cite report|title=Singapore Census of Population 2020, Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.ashx|work=[[Government of Singapore]]|access-date=13 September 2024|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925222627/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.ashx|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=Speakers|Includes 88,000 primary Tamil speakers and 86,708 speakers of English language who speak Tamil as secondary language.}}
| region8 = Other
| pop8 = See [[Tamil diaspora]]
| langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist|[[Islam]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
| related = [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]]
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|root=Tamiḻ
|people=Tamiḻar
|language=[[Tamil language|Tamiḻ]]
|country= [[Tamil Nadu|Tamiḻ Nāṭu]] {{hlist|[[Tamilakam|Tamiḻakam]] (hist.)|[[Eelam|Īḻam]] (hist.)}}
}}
{{Tamils}}
The '''Tamils''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|m|ɪ|l|z|,_|ˈ|t|ɑː|-}} {{respell|TAM|ilz|,_|TAHM|-}}), also known by their [[demonym]] '''Tamilar''',{{efn|name=Tamils|{{langx|ta|தமிழர்|Tamiḻar|translit-std=ISO}} {{IPA|ta|t̪amiɻaɾ|pron}} in the singular or {{langx|ta|தமிழர்கள்|Tamiḻarkaḷ|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} {{IPA|ta|t̪amiɻaɾɡaɭ|}} in the plural}} are a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[ethnic group]] who natively speak the [[Tamil language]] and trace their ancestry mainly to the southern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Tamil is one of the longest-surviving languages, with over two thousand years of [[Tamil literature|written history]], dating back to the [[Sangam period]] (between 300 BCE and 300 CE). Tamils constitute about 5.7% of the Indian population and form the majority in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. They also form significant proportions of the populations in [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lanka]] (15.3%), [[Tamil Malaysians|Malaysia]] (7%) and [[Indian Singaporeans|Singapore]] (5%). Tamils have migrated world-wide since the 19th century CE and a significant population exists in [[South Africa]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Fiji]], as well as in other regions such as [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Middle East]], the [[Caribbean]], and parts of the [[Western World]].

[[Archaeological evidence]] from Tamil Nadu indicates a continuous history of human occupation for more than 3,800 years. In the Sangam period, [[Tamilakam]] was ruled by the [[Three Crowned Kings]] of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]]. Smaller [[Velir]] kings and chieftains ruled certain territories and maintained relationship with the larger kingdoms. Urbanisation and mercantile activity developed along the coasts during the later Sangam period with the Tamils [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|influencing]] the regional trade in the Indian Ocean region. Artifacts obtained from excavations indicate the presence of early [[Indo-Roman trade relations|trade relations with the Romans]]. The major kingdoms to rule the region later were the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] (3rd–9th century CE), and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century CE).

The island of Sri Lanka often saw attacks from the Indian mainland with the Cholas establishing their influence across the island and across several areas in Southeast Asia in the 10th century CE. This led to the spread of Tamil influence and contributed to the [[Greater India|cultural Indianisation]] of the region. Scripts brought by Tamil traders like the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and [[Pallava script]]s, induced the development of many Southeast Asian scripts. The [[Jaffna Kingdom]] later controlled the Tamil territory in the north of the Sri Lanka from 13th to 17th century CE. European colonization began in the 17th century CE, and continued for two centuries until the middle of the 20th century.

Due to its long history, the Tamil culture has seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. The Tamil visual art consists of a distinct [[Dravidian architecture|style of architecture]], sculpture and other art forms. Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed [[Chola art|bronze icons]]. The ancient Tamil country had its own system of music called [[Ancient Tamil music|Tamil Pannisai]]. Tamil performing arts include the theatre form [[Koothu]], [[puppetry]] [[Bommalattam]], [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] [[Bharatanatyam]], and various [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu|other traditional dance forms]]. [[Hinduism]] is the major religion followed by the Tamils and the religious practices include the veneration of various [[Village deities of South India|village deities]] and [[Religion in ancient Tamil country|ancient Tamil gods]]. A smaller number are also [[Tamil Christians|Christians]] and [[Tamil Muslim|Muslims]], and a small percentage follow [[Tamil Jain|Jainism]] and [[Buddhism amongst Tamils|Buddhism]]. [[Tamil cuisine]] consist of various [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian]] and [[meat]] items, usually spiced with [[Indian spices|locally available spices]]. Historian [[Michael Wood (historian)|Michael Wood]] called the Tamils the last surviving classical civilization on Earth, because the Tamils have preserved substantial elements of their past regarding belief, culture, music, and literature despite the influence of [[globalization]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Michael|title=A South Indian Journey: The Smile of Murugan|publisher=[[Penguin UK]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sK4hIRAdIJ8C|isbn=978-0-14193-527-0|date=2 August 2007|pages=x, xiii, xvi|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124112/https://books.google.com/books?id=sK4hIRAdIJ8C|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

''Tamil'' word is derived from the name of the [[Tamil language|language]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil, n. and adj.|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197399?redirectedFrom=tamil|work=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331201359/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/tamil_n|url-status=live}}</ref> The people are referred to as {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Tamiḻar}} in Tamil language, which is etymologically linked to the name of the language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhutan: Ways of Knowing|date=December 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_snDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tamils+or+tamilians&pg=PA247|publisher=[[Information Age Publishing]]|editor=Frank Rennie, Robin Mason|page=247|isbn=978-1-60752-824-1|quote=Tamilians, a group living in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.|access-date=19 August 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918041800/https://books.google.com/books?id=q_snDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tamils+or+tamilians&pg=PA247|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tamil language#Etymology|origin]] and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|date=1973|title=The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=Leiden|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|pages=11–12}}</ref> [[Kamil Zvelebil]] suggests that the term ''tamiz'' might have been derived from ''tam'' meaning "self" and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of ''tamiz'' < ''tam-iz'' < ''*tav-iz'' < ''*tak-iz'', meaning "the proper process (of speaking)".{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=10-16}} [[Franklin Southworth]] suggests that the name comes from ''tam-miz'' > ''tam-iz'' meaning "self-speak", or "our own speech".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Southworth|first=Franklin|author-link=Franklin Southworth|title=On the Origin of the word tamiz|date=1998|journal=International Journal of Dravidial Linguistics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=129–32}}</ref>

It is unknown whether the term ''Tamila'' and its equivalents in [[Prakrit]] such as ''Damela'', ''Damila'', or ''Tamira'' was first used as a self designation or by outsiders. The [[Hathigumpha inscription]] from [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] in [[Eastern India]] dated to the second century BCE,<ref>{{cite book |first=Alain |last=Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani|url-access=registration |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]]|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/139 139]–141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Rama Shankar |last=Tripathi |title=History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&pg=PA199 |orig-year=1942 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-8-12080-018-2 |pages=199–201 }}</ref> describes a ''T[r]amira samghata'' (Confederacy of Tamil rulers), which was in existence for the previous 113 years.<ref>{{cite book |first1=K.P. |last1=Jayaswal |first2=R.D. |last2=Banerji |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |date=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |pages=86–89 }}</ref> Epigraphical evidence from the second century BCE mentioning ''Damela'' or ''Dameda'' from [[History of Sri Lanka#Anuradhapura period (377 BCE–1017)|ancient Sri Lanka]] have been found.{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|pp=155-156}} In the [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] [[Jataka]] texts, there is a mention of a ''Damila-rattha'' (Tamil dynasty).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pali Literature of Burma|author=Mabel Haynes Bode|date=1909|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Jātaka: together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births of Gotama Buddha|author=Dines Andersen|date=1992|publisher=[[University of California]]|page=66}}</ref> [[Hellenistic Greece|Greek]] historian [[Strabo]] (first century BCE) mentions that the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Augustus]] received an ambassador from ''Pandyan of Dramira''.<ref name="Dramira">{{cite book|title=Jesus of Nazareth: The Deep State of Rome|author=Tomás Morales y Durán|date=2020|isbn=979-8-56272-624-7|publisher=[[Amazon Digital Services]]|page=27}}</ref> An inscription from [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]] dated to third century CE refers to a ''Dhamila-vaniya'' (Tamil trader).<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|editor-first=Mohan|editor-last=Lal|page=4283|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|date=1992}}</ref>

== History ==

=== In India ===
{{See also|History of Tamil Nadu|Sources of ancient Tamil history}}

==== Pre-historic period (before 4th century BCE) ====
[[Archaeological evidence]] suggests the region was first inhabited by hominids over 400 millennia ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|title=Science News : Archaeology – Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183736/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live|date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|title= Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Artifacts recovered in [[Adichanallur]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) indicate [[megalith]]ic urn burials, dating from back to 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms|title=Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution|access-date=11 June 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2006|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1354201,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=John|first=Vino|title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=27 January 2006|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm|access-date=9 July 2008|quote=But Indian/south Indian history/archaeology has pushed the date back to 1500 B.C., and in Sri Lanka, there are definitely good radiometric dates coming from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occur at least around 900 B.C. or 1000 B.C.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202174036/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm|archive-date=2 February 2009 }}</ref>{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=67}} which are also described in early Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite journal|first=K. De B.|last=Codrington|date=October 1930|title=Indian Cairn- and Urn-Burials|journal=Man|volume=30|issue=30|pages=190–196|doi =10.2307/2790468|quote = It is necessary to draw attention to certain passages in early Tamil literature which throw a great deal of light upon this strange burial ceremonial ...|jstor=2790468}}</ref> Excavations at [[Keezhadi excavation site|Keezhadi]] have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanization in the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]].<ref>{{cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|access-date=31 January 2021|work=[[The News Minute]]|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124023909/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|url-status=live|first=Anjana|last=Shekar }}</ref> Epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur and potsherds uncovered from [[Keezhadi]] use [[Tamil Brahmi]], a rudimentary script dated to 6th century BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|title=A rare inscription|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=1 July 2009|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece|title=Artifacts unearthed at Keeladi to find a special place in museum|date=19 February 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114173611/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sangam period (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE) ====
{{Main|Sangam period}}

{{Further|Tamilakam|Sangam landscape|Economy of ancient Tamil country}}
[[File:South India in Sangam Period Tamilakam.jpg|thumb|[[Tamilakam]] during [[Sangam period]]]]

The [[Sangam period]] lasted from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the various [[Sangam literature]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=20 September 2019|title=Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bc-report/article29461583.ece|access-date=12 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Anjali|title=Social and Cultural History of Ancient India|publisher=Online Gatha|date=2017|pages=123–136|isbn=978-9-386-35269-9}}</ref> Ancient [[Tamilakam]] was ruled by a [[Three Crowned Kings|triumvirate]] of monarchical states, [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|title=Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam|work=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224093728/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|url-status=live}}</ref> These kings are referred to as ''Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar'' (Three glorified by heaven) in the Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite book|last=A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲|title=Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature|date=2000|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|page=17}}</ref> The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the [[Kaveri]] delta.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=109}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=425}} They are mentioned in the inscriptions from the [[Mauryan Empire]] dated to third century BCE.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Edicts of King Ashoka|url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|access-date=1 November 2023|work=[[Colorado State University]]|quote=Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511083821/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] inscriptions from the second century BCE refers to a confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hathigumpha Inscription|work=Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–1930). Delhi, 1933, pp. 86–89|url=http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm|publisher=Missouri Southern State University|access-date=15 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm|archive-date=17 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The three kings called ''Vendhar'' ruled over several hill tribes headed by the ''[[Velirs|Velir]]'' chiefs and settlements headed by clan chiefs called ''Kizhar''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Perspectives on Kerala History|editor=P.J. Cherian|url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826094724/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm|archive-date=26 August 2006|publisher=Kerala Council for Historical Research|access-date=15 November 2006|quote=There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of settlements ...}}</ref> The rulers of smaller territories were referred to as ''Kurunilamannar'', with ''[[Purananuru]]'' mentioning the names of many such chieftains.<ref>{{cite journal|first=K.|last=Sivathamby|date=December 1974|title=Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept|journal=Social Scientist|volume=3|issue=5|pages=20–37|quote=Those who ruled over small territories were called Kurunilamannar. The area ruled by such a small ruler usually corresponded to a geographical unit. In Purananuru a number of such chieftains are mentioned;..|doi=10.2307/3516448|jstor=3516448}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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|perrow=2
|align=left
|image1=GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg
|image2=Souttoukeny, sarcofago da una sepoltura megalitica, II sec. ac..JPG| burial from Tamil Nadu
|footer=Potsherds from 1st century CE found in [[Arikamedu]] and a megalithic sarcophagus from [[Suttukeni]]
}}

The Sangam period rulers patronized multiple religions including [[Historical Vedic religion|vedic religion]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being [[Tolkāppiyam]], a book of Tamil grammar.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil|title=Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature|journal=Archiv Orientální|volume=59|date=1991|pages= 345–359}}</ref> ''[[Purananuru]]'' describes the public life and various unique cultural practices that existed during the period. The text talks about the [[Yajna|Vedic Sacrifices]] performed by the kings as described in the [[Vedas]] and the rituals performed for the dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-224|title=Poem: Purananuru - Part 224 by George L. III Hart|work=Poetrynook|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125839/https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-224|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-231|title=Poem: Purananuru - Part 231 by George L. III Hart|work=Poetrynook|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227150131/https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-231|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Major trade routes and cities in the 1st century CE as per ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'']]

Agriculture was an important occupation during the period, and there is evidence that networks of [[irrigation]] channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE. The [[Sangam literature]] describe fertile lands and people organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary monarchies]], although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to an established order.<ref>{{cite journal|first=M. G. S.|last=Narayanan|date=September 1988|title=The Role of Peasants in the Early History of Tamilakam in South India|journal=Social Scientist|volume=16|issue=9|pages=17–34|doi=10.2307/3517170|jstor=3517170}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River|title=Grand Anaicut|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=3 May 2006|archive-date=26 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726171728/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River|url-status=live}}</ref>

The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. [[Roman currency|Roman coins]] and other epigraphical evidence from South India and [[Sherd|potsherds]] with Tamil writing found in excavations along the [[Red Sea]] indicate the presence of [[Roman commerce]] with the ancient Tamilakam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/william-dalrymple-maritime-trade-route-india-europe-silk-road-8935580/|title=The ancient history behind the maritime trade route between India and Europe|author=William Dalrymple|date=23 September 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215134525/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/william-dalrymple-maritime-trade-route-india-europe-silk-road-8935580/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=On the Roman Trail |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110160411/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> Much of the commerce from the Romans and [[Han dynasty|Han China]] were facilitated via seaports including [[Muziris]] and [[Korkai]] with [[spices]] being the most prized goods along with [[pearls]] and [[silk]].{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=125-127}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2|title=The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of the Chile|date=26 October 2021|journal=Gastronomica|volume=7|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026111301/https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2|url-status=live}}</ref> There is evidence of emissaries sent to the Roman Emperor Augustus by the Pandya kings.<ref name="Dramira" /> An anonymous Greek traveler's account from first century CE, ''[[Periplus Maris Erytraei]]'', describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in ''[[Damirica]]'' and their commercial activity in detail. It also describes that the chief exports of the ancient Tamils were [[black pepper|pepper]], [[malabathrum]], [[pearl]]s, [[ivory]], silk, [[spikenard]], [[diamonds]], [[sapphire]]s, and [[tortoiseshell material|tortoiseshell]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html|title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century|author=W.H. Schoff|date=1912|access-date=7 December 2006|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160845/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Medieval era (4th–13th century CE) ====
[[File:Five Rathas - Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|[[Rock cut]] [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|monuments]] in [[Mahabalipuram]] built by the [[Pallavas]] in 7th-8th century CE]]

From the fourth century CE, the region was ruled by the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhras]], warriors belonging to the [[Vellalar]] community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chakrabarty|first=D.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties|publisher=Oxford|date=2010|isbn=978-0-199-08832-4|page=84|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004104153/https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra]] era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.<ref>{{cite book|first=T.V. |last=Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference|date=1981|publisher= South Indian History Congress|pages=28–34}}</ref> Around the seventh century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=333}}<ref>{{cite journal|first=Marilyn|last=Hirsh|date=1987|title=Mahendravarman I Pallava: Artist and Patron of Mamallapuram|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=48|issue=1/2|pages=109–130|doi=10.2307/3249854|jstor=3249854}}</ref> Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] in the sixth century CE under [[Mahendravarman I]], who ruled parts of [[South India]] with [[Kanchipuram]] as their capital.<ref>{{cite book|last=Francis|first=Emmanuel|date=28 October 2021|chapter=Pallavas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|pages=1–4|doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|isbn=978-1-119-39991-9|s2cid=240189630|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171504/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture.<ref name="UNC" /> Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas, the Pandyas and other kingdoms of [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]] and the [[Rashtrakutas]].{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=135-140}} The Pandyas were revived by [[Kadungon]] towards the end of the sixth century CE and with the Cholas' insignificance in [[Uraiyur]], the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pandya dynasty|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005225758/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty/|url-status=live}}</ref> The area west of the [[Western Ghats]] became increasingly distinct from the eastern parts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Freeman|first=Rich|date=February 1998|title=Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=57|issue=1|pages=38–65|doi=10.2307/2659023|jstor=2659023|s2cid=162294036|doi-access=free}}</ref> A new language [[Malayalam]] evolved from Tamil in the region and the socio-cultural transformation was altered further by the migration of [[Sanskrit]]-speaking [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]s from Northern India in the eighth century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and cultural history of Tamilnad|last=Subrahmanian|first=N.|date=1993|publisher=Ennes|page=209}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-8-12600-365-5|pages=299–300}}</ref>

[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|left|The [[Chola Empire]] at its greatest extent, during the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] in 1030]]

The Cholas were revived in the ninth century CE by [[Vijayalaya Chola]] and the last Pallavas ruler [[Aparajitavarman]] was defeated by the Chola prince [[Aditya I]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Pallavas|first=Gabriel|last=Jouveau-Dubreuil|journal=Asian Educational Services|date=1995|page=83}}</ref> After the defeat of the Pallavas, the Cholas became the dominant kingdom with the capital at [[Thanjavur]]. The Chola influence expanded subsequently with [[Rajaraja I]] conquering the entire Southern India and parts of present-day [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]], and increased Chola influence across the [[Indian Ocean]] in the eleventh century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Coins of the Cholas|publisher=Numismatic Society of India|first=Charles Hubert|last=Biddulph|date=1964|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Man |first=John |date=1999 |title=Atlas of the year 1000|publisher=Harvard University Press |page=104|isbn=978-0-674-54187-0}}</ref> Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=590}} Under his son [[Rajendra Chola I]], the Chola empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as [[Bengal]] in the north and across the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2003|isbn=978-0-143-02989-2|pages=364–365|orig-year=2002|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171526/https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|url-status=live}}</ref> He defeated the [[Eastern Chalukya]]s and the [[Chola navy]] [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|invaded]] the [[Srivijaya|Srivijaya Empire]] in South East Asia.<ref name="History">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |title=The Early History of India |orig-year=1904 |publisher= [[Clarendon Press]] |pages=336–358 |isbn=978-8-17156-618-1 }}</ref> The Cholas had trade links with the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]] and across Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last = Srivastava|first=Balram|title=Rajendra Chola|date=1973|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|page=80|quote=The mission which Rajendra sent to China was essentially a trade mission, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Curtin|first= Philip D.|title=Cross-Cultural Trade in World History|date=1984|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=101|isbn=978-0-521-26931-5}}</ref> The Cholas built many temples with the most notable being the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] at Thanjavur.<ref name="Great Living Chola Temples">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter half of the eleventh century saw the union of Chola and [[Vengi]] kingdoms under [[Kulottunga I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|author1=John Allan|author2=Wolseley Haig|author3=Henry Dodwell|date=1934|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=191|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283073}}</ref> The Cholas repulsed attacks from the [[Western Chalukyas]] and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=485}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|editor-last1=Kulke|editor-first1=Hermann|editor-last2=Kesavapany|editor-first2=K.|editor-last3=Sakhuja|editor-first3=Vijay|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|date=2009|pages=11–12}}</ref> According to historian [[Nilakanta Sastri]], Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundations of the empire for the next 150 years.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nilakanta Sastri|author-link=Nilakanta Sastri|title=The Cōḷas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eg9uAAAAMAAJ|date=1955|publisher=[[University of Madras]]|page=301|access-date=9 May 2019|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124121/https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=eg9uAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|thumb|Extent of the [[Pandyas]] in 13th century CE]]
The eventual decline of Chola power began towards the end of [[Kulottunga III]]'s reign in the thirteenth century CE.<ref name="History" /> The Pandyas again reigned supreme under [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman Sundara I]] and defeated the Cholas under [[Rajaraja III]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=1921|page=44}}</ref> Though the Cholas were revived briefly with the aid of [[Hoysalas]], civil war between Rajaraja and [[Rajendra III]] weakened them further.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Land, Peasantry, and Peasant Life in India New Direction, Renewed Debate|editor=S. Jeyaseela Stephen|publisher=Manak Publications|page=87|date=2008}}</ref> With the Hoysalas later siding with the Pandyas, the Pandyas consolidated control over the region.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=487}} The Pandya empire reached its zenith in the thirteenth century CE under [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] after he defeated the Hoysalas, the [[Kakatiyas]] and captured parts of Sri Lanka. The Pandyas ruled from their capital of [[Madurai]] and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=459}} [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] explorer [[Marco Polo]] mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Millennium Maritime Trade Revolution, 700–1700: How Asia Lost Maritime Supremacy|first=Nick |last=Collins|date=2024|isbn=978-1-39906-016-5|publisher=Pen and Sword}}</ref> The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] at Madurai.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|title=Meenakshi Amman Temple|date=30 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|url-status=live}}</ref> In the fourteenth century CE, the Pandyan empire was engulfed in a civil war and also faced repeated invasions by the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281|date=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-198-03123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> In 1335, the Pandyan capital was conquered by [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]] and the short-lived [[Madurai Sultanate]] was established.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ6Z1pvFGx0C&dq=madurai+sultanate+indian+muslim&pg=PA14 |title= 'How Best Do We Survive?' A Modern Political History of the Tamil Muslims |author= Kenneth McPherson · |page= 14 |date= 2012 |publisher= [[Routledge]] |isbn= 978-1-13619-833-5 |access-date= 14 September 2024 |archive-date= 14 September 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124120/https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ6Z1pvFGx0C&dq=madurai+sultanate+indian+muslim&pg=PA14 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&dq=kaithal+sayyids&pg=PA82 |author=Raj Kumar |title=Essays on Medieval India |page=82 |date=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-8-17141-683-7 |access-date=14 September 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526104425/https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&dq=kaithal+sayyids&pg=PA82 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE) ====
The [[Vijayanagara empire|Vijayanagara kingdom]] was founded in {{CE|1336}}.<ref>{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Gilmartin|first2=Bruce B.|last2=Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|date=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-813-03099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref> The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by {{circa|1370}} and ruled for almost two centuries.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kanhaiya L|last=Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|date=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202|isbn=978-8-12150-224-5}}</ref> In the sixteenth century, Vijaynagara king [[Krishnadeva Raya]] was forced to intervene in the conflict between their vassals, the Cholas and the Pandyas.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge History of India Vijayanagara Volume 1|author=Burton Stein|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=57|date=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Brihadisvara, the Great Temple of Thanjavur|author=Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri|publisher=Nile Books|page=24|date=1998}}</ref> The [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] governor under Raya briefly took control of Madurai before it was restored to the empire.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mediaeval Kerala|author=P. K. S. Raja|publisher=Navakerala Co-op Publishing House|page=47|date=1966}}</ref> The Vijayanagara empire was defeated in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 by a confederacy of [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006|chapter=Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761|date=2005|pages=78–104|isbn=978-0-52125-484-7}}</ref> The Nayaks, who were the military governors in the Vijaynagara empire, took control of the region amongst whom the [[Nayaks of Madurai]] and [[Nayaks of Thanjavur]] were the most prominent.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Eugene F. Irschick]]|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|date=1969|page=8|isbn=978-0-520-00596-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Balendu Sekaram|first=Kandavalli|title=The Nayaks of Madurai|date=1975|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi|oclc=4910527}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|author=Heather Elgood|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|page=162|date=2000}}</ref> They introduced the [[Polygar|palayakkararar]] system and re-constructed some of the temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=2004|isbn=978-0-52189-103-5|edition=Reprinted|page=48}}</ref>

==== Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE) ====
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Madras]] with [[Fort St. George]] by Jan Van Ryne (1754)]]

In the 18th century, the [[Mughal Empire]] administered the region through the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] with his seat at [[Arcot]], who defeated the Madurai Nayaks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M.S.|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|date=2014|isbn=978-8-131-30034-3|pages=151, 154–158}}</ref> The [[Maratha kingdom|Marathas]] [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|attacked]] several times and defeated the Nawab after the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S.|title=Political history of Carnatic under the Nawabs|publisher=Abhinav Publications|date=1984|isbn= 978-0-836-41262-8|pages=43–79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9|pages=1034–1035|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116054856/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. R.|title=The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore|date=1928|publisher=K.R. Subramanian|place=Madras|pages=52–53}}</ref> This led to a short-lived [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings|first=Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje|last=Bhosle|date=2017|isbn=978-1-948-23095-7|publisher=Notion press|page=3}}</ref> Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in 1522 followed by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and the [[Danes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal|title=Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal|publisher=Indian Institute of Asian Studies|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207042633/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/|title=Origin of the Name Madras|work=Corporation of Madras|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406202458/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|work=[[Frontline (magaine)|Frontline]]|date=6 November 2009|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1639, the [[British East India Company]] obtained a grant for land from the Vijayanager emperor and the [[French people|French]] established trading posts at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]] in 1693.<ref>{{cite book|title=Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu|publisher=Oxford University Press, Delhi|date=1998|first1=Velcheru Narayana|last1=Rao|first2=David|last2=Shulman|first3=Sanjay|last3=Subrahmanyam|isbn=978-0-195-64399-2|page=xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583|title=Facets of Contemporary history|last1=Thilakavathy|first1=M.|last2=Maya|first2=R. K.|date=5 June 2019|publisher=MJP Publisher|pages=583|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert Eric|date=26 June 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-198-26377-7|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082100/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> After several conflicts between the British and the French, the British established themselves as the major power in the eighteenth century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first= John |title=The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company |publisher=Harper Collins|date=1993|pages=31–36}}</ref> The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] and resisted a [[Siege of Madras|French siege attempt]] in 1759.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras Miscellany: When Pondy was wasted|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 November 2010|last=S.|first=Muthiah|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501074741/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A global chronology of conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756|publisher=ABC—CLIO|page=756|date=2010|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|isbn=978-1-851-09667-1|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082105/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm|title=Seven Years' War: Battle of Wandiwash|work=History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102613/http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live|date=21 August 2006}}</ref>

The British East India Company demanded tax collection rights, which led to constant conflicts with the local [[Polygar|Palaiyakkarars]] and resulted in the [[Polygar Wars]]. [[Puli Thevar]] was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by [[Rani Velu Nachiyar]] and [[Kattabomman]] in the first series of Polygar wars.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691|title=Velu Nachiyar, India's Joan of Arc|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727120955/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=Anand A|title=Bandits and Kings:Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India|doi=10.1017/S0021911807001234|jstor=20203235|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=881–896 |date=2007 |issn=0021-9118 }}</ref> The [[Maruthu brothers]] along with [[Oomaithurai]], formed a coalition with [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and Kerala Varma [[Pazhassi Raja]], which fought the British in the Second Polygar War.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|title=A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras|publisher=Government Press|date=1881|pages=195–222}}</ref> In the later 18th century, the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore kingdom]] captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four [[Anglo-Mysore War]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Modern India:1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|page=94|date=2002|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|isbn=978-8-126-90085-5|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082104/https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> By the late eighteenth century CE, the British had conquered most of the region and established the [[Madras Presidency]] with Madras as the capital.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency|title=Madras Presidency|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017071545/https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|place=New Delhi|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|date=2014|isbn=978-8-131-30034-3|pages=172–181}}</ref> On 10 July 1806, the [[Vellore mutiny]], which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in [[Vellore Fort]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/july-1806-vellore/231918|title=July, 1806 Vellore|date=17 July 2006|work=Outlook|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/july-1806-vellore/231918|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British Parliament]] passed the [[Government of India Act 1858]], which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624875/Vellore-Mutiny|first=Kenneth|last=Pletcher|title=Vellore Mutiny|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501053701/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624875/Vellore-Mutiny|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adcock|first=C.S.|title=The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvMVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|pages=23–25|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-199-99543-1}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| image1 = V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai.jpg
| image2 = Subramanya_Bharathi.jpg
| footer = [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] (left) and [[Subramania Bharati]] were amongst the prominent Tamils contributing to the [[Indian Independence movement]]
}}

Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the [[Ryotwari]] system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] and the [[Indian famine of 1896–97]] which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded laborers to other British countries eventually forming the present [[Tamil diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-great-famine-of-madras-and-the-men-who-made-it/article5045883.ece|title=The great famine of Madras and the men who made it|first=B.|last=Kolappan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2013|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509042855/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-great-famine-of-madras-and-the-men-who-made-it/article5045883.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian Independence movement]] gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the [[Indian National Congress]], which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the [[Theosophical Society]] movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sitaramayya|first=Pattabhi|date=1935|title=The History of the Indian National Congress|publisher=Working Committee of the Congress|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all|title=Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress|last=Bevir|first=Mark|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|publisher=University of California|date=2003|volume=7|issue=1–3|pages=14–18|doi=10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4|s2cid=54542458|quote="Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress."|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630205548/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Various Tamils were contributors to the Independence movement including [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[Subramaniya Siva]] and [[Subramania Bharati|Bharatiyar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece|title=Subramania Bharati: The poet and the patriot|date=9 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614110344/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), founded by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2023|title=An inspiring saga of the Tamil diaspora's contribution to India's freedom struggle|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-inspiring-saga-of-the-tamil-diasporas-contribution-to-indias-freedom-struggle/article67510190.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152818/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-inspiring-saga-of-the-tamil-diasporas-contribution-to-indias-freedom-struggle/article67510190.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bose|first=Sugata|author-link=Sugata Bose|title=His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|date=2011| page=246|isbn=978-0-674-04754-9 |quote=At least eighteen thousand civilians, mostly Tamils from southern India, enlisted in the Indian National Army.}}</ref>

==== Post Indian Independence (1947–present) ====
After the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, the Madras Presidency became [[Madras State|Madras state]], comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. The state was further re-organised as a state for Tamils when the boundaries were redrawn linguistically in [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|1956]] into the current shape.<ref>{{cite act|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1953-30_0.pdf|title=Andhra State Act, 1953|date=14 September 1953|legislature=[[Madras Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite act|url=https://interstatecouncil.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/states_reorganisation_act.pdf|title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956|date=14 September 1953|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".<ref>{{cite web|date=6 July 2023 |title=Tracing the demand to rename Madras State as Tamil Nadu |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sundari|first1=S.|date=2007|title=Migrant women and urban labour market: concepts and case studies|page=105|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|isbn=978-8-176-29966-4|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035218/https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1965, Tamils [[Anti-Hindi agitations|agitated]] against the [[imposition of Hindi]] and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai says it in Hindi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 August 2011|author=V. Shoba|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430174614/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/|url-status=live}}</ref> After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] of the Tamils have consistently improved due to [[Economic reforms in India|reform-oriented]] economic policies and in the 2000s, the region has become one of the most urbanized states in the country.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_1168.aspx?format=Print|title=Demography of Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209234142/https://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_1168.aspx?format=Print|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|title=Economic Growth in Indian States|publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations|first=K.L.|last=Krishna|date=September 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032647/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===In Sri Lanka===
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamils}}

====Pre-Anuradhapura period (before fifth century CE)====
[[File:Megalithic burial jar.jpg|thumb|upright|A megalithic burial jar from north-western Sri Lanka, 5th-2nd century BCE, similar to the ones found in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=de Silva|first=K. M.|author-link=K. M. de Silva|title=A History of Sri Lanka|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|date=2005|isbn=978-9-55809-592-8|page=129}}</ref>]]

There are various theories from scholars over the presence of Tamil people in Sri Lanka. Historian [[K. Indrapala]] states that Tamil replaced a previous language of an indigenous mesolithic population, who later became the Eelam Tamils and the cultural diffusion happened well before the arrival of [[Sinhalese people]] in Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=53–54}} Eelam Tamils consider themselves lineal descendants of the aboriginal [[Naga people of Sri Lanka|Naga]] and [[Yaksha]] people of Sri Lanka. A [[Indian Cobra|cobra]] totem known as ''Nakam'' in the Tamil language is still part of the Tamil tradition in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asia Bulletin: Volumes 7–8|date=1987|publisher=[[University of California]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9kuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22According+to+tradition%2C+the+Tamils+of+India+and+Sri+Lanka+are+the+lineal+descendants+of+the+Naga+and+Yaksha+people.+The+aboriginal+Nagas%2C+called+Nakar+in+Tamil+had+the+cobra+%28Nakam+in+Tamil%29+as+their+totem.%22|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124138/https://books.google.com/books?id=W9kuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22According+to+tradition%2C+the+Tamils+of+India+and+Sri+Lanka+are+the+lineal+descendants+of+the+Naga+and+Yaksha+people.+The+aboriginal+Nagas%2C+called+Nakar+in+Tamil+had+the+cobra+%28Nakam+in+Tamil%29+as+their+totem.%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Remains of settlements and megalithic burial sites of people culturally similar to those of present-day Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu in modern India have been excavated at Pomparippu on the west coast and in [[Kathiraveli]] on the east coast of the island. These epigraphical evidence have been dated to a period between fifth century BCE and second century CE.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=129}}{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=91}} Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the beginning of the [[Iron Age]] in the region around twelfth century BCE. There were specific migration routes that extended from South India to the island. These people moved further to the South of the island, and intermingled with the existent people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=27 January 2006|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm|access-date=9 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612085446/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm|archive-date=12 June 2008}}</ref>

====Anuradhapura period (4th century BCE to 10th century CE)====
[[Black and red ware culture|Black and red ware]] potsherds found in Sri Lanka from the early reign of [[Anuradhapura kingdom]], indicate a similar cultural connection with the people of South India.<ref name="Tambiah">{{cite book|title=Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy|last=Tambiah|first=Stanley Jeyaraja|date=1986|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-026-1|page=90}}</ref> The [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscriptions on them indicate Tamil clan names such as ''Parumakal'', ''Ay'', ''Vel'', ''Utiyan'', ''Ticaiyan'', ''Cuda'' and ''Naka'', which points to the presence of Tamils in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey|last=Ragupathy|first=Ponnampalam|date=1987|publisher=[[University of Jaffna]]|page=223}}</ref> Excavations in [[Poonakari]] in the north of the island have yielded several inscriptions including the mention of ''vela'', a name related to ''velirs'' of the ancient Tamil country.<ref name="Mahadevan" /> Epigraphical evidence of people identified as Damelas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) from the second century CE have been found in [[Anuradhapura]], the capital city of the northern [[Rajarata]] region.{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=157}}

Historical records mention that the three Tamil kingdoms were involved in the island's affairs from second century BCE.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|pp=30–32}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Mendis, G.C.|title=Ceylon Today and Yesterday|pages=24–25|publisher=Associated Newspapers of Ceylon}}</ref> Chola king [[Ellalan]] captured the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 205 BCE to 161 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=C.|title=Coromandel: A Personal History of South India|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|date=2017|isbn=978-1-40870-540-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qutzDQAAQBAJ|access-date=10 June 2022|page=154|quote=A later chapter of the 'Great Chronicle' describes how the Chola prince Elara (Ellalan) of Thiruvarur invaded and captured the throne of Lanka in about 205 BCE but was later killed in battle by the Sinhala prince Dutugamunu in about 161|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125955/https://books.google.com/books?id=qutzDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil soldiers from Tamilakam came to Anuradhapura in large numbers in the seventh century CE with the local chiefs and kings relying on them.<ref name="Spencer">{{cite journal|last=Spencer|first=George W|title=The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=3|pages=405–419|doi=10.2307/2053272|jstor=2053272|date=1976|s2cid=154741845}}</ref> In the eighth century CE, various Tamil villages collectively known as ''Demel-kaballa'' (Tamil allotment), ''Demelat-valademin'' (Tamil villages), and ''Demel-gam-bim'' (Tamil villages and lands) were established.{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=214–215}} In the ninth and tenth centuries CE, Pandya and Chola incursions started in the island which culminated with the Chola annexation of the island.<ref name="Spencer" />

====Polonnaruwa and Jaffna kingdom (11th–15th century CE)====
[[File:Jaffna Kingdom.svg|thumb|Extent of [[Jaffna kingdom]]]]

The Chola influence lasted until the latter half of the eleventh century CE and the Chola decline was followed by the restoration of the [[Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa monarchy]].<ref name="Spencer" />{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=76}} In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]] established the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] on the [[Jaffna]] peninsula and in parts of northern and upper eastern Sri Lanka.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=100–102}} In the fourteenth century CE, the Aryacakaravarthi expansion into the south of the island was halted by [[Alagakkonara]], who belonged to a feudal family from [[Kanchipuram]] that migrated to Sri Lanka in the previous century and converted to Buddhism.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=102–04}} He served as the chief minister of the Sinhalese king [[Parakramabahu V]] (1344–59 CE) and his descendant Vira Alakeshwara briefly became the king later before the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] admiral [[Zheng He]] overthrew him in 1409 CE after which the influence of his family declined.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=104}} The [[Caste system in Sri Lanka|caste structure]] of the Sinhalese also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India, which led to the emergence of new Sinhalese caste groups such as the ''[[Radala]]'', the ''[[Salagama]]'', the ''[[Durava]]'' and the ''[[Karava]]''.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=121}}{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=275}}

====Later conflicts and European colonization (16th–20th century CE)====
{{See also|Portuguese Ceylon|Dutch Ceylon|British Ceylon}}

The Aryachakaravarthi dynasty continued to rule over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until arrival of the Europeans on the island in the sixteenth century CE. Portuguese traders reached Sri Lanka by 1505 CE and the Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese due to its presence as a logistical and strategic base for accessing the interior ruled by the [[Kandyan kingdom]].<ref name="Abhay">{{cite book|first=Tikiri|last=Abeysinghe|title=Jaffna Under the Portuguese|publisher=Lake House Investments|date=1986|isbn=978-9-55552-000-3|pages=2–3}}</ref> King [[Sankili Segarajasekaran|Cankili I]] resisted contacts with the Portuguese and repelled [[Paravas|Parava]] [[Catholics]] who were brought from India to the [[Mannar Island]] to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kantaiya|last=Kunaraca|title=The Jaffna Dynasty: Vijayakalingan to Narasinghan|publisher=Dynasty of Jaffna Kings' Historical Society|date=2003|isbn=978-9-55845-500-5|pages=82–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gnanaprakasar|first=S.|title=A critical history of Jaffna: the Tamil era|date=2020|publisher=Gyan|isbn=978-8-12122-063-7|pages=113–117}}</ref> The wrested Mannar during the [[Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1560)|first invasion]] in 1560 and killed king [[Puvirasa Pandaram]] during the [[Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591)|second expedition]] in 1591.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=166}} After the conflicts, the Portuguese [[Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom|secured]] the kingdom in 1619 from the unpopular [[Cankili II]], who was helped by the Thanjavur Nayaks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vriddhagirisan |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC|title=The Nayaks of Tanjore|publisher=[[Annamalai University]]|orig-year=1942|isbn=978-8-12060-996-9|pages=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUEKAQAAIAAJ|title=The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617–1638|last=de Silva|first=Chandra|date=1972|publisher=[[University of London]]|page=96|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125958/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUEKAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> English sailor [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] arrived in the island in 1669 and described the Tamil settlements in the ''[[An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]]'' published in 1681.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knox |first=Robert |title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon|page=166|url=http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:image:58692:2|publisher=Robert Chiswell|orig-year=1681|id=2596825|isbn=978-1-40691-141-1}}</ref>

The [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] captured the island later and ruled for more than a century. Following the [[Invasion of Ceylon (1795)|1795 invasion of the British]] and the [[Kandyan Wars]], the island came to the control of the British in the early nineteenth century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Christie |first=Nikki |date=2016 |title=Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|page=53}}</ref> Upon arrival in June 1799, [[Hugh Cleghorn (colonial administrator)|Hugh Cleghorn]], the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government: "Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the Tamils who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners."<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Lanka: National Conflict and the Tamil Liberation Struggle|first=Satchi|last=Ponnambalam|date=1983|publisher=Tamil Information Centre|isbn=978-0-86232-198-7}}</ref> Irrespective of the ethnic differences, the British imposed a unitary state structure in [[British Ceylon]] for better administration.<ref>{{cite book |last=Horowitz |first=Donald |date=2001 |title=Ethnic Groups in Conflict |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-52092-631-8|page=224}}</ref> During the British colonial rule, Tamils held higher positions in the government and were favoured by the British for their qualification in English education. In the northern highlands, the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]] were settled there as plantation workers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=2002|first=Walter|last=Nubin|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4|page=87}}</ref> Tamils who migrated in the nineteenth century CE to work on tea plantations were later termed as the [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]].{{sfn|de Silva|1997|pp=177, 181}}

====Post Sri Lankan independence (1948–present)====
[[File:Sri Lanka North Eastern Province locator map.svg|thumb|The northern and eastern areas of Sri Lanka with majority Tamil population]]

Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948 and after the colonial rule ended, ethnic tension rose between the Sinhalese, who constituted a majority, and the Tamils.<ref name="SLT" /> In 1956, the [[Sinhala Only Act]] designated [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as the only official language of Sri Lanka, which forced many Tamils to resign as civil servants because they were not fluent in the language. The Tamils saw the act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them.<ref name="Tambiah" /> Anti-Tamil [[pogrom]]s in [[1956 Ceylonese riots|1956]] and [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|1958]] resulted in deaths of many Tamils and further escalated the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptsrilanka.org/images/documents/massacres_pogroms_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428050130/http://www.ptsrilanka.org/images/documents/massacres_pogroms_en.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2016|title=Genocide Against Tamil People: Massacres, Pogroms, Destruction of Property, Sexual Violence and Assassinations of Civil Society Leaders|publisher=People's Tribunal on Sri Lanka (PTSL)|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Narratives of Gendered Dissent in South Asian Cinemas|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2012|page=126|isbn=978-0-41596-117-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0vyvO2NGFMC&dq=anti+tamil+pogrom+1958&pg=PA126|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009144243/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0vyvO2NGFMC&dq=anti+tamil+pogrom+1958&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sivanandan|first=A.|date=July 1984|title=Sri Lanka: racism and the politics of underdevelopment|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639688402600102|journal=Race & Class|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=1–37|doi=10.1177/030639688402600102|s2cid=143870163|issn=0306-3968|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125842/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639688402600102|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> More than a million Indian Tamil plantation workers were made stateless after Sri Lanka refused citizenship to them. In 1964, the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] and [[Government of India|Indian governments]] entered into an agreement, based on which, about 300,000 would be granted Sri Lankan citizenship and about 975,000 Tamils would be [[repatriate]]d to India over a period of fifteen years.<ref name="SLT" />{{sfn|de Silva|1997|p=262}}

A new [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|Constitution]] enacted in the 1970s further discriminated against the Tamils and various state-sponsored schemes led Sinhalese settlers into Tamil populated areas. The [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom]] was followed by a crackdown against the Tamils, which curtailed their rights. Following the declaration of state of emergency in 1981, state-backed Sinhalese mobs turned on Tamils, which led many Tamils to leave the country as refugees resulting in an exodus more than half a million to India and other countries.<ref name="SLT" /> By the 1970s, initial non-violent political struggle for an [[Tamil Eelam|independent Tamil state]] in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|north]] and [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|east]] of Sri Lanka, developed into a violent secessionist insurgency.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlCXRQo__6oC|title=The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance|publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|last=Sherman|first=Jake|date=2003|location=New York|page=198|isbn=978-1-58826-172-4|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124757/https://books.google.com/books?id=BlCXRQo__6oC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Security And Development: Investing in Peace And Prosperity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXHRX20ibVAC|publisher=[[Routledge]]|last1=Picciotto|first1=Robert|last2=Weaving|first2=Rachel|date=2006|location=London|page=171|isbn=978-0-415-35364-9|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124655/https://books.google.com/books?id=YXHRX20ibVAC|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to the bloody [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] for more than three decades.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stokke|first=K.|date=2006|title=Building the Tamil Eelam State: emerging state institutions and forms of governance in LTTE-controlled areas in Sri Lanka|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=27|issue=6|pages=1021–40|doi=10.1080/01436590600850434|citeseerx=10.1.1.466.5940|s2cid=45544298}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=McConnell|first=D.|date=2008|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=[[Cambridge Review of International Affairs]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=59–76|doi=10.1080/09557570701828592|s2cid=154770852}}</ref> The conflict resulted in the deaths of at least 100,000 Tamils in the island and led to the flight of over 800,000 refugees.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48300279|access-date=22 March 2021|work=[[BBC News]]|date=18 May 2019|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48300279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UN rights chief seeks sanctions against Sri Lanka generals|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210127-un-rights-chief-seeks-sanctions-against-sri-lanka-generals-1|access-date=22 March 2021|work=[[France 24]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=27 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127223120/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210127-un-rights-chief-seeks-sanctions-against-sri-lanka-generals-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Open Wounds and Mounting Dangers|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/02/01/open-wounds-and-mounting-dangers/blocking-accountability-grave-abuses-sri-lanka|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=22 March 2021|date=1 February 2021|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035936/https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/02/01/open-wounds-and-mounting-dangers/blocking-accountability-grave-abuses-sri-lanka|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-un/1689524|title=Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN|work=ABC News|access-date=1 March 2016|date=20 May 2009|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923153656/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-un/1689524|url-status=live}}</ref> The war ended after the [[2008–2009 Sri Lankan Army Northern offensive|Sri Lankan military offensive]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/19/sri.lanka.conflict/|title=Sri Lankan president declares war 'victory'|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112160735/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/19/sri.lanka.conflict/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating [[Human rights in Sri Lanka|human rights]] as a result of committing [[War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war|war crimes]] through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the [[Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka|abduction]] and [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces|massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils]] and [[Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka|sexual violence]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=19 February 2009|title=War on the Displaced|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/02/19/war-displaced/sri-lankan-army-and-ltte-abuses-against-civilians-vanni|journal=Human Rights Watch|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411165610/https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/02/19/war-displaced/sri-lankan-army-and-ltte-abuses-against-civilians-vanni|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 August 2020|title=The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020|url=https://hir.harvard.edu/sri-lankan-civil-war/|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Harvard International Review|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628153741/https://hir.harvard.edu/sri-lankan-civil-war/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sri Lankan Conflict|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/sri-lankan-conflict|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Council on Foreign Relations|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327173217/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/sri-lankan-conflict|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/05/20/sri-lanka-new-evidence-wartime-abuses|title=Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=9 March 2016|date=20 May 2010|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509095213/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/05/20/sri-lanka-new-evidence-wartime-abuses|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==

=== India ===
[[File:Tamil distribution.png|thumb|Distribution of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1981)]]

As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], there were 69 million Tamil speakers, constituting about 5.7% of the Indian population. Tamils formed the majority in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] (63.8 million) and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (1.1 million).<ref name="India" /> There were also significant Tamil population in other states of India such as [[Karnataka]] (2.1 million), [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] (0.7 million), [[Maharashtra]] (0.5 million), and [[Kerala]] (0.5 million).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|title=Census of India: Language (Table C-16)|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120826/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
{{Further|Sri Lankan Tamils|Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Moors}}

Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into two ethnic groups by the [[Sri Lankan government]]: [[Sri Lankan Tamils]], also known as Eelam Tamils, and [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Origin Tamils]], who accounted for 11.2%, and 4.1% of the country's population, respectively, in 2011.<ref name="SL1" /> The Sri Lankan Tamils (or Ceylon Tamils) are the descendants of the Tamils of the old Jaffna Kingdom and east coast chieftainships called [[Vannimai]]s. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|pp=177, 181}} Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and around [[Colombo]], whereas most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands.<ref name="SLD">{{cite report|title=Population by Ethnicity according to District|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p8%20Ethnicity.pdf|work=[[Government of Sri Lanka]]|access-date=3 May 2007|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713101148/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p8%20Ethnicity.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historically, both the Tamil ethnic groups have identified themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|first=V. |last=Suryanarayan|title=In search of a new identity|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=2001|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm|access-date=2 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529221016/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm|archive-date=29 May 2008}}</ref>

There also exists a significant [[Tamil Muslim]] population in Sri Lanka. However, they are listed as a separate entity under the [[Sri Lankan Moor|Moors]] by the government.{{sfn|de Silva|1997|pp=3–5, 9}}<ref name="SLD" /> However, genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.<ref name="SM1" /><ref name="SM2" />

===Tamil diaspora===
{{Main|Tamil diaspora|Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora}}

{{See also|Tamil Malaysians|Tamil South Africans|Tamil Canadians|Tamil British|Tamil Americans|Tamil Indonesian|Myanmar Tamils|Tamils in Réunion|Malbars}}

[[File:Tamil Community - Worldwide.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|Distribution of Tamils (2013)]]

Significant emigration from Indian subcontinent began in the late 18th century, when the Tamils went as [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]] and established businesses in other territories under the control of the British empire such as [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Burma]], [[South Africa]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], and the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guilmoto |first=Christophe Z. |title=The Tamil Migration Cycle 1830–1950 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|jstor=4399307|pages=111–20|volume=28|issue=3|date=1993}}</ref> The descendants of these Tamils continued to live in these countries, and practice their original culture, tradition and language. They form significant proportion of the population in [[Tamil Malaysians|Malaysia]] (7%) and [[Indian Singaporeans|Singapore]] (5%).<ref name="Sing" /> A significant population also exists in South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, as well as other regions such as the Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.<ref name="Dias">{{cite web|url=https://www.instituteofasianstudies.com/tamil_diaspora.html|title=Tamil Diaspora|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002122209/http://instituteofasianstudies.com/tamil_diaspora.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[Immigrant generations|subsequent generation]]s might not speak the language as a [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]], but instead as a [[Second language|second]] or [[Third language acquisition|third language]].<ref>{{citation|title=Tamil diaspora – a trans state nation|url=http://searchko.in/literature/ta-cached.jsp?id=82&idx=0|work=Tamilnation|access-date=4 December 2006|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181236/http://searchko.in/literature/ta-cached.jsp?id=82&idx=0|url-status=dead }}</ref>

There is a small [[Tamils in Pakistan|Tamil community in Pakistan]], notably settled since the [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them|title=Strangers to their roots, and those around them|work=The News|date=20 March 2012|access-date=8 September 2014|first=Ammar|last=Shahbazi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617043012/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them|archive-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref> Since the 20th century, Tamils have migrated to other regions such as [[Middle East]] and the [[Western World]] for employment.<ref name="Dias" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2010/may/irregular-migration.html|title=Irregular migration|work=[[United Nations]]|date=May 2010|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075519/https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2010/may/irregular-migration.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/kas065_066-009.pdf|title=Image and Identity: Tamil Migration to the United States|author=Kelsey Clark Underwood|publisher=[[University of California]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324061732/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/kas065_066-009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A large emigration of Sri Lankan Tamils began in the 1980s, as they sought to escape the ethnic conflict there.<ref name="SLT">{{cite journal|url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/tamils/|title=Tamils|journal=Minority Rights|date=16 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604034412/https://minorityrights.org/communities/tamils/|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest concentration of Eelam Tamils outside Sri Lanka is found in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritagetoronto.org/new-beginnings-tamil-heritage-in-toronto/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191149/http://heritagetoronto.org/new-beginnings-tamil-heritage-in-toronto/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|title=New Beginnings: Tamil Heritage in Toronto|work=Heritage Toronto|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Tamil culture}}

=== Language ===
{{Main|Tamil language|Sri Lankan Tamil dialects}}

[[File:Word Tamil.svg|thumb|Tamil written in [[Tamil script]]]]

Tamil people speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]], which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages]] and is one of the oldest [[classical language of India|classical languages]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|series=Cambridge Language Surveys|date=2003|isbn=978-0-52177-111-5|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/library/kulothungan/pdf/Tamil_Among_the_Classical_Languages_of_the_World.pdf|title=Tamil among the classical languages of the world|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074115/http://www.tamilvu.org/library/kulothungan/pdf/Tamil_Among_the_Classical_Languages_of_the_World.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Tamil language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007012008/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|url-status=live}}</ref> According to epigraphist [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], the rudimentary [[Tamil Brahmi]] script originated in South India in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="Mahadevan">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iravatham-mahadevan-early-tamil-epigraphy-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-sixth-century-a.-d./page/n5/mode/2up|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|last=Mahadevan|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy From The Earliest Times To The Sixth Century A. D.|date=2003 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-67401-227-1|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|title=A rare inscription|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2009|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the old Tamil preserved features of [[Proto-Dravidian]] language,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00868-w|title=Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization|author=Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay|journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications|date=3 August 2021|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229161550/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00868-w|url-status=live}}</ref> modern-day spoken Tamil uses [[loanword]]s from other languages such as [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ia801303.us.archive.org/24/items/ColloquialTamil_201512/Colloquial%20Tamil.pdf|page=157|title=Colloquial Tamil|first1=R.E. |last1=Asher|first2=E. |last2=Annamalai|date=2002|isbn=978-0-41518-788-6|publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Southworth|first=Franklin C.|title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2005|isbn=978-0-41533-323-8|pages=129–132}}</ref> The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the grammar book ''[[Naṉṉūl]]'' which incorporates facets from the old Tamil literary work ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]''.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_01-PDF.pdf|title=Pre-history of Tamil literature|date=2010|author=[[Kamil Zvelebil]]|page=16|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133216/https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_01-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the later part of the 19th century, Tamils have made the language be a key part of the Tamil identity and the language is personified in the form of ''Tamil̲taay'' ("Tamil mother").<ref>{{cite book|first=Sumathi|last=Ramasamy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.5973093|title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970|chapter=Feminizing Language: Tamil as Goddess, Mother, Maiden|date=1997|volume=29|publisher=[[University of California]]|pages=79–134|isbn=978-0-520-20804-9|access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> Various [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Tamil is spoken by the Tamils across regions such as [[Madras Bashai]], [[Kongu Tamil]], [[Madurai Tamil]], [[Nellai Tamil]], Kumari Tamil and various [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects]] such as Batticaloa Tamil, Jaffna Tamil and Negombo Tamil in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smirnitskaya|first1=Anna|title=Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai|journal=Acta Linguistica Petropolitana|date=March 2019|issue=3|pages=318–334|doi=10.30842/alp2306573714317|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782|access-date=4 November 2022|doi-access=free|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173206/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782_Diglossia_and_Tamil_varieties_in_Chennai|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family/article67481730.ece|title=Several dialects of Tamil|date=31 October 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205083033/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family/article67481730.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Tamil literature|Sri Lankan Tamil literature}}

[[File:WLA lacma 12th century Maharishi Agastya.jpg|thumb|upright|A 12th century statue of [[Agastya|Agathiar]], a poet from the first [[Sangam period]]]]

[[Sangam literature|Tamil literature]] is of considerable antiquity compared to the contemporary literature from other Indian languages and represents one of the oldest bodies of literature in South Asia.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_16-PDF.pdf|title=Credentials of Tamil as a classical language|author=George L. Hart|publisher=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|date=August 2018|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173029/https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_16-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Maloney|first=C.|title=The Beginnings of Civilization in South India|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=603–616|date=1970|jstor=2943246|doi=10.2307/2943246|s2cid=162291987}}</ref> The earliest epigraphic records have been dated to around the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramaniam|first=T.S.|title=Palani excavation triggers fresh debate|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|date=29 August 2011|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908080611/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as [[Tamil Sangams]], the earliest of which destroyed by floods.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0031|title=Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=42|issue=2|page=207|date=2003|last1=Abraham|first1=S. A.|s2cid=153420843|hdl=10125/17189|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903211259/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|date=1994|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-12081-215-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=12-13}} The Sangam literature was broadly classified into three divisions: ''iyal'' (poetry), ''isai'' (music) and ''nadagam'' (drama).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC|page=2|title=Tamil Literature|author=M. S. Purnalingam Pillai|date=1994|isbn=978-8-12060-955-6|publisher=Asian Educational Services|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173543/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Literature/QIeqvcai5XQC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sangam.org/an-overview-of-sangam-literature-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/|title=Overview of Sangam literature|publisher=Tamil Sangam|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227021527/https://sangam.org/an-overview-of-sangam-literature-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%99%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%95%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d/|url-status=live}}</ref> The early Tamil literature was compiled and classified into two categories: ''[[Eighteen Greater Texts|Patinenmelkanakku]]'' ("Eighteen Greater Texts") consisting of the ''[[Eight Anthologies|Ettuttokai]]'' ("Eight Anthologies") and the ''[[Ten Idylls|Pattuppattu]]'' ("Ten Idylls"), and the ''[[Eighteen Lesser Texts|Patinenkilkanakku]]'' ("Eighteen Lesser Texts").<ref>{{cite book|first=Takanobu|last=Takahashi|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics|date=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC&pg=PA1|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-10042-3|pages=1–3|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173544/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGNOU">{{cite report|url=https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22251/5/Unit-10.pdf|title=Early Tamil society|page=2|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120154928/https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22251/5/Unit-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the [[Five Great Epics]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=12-13}}<ref name="IGNOU" /><ref>{{cite book|first=T.V. |last=Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the South Indian History Congress|date=1981|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|pages=28–34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure|author=S. Sundararajan|publisher=Navrang|date=1991|page=233}}</ref> Another book of the post Sangam era is the ''[[Tirukkural]]'', a book on ethics, by [[Thiruvalluvar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPpv2F2RRgcC|title=The Kural|author=P.S.Sundaram|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2005|isbn=978-9-35118-015-9|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173546/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kural/aPpv2F2RRgcC|url-status=live}}</ref> In the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]], [[Vaishnava]] and [[Saiva]] literature became prominent following the [[Bhakti movement]] in 7th century CE with hymns composed by [[Alwars]] and [[Nayanmars]].<ref name="Bhakti">{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=P. Govinda|title=The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?|date=4 October 2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00078-039-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sep5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT46|page=46|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173546/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Bhakti_Movement/sep5EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT46|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Padmaja|first=T.|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu|date=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8-17017-398-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C|page=47|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630001437/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Temples_of_Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a_in_South_India/pzgaS1wRnl8C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Rukmini Bhaya|title=Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century|last2=de Souza|first2=Peter Ronald|date=2020|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-35003-925-4}}</ref> Notable work from the post-Bhakti period included ''[[Ramavataram]]'' by [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] in 12th century CE and ''[[Thiruppugazh|Tiruppugal]]'' by [[Arunagirinathar]] in 15th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=P.S.Sundaram|title=Kamba Ramayana|date=3 May 2002|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-9-351-18100-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPTcCd32pJIC|pages=18–|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173549/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kamba_Ramayana/EPTcCd32pJIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|last3=Schröder|first3=Ulrike|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9-380-60721-4|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173548/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ritual_Caste_and_Religion_in_Colonial_So/OcEM2IsnA1AC|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named ''Thambiraan Vanakkam'', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578|author=Karthik Madhavan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live|date=21 June 2010}}</ref> ''[[Tamil Lexicon]]'', published by the [[University of Madras]] between 1924 and 1939, was amongst the first comprehensive [[dictionary|dictionaries]] published in the language.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|title=Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 June 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704063848/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Tamil-Lexicon/article14964046.ece|title=The Tamil Lexicon|date=27 March 2011|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133220/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Tamil-Lexicon/article14964046.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th century gave rise to [[Tamil Renaissance]] and writings and poems by authors such as [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]], [[U.V.Swaminatha Iyer]], [[C. W. Thamotharampillai|Damodaram Pillai]], [[V. Kanakasabhai]] and others.<ref>{{cite book|title=The embodiment of bhakti|author=Karen Prechilis|pages=8|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19512-813-0|date=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133221/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Embodiment_of_Bhakti/Vu95WgeUBfEC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944|first=K. Nambi|last=Arooran|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|date=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxluAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133221/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Renaissance_and_Dravidian_National/WxluAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/seeds-of-tamil-renaissance/article5787804.ece|title=Seeds of Tamil Renaissance|author=Theodore Baskaran|date=19 March 2014|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021193425/https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/seeds-of-tamil-renaissance/article5787804.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Indian Independence Movement]], many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, notably [[Bharathiar]] and [[Bharathidasan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|title=Bharathiyar Who Impressed Bharatidasan|journal=Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies|access-date=1 December 2023|issn=1305-578X|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200602/https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|date=2005|isbn=978-8-13170-520-9|page=125|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174600/https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Art and architecture ===
According to Tamil literature, there are 64 art forms called ''[[Kalā|aayakalaigal]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Āya kalaikaḷ ar̲upattunān̲ku|author=Centur̲aimuttu|date=1978|page=2|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r88zAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715175323/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%C4%80ya_kalaika%E1%B8%B7_ar%CC%B2upattun%C4%81n%CC%B2ku/r88zAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Siddha Medicine|date=1983|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|first=Ca. Vē|last=Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|page=554}}</ref> The art is classified into two broad categories: ''kavin kalaigal'' (beautiful art forms) which include architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry and ''nun kalaigal'' (fine art forms) which include dance, music and drama.<ref>{{cite book|title=Communication as Mission|date=2007|isbn=978-8-18458-006-8|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|editor1=Jose Joseph|editor2=L. Stanislaus|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBCBgO0chcMC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715175324/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Communication_as_Mission/oBCBgO0chcMC|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Architecture ====
[[File:Andal Temple.jpg|thumb|The large ''[[gopuram]]'' is a hallmark of [[Dravidian architecture]]]]

[[Dravidian architecture]] is the distinct style of architecture of the Tamils. The large ''[[gopuram]]s'', which are monumental ornate towers at the entrance of the temples form a prominent feature of [[Koil|Hindu temples]] of the Dravidian style.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book|last=Fergusson|first=James|title=History of Indian and Eastern Architecture: Volume 1|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=309|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindiana030585mbp/page/308/mode/2up|date=1910|author-link=James Fergusson (architect)}}</ref><ref name="Temple">{{cite book|author=Francis Ching|date=1995|title=A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4712-8451-2|page=253|url=https://ia802804.us.archive.org/18/items/avisualdictionaryofarchitecture/A%20Visual%20Dictionary%20of%20Architecture.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Gopuram">{{cite book|author1=Francis Ching|author2=[[Mark Jarzombek]]|author3=Vikramaditya Prakash|date=2017|title=A Global History of Architecture|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-11898-161-0|page=320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtuHDgAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Global_History_of_Architecture/BtuHDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HINqPkgNr2MC&pg=PA6|page=6|title=Hinduism|author=David Rose|date=1995|isbn=978-1-85276-770-9|publisher=[[Folens]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133729/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Hinduism/HINqPkgNr2MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}</ref> They are topped by ''[[kalasam]]s'' ([[finial]]s) and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgPXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|page=224|title=History of Interior Design|author=Jeannie Ireland|date=2018|isbn=978-1-50131-989-1|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Interior_Design/mgPXEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a number of early [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave-temples established by the various Tamil kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA313|page=313|title=The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain|first1=Susan L. |last1=Huntington |first2=John C. |last2=Huntington|date=2014|isbn=978-8-12083-617-4|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Art_of_Ancient_India/9g_uDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA313|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala|first=D.|last=Dayalan|date=2014|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnPOAQAACAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716062055/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Cave_temples_in_the_Regions_of_the_P%C4%81.html?id=HnPOAQAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples of the Pallavas|first=K.R. |last=Srinivasan|date=1964|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133730/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cave_temples_of_the_Pallavas/ZNdOAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], built by the [[Pallava art and architecture|Pallavas]] in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples, monoliths and [[rock relief]]s.<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202145914/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|date=2002|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-82393-179-8|page=399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA154|date=2008|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|isbn=978-1-42620-336-7|page=154}}</ref> The Pallavas, who built the group of monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] and [[Kanchipuram]], were one of the earliest patronisers of the Dravidian architectural style.<ref name="UNC" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC|page=15|title=Cultural History of India|author=Om Prakash|date=2005|isbn=978-8-12241-5-872|publisher=New Age International|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133738/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cultural_History_of_India/nzpYb5UOeiwC|url-status=live}}</ref> These gateways became regular features in the [[Chola art and architecture|Cholas]] and the [[Pandyan art and architecture|Pandya architecture]], was later expanded by the Vijayanagara and the [[Madurai Nayaks|Nayaks]] and spread to other parts such as Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.004/--tamil-gopura-from-temple-gateway-to-global-icon?rgn=main;view=fulltext|title=The Tamil Gopura From Temple Gateway to Global Icon|author=Crispin Branfoot|journal=Ars Orientalis|date=2015|volume=45|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.004|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604025548/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.004/--tamil-gopura-from-temple-gateway-to-global-icon?rgn=main;view=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Michell|first=George|title=The Hindu Temple|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|date=1988|location=Chicago|pages=151–153|isbn=978-0-22653-230-1|url=https://archive.org/details/hindutempleintro0000mich/page/8/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura|title=Gopuram|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=20 January 2008|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura|url-status=live}}</ref> There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The influence of Tamil culture had led to the construction of various temples outside India by the Tamil dispora.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/web-stories/10-hindu-temples-to-visit-outside-india/slideshow/104720622.cms?from=mdr|title=Ten Hindu temples to visit outside India|date=23 October 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802114059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/web-stories/10-hindu-temples-to-visit-outside-india/slideshow/104720622.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-hindu-temples-outside-india-that-are-worth-a-visit/photostory/87366618.cms?picid=87366637|title=Five Hindu temples to visit outside India that are worth a visit|date=29 October 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802114059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-hindu-temples-outside-india-that-are-worth-a-visit/photostory/87366618.cms?picid=87366637|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mugal Empire|Mugal]] influence in medieval times and the [[British Empire|British]] influence later gave rise to a blend of [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]] and [[Gothic Revival]] styles, resulting in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture with several institutions during the British era following the style.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metcalfe|first=Thomas R.|title=A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj|journal=History Today|volume=32|issue=9|url=http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230153/https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indo-saracenic Architecture|work=Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922|publisher=higman.de|url=http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730131008/http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last=Jeyaraj|first=George J.|title=Indo Saracenic Architecture in Channai|work=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725063408/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> By the early 20th century, the [[Art Deco]] made its entry upon in the urban landscape.<ref>{{cite web|title=Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing|date=2 September 2014|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/art-deco-style-remains-but-elements-missing-655242.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132502/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/Art-Deco-Style-Remains-But-Elements-Missing-655242.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the later part of the century, the architecture witnessed a rise in the [[modernism|modern]] [[concrete]] buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-a-rich-amalgamation-of-various-architectural-styles/article32451353.ece|title=Chennai, a rich amalgamation of various architectural styles|date=27 August 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717174553/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-a-rich-amalgamation-of-various-architectural-styles/article32451353.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai looks to the skies|date=31 October 2014|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sculpture and paintings ====
[[File:Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama Garuda.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] with [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]] and his mount [[Garuda]] (12th–13th century CE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.lacma.org/node/203163|title=Krishna Rajamannar with His Wives, Rukmini and Satyabhama, and His Mount, Garuda | LACMA Collections|publisher=collections.lacma.org|access-date=23 September 2014|archive-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716040855/http://collections.lacma.org/node/203163|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed [[bronze]] icons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shilpaic literature of the tamils|first=V.|last=Ganapathi|url=http://www.intamm.com/arts/ancient.htm|publisher=INTAMM|access-date=4 December 2006|archive-date=16 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016163149/http://www.intamm.com/arts/ancient.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The bronze statues of the Cholas are considered to be one of the greatest contributions of Tamil art.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Aschwin|last=Lippe|date=December 1971|title=Divine Images in Stone and Bronze: South India, Chola Dynasty (c. 850–1280)|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|volume=4|pages=29–79|quote=The bronze icons of the Early Chola period are one of India's greatest contributions to world art...|doi=10.2307/1512615|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|jstor=1512615|s2cid=192943206}}</ref> Models made of a special mixture of [[beeswax]] and [[sal tree]] [[resin]] were encased in clay and fired to melt the wax leaving a hollow mould, which would then be filled with molten metal and cooled to produce bronze statues.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC|page=8|title=Art of the Imperial Cholas|author=Vidya Dehejia|date=1990|isbn=978-0-23151-524-5|publisher=Columbia University Press|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133749/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Art_of_the_Imperial_Cholas/23F7vTn3hBMC|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil paintings are usually centered around natural, religious or aesthetic themes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD47AAAAMAAJ|page=459|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Art & Architecture|date=1983|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|editor=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|author=Ē. En̲ Perumāḷ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134237/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Heritage_of_the_Tamils/lD47AAAAMAAJ?|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sittanavasal Cave|Sittanavasal]] is a rock-cut [[monastery]] and temple attributed to Pandyas and Pallavas which consist of [[fresco]]es and [[mural]]s from the 7th century CE, painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|author=Sudharsanam|title=A centre for Arts and Culture|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Indian Heritage Organization|archive-date=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825144451/http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|title=Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Puratattva|date=2 May 2011|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814174527/http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Ajanta of TamilNadu|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=27 November 2005|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405133236/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar murals are found in temple walls, the most notable examples are the murals on the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam]] and the Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVuAAAAMAAJ|page=188|title=Tamil Nadu, a Real History|first=K. |last=Rajayyan|date=2005|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134239/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Nadu_a_Real_History/wnVuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rI1DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141|page=141|title=Rajaraja Chola: Interplay Between an Imperial Regime and Productive Forces of Society|author=Raghavan Srinivasan|date=2021 |isbn=978-9-35458-2-233|publisher=Leadstart Publishing|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134241/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rajaraja_Chola_Interplay_Between_an_Impe/rI1DEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT141|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nayanthara|first=S.|title=The World of Indian murals and paintings|publisher=Chillbreeze|date=2006|isbn=978-8-19040-551-5|pages=55–57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVe7pZ6GEIC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134240/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Murals_and_Paintings/FbVe7pZ6GEIC|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the major forms of Tamil painting is [[Thanjavur painting]], which originated in the 16th century CE where a base made of cloth and coated with [[zinc oxide]] is painted using dyes and then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold threads.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jv_VAAAAMAAJ|page=14|title=Thanjavur Paintings: Materials, Techniques & Conservation|author1=C. B. Gupta|author2=Mrinalini Mani|date=2005|isbn=978-8-18583-223-4|publisher=National Museum|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134243/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Thanjavur_Paintings/jv_VAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tanjavur Painting of the Maratha Period: Volume 1|first=Jaya|last=Appasamy|isbn=978-8-17017-127-0|date=1980|publisher=Abhinav Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtqKd5a-t4oC|page=9|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134243/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tanjavur_Painting_of_the_Maratha_Period/GtqKd5a-t4oC|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Music ====
{{See also|Music of Tamil Nadu|Ancient Tamil music}}
[[File:Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg|thumb|[[Tharai]] and [[Parai|Thappattai]], traditional music instruments]]

The ancient Tamil country had its own [[Ancient Tamil music|system of music]] called ''Tamil Pannisai''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajagopal|first=Geetha|title=Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|isbn=978-8-12460-538-7|pages=111–112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ&q=pannisai}}</ref> Sangam literature such as the ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' from 2nd century CE describes music notes and instruments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nijenhuis|first=Emmie te|title=Indian Music: History and Structure|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1974|isbn=978-9-00403-978-0|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010005745/https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsctDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241|page=241|title=Tamil Pozhil|publisher=Karanthai Tamil Sangam|year=1976|language=ta|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145142/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsctDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A Pallava inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Orality, writing and music in South Asia|date=December 2019|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.31623.96169|author=Richard Widdess|journal=School of Oriental and African Studies|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kudumiyamalai-Music-Inscription-detail-South-India-7-th-century_fig1_338108595}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Widdess|first=D. R.|contribution=The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation|editor-last=Picken|editor-first=Laurence|title=Musica Asiatica|volume=2|place=London|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1979|pages=115–150}}</ref> The Pallava inscriptions from the period describe the playing of [[string instrument]] [[veena]] as a form of exercise for the fingers and the practice of singing musical hymns (''Thirupadigam'') in temples. From the 9th century CE, Shaivite hymns ''[[Thevaram]]'' and Vaishnavite hymns (''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'') were sung along with playing of musical instruments. [[Carnatic music]] originated later which included rhythmic and structured music by composers such [[Thyagaraja]], [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], and [[Shyama Shastri]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzurjfF3AE4C|page=ix-xvi|title=Music as a history in Tamil Nadu|author=T. K. Venkatasubramanian|year=2010|isbn=978-9-38060-7-061|publisher=Primus Books|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134755/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Music_as_History_in_Tamilnadu/pzurjfF3AE4C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|title=Karnatak music|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064333/https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Villu Paatu]] is an ancient form of musical story-telling method where narration is interspersed with music played from a string bow and accompanying instruments.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Sadie|editor-first=Stanley|author=Alastair Dick|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments|publisher=[[Macmillan Press]]|year=1984|volume=3|page=727|isbn=978-0-943818-05-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLTWAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134755/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Musical_Inst/hLTWAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1314|page=1314|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|year=1988|isbn=978-8-12601-194-0|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134756/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Literature/zB4n3MVozbUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1314|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gaana]], a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|last=G|first=Ezekiel Majello|date=10 October 2019|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|archive-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>

There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as [[parai]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology|year=2015|isbn=978-0-199-35171-8|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=370|editor1=Jeff Todd Titon|editor2=Svanibor Pettan}}</ref> [[tharai]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Harihara the Legacy of the Scroll|first=Nithyau|last=Ramkumar|year=2016|isbn=978-9-352-01769-0|publisher=Frog in well|quote=..Thaarai and thappattai, native instruments of Tamil people..}}</ref> [[yazh]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kc1DwAAQBAJ&q=yazh|title=Musical Instruments of India|author=S.Krishnaswami|year=2017|isbn=978-8-12302-494-3|publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134817/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Musical_Instruments_of_India/7kc1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=yazh|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[murasu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece|title=Secular and sacred|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 January 2013|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107170943/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=When the Kurinji Blooms|first=Rājam|last=Kiruṣṇan̲|year=2002|page=124|isbn=978-8-12501-619-9|publisher=[[Orient BlackSwan]]}}</ref> [[Nadaswaram]], a [[reed instrument]] that is often accompanied by the [[thavil]], a type of [[drum instrument]] are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v875EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|pages=38, 43|title=Problems and prospects of handicraft artisans in Thanjavur district|author=K.Leelavathy|isbn=978-8-11965-350-8|publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145143/https://books.google.com/books?id=v875EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Melam]] is from a group of [[Madhalam|percussion instruments]] from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events and functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/isaikkaruvi/mis-thi-isai-karuvi-mathalam.htm|title=Mathalam - Ancient music instruments mentioned in Thirumurai|publisher=Shaivam.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119053719/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/isaikkaruvi/mis-thi-isai-karuvi-mathalam.htm|archive-date=19 January 2013|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0127_01.html|title=11th TirumuRai Paurams|publisher=Project Madurai|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210421/https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0127_01.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AA" />

==== Performance arts ====
{{Main|Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Thanjavur, Brihadishwara Temple, dance (6851706080).jpg|thumb|A [[Bharatanatyam]] performance]]

[[Bharatanatyam]] is a major genre of [[Indian classical dance]] that originated from the Tamils.<ref name="Loch">{{cite book|first=James|last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|year=2002|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-82393-179-8|pages=103–104|url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/15/items/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/James%20Lochtefeld%20The%20Illustrated%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Hinduism.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance|title=Bhartanatyam|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074450/https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Projesh|title=Indian Ballet Dancing|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=42–43|isbn=978-0-391-02716-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fXZKe3xHQAC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135259/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Ballet_Dancing/5fXZKe3xHQAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britbn">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam|title=Bharata-natyam|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175552/https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/in-pictures-on-international-dance-day-a-look-at-indias-famous-dance-forms-and-their-exponents-8580737/8/|title=On International Dance Day, a look at some of India's famous dance forms and their exponents|date=29 April 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135308/https://indianexpress.com/just-now-breaking-scroll/?current_story_id=8580737&section_name=null|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Between Theater and Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C|year=2010|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|isbn=978-0-81227-929-0|page=65}}</ref> There are many [[folk dance]] forms that originated and are practiced in the region. Major folk dance forms include [[Karakattam]] and [[Kavadi Aattam|Kavadiattam]] which involve dancers balancing decorated pot(s) on their heads and arch shaped wooden sticks on their shoulders respectively while making dance movements with the body.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQFlAAAAMAAJ|page=344|title=Kaṭṭaikkūttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theatre Tradition|author=Hanne M. de Bruin|year=1999|isbn=978-9-06980-103-2|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135302/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ka%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADaikk%C5%ABttu/zQFlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia|first=J. C.|last=Heesterman|year=1992|page=465|isbn=978-9-00409-467-3|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtwtSZwyWpgC&pg=PA465|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135303/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ritual_State_and_History_in_South_Asia/EtwtSZwyWpgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA465|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ethical Life in South Asia|year=2010|isbn=978-0-25335-528-7|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R_nwe6r5R0C|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135304/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ethical_Life_in_South_Asia/7R_nwe6r5R0C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00018-987-2|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWGtAwAAQBAJ|page=88|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Portals/JWGtAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kolattam]] and [[Kummi]] are usually performed by women while singing songs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dances Of India|year=2010|pages=60–65|isbn=978-8-12411-337-0|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|author=Shobana Gupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KeAES9dsUcC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dances_of_India/7KeAES9dsUcC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam|title=Kolattam|publisher=[[Merriam Webster]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052339/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction|first=M. D.|last=Raghavan|year=1971|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|pages=274–275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316094022/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Tamil_culture_in_Ceylon.html?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA919|page=990|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|year=2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|editor=Allison Arnold|isbn=978-1-35154-438-2|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135307/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music/Hh03DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA919|url-status=live}}</ref> In dances like [[Mayilattam]], [[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam|Puravaiattam]], and [[Puliyattam]], dancers dress like [[Indian peafowl|peacocks]], [[horses]] and [[Bengal tiger|tigers]] respectively and headdresses perform movements imitating the animals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Madhavan|first=Arya|title=Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness|year=2010|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-04202-799-2|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfl5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135816/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kudiyattam_Theatre_and_the_Actor_s_Consc/jfl5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3H8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|page=207|title=Jhal Muri: Embracing Life's Unpredictable Flavours|author=Gaurab Dasgupta|year=2024|publisher=Blue Rose|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135816/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jhal_Muri_Embracing_Life_s_Unpredictable/O3H8EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Spirit of the Tiger|year=2012|isbn=978-1-44545-472-6|publisher=Parragon Publishing|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixb0rUW0wV0C|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135820/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Spirit_of_the_Tiger/Ixb0rUW0wV0C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|year=2016|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-44225-749-8|pages=26–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135820/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_World_Folk_Dance/DMGpDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&pg=PA224|page=224|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|year=2004|publisher=Isha books|isbn=978-8-18205-061-7|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135822/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_Religion_and_Culture_of_India/zh6z0nuIjAgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Traditions of Indian Folk Dance|first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan|year=1987|page=337|isbn=978-8-18512-022-5|publisher=Clarion Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2K1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140331/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Traditions_of_Indian_Folk_Dance/I2K1AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Other traditional dance forms include the war dance [[Oyilattam]] and [[Parai Attam|Paraiattam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19569-084-2|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first1=Devesh|last1=Soneji|first2=Indira|last2=Viswanathan Peterson|pages=334–335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LImAQAAIAAJ&q=Oyilattam|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135817/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=_LImAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Oyilattam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html|title=Oyilattam|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]], South Zone Cultural Center|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-date=19 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619070144/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai|title=Parai|publisher=Nathalaya|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208162122/https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Koothu]] is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity|date=2012|isbn=978-1-13670-392-8|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|editor1=Axel Michaels|editor2=Christoph Wulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui2pAgAAQBAJ&q=koothu|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140334/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Images_of_the_Body_in_India/ui2pAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=koothu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Koothu">{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|first1=Gita|last1=Wolf|first2=V.|last2=Geetha|first3=Anushka|last3=Ravishankar|date=2003|isbn=978-8-18621-147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC&pg=PA37|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140337/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bommalattam]] is a type of [[puppetry]] that uses various [[Marionette|doll marionette]]s manipulated by rods and strings attached to them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|date=2016|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|first=Siyuan|last=Liu|page=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140340/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Asian_Theatre/H1iFCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion|date=2009|pages=71, 433|isbn=978-0-19569-917-3|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first=Ananda|last=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140347/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Indian_Theatre/DftkAAAAMAAJ?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre|date=1997|isbn=978-0-521-58822-5|page=84|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|first1=James|last1=Brandon|first2=Martin|last2=Banham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC}}</ref>

==== Martial arts ====
[[File:Silambam vector.svg|thumb|[[Silambam]] is an old martial art originating in Tamil Nadu]]

[[Silambam]] is a [[Indian martial arts|martial art]] involving the usage of a long staff of about {{cvt|168|cm}} in length, often made of wood such as bamboo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martial Arts (Silambam & Kalaripayattu)|url=https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205090742/https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=20 January 2017|title=A stick in time …|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|access-date=11 February 2023|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902212850/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was used for self-defense and to ward off animals and later evolved into a martial art and dance form.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sarkar|first=John|title=Dravidian martial art on a comeback mode|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms|access-date=5 December 2020|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 February 2008|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731104255/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adimurai]] (or Kuttu varisai) is a martial art specializing in empty-hand techniques and application on vital points of the body.<ref name="Warrior">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlI0fxSm1vgC&pg=PA36|page=36|title=The Way of the Warrior|author=Chris Crudelli|year=2008|isbn=978-1-40533-750-2|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140848/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Way_of_the_Warrior/QlI0fxSm1vgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/adimurai-oldest-form-of-martial-arts-in-the-world-783629|title=Adimurai|date=18 February 2023|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329181645/https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/adimurai-oldest-form-of-martial-arts-in-the-world-783629|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Luijendijk|first=D.H.|title=Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art|year=2005|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-1-40922-626-0}}</ref> [[Varma kalai]] is a Tamil traditional art of vital points which combines alternative medicine and martial arts, attributed to sage [[Agastya|Agastiyar]] and might form part of the training of other martial arts such as silambattam, adimurai or [[kalaripayattu|kalari]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zarrilli, Phillip B.|year=1992|title=To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu|url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html|journal=[[Journal of Asian Martial Arts]]|volume=1|issue=1|access-date=23 February 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601082829/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Malyutham]] is the traditional form of combat-wrestling.<ref name="Warrior" /><ref>{{cite journal|first=Joseph S.|last=Alter|author-link=Joseph Alter|date=May 1992|title=The ''sannyasi'' and the Indian wrestler: the anatomy of a relationship|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=19|issue=2|pages=317–336|issn=0094-0496|doi=10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070|jstor=645039|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/645039|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309133400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/645039|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Tamil martial arts uses various types of weapons such as [[valari]] (iron sickle), [[maduvu]] (deer horns), [[sword|vaal]] (sword) and [[shield|kedayam]] (shield), [[Urumi|surul vaal]] (curling blade), [[spear|itti]] or [[vel]] (spear), [[savuku]] (whip), [[Katar (dagger)|kattari]] (fist blade), [[aruval]] (machete), silambam (bamboo staff), [[knuckleduster|kuttu katai]] (spiked knuckleduster), [[dagger|kathi]] (dagger), [[Bow and arrow|vil ambu]] (bow and arrow), [[Gada (mace)|tantayutam]] (mace), [[Trishula|soolam]] (trident), [[valari]] (boomerang), [[discus|chakaram]] (discus) and theepandam (flaming baton).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silambam.org.in/silambam-education-weapons.html|title=Silambam weapons|work=[[World Silambam Association]]|date=17 November 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.lk/2024/05/13/featured/535362/hidden-dance-of-the-deadly-staff/|title=Hidden Dance of the Deadly Staff|date=13 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]}}</ref> [[Wootz steel]] used to make weapons, originated in the mid-1st millennium BCE in South India.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Sharada|last=Srinivasan|date=15 November 1994|title=Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in India|journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology|volume=5|pages=49–59|doi=10.5334/pia.60|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wijepala|first1=W. M. T. B.|last2=Young|first2=Sansfica M.|last3=Ishiga|first3=Hiroaki|date=1 April 2022|title=Reading the archaeometallurgical findings of Yodhawewa site, Sri Lanka: contextualizing with South Asian metal history|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0|journal=Asian Archaeology|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=21–39|doi=10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0|s2cid=247355036|issn=2520-8101|access-date=13 September 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913061300/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Herbert Henery|last=Coghlan|year=1977|title=Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World|pages=99–100|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=B.|last=Sasisekharan|year=1999|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf|title=Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal|journal=[[Indian Journal of History of Science]]|volume=34|number=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724033115/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Cheras and the later trade introduced it to other parts of the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Charlotte Speir|title=Ancient and Medieval India|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmESJR3a0RYC&pg=PA365|isbn=978-0-543-92943-3|page=365|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124800/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmESJR3a0RYC&pg=PA365|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Sharada|last1=Srinivasan|first2=Srinivasa|last2=Ranganathan|title=India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World|url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm|year=2004|journal=Iron & Steel Heritage of India|pages=69–82|oclc=82439861|access-date=23 July 2015|archive-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211082829/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the early Sangam age, war was regarded as an honourable sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshipped with [[hero stone]]s and heroic [[martyrdom]] was glorified in ancient Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|pages=21, 386|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529095237/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref> Defeated kings committed ''[[Vatakkiruttal]]'', a form of ritual suicide.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru|year=2002|isbn=978-0-23151-252-7|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|author1=George L. Hart|author2=Hank Heifet|page=217}}</ref>

==== Modern arts ====
{{Main|Tamil cinema|Tamil television soap opera}}

The Tamil film industry nicknamed as [[Kollywood]] and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|title=Tamil Nadu leads in film production|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2013|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116192759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|archive-date=16 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/|title=Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood|date=25 January 2006|access-date=19 February 2012|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024848/https://www.business-standard.com/article/Companies/Tamil-Telugu-film-industries-outshine-Bollywood-106012501034_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Independent Tamil film production have also originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|title=After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World|year=2010|isbn=978-1-56858-427-0|page=248|publisher=Public Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|url-status=live }}</ref> The concept of "Tent Cinema" was introduced in the early 1900s, in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 October 2013|title=A way of life|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url=https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206150806/https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|title=Cinema and the city|date=9 January 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023234933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|title=Farewell to old cinema halls|date=9 May 2011|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005001958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first Tamil talkie film was ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'', which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after the release of India's first talking picture ''[[Alam Ara]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|year=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035817/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|title=From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2020|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Clothing ===
[[File:Kanchipuram sarees (7642282200).jpg|thumb|[[Kanchipuram silk sari]]s worn by women on special occasions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Weaving through the threads|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 March 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=14 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614090426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Ancient literature and epigraphical records describe the various types of dresses worn by Tamil people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parthasarathy|first=R.|year=1993|title=The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-23107-849-8}}</ref><ref name="Costume">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|page=34|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140850/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Tamils/ALUvDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil women traditionally wear a ''[[sari]]'', a garment that consists of a drape varying from {{cvt|15|ft|order=flip}} to {{cvt|27|ft|order=flip}} in length and {{cvt|2|ft|order=flip}} to {{cvt|4|ft|order=flip}} in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=978-0-96614-961-6|page=6,15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1pEAAAAYAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140902/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Saris/_1pEAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lynton|first=Linda|title=The Sari|year=1995|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|location=New York|isbn=978-0-50028-378-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4dlQgAACAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140858/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Sari/v4dlQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dress">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohvzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|page=196|title=Indian Art & Culture|author=Anurag Kumar|date=2016|isbn=978-9-35094-484-4|publisher=Arihant Publication|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140858/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Art_Culture/ohvzDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA196|url-status=live}}</ref> Women wear colourful [[silk saree]]s on traditional occasions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5P_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47|page=47|title=Exploring The Riches Of India|author=Nick Huyes|date=10 May 2024|publisher=Nicky Huys Books|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150217/https://books.google.com/books?id=V5P_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sociology of Religion|first1=Susanne|last1=C. Monahan|first2=William|last2=Andrew Mirola|first3=Michael|last3=O. Emerson|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2001|isbn=978-0-13025-380-4|page=83}}</ref> Young girls wear a long skirt called ''pavaadai'' along with a shorter length sari called ''dhavani''.<ref name="Costume" /> The men wear a ''[[dhoti]]'', a {{cvt|1.9|m}} long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes which is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.<ref name="Costume" /><ref name="Dress" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|title=About Dhoti|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313150055/http://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|url-status=live}}</ref> A colourful ''[[lungi]]'' with typical [[batik]] patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.<ref name="Costume" /><ref name="Cloth">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|title=Clothing in India|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074255/http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|url-status=live}}</ref> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<ref name="Cloth" />

=== Calendar ===
{{Main|Tamil calendar}}

The Tamil calendar is a [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] [[solar calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/12/mode/2up?q=tamil|pages=11–12|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Sankara Dikshit|title=The Indian Calendar|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1995}}</ref> The Tamil ''[[Panchangam]]'' is based on the same and is generally used in contemporary times to check auspicious times for cultural and religious events.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|page=226|title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People|year=2017|isbn=978-9-81323-475-8|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150230/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The calendar follows a 60-year cycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saveca.ca/Sixty%20year%20cycle.pdf|title=Sixty year cycle|publisher=Sankara Vedic Culture and Arts|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716143712/https://www.saveca.ca/Sixty%20year%20cycle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 12 months in a year starting with [[Chithirai]] when the [[Sun]] enters the first [[rāśi]] with the number of days in a month varying between 29 and 32.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianCalendricSystem-SK-Chatterjee/page/n15/mode/2up?q=tamil|author=S.K. Chatterjee|title=Indian Calendric System|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]|year=1998|pages=9–12}}</ref> The new year starts following the [[March equinox]] in the middle of April.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ|page=809|title=Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59339-491-2|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053301/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The days of week (''kiḻamai'') in the Tamil calendar relate to the [[navagraha]] in the Hindu pantheon which correspond to the various celestial bodies in the [[Solar System]] – [[Sun]] ([[Surya|Suriyan]]), [[Moon]] ([[Chandra|Chandiran]]), [[Mars]] ([[Mangala|Chevvai]]), [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] ([[Budha|Budhan]]), [[Jupiter]] ([[Brihaspati|Vyalan]]), [[Venus]] ([[Shukra|Sukran]]), and [[Saturn]] ([[Shani]]), in that order.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w76Ler3OvEcC&pg=PA631|page=631|title=Tamil dictionary|author=Johann Philipp Fabricius|year=1998|isbn=978-8-12060-264-9|publisher=Asian Educational Services|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053231/https://books.google.com/books?id=w76Ler3OvEcC&pg=PA631#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Food and hospitality ===
[[File:South Indian food cuisine.jpg|thumb|A traditional meal served on a banana leaf]]
{{Main|Tamil cuisine}}

[[Hospitality]] is a major feature of Tamil culture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture: Religion, Culture, and Literature|author=A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲|year=2000|isbn=978-8-18605-052-1|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|page=77}}</ref> It was considered as a social obligation and offering food to guests was regarded as one of the highest virtues.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KuQkclfSxsC&pg=PA658|page=658|title=Social Problems in India|author=Selwyn Stanley|year=2004|isbn=978-8-17764-708-2|publisher=Allied Publishers|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715174158/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Social_Problems_in_India/8KuQkclfSxsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA658|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/1049|title=Hospitality Characteristics of Tamil People|journal=International Tamil Research|volume=4|year=2022|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817042310/https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/1049|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rice]] is the diet staple and is served with [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]], and [[poriyal]] as a part of a Tamil meal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/09/rediscovering-the-richness-of-rice|title=Rediscovering the richness of rice|date=9 July 2024|access-date=11 July 2024|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711010328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/09/rediscovering-the-richness-of-rice|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ&q=tamil+meal+sambar+rasam+poriyal|page=412|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|year=2007|isbn=978-8-18866-164-0|publisher=East West Books}}</ref> [[Bananas]] find mention in the Sangam literature and the traditional way of eating a meal involves having the food served on a [[banana leaf]], which is discarded after the meal. Eating on banana leaves imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine|year=2023|isbn=978-1-350-12864-4|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ|page=41|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151737/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|title=Serving on a banana leaf|publisher=ISCKON|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531220859/http://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|title=The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves|work=India Times|date=9 March 2015|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Food is usually eaten seated on the floor and the finger tips of the right hand is used to take the food to the mouth.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: The Culture|first=Bobbie|last=Kalman|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|year=2009|page=29|isbn=978-0-7787-9287-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuDBEsOF6G4C|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419005150/https://books.google.com/books?id=UuDBEsOF6G4C|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Nanjilnadu, Pandiyanadu and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/food/recipes|title=Food recipes|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610171229/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/food/recipes|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SLC">{{cite web|title=Big, bold flavours from a small island|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/food-and-drink/big-bold-flavours-from-a-small-island-2866110|date=28 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128000946/https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/food-and-drink/big-bold-flavours-from-a-small-island-2866110|url-status=live}}</ref> There are both vegetarian and meat dishes with [[fish]] traditionally consumed across the coast and other meat preferred in the interiors. The Chettinadu cuisine is popular for its meat based dishes and generous usage of [[spices]].<ref name="ETC">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-pluralism-traditional-cuisines-of-tamil-nadu-largely-about-meat-fish/articleshow/49304324.cms?from=mdr|title=India's pluralism: Traditional cuisines of Tamil Nadu largely about meat & fish|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220160216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-pluralism-traditional-cuisines-of-tamil-nadu-largely-about-meat-fish/articleshow/49304324.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kongunadu cuisine uses less spices and are generally cooked fresh. It uses [[coconut]], [[sesame seeds]], [[Arachis hypogaea|groundnut]], and [[turmeric]] to go with various cereals and pulses grown in the region.<ref name="ETC" /><ref name="KN">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Jul/22/flavours-of-kongunadu-there-are-several-tamil-nadus-when-it-comes-to-food-2597501.html|title=Flavours of Kongunadu: There are several Tamil Nadus when it comes to food|date=22 July 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722180757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/jul/22/flavours-of-kongunadu-there-are-several-tamil-nadus-when-it-comes-to-food-2597501.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nanjilnadu cuisine is milder and is usually based on fish and vegetables.<ref name="ETC" /> Sri Lankan Tamil cuisine uses [[gingelly oil]] and [[jaggery]] along with coconut and spices, which differentiates it from the other culinary traditions in the island.<ref name="SLC" /> [[Biryani]] is a popular dish with several different versions prepared across various regions.<ref name="KN" /> [[Idli]], and [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] are popular breakfast dishes and other dishes cooked by to the Tamil people include [[upma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/recipes/6-breakfast-items-from-tamil-nadu-to-have-instead-of-idli-and-dosa-article-108816150|title=6 Breakfast Items From Tamil Nadu To Have Instead Of Idli and Dosa|date=27 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327235308/https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/recipes/6-breakfast-items-from-tamil-nadu-to-have-instead-of-idli-and-dosa-article-108816150|url-status=live}}</ref> [[idiappam]],<ref>{{cite book|first=K.T.|last=Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|date=1 November 2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-8-17371-293-7|page=80}}</ref> [[Pongal (dish)|pongal]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QHE-qKU-ugC&pg=PA170|page=170|title=Acceptable Genes? Religious Traditions and Genetically Modified Foods|year=2009|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-43842-894-9|editor=Conrad Bunk|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151738/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QHE-qKU-ugC&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[paniyaram]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4kkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT265|title=Tamilnadu A Journey in Time Part II People, Places and Potpourri|author=George Abraham Pottamkulam|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63806-520-3|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141934/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamilnadu_A_Journey_in_Time_Part_II/x4kkEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT265|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[parotta]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg8HEAAAQBAJ|title=India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage|author=Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00020-581-7|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141935/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Sri_Lanka_and_the_SAARC_Region/yg8HEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medicine ===
{{Main|Siddha medicine}}

[[Siddha medicine]] is a form of [[traditional medicine]] originating from the Tamils and is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nischennai.org/main/siddha-medicine/|title=About Siddha medicine: Origins|publisher=[[National Institute of Siddha]]|access-date=16 February 2024|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210052929/https://nischennai.org/main/siddha-medicine/|url-status=live}}</ref> The word literally means perfection in Tamil and the system focuses on wholesome treatment based on various factors. As per Tamil tradition, the knowledge of Siddha medicine came from [[Shiva]], which was passed on to 18 holy men known as ''[[Siddhar]]'' led by [[Agastya]]. The knowledge was then passed on orally and through palm leaf manuscripts to the later generations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ayushedu.bisag-n.gov.in/AYUSH_EDU/siddha|title=About Siddha|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Siddha practitioners believe that all objects including the human body is composed of five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky which are present in food and other compounds, which is used as the basis for the drugs and other therapies.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://siddhacouncil.com/ccrs/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Siddha-Dossier_CCRS_Chennai-1.pdf|title=Siddha system of medicine|date=August 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=National Siddha Council|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144733/https://siddhacouncil.com/ccrs/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Siddha-Dossier_CCRS_Chennai-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:2019 kolam decoration for Pongal festival, South India.jpg|thumb|upright|Tamils decorate their homes with colorful ''[[Kolam]]s''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abbie Mercer|title=Happy New Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3AnvD5jeDMC|date=2007|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4042-3808-4|page=22}}</ref>]]

=== Festivals ===
[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major and multi-day [[harvest festival]] celebrated by Tamils in the month of [[Thai month|Thai]] according to the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil solar calendar]] (usually falls on 14 or 15 January).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNBgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|page=126|title=Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism|author=James Stewart|year=2015|isbn=978-1-31762-398-4|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141936/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vegetarianism_and_Animal_Ethics_in_Conte/RNBgCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Beteille|first=Andre|title=89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village|journal=Man|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=64|year=1964|issue=2 |issn=0025-1496|doi=10.2307/2797924|pages=73–75|jstor=2797924 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-93074-198-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Puthandu]] is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the [[Tamil calendar]] and falls on in April every year on the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=puthandu|year=2010|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14341-421-6|page=406|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151809/https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=puthandu#v=snippet&q=puthandu&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major festivals include [[Karthika Deepam|Karthikai Deepam]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spagnoli|first1=Cathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales|last2=Samanna|first2=Paramasivam|date=1999|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-56308-576-5|page=133|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-8-18205-061-7|page=207|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thaipusam]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|first=Christian|last=Roy|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-689-3|pages=462–463|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alexandra Kent|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-79111-489-2}}</ref> [[Panguni Uthiram]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Pechilis|first=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|title=Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India|date=22 March 2013|page=155|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-50704-5|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213153509/https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Holiday Symbols & Customs|year=2015|isbn=978-0-780-81365-6|first=James|last=Chambers|publisher=Infobase Publishing}}</ref> and [[Vaikasi Visakam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Encyclopedia|author=Subodh Kant|isbn=978-8-177-55257-7|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|page=7821}}</ref> [[Aadi Perukku]] is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated in the Tamil month of [[Tamil calendar|Adi]] and the worship of [[Mariamman|Amman]] and [[Ayyanar]] deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<ref name="AA">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|title=An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other festivals celebrated include [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Navarathri]], [[Deepavali]], [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/most-important-festivals-of-tamilnadu-that-are-worth-watching-and-experiencing/|title=Important festivals of Tamilnadu|date=14 June 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226135224/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/most-important-festivals-of-tamilnadu-that-are-worth-watching-and-experiencing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/photos/festivals|title=Festivals|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611190954/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/photos/festivals|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/festivals/christmas.php|title=Christmas in Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201140154/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/festivals/christmas.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|[[Jallikattu]], a traditional bull taming event]]

[[Jallikattu]] is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=26 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/events/jallikattu-bull-festival|title=Jallikattu bull festival|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610211259/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/events/jallikattu-bull-festival|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been practised since Sangam period with the aim of keeping people fit. Proficiency in the sport was considered a virtue while untamable bulls were held as a pride of the owner.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o56i5ymOIBkC&pg=PA159DQ|title=A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns|first=François|last=Gautier|isbn=978-81-241-0795-9|year=2001|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914130005/https://books.google.com/books?id=o56i5ymOIBkC&pg=PA159DQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/travel/21webletter.html|title=NY Times: ''The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years ...''|access-date=24 May 2007|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Daniel|last=Grushkin|date=22 March 2007|archive-date=24 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224235809/http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/travel/21webletter.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kabaddi]] is a traditional contact sport that originated from the Tamils.<ref>{{cite book|title=International Sport Management|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-73608-273-0|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6QSQAACAAJ&q=kabaddi|access-date=22 August 2015|date=May 2010|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125846/https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6QSQAACAAJ&q=kabaddi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International Sport Management|first1=Ming|last1=Li|first2=Eric W.|last2=MacIntosh|first3=Gonzalo A.|last3=Bravo|year=2012|publisher=Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. Bravo|isbn=978-0-736-08273-0|page=106}}</ref> [[Chess]] is a popular [[board game]] which originated as [[Chaturanga|Sathurangam]] in the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=H.J.R. |title=A History of Chess |publisher=Benjamin Press |orig-year=1913 |isbn=978-0-93631-701-4|quote=Chathuranga, four-handed dice chess}}</ref> [[Traditional games of India|Traditional games]] like [[Pallanguzhi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Russ|first=Laurence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli|title=Mancala Games|date=1984|publisher=Reference Publications|isbn=978-0-917-25619-6|pages=60|language=en|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827164356/https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sports in Tamil Nadu#Uriyadi|Uriyadi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional sports and games mark Pongal festivities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/traditional-sports-and-games-mark-pongal-festivities/article1096563.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 January 2011|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090112/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Traditional-sports-and-games-mark-Pongal-festivities/article15521808.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gillidanda]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve|last=Craig|year=2002|title=Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History)|isbn=978-0-313-31600-5|page=63|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]}}</ref> [[Pachisi|Dhaayam]] are played across the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Finkel|first=Irving|year=2004|contribution=Round and Round the Houses: The Game of ''Pachisi''|editor-last=Mackenzie|editor-first=Colin|editor2-last=Finkel|editor2-first=Irving|title=Asian Games: The Art of Contest|publisher=Asia Society|pages=46–57|isbn=978-0-878-48099-9}}</ref> In modern times, [[Cricket]] is the most popular sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/|title=Top 10 Most Popular Sports in India|publisher=Sporteology|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111511/https://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Religion ==
{{See also|Religion in ancient Tamil country|Dravidian folk religion|Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam}}
[[File:Ayyanar idols near Gobichettipalayam.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aiyyanar]], guardian folk deity of the Tamils]]

As per the Sangam literature, the [[Sangam landscape]] was classified into five categories known as ''thinais'', which were associated with a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity: [[Murugan]] in ''kurinji'' (hills), [[Thirumal]] in ''mullai'' (forests), [[Indra|Indiran]] in ''marutham'' (plains), [[Varuna]]n in the ''neithal'' (coasts) and [[Durga|Kotravai]] in ''palai'' (desert).<ref>{{cite book|title=Arts and Crafts of Tamil Nadu|first=C.|last=Chandramouli|year=2004|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations|page=74}}</ref> Thirumal is indicated as a deity during the Sangam era, who was regarded as ''Paramporul'' ("the suprement one") and is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in various Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Friedhelm|title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion|year=2015|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-12083-816-1|pages=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Padmaja|first=T.|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|date=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=27}}</ref> While [[Shiva]] worship existed in the Shaivite culture as a part of the Tamil pantheon, [[Murugan]] became regarded as the ''Tamil kadavul'' ("God of the Tamils").<ref>{{cite book|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan|year=2019|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|isbn=978-3-11080-410-2|pages=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|title=A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery|year=2006|publisher=Harappa|url=http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904034700/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|archive-date=4 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Essential Hinduism|author1=Steven Rosen|author2=Graham M. Schweig|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=2006|page=45}}</ref> In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and [[Parvati]] and [[Ganesha|Pillayar]] is regarded as the eldest son, who is venerated as the ''Mudanmudar kadavul'' ("foremost god").<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Civilization:Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University|volume=5|year=1987|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|page=9}}</ref>

The cult of the [[mother goddess]] is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. The worship of [[Amman (goddess)|Amman]], also called [[Mariamman]], is thought to have been derived from an ancient [[mother goddess]], and is also very common.<ref name="Tradition">{{cite book|title=Ayyanar and Mariamman, Folk Deities in South India|first=Christa|last=Neuenhofer|year=2012|isbn=978-1-457-99010-6|publisher=Blurb, Incorporated}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion|work=Hindu Heritage Study Program|url=http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html|access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114082702/http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html|archive-date=14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/temples/amman-temples.php|title=Amman temples|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/temples/amman-temples.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]], the heroine of the ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'' is worshipped as a [[Pattini|goddess]] by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tracing the Sri Lanka-Kerala link|first=P.K. |last=Balachandran|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=23 March 2006|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/5983_1657214,00430014.htm|access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/5983_1657214%2C00430014.htm|archive-date=10 December 2006|url-status=dead }}</ref> In the Sangam literature, there is a description of the rites performed by the priestesses in temples.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5|year=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=4396}}</ref> Among the ancient Tamils, the practice of erecting memorial stones (''[[hero stone|natukal]]'') was prevalent and it continued till the [[Middle ages]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S.S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications}}</ref> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these [[hero stone]]s to bless them with victory.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subramanium|first=N.|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|year=1980|publisher=Ennes Publications}}</ref> In rural areas, local deities called [[Aiyyanar|Aiyyan̲ār]] (also known as Karuppan, Karrupasami, [[Muniandi]]), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm.<ref name="Tradition" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cutler|first=Norman|date=1983|editor-last=Clothey|editor-first=Fred W.|editor2-last=Ramanujan|editor2-first=A. K.|editor3-last=Shulman|editor3-first=David Dean|title=Tamil Religion: Melting Pot or Battleground?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062405|journal=History of Religions|volume=22|issue=4|pages=381–391|doi=10.1086/462931|jstor=1062405|s2cid=162366616|issn=0018-2710|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816205508/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062405|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity|first=Mark|last=Jarzombek|author-link=Mark Jarzombek|journal=Future Anterior|year=2009|url=http://web.mit.edu/mmj4/www/downloads/future_ant4_1.pdf|volume=4|issue=1|pages=18–36|doi=10.1353/fta.0.0031|doi-access=free|access-date=24 July 2015|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823052722/http://web.mit.edu/mmj4/www/downloads/future_ant4_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Their worship probably emanated from the hero stone worship and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition.<ref>{{cite web|title= 'Hero stone' unearthed|url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072202680200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001023228/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072202680200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 October 2007 |access-date=5 December 2006|work= [[The Hindu]]|date=22 July 2006}}</ref> [[Idol worship]] forms a part of the Tamil Hindu culture similar to the Hindu traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.htfl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Hinduism-Philosophy-of-Idol-Worship.pdf|title=Philosophy of Idol Worship|author=[[Swami Sivananda]]|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Hindu Temple of Florida|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053230/https://www.htfl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Hinduism-Philosophy-of-Idol-Worship.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://saivaneethi.org/en/idol-worship/|title=Idol worship|work=Saiva neethi|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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| align = right
| image1 = India Meenakshi Temple.jpg
| image2 = Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg
| footer = [[Meenakshi Temple]] (left); [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple|Kandaswamy Temple]]
}}

During the Sangam period, [[Ājīvika|Ashivakam]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] also had a significant following.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Virtual University|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/diploma/c031/c0313/html/c0313201.htm|access-date=15 August 2023|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815013626/http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/diploma/c031/c0313/html/c0313201.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil Jain|Jainism]] existed from the Sangam period with inscriptions and drip-ledges from 1st century BCE to 6th century CE describing the same.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=On the southern tip of India, a village steeped in the past|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210102314/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece|title=2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2014|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101051105/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Kalabhra dynasty]], who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the [[ancient Tamil country]] in the 3rd–7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|date=2007|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=105|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|access-date=7 September 2016|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185128/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India|isbn=978-0-6700-8478-4|last1=Eraly|first1=Abraham|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405183047/https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Buddhist|Buddhism]] had an influence in Tamil Nadu before the later Middle Ages with ancient texts referring to a [[Vihāra]] in [[Nagapattinam|Nākappaṭṭinam]] from the time of [[Ashoka]] in 3rd century BCE and Buddhist relics from 4th century CE found in [[Poompuhar|Kaveripattinam]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast|last=Rao|first=S.R.|journal=Journal of Marine Archaeology|volume=2|year=1991|page=6|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124225917/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Duraiswamy|first=Dayalan|title=Role of Archaeology on Maritime Buddhism|url=https://www.academia.edu/19992743|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710113323/https://www.academia.edu/19992743|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Buddha">{{cite book|title=Survey of Buddhist temples and monasteries|first=Akhtar|last=Malik|year=2007|isbn=978-8-12613-259-1|publisher=Anmol Publications|page=306}}</ref> Around the 7th century CE, the [[Pandyas]] and [[Pallavas]], who patronized Buddhism and Jainism, became patrons of Hinduism following the revival of [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] during the [[Bhakti movement]] led by Alwars and Nayanmars.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=333}}<ref name="Bhakti" />

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Ervadidargah.jpg
| image2 = Vailankanni Church, front view.jpg
| footer = [[Erwadi|Erwadi Dargah]] (left); [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health|Velankanni basilica]]
}}

The Christian apostle, [[Thomas (apostle)|St. Thomas]], is believed to have preached [[Christianity]] to the Tamils between 52 and 70 CE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santhome Cathedral|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|access-date=28 December 2022|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130204928/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rowther]]s were Tamils who were converted to [[Islam]] by the Turkish preacher [[Nathar Shah]] in the tenth century CE and follow the [[Hanafi school]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Shafique Ali Khan|title=Two Nation Theory: As a Concept, Strategy and Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9ggAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1985|publisher=Royal Book Company|page=70|quote=Nathar Wali (died in 1039) is supposed to be the earliest Muslim Sufi who dedicated his life to Islam in the south}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mohan |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d7NNdswXA4C&dq=Rowthers+Turkish&pg=PA206 |title=Utopia and the Village in South Asian Literatures |date=2012|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-13703-189-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beexzq__jCsC&q=Rowthers+Turkish |title=People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala |date=1992 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]]|isbn=978-8-18593-899-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abraham|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&q=Rawther+Turks&pg=PT404|title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life|year=2020|page=104|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|isbn=978-1-64899-659-7|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914130414/https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&q=Rawther+Turks&pg=PT404#v=snippet&q=Rawther%20Turks&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Muslim clans such as [[Marakkar|Marakkayar]], [[Labbay|Labbai]], and [[Kayalar (Muslim)|Kayalar]] originated as a result of the trade with the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jean-Baptiste |first=Prashant More |date=1991 |title=The Marakkayar Muslims of Karikal, South India |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=2 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.1093/jis/2.1.25 |pmc=355923 |pmid=15455059 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Weekes |first=Richard V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ |title=Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey |date=1984 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-0-313-23392-0 |pages=431}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wink |first=Andre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=labbai&pg=PA79 |title=Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1990 |pages=78–80|isbn=978-0-39104-173-8 }}</ref> Majority of the [[Tamil Muslims]] speak Tamil rather than [[Urdu]], which is spoken by Muslims in other parts of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh|contribution=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages|editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=[[Routledge]]|place=London|year=2003|series=Routledge language family series|isbn=0-70071-130-9|page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=More|first=J.B.P.|title=Muslim identity, print culture and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|year=2007|isbn=978-8-12502-632-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Landis|first1=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D.|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|page=150|year=2012|publisher=[[Springer Science]]|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7}}</ref> Mercantile groups introduced ''Cholapauttam'', a syncretic form of Buddhism and Shaivism in northern Sri Lanka and Southern India. The religion lost its importance in the 14th century when conditions changed for the benefit of [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and [[Pali]] traditions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|last1=Manguin|first1=Pierre-Yves|last2=Mani|first2=A.|last3=Wade|first3=Geoff|date=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-9-81434-510-1|page=138}}</ref>

As of the 21st century, majority of the Tamils are adherents of Hinduism.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Census 2001 – Statewise population by Religion|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=18 July 2010|archive-date=19 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The migration of Tamils to other countries resulted in new Hindu temples being constructed in places with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, and countries with significant Tamil migrants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Javier|first=A.G.|title=They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2014|isbn=979-8-21615-549-2}}</ref> Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly worship Murugan with numerous temples existing throughout the island.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pathmanathan|first=S|author-link=S. Pathmanathan|date=September 1999|title=The guardian deities of Sri Lanka: Skanda-Murgan and Kataragama|url=http://kataragama.org/research/pathmanathan.htm|url-status=live|journal=The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies|publisher=The institute of Asian studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926205619/http://kataragama.org/research/pathmanathan.htm|archive-date=26 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bechert|first=Heinz|author-link=Heinz Bechert|year=1970|title=Skandakumara and Kataragama: An Aspect of the Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka|url=http://kataragama.org/research/bechert.htm|url-status=live|journal=Proceedings of the Third International Tamil Conference Seminar|location=Paris|publisher=International Association of Tamil Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925212357/http://kataragama.org/research/bechert.htm|archive-date=25 September 2010}}</ref> There are also followers of [[Ayyavazhi]] in Tamil Nadu, mainly in the southern districts.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Ponnu|title=Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India|date=2000|publisher=Ram Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REH8XwAACAAJ|page=98|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914130355/https://books.google.com/books?id=REH8XwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Atheism|Atheist]], [[Rationalism|rationalist]], and [[Humanism|humanist]] philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities, as a result of Tamil cultural revivalism in the 20th century, and its antipathy to what it saw as [[Brahminical Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maloney|first=Clarence|title=Religious Beliefs and Social Hierarchy in Tamiḻ Nāḍu, India|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=2|issue=1|year=1975|pages=169–191|doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00100|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of Tamil people}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tamils|India}}
* [[List of languages by first written accounts]]
* [[Kumari Kandam]]
* [[Tamil population by cities]]
* [[Tamil population by nation]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=de Silva|first= Chandra|author-link=Chandra de Silva|title= Sri Lanka – A History|edition = 2|year=1997|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-95107-102-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Indrapala|first=K.|author-link=K. Indrapala|title=The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka|year=2007|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|isbn=978-9-55126-672-1|url=https://archive.org/details/the-evolution-of-an-ethnic-identity-the-tamils-in-sri-lanka-c.-300-bce-to-c.-1200-ce-tamil-version/page/n1/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|last= Sastri|first=Nilakanta|author-link=Nilakanta Sastri|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-19560-686-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=978-8-12241-198-0}}
* {{cite book|title=From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|year=2008|isbn=978-8-131-71120-0|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]}}
* {{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|year=1992|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-00409-365-2}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil Tamils] – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' entry

{{Tamil diaspora}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}

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[[Category:Tamil people| ]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
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Renuka Kesaramadu

2026-03-23T23:40:29Z

Kelashi123: created first info nd citations

{{short description|Indian painter, sculptor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Renuka Kesaramadu
| image = Renuka Kesaramadu.jpg
| alt = Portrait of Renuka Kesaramadu
| caption = Kesaramadu at [[Elephanta Caves]]
| birth_name = Renukamma K C
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1957}}
| birth_place = [[Tumakuru]], Karnataka, India
| education = BSc, MA, [[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]]
| alma_mater = [[KEN School of Art]] [[College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru|Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] [[Bangalore University]] [[Annamalai University]]
| known_for = Painting, Drawing, Sculpture
| style =
| movement =
| awards = {{awards|All India Art Competition|1993|||[[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]]}}{{awards|[[Bharatiya Shikshan Mandal]]|1987, 1988, 1989}}{{awards|All India Art Competition|1992|||[[Mysore Dasara]]}}
| elected = [[Karnataka Lalit Kala Academy]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| works =
}}
'''Renuka Kesaramadu''' is a contemporary painter and sculptor from India.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|title=La Salle Scampia: RENUKA KESARAMADU|url=https://lasallescampia.blogspot.com/2011/06/renuka-kesaramadu.html|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref> She is best known internationally through her collaborative art exhibitions and participations in workshops in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Salle Scampia: III Simposio Internazionale d'Arte Contemporanea di Scampia|url=https://lasallescampia.blogspot.com/2011/06/iii-simposio-internazionale-darte.html|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Italy – Second Symposium Exhibition at PAN, the Arts Palace of Naples _ La Salle.org|url=http://www.lasalle.org/en/2013/11/italy-second-symposium-exhibition-at-pan-the-arts-palace-of-naples/|accessdate=11 February 2016|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309172500/http://www.lasalle.org/en/2013/11/italy-second-symposium-exhibition-at-pan-the-arts-palace-of-naples/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Simposio internazionale d'arte|url = http://www.prosormano.it/simposio/simposio.htm|website = prosormano.it|accessdate = 11 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Voci di artiste – recensione|url = http://oltreluna.women.it/naturaecultura/sormano.htm|website = oltreluna.women.it|access-date = 11 February 2016|archive-date = 24 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160224000214/http://oltreluna.women.it/naturaecultura/sormano.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> She has also curated a few international art symposia and exhibitions in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url = https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D|title = ದೇಶಿ-ವಿದೇಶಿ-ಕಲಾ-ಜುಗಲ್|access-date = 16 February 2016|website = prajavani.net/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dialogue of Identities – An Exhibition at Jehangir Art Gallery|url=http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/events/dialogue-identities-exhibition-jehangir-art-gallery/segment--photo/id--593580.html|website=buzzintown.com|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210095028/http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/events/dialogue-identities-exhibition-jehangir-art-gallery/segment--photo/id--593580.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Dialogue of Identities – 2016|url=http://www.patriciagoodrich.com/images/whats_happening/India2016poster.jpg|website=patriciagoodrich.com|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title="Dialogue of Identities" – An Exhibition of Paintings at Jehangir Art Gallery|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/416255278388125/|website=facebook.com}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2018}}

== Education and career ==
Renuka was born in 1957 in the village of [[Kesaramadu]], whence her last name was adopted, near the city of [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] in [[Tumakuru district]] in the Indian state [[Karnataka]].

She holds a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Art History from [[College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru|Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] – Bengaluru, Master of Arts (MA) in History from [[Annamalai University]] – Chennai and a Bachelor of Science (BSc) from [[Bangalore University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Renuka Kesaramadu|url = https://sites.google.com/site/renukake/home|publisher = Google|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref> She also obtained a Government Diploma (GD) in Painting with 1st Rank for 5 years and Gold Medal<ref name=":0" /> from the [[Ken School of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ken School of Art -www.bangalorebest.com|url = http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/art_culture/ken.php|website = bangalorebest.com|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref> – Bengaluru under the instruction of the legendary artist [[R M Hadapad]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Life as he saw it|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/life-as-he-saw-it/article3203487.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 November 2006|access-date = 14 February 2016|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

She served as a member of the Karnataka Lalit Kala Academy (KLA)<ref>{{Cite web|title = KLA|url = http://lalitkalakarnataka.org/introduction.php|website = lalitkalakarnataka.org|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref> in Bangalore,<ref>{{Cite web|title = KLA|url = http://lalitkalakarnataka.org/chairman-note.php|website = lalitkalakarnataka.org|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lalitkalakarnataka.org/images/memberers-list.pdf|title = Karnataka Lalitkala Academy – Members List|access-date = 14 February 2016|website = lalitkalakarnataka.org}}</ref> and as a fine art lecturer.

== Awards and honors==
Renuka is a recipient of several awards at national art competitions in India and numerous local awards for her art, along with a few awards for her service.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Awards – Renuka Kesaramadu|url = https://sites.google.com/site/renukake/biodata/awards|publisher = Google|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref>
* All India Art Competition by [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]], Bengaluru in 1993
* All India Art Competition by [[Bharatiya Shikshan Mandal]], Mumbai in 1987, 1988 and in 1989
* All India Art Competition at [[Mysore Dasara]] in 1992
* All India Art Competition at [[Bijapur]] in 2009
* Best Teacher Award at [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] in 1994
* [[Karnataka Rajyotsava|Kannada Rajyotsava]] Award at [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] in 1993
* Rotary Award by the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]] at [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] in 1999

== Solo exhibitions ==
Renuka's works have been exhibited in several solo art shows in Finland, Romania and India.
<ref>{{Cite web|title = Solo Shows – Renuka Kesaramadu|url = https://sites.google.com/site/renukake/biodata/solo-shows|publisher = Google|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref>

In Finland, Galleries such as Magazine Gallery in Hovinkartano, [[Hauho]], Taidegalleria Ripustus<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Taidegalleria Ripustus – Pirjo Heino|url = http://www.ripustus.fi/|website = ripustus.fi|access-date = 14 February 2016|first = LimeNet|last = www-palvelut}}</ref> in [[Hämeenlinna]] and [[Caisa]] International Cultural Center in [[Helsinki]] have exhibited her paintings, along with Galeria Frunzetti<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.facebook.com/GaleriaFrunzetti/|title = Galeria Frunzetti|access-date = 14 February 2016|website = facebook.com}}</ref> in [[Bacău]], Romania.

In India, galleries hosting her solo exhibitions have included Lalit Kala Academy in [[Goa]], [[Bajaj Art Gallery]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] in [[Chennai]], Kalpa Kuncha Art Gallery in [[Tumkur]] and [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts]] in [[Mysore]], along with [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]], [[Alliance Française]] de Bangalore and [[Venkatappa Art Gallery]] in [[Bangalore]].

== Group exhibitions ==
Renuka has been a part of many group exhibitions in Europe, India and several countries elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Group Shows – Renuka Kesaramadu|url = https://sites.google.com/site/renukake/biodata/group-shows|publisher = Google|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref>

Internationally, her paintings have been part of group exhibitions in [[Naples]], [[Milan]], [[Turin]], [[Corsico]], [[Vercelli]], [[Scampia]] and [[Rovereto]] in Italy.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title = La Salle Scampia: III Simposio Internazionale d'Arte Contemporanea di Scampia|url = https://lasallescampia.blogspot.com/2011/06/iii-simposio-internazionale-darte.html|website = La Salle Scampia|access-date = 14 February 2016|last = Enrico}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = La Salle Scampia: giugno 2011|url = https://lasallescampia.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html|website = lasallescampia.blogspot.com|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref> In Finland, her works have been exhibited in [[Kangasala]], [[Renko, Finland|Renko]], [[Hauho|Hovinkartano]], [[Hämeenlinna]] and [[Seinäjoki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kirjasto.hameenlinna.fi/kirjasto/kirjataidenayttely/index.html|title=Kirjataidenäyttey – Hämeenlinnan kaupunginkirjasto 2015|website=kirjasto.hameenlinna.fi|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420152431/http://kirjasto.hameenlinna.fi/kirjasto/kirjataidenayttely/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other exhibitions with her works outside India include those in [[Jakarta]] (Indonesia), New York City (United States), Slovakia, São Paulo (Brazil), [[Santiago]] (Spain) and Ghana (West Africa).

In India, she has been part of group shows at [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]], Art Houz, Srusti Art Gallery, Bangalore Art Gallery, Lakshana Art Gallery and [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]] in [[Bangalore]]. She has exhibited at [[Amdavad ni Gufa|Gufa Art Gallery]], Rajpath Club golden hall, Art Chalet, Contemporary Art Gallery and Marvel Art Gallery in [[Ahmedabad]]. Her other group exhibitions have included those at Values Gallery and Lalit Kala Academy in [[Chennai]], Artist Center, Nehru Art Center and Museum Gallery in [[Mumbai]], Art Mall in New Delhi, Sristi Art Gallery in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite news|title = TIME OUT THIS WEEK|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/time-out-this-week/article3195105.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 26 June 2006|access-date = 17 February 2016|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref> and one in [[Bijapur]].

Her works have been selected for participation in several competitions, including those by Karnataka Lalit Kala Academy, Karnataka Shilpa Kala Academy, All India Art Competition at [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat]], 'Prints Today' by Karnataka Lalit Kala Academy, one by [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] – New Delhi, and one by [[Camlin (pen manufacturer)|Camlin]] Art Foundation, in Bangalore. Other selected participations have included All India Exhibition at [[Mysore Dasara]], one by [[Cultural Zones of India|South Central Zone Cultural Centre]] at [[Nagpur]], All India Competition at [[Bijapur]] and Bikuram Jain Competition at New Delhi.

She has also organized several group art exhibitions in India, including:
* 'Dialogue of Identities – 2016', an international women's group show at [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]], Bangalore<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = Dialogue of Identities – 2016 {{!}} Facebook|url = https://www.facebook.com/events/463654223759138/|website = www.facebook.com|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = SACSmostre: DIALOGUE OF IDENTITIES – 16–21 febbraio 2016|url = http://sacsmostreit.blogspot.it/2016/02/dialogue-of-identities-16-21-febbraio.html|website = sacsmostreit.blogspot.it|access-date = 24 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/A-glimpse-of-the-master/articleshow/51071573.cms|title=A glimpse of the master – Bangalore Mirror -|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://whatshappbangalore.wordpress.com/2016/02/12/dialogue-of-identities-2016-womens-international-art-exhibition-at-bengaluru/|title=Dialogue of Identities – 2016 {{!}} Women's International Art Exhibition at Bengaluru|date=12 February 2016|work=Whatshapp Bengaluru|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
* An exhibition by Karnataka artists at Gallery-1, [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]], Bangalore<ref>{{Cite web|title = Events {{!}} ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ|url = http://pvhome.yodasoft.com/events?page=314|website = pvhome.yodasoft.com|access-date = 17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Exhibition of Paintings by Karnataka Artists at #ChitrakalaParishath #Bangalore|url = https://whatshappbangalore.wordpress.com/2014/08/17/exhibition-of-paintings-by-karnataka-artists-at-chitrakalaparishath-bangalore/|website = Whatshapp Bangalore|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref>
* 'Dialogue of Identities', an international women's show at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
* 'IX', an international women's group show at Abstract Art Gallery, Bangalore<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = In the city|url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/205260/in-city.html|website = Deccan Herald|access-date = 17 February 2016}}</ref>
* 'We Four', a women's group show at Renaissance Art Gallery, Bangalore<ref>{{Cite web|title = Paintings And Drawings By Renuka Kesaramadu, Rupa Mahesh & Others|url = http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/events/paintings-drawings-renuka-kesaramadu-rupa-mahesh/segment--venue-map/id--123050.html|website = buzzintown.com|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = IN THE CITY|url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/16816/in-city.html|website = Deccan Herald|access-date = 17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Inspiration in strokes|url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/17612/inspiration-strokes.html|website = Deccan Herald|access-date = 17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = In the city|url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/15455/in-city.html|website = Deccan Herald|access-date = 17 February 2016}}</ref>
* 'East West Women', Time and Space Art Gallery, Bangalore


== Art symposia ==
Renuka has participated in several international art symposia including those at [[Hämeenlinna]] in Finland, at [[Scampia]]<ref name=":6" /> and [[Sormano]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = International Symposium of Contemporary Art|url = http://www.prosormano.it/simposio/simposio.htm|website = prosormano.it|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref> in Italy, and at Ideal Fine Arts Institute and SGVM<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lalitkalakarnataka.org/images/events/Gulbarga-All-India-Women-Artists-Camp-Feb2015.pdf|title = Gulbarga All India Women Artists Camp|access-date = 14 February 2016|website = lalitkalakarnataka.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0|title = ಗಮನ-ಸೆಳೆದ-ಮಹಿಳಾ-ಕಲಾ-ಶಿಬಿರ|access-date = 16 February 2016|website = prajavani.net/}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> in [[Gulbarga]], India. She has also organized 'Centu-Rays', an international art symposium at Siddaganga Institute of Technology commemorating the birth centenary of [[Shivakumara Swami|Sri Shivakumara Swamiji]] at [[Tumakuru]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sses.sit.ac.in/news.htm|title=Sree Siddaganga Education Society & Events|website=sses.sit.ac.in|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>

Her participations in India also include national camps at [[Mangalore]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bijapur]], and state camps at [[Bangalore]], [[Tumkur]], [[Bilagi]], [[Bidar]], [[Doddaballapur]], [[Ramanagara]], and [[Mysore]].

== Reviews ==
<blockquote>"Renuka Kesaramadu has created a series of works in which the reality of the country of [[Sormano]] and its atmosphere are depicted carefully. Take shape on her canvases do the cobbled paths, the profiles of the mountains, the houses, the church, the beautiful young women who accompanied the artist showing and explaining, in English of course, aspects and particularities of the country. A country that, despite the dominance of gray, has its aspects of preciousness that the artist emphasizes through the use of the color gold. The same country that, in one of her works, is dotted with gold and wrapped in a loved symbology of white flowers, made using crumpled tissue paper and glued on the canvas." [Translation]</blockquote>- Antonella Prota Giurleo, 9 August 2009, [[Sormano]], Italy<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>"Modernist sources: The four mid-generation painters recently at Renaissance [Gallery] are preoccupied with different subjects whose graceful but conventional range corresponds to their somewhat old-fashioned aesthetic languages, and binds them. This perhaps can be associated with the artists’ roots in [[Karnataka]]’s provincial educational institutions. To varying degrees and in varying ways, all of them relay on the indigenized, [[Modernism]]-derived combination of [[Abstract art|abstract]] elements, [[stylized]] figures and patterned design. These ingredients are softer and more abstract in Renuka Kesaramadu's dynamic evocations of human hands reaching out over distances of the globe..."</blockquote>- Marta Jakimowicz, art critic and writer,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Metamorphoses of Indian gods|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j9c1AAAAIAAJ|publisher = Seagull Books|date = 1 January 1988|isbn = 9788170460299|language = en|first = Marta|last = Jakimowicz-Shah}}</ref> [[Deccan Herald]] Online, 9 August 2009, [[Bangalore]], India<ref>{{Cite web|title = Art Talk|url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/18813/art-talk.html|website = Deccan Herald|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref><blockquote>"The eye theme has been successfully exploited by a [[Karnataka]] artist, Renuka Kesaramadu. It is the eye that sees, understands, starts off communication, determines human relations."</blockquote>- Arkay, at the [[Bajaj Art Gallery]], 1997, [[Mumbai]], India<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title = Reviews – Renuka Kesaramadu|url = https://sites.google.com/site/renukake/biodata/reviews|publisher = Google|access-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref><blockquote>"Two pieces from '92 show the artist's experimentation with brushwork. 'Travelers I' depicts figures bathing, and is done with the sinuous motion and thick outline common to [[Edvard Munch]], where each stroke follows the contour of the figure. A figure on the right foreground, her back to the viewer and arms upraised, strongly resembles one of Munch's 'Bathers' though the palette – pinks and greens – reminds one of [[Claude Monet|Monet]] and the foreground composition is similar to [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]]'s 'Venus'. 'Travelers II' is done in equally energetic strokes though rather than undulating curves the artist has used short straight motions. Despite the use of flowing lines in 'Travelers I', 'Travelers II', with its strong diagonals, has more of a sense of motion. Her brushwork captures the sense of activity and the anticipation of the passengers waiting for a train in a busy station. This work is a bit more sophisticated than some of her other paintings; the diagonal composition is restrained enough not to be obvious, and her use of increasingly intense hues effectively shows projection into space."</blockquote>- Catherine E. Cooney, at [[Venkatappa Art Gallery]], 1995, [[Bangalore]], India<ref name=":8" />

== Personal life ==
Renuka Kesaramadu lives in [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] in India, while her works are commissioned through art galleries in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. Her husband [[B S Mallikarjuna]] is a musician and theater actor in the Indian language [[Kannada]].

== See also ==
* [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]]
* [[List of people from Karnataka]]
* [[Art and culture of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Renuka Kesaramadu}}
* [https://www.renukake.art/ Renuka Kesaramadu's personal website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/artist.renuka.kesaramadu Renuka Kesaramadu's artist page on facebook]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kesaramadu, Ren}}
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary sculptors]]
[[Category:Painters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]

Rakesh Pandey (author)

2026-03-22T06:56:43Z

Kelashi123:

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1305115311|this 2025 rewrite]], user has made many such AI rewrites around this time}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Third-party|date=March 2022}}}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rakesh Pandey
| image = Rakesh Pandey Ji with then president Shri Ram Nath Kovind.jpg
| caption = Rakesh Pandey (left) presenting ''Gandhi Aur Hindi'' to [[Ram Nath Kovind]] (right)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|08|27}}
| birth_place = Kasara, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, author
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
}}

'''Rakesh Pandey''' (born 27 August 1968) is an Indian writer and editor, primarily in the [[Hindi]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] languages. He is the founder and editor of the magazine ''Pravasi Sansar'', which focuses on [[literature]], [[culture]], and the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web |title=प्रवासी संसार फाउंडेशन की हुई स्थापना |url=http://www.jantajanardan.com/NewsDetails/41940/pravashi-sansar-foundation-sahitya-org.htm |website=jantajanardan.com |accessdate=18 October 2021|language=hi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Navnesh |first1=Reddy |title=Cultural centre, High Commission of India organise folk music webinar |url=https://www.fijitimes.com/cultural-centre-high-commission-of-india-organise-folk-music-webinar/ |accessdate=7 August 2020 |website=fijitimes.com |date=7 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Pandey was born on 27 August 1968 in Kasara, a village in [[Amethi, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=डॉ. राकेश पाण्डेय |url=https://www.garbhanal.com/dr-rakesh-pandey |website=garbhanal.com}}</ref> He earned his [[Ph.D.]] in analytical studies of [[Awadhi people|Awadhi folk]] [[Indian classical dance|Natya]] and Hindi Natya Kala.<ref>{{cite web |title=व्यापार की भाषा बने हिंदी |url=http://epaper.saamana.com/EditionPage/EPpage.php?edn=Hindi%20Saamana&isid=SAMANA_HSAM_20210110#Page/6 }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2015, Pandey participated in the 10th [[World Hindi Conference]], where he interviewed former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], [[Sushma Swaraj]].<ref>{{cite web |title=विश्व में अपने अस्तित्व को आकार दे रही है हिंदी – सुषमा स्वराज |url=https://grehlakshmi.com/hindi-lifestyle/home-finance/hindi-sushma-swaraj-is-shaping-its-existence-in-the-world |website=rehlakshmi.com |date=9 September 2015 }}</ref>

Through ''Pravasi Sansar'' and other platforms, Pandey has published works on Hindi and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] globally.<ref>{{cite web |title=गिरमिटिया संसारः भारतीय संस्कृति का विस्तार- फीजी के विशेष संदर्भ में विषय पर संगोष्ठी संपन्न |url=https://jagranhindi.in/?p=7207 |website=jagranhindi.in | date=23 July 2020 |publisher=दैनिक जागरण |language=hi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=विशेषांक: फीजी का हिन्दी साहित्य |url=https://sahityakunj.net/blog/fiji-hindi-ke-unnayak-professor-subramani |website=sahityakunj.net |accessdate=20 December 2020}}</ref> Under the "Hindi Bachao Manch" banner, he has called for the inclusion of Hindi dialects in [[Schedule 8 languages|Schedule 8]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=¨हदी के बंटवारे को लेकर साहित्यकारों ने जताया विरोध |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-15382289.html |accessdate=2023-12-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=कहीं चिंदी-चिंदी हो बिखर न जाए हिंदी, इसलिए लड़ रहे हैं ये लोग |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/apni-bhasha-and-hindi-bachao-manch-to-protest-in-jantar-mantar-tomorrow/ |website=thelallantop.com |accessdate=16 January 2017|language=hi }}</ref>

In 2016, ''Pravasi Sansar'' marked its 10th anniversary with an event at the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in [[London]], hosted by MP [[Virendra Sharma]] and attended by former [[Governor of Goa]], [[Mridula Sinha]].

==Literary works==
===Publications===
* ''Gandhi and Hindi'', published by the [[National Book Trust]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=NBT Newsletter |url=https://nbtindia.gov.in/writereaddata/attachment/thursday-february-13-202011-02-55-amfebruary-2020.pdf |website=nbtindia.gov.in |accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref>
* ''Gandhi in Literature'', published jointly by the National Archives of India and Diamond Books.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rakesh |first1=Pandey |title=British Sarkar Dwara Pratibandhit Sahitya Mein Gandhi |id={{ASIN|9352619749|country=in}} }}</ref>
* ''Gandhi and Girmitiya'', published by Vani Publications.
* ''Words of Sunshine'', a poetry collection.
* ''Guide to Indian Premier League: Everything You Wanted to Know About IPL.''

===Other works===
* Essays on Mauritius as a center of Indian cultural heritage.
* Contributions to studies on Hindi and Indian vernacular literature.
* Advocacy for adding Hindi dialects to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

==Awards==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2024}}
* Rotary Hindi Seva Samman (2009) by Rotary Club Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=राकेश पांडेय |url=http://www.vishwahindidb.com/show_scholar.aspx?id=530 |website=vishwahindidb.com}}</ref>
* Avadh Jyoti Silver Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=यूपी प्रेस क्लब में मित्र अवधि सम्मान समारोह का आयोजन किया गया। |url=https://hurdangnews.in/यूपी-प्रेस-क्लब-में-मित्र/ |website=hurdangnews.in |accessdate=2 February 2021 |language=hi }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Deshantar Bhasha Seva Award (2008) by Dushyant Kumar Manuscript Museum, Bhopal.<ref>{{cite web| title=Dushyant Memorial Museum announces awards in many fields |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/dushyant-memorial-museum-announces-awards-in-many-fields.html|website=dailypioneer.com |accessdate=29 November 2018}}</ref>
* World Hindi Samiti Award (New York, USA) for Hindi service.
* Vishisht Hindi Seva Medal by the National Hindi Council.
* Literary Journalism Award by Pt. Ramprasad Bismil Foundation.
* Social, Cultural and National Human Service Award (2007) by the Literary Institution Uddhav.
* Yugin Samman (2006).
* Honor for Hindi service by Swaha, Organization of Hindi of Trinidad and Tobago.
* Sahitya Creation Award by Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan.<ref>{{cite web |title=उत्तर प्रदेश हिन्दी संस्थान के वर्ष 2020 के सम्मानों/पुरस्कारों की घोषणा |url=https://ghoomtaaina.in/uttar-pradesh-hindi-sansthan-puraskar-2020/ |website=ghoomtaaina.in |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakesh Pandey}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian magazine founders]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:People from Amethi]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Sreeleela

2026-03-17T11:57:25Z

Kelashi123: clean up

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2001)}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sreeleela interview.png
| alt = close-up of Sreeleela wearing a patterned, low-cut, sleeveless top, smiling and looking right of camera
| caption = Sreeleela in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|6|14}}
| birth_place = [[Detroit]], Michigan, US
| alma_mater = D. Y. Patil School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017–present
| children = 2 (adopted)
}}

'''Sreeleela'''{{efn|Sreeleela is her official name; she does not have a last name. Her name is also sometimes spelled Sree Leela.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 4, 2022 |title='RRR' director SS. Rajamouli launches Gali Janardhan Reddy's son's film. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-launches-gali-janardhan-reddys-sons-film-/articleshow/89992334.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703221508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-launches-gali-janardhan-reddys-sons-film-/articleshow/89992334.cms |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2021 |title=Sree Leela is not my daughter, says this telugu business man |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/sensational-sree-leela-is-not-my-daughter-says-this-telugu-business-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614132554/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/sensational-sree-leela-is-not-my-daughter-says-this-telugu-business-man |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=ZEE5}}</ref>}} (born June 14, 2001) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] cinema, with appearances in other languages. She began her career as a child artist, before making her lead debut in the 2019 film ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]''. She then starred in ''[[Pelli SandaD]]'' (2021), ''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]'' (2022), and ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' (2023), ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]'' (2024), and ''[[Mass Jathara]]'' (2025). She has won three [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].

==Early life and education==
Sreeleela was born on June 14, 2001<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2017 |title=KISS debutante determined to be a doctor |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/oct/15/kiss-debutante-determined-to-be-a-doctor-2595.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |quote=Sreeleela, who is getting ready to face the camera at the tender age of 16. |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416074208/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/oct/15/kiss-debutante-determined-to-be-a-doctor-2595.html |url-status=live }}</ref> into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Detroit]], Michigan, US,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreeleela |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2023/10/25/actress-sreeleela-charming-pictures.html |access-date=November 16, 2023 |website=manoramaonline.com}}</ref> and was brought up in [[Bengaluru]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=February 14, 2022 |title=Ravi Teja is full of energy: Sreeleela |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140222/ravi-teja-is-full-of-energy-sreeleela.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320073645/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140222/ravi-teja-is-full-of-energy-sreeleela.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2021 |title=Industrialist Clarifies PelliSandaD Heroine Sree Leela Is Not His Daughter |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/industrialist-surapaneni-subhakar-clarifies-pellisandad-heroine-sree-leela-not |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320073643/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/industrialist-surapaneni-subhakar-clarifies-pellisandad-heroine-sree-leela-not |url-status=live }}</ref> Her maternal grandparents are from [[Ongole]], Andhra Pradesh, and she frequently visited the place during her childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2023 |title=Sreeleela: "నేనూ ఒంగోలియనే..." ఒంగోలులో సందడి చేసిన హీరోయిన్ శ్రీలీల |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/andhra-pradesh/i-am-also-ongolian-says-sreeleela-in-ongole-in-bhagavant-kesari-movie-promotion-ong-tvk-ss-2264144.html |access-date=March 3, 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=te |trans-title=Sreeleela: "I am also from Ongole..." Heroine Srileela created a stir in Ongole}}</ref> Her mother, Swarnalatha, is a [[Gynaecology|gynaecologist]] based in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Mum's the word |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/10/mums-the-word-2154432.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130211706/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/10/mums-the-word-2154432.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Swarnalatha was married to industrialist Surapaneni Subhakara Rao, and Sreeleela was born to Swarnalatha long after the couple's separation. Rao publicly declared that Sreeleela was not his daughter, stating that he and Swarnalatha had separated long before she was born. Swarnalatha has not yet stated who Sreeleela's father is.<ref>{{cite web |title=What happened between Sreeleela and her father? The truth behind the buzz |website=Indulge Express |date=September 21, 2025 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Sep/21/did-sreeleelas-father-truly-disown-her-the-truth-behind-the-buzz |accessdate=October 21, 2025 |archive-date=October 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015015435/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Sep/21/did-sreeleelas-father-truly-disown-her-the-truth-behind-the-buzz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2021 |title=Pelli SandaD heroine Sree Leela is not my daughter: Subhakara Rao Suprapaneni states in a press meet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pelli-sandad-heroine-sree-leela-is-not-my-daughter-subhakara-rao-suprapaneni-states-in-a-press-meet/articleshow/87100789.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320074923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pelli-sandad-heroine-sree-leela-is-not-my-daughter-subhakara-rao-suprapaneni-states-in-a-press-meet/articleshow/87100789.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sreeleela began her training in [[Bharatanatyam]] dance as a child. In 2026, she completed her [[MBBS]] degree from D. Y. Patil School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai,<ref name="alma">{{cite news|title=Actress Sreeleela passes MBBS and becomes a qualified doctor. Which medical college was she studying at? |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/actress-sreeleela-passes-mbbs-and-becomes-a-qualified-doctor-which-medical-college-was-she-studying-at/articleshow/128213025.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=February 12, 2026 |access-date=February 12, 2026}}</ref> effectively becoming a [[medical doctor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sreeleela graduates with medical degree after 6 years of juggling acting with studies, fans impressed by her discipline |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/sreeleela-graduates-with-medical-degree-after-6-years-of-juggling-acting-with-studies-fans-impressed-by-her-discipline-101770800618835.html |website=hindustantimes.com |date=February 11, 2026 |access-date=February 11, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Dr Sreeleela' is official: Actress wins hearts as she graduates medical school while starring in blockbusters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dr-sreeleela-graduates-medical-school-while-starring-in-blockbusters-10526482/ |website=indianexpress.com |date=February 11, 2026 |access-date=February 11, 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early work (2017–2020)===
Sreeleela made her acting debut in the 2017 Telugu film ''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]'', portraying the younger version of [[Sindhu Tolani]]'s character.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://manamnews.com/do-you-know-srileela-first-movie-as-a-child-artist/|title=శ్రీలీల చైల్డ్ ఆర్టిస్ట్ గా నటించిన చిత్రం ఏదో తెలుసా..?|work=Manam News|last=Mounika|date=June 14, 2023|access-date=February 22, 2024|archive-date=February 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222065555/https://manamnews.com/do-you-know-srileela-first-movie-as-a-child-artist/|url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[A. P. Arjun]] came across Sreeleela's pictures, taken by cinematographer [[Bhuvan Gowda]], on social media and cast her in a lead role in his 2019 film, ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]''. The actress has stated that she chose to start her career in Kannada-language films as she grew up in Bengaluru, despite having contacts in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2018 |title=Bhuvan Gowda's pictures of me landed me in Kannada films: Actress Sree Leela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bhuvan-gowdas-pictures-of-me-landed-me-my-break-in-kannada-films-sree-leela/articleshow/66770901.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |archive-date=October 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007123931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bhuvan-gowdas-pictures-of-me-landed-me-my-break-in-kannada-films-sree-leela/articleshow/66770901.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Filming for ''Kiss'' began in 2017, while Sreeleela was in the first year of her [[pre-university course]].<ref name=":0" /> The film was released in 2019 and proved successful at the [[box office]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Kiss Movie: Viraat, Sree Leela-starrer Kiss crosses 100th day milestone |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kiss-crosses-100th-day-milestone/articleshow/74183010.cms |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715201652/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kiss-crosses-100th-day-milestone/articleshow/74183010.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that Sreeleela made a confident debut, writing, "Sreeleela looks stylish and garners equal attention."<ref>{{cite news |author=Sharadhaa |date=September 20, 2020 |title=A youthful but unduly stretched affair |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/sep/29/kiss-kannada-movie-review-an-youthful-but-unduly-stretched-affair-14588.html |access-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004082613/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/sep/29/kiss-kannada-movie-review-an-youthful-but-unduly-stretched-affair-14588.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' critic Vinay Lokesh echoed the sentiment by stating that Sreeleela shined in her role.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vinay Lokesh |date=September 27, 2019 |title=Kiss movie review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kiss/movie-review/71336392.cms |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716185925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kiss/movie-review/71336392.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A month later, her second film, ''[[Bharaate]]'', opposite [[Sriimurali]], was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2019 |title=Interview {{!}} Expect no shades of 'KISS' in 'Bharaate', says actress Sreeleela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/14/interview--expect-no-shades-of-kiss-in-bharaate-says-actress-sreeleela-2047094.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017135147/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/14/interview--expect-no-shades-of-kiss-in-bharaate-says-actress-sreeleela-2047094.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing her performance for ''[[The News Minute]]'', Aravind Shwetha wrote: "Sree is good and holds her own along with Sri Murali when it comes to acting and screen presence."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2019 |title='Bharaate' review: Sri Murali film is all mass with too many subplots |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bharaate-review-sri-murali-film-all-mass-too-many-subplots-110766 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702031157/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bharaate-review-sri-murali-film-all-mass-too-many-subplots-110766 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharadhaa of ''The New Indian Express'' wrote that, "This is Sreeleela's second film, and she seems to be getting comfortable with being in front of the camera, and delivers what the role demands."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2019 |title='Bharaate' film review: All-round entertainer from Chethan Kumar and Sriimurali |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/19/bharaate-film-review-all-round-entertainer-from-chethan-kumar-and-sriimurali-2049682.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219043136/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/19/bharaate-film-review-all-round-entertainer-from-chethan-kumar-and-sriimurali-2049682.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Career fluctuations (2021–present)===
[[File:Sreeleela in an interview for Dhamaka film.png|thumb|left|Sreeleela in 2022]]

In 2021, Sreeleela was cast in the [[romantic musical]] film ''[[Pelli SandaD]]'', marking her debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2021 |title=Not much difference between Sandalwood and Tollywood: Sreeleela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/may/08/not-much-difference-between-sandalwood-and-tollywood-sreeleela-2299767.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629181025/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/may/08/not-much-difference-between-sandalwood-and-tollywood-sreeleela-2299767.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The actress described her character as a "role to die for".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2021 |title=I got a role to die for in my Telugu film debut: Sreeleela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-got-a-role-to-die-for-in-my-telugu-film-debut-sreeleela/articleshow/80236953.cms |access-date= |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320080218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-got-a-role-to-die-for-in-my-telugu-film-debut-sreeleela/articleshow/80236953.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> While the film received negative reviews, Sreeleela's role garnered appreciation from critics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2022 |title=Does Sreeleela demand Rs 1 crore for a film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/does-sreeleela-demand-rs-1-crore-for-a-film/articleshow/89317955.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320091301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/does-sreeleela-demand-rs-1-crore-for-a-film/articleshow/89317955.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sangeetha Devi of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the film a "costly showreel" of the lead pair, [[Roshan Meka|Roshan]] and Sreeleela, opining that they looked fresh and effervescent but lacked chemistry.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=October 16, 2021 |title='Pelli SandaD' movie review: Done and dusted old school romance |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-done-and-dusted-old-school-romance/article37017971.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310112006/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-done-and-dusted-old-school-romance/article37017971.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, she starred in the Kannada romantic comedy ''[[By Two Love]]''. Sharadhaa of ''The New Indian Express'' felt it was "a delight to watch" her in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2022 |title=By Two Love is all about relationship management |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/19/by-two-love-is-all-aboutrelationship-management-2421129.html |access-date= |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221075405/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/19/by-two-love-is-all-aboutrelationship-management-2421129.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A review from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined that while she was impressive, Sreeleela's Kannada pronunciation had room for improvement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2022 |title='By Two Love' review: An epic misfire |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/by-two-love-review-an-epic-misfire-1082997.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224230853/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/by-two-love-review-an-epic-misfire-1082997.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She later made a special appearance in the song "Trademark" from the 2022 film ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/james-rachita-ram-sreeleela-and-others-shine-in-the-trademark-single-from-the-puneeth-rajkumar-starrer/articleshow/89915962.cms | title='James': Rachita Ram, Sreeleela, and others shine in the Trademark single from the Puneeth Rajkumar starrer | newspaper=The Times of India | date=March 2022 | access-date=June 13, 2023 | archive-date=June 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613161759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/james-rachita-ram-sreeleela-and-others-shine-in-the-trademark-single-from-the-puneeth-rajkumar-starrer/articleshow/89915962.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Following the success of ''Pelli SandaD'', Sreeleela received multiple offers in Telugu films.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Chanti |first=Rajani |date=October 17, 2021 |title=Sree Leela: వివాదంలో పెళ్ళిసందD హీరోయిన్...శ్రీలీల నా కూతురు కాదంటూ... |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/surapaneni-shubhakara-rao-says-pelli-sandad-heroine-sreeleela-is-no-his-daughter-559537.html |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127104637/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/surapaneni-shubhakara-rao-says-pelli-sandad-heroine-sreeleela-is-no-his-daughter-559537.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She next starred in ''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]'', beside [[Ravi Teja]]. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OTT: ఈ వారం ఓటీటీలో బ్లాక్ బస్టర్ సినిమాలు.. వీకెండ్ ఎంజాయ్మెంట్ వేరే లెవల్! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/ott/telugu-films-18pages-dhamaka-arriving-on-ott-this-week/articleshow/97193849.cms |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607160741/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/ott/telugu-films-18pages-dhamaka-arriving-on-ott-this-week/articleshow/97193849.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, Sreeleela starred in ''[[Skanda (film)|Skanda]]'', alongside [[Ram Pothineni]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/boyapati-rapo-movie-climax-shot-for-24-days | title=Boyapati Rapo movie climax shot for 24 days | date=June 2, 2023 | access-date=June 13, 2023 | archive-date=June 3, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075616/https://telanganatoday.com/boyapati-rapo-movie-climax-shot-for-24-days | url-status=live }}</ref> The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and was a [[Box-office bomb|commercial failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/skanda-the-expected-ott-release-date-of-the-ram-pothineni-starrer-is-here/24b4f57efc355|title=Skanda: The expected OTT release date of the Ram Pothineni starrer is here|website=OTTPlay|quote=film tanked at the box office|access-date=October 21, 2023|archive-date=October 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014205211/https://www.ottplay.com/news/skanda-the-expected-ott-release-date-of-the-ram-pothineni-starrer-is-here/24b4f57efc355|url-status=live}}</ref> Sreeleela then appeared in ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'', alongside [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]], directed by [[Anil Ravipudi]]. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhagavanth-kesari-where-director-anil-ravipudi-proves-its-possible-to-do-a-meaningful-massy-film/c65f68de3e184 |date=October 21, 2023 |title=Bhagavanth Kesari: Where director Anil Ravipudi proves it's possible to make a meaningful massy film |website=OTTplay.com |access-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023003331/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhagavanth-kesari-where-director-anil-ravipudi-proves-its-possible-to-do-a-meaningful-massy-film/c65f68de3e184 |url-status=live }}</ref> though it was a box office success, becoming one of the [[List of Telugu films of 2023|top-grossing Telugu films of 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna and Sreeleela snapped at Bhagavanth Kesari's success event; PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nandamuri-balakrishna-and-sreeleela-snapped-at-bhagavanth-kesaris-success-event-pics-1257572 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118172937/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nandamuri-balakrishna-and-sreeleela-snapped-at-bhagavanth-kesaris-success-event-pics-1257572 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sreeleela was nominated for a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] for her performance.<ref name="filmfare">{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Telugu 2024 are out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720173517/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She then appeared in the film ''[[Aadikeshava]]'', opposite [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] and directed by Srikanth N Reddy, which too was a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 28, 2023|title=Aadikeshava OTT release date-When and where to watch the Vaisshnav Tej, Sreeleela starrer|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aadikeshava-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-vaisshnav-tej-sreeleela-starrer/b8a51a62fc847|website=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204135946/https://www.ottplay.com/news/aadikeshava-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-vaisshnav-tej-sreeleela-starrer/b8a51a62fc847|url-status=live}}</ref> She also starred in ''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]'', opposite [[Nithin]], which came out on December 8, 2023. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and was a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Extra Ordinary Man OTT release date – Here's when the Nithin-Sreeleela starrer will stream online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/extra-ordinary-man-on-ott-the-expected-release-date-of-the-nithin-sreeleela-starrer-is-here/0d7177745f427 |website=ottplay.com |date=January 13, 2024 |access-date=August 9, 2024 |archive-date=August 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809132335/https://www.ottplay.com/news/extra-ordinary-man-on-ott-the-expected-release-date-of-the-nithin-sreeleela-starrer-is-here/0d7177745f427 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Sreeleela played the lead opposite [[Mahesh Babu]] in ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ssmb28-title-guntur-kaaram-mahesh-babu-teaser-krishna-birth-anniversary-8638970/ | title=SSMB28 titled Guntur Kaaram; Mahesh Babu releases adrenaline-fuelled teaser on father Krishna's birth anniversary | date=May 31, 2023 | access-date=June 13, 2023 | archive-date=June 6, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606164414/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ssmb28-title-guntur-kaaram-mahesh-babu-teaser-krishna-birth-anniversary-8638970/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "While Sreeleela dances like a dream, her character could've had some bearing on the story in the least."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/guntur-kaaram-review-mahesh-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-bland-film-nothing-new-to-offer-trivikram-srinivas-sreeleela-101705044706279.html|title=Guntur Kaaram review: Mahesh Babu is the saving grace of this bland film with nothing new to offer|date=January 12, 2024|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=January 15, 2024|archive-date=January 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117051600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/guntur-kaaram-review-mahesh-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-bland-film-nothing-new-to-offer-trivikram-srinivas-sreeleela-101705044706279.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was also a box-office flop, but her performance in the song "[[Kurchi Madathapetti]]" was praised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/guntur-kaaram-final-box-office-collections-mahesh-babu-close-with-172cr-worldwide-1277197|title=Guntur Kaaram final box office collections: Mahesh Babu close with 172Cr Worldwide|work=Pinkvilla|date=February 8, 2024|access-date=May 29, 2024|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213045042/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/guntur-kaaram-final-box-office-collections-mahesh-babu-close-with-172cr-worldwide-1277197|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=December 30, 2023 |title='Guntur Kaaram': Mahesh Babu, Sree Leela bring electrifying moves in song 'Kurchi Madatha Petti' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/guntur-kaaram-mahesh-babu-sree-leela-bring-electrifying-moves-in-song-kurchi-madatha-petti/1905920/ |access-date=September 6, 2024 |website=ThePrint |archive-date=February 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211172229/https://theprint.in/feature/guntur-kaaram-mahesh-babu-sree-leela-bring-electrifying-moves-in-song-kurchi-madatha-petti/1905920/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, she appeared in the special dance number "[[Kissik]]", alongside [[Allu Arjun]], in ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Dancing Queen' Sreeleela Sets the Stage on Fire with 'Kissik' Song from 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/dancing-queen-sreeleela-sets-the-stage-on-fire-with-kissik-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-2824283.html |access-date=January 27, 2025 |website=Zee News |archive-date=December 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210084251/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/dancing-queen-sreeleela-sets-the-stage-on-fire-with-kissik-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-2824283.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In her first film of 2025, Sreeleela reunited with Nithiin as the lead in ''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Actress Sreeleela Plays Neera Vasudev in Nithiin-starrer Robinhood! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/actress-sreeleela-plays-neera-vasudev-in-nithiin-starrer-robinhood-article-110991017 |work=[[Times Now]] News |access-date=April 7, 2025 |archive-date=June 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614102007/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/actress-sreeleela-plays-neera-vasudev-in-nithiin-starrer-robinhood-article-110991017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robinhood 1st Weekend Box Office: Nithiin and Sreeleela's movie {{as written|reci|eves [sic]}} a poor reception; Grosses Rs 8 crore worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/robinhood-1st-weekend-box-office-nithiin-and-sreeleelas-movie-recieves-a-poor-reception-grosses-rs-8-crore-worldwide-1380111 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=April 2, 2025 |date=April 1, 2025 |archive-date=April 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402014039/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/robinhood-1st-weekend-box-office-nithiin-and-sreeleelas-movie-recieves-a-poor-reception-grosses-rs-8-crore-worldwide-1380111 |url-status=live }}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that her character was reduced to "a fashion parade".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=March 28, 2025 |title='Robinhood' movie review: Nithiin, Sreeleela's action-comedy is a misfire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/robinhood-movie-review-nithiin-sreeleelas-action-comedy-is-a-misfire/article69385192.ece |access-date=March 30, 2025 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=March 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330080335/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/robinhood-movie-review-nithiin-sreeleelas-action-comedy-is-a-misfire/article69385192.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She then played a college student in the bilingual (Telugu/Kannada) ''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='Junior' movie review: Genelia, Kireeti-starrer is a partly-entertaining, albeit dated drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/junior-movie-review-genelia-kireeti-starrer-is-a-partly-entertaining-albeit-dated-drama/article69826037.ece |work=The Hindu |date=July 18, 2025 |archive-date=July 19, 2025 |access-date=July 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719094313/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/junior-movie-review-genelia-kireeti-starrer-is-a-partly-entertaining-albeit-dated-drama/article69826037.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated, "The romantic subplot with Sreeleela feels forced and lacks any emotional weight, though she impresses briefly with her dance."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=July 18, 2025 |title=Junior Movie Review: A Tedious Star Launch with No Spark |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/junior-movie-review-a-tedious-star-launch-with-no-spark-1892241 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=deccanchronicle.com |archive-date=July 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719232547/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/junior-movie-review-a-tedious-star-launch-with-no-spark-1892241 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In February 2022, Sreeleela adopted two [[disabled]] children.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2022 |title=Sreeleela adopts two differently-abled kids |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sreeleela-adopts-two-differently-abled-kids/articleshow/89522776.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320073643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sreeleela-adopts-two-differently-abled-kids/articleshow/89522776.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, she adopted a third child.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shek |first=Basha |date=April 28, 2025 |title=Sreeleela: 'మా ఇంటికి మరో చిట్టితల్లి వచ్చింది'.. మూడో పాపను దత్తత తీసుకున్న శ్రీలీల! పోస్ట్ వైరల్ |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/actress-sreeleela-may-have-adopted-another-girl-into-her-home-according-to-reports-1523035.html |access-date=January 19, 2026 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te |trans-title=Sreeleela: 'Another little girl has come to our house'.. Sreeleela adopts third child! Post goes viral |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503215313/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/actress-sreeleela-may-have-adopted-another-girl-into-her-home-according-to-reports-1523035.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview, Sreeleela explained that the she does not live with them but that she takes care of their expenses within the orphanage where they reside.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Sreeleela accepts she is a mother of three adopted kids, but they don't live with her: 'It was my secret for the longest time' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sreeleela-accepts-is-a-mother-of-three-adopted-kids-but-they-dont-live-with-her-10459968/ |access-date=January 19, 2026 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=January 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113232816/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sreeleela-accepts-is-a-mother-of-three-adopted-kids-but-they-dont-live-with-her-10459968/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}


{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{Sronly|List of appearances, with year, title, and role shown}}
!Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2017
|''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]''
|Young Shalini Devi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Child artist
|<ref name="C" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]''
| Nandini
| [[Kannada]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=KISS boosts Sreeleela's confidence |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/sep/24/kiss-boosts-sreeleelas-confidence-14506.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=September 24, 2019 |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511164410/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/sep/24/kiss-boosts-sreeleelas-confidence-14506.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bharaate]]''
| Radha
|Kannada
|
| <ref name=":3" />
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Pelli SandaD]]''
| Kondaveeti Sahasra
| Telugu
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| ''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]''
| Pranavi Reddy
|Telugu
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sreeleela-all-set-for-dhamaka-with-ravi-teja-reveals-best-advice-he-gave-her-2311896-2022-12-21 | title=Sreeleela all set for Dhamaka with Ravi Teja, reveals best advice he gave her I Exclusive | date=December 21, 2022 | access-date=June 13, 2023 | archive-date=July 15, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715063230/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sreeleela-all-set-for-dhamaka-with-ravi-teja-reveals-best-advice-he-gave-her-2311896-2022-12-21 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[By Two Love]]''
| Leela
| Kannada
|
| <ref>{{cite news |author=Sharadha A. |date=December 19, 2020 |title=Dhanveerrah and Sreeleela to star in 'By2Love' |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/19/dhanveerrah-and-sreeleela-to-star-in-by2love-2238159.html |access-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206194331/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/19/dhanveerrah-and-sreeleela-to-star-in-by2love-2238159.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]''
| Herself
|Kannada
| Special appearance in the song "Trademark"
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2022 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's 'James': An absolute action adieu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/mar/19/puneeth-rajkumars-james-an-absolute-action-adieu-2431687.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320171636/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/mar/19/puneeth-rajkumars-james-an-absolute-action-adieu-2431687.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
| ''[[Skanda (film)|Skanda]]''
| Sreeleela Reddy
| Telugu
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#BoyapatiRAPO: Sreeleela joins the shoot of Ram Pothineni, Boypati Sreenu's film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/boyapatirapo-sreeleela-joins-the-shoot-of-ram-pothineni-boyapati-sreenus-film/articleshow/96770494.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=January 5, 2023|access-date=June 13, 2023|archive-date=July 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715063230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/boyapatirapo-sreeleela-joins-the-shoot-of-ram-pothineni-boyapati-sreenus-film/articleshow/96770494.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
| Vijayalakshmi
|Telugu
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=June 7, 2023 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna, Anil Ravipudi, and Sree Leela's '#NBK108' title launch to take place in 108 locations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-balakrishna-anil-ravipudi-and-sree-leelas-nbk108-title-launch-to-take-place-in-108-locations/articleshow/100812328.cms |access-date=June 8, 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608015432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-balakrishna-anil-ravipudi-and-sree-leelas-nbk108-title-launch-to-take-place-in-108-locations/articleshow/100812328.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aadikeshava]]''
| Chitra
|Telugu
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Panja Vaisshnav Tej, Sreeleela, movie launched the film is scheduled for 2023 Sankranthi release. |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/panja-vaisshnav-tej-sreeleela-movie-launched-the-film-is-scheduled-for-2023-sankranthi-release-/articleshow/92382429.cms |access-date=March 12, 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108200505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/panja-vaisshnav-tej-sreeleela-movie-launched-the-film-is-scheduled-for-2023-sankranthi-release-/articleshow/92382429.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''
|Likitha
|Telugu
|
| <ref>{{cite news |date=August 25, 2023 |title=Extraordinary Man: Nithiin and Sreeleela's film warps up 60% of shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/extraordinary-man-nithiin-and-sreeleelas-film-warps-up-60-of-shooting/articleshow/103051945.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=November 27, 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
| Amukta
|Telugu
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=After Dhamaka success, Sreeleela bags Mahesh Babu's SSMB 28 with Trivikram Srinivas {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-dhamaka-success-sreeleela-bags-mahesh-babus-ssmb-28-with-trivikram-srinivas-exclusive-2318998-2023-01-09 |access-date=January 18, 2023 |website=India Today |date=January 9, 2023 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118234945/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-dhamaka-success-sreeleela-bags-mahesh-babus-ssmb-28-with-trivikram-srinivas-exclusive-2318998-2023-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Dancer
|Telugu
|Special appearance in the song "[[Kissik]]"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pushpa 2: The Rule: First look poster of Sreeleela unveiled from 'Kissik' song in Allu Arjun starrer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pushpa-2-rule-first-look-poster-sreeleela-unveiled-kissik-song-allu-arjun-starrer-dance-feast-musical-delight/ |access-date=November 10, 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=November 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110134413/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pushpa-2-rule-first-look-poster-sreeleela-unveiled-kissik-song-allu-arjun-starrer-dance-feast-musical-delight/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| ''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''
|Neera Vasudev
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2025 |title=Robinhood: After postponement from Christmas 2024, Nithiin starrer to clash with THIS film? Check details |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/robinhood-after-postponement-from-christmas-2024-nithiin-starrer-to-clash-with-this-film-check-details-1368163 |access-date=January 21, 2025 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122231512/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/robinhood-after-postponement-from-christmas-2024-nithiin-starrer-to-clash-with-this-film-check-details-1368163 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
| Spoorthy
| Telugu Kannada
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema Buzz Junior Movie: Kireeti Reddy's Debut Film 'Junior' to Release in July |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-telugu-bilingual-film-junior-to-release-in-july-3542967 |access-date=May 16, 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mass Jathara]]''
| Tulasi
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 1, 2025 |title='Mass Jathara' release date: Find out when Ravi Teja and Sreeleela starrer film hits theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mass-jathara-release-date-find-out-when-ravi-teja-and-sreeleela-starrer-film-hits-theatres/articleshow/124262837.cms |access-date=October 6, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=October 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001182702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mass-jathara-release-date-find-out-when-ravi-teja-and-sreeleela-starrer-film-hits-theatres/articleshow/124262837.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
|''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]''
|Ratnamala
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |accessdate=December 16, 2024 |title=Sreeleela to make her Tamil debut with Soorarai Pottru fame Sudha Kongara's next directorial |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sreeleela-make-tamil-debut-soorarai-pottru-fame-sudha-kongarae-next-directorial/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=December 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216033941/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sreeleela-make-tamil-debut-soorarai-pottru-fame-sudha-kongarae-next-directorial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]}}
| Geetha
|Telugu
|Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan begins shooting for 'Ustad Bhagat Singh' with Sreeleela, makers share first day video |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/pawan-kalyan-begins-shooting-for-ustad-bhagat-singh-with-sreeleela-makers-share-first-day-video-watch-2025-06-11-994243 |website=indiatvnews.com |date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=June 11, 2025 |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611232458/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/pawan-kalyan-begins-shooting-for-ustad-bhagat-singh-with-sreeleela-makers-share-first-day-video-watch-2025-06-11-994243 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|italic=no|Untitled [[Anurag Basu]] film}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|[[Hindi]]
|Filming
|<ref name="aashiqui">{{Cite news|last=Mathur|first=Abhimanyu|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-curious-case-of-aashiqui-3-why-kartik-aaryan-sreeleelas-new-film-avoids-using-the-much-publicised-title-101739708052716.html|title=The curious case of Aashiqui 3: Why Kartik Aaryan, Sreeleela's new film avoids using the much-publicised title|date=February 16, 2025|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=February 24, 2025|archive-date=February 16, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216140818/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-curious-case-of-aashiqui-3-why-kartik-aaryan-sreeleelas-new-film-avoids-using-the-much-publicised-title-101739708052716.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Dhanush 55}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Tamil
|Filming
|<ref name="D55">{{Cite web|last=Mathur|first=Abhimanyu|title=Sreeleela joins Dhanush-Rajkumar Periasamy's D55 as female lead|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/31/sreeleela-joins-dhanush-rajkumar-periasamys-d55-as-female-lead|url-status=live|date=31 January 2026|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada|Best Female Debut – Kannada]]
| ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Kannada WINNERS LIST |url=https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-3 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |website=[[SIIMA]] |archive-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926041854/https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
| Most Promising Newcomer – Female
| ''[[Pelli SandaD]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1|title=SIIMA 2022: Check full list of winners|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=September 19, 2022|access-date=December 24, 2022|archive-date=September 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922034205/https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
| rowspan="2" | [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/|title=SIIMA Awards 2023|publisher=Indian Express|date=September 16, 2023|access-date=October 22, 2023|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930132706/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=September 15, 2024 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915071729/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| {{Nom}}
| <ref name="filmfare" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[IIFA Utsavam]]
| [[3rd IIFA Utsavam|2024]]
| [[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2024 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=December 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214234145/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]]
| 2025
| South Icon – Female
| {{N/A}}
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/nominees/ |title=Chittara Star Awards 2025 Nominations |website=Chittara Star Awards |access-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-date=March 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315144841/https://awards.chittaranews.com/nominees/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10033951}}
{{Commons}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Detroit]]
[[Category:American emigrants to India]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]

Ahmad Shah Bahadur

2026-03-17T10:26:12Z

Kelashi123:

{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1748 to 1754}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاه بهادر
| title = [[Padishah]] [[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]]
| image = AhmadShah.png
| image_size =
| caption = Ahmad Shah enthroned, {{circa|1751}}
| succession = [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]]
| reign = 29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| successor = [[Alamgir II]]
| reg-type1 = Viziers
| regent1 = {{Unbulleted list|[[Safdar Jung]] (1748–1753)|[[Imad-ul-Mulk]] (1753–1754)}}
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles = [[Battle of Manupur (1748)]] [[Battle of Lahore (1752)]] [[Plunder of Old Delhi|Battle of Delhi (1753)]]
}}
| regent = [[Javed Khan Nawab Bahadur|Nawab Bahadur]]
| spouses = {{Unbulleted list|Inayetpuri Mahal<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite web | author = Sarkar, Jadunath| title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire, Volume 1 | website=Internet Archive | date=1964 | pages = 334–335| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 | access-date=2021-11-01}}</ref>|Sarfaraz Mahal<ref name="Sarkar"/>|Rani Uttam Kumari<ref name="Sarkar"/>}}
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jahan Shah IV]]<ref name="Sarkar"/>|Muhtaram-un-Nissa Begum<ref>{{cite book | author = Sir Jadunath Sarkar | date = 1966 | title = Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771 (Panipat) | edition = 3 | publisher = M. C. Sarkar | pages = 89}}</ref>|Dil Afruz Banu Begum<ref name="Sarkar"/>}}
| full name = Mirza Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| mother = [[Qudsia Begum]]
| signature = Genealogical seal of Ahmad Shah Bahadur, 1161 A.H. (ca.1748 C.E.).png
| birth_name = Mirza Ahmed Shah
| birth_date = 23 December 1725
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Subah of Delhi|Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1775|1|1|1725|12|23|df=y}}
| death_place = Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
| burial_date = {{circa|1775}}
| burial_place = [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid, Mehrauli]], Delhi, India
| signature_type = Seal
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}
}}

'''Ahmad Shah Bahadur''' ({{langx|fa|احمد شاه بهادر|rtl=yes}}, 23 December 1725 – 1 January 1775), also known as '''Mirza Ahmad Shah''' or '''Mujahid-ud-Din Ahmad Shah Ghazi''',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&q=Mujahidu-d+Din+Ahmad+Shah+Ghazi&pg=PA663|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material|first=S. R.|last=Sharma|date=4 May 1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788171568192|via=Google Books}}</ref> was the fourteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] from 1748 to 1754. Born to Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], he succeeded his father to the throne in 1748, at the age of 22. When Ahmed Shah Bahadur came to power, the [[Mughal Empire]] was in decline. Furthermore, his administrative weakness eventually led to the rise of the usurping [[Imad-ul-Mulk]].

As a Prince, he defeated Ahmed Shah Abdali in the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)|Battle of Manupur]] in 1748, Ahmed Shah Bahadur inherited a much weakened Mughal state as emperor for six years, but left all affairs of state to rivalling factions. He was deposed by the Vizier [[Imad-ul-Mulk]] and later blinded along with his mother. He spent the remaining years of his life in prison and died in 1775.

==Early life==
He was born in 1725 to the Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] and his consort [[Qudsia Begum]]. Decentralization during his father's reign, the Maratha Wars and the blow from [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion had initiated the [[decline of the Mughal Empire]].

As a young Prince Ahmad developed a weakness for women, though this was restricted under his father's supervision. He is also known to have been an illiterate and never took part in military training, largely due to the attitude of his miserly father, who stinted him and used to browbeat him, never even giving him a sufficient allowance requisite of imperial princes, despite the fact that at that time there was still no shortage of funds for the imperial household. He was strongly supported by his step-mother, Badshah Begum, who adopted him as her own son, after the loss of her biological child; this was instrumental in his succession to the throne; as well as by his mother, who managed the state affairs along with the Head Eunuch of the ''[[harem]]'', Javed Khan ''Nawab Bahadur'',<ref>{{Google books |id=N7sewQQzOHUC |page=59 |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture }}</ref> during his reign, since he sought the harem more than his duties to the empire.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Ahmad Shah Bahadur was known preference for the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] Dutch merchants in India, and his collections of rare local [[hound]]s of India are somewhat almost documented.

==Ahmad Shah Durrani's First Invasion of India==

After the death of the Mughal viceroy of [[Lahore]], [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]], his two sons, [[Yahya Khan Bahadur]] and [[Mian Shah Nawaz Khan]], the [[Emir]] of [[Multan]], fought each other for succession. After defeating his elder brother Mian Shah Nawaz Khan declared himself the Mughal viceroy of Punjab. This weakness{{clarify|reason=what weakness?|date=September 2016}} was quickly exploited by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] who initiated another campaign with 30,000 [[cavalry]] to assist Shah Nawaz Khan, who was resented for tax-evasion in the Mughal imperial court and opposed by the [[Grand Vizier]], [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din Khan]], who was the father-in-law of Yahya Khan.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

In April 1748, [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] joined by Shah Nawaz Khan invaded the [[Indus River Valley]], prompting [[Noor Mohammad Kalhoro]], the [[List of monarchs of Sindh|Nawab of Sindh]], to dispatch reinforcements to assist the [[Mughal Army]] along the river banks. Prince Ahmad and [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din Khan]], [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]], [[Safdarjung]], [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Intizam-ud-Daula]], Nasir Khan the former Subedar of [[Ghazni]] and [[Kabul]], Yahya Khan and [[Ali Mohammed Khan]] were dispatched by [[Muhammad Shah]] to command a large army of 75,000 to confront the 12,000 advancing Durrani's. During the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)]],<ref name="Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O">{{Google books |id=Dh6jydKXikoC |page=631 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O }}</ref> in [[Sirhind]] by the river [[Sutlej]] both forces fought a decisive battle and Prince Ahmad was nominally victorious after a Durrani wagon filled with gunpowder exploded, he was thereupon conferred with the title [[Baghatur|Bahadur]].<ref>{{Google books |id=AzG5llo3YCMC |page=287 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast }}</ref> In spite of this victory, Muhammad Shah seriously mourned the fall of Qamaruddin Khan, who was killed during the battle by a stray artillery shell.<ref name="Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O" /> After Ahmad Shah Durrani's retreat the Mughal aligned [[Khanate of Kalat]], [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Nawab Amir of Bhawalpur]] remained aligned to [[Mughal Empire]]. Qamaruddin Khan's son [[Moin-ul-Mulk]], (Mir Mannu) also a recognised war hero from the Battle of Manupur, was instituted as the Mughal Viceroy of Punjab, by the new Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

===Military innovations===
The Battle of Manupur had a considerable impact on the tactical prowess of Ahmad Shah Bahadur. When he became emperor, he is known to have introduced and organised the ''[[Purbiya]]'' [[Camel cavalry|camel corps]] particularly in the years 1751–54 to combat the invading Durranis and the rebellious [[Sikh]]s in the North-West regions of his empire.<ref name="War, Culture and Society">{{Google books |id=zp0FbTniNaYC |page=29 |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 }}</ref>

==Succession==
The news of his confidant, Qamaruddin Khan's death during the Sirhind conflict ([[Battle of Manupur (1748)]]) led to Muhammad Shah's grave sickness and eventual death soon afterwards. Prince Ahmad ascended the throne on 18 April 1748 and was crowned on 28 April 1748 at [[Red Fort]] in Delhi. He assumed the title ''Abu Nasir Mujahid-ud-Din Ahmad Shah Ghazi''.

He appointed [[Safdarjung]], the [[Nawab]] of [[Oudh]], as Grand Vizier, [[Sayyid Salabat Khan Zulfiqar Jang|Sayyid Salabat Khan]] the Kashmiri in-law of [[Farrukhsiyar]] as [[Mir Bakhshi]] and [[Amir-ul-Umara]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=marashi+clan+kashmir&pg=PA178 |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |page=178 |date=2022 |publisher=K. K. Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dohDAAAAYAAJ&q=sayyid+salabat+zulfiqar+jang |title=A Study of Eighteenth Century India: Political history, 1707-1761 |page= 101 |author=Jagadish Narayan Sarkar |date=1976 |publisher=Saraswat Library }}</ref> and Moin-ul-Mulk, the son of Qamaruddin Khan, as the governor of [[Punjab region|Punjab]]{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

The main servant of the Mughal court, [[Javed Khan Nawab Bahadur|Javed Khan]], was given the official title of ''Nawab Bahadur'' and an army of 5000. Together with the emperor's mother, who was given a force of 50,000, Javed Khan became the effective regent. Javed Khan's rise to power and his authority was seen as an affront to the nobility and the aristocracy of the empire, and in particular to the emperor's soldiers.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

==Internal transgressions (1750–1754)==

===Safdarjung's opposition to favouritism===
[[File:Safdarjung (1).jpg|thumb|[[Safdarjung]] was a [[whistleblower]] against the cronyism of [[Qudsia Begum]]. He fell from grace due to his opposition to the eunuch Javed Khan.]]

Qudsia Begum made every effort to protect the high authority that was granted to [[Javed Khan Nawab Bahadur|Javed Khan]] and authorised him to use force against those who opposed and resented both him and her. After Safdarjung survived an assassination attempt in 1749 (plotted by Javed Khan), due to his response{{clarify|reason=who is "his"? Javed Khan or Safdarjung?|date=September 2016}} tensions erupted in the Mughal court when he tried to de-legitimise any relatives of his predeceasing Grand Viziers he also tried to drive out all the members of the imperial Afghan faction from positions of authority due to the stipends they received from the eunuch. These policies brought Safdarjung in conflict with the principal members of the Turani Faction and particularly Javed Khan.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

===Salabat Khan's imprisonment and disarray in the Mughal Army===
In 1750, Javed Khan arrested the Mughal commander [[Sayyid Salabat Khan Zulfiqar Jang|Sayyid Salabat Khan]], who had demanded pay for his 18,000 troops who had been recalled to [[Delhi]] after completing the assigned expedition against [[Marwar]]. While imprisoned, Salabat Khan sold all his property to pay his troops in order to halt a possible revolt and thenceforth lived in poverty like a [[Dervish]].

===Safdarjung's advance against Javed Khan's allies in Rohilkhand===
Angered by the policies of the Grand Vizier, Ahmad Khan Bangash attacked Safdarjung's possessions in [[Awadh]], during which Safdarjung was wounded in the neck.

Safdarjung responded by amassing an army that included [[Jat]] and [[Maratha]] mercenaries. This defeated Qudsia Begum's loyalists in [[Rohilkhand]], at which point Ahmad Shah demanded an immediate cease of hostilities. Safdarjung obeyed{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} but also ordered his [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] units, led by [[Muhammad Ali Jerchi]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lL-bAwAAQBAJ&q=Muhammad%2520ali%2520jerchi&pg=PT51|title=Maharaj Suraj Mal 1707-1763|last=Singh|first=K. Natwar|date=2012-12-03|publisher=Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788129126603|language=en}}</ref> to assassinate Javed Khan for his involvement in the malevolence in August 1752.{{Clarify|reason=the malevolence was in August 1752 or the order to assassinate?|date=September 2016}}

Safdarjung's action cleared the path for the rise of Qudsia Begum's opponents within Javed Khan's faction, such as Intizam-ud-Daula.

==Campaign against Maratha Empire==
===Maratha Protectorate===
[[File:This painting depicts Ahmad Shah (1748-54)..jpg|thumb|Ahmad Shah (1748-54).]]
In the year 1752 the [[Maratha Empire]] imposed a unilateral protectorate over the Mughal imperial court in Delhi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/1098497E96D2AFA760D18DB311A91C80 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |location=Cambridge |pages=138 |quote=For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the Mughal throne.}}</ref> This move caused the emperor and his subjects to retaliate {{Citation needed|reason=need more support for the retaliation of his subjects|date=September 2019}} against the [[Peshwa]] in 1754.

===Imad-ul-Mulk ===
In May 1753, Ahmad Shah Bahadur chose the 18-year-old [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III]] famously known as Imad-ul-Mulk, the son of the dead Intizam-ud-Daula, to counter the growing influence of Safdarjung. Imad-ul-Mulk gathered opposition to Safdarjung, and was joined by [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech]], Qudsia Begum and Ahmad Shah Bahadur himself. Safdarjung was defeated and stripped of his estates and authority but the influence of his supporters such as [[Suraj Mal]] and the [[Capture of Delhi (1753)]] meant that he was forgiven and allowed to withdraw to Awadh.

In the aftermath of Delhi’s plundering and consequent alliance with the Marathas, Imad-ul-Mulk emerged as the new [[regent]]. However, his prowess was feared by Ahmad Shah Bahadur, who became estranged from him after Imad-ul-Mulk had collected 1,500,000 ''dams'' but refused to pay salaries to the Mughal army and imperial officials. Ahmad Shah Bahadur declared reinstatement of Safdarjung as his Grand Vizier. He tried to remove Imad-ul-Mulk from the imperial court, which caused Imad-ul-Mulk to send Aqibat Mahmud to arrest the emperor and then seek an alliance with the [[Maratha]]'s led by [[Raghunathrao]], the brother of the Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao|Nanasaheb I]].

===Defeat at Sikandarabad===

Even though [[cannon]]s and [[sharpshooter]]s were loaded upon the [[elephants]], the Emperor was defeated at Sikandarabad by the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="hinduhistory.info">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduhistory.info/the-last-raid-dying-embers-of-the-mughal-empire/|title=The Last Raid : Dying Embers of the Mughal Empire|website=Hindu History|date=20 June 2014 }}</ref>

According to the Marathas, 8000 warriors were captured (mostly women)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=ahmad+shah+bahadur+abandoned+the+women+of+his+family&pg=PA261|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|first=Everett Jr.|last=Jenkins|date=7 May 2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476608891|via=Google Books}}</ref> and the imperial household was humiliated.<ref name="hinduhistory.info"/>

"Sikandarabad Incident" is considered to be the last raid conducted by the emperor against the Maratha empire.<ref name="hinduhistory.info"/>

But [[Imad-ul-Mulk]] and his allies had realised this plan. Aided by the Marathas, led by [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], he defeated Safdarjung. The Emperor then collected a large army and camped at Sikandarabad, where the Maratha chieftain [[Raghunathrao]], Malhar Rao Holkar and 2,000 Marathas, together with Imad-ul-Mulk, routed his army at the Battle of Sikandarabad (1754)<ref name="singh">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lL-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|title=Maharaj Suraj Mal 1707-1763|last=Singh|first=K. Natwar|date=2012-12-03|publisher=Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788129126603|language=en}}</ref> and many Maratha soldiers raped the Imperial Mughal women including the princesses and queens of Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiiSikhDominationOfTheMughalEmpire1764-1803 |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. III Sikh Domination Of The Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |pages=364 |language=English}}</ref> Ahmad Shah afterwards fled to Delhi, leaving his mother, wives and a retinue of 8,000 women behind. Imad-ul-Mulk with the support of Raghunathrao proceeded to Delhi, where he imprisoned both the emperor and his mother.

Meanwhile, following the battle at Sikandarabad, the ailing Safdarjung fled to [[Awadh]] and a Mughal general laid siege to Bhurtpore, which Suraj Mal and his Jat rebels controlled. After being reinstated as the Grand Vizier, Imad-ul-Mulk moved out of Delhi to support his lieutenant with a fresh supply of ammunition.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

It was during this confrontation that Imad-ul-Mulk claimed that Ahmad Shah Bahadur sent secret dispatches to Suraj Mal, encouraging him to fight and promised to advance to the aid of the [[Jat people|Jats]]. He had intercepted the letters, made peace with [[Suraj Mal]], and returned to Delhi, where he blinded Ahmad Shah. After hearing of this action Safdarjung fell ill and died.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Fragmented polities of the Mughal Empire==
Ahmad Shah Bahadur inherited a weakened empire in both power and prestige. However, the Mughal Emperor still maintained symbolic hegemony over most other Indian princely states. Ahmad Shah maintained correspondence with distant loyal vassals and Nawabs, such as [[Chanda Sahib]], Nawab of [[Tinnevelly]] (his southernmost subject), and [[Muzaffar Jung]].

{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}

===First Carnatic War (1746–1748)===
{{main|Carnatic Wars}}

[[File:Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subedar]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] [[Muzaffar Jang]] welcomes [[Joseph François Dupleix]].]]

In 1749, [[Joseph François Dupleix]] allied with Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung, the two strong designated Mughal administrators in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and sought bring them into power in their respective regions. Other leaders such as [[Hyder Ali]] also sided with the French. Soon the Chanda Sahib, Muzzafar Jung and the French led by Patissier and [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|De Bussy]] had the capacity to defeat the alarmed [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]] during the [[Battle of Ambur (1749)|Battle of Ambur]].<ref>{{Google books |id=h5_tSnygvbIC |page=756 |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East }}</ref>

[[File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|thumb|Death of the [[Nawab of Arcot]] in the Carnatic, during a battle against the French in 1749.]]

In response to this power struggle among the Mughal subjects in the Deccan, [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] and Nasir Jung aligned themselves with the English in 1750. When Nasir Jung tried to recapture [[Gingee Fort]], from De Bussy he was halted, defeated and killed by the forces of the troublesome Himmat Khan, the [[Kadapa|Nawab of Kadapa]]. Dupleix, who was the real power behind the successors, soon delegated a formidable governance to his allies: Muzaffar Jung was declared the Nizam of Mughal lands in eastern-Deccan and Chanda Sahib was declared the new Nawab of the Carnatic. The French were perceived as powerful aristocrats throughout the Mughal Empire; their English counterparts, however, had their reputations tarnished by the alleged acts of piracy since the days of [[Aurangzeb]].

[[File:Stinger Lawrence and Nawab Wallajah.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Stringer Lawrence]] and [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Nawab Wallajah]] in [[Madras]]<ref>''Palk Manuscripts'', four-volume collection of the correspondence of Sir Robert Palk relating to Indian affairs, ''Historical Manuscripts Commission: Report on the Palk manuscripts in the possession of Mrs Bannatyne of Haldon, Devon'', p.XII [https://archive.org/stream/reportonpalkmanu00grearich/reportonpalkmanu00grearich_djvu.txt]</ref>]]

=== Ahmad Shah Bahadur and Nasir Jung ===
Previous Mughal Emperor, [[Muhammad Shah]] had bestowed upon [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]]'s son, [[Nasir Jung|Mir Ahmad Ali Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi]], the title [[Nasir Jung]], Later, Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur appointed him the Subedar of Deccan and bestowed him with the title ''Nasir-ud-Daula''. However, [[Nasir Jung]] was killed by the renegade Himmat Khan in 1750.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjJuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Modern Deccan, 1720/1724-1948: Political and administrative aspects|last1=Kulakarṇī|first1=A. Rā|last2=Nayeem|first2=M. A.|last3=Insṭīṭiyūṭ|first3=ʻAbūlkalām Āzād Oriyanṭal Rīsarc|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute|language=en}}</ref>

===Mughal Army expedition against Marwar===
[[File:Mogul- Ahmad Schah Bahadur - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5549141.jpg|thumb|Coin of Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]
Salabat Khan, the ''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' and commander of the Mughal army, was joined by [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bhakt Singh]] in Marwar against the forces of [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]] and [[Ishvari Singh]]. The sides fought each other in 1750 at the [[Battle of Raona]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|date=1994-01-01|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125003335|language=en}}</ref> Immediately after the battle, Ishwari Singh reconciled with Salabat Khan and the confrontation ended in ceasefire. Soon afterwards the Maratha Empire invaded [[Jaipur]] and Ishwari Singh committed suicide.

===2nd and 3rd Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali===
In 1749, [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] invaded India for a second time. The reasons for the invasion were the same as the first one, he claimed the revenue of 4 districts (Sarkars) of Punjab assigned for the support of the impoverished ''Subah'' of [[Kabul]], an arrangement which existed previously in Mughal times and was imposed on the Mughals after they ceded that Subah to [[Nadir Shah]] in 1739. Abdali's forces fought [[Moin-ul-Mulk]], the Mughal governor of Punjab, to a stalemate, but the latter was duped into signing a treaty accepting Abdali's demands.

The terms of the 1749 not being fulfilled, Abdali invaded India a third time in 1752 and swept all before him before the gates of Lahore. Here a fierce battle was fought, and Moin-ul-Mulk's brave lieutenant, Raja Koramal was killed. Moin-ul-Mulk was captured, but Abdali pardoned him due to his courageousness in battle, afterwards reappointed him governor of the Subah. The Mughal Court became frantic lest a repeat of 1739 should occur. The Grand Wazir, [[Safdar Jung]] enlisted the help of 50,000 Marathas on promise of a large sum of money, but before he could do anything, an equally frantic Emperor signed a peace treaty with the Abdali, acting upon the advice of his mother's favourite, the eunuch [[Javed Khan Nawab Bahadur]]. According to the terms of the treaty, Punjab (including Multan and Sindh) and Kashmir were to be administered by the Abdali in the Emperor's name, and any Governor of the Subah appointed by the Emperor had to have Abdali's approval. This was only a face saving gesture, in reality the Subah's had been ceded to the Afghans. They would be officially annexed by them in 1757, following [[Imad-ul-Mulk]]'s aborted attempt to restore them to Mughal control.

===Loss of Gujarat and Orissa to the Maratha Empire===
Various chieftains of the Maratha Empire had defeated the subjects of Ahmad Shah Bahadur in [[Gujarat]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. Until 1753 Gujarat continued to be a part of the Mughal Empire, but in that year the Imperial Governor was deposed by the Marathas, and it was during that havoc that the Raj Bovri Mosque complex was destroyed during a massive fray.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} In response to the annexation of Gujarat, the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur appointed and strengthened the [[Nawab of Junagarh]] [[Nawab Muhammad Bahadur Khanji]] and bestowed various titles and authority to various entities loyal to the [[Mughal Empire]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 |title=Collect Britain has moved |access-date=2011-12-17 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 |archive-date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> Ahmad Shah Bahadur and Safdarjung also dispatched Salabat Khan and an army of 18,000 to an expedition to quell all rebels in [[Rajput]] territories and to gather support for the regions garrisons.

====Alivardi Khan loses Orissa====
[[File:Capture of two prisoners at an important battle by Allahvardi Khan Jahangiri..jpg|thumb|[[Alivardi Khan]] (Mughal Empire's viceroy of Bangal) captures two prisoners.]]

In 1751 after defending his territories from the Marathas for nearly 11 years, [[Alivardi Khan]] the [[Nawab of Bengal]], and ''Faujdars'' from various regions such as [[Patna]], [[Dacca]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950|date=1 February 2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843310044|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&q=alivardi+khan&pg=PA194}}</ref> were overrun by large force of Marathas under the command of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]], who eventually annexed [[Odisha]] for the Maratha Empire. Only Midnapore remained in Mughal hands, and [[Alivardi Khan]], the Mughal governor of Bengal, was forced to pay the [[Chauth|Chauth tribute]] to the Marathas, as had been instructed to him by the late Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]].

===Second Carnatic War (1749–1754)===
[[File:WAR ELEPHANTS CHARGE THE GATES OF THE FORT AT ARCOT..gif|thumb|left|[[Siege of Arcot]] was a major battle fought between [[Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive|Robert Clive]] and the combined forces of the [[Mughal Empire]]'s [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], [[Chanda Sahib]], assisted by a small number of troops from the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]].]]

In 1751, Chanda Sahib and his lieutenants Reza Sahib and [[Muhammed Yusuf Khan]] were defeated by [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] and Clive during the [[Battle of Arcot]]. Later onwards [[Muzaffar Jung]] faced the averse uncooperative Nawabs of [[Nawab of Kurnool|Kurnool]], [[Cuddapah]] and [[Nawab of Savanur|Savanur]] after they jointly attacked Muzaffar Jung's encampments of 3000 troops, during the confrontation the Nawab of Savanur was killed, the Nawab of Kurnool was shot and wounded but the apathetic Himmat Khan, the [[Kadapa|Nawab of Kadapa]], challenged Muzaffar Jung to a duel. Charging their [[Howdah]]'s at each other, they eliminated each other in combat.<ref>{{Google books |id=9Fb26pWqhScC |page=51 |title=Nizam-British Relations, 1724–1857 }}</ref>

===French-Nizam Alliance===
{{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies}}

The news of Muzaffar Jung's death had created a great sense of shock and panic among the Mughals and the [[French people|French]] were also affected by this unforeseeable event. De Bussy rose to the occasion and almost risked the wrath of the imperial court when he chose his brother [[Salabat Jung]] as the new ''Subedar of the Deccan'', without the approval of Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Together they entered [[Hyderabad]] on 12 April and then marched against the Marathas to strengthen the Mughal garrison at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] on 18 June.<ref>{{Google books |id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C |page=220 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 }}</ref> Unwilling to allow his brother to gain power, Intizam-ud-Daula, an influential general in the Mughal army, abandoned his post and threatened to march into the Deccan with an army of 150,000 and overthrow Salabat Jung with the assistance of their Maratha adversary [[Nanasaheb Peshwa|Balaji Bajirao]].

[[File:Salabat Jung.jpg|thumb|[[Salabat Jung]] and his French allies had inflicted defeat upon the Maratha Confederacy and enforced the [[Peace Treaty of Ahmadnagar]].]]

French general [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|De Bussy]] initially advanced through northern Maharashtra, but was ultimately compelled to withdraw by the traditional Maratha tactics of cutting of all the grain supplies. The conflict between the Nizam under [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|De Bussy]] and the Peshwa ended with Treaty of Bhalke (1751) in which the Nizam [[Salabat Jung]] surrendered half of the revenues of Khandesh, plus the western half of Berar, plus the small province of Baglan (south and west of Khandesh) to the Marathas while retaining the cities of Aurangabad and Burhanpur and their associated forts - Daulatabad and Asir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/1098497E96D2AFA760D18DB311A91C80 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |location=Cambridge |pages=134}}</ref>

Intizam-ud-Daula was poisoned by his own troops for pursuing an alliance with Balaji Bajirao. The [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] Chanda Sahib was killed in a mutiny after he was defeated by [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] and Clive in 1752. Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah was then recognised as the next Nawab of the Carnatic, mainly by arousing the sympathies of Ahmad Shah Bahadur.

In 1756 Salabat Jung's forces{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} utilised heavy muskets known as ''Catyocks'', which were attached to the ground, it was known to have fired more rapidly than a cannon.<ref name="War, Culture and Society" />

==Death==
After his deposition in 1754, Ahmad Shah Bahadur was imprisoned at the [[Salimgarh Fort]]. He stayed there for the rest of his life, dying in 1775 at the age of 49 during the reign of Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. One of his sons, (Mahmud Shah Bahadur Bidar-Bakht) reigned briefly in 1788 as ''[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Shah Jahan IV]]''.

His tomb is located in a burial enclosure enjoined to the [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]], in the vicinity of [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki|Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki's]] [[dargah]] in [[Mehrauli]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dadlani |first=Chanchal B. |title=From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-23317-9 |location=New Haven [CT] |pages=63 |oclc=1024165136}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]||}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Mughal Emperor]]
| years = 26 April 1748– 2 June 1754
| before = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| after = [[Alamgir II]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1775 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Anwar Sagar

2026-03-16T16:34:34Z

Kelashi123:

{{Short description|Indian Hindustani poet and lyricist (1949–2020)}}
{{Sources exist|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anwar Sagar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anwar Sagar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1949|08|30}}
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|06|03|1949|08|30}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[Lyricist]]
| years active = 1982–2002
}}
'''Anwar Sagar''' (30 August 1949 – 3 June 2020) was an Indian [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] poet and [[lyricist]]. He penned hundreds of songs in Bollywood films and churned put numerous hit songs such as "Waada Raha Sanam", "Yeh Dua Hai Mere Rab Se", "Dil Ka Kya Kasoor", "Mera Piya Ghar Aaya", "Rahon Mein Unse" etc.<ref name=a>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/lyricist-anwar-sagar-dies-at-70-gave-evergreen-melodies-waadaa-raha-sanam-dil-ka-kya-kasoor/story-CgfmdOkPGVQ9gZLQPDHVnJ.html|title=Lyricist Anwar Sagar dies at 70 who gave evergreen melodies|accessdate=4 June 2020}}</ref> He has written 225 songs in 86 Hindi films.<ref name=c>[https://muvyz.com/people/xg158906/Filmography/Lyricist Anwar Sagar filmography at Muvyz]</ref> His is most remembered for songs in ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992), ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994), ''[[Yaarana (1995 film)|Yaarana]]''{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} (1995) etc.

==Career==
Anwar got his first break in the film ''Zakhmi Rooh'' (1982). Initially, he had to struggle for more than a decade to finally set an identity with the success of the song "Waada Raha Sanam", sung by Alka Yagnik and Abhijeet Bhattacharya in the film ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992). After this success, he penned several hit tracks in the films ''[[Dil Ka Kya Kasoor]]'' (1992), ''Sapne Sajan Ke'' (1992), ''[[Vijaypath]]'' (1994), ''[[Yaarana (1995 film)|Yaarana]]'' (1995), ''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]'' (2002), the latter was his last work in Bollywood.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/>

==Death==
He died at [[Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital]], Mumbai at the age of 70.<ref name=b>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lyricist-anwar-sagar-who-wrote-the-song-waada-raha-sanam-dies-in-mumbai-2240221/amp/1|title=Lyricist Anwar Sagar who wrote the song Waada Raha Sanam dies in Mumbai|accessdate=4 June 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ebf5ff;"
!Year
!Category
!Song/nomination
!Result
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''
|-
|
|
|
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*''[[Maine Jeena Seekh Liya]]'' (1982)
*''Naya Safar'' (1982)
*''[[Qatil Aur Ashiq]]'' (1986)
*''[[Khooni Mahal]]'' (1987)
*''[[Mera Lahoo]]'' (1987)
*''[[Zulm Ko Jala Doonga]]'' (1988)
*''[[Hisaab Khoon Ka]]'' (1989)
*''[[Ilaaka]]'' (1989)
*''[[Lashkar (film)|Lashkar]]'' (1989)
*''[[Apmaan Ki Aag]]'' (1990)
*''Hukum'' (1990)
*''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' (1990)
*''Love and War'' (1990)
*''Pyaar Ka Toofan'' (1990)
*''Jeevan Daata'' (1991)
*''Khatra'' (1991)
*''[[Laal Paree]]'' (1991)
*''[[Shiv Ram]]'' (1991)
*''Yeh Hai Ghar Ghar Ki Mahabharat'' (1991)
*''[[Balwaan]]'' (1992)
*''[[Bekhudi]]'' (1992)
*''[[Dil Ka Kya Kasoor]]'' (1992)
*''[[Dushman Zamana]]'' (1992)
*''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992)
*''Lambu Dada'' (1992)
*''Meri Janeman'' (1992)
*''[[Sapne Sajan Ke]]'' (1992)
*''[[Zulm Ki Hukumat]]'' (1992)
*''[[Aadmi (1993 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1993)
*''Deewana Dil'' (1993)
*''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]'' (1993)
*''Pyar Pyar'' (1993)
*''[[Zakhmo Ka Hisaab]]'' (1993)
*''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994 film)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]'' (1994)
*''[[Aag Aur Chingari]]'' (1994)
*''[[Aashiq (1994 film)|Aashiq]]'' (1994)
*''[[Amaanat (1994 film)|Amaanat]]'' (1994)
*''[[Cheetah (1994 film)|Cheetah]]'' (1994)
*''[[Janta Ki Adalat]]'' (1994)
*''[[Juaari]]'' (1994)
*''[[Laqshya]]'' (1994)
*''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994)
*''[[Salaami]]'' (1994)
*''[[Vijaypath]]'' (1994)
*''[[Aatank Hi Aatank]]'' (1995)
*''[[Baazi (1995 film)|Baazi]]'' (1995)
*''[[Barsaat (1995 film)|Barsaat]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Gambler (1995 film)|Gambler]]'' (1995)
*''[[Gunda Mawali]]'' (1995)
*''[[Nazar Ke Samne]]'' (1995)
*''[[Paandav]]'' (1995)
*''Saajan Ke Liye'' (1995)
*''[[Sanjay (film)|Sanjay]]'' (1995)
*''[[Sauda (film)|Sauda]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Don (1995 film)|The Don]]'' (1995)
*''[[Yaarana (1995 film)|Yaarana]]'' (1995)
*''[[Zakhmi Sipahi]]'' (1995)
*''Agnee Prem'' (1996)
*''[[Apne Dam Par]]'' (1996)
*''[[Durjan]]'' (1996)
*''[[Himmatvar]]'' (1996)
*''[[Krishna (1996 Hindi film)|Krishna]]'' (1996)
*''[[Gundagardi]]'' (1997)
*''[[Judge Mujrim]]'' (1997)
*''[[Nirnayak]]'' (1997)
*''[[Deewana Hoon Pagal Nahi]]'' (1998)
*''[[Devta (1998 film)|Devta]]'' (1998)
*''Love Story 98'' (1998)
*''[[Benaam (1999 film)|Benaam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Ganga Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Ganga Ki Kasam]]'' (1999)
*''Sar Ankhon Par'' (1999)
*''Aaj Ka Nanha Farishta'' (2000)
*''[[Jwalamukhi (2000 film)|Jwalamukhi]]'' (2000)
*''Ehsaas'' (2001)
*''[[Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar]]'' (2001)
*''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]'' (2002)
*''Qaidi'' (2002)
*''[[Basti (film)|Basti]]'' (2003)
*''[[Choron Ka Chor]]'' (2003)
*''[[Girlfriend (2004 film)|Girlfriend]]'' (2005)
*''[[Gehri Chaal]]'' (2005)
*''[[Mastani]]'' (2005)
*''Qatl-E-Aam'' (2005)
*''Meri Taaqat'' (2007)
*''[[Kisse Pyaar Karoon]]'' (2009)
*''[[Ek Niranjan|Ek Hi Rasta — The Power]]'' (2010)
<ref name=c/>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0755991}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar, Anwar}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

P. L. Thenappan

2026-03-12T21:20:59Z

Kelashi123: created some pg v1

{{short description|Indian film producer, actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. L. Thenappan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karaikudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film producer | actor}}
| yearsactive = 1987–present
| spouse = Anbumeena
| children = 2
}}

'''P. L. Thenappan''' is an Indian film producer and actor who works predominantly in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=12663&id1=3&issue=20170915|title=6 வது படிச்சப்ப ஒயின்ஷாப்புல வேலை பார்த்தேன்... - Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine|website=www.kungumam.co.in|access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>

==Career==
He owns the production company Shree Rajalakshmi Films (P) Ltd. He debuted as a producer with the Tamil film ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' (1998). He is a producer known for making big budget films and at the same time producing small budget films as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2157413/tamil-producer-claims-parasite-copy-says-will-sue-filmmakers|title=Tamil producer claims 'Parasite' is a copy, says he will sue filmmakers|date=15 February 2020|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producer-and-actor-pl-thenappan-clarifies-on-uttama-villain-row-defends-kamal-haasans-side/articleshow/110323811.cms|title=Producer and actor PL Thenappan clarifies on 'Uttama Villain' row; defends Kamal Haasan's side|date=22 May 2024|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Company
! Director
!Notes
|-
|1998 || ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' || Saraswathi Films|| [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
|
|-
|2002 || ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' || rowspan="9" |Sri Rajalakshmi Film (P) Ltd || [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''[[Panchathantiram]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Punarjani]]'' || [[Major Ravi]]
|Malayalam film
|-
|2003 || ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || Surya Prakash
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 || ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' || [[K. V. Anand]]
|
|-
| ''[[Priyasakhi]]'' || [[K. S. Adhiyaman]]
|
|-
|2006 || ''[[Vallavan]]'' || [[Silambarasan]]
|
|-
|2008 || ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
|
|-
|2010 || ''[[Ayyanar (film)|Ayyanar]]'' || S. S. Rajamithran
|
|-
|2019 || ''[[Peranbu]]'' || Shree Raajalakshmi Films || [[Ram (director)|Ram]]
|
|-
|}

===As co-producer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Company
! Director
|-
|1999 || ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Arunachala Cine Creation || rowspan="2" | K. S. Ravikumar
|-
|2000 || ''[[Thenali]]'' || R. K. Celluloids
|-
|}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || Tea Master
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]'' || Ekambaram
|
|-
| ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Sketch (2017 film)|Sketch]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Madura Veeran]]'' || Perumal
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019 || ''[[Peranbu]]'' || Land mafia member
|
|-
| ''[[Gangs of Madras]]'' || Minister Tamizhvaanan
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2022 || ''[[Vezham]]'' || Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' || Maniyar
|Web series
|-
|rowspan="6"|2023 || ''[[Bakasuran]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]'' || Annachi
|
|-
|''[[Theerkadarishi]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Raavana Kottam]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || ACP Govindaraj
|
|-
|''[[Por Thozhil]]'' || Maarimuthu
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024||''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''||Ramki Saloon Owner
|
|-
|''[[Dhonima]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Appu VI STD'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' || Ratnam
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam films
|-
|''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'' || Politician
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2025 || ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' || Thenappan
|
|-
| ''Myyal'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Maareesan]]'' || Inspector Kanagaraj
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-24 |title=Kamal Haasan says Maareesan left him "laughing and thinking", calls it "inventive and spirited" |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/24/kamal-haasan-says-maareesan-left-him-laughing-and-thinking-calls-it-inventive-and-spirited |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' || Village president
|
|-
| ''[[Theeyavar Kulai Nadunga]]'' || Sankaran
|
|-
| ''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]'' || Sivangangai Court Judge
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026||''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]'' || B. Jaiganesh
|
|-
|''[[99/66]]''
|Priest
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSWdTrLkbtQ|title=99/66 TRAILER | MS Moorthy | Rachitha Mahalakshmi|date=3 January 2026|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform
|-
| 2025-present|| ''[[Nadu Center]]'' || Jeyanth's father || [[JioHotstar]]
|-
|}

===Films as production executive ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Company
! Director
!Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]'' || Super Good Films || K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Perum Pulli]]'' || rowspan="2" | Super Good Films || [[Vikraman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' || K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]'' || AGS Movies || [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
|
|-
| ''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]'' || rowspan="2" | Super Good Films || rowspan="2" | K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' || [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] || [[Bharathan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Suriyan Chandiran]]'' || Ayanaar Cine Creations || rowspan="2" | K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| ''[[Band Master]]'' || AGS Movies
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
|
|-
| ''[[Nattamai]]'' || [[Super Good Films]] || K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Muthukulikka Vaariyala]]'' || Thrimurthy Films || rowspan="3" | K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]'' || Ravi Shankar Films
|
|-
| ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Parambarai]]'' || Malar Films || rowspan="2" | K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' || Sree Mahalakshmi Combines
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997 || ''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]'' || [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] || K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]'' || Pankaj Productions || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]'' || Pyramid Films || K. S. Ravikumar
|
|-
| ''[[Chachi 420]]'' || [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] || [[Kamal Haasan]]
|Hindi film
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Natpukaaga]]'' || Surya Movies || [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
|
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Thodarum]]'' || Sri Devi Movie Makers || [[Ramesh Khanna]]
|
|}

===Films as production manager===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Company
! Director
!Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''Poove Ilam Poove'' || Vijayakala Pictures || Sirumugai Ravi
|
|-
| 1988 || ''Thenpandi Seemayile'' || [[Sri Thenandal Films]] || C. P. Kolappan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1989 || ''[[Enga Ooru Mappillai]]'' || VNR Creations Citizen Films || [[T. P. Gajendran]]
|
|-
| ''[[Raaja Raajathan]]'' || Dhanisha Pictures || [[E. Ramdoss]]
|
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Appuraja]]'' || Raaj Kamal Films International || Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
|Hindi dubbed version
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gunaa]]'' || Swathi Chitra Internationals || [[Santhana Bharathi]]
|
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Sakthivel]]'' || [[AVM Productions]] || K. S. Ravikumar
|
|}

===Short films===
Apart from mainstream cinema, Thenappan has produced two short films in French, which were screened at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in France.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Company
! Director
!Language
|-|
|2009 || ''Ecluse'' || rowspan="2" | Shree Rajalakshmi Films || rowspan="2" | Mahendran Bhaskar
| rowspan="2" |French
|-
|2010 || ''La ville ne dort pas''
|-
|}

== References ==

<ref>Publication: Tamil Weekly 'Kumudam' – Date: 25 March 2002</ref>
<ref>Publication: Tamil Weekly 'Bhakya' – Date: 2 August 2002</ref>
<ref>Publication: The Hindu – Metro Plus – Date: 23 May 2002</ref>
<ref>{{Citation|last=Thanthi TV|title=(13/10/2017) Ayutha Ezhuthu Neetchi {{!}} Entertainment Tax Cut to 8% : Will ticket prices drop..?|date=2017-10-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-GEF5UNQQg|accessdate=2017-11-07}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1597868}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thenappan, P. L.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei

2026-03-08T05:36:50Z

Kelashi123: adding a info

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chikoo - Yeh Ishq Nachaye.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Youth]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| developer = Sahana
| screenplay = Vikas Tejpal Sharma Aanchal A Vasani
| story = Aakriti Atreja Vera Raina Faizal Akhter Pallavi Mehta
| writer = [[Munisha Rajpal]]
| starring = Vaishnavi Prajapati Simran Tomar [[Paridhi Sharma]] [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra|Himanshu Malhotra]] [[Monica Khanna|Monika Khanna]]
| director = [[Arif Ali Ansari]] [[Neeraj Pande]]
| creative_director =
| producer = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] [[Karishma Jain]] [[Nilanjana Purkayasstha]] [[Herumb Kot]]
| company = [[4 Lions Films]] Invictus T Media
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Satya Sharma Sumant Sharma
| runtime = 21 minutes
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 168
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2021|9|6}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2022|3|19}}
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| related = ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]''
| location =
}}
'''''Chikoo - Yeh Ishq Nachaye''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[soap opera]] that premiered on 6 September 2021 on [[StarPlus]] as '''''Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei'''''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei producer talks about how dance is an integral part of the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-producer-talks-about-how-dance-is-an-integral-part-of-the-show/articleshow/86843178.cms|access-date=2021-10-14|website=The Times of India|date=7 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="launch">{{cite news|title=Mithun Chakraborty graces 'Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei' with his heroic presence for their latest promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mithun-chakraborty-graces-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-with-his-heroic-presence-for-their-latest-promo/articleshow/85597634.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Times of India|date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood superstar Mithun Chakraborty takes a pay cut for 'Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bollywood-superstar-mithun-chakraborty-takes-a-pay-cut-for-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei/articleshow/85830243.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Times of India|date=September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is also digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Produced by [[4 Lions Films]] and Invictus T Media,<ref>{{cite web|title='चीकू की मम्मी दूर की' में होगी 'डांसिंग क्वीन' सुधा चंद्रन की एंट्री, एक्साइटेड हुए फैन्स|url=https://ndtv.in/television/sudhaa-chandran-entry-in-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-show-fans-gets-excited-2531962|access-date=2021-09-28|website=NDTV India|language=hi}}</ref> it initially starred Vaishnavi Prajapati, [[Paridhi Sharma]], [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra|Himanshu Malhotra]] and [[Monica Khanna|Monika Khanna]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Paridhi Sharma cast opposite Himanshu Malhotra in an upcoming TV show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/paridhi-sharma-cast-opposite-himanshu-malhotra-in-an-upcoming-tv-show/articleshow/83924669.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vaishnavi Prajapati to play Paridhi Sharma's daughter in a TV show, Monika Khanna joins the cast, too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vaishnavi-prajapati-to-play-paridhi-sharmas-daughter-in-a-tv-show-monika-khanna-joins-the-cast-too/articleshow/83986748.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Times of India|date=30 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is a remake of [[Star Jalsha]]'s Bengali series ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei makers to rope in Neetu Kapoor for the show's next promo|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-makers-to-rope-in-neetu-kapoor-for-the-show-s-next-promo-1850980-2021-09-09|access-date=2021-09-28|website=India Today|date=9 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei में एक से बढ़कर एक स्टार, Jodha Akbar-Super Dancer 2 के ये कलाकार भी हैं शामिल|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-serial-star-cast-real-name-story-telecast-paridhi-sharma-vaishnavi-prajapati-himanshu-malhotra-dipali-pansare-monika-khanna/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Times Now|date=8 September 2021|language=hi}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 14 February 2022, the serial took a 10-year leap and was rebranded as ''Chikoo - Yeh Ishq Nachaye'' starring Simran Tomar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Actor Lakshay Khurana on his role Dhanush in Chikoo – Yeh Ishq Nachaye: He is a topper in college but pressured and not very confident at home - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actor-lakshay-khurana-on-his-role-dhanush-in-chikoo-yeh-ishq-nachaye-he-is-a-topper-in-college-but-pressured-and-not-very-confident-at-home/articleshow/89647838.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|date=17 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The serial ended on 19 March 2022 due to low TRP.{{clarify|What is TRP?|date=March 2023}}

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" |Title
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | No. of episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally broadcast (India)
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|align="center" |'''1'''
|{{Nowrap|'''''Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei'''''}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 138
| style="text-align:center;"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|09|06}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{end date|df=yes|2022|02|12}}
|-
|align="center" |'''2'''
|'''''Chikoo-Yeh Ishq Nachaye'''''
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:center;"| {{start date|df=yes|2022|02|14}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2022|03|19}}
|}

==Plot==
On her 3rd birthday, Payal Joshi gets kidnapped by a woman-kidnapper, Rangoli and is separated from her family including her mother, Nupur Joshi.

===7 years later===

For 7 years, the Joshis believe that Payal is dead, while Nupur is still in hope. Meanwhile, Payal has been raised as Chikoo by Rangoli. She is talented dancer like Nupur and is determined to find her parents. Soon, Payal and Nupur meet and share a bonding. Nupur brings Payal to Joshis who, including Nupur's husband, Milind, reject her .

Kamini finds out that Chikoo is Payal and conspires against her. Milind's disabled father, Shashikant also learns Payal's truth after seeing her pendent, which was gifted by Nupur to Payal. Due to a misunderstanding, Nupur throws Payal out of house. Later, Payal saves the kids from Hira Amma, a female kidnapper and Rangoli reveals that Nupur is her mother, making amends with the children before dying. Payal helps an orphan Mini, who betrays the latter by pretending to Payal. Nupur and Milind decide to adopt Payal while Kamini and Mini conspire against them.

Soon, Mini is exposed and Chikoo reveals that she is Payal. Joshis refuse to believe her and decide to send her away. However, Payal falls off a cliff and loses her memory while Joshis believe she is dead. She is rescued by Sameer Khaitan and begins to live as his late daughter, Archie. Nupur encounters Payal and tries to get her memory back. Eventually, Payal regains her memory while Nupur finds out that Chikoo is indeed her daughter, Payal. Nupur falls off stairs to death while Payal returns to her. Sameer adopts Payal after that.

===10 years later===

Payal is now grown up and returns to Mumbai. She is an internet dancing sensation under the name of "Ishq" and teaches dance by wearing a mask through her social-media handle "Yeh Ishq Nachaye". She crosses-paths with Dhanush. Dhanush develops a soft-corner for her but is pressured by his mother, Alka to be the first in everything, which sometimes pushes him into crossing boundaries. Soon, Dhanush realizes his mistakes and apologizes to Payal and helps her. Mini too apologizes Payal for her past mistakes. It is revealed that Nupur was murdered by Kamini. Sameer, Payal and Mini expose Kamini, who is later arrested. The Joshis finds that Chikoo is Payal and reunite with her. Finally, Payal and Dhanush confess their love and everybody celebrate it.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Simran Tomar as Payal "Chikoo/Ishq" Joshi – Nupur and Milind's daughter; Sameer's adopted daughter; Dhanush’s love interest. (2022)
** [[Barrister Babu|Vaishnavi Prajapati]] as Child Payal "Chikoo" Joshi / Fake Archie Khaitan (2021–2022)
** Aria Sakaria as Baby Payal (2021)
*[[Paridhi Sharma]] as Nupur Joshi – Naresh and Asha's daughter; Milind's wife; Payal's mother (2021–2022)(Dead)<ref>{{cite news|title=Here's how Paridhi Sharma of Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei maintains her work-life balance in real and reel life - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/heres-how-paridhi-sharma-of-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-maintains-her-work-life-balance-in-real-and-reel-life/articleshow/86009413.cms|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The Times of India|date=7 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Lakshay Khurana as Dhanush Chauhan – Alka's son; Keshav's cousin; Payal's love interest (2022)
* [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra|Himanshu Malhotra]] as Milind Joshi – Savitri and Shashikant's younger son; Subodh's brother; Nupur's husband; Payal's father (2021–2022)(Dead)<ref>{{cite web|title=मैं बोल्ड दृश्यों को निभाने में खुद को असहज महसूस करता हूँ-हिमांशु मल्होत्रा|url=https://mayapuri.com/i-feel-uncomfortable-doing-bold-scenes-himanshu-malhotra/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Mayapuri|date=10 September 2021|language=hi|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505042315/https://mayapuri.com/i-feel-uncomfortable-doing-bold-scenes-himanshu-malhotra/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Monica Khanna]] as Rangoli – Payal's kidnapper (2021) (Dead)
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Sameer Khaitan – Pushpa's son; Rayna's widower; Archie's father; Chikoo's adoptive father (2022)

===Recurring===
* [[Deepali Pansare]] as Kamini Joshi – Subodh's wife; Nivan and Aarav's mother. (2021-2022)
* Manav Verma as Subodh Joshi – Savitri and Shashikant's elder son; Milind's brother; Kamini's husband; Nivan and Aarav's father.(2021–2022)
* Sujata Thakkar as Savitri Joshi – Shashikant's wife; Subodh and Milind's mother; Nivan, Aarav and Payal's grandmother. (2021–2022)
* Sunil Shroff as Shashikant Joshi – Rama's brother; Savitri's husband; Subodh and Milind's father; Nivan, Aarav and Payal's grandfather. (2021–2022) (Dead)
* Seema Sharma as Rama Joshi – Shashikant's sister; Deepika's mother; Subodh and Milind's aunt (2021–2022)
* Cheshta Bhagat as Deepika "Deepu" Joshi – Rama's daughter (2022)
* Mohit Duseja as Nivan Joshi – Kamini and Subodh's elder son; Aarav's brother (2022)
** Vedant Pandya as Child Nivan Joshi (2021–2022)
* Mohit Tiwari as Aarav Joshi – Kamini and Subodh's younger son; Nivan's brother (2022)
** Kabir Mehta as Child Aarav Joshi (2021–2022)
* Anushka Merchande as Mini Joshi – Joshis' adoptive daughter (2022)
** Tamanna Deepak as Child Mini / Fake Payal (2021–2022)
* Binda Rawal as Pushpa Khaitan – Sameer's mother; Archie's grandmother; Chikoo's adoptive grandmother (2022)
* Punesh Tripathi as Gajak – Household help at Khaitans (2022)
* Geetu Bawa as Alka Chauhan – Dhanush's mother (2022)
* Raghav Dhir as Keshav Chauhan – Dhanush's cousin (2022)
* Anupama Solanki as Rashi Panjvani – Kamini's best friend. (2021)
* Gauri Sukhtankar as Reema – Nupur's friend and well-wisher. (2021)
* Asmita Sharma as Hira – Female kidnapper (2021–2022)
* Vedant Khot as Sulab – Chikoo's friend. (2021)
* Kartavya Upadhyay as Tanki – Chikoo's friend. (2021–2022)
* Ishlin Prasad as Flower – Chikoo's friend. (2021–2022)
* Honey Bajaj as Signal – Chikoo's friend. (2021)
* Himanshu Mishra as Local – Chikoo's friend. (2021–2022)
* Niranjan Namjoshi as Inspector Ganpat Patil – Rangoli's lover (2021)
* Manan Handa as Apaar – Chikoo's college friend (2022)
* Shivani Thakur as Dimple – Chikoo's college friend (2022)
* Neeti Kaushik as Pooja: Payal's friend

==Production==
===Development===
The show premiered on 6 September 2021 featuring the story of young Chikoo, who is separated from her mother.

In February 2022, the serial took a 10-year-leap, post which actors [[Paridhi Sharma]] and [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra|Himanshu Malhotra]] quit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-to-take-a-leap-paridhi-sharma-himanshu-malhotra-will-not-be-part-of-the-show-post-leap/articleshow/89346399.cms|title=Exclusive! Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei to take a leap; Paridhi Sharma and Himanshu Malhotra will not be part of the show post leap|website=The Times Of India|date=4 February 2022 }}</ref> The makers roped in debut actress Simran Tomar to play the grown-up Chikoo in the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/model-simran-tomar-to-debut-on-tv-as-the-grown-up-chikoo-in-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei/articleshow/89367140.cms|title=Simran Tomar to debut on TV as the grown up Chikoo in Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei|website=The Times Of India|date=5 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref> The show went off-air on 19 March 2022 due to low TRP ratings.

===Release===
The first promo was released on 28 July 2021, featuring the leads Vaishnavi Prajapati and [[Paridhi Sharma]].

On 24 August 2021, a promo featuring famous veteran actor and dancer [[Mithun Chakraborty]] was released by the channel, announcing the launch-date.<ref name="launch"/>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Purple; "| Language
! style="background:Purple; "| Title
! style="background:Purple; "| Original release
! style="background:Purple; "| Network(s)
! style="background:Purple; "| Last aired
! style="background:Purple; "| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]'' মা....তোমায় চারা ঘুম আশেনা
| 19 October 2009
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 3 August 2014
| Original
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Meri Maa (Indian TV series)|Meri Maa]]'' मेरी माँ
| 18 December 2011
| [[Life OK]]
| 22 April 2012
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Amma''<ref>{{cite web|title=Amma serial- Actors and Actresses|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2014/07/amma-serial-actors-and-actress-cast-and.html|website=Vinodarshan}}</ref> അമ്മ
| 2 January 2012
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 4 July 2015
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' பொம்முக்குட்டி அம்மாவுக்கு
| 3 February 2020
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 5 December 2020
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Paape Maa Jeevanajyothi]]'' పాపే మా జీవనజ్యోతి
| 26 April 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Chikoo - Yeh Ishq Nachaye'' चिकू - ये इश्क नचाए
| 6 September 2021
| [[StarPlus]]
| 19 March 2022
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15138426}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei/1260067733 Hotstar]
* [https://www.4lionsfilms.com/ 4 Lions Films]
{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maharashtra]]

Son of India (1962 film)

2026-03-04T03:59:32Z

Kelashi123: small adjust lead to improve readability and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Not to be confused|Son of India (1931 film)|Son of India (2022 film)|India's Sons}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Son of India
| image = Son of India film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Mehboob Khan]]
| producer = Mehboob Khan
| writer = Mehboob Khan
| starring = [[Kamaljeet|Kamaljit]] [[Simi Garewal]] [[Sajid Khan]] [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1962}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Son of India''''' is a [[Bollywood]] film released in 1962. This film was written and directed by [[Mehboob Khan]], starring [[Sajid Khan]], [[Kamaljeet|Kamaljit]], [[Simi Garewal]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] and [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]. The music was composed by [[Naushad]] and with [[Shakeel Badayuni]] as the lyricist. It was a spiritual successor to Mehboob Khan's previous film, ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957).

This movie's soundtrack consisted of some iconic Bollywood songs including the popular patriotic song titled "Nanha Munna Rahi Hoon Desh Ka Sipahi Hoon".<ref name="Firstpost 2015">{{cite web | title=From Son of India to Make in India: Why the country is failing the manufacturing race still | website=Firstpost | date=2015-10-20 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/from-son-of-india-to-make-in-india-why-the-country-is-failing-the-manufacturing-race-still-2475172.html | accessdate=2015-12-10}}</ref><ref name="Saxena 2010">{{cite web | last=Saxena | first=Shobhan | title=15 days of fame, then what? | website=The Times of India | date=2010-01-24 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/15-days-of-fame-then-what/articleshow/5493652.cms | accessdate=2015-12-10}}</ref> The film was a [[box office bomb]].<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg==/|title=Wayback Machine|date=17 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sajid Khan]]
*[[Kamaljeet|Kamaljit]] as Kishore
*[[Simi Garewal]] as Lalita
*[[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] as Kamla
*[[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] as Jung 'JB' Bahadur
*[[Ruby Mayer]]s as Paro
*[[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Paro's father
*[[Tun Tun]] as Gopal's foster mother
*[[Durga Khote]] as Head Nun
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Judge
*[[Mukri]]
*Bakhtawar Singh
*Kumar
*Lilian

==Box office==
With a net collection of {{INR|60 [[lakh]]}} and a total gross of {{INR|1.2 [[crore]]}}, the film was declared a "Flop" by [[Box Office India]].<ref name="archive.org"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Son of India
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Naushad]]
| cover =
| released = {{start date|df=y|1962|12|31}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Gunga Jumna]]
| prev_year = 1961
| year = 1962
| next_title = [[Mere Mehboob]]
| next_year = 1963
}}
The soundtrack for the movie was composed by [[Naushad]] and lyrics penned by [[Shakeel Badayuni]]. The soundtrack consists of 9 songs, featuring vocals by [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Geeta Dutt]] and Shanthi Mathur.

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_lyrics = [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
| all_music = [[Naushad]]

| title1 = Aaj Chhedo Mohabbat Ki
| extra1 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length1 = 3:57

| title2 = Aaj Ki Taaza Khabar
| extra2 = Shanti Mathur
| length2 = 3:58

| title3 = Chal Diye Peeke Gham
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length3 = 3:05

| title4 = Dil Todne Wale
| extra4 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length4 = 4:28

| title5 = Diya Na Bujhe Ri Aaj
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar, Chorus
| length5 = 3:14

| title6 = Insan Tha Pehle Bandar
| extra6 = Shanti Mathur
| length6 = 2:47

| title7 = Mujhe Huzoor Tum Se
| extra7 = [[Geeta Dutt]]
| length7 = 2:18

| title8 = Nanha Munna Rahi Hoon
| extra8 = Shanti Mathur, Chorus
| length8 = 4:13

| title9 = Zindagi Aaj Mere Naam
| extra9 = Mohammed Rafi
| length9 = 3:48
}}

==See also==
* ''[[Mother India]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://archive.today/20130108050839/http://www.google.co.in/music/album?n=Son-Of-India&id=20110401155600_ojfu4svx43cr ''Son of India'' songs]

{{Mehboob Khan}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mehboob Khan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Khaidi (1984 film)

2026-03-03T22:15:07Z

Kelashi123: General cleanup and improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khaidi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. R. Das]]
| producer = G. R. K. Raju
| story = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| based_on = ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' (1983) by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| writer = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = K. S. R. Das
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Aarathi]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] [[Jayamalini]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = V. Lakshman
| editing = D. Venkata Rathnam
| studio = Vishwa Chitra Productions
| distributor = Vishwa Chitra Productions
| released = {{Film date|1984|05|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Khaidi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಖೈದಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Prisoner}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[K. S. R. Das]] and produced by G. R. K. Raju. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Aarathi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] and [[Jayamalini]] in the lead roles. K. S. R. Das wrote the screenplay, while the dialogues were written by [[Chi. Udayashankar|Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. The film has musical score by [[K. Chakravarthy]]. Cinematography was done by V. Lakshman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/khaidi.html|title=Khaidi|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/kha/khaidi/mid_35809/ |title=Khaidi |accessdate=2015-01-22 |publisher=apunkachoice.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122221616/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/kha/khaidi/mid_35809/ |archivedate=22 January 2015 }}</ref>

The film is a remake of the 1983 Telugu film of [[Khaidi (1983 film)|the same name]] starring [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2014 |title=Vishnuvardhan's Khaidi to re-release tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vishnuvardhans-khaidi-to-re-release-tomorrow/articleshow/33601914.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708094643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vishnuvardhans-khaidi-to-re-release-tomorrow/articleshow/33601914.cms |archive-date=8 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="tirupathi">{{cite web |last=Sri |date=8 October 2008 |title=Stars: Star Interviews: Interview with Tirupathi Reddy |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_tirupathireddy_2008.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011085229/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_tirupathireddy_2008.php |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=1}}</ref> Madhavi reprised her role from the original version. The film tells the story of a hardworking young man and his revenge against the people who killed his father and sister and sent him to jail, by falsely accusing him of killing his sister.

==Plot==
Veerabhadraiah is a feudal lord presiding over a village along with his henchmen, which include his assistant and the village [[sarpanch]]. Veerabhadraiah lends money to Venkateswarlu, a local farmer living with his widowed daughter. His son Suryam is a hard working student living in a nearby city and he falls in love with Veerabhadraiah's daughter – Madhulatha. Realising this, Veerabhadraiah asks Venkateswarlu to ask his son to stop seeing his daughter, to which Venkateswarlu does not agree. Veerabhadraiah kills Venkateswarlu and asks Suryam to pay back the money which he had given to them as a loan. Suryam asks for some time and with the help of his elder sister raises crops to sell and repay the loan. Just as the crops are ready for harvest, Veerabhadraiah and his henchmen not only destroy the crop but also try to sexually abuse Suryam's sister, during which she commits suicide. Being the village head, Veerabhadraiah implicates Suryam in the death of his sister, saying that he was forcing her into prostitution, due to which she committed suicide. Suryam is arrested by the police. The rest of the movie deals with how Suryam escapes from jail and with the help of Sujatha, a doctor, avenges the decimation of his family.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Surya
* [[Aarathi]] as Dr. Sujatha
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
* [[Jayamalini]]
* [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]]
* [[Nithya Ravindar|Nithya]] as Baby
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] as Veerabhadrayya
* [[R. N. Sudarshan]]
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
* B. K. Shankar
* Thyagaraj Urs
* [[Dingri Nagaraj]]
* [[Maanu (actor)|Maanu]] in a cameo
* Rajakumar
* Pattabhi
* Ranga
* Lakshminarayana Murthy
* Madan
* Srikanth
* Suryakumar
}}

== Soundtrack ==

# Surasundari E Menakayu - S P Balasubrahmanyam and P Susheela
# Thalay Hoova Edayinda - S P Balasubrahmanyam and P Susheela
# Muthay Maniye - Vishnuvardhan and S Janaki
# Naale Enna Beda - S Janaki
# Endoe Kanda Nenapu - S P Balasubrahmanyam and P Susheela

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=ZUCnDAKdgxs|title=Khaidi}}

{{K. S. R. Das}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. R. Das]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:1984 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{action-thriller-film-stub}}

Sontham (2002 film)

2026-03-03T18:13:24Z

Kelashi123: Started Details!

{{Short description|2002 film by Srinu Vaitla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sontham
| image = Sontham film poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| producer = S. Sompally V. R. Kanneganti
| writer = [[Chintapalli Ramana]] (Dialogues)
| screenplay = Srinu Vaitla
| story = Srinu Vaitla
| starring = [[Aryan Rajesh]] [[Namitha]] [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] [[Neha Pendse]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| studio = J. D. Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2002|8|23}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html | title=Movie review - Sontham| work=[[Idlebrain.com]] | accessdate=15 June 2018 | archive-date=6 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041122/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-sontham.html|title=Inspired theme|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Sontham''''' ({{translation|Belonging}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]]. It stars [[Aryan Rajesh]], [[Namitha]], [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]], and [[Neha Pendse]], with music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].

Released on 23 August 2002, the film was an average grosser at the box office. However, over the years, its comedy scenes have gained [[Cult following|cult status]], making it one of the most frequently referenced Telugu films in internet memes.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==

Vamsy, Nandu and Bose are childhood friends. Vamsy and Nandu grew up very close. Bose falls in love with Sowmya, one of their college mates. When Bose tells Vamsy about her, he deems it to be one more love affair that is bound to fail. Vamsy feels that friendship is more valuable than love and that love spoils a friendship. Nandu, who wanted to share her love towards Vamsy on his birthday, goes back to the shelter as she feels Vamsy might get offended.

Vamsy leaves for New Zealand to supervise the overseas operations of his father's company. In New Zealand, Vamsy realizes that he is in love with Nandu through a colleague at work, Maggy. When Vamsy returns to India, he finds out that Nandu is already engaged to Venkat. Just before her marriage, Nandu receives a bouquet from Maggy from New Zealand addressing both Vamsy and Nandu congratulating their marriage. Realizing that Vamsy loves her, Nandu runs after him to the airport and unites with him.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Aryan Rajesh]] as Vamsy Krishna (voice dubbed by [[Sivaji]])
* [[Namitha]] as Nandini "Nandu" (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] as Bose
* [[Neha Pendse]] as Sowmya
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Seshagiri "Sesham"
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Lecturer Bogeswara Rao
* [[Chitram Srinu]] as Sesham's friend
* Ramachandra as Sesham's friend
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Subbu
* [[Asha Saini]] as Asha
* [[Anchor Jhansi|Jhansi]] as Lecturer Venkatalakshmi
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as Venkat, Nandu's fiancé
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Syam Prasad, Vamsi father
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Nandu's father
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Nandu's mother
* Neelopher as Maggie
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Naga Bala, Sesham's mother
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Sambhu, Sesham's friend
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Bujji, Sesham's friend
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Gulabi, a thief
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Jilani, Sesham's friend
* [[Rajitha]]
* [[Brinda Parekh]] guest appearance in song "Akkado Ikkado"
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Aryan Rajesh shot for this film simultaneously with [[Hai (film)|''Hai'']] which released a few months prior to this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/back-on-track/article28360372.ece|title=Back on track|date=13 December 2004|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205201654/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/back-on-track/article28360372.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film completed its first schedule in the second half of January 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C. Vanaja |date=2002 |title=News Capsule |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/tidbits.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020206051642/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/tidbits.html |archive-date=6 February 2002 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sontham
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[soundtrack]]
| length = 33:00
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Kalusukovalani]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Khadgam]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/sonthamnight.html|title=Telugu cinema functions|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017215905/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/sonthamnight.html|archive-date=17 October 2002}}</ref> and was released on [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-sontham.html|title=Juke Box - Sontham|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020810134703/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-sontham.html|archive-date=10 August 2002|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:00
| title1 = Sontham
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 04:47
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| title2 = Telusuna
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 04:37
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| title3 = Eppudo
| extra3 = [[Mallikarjun]]
| length3 = 03:05
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| title4 = Enati Varaku
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Sumangali
| length4 = 04:37
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| title5 = Akkado Ikkado
| extra5 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length5 = 05:09
| lyrics5 = Pothula Ravikiran
| title6 = Naayudo Naayudo
| extra6 = Devi Sri Prasad
| length6 = 05:31
| lyrics6 = Kulasekar
| title7 = Eppudo (Female)
| extra7 = Sumangali
| length7 = 02:46
| lyrics7 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| title8 = Music Bit ([[Instrumental]])
| extra8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 02:28
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole the film could have been marketed more as a comedy film rather than a love story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11883287&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Sontham|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092651/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11883287&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film was an average grosser at the box office, but its comedy scenes have achieved cult status over the years and it is one of the most frequently used films on Telugu [[Internet meme|meme]] pages.<ref>{{cite web|title=One man army for Mahesh Babu|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/20156/One-man-army-for-Mahesh-Babu|website=India Herald|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821152107/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/20156/One-man-army-for-Mahesh-Babu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mail-colour-photo-90s-kids-genre-telugu-cinema-142201|title='Mail' to 'Colour Photo': The '90s kids genre in Telugu cinema|work=The News Minute|date=26 January 2021|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124081330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mail-colour-photo-90s-kids-genre-telugu-cinema-142201|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1612036}}

{{Srinu Vaitla|state=expanded}}

[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srinu Vaitla]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{2000s-romantic-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Rajni (film)

2026-03-03T09:38:18Z

Kelashi123: Redirect page

{{Short description|2023 Indian thriller film}}
{{Distinguish|Rajani (name)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rajni poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vinil Scariah Varghese
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Vinil Scariah Varghese
* Vincent Vadakkan
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sreejith K. S.
* Blessy Sreejith
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kalidas Jayaram]]
* [[Namitha Pramod]]
}}
| cinematography = R. R. Vishnu
| editing = Deepu Joseph
| music = [[4 Musics]]
| studio = Navarasa Films
| distributor = Goodwill Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|8|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Malayalam|Tamil}}
}}

'''''Rajni''''' is a 2023 Indian [[thriller film]] written and directed by Vinil Scariah Varghese.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Aval Peyar Rajni trailer review: Kalidas Jayaram's mystery thriller film promises many plot twists |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aval-peyar-rajni-trailer-review-kalidas-jayarams-mystery-thriller-film-promises-many-plot-twists/df028f70a9299 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121093551/https://www.ottplay.com/news/aval-peyar-rajni-trailer-review-kalidas-jayarams-mystery-thriller-film-promises-many-plot-twists/df028f70a9299 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Kalidas Jayaram]] in the lead role, alongside [[Namitha Pramod]], [[Reba Monica John]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Ashwin Kkumar|Ashwin Kumar]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], and Shaun Romy. The film contains both [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dialogues with the Tamil version was titled as '''''Aval Peyar Rajni''''' ({{Translation|Her name is Rajni}}).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Kalidas Jayaram-starrer Bilingual Film Rajni To Release Soon |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kalidas-jayaram-starrer-bilingual-film-rajni-to-release-soon-8626508.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124191223/https://www.news18.com/movies/kalidas-jayaram-starrer-bilingual-film-rajni-to-release-soon-8626508.html |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajni' second look poster: Kalidas Jayaram stuns in serious avatar |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/11/second-look-poster-rajni-kalidas-jayaram.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416181628/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/11/second-look-poster-rajni-kalidas-jayaram.html |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20 |title=Kalidas Jayaram and Namitha Pramod's thriller 'Rajni' set to hit theaters in November |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalidas-jayaram-and-namitha-pramods-thriller-rajni-set-to-hit-theaters-in-november/articleshow/104576130.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124191222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalidas-jayaram-and-namitha-pramods-thriller-rajni-set-to-hit-theaters-in-november/articleshow/104576130.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The initial portions of the film shot in Malayalam were dubbed in Tamil for ''Aval Peyar Rajni''.

== Plot ==
Siblings Naveen and Gowri find themselves entangled in a web of chaos and danger with a looming life threat after the death of Gowri's husband, Abhijith. The story unravels a mysterious quest to uncover the enigmatic identity of Rajni.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kalidas Jayaram]] as Naveen
* [[Namitha Pramod]] as Gauri
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Abhijith
* [[Ashwin Kkumar]] as Paul Selvaraj
* [[Reba Monica John]] as Shilpa
* [[Srikant Murali]] as Krishnan
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Selvam Arumugam
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Dr. Fasli
* Shaun Romy as Mallika
* Vincent Vadakkan as Alex
* Jayaraj Kozhikode as Security
*[[Ramesh Khanna]]
* Thomas Kannampuzha as Ranga
*[[Poo Ramu]]
*Priyanka Sai as Rajni/Sathya
}}

== Production ==
It was reported that Kalidas Jayaram would be acting in the bilingual film titled ''Rajni'' in Malayalam and ''Aval Peyar Rajni'' in Tamil.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Kalidas Jayaram's bilingual film 'Rajni' to hit screens in Nov 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/oct/10/kalidas-jayarams-bilingual-film-rajni-to-hit-screens-in-nov-2023-2622326.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124191223/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/oct/10/kalidas-jayarams-bilingual-film-rajni-to-hit-screens-in-nov-2023-2622326.html |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-09 |title=Kalidas Jayaram's next Aval Peyar Rajni is set to release in November |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalidas-jayarams-next-aval-peyar-rajni-is-set-to-release-in-november/articleshow/104277642.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020114630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalidas-jayarams-next-aval-peyar-rajni-is-set-to-release-in-november/articleshow/104277642.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is directed by debutant Vinil Scariah Varghese who was mentored by [[Anwar Rasheed]]. Scariah said, "Although I developed the film in Malayalam, the producer felt there was scope of making it in both languages. Since half of the story was set in [[Chennai]], making it bilingual made perfect sense."<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2023 |title='Making Aval Peyar Rajni bilingual made perfect sense' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/08/making-aval-peyar-rajnibilingual-made-perfect-sense-2563688.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417121817/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/08/making-aval-peyar-rajnibilingual-made-perfect-sense-2563688.html |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He stated that the casting was done before the decision to make it bilingual. The film, which was under production in April 2023, was planned for release in May 2023.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

Vinil Scariah has penned the script for the film. The Tamil dialogues are written by David K. Rajan and the Malayalam dialogues by Vincent Vadakkan who is known for ''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' (2020).<ref name=":2" /> [[Namitha Pramod]] was cast as the lead actress.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title='Rajni' trailer: Kalidas Jayaram's thriller has some mysterious connection with Thalaivar! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rajni-trailer-kalidas-jayarams-thriller-has-some-mysterious-connection-with-thalaivar/articleshow/105290793.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120001228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rajni-trailer-kalidas-jayarams-thriller-has-some-mysterious-connection-with-thalaivar/articleshow/105290793.cms |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The bilingual film was earlier titled ''Rajni Rasigan'' in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-15 |title=Kalidas Jayaram's Tamil-Malayalam bilingual to be titled as 'Rajni Rasigan' in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalidas-jayarams-tamil-malayalam-bilingual-to-be-titled-as-rajni-rasigan-in-tamil/articleshow/82084946.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kalidas is playing the role of a hard-core fan of [[Rajinikanth]] in the film. The film was shot in [[Pollachi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=Kalidas Jayaram {{!}} അന്ന് രജനികാന്തിനൊപ്പം യാത്ര; 'രജനി'യിൽ കാളിദാസ് ജയറാം തലൈവർ ഫാനോ? |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-kalidas-jayaram-likely-to-portray-hardcore-rajinikanth-fan-in-rajani-movie-mm-595158.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610213618/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-kalidas-jayaram-likely-to-portray-hardcore-rajinikanth-fan-in-rajani-movie-mm-595158.html |archive-date=10 June 2023 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref> The filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-05 |title=Kalidas Jayaram's bilingual film 'Rajni' wraps up the shoot in 'Bheeshma Parvam' style |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalidas-jayarams-bilingual-film-rajni-wraps-up-the-shoot-in-bheeshma-parvam-style/articleshow/90662113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226103127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalidas-jayarams-bilingual-film-rajni-wraps-up-the-shoot-in-bheeshma-parvam-style/articleshow/90662113.cms |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=2023-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was set for release on 24 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title='Aval Peyar Rajni' trailer: Kalidas Jayaram stars in an eerie mystery thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aval-peyar-rajni-trailer-kalidas-jayaram-stars-in-an-eerie-mystery-thriller/article67543941.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124132234/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aval-peyar-rajni-trailer-kalidas-jayaram-stars-in-an-eerie-mystery-thriller/article67543941.ece |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, it was released on 8 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Manu |first=Hridyambika |date=7 December 2023 |title=From Adrishya Jalakangal, Pulli, Rajni to Pendulum: Malayalam OTT, theatre releases this week |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/from-adrishya-jalakangal-pulli-rajni-to-pendulum-malayalam-ott-theatre-releases-this-week/1d8f1b220e653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208192008/https://www.ottplay.com/news/from-adrishya-jalakangal-pulli-rajni-to-pendulum-malayalam-ott-theatre-releases-this-week/1d8f1b220e653 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Gayathri Krishna of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The struggles of a community whose rights to live by their own choices that are largely discussed in present times may not seem like a novel central theme, but it is used efficiently in ''Rajni''."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=9 December 2023 |title=Rajni review: Kalidas Jayaram's thriller will not cease to surprise the audience |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/rajni-movie-review-the-gripping-plot-of-this-kalidas-jayaram-thriller-will-not-cease-to-surprise-the-audience/cc72d223ee594 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210143612/https://www.ottplay.com/review/rajni-movie-review-the-gripping-plot-of-this-kalidas-jayaram-thriller-will-not-cease-to-surprise-the-audience/cc72d223ee594 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "A violent crime thriller with suspenseful music and dark shades, the film introduces layers to mislead and bring up thrilling elements."<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Anjana |date=9 December 2023 |title=Rajni Movie Review : Kalidas thrillers is ill-informed on gender issues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/rajni/movie-review/105861526.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210060925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/rajni/movie-review/105861526.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

B. Jayabhuvaneshwari of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Aval Peyar Rajni'' has its heart in the right place. It talks about body dysphoria, and mental health, and tries to convey a message, even though it barely scratches the surface."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=8 December 2023 |title=Rajni / Aval Peyar Rajni Movie Review: A decent murder mystery that misses the mark by an inch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/dec/08/rajni-aval-peyar-rajni-movie-review-a-decent-murder-mystery-that-misses-the-mark-by-an-inch-50215.html |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "While the Kalidas Jayaram and Namitha Pramod starrer promised to be a twisted tale, the film failed to live up to expectations."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Rajni Movie Review: Kalidas Jayaram's Film Is A Wannabe Thriller That Lacks Intrigue |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/rajni-movie-review-kalidas-jayarams-film-is-a-wannabe-thriller-that-lacks-intrigue-review-105822826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208223913/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/rajni-movie-review-kalidas-jayarams-film-is-a-wannabe-thriller-that-lacks-intrigue-review-105822826 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "Bilingual movies, to an extent, help in reaching out to a larger audience. However, there is also a risk in handling such movies, especially since it has to cater to two kinds of audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=8 December 2023 |title=Kalidas Jayaram stars in a mildly intriguing murder mystery {{!}} 'Rajni' movie review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/12/08/kalidas-jayaram-rajni-movie-review-malayalam-tamil-murder-mystery.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210143610/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/12/08/kalidas-jayaram-rajni-movie-review-malayalam-tamil-murder-mystery.html |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]

Megha (2014 film)

2026-03-03T03:31:46Z

Kelashi123: Created new details

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Karthik Rishi}}
{{Other uses|Megha (disambiguation){{!}}Megha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Megha
| image = Megha 2014.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Karthik Rishi
| producer = Albert J S. Selvakumar
| starring = [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] [[Srushti Dange]] [[Angana Roy]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraja]]
| cinematography = [[R. B. Gurudev]]
| editing = Ram Sudharsan
| studio = GB Studio
| distributor = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|08|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Megha''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic action]] film written and directed by Karthik Rishi, a former associate of [[Subramaniam Siva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2013 |title=It's an honor to work with Ajith - Ashwin |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/its-an-honor-to-work-with-ajith---ashwin-ashwin-kakumanu-ashwin-02-03-13.html |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Jointly produced by Albert James and S. Selvakumar, the film stars [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], [[Srushti Dange]] and [[Angana Roy]], while [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Ravi Prakash]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Meera Krishnan]], and [[Nithya Ravindran|Nithya]] make up the supporting cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2013 |title=Megha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/previews/Megha/articleshow/19144536.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107044705/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/previews/37960036_1_megha-ashwin-kakumanu-yuvan |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The film released on 29 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2014 |title=JSK Films to come with three flicks with different themes |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/jsk-films-to-come-with-three-flicks-with-different-themes-tamil-news-107795 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525013234/http://www.indiaglitz.com/JSK-Films-to-come-with-three-flicks-with-different-themes-tamil-news-107795 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> It was a box-office success and its songs received praised.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Synopsis==
Mugilan is a lovable and kind middle-class man who works as a forensic officer. He falls in love with Meghavathy Srinivasan aka Megha, who comes from a rich family background. Megha slowly starts developing feelings for him, and one day, she finally reciprocates his love. But later, she also mysteriously disappears on the same day; the reason being is that Mugil's work leads him to incriminating evidence against Joseph Fernando, the police officer who is touted to be the next Police Commissioner of Chennai. Joseph had murdered Officer Raghavan, as he had considered him a threat to his promotion, but discovers that Mugil is on his tracks; hence, Joseph tries to frame Mugil for murder and rape of Megha. Now it is up to Mugil to find his love. Their love undergoes many twists and turns, but how they reunite forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] as Mugilan (Mugil)
* [[Srushti Dange]] as Meghavathy Srinivasan (Megha)
* [[Angana Roy]] as Thulasi
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Joseph Fernando
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Officer R. Raghavan
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Jayakumar
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]]
* Ravi Prakash as Srinivasan
* [[Nithya Ravindran|Nithya]] as Mugilan's mother
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Megha's mother
* [[Sashikumar Subramani]] as Mani
* [[Sai Prashanth]] as Mugilan's friend
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Yuvi
* [[Munishkanth]] as Joseph Fernando's henchmen
* Shamili Sukumar as Megha's friend
* S. Selvakumar
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The album features seven tracks, one of which was "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" from the film ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' which was remastered in this film. In an interview, Purushothaman, a long time associate of Ilaiyaraaja revealed that "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" was originally recorded for the film "Maruthani" supposed to be directed by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai - Megha {{!}} Making Video - Part 01 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44YQC1oCeVQ&feature=youtu.be |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The movie was never made and the song was made as part of the Alaigal Oivathillai LP Record.<ref name=":0" /> Ilaiyaraaja himself had sung two songs in the film and his son [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] had rendered two songs. Ilaiyaraaja stated that he agreed to compose the music since he liked the story and the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-13 |title=Audio Beat: Megha — Musical cloudburst |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-megha-musical-cloudburst/article5124165.ece |access-date=2015-11-21 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Apart from "Puthum Pudhu Kaalai", the lyrics for other songs were written by [[Na. Muthukumar]] and Palani Bharathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Megha |url=https://avdigital.in/products/megha |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=AVDigital |language=en}}</ref> Putham Puthu Kalai song reached 99Million hits in youtube as one of the highest record in Ilayaraja songs.

The music was well received by critics. [[The New Indian Express]] called Ilaiyaraja's songs and the score "the film's strength",<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2014-08-30 |title=Romantic Crime Thriller Lacking Clarity |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Romantic-Crime-Thriller-Lacking-Clarity/2014/08/30/article2404648.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902064033/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Romantic-Crime-Thriller-Lacking-Clarity/2014/08/30/article2404648.ece |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=2015-11-21 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and [[Sify]] wrote, "Ilaiyaraaja owns most of scenes in the movie with his background score and is indeed a backbone for propelling the narration in the screenplay".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Megha — Review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/megha-review-tamil-pcmbwqdehdhfh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303204145/http://www.sify.com/movies/megha-review-tamil-pcmbwqdehdhfh.html |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=2015-11-21 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Soundtrack Details
!Song title
!Singer(s)
!Lyricist
|-
|"Mugilo Megamo"
|rowspan=2|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Ramya NSK]]
|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
|"Chellam Konjum"
|Palani Bharathi
|-
|"Enna Vendum"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
|Na. Muthukumar
|-
|"Jeevane Jeevane"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Palani Bharathi
|-
|"Puthum Pudhu Kaalai"
|[[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|"Kalvane Kalvane"
|[[Haricharan]], Ramya NSK
|rowspan=2|Na. Muthukumar
|-
|"Mugilo Megamo"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|}

==Critical reception==
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The pace of the movie is too leisurely for a crime thriller. Also, not much importance is given to the crafting of the investigation episodes as has been given to the romantic interludes. One can feel a sense of imbalance in the narration as it shifts from one to the other".<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> [[Sify]] gave a more positive review, writing, "''Megha'' is an attempt that stands out from the run-of-the-mill template with an innovative screenplay".<ref name="autogenerated1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3920648}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Forensic science in popular culture]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Cameron Alborzian

2026-02-28T22:12:49Z

Kelashi123:

{{Short description|British Iranian ex-supermodel and therapist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Cameron Alborzian
| native_name = {{nobold|کامران البرزیان}}
| native_name_lang = fa
| image =Gucci Fall-Winter 1995 runway show Cameron Alborzian Cropped.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Alborzian in 1995
| birth_name = Cameron Alborzian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Imperial State of Iran]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
|
| occupation = Model
| yearsactive = 1986–2005
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| hair_colour = Black
| eye_colour = Dark brown
| agency =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 1
| relatives =
| website = [http://www.yogicameron.com www.yogicameron.com]
}}

'''Cameron Alborzian''' (Persian: کامران البرزیان; born 26 February 1967) is an Iranian-British former [[supermodel]]. After achieving prominence in the [[Fashion show|fashion shows]], he transitioned to a career in holistic healing, specializing in [[Ayurveda]], [[yoga]], and ancient wellness systems.

Alborzian gained international recognition in the 1990s as one of the first male supermodels. He collaborated with several leading fashion houses, including [[Guess (company)|Guess]], [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[Versace]], [[Dior]], [[Valentino (fashion house)|Valentino]], [[Chanel]], [[Gucci]], [[Jean Paul Gaultier]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Karl Lagerfeld]], [[Claude Montana|House of Montana]], [[John Galliano]], [[Yves Saint Laurent (fashion house)|Yves Saint Laurent]], [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Tom Ford]], [[Ralph Lauren]], [[Bijan (designer)|Bijan]], [[Giorgio Armani]], among other designers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hernández |first=Juan Ramón |date=19 March 2022 |title=7 modelos masculinos que marcaron la década de los 90 |url=https://badhombremagazine.com/7-modelos-masculinos-que-marcaron-la-decada-de-los-noventa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210004222/https://badhombremagazine.com/7-modelos-masculinos-que-marcaron-la-decada-de-los-noventa/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Bad Hombre |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Evasión |date=8 May 2012 |title=Cameron Alborzian, de la pasarela a la meditación |url=https://www.eleconomista.es/status/noticias/3950268/05/12/Cameron-Alborzian-de-la-pasarela-a-la-meditacion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210024511/https://www.eleconomista.es/status/noticias/3950268/05/12/Cameron-Alborzian-de-la-pasarela-a-la-meditacion.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=ElEconomista.es |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Prabhakar |first=Binoy |date=17 April 2011 |title=Yogi Cameron: A super role model for yoga and ayurveda |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/yogi-cameron-a-super-role-model-for-yoga-and-ayurveda/articleshow/8001298.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215003715/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/yogi-cameron-a-super-role-model-for-yoga-and-ayurveda/articleshow/8001298.cms |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Suárez |first=Juan |date=19 August 2007 |title=Cameron Alborzian, modelo: "La vida no es moda" |url=https://www.diariodeibiza.es/ibiza/2007/08/19/cameron-alborzian-modelo-vida-moda-31167707.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210011843/https://www.diariodeibiza.es/ibiza/2007/08/19/cameron-alborzian-modelo-vida-moda-31167707.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Diario de Ibiza |language=es}}</ref>

After retiring from the fashion industry, Alborzian authored four books on the topics of yoga, Ayurveda, and holistic wellness: ''The Yogi Code'', ''The Guru In You'', ''The One Plan'', and ''Transform Your Health''.

==Early life==
Alborzian was born and raised in [[Tehran]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]] to an [[English people|English]] mother and Iranian father.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rezaei |first=Shabnam |date=2004 |title=Talking to Cameron Alborzian |url=http://www.persianmirror.com/Article_det.cfm?id=1468&getArticleCategory=59&getArticleSubCategory=231 |url-status=dead |website=Persian Mirror |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107171541/http://www.persianmirror.com/Article_det.cfm?id=1468&getArticleCategory=59&getArticleSubCategory=231 |archivedate=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-23 |title=Interview exclusive avec Cameron Alborzian mannequin yoga |url=https://www.vogue.fr/vogue-hommes/beaute/story/interview-comment-le-supertop-des-90-s-cameron-alborzian-est-devenu-yogi-mannequin/2193 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Vogue |location=France |language=fr-FR |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308045420/https://www.vogue.fr/vogue-hommes/beaute/story/interview-comment-le-supertop-des-90-s-cameron-alborzian-est-devenu-yogi-mannequin/2193 |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 1978, his parents sent him to a boarding school in the [[United Kingdom]] amid the growing unrest of the [[Iranian Revolution]], and he subsequently grew up in the UK.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Adelaide |first=Victoria |date=2017-10-04 |title=Yogi Cameron |url=https://www.beautifulhumans.info/yogi-cameron/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Beautiful Humans Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==

===Modeling===
Alborzian's modeling career began in 1986 after a scout spotted him on the streets of [[London]]. Several weeks later, he appeared in a show in Paris for [[Jean Paul Gaultier]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Millea |first=Holly |date=15 September 2008 |title=Eat, Pray, Love: A supermodel turned yogi uses unusual methods to enlighten clients |url=http://www.elle.com/Beauty/Beauty-Spotlight/EAT-PRAY-LOVE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822085223/http://www.elle.com/Beauty/Beauty-Spotlight/EAT-PRAY-LOVE |archive-date=22 August 2009 |access-date=19 May 2011 |magazine=Elle |location=United States}}</ref> Alborzian subsequently worked for other designers, including [[Dior]] and [[Yves Saint Laurent (fashion house)|Yves Saint Laurent]]. He achieved wider recognition for his work after securing a contract with [[Guess (company)|Guess jeans]] in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afzal |first=Sara |date=2014-03-12 |title='Modelling Iranian style': surgical alterations and the 'porn star' look |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/mar/12/modelling-iranian-style-surgical-alterations-and-the-porn-star-look |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308045422/https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/mar/12/modelling-iranian-style-surgical-alterations-and-the-porn-star-look |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly thereafter, Alborzian began appearing in [[Music video|music videos]], playing the love interest of [[Madonna]] in her 1989 video for "[[Express Yourself (Madonna song)|Express Yourself]]".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gordinier |first=Jeff |date=2011-02-08 |title=Hot or Not? A Model Turned Guru on What to Eat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/dining/09yogi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421212618/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/dining/09yogi.html |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=2022-03-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinane |first=Ruth |date=17 May 2017 |title=Inside Madonna's 'Express Yourself' Video on Its 28th Anniversary |url=https://ew.com/music/2017/05/17/madonna-express-yourself-video-28-year-anniversary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308045418/https://ew.com/music/2017/05/17/madonna-express-yourself-video-28-year-anniversary/ |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref> He later played a character in the 1997 video for "[[Something About the Way You Look Tonight]]" by [[Elton John]], which also featured [[Kate Moss]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Kenisha |date=2023-08-16 |title=Yogi Cameron |url=https://www.photobookmagazine.com/features/yogi-cameron |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=PhotoBook Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1998, Alborzian reunited with fellow models Moss, [[Naomi Campbell]], and [[Christy Turlington]] to visit [[Nelson Mandela]] in [[South Africa]] for a [[Charity (practice)|charity]] event to benefit the Mandela Fund.<ref name=":0" />

===Ayurveda and Yoga Practitioner ===
Inspired by visit to Mandela, along with the death of a close friend and mentor in [[naturopathy]], Alborzian left modeling in 2005 to pursue a meditational path.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Alborzian|first=Yogi Cameron|title=The Guru in You|year=2010|publisher=HarperOne|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=978-0-06-189803-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/guruinyoupersona0000albo}}</ref> He attended teacher training at the [[Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)|Integral Yoga]] and [[Yogaville]] centers, as well as a [[reflexology]] master's course at the Open Center in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Integral Yoga Magazine |url=http://iymagazine.org/issues/2011_spring.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818185634/http://iymagazine.org/issues/2011_spring.html |archive-date=18 August 2011 |access-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> He continued his studies at Arsha Yoga Vidya Peetam Trust in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, where he studied under Sri Vasudevan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsha Yoga|url=http://www.arshayoga.com/gallery.htm|access-date=19 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628151153/http://www.arshayoga.com/gallery.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alborzian now offers ayurvedic services and guidance under the name Yogi Cameron.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordinier |first=Jeff |date=2011-02-09 |title=Sharing an Ayurvedic Lunch With a Yogi |url=https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/sharing-an-ayurvedic-lunch-with-a-yogi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308045419/https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/sharing-an-ayurvedic-lunch-with-a-yogi/ |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Diner’s Journal, [[The New York Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://yogicameron.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron Alborzian}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British exercise and fitness writers]]
[[Category:English people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:English health and wellness writers]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Iranian male models]]
[[Category:English male models]]
[[Category:British yogis]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Iranian people of English descent]]
[[Category:People from Tehran]]
[[Category:Yoga therapists]]
[[Category:Modeling (profession)]]
[[Category:Celebrity]]

Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir

2026-02-10T19:55:22Z

Kelashi123: fixed issues

{{Short description|Political organisation in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{About|Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|other organisations with similar names|Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=February 2018}}
{{essay-like|date=February 2018}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir
| logo =
| abbreviation = JeI-JK
| colorcode = {{Party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir}}
| colors = {{colour box|#008000}}{{colour box|#FFFFFF}}{{colour box|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} Green, white, cyan
| leader = Banned since 2019, the organization's affairs are managed by ex-Ameer-e-Jamaat Ghulam Muhammad Bhat <ref>[https://www.ptinews.com/story/business/Power-struggle-erupts-in-banned-Jamaat-e-Islami-as-old-guard-rises/2893046 Jamaat Old Guard Rises – PTI]</ref>
| founders = Maulana Saaduddin Tarabali
Maulana [[Ghulam Ahmad Ahrar]]
Hakim Ghulam Nabi<ref>[Sikand, Emergence and Development 2002, p. 717]</ref>
| founded = 1953
| banned = 28 February 2019
| headquarters = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| ideology = [[Islamism]] [[Islamic fundamentalism]] [[Islamic revivalism]] [[Social conservatism]] [[Separatism]]<ref name="HHPBMM2010: 171">[[#HHPBMM2010|Haqqani, ''Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military'', 2010]]: p.171</ref> [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1971 |title=Newsfront |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2569111 |journal=Pakistan Forum |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=20–25 |issn=0315-7725 |quote=Ideologically these are the parties of the far-right who have always collaborated with the exploiting classes. |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>
| religion = [[Islam]]
| eci =
| country = India
| flag = File:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Flag.svg
}}
The '''Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir''' or '''Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir''' ('''JIJK''') is an [[List of Islamic political parties|Islamic political party]] based in the city of [[Srinagar]] in the Indian-administered territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is distinct from the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |date=2002 |title=The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s-1990) |url= |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=705 |issn= |quote=Hardly any literature is available on the evolution and history of the Jamaat in the dispute state of Jammu and Kashmir. This is unfortunate, because here Jama'at has had a long history of its own, which has followed a path quite distinct from the branches of the movement in both India Pakistan.}}</ref> The organisation's stated position on the [[Kashmir conflict]] is that [[Kashmir]] is a disputed territory and the issue must be sorted as per the [[United Nations|UN]] or through tripartite talks between [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and representatives of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-02-29 |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir: From Reformist Roots To Political Controversies |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/jamaat-e-islami-kashmir-ban-history-enn24022902935 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fareed |first=Rifat |title=India bans Jamaat-e-Islami in Kashmir amid conflict with Pakistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/2/28/india-bans-jamaat-e-islami-in-kashmir-amid-conflict-with-pakistan |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==Origins==

===Reformist roots===
The JIJK stemmed from Islamic reformist activities in Kashmir in the late nineteenth century, when [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was under [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]]. One of the pioneers during this phase was the [[Mirwaiz of Kashmir]], Maulana Rasul Shah, who formed the ''Anjuman Nusrat ul-Islam'' ("The Society for the Victory of Islam") in 1899 which aimed to impart both modern and Islamic education, and eliminate what were seen as un-Islamic "innovations" (''bida'at'') and superstitions that had become part of the popular [[Sufism|Sufi]] practices.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=712}}

The Anjuman activists established the Islamiya High School and the Oriental College in Srinagar. Rashul Shah's successor, [[Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah]], connected Anjuman with other Islamic reformist groups throughout India. He created the Muslim Printing Press, inaugurated two weeklies called ''al-Islam'' and ''Rahnuma'', and published the first translation and commentaries of the Quran in the [[Kashmiri language]].{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=713}}

The connections with other Indian Muslim groups brought the ''[[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahl-i-Hadith]]'' movement to Kashmir. Sayyed Hussain Shah Batku,{{Who|date=March 2024}} began a campaign to eradicate innovations in Kashmiri Muslim society. Although this movement failed due to a lack of mass support, it formed a precursor to JIJK's later reformist agenda.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=714}}

===Origins of the Jamaat-e Islami Kashmir===
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir's progenitors came from middle-class families associated with Sufism, who were disillusioned with the secular politics of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] and the Muslim nationalism advocated by the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]]. They chose to work for Islam advocated by the Islamist ideologue [[Abul A'la Maududi|Maulana Maududi]], who founded [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in India.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=716-717}}

The early pioneers included Sa'aduddin Tarabali, who came from the family of Sufi mystic Ahmad Sahib Tarabali. Tarabali influenced many Kashmiri men in [[Shopian]], then a political hub, including Maulana Ghulam Ahmad Ahrar, a member of the Islamic reformist group [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam|Majlis-i-Ahrar]], who also came from a family of Sufi connections, and Hakim Ghulam Nabi of [[Pulwama]], who came from a family of Pirs.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=717}} These men were dissatisfied with the contemporary religious practices in Kashmir which they saw as un-Islamic and were also dissatisfied with secular Kashmiri leaders such as [[Sheikh Abdullah]] who were deemed to be insufficiently Islamic.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=721}}

The first all-India ''[[ijtema]]'' of Jamaat-e-Islami was held at [[Pathankot]] in 1945, which was attended by four Kashmiris. Sa'aduddin, Qari Saifuddin and Muhammad Hussain Chishti established the Jamaat in Kashmir and thus Sa'aduddin became the amir, a position he held till 1985.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=721}}

Jamia Masjid in Srinagar became the location of Jamaat's weekly meetings as the group distributed Maududi's literature. The Jamaat expanded its presence from Srinagar to other places in the Valley as Qari Saifuddin and Ghulam Rasul Abdullah undertaking travels to spread the Jamaat's message. The Jamaat's first large ijtema was organised in Srinagar in late 1945 which was attended by between seventy and a hundred people including government servants, youth and traders.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=721-722}}

==History==
After the [[Partition of India]], the Jamaat activists based in Srinagar, favoured [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to join Pakistan while at that time most Kashmiri Muslims rallied behind Sheikh Abdullah, who was pro-India. The pro-Pakistan constituency provided a base of support for the Jamaat.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=723}} Soon afterwards, Jammu and Kashmir [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|joined India]], spurred by the [[Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir|Pakistani tribal invasion]], and Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the prime minister of Kashmir.

During 1947–1952, an increasing number of educated youth and low and middle-ranking government servants came to be attracted to the Jamaat, which established a number of schools and expanded its activities in the media and mosques.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=723}}

In 1952 the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|Jama'at-i-Islami Hind]] decided to separate its Kashmir branch because of the disputed nature of Jammu and Kashmir. Under the leadership of two committed Jamaat members, Maulana Ahrar and Ghulam Rasul Abdullah, the Jamaat in Kashmir drafted its own constitution which was passed and accepted in November 1953.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=723}} In October 1954, at a special meeting held in Barzalla, Srinagar, Sa'aduddin was elected as the President of the organisation by a large majority. The Central Advisory Committee held its first meeting two months later.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=705-751}}<ref name="JIKwebsite">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaateislamijk.org/about-us/81-jama-at-e-islami-jammu-kashmir.html|title=Jama'at-e-Islami Jammu & Kashmir|website=Official website|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205173324/http://www.jamaateislamijk.org/about-us/81-jama-at-e-islami-jammu-kashmir.html|archive-date=5 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sa'aduddin spread the work of the JIJK from Kashmir Valley, where it had until then been concentrated, to Jammu. Sa'aduddin was particularly concerned about the Muslims of Jammu as they had suffered communal violence abetted by the [[Maharaja]] during Partition and suffered from the feeling of being an insecure minority thereafter. He warned his colleagues in Kashmir that Jammu Muslims needed to be helped otherwise they could be Hinduised in terms of culture and faith.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=724}}
The Jamaat expanded in size considerably in the 1950s. The National Conference's autocratic rule and the perception that it had sold Kashmir's interests to India caused a disillusion with that organisation among Kashmiri youth began enlisting as Jamaat members or came to sympathise with it. As opposition to Indian rule mounted, due to India's failure to uphold its promises to the Kashmiri people, growing [[Hindus|Hindu]] chauvinism, threats to Kashmiri Muslim identity, rigged elections, the failure of the state to provide jobs to an increasing number of educated youth in the public sector and the continued domination of the administrative service by [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s the Jamaat found an increase in its support. However, the mounting support for the Jamaat was also contributed in part to its advocacy of piety and social [[Islamization|Islamisation]] programs.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=725-726}}

The Jamaat in particular appealed to lower middle class young men from towns such as Srinagar, [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] and [[Sopore]] and were typically from the first generation of educated members of their families. This class was disillusioned with the popular Sufism of Kashmiri shrines which they came to see as 'un-Islamic' and also found in the Jamaat a medium for political assertion. The Jamaat's advocacy for both modern and religious education and its community work also appealed to sections of the new generation.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=726}} The Jamaat sought also to address contemporary political issues. The JIJK became part of debates concerning unity of Muslims, the growing spread of alcohol, increasing corruption in the state's administration, providing fertilizers to farmers, Kashmir's disputed status and the militant Hindu agitation in Jammu for the state's full integration with India.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=727-728}}

Despite the organisation's growth in the 1950s the group also faced opposition from several sections of Kashmiri Muslim society. Many Sufis associated the group with the 'worldwide nexus' of Wahhabis and considered the Jamaat a threat to their own interests. Despite sharing a common background with the Ahl-i-Hadith movement, the Jamaat encountered opposition with them too as the Ahl-i-Hadith feared that the Jamaat would win over its own support base. The response of the Jamaat to its opponents was tactful.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=705-751}}

From the 1950s onwards Jamaat attempted to influence Kashmiri opinion through its extensive works in the education sphere and its participation in elections. The Jamaat received funds from donations, members' fees and properties endowed to the organisation by members and sympathisers. By the 1970s the JIJK became a powerful organisation with a membership presence all over the state, particularly in the Kashmir Valley. But the organisation has still remained a largely Kashmiri Muslim group. The JIJK's stronger presence in [[Anantnag]] district was due to the high literacy rates in the district, demonstrating the Jamaat's appeal to the educated class. The weaker presence in Srinagar was explained by the presence of the traditional Sufi leadership in that city.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=732}}

The JIJK came to conflict with the Indian state throughout the 1960s since it questioned the legality of India's administration of Jammu and Kashmir and demanded that the matter be solved by a plebiscite in accordance with [[United Nations|UN]] Resolutions.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=739}}

In December 1963 when a holy relic was stolen from the [[Hazratbal Shrine|Hazratbal shrine]] in Srinagar and the movement demanding the relic's recovery turned into a popular agitation for freedom and the demand of self-determination. During this time JIJK participated in voicing this demand and also at the same time prevented Hindu-Muslim communal violence.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=739}} The Awami Action Committee was setup, where Qari Saifuddin represented the Jamaat, to continue this struggle. The Indian authorities arrested the leaders of the Committee including the Qari.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=739}} In addition to the event of the relic's theft, corruption, unemployment and poverty in the state contributed to Kashmiri hostility to Indian rule. Due to the JIJK's strident and consistent challenge to the Indian control of the state it earned increasing support from growing numbers of Kashmiri Muslims.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=739-740}}

==Views on Sufism==

The Jamaat's stance to Sufism was relatively moderate compared to that of the [[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahl-i-Hadith]] movement and it even chose to operate within the existing [[Sufism|Sufi]] frameworks to present its teachings as the true teaching of Sufism untainted by added layers of superstition. Qari Saifuddin was himself the chairman of the famous Sufi shrine at [[Khanyar]], [[Srinagar]] and translated the works of the fourteenth century Sufi saint [[Nund Rishi|Nuruddin Nurani]]. Sa'aduddin translated Mir Sayyed Ali Hamadani's works from [[Persian language|Persian]] to [[Urdu]] and wrote works re-interpreting Sufi practices and ideas to align with the Jamaat's concerns about the proper observance of [[Sharia]]h. However, despite its relatively moderate stance towards the Sufi shrines, in contrast to the stance of the Ahl-i-Hadith movement, the Jamaat found it could not get popular acceptance due to its attitude against the shrines as it came to be charged of being '[[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]]' and 'anti-Sufi'.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=728}}

==Educational works==
Sa'aduddin Tarabali realised the importance of the education sector in Kashmir and the organisation was one of the first non-governmental groups to work in this sector. The JIJK established a number of schools, including good ones where both modern and Islamic disciplines were taught. Part of the reason JIJK felt a need to establish its own schools was the feeling that the Indian educational system was threatening Kashmir's Islamic culture.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=733}}

Eventually the JIJK established a presence among teachers and students in colleges in the Kashmir Valley. In 1977 the JIJK created the Islami Jamiat-i-Talaba (The Islamic Union of Students) for student members and sympathisers.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=736}}

In the early 2010s it was estimated that the JIJK ran at least 300 schools with 10,000 teachers and 100,000 students.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Neil Krishan |title=Militant Leadership: Person-Centered Studies from Kashmir |date=2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-764041-8 |series=Oxford scholarship online Psychology |location=New York, NY |pages=41}}</ref>

==Electoral politics==

Although the JIJK questioned Indian control over the state it adopted a flexible attitude towards participating in the elections which were held under the framework of the Indian Constitution. This was a tactical compromise as JIJK wanted to employ democratic means to expand its influence and prepare for the gradual acquisition of the government machinery. JIJK justified its participation in the elections as a means to influence the Indian government to resolve the Kashmir dispute.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=740-741}}

The JIJK fielded some of its members as independent candidates in the local [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] elections. It also sponsored some candidates for the 1969 local panchayat elections, which were held on a non-party basis, and some of the sponsored contestants managed to be elected.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=740-741}} The emergence of the JIJK as a serious oppositional force to the National Conference reflected increasing alienation of common Kashmiris from the National Conference due to its autocratism and the perception that it had collaborated with India to decrease Kashmir's autonomy.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=742}}

The JIJK participated in the 1971 general elections and expected to win some seats. But it failed to win any with charges of widespread rigging. The Central Advisory Committee then decided that JIJK would contest the 1972 elections to the State Assembly. It aimed, through participating in the elections, to challenge the notion that politics and religion are separate.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=705-751}} Initially JIJK wished to contest all the State Assembly seats but due to financial constraints contested only 22. Despite its expectation that it would do well it failed to get as many seats as it had hoped due to massive rigging. It won only five seats.<ref name="Widmalm-54">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhQAwAAQBAJ&q=Jamaat-e-Islami+kashmir&pg=PA188|title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India|publisher=Routledge|page=54|quote=The Plebiscite Front was still not trusted enough to be allowed to compete in the State Assembly election in 1972, although, ironically, the Jamaat-e-Islami, which was to become the leading separatist organisation in the late 1980s and 1990s, was allowed to contest it and did so with some success, winning five seats.|last1=Widmalm|first1=Sten|date=8 April 2014|isbn=9781136866944|access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> The JIJK complained that some of its members were harassed after the elections.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=742}}

The JIJK still saw its electoral participation in a positive light since it expanded their message to a wider audience and successful JIJK candidates took an active role in the State Assembly by opposing proposed un-Islamic laws, arguing in favour of Islamic alternatives and raising the question of Jammu and Kashmir's disputed status, arguing that India had failed to conduct a plebiscite in Kashmir as it had promised.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=743}} In 1975 the JIJK strongly opposed the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord|Indira-Sheikh Accord]] and considered it a gross violation of UN Resolutions on the Kashmir issue.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=743}} The group won only one seat in the 1977 election.<ref name="Widmalm-57">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhQAwAAQBAJ&q=Jamaat-e-Islami+kashmir&pg=PA188|title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India|publisher=Routledge|page=57|last1=Widmalm|first1=Sten|date=8 April 2014|isbn=9781136866944|access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

Although the 1970s proved to be a phase where the Jamaat's political strength grew the organisation suffered in 1979. In April 1979 [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Zia ul Haq]] seized power and hanged [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]. Common perception was that the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-i-Islami of Pakistan]] was behind this event. Consequently, there were massive anti-Jamaat agitations all over Kashmir. JIJK offices and its members' houses came under attack. These riots lasted three days and property worth 400 million rupees, belonging to the Jamaat and its members, were either destroyed or looted.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The Jamaat believed that behind these attacks on it were the leftists who were using Bhutto's hanging to discredit the Jamaat in the Kashmiri society. The Jamaat also blamed some religious leaders opposed to the Jamaat of instigating people to attack it.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=744-745}}

The Jamaat later contested the 1983 State Assembly election but failed to win a single of the 26 seats it had contested because of alleged massive rigging.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=744-745}}

The Jamaat contested the elections in 1987 as part of the [[Muslim United Front]] which was fought on the platform of advocating the establishment of rule by the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]]. These elections were rigged. On 15 May, 2024, Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir addressed a press conference and said that they are willing to contest the Legislative Elections in Jammu and Kashmir, if ban on the organization is lifted. On August 25, the Majlis-e-Shura (Consultative Body) of JeI held a meeting at Nowgam, Srinagar and decided to field its members as independent candidates after the Election Commission of India announced the polls, first time in a decade, for UT of J&K. This was the re-entry of Jamaat in electoral arena, after 37 years. The Jamaat fielded 3 of its members, namely, Dr. Talat Majid, Sayar Ahmad Reshi and Nazir Ahmad Bhat as independents in Pulwama, Kulgam and Devsar constituencies respectively and is fielding more than 10 of its members in the 2nd and 3rd phase of the UT election, though it did not win any seat.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=748}}

== Separatism and insurgency ==
Increasing anti-Indian protests took place in Kashmir in the 1980s. The Soviet-Afghan jihad and the [[Islamic Revolution in Iran]] were becoming sources of inspiration for large numbers of Kashmiri Muslim youth. The state authorities tried to talk to them on the economic demands but they resorted to violence.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Both the pro-Independence [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) and the pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including JIJK mobilised the fast growing anti-Indian sentiment among the Kashmiri population.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=745}}

Although the Jamaat held the view that Kashmir was disputed territory it continued until the late 1980s to insist on using talks, rather than armed insurrection, to resolve the issue. In 1979 Qari Saifuddin said that the JIJK 'has always desired that the Kashmir issue should be resolved through constitutional means and dialogue'.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=746}}

In 1980 the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] sentenced JKLF leader [[Maqbool Bhat|Maqbool Butt]] to death and large protests took place in Kashmir against this decision. While Butt came to be considered a hero by the Kashmiri masses the JIJK urged restraint. JIJK leaders believed that Butt should be allowed to defend himself but at the same time asserted that they were bound by the Constitution and wanted to resolve issues through democratic methods. The Jamaat disapproved of Maqbool's resort to arms and did not call him a '[[shahid]]' (martyr) although it did express reserved admiration for him.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=746}}

In 1986 some members of the JKLF crossed over to Pakistan to receive arms training but the JIJK, which saw Kashmiri nationalism as contradicting Islamic universalism and its own desire for merging with Pakistan, did not support the JKLF movement. As late as that year, Jamaat member [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], who later became a supporter of Kashmir's armed revolt, urged that the solution for the Kashmir issue be arrived at through peaceful and democratic means.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=747}}

By 1990 the JIJK and many other Kashmiri groups had changed their position of advocating peaceful struggle and joined with JKLF in advocating the route of an armed anti-Indian revolt. Reasons for this included increasing repression by the Indian state and the realisation that if it did not join the armed struggle it could lose its popularity to the JKLF. The Jamaat was banned in 1990.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=748-751}} The Falah-e-Aam Trust was created in 1988 to run JEI schools following a ban on the JIK. Students from the schools were often recruited for arms training in Pakistan and "infiltrated back to carry on their subversive activity" (according to J&K Insights quoted by Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium<ref name="TRAC">{{cite web|title=Jamaat-e-Islami-Jammu and Kashmir (JeI)|url=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/jamaat-e-islami-jammu-and-kashmir-jei|website=Tracking Terrorism|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>). In 1989 [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] (HM) was adopted as the group's "militant wing" allegedly under the influence of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]. In 1990 a chief commander of HM pronounced HM the "sword arm of the Jammat".<ref name="networks-77">{{cite book|last1=Staniland|first1=Paul|title=Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse|date=2014|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=77–79|isbn=9780801471025|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E75fAwAAQBAJ&q=jamaat+Hizbul+Mujahideen+kashmir&pg=PA78|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

By the mid-1990s Pakistani support to the JKLF ceased and the Pakistani support was increasingly given to pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including the Jamaat which sidelined the Kashmiri nationalist groups. The participation in the armed struggle proved costly for the Jamaat. The organisation lost hundreds, possibly thousands, of members in counter-insurgency operations by Indian security forces. Consequently, the Jamaat is calling for a political method to resolve the Kashmir issue.{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=751}}

== Ban ==
In February 2019 the organisation was banned for a five-year period under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]]. The notification stated that the Jamaat was in close touch with militant organisations and was expected to "escalate its subversive activities" including attempts to carve an Islamic State out of the territory of India.<ref>
{{cite news |author=PTI |title= Govt bans Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir for 5 years |newspaper=India Today |date= 2019-02-28 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-bans-jamaat-e-islami-jammu-and-kashmir-for-5-years-1467656-2019-02-28}}
</ref><ref name="Safwat Zargar">
Safwat Zargar, [https://scroll.in/article/915117/in-kashmir-leaders-of-the-jamaat-e-islami-are-mystified-by-centres-ban-our-work-is-in-the-open In Kashmir, leaders of the Jamaat-e-Islami are mystified by Centre’s ban: ‘Our work is in the open’], Scroll.in, 2 March 2019.</ref>
Prior to the ban, 300 members of the organisation, including its leaders, were arrested under preventive detention laws and raids were conducted. The Jamaat leaders were said to have been "mystified" by the crackdown and claimed that the organisation's work was "in the open".<ref name="Safwat Zargar"/>

The tribunal constituted by the Home Ministry upheld the ban, after examining substantial number of documents and depositions by witnesses. The judge agreed that the organisation had been indulging in unlawful activities that threatened the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India. The Inspector General of Police submitted an affidavit stating that the organisation had begun to follow directions from [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]], had patronised the banned terror organisation [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], and was intrinsically linked with the [[United Jihad Council]], the Pakistan-based umbrella organisation of terrorist outfits.<ref name="ET Tribunal">
[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tribunal-confirms-ban-imposed-on-jamaat-e-islami-jk/articleshow/70946424.cms?from=mdr Tribunal confirms ban imposed on Jamaat-e-Islami-JK], ''The Economic Times'', 2 September 2019.</ref>

On 27 February 2024, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs in India]] extended the ban on Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI) Jammu and Kashmir for five more years. The organisation was declared an "unlawful association" under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967, citing activities deemed prejudicial to national security and territorial integrity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Govt extends ban on Jamaat-e-Islami (J&K) for 5 more years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-extends-ban-on-jamaat-e-islami-jk-9184374/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Amit |date=27 February 2024 |title=Pursuing PM @narendramodi Ji's policy of zero tolerance against terrorism and separatism the government has extended the ban on Jamaat-e-Islami, Jammu Kashmir for five years. The organisation is found continuing its activities against the security, integrity and sovereignty of the nation. The outfit was first declared an 'Unlawful Association' on 28 February 2019. Anyone threatening the security of the nation will face ruthless measures. |url=https://x.com/AmitShah/status/1762465765393936399?s=20 |access-date=28 February 2024 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt extends ban on Jamaat-e-Islami, Jammu and Kashmir, for five years |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/govt-extends-ban-on-jamaat-e-islami-jammu-and-kashmir-for-five-years/cid/2003384 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref> The Indian government provided a list of 47 cases registered against the Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir (JeI J&K) organization. This included an [[National Investigation Agency]] case highlighting the organisation's collection of funds intended to promote violent and secessionist activities. The NIA chargesheet further revealed that these funds were allegedly used by operatives of terrorist groups, such as [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], to incite public unrest and spread communal tension.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=Centre extends ban on Jamaat-J&K by 5 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/centre-extends-ban-on-jamaat-e-islami-in-jammu-and-kashmir-for-5-years/articleshow/108056931.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The government asserted that JeI J&K maintains close ties with militant groups and actively supports extremism and militancy within Jammu & Kashmir, as well as other parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Deepak |date=2024-02-27 |title=Ban on Jamaat-e-Islami J&K extended for five more years, says Amit Shah |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-extends-ban-on-jamaat-e-islami-for-5-more-years-amit-shah-says-activities-against-nations-security-11709041681952.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-27 |title=Centre extends ban on Jamaat-e-Islami-J&K for five years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-extends-ban-on-jamaat-e-islami-jk-for-five-years/article67892439.ece |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |author-link=Yoginder Sikand |date=July 2002 |title=The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/emergence-and-development-of-the-jamaatiislami-of-jammu-and-kashmir-1940s1990/9534CAE065534CAE782211C0E3679960 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=705–751 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X02003062 |s2cid=145586329 |issn=1469-8099 |ref={{sfnref|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002}}|url-access=subscription }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1953 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Banned Islamic political parties]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]
[[Category:Islamist political parties in India]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1954]]
[[Category:Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]

Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2024 Indian general election

2026-02-07T15:33:07Z

Kelashi123: added a stub!

{{Short description|Political Campaign for Indian general election}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{|class="infobox vcard" style="text-align:left;"
!Campaign for
|[[2024 Indian general election]]
|-
!Affiliation
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!PM Candidate
|[[Narendra Modi]] {{small|([[Prime Minister of India]])}}
|-
!Alliance
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
!Slogans
|Modi Ki Guarantee<ref name="Modi-Ki-Gurantee">{{Cite news|title='Yeh Modi ki guarantee hai...': PM Modi's promise to India for his 3rd term|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/yeh-modi-ki-guarantee-hai-pm-modis-promise-to-india-in-his-3rd-term-11690381342788.html|website=Livemint|date=26 July 2023|access-date=27 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204020952/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/yeh-modi-ki-guarantee-hai-pm-modis-promise-to-india-in-his-3rd-term-11690381342788.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Modi's Guarantee Teesri Baar Modi Sarkar, Abki Baar 400 Paar Modi government for the third time, this time it [seats] will reach 400 Modi Hai Toh Mumkin Hai When Modi is there, it is possible
|-
!Key people
|{{bulletedlist|[[Narendra Modi]]|[[Amit Shah]]|[[J. P. Nadda]]|[[Rajnath Singh]]|[[Nitin Gadkari]]|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]|[[Yogi Adityanath]]}}
|-
!Issues
|[[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] [[Abrogation of Article 370]] Successful implementation of [[social welfare]] schemes [[Economic freedom]] [[Nationalist]] foreign policy Anti-[[corruption]] Anti-[[nepotism]] in [[politics]] Support for the construction of the [[Ram Mandir]]
|-
!Website
|[https://www.bjp.org/ Bharatiya Janata Party Official Website]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | [[File:Shri Baboolal Mewra with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|300px|centre]]
|}
{{Narendra Modi series}}
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) is one of the two major [[political parties in India]] and has been the ruling party since the [[16th Lok Sabha]]. It successfully sought re-election in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 parliamentary election]] as the leading party of the [[National Democratic Alliance]], with [[Narendra Modi]] as its Prime Ministerial candidate.<ref name="Indian-Express-Jan">{{Cite web|date=2023-01-18|title=BJP's big meet ahead of 9 state polls, 2024 Lok Sabha elections: Here's what happened|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-national-executive-meeting-highlights-pm-modi-2024-elections-8388809/|access-date=2023-01-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125014040/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-national-executive-meeting-highlights-pm-modi-2024-elections-8388809/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
The campaign follows the successful campaign in [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election|2014]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election|2019]], where the BJP won a majority of the seats in the Lok Sabha.

The national executive meeting of BJP held on 16 and 17 January 2023 saw the party reaffirm its faith in Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and extend the tenure of BJP national president [[J. P. Nadda]].<ref name="Indian-Express-Jan"/><ref name="Modi-PM-Indian-Express">{{Cite news|title=Modi to become PM for 3rd consecutive term in 2024, says Amit Shah|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/modi-to-become-pm-for-3rd-consecutive-term-in-2024-says-amit-shah-8504258/|website=The Indian Express|date=18 March 2023|access-date=27 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227113105/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/modi-to-become-pm-for-3rd-consecutive-term-in-2024-says-amit-shah-8504258/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Alliance==
{{Main|National Democratic Alliance}}
The '''National Democratic Alliance''' abbreviated as '''NDA''' ([[IAST]]: Rāṣhṭrīya Jānātāntrik Gaṭhabandhan) is a [[Big tent|big-tent]], mostly [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] to [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Parliamentary group|political alliance]] led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
{{Transcluded section|List of National Democratic Alliance candidates for the 2024 Indian general election#Seat sharing summary}}
{{#section-h:List of National Democratic Alliance candidates for the 2024 Indian general election|Seat sharing summary}}

==Abki Baar 400 Paar==
'''Abki Baar 400 Paar''' ''(This Time Surpassing 400)'' is a [[political slogan]] used by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] and its leader, [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-virtually-addressed-the-viksit-bharat-viksit-madhya-pradesh-programme/article67900724.ece | title='Abki Baar, 400 Paar' slogan coined by public, not BJP: PM | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 February 2024 | last1=Malpani | first1=Mehul | access-date=9 March 2024 | archive-date=10 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510164516/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-virtually-addressed-the-viksit-bharat-viksit-madhya-pradesh-programme/article67900724.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-polls-2024/video/teesri-baar-modi-sarkar-abki-baar-400-paar-bjps-slogan-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-2483290-2024-01-02|title='Teesri baar Modi sarkar, abki baar 400 paar': BJP's slogan for 2024 Lok Sabha polls|website=India Today|date=2 January 2024|access-date=9 March 2024|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309132325/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-polls-2024/video/teesri-baar-modi-sarkar-abki-baar-400-paar-bjps-slogan-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-2483290-2024-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The slogan refers to the ambition of winning more than 400 out of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/bjp-coins-new-slogan-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-ab-ki-baar-400-paar-11704211730336.html | title=BJP coins new slogan for 2024 Lok Sabha polls—'…Ab ki baar 400 paar' | date=2 January 2024 | access-date=9 March 2024 | archive-date=11 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411225110/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/bjp-coins-new-slogan-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-ab-ki-baar-400-paar-11704211730336.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The slogan has been used by the BJP in previous elections, including the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] with some changes. It has become a rallying cry for the party's supporters and a symbol of its political ambitions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/teesri-baar-modi-sarkar-ab-ki-baar-400-paar-bjps-new-slogan-for-lok-sabha-2024-polls/articleshow/106491662.cms?from=mdr|title="Teesri baar Modi Sarkar, ab ki baar 400 paar": BJP's new slogan for Lok Sabha 2024 polls|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2 January 2024|access-date=9 March 2024|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309132327/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/teesri-baar-modi-sarkar-ab-ki-baar-400-paar-bjps-new-slogan-for-lok-sabha-2024-polls/articleshow/106491662.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Election analysts have said that the path for the BJP to achieve this goal will likely be by winning more seats in the south of India and [[West Bengal]] than in previous elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Modi win 400 seats in India's election? The south holds the answer |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/17/will-modi-win-400-seats-in-indias-election-the-south-holds-the-answer |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522161658/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/17/will-modi-win-400-seats-in-indias-election-the-south-holds-the-answer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/%E2%80%8Beastern-front-on-the-electoral-battle-in-west-bengal/article68132397.ece|title=Eastern front: On the electoral battle in West Bengal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 May 2024|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524173032/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/%E2%80%8Beastern-front-on-the-electoral-battle-in-west-bengal/article68132397.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The party has held [[political rallies]] in multiple states with national leadership including [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]], [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|Party President]] [[J. P. Nadda|Nadda]] and [[Amit Shah]] campaigning actively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/modi-ko-chunte-hai-bjp-launches-campaign-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-4929176 | title="Modi Ko Chunte Hai" : BJP Launches Campaign for 2024 Lok Sabha Polls | access-date=9 March 2024 | archive-date=9 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309132325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/modi-ko-chunte-hai-bjp-launches-campaign-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-4929176 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-launches-campaign-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-sapne-nahi-haqeeqat-bunte-hai/articleshow/107134892.cms|title='Sapne Nahi, Haqeeqat Bunte Hai'... : BJP launches campaign for 2024 Lok Sabha polls|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 January 2024|access-date=9 March 2024|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309132325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-launches-campaign-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls-sapne-nahi-haqeeqat-bunte-hai/articleshow/107134892.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/top-events-of-the-day-pm-modi-to-visit-assam-arunachal-west-bengal-uttar-pradesh-neet-registration-last-day-and-more-11709944719925.html|title=Top events of the day: PM Modi to visit 4 states, NEET UG registration last day|date=9 March 2024|website=mint|access-date=9 March 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233628/https://www.livemint.com/news/top-events-of-the-day-pm-modi-to-visit-assam-arunachal-west-bengal-uttar-pradesh-neet-registration-last-day-and-more-11709944719925.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

PM Modi's remarks on [[Indian National Congress campaign for the 2024 Indian general election|INC's Wealth redistribution Survey]] sparked controversy in which he appeared to refer to Muslims as "infiltrators" and accused INC of planning to snatch the wealth of [[Hindus]] and distribute it to [[Muslim]] Infiltrators.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/congress-will-distribute-peoples-property-gold-among-muslims-pm-modi/article68091139.ece|title=Congress will distribute people's property, gold among Muslims: PM Modi|newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 April 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-pm-narendra-modi-invokes-manmohan-singhs-muslim-remark-to-jab-congress-party-rebuts-5492647|title=Huge Row After PM Says "Congress To Distribute Assets Among Infiltrators"|website=NDTV.com|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422075150/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-pm-narendra-modi-invokes-manmohan-singhs-muslim-remark-to-jab-congress-party-rebuts-5492647|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title='Congress will snatch your wealth and distribute among those with more children', says PM Modi; Opposition fumes |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/narendra-modi-congress-manifesto-rajasthan-rally-lok-sabha-elections-11713720584855.html |website=livemint.com |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422055447/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/narendra-modi-congress-manifesto-rajasthan-rally-lok-sabha-elections/amp-11713720584855.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was heavily criticised by the Liberal Ecosystem of India and termed as Hatred Politics by the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/elections/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-2024-pm-modi-repeats-wealth-redistribution-attack-on-congress-a-day-after-muslim-remark-triggers-row/videoshow/109504218.cms|title=Lok Sabha Election 2024: PM Modi Repeats 'Wealth Redistribution' Attack On Congress, A Day After 'Muslim' Remark Triggers Row | Elections - Times of India Videos|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 April 2024|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427082515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/elections/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-2024-pm-modi-repeats-wealth-redistribution-attack-on-congress-a-day-after-muslim-remark-triggers-row/videoshow/109504218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He criticized the concept of an [[inheritance tax]] that was strongly advocated by many [[Indian National Congress]] members and argued that it would further [[corruption]]. He has denied allegations of specifically targeting Muslims in a subsequent interview with [[Aaj Tak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/pm-modi-interview-says-not-doing-hindu-muslim-politics-exposing-oppositions-communal-agenda-2540027-2024-05-16|title='Never done Hindu-Muslim': PM on row over mangalsutra, infiltrators remarks|date=16 May 2024|website=India Today|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524171630/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/pm-modi-interview-says-not-doing-hindu-muslim-politics-exposing-oppositions-communal-agenda-2540027-2024-05-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

To counter the opposition's criticism on unemployment and inflation, the [[BJP]] has sought to highlight [[India]]'s growing prominence on the world stage and highlighted the government's new [[social security]] programmes for the poor, such as providing free [[food grains]] under [[National Food Security Act, 2013]] started under Dr. Manmohan Singh and [[health insurance]] to people in need.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/lok-sabha-election-2024-how-congress-and-bjps-campaigns-have-evolved-5720178|title=Opinion: Opinion | Lok Sabha Polls 2024: How Congress And BJP's Campaigns Have Evolved|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527145748/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/lok-sabha-election-2024-how-congress-and-bjps-campaigns-have-evolved-5720178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bjp-manifesto-for-lok-sabha-elections-2024-free-ration-ayushman-for-senior-citizens-ucc-key-points-of-sankalp-patra-pm-modi-2024-04-14-926204|title=Free ration, Ayushman for senior citizens, UCC: Key points of BJP's manifesto for Lok Sabha elections 2024|first1=Raju|last1=Kumar|date=14 April 2024|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524180112/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bjp-manifesto-for-lok-sabha-elections-2024-free-ration-ayushman-for-senior-citizens-ucc-key-points-of-sankalp-patra-pm-modi-2024-04-14-926204|url-status=live}}</ref> PM [[Narendra Modi]] highlighted his business-friendly policies and insisted that initiatives like Startup India and infrastructure projects have provided employment in the [[informal economy]], which is not accounted for in the official unemployment statistics. He cited different numbers from the [[Indian National Congress]] to insist that unemployment had actually reduced in the past few years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/indias-employment-data-pm-modis-naukri-numbers-appraisal-spars-with-congress-in-election-fray/articleshow/110381219.cms?from=mdr|title=India's employment data: PM Modi's naukri numbers appraisal spars with Congress in election fray|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=24 May 2024|access-date=25 May 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525011350/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/indias-employment-data-pm-modis-naukri-numbers-appraisal-spars-with-congress-in-election-fray/articleshow/110381219.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike the Congress' focus on increasing government jobs, the [[BJP]] promised to increase employment in [[manufacturing]] and [[entrepreneurship]] and support [[big businesses]] to generate [[employment]].

[[BJP]] has focused extensively on the state of [[West Bengal]] in this election, where it is the main opposition party in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], making alleged mass rapes by [[Trinamool Congress]] leader [[Sheikh Shahjahan]] in [[Sandeshkhali]] and alleged political violence by the state government its main issue when campaigning in this state.<ref name="auto"/> In their campaign, they have also criticized the [[Trinamool Congress]] for opposing the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]], which is aimed at granting amnesty to [[Bengali Hindus]], [[Christians]], [[Buddhists]], and [[Sikhs]] who fled [[Bangladesh]] during periods of intense persecution, as is supported by many international reports like the US Report on International Religious Freedom.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bangladesh/ | title=Bangladesh | access-date=26 May 2024 | archive-date=14 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314032139/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bangladesh/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Religious tensions have also increased recently between [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] in the state due to violence during the Hindu festival of [[Ram Navami]] where some [[Muslims]] objected to Hindu celebrations in Muslim-majority localities, which the [[BJP]] has blamed on [[Trinamool Congress]]'s purported "Muslim appeasement". It won 18 out of 42 seats in the previous elections with 40% voteshare, and has claimed that it will cross 30 seats this time.

==Manifesto==

The Bharatiya Janata Party started a campaign to gather public recommendations and suggestions for the advancement of the State and the country, which will be incorporated into the party's manifesto for the 2024 general elections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-15 |title=BJP starts campaign to collect public suggestions for party's manifesto |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-starts-campaign-to-collect-public-suggestions-for-partys-manifesto/article67955173.ece |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060739/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-starts-campaign-to-collect-public-suggestions-for-partys-manifesto/article67955173.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha polls 2024: PM Modi asks youth of India to contribute to BJP's manifesto |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-manifesto-pm-modi-lok-sabha-polls-2024-2493482-2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=India Today |date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060637/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-manifesto-pm-modi-lok-sabha-polls-2024-2493482-2024-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A manifesto committee was formulated headed by [[Rajnath Singh]]. [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] acted as the convenor with [[Piyush Goyal]] as the co-convenor and senior leaders Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Vasundhara Raje and others as members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Rajnath Singh to head BJP's election manifesto committee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/union-minister-rajnath-singh-to-head-bjps-election-manifesto-committee-2521165-2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=India Today|date=30 March 2024 }}</ref>

BJP Manifesto was released on 14 April 2024 at 8:30 AM by [[Prime Minister Modi]], BJP President [[J. P. Nadda|JP Nadda]], [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Amit Shah]] and [[Nirmala Sitaraman]] at the BJP Headquarters.

The BJP proposed a 'GYAN' formula consisting of four segments - Garib (poor), Yuva (youth), Annadata (farmers) and Nari (women) in its manifesto.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=BJP Lok Sabha election manifesto: PM Modi seeks views from India's youth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-lok-sabha-election-manifesto-pm-modi-seeks-views-from-indias-youth/articleshow/107138211.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060734/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-lok-sabha-election-manifesto-pm-modi-seeks-views-from-indias-youth/articleshow/107138211.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The Bharatiya Janata Party started a campaign to gather public recommendations and suggestions for the advancement of the State and the country, which will be incorporated into the party's manifesto titled 'Modi ki guarantee' for the 2024 general elections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-15 |title=BJP starts campaign to collect public suggestions for party's manifesto |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-starts-campaign-to-collect-public-suggestions-for-partys-manifesto/article67955173.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060739/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-starts-campaign-to-collect-public-suggestions-for-partys-manifesto/article67955173.ece |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha polls 2024: PM Modi asks youth of India to contribute to BJP's manifesto |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-manifesto-pm-modi-lok-sabha-polls-2024-2493482-2024-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060637/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-manifesto-pm-modi-lok-sabha-polls-2024-2493482-2024-01-25 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=India Today |date=25 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Ayushman Cover for 70+, UCC to One Nation, One Poll & Man on Moon: BJP's Poll Manifesto Highlights |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ayushman-cover-for-70-ucc-to-one-nation-one-elections-man-on-moon-bjps-lok-sabha-poll-manifesto-highlights-8851020.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414114014/https://www.news18.com/elections/ayushman-cover-for-70-ucc-to-one-nation-one-elections-man-on-moon-bjps-lok-sabha-poll-manifesto-highlights-8851020.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Releases 'Modi Ki Guarantee' Manifesto, Congress Calls It Apology |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-2024-election-manifesto-focuses-on-uplifting-women-poor-and-youth-5437817 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414075830/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-2024-election-manifesto-focuses-on-uplifting-women-poor-and-youth-5437817 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Modi Ki Guarantee' For Youth, Women, Farmers: Highlights Of BJP Manifesto |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/modi-ki-guarantee-for-youth-women-farmers-highlights-of-bjp-manifesto-5438279 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415021319/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/modi-ki-guarantee-for-youth-women-farmers-highlights-of-bjp-manifesto-5438279 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-14 |title=BJP's Lok Sabha poll manifesto highlights: UCC implementation, maintaining peace in Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-polls-2024-bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-highlights-pm-modi/article68064276.ece |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414140907/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-polls-2024-bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-highlights-pm-modi/article68064276.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=BJP manifesto key takeaways: From CAA, one nation one election, to hosting Olympics in 2036 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-key-highlights-9268858/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414143650/https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-key-highlights-9268858/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam:''' In order to assure women's representation in the legislatures of the states and the national leadership, the BJP pledged to systematically implement the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam.
* '''Lakhpati Didi''': 3 crore rural women are being empowered to become "Lakhpati Didis".
* '''Free ration:''' Under the PM [[Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana]], the BJP announced that it would give 80 crore citizens free rations for the next five years.
* '''Increasing MSP:''' on crops on a periodic basis was pledged in the manifesto. 6,000 rupees in annual financial support under the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana.
* '''Free electricity:''' The [[Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana|PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana's]] free power for low-income homes was another pledge in the manifesto.
* '''For youngsters:''' BJP pledge to enact laws to stop the leak of competitive test question papers. Increase the startup ecosystem's reach to encourage youth entrepreneurship. Expanding job prospects in the manufacturing sector. Creating jobs through the development of infrastructure. Creating jobs through growing the tourism industry
* '''One Nation, One Election:''' In its manifesto, or Sankalp Patra, the BJP includes "[[One Nation, One Election]]," for the general elections. This implies that simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and all the state assemblies may take place in 2029.<ref name="onenation">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Exclusive: BJP's Lok Sabha Poll Manifesto Could Promise 'One Nation, One Election' And Uniform Civil Code |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/exclusive-bjps-lok-sabha-poll-manifesto-could-promise-one-nation-one-election-and-uniform-civil-code-8822934.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327144056/https://www.news18.com/elections/exclusive-bjps-lok-sabha-poll-manifesto-could-promise-one-nation-one-election-and-uniform-civil-code-8822934.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Uniform Civil Code''': The manifesto includes the implementation of the [[Uniform Civil Code]] (UCC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi's BJP promises common civil code ahead of India polls |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240414-modi-s-bjp-promises-common-civil-code-ahead-of-india-polls |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=France 24 |date=14 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414094955/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240414-modi-s-bjp-promises-common-civil-code-ahead-of-india-polls |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Free Ayushman for all senior citizens:''' Under the Ayushman Bharat initiative, all senior citizens would be eligible for free, high-quality healthcare up to Rs 5 Lakhs.
* '''US$5 trillion economy''': The BJP pledges to increase India's GDP to [[US$]]5 trillion by 2025 and $10 trillion by 2032. The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] has predicted that India's economy will rank third overall in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title=India to become third largest economy with GDP of $5 trillion in three years: Finance Ministry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-to-become-third-largest-economy-with-gdp-of-5-trillion-in-three-years-finance-ministry/article67788662.ece |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329044207/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-to-become-third-largest-economy-with-gdp-of-5-trillion-in-three-years-finance-ministry/article67788662.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How fencing the Indo-Myanmar border is a long overdue idea |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-fencing-the-indo-myanmar-border-is-a-long-overdue-idea-2520325-2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=India Today |date=28 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328153617/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-fencing-the-indo-myanmar-border-is-a-long-overdue-idea-2520325-2024-03-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier in 2018 and then again in 2019, Modi had stated the goal of the country reaching a GDP of US$5 trillion by 2022 and 2024 respectively, which didn't end up happening.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-20 |title=Economy will double to $5 trillion by 2022, says Modi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/indian-economy-to-reach-5-trillion-size-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi/article24997549.ece |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407092849/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/indian-economy-to-reach-5-trillion-size-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi/article24997549.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-14 |title=Modi says wants to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1XN2RT/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
* '''United Nations Security Council:''' committed to securing India's [[UN Security Council]] permanent membership.
* '''Third-largest economic power''': India will rank as the country with the third-largest GDP. India's rank rose from the 11th to the 5th largest GDP in the last ten years.
* '''Man on Moon and Bhartiya Antriksh Station:''' to establish a permanent Bhartiya Antriksh Station and send a man to the moon.

==Major promises in manifesto==

# Modi Ki Guarantee for Garib Parivar Jan - Continuing old schemes such as [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana]], [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]], [[Har Ghar Jal]], [[Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana]], [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]], [[Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana]], slum redevelopment.
# Modi Ki Guarantee for Middle-Class Parivar Jan
# Modi ki Guarantee for Nari Shakti - 3cr lakhpati didis
# Modi ki Guarantee for Young Citizens - laws to prevent paper leaks, vibrant startup ecosystem
# Modi ki Guarantee for Senior Citizens - Aayushman to senior citizens, teerth Yatra
# Modi ki Guarantee for Kisan Samman
# Modi ki Guarantee for Fishermen Families
# Modi ki Guarantee for Shramik Samman
# Modi ki Guarantee for [[MSME]], Small Traders and Vishwakarmas
# Modi ki Guarantee for Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas
# Modi ki Guarantee for Vishwa Bandhu Bharat
# Modi ki Guarantee for Surakshit Bharat
# Modi ki Guarantee for Prosperous Bharat
# Modi ki Guarantee for Global Manufacturing Hub
# Modi ki Guarantee for World-Class Infrastructure
# Modi ki Guarantee for Ease of Living in Cities
# Modi ki Guarantee for Virasat Bhi, Vikas Bhi
# Modi ki Guarantee for Good Governance
# Modi ki Guarantee for Swastha Bharat
# Modi ki Guarantee for Quality Education
# Modi ki Guarantee for Sports Development
# Modi Ki Guarantee for Balanced Regional Development
# Modi ki Guarantee for Technology and Innovations
# Modi ki Guarantee for Sustainable Bharat

==Results==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=Srinivasan |date=2019-05-23 |title=Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article62003609.ece |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinch |first=Matt |date=2024-06-04 |title=India's Narendra Modi declares victory despite weaker mandate |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/04/indias-narendra-modi-declares-victory-despite-election-blow.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
!State
!Total Seats
!Seats Won
!Seat Change
|-
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT)
|1
|1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|25
|3
|{{Increase}}3
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Assam
|14
|9
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Bihar
|40
|12
|{{Decrease}}5
|-
|Chandigarh (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|10
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT)
|2
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Goa
|2
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Gujarat
|26
|25
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|Haryana
|10
|5
|{{Decrease}}5
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|4
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir (UT)
|5
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Jharkhand
|14
|8
|{{Decrease}}3
|-
|Karnataka
|28
|17
|{{Decrease}}9
|-
|Kerala
|20
|1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|Ladakh (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|Lakshadweep (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|29
|29
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|Maharashtra
|48
|9
|{{Decrease}}14
|-
|Manipur
|2
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|Meghalaya
|2
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Mizoram
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Nagaland
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|NCT of Delhi
|7
|7
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Orissa
|21
|20
|{{Increase}}12
|-
|Puducherry (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Punjab
|13
|0
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
|Rajasthan
|25
|14
|{{Decrease}}10
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|39
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Telangana
|17
|8
|{{Increase}}4
|-
|Tripura
|2
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|80
|33
|{{Decrease}}29
|-
|Uttarakhand
|5
|5
|{{Steady}}
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|12
|{{Decrease}}6
|-
!Total
!543
!240
!{{Decrease}}63
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[2024 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
{{2024 Indian general election}}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party campaigns|2024]]
[[Category:Indian general election campaigns]]

Omkareshwar Floating Solar Power Park

2026-01-27T17:18:29Z

Kelashi123: created first info more to come

{{Short description|Solar power park in Khandwa, India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Omkareshwar Floating Solar Power Park
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.218138|N|76.185111|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Khandwa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| status =
| construction_began = 2022
| commissioned = Phase-1 (2023)
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited AMP Energy [[NHPC]] [[SJVN]]
| solar_type = pv
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_site_area =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 600 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Omkareshwar Floating Solar Power Park''' is a floating [[photovoltaic power station]] at [[Omkareshwar Dam]], [[Khandwa]], [[India]].

== History ==
Auction bids for the [[floating solar]] power plant were around Rs 3.25 per unit energy<ref name=saur>{{cite web |title=Omkareshwar floating solar fallout |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/mishap-at-omkareshwar-brings-forth-worries-on-large-floating-solar-projects |website=www.saurenergy.com |date=16 April 2024}}</ref> by the operators AMP Energy (100 MW), [[NHPC|NHDC]] (100 MW), and [[SJVN]] (90 MW).<ref>{{Cite web |title=RUMSL's 600 MW Omkareshwar Finally Has Winners- AMP Energy, NHDC nd SJVN |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/rumsls-600-mw-omkareshwar-finally-has-winners-amp-energy-nhdc-nd-sjvn |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.saurenergy.com}}</ref>

The 600 MW plant is being built on the Omakareshwar Dam's reservoir and the evacuating infrastructure is being provided by the state-owned Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited (RUMSL).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcoming Projects |url=https://rumsl.mp.gov.in/projects-upcoming/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Ltd. |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117030519/https://rumsl.mp.gov.in/projects-upcoming/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reportedly, this plan will be the largest floating solar power generation facility globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-08-04 |title=Madhya Pradesh: World's largest floating solar power plant to be built on Narmada's Omkareshwar Dam |url=https://theprint.in/india/madhya-pradesh-worlds-largest-floating-solar-power-plant-to-be-built-on-narmadas-omkareshwar-dam/1068301/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2023, a capacity of 278 MW had been activated. The first part of the project started with solar panels that each generate 0.5MW and 0.4MW of power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-21 |title=First block of 600MW floating solar plant phase-1 launched in Omkareshwar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/first-block-of-600mw-floating-solar-plant-phase-1-launched-in-omkareshwar/articleshow/102885677.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In April 2024, parts of it were damaged in a storm, likely due to insufficient anchoring.<ref name=Omkareshwar>{{cite web |title=Storm damages world's biggest floating solar plant in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/storm-damages-worlds-biggest-floating-solar-plant/articleshow/109231119.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=saur/>

The project was commissioned by [[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar|Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited]], a joint venture between Madhya Pradesh UrjaVikas Nigam Limited and Solar Energy Corporation of India. The project was commissioned in August 2024 with 90 MW.<ref>{{Cite news |title=North India's largest floating solar project commissioned in Omkareshwar |url=https://in.benzinga.com/markets/equities/24/10/41616079/nhpcs-unit-commissions-88-mw-omkareshwar-floating-solar-power-plant |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

{{India-powerstation-stub}}
{{Renewable-power-plant-stub}}

[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]
[[Category:Renewable energy power stations in India]]

Novelis

2026-01-07T16:15:01Z

Kelashi123: typo fix

{{Short description|Industrial aluminum company based in Atlanta, Georgia}}
{{promotional|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Novelis Inc.
| logo = File:Novelis G1.jpg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = 2005
| location = Atlanta, GA, USA
| key_people = Steven Fisher, President and CEO<ref>{{Cite web|title=Document|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1304280/000130428020000051/nvl-10xkx33120xexh321.htm|access-date=2020-08-13|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr. Steven Fisher - Leadership Team - Aditya Birla Group|url=https://www.adityabirla.com/about-us/leadership/business-heads/steven-fisher|access-date=2020-08-13|website=abg.com|language=en}}</ref>
| industry = [[Metal]]s, [[Manufacturing]], [[Recycling]]
| products = [[Aluminium]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| revenue = {{up}} US$17.1 billion (2025)<ref name=nl>{{Cite web|url=https://d1io3yog0oux5.cloudfront.net/_6b5ee94f72dfea0168e60f507f999aa5/novelis/news/2025-05-12_Novelis_Reports_Fourth_Quarter_and_Full_Fiscal_1393.pdf|title=Novelis Q4FY24 results}}</ref>
| net_income = {{up}} US$683 million (2025)<ref name=nl/>
| assets ={{up}} US$16.51 billion (2025) <ref name=nl/>
| equity ={{up}} US$4.51 billion (2025) <ref name=nl/>
| num_employees = 13,250 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.novelis.com/about-us/people/|title=People|website=Novelis}}</ref>
| parent = [[Hindalco Industries]]
| homepage = [http://www.novelis.com/ www.novelis.com]
}}
'''Novelis Inc.''' is an American industrial aluminum smelting company, headquartered in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis expanding in Brazil|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2011/12/21/novelis-expanding-in-brazil.html|publisher=Atlanta Business Chronicle|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EDGAR Search Results|url=https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001304280&owner=include&count=40&hidefilings=0|access-date=2020-08-13|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> It produces rolled aluminum and is an aluminum recycler,<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis to Invest 50 Million for New Coating Line in Brazil|url=http://www.cantechonline.com/1868/news/novelis-to-invest-50-million-for-new-coating-line-in-brazil/|publisher=CanTech Online|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref> supplying to sectors including beverage cans, automotive, aerospace, [[consumer electronics]], construction, foil and packaging.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis LinkedIn|url=http://us.linkedin.com/company/novelis|publisher=LinkedIn|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>

Novelis has been an independent [[subsidiary]] of the multinational aluminum and copper manufacturing company [[Hindalco Industries]] since 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rachal |first=Maria |date=16 May 2024 |title=Ball, Ardagh, Coca-Cola aluminum supplier Novelis pursues IPO |url=https://www.packagingdive.com/news/novelis-ipo-aluminum-sheet-supply-f1/716288/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Packaging Dive |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Company history==

The company was incorporated in 2004 after being spun off from [[Alcan]], a now defunct [[Canada|Canadian]] mining and aluminum manufacturer. In 2007 the company was acquired by [[Hindalco|Hindalco Industries]] for $6 billion,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindalco of India Buys Aluminum Rival|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htmlres=9F05E7DE1F3FF931A25751C0A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=|work=New York Times|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindalco To Buy Novelis For $6 Billion |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/02/11/mergers-acquisitions-aluminum-biz-cx_0211hindalco.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> itself a subsidiary of the [[Aditya Birla Group]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aditya Birla Group: Novelis|url=http://www.adityabirla.com/our_companies/international_companies/novelis.htm|publisher=Aditya Birla|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>

In May 2024, Novelis filed its registration statement for a proposed IPO, but it withdrew its plans in October of the same year.<ref name=":0" /> In March 2025, Novelis announced closure of its operation in [[Fairmont, West Virginia]], at a 100-year old production plant.<ref>[https://www.wvnews.com/news/wvnews/novelis-announces-closure-of-fairmont-west-virginia-production-plant-hundreds-of-jobs-to-be-lost/article_178f043e-4da8-465f-804a-2a54e84a2f20.html 100-year old production plant]</ref>

==Operations==
Novelis is the world's largest producer of rolled aluminum sheet<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novelis Inc: Leading Sustainable Aluminium Solutions Provider |url=https://www.adityabirla.com/businesses/companies/novelis-inc/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=adityabirla |language=en}}</ref> with operations in 11 countries. The company divides its operations into four regions: North America, Europe, Asia, and South America. The regional headquarters are [[Atlanta]], [[Zurich]], [[Seoul]] and [[São Paulo]]. Novelis also has operations in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, Canada, China, Malaysia and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|title = Novelis - Geographic Locations|url=http://www.novelis.com/en-us/Pages/Geographic-Locations.aspx|publisher = Novelis|accessdate = 2015-11-09}}</ref>

The company invested $100 million in its first manufacturing facility in China,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-10-29 |title=Novelis invests $100 million in its Chinese aluminum plant |url=https://www.asminternational.org/smst/results/-/journal_content/56/10192/22793677/NEWS/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies |language=en-US}}</ref> which opened in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis to Build 100 MN Plant in China|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/novelis-to-build-100-mn-plant-in-china/162785/on/CM/|publisher=Business-Standard|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref> In response to global demand for aluminum sheet for automotive, electronics and beverage cans, the company has announced capital investments including a $400 million expansion in Asia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis to open Shanghai office|url=http://www.aluminiumtoday.com/news/view/novelis-to-open-shanghai-office|publisher=Aluminium Today|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref> a $300 million expansion in Brazil<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis builds on its footprint|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/business/novelis-builds-on-its-footprint/nQQp5/|publisher=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref> and $200 million expansion in North America. In July 2014, it announced that [[Reynolds Consumer Products]] Inc., a subsidiary of the [[Graeme Hart#Rank Group|Rank Group of New Zealand]], purchased the North American consumer products division of Novelis, for CAD $33.75mn.<ref>{{cite web|title = Novelis Completes Sale of North America Consumer Foil Business to Reynolds Consumer Products|url=http://novelis.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=413|publisher = Novelis|accessdate = 2015-11-09}}</ref>

Novelis recycles more than 70 billion used beverage cans each year.<ref>{{cite web|title = Novelis Sustainability Page|url=https://novelis.com/sustainability/|publisher = Novelis|accessdate = 2020-02-12}}</ref>{{Non primary source needed|date=December 2025}}

In May 2022, Novelis announced plans to invest $2.5 billion in a new, low-carbon, aluminum plant in Bay Minette, Alabama. Once complete, it will be the first fully integrated aluminum mill built for 40 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Novelis plans $2.5 billion Alabama aluminum mill with 1,000 jobs |url=https://www.madeinalabama.com/2022/05/novelis-plans-2-5-billion-alabama-aluminum-plant-with-1000-jobs/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=madeinalabama.com}}</ref>

On September 16th, 2025 the Oswego, NY facility suffered a fire in the "hot mill" section. The three-alarm fire brought down part of the factory’s roof, requiring 26 area fire departments to extinguish, according to the Oswego County fire coordinators office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moriarty |first=Rick |date=2025-12-03 |title=Financial toll from Novelis fires in Oswego County is adding up to a staggering amount |url=https://www.syracuse.com/business/2025/12/financial-toll-from-novelis-fires-in-oswego-county-is-adding-up-to-a-staggering-amount.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Syracuse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Isabel |last2=Benninger |first2=Matthew |date=2025-11-20 |title=Novelis aluminum plant catches fire again after costly disaster in September |url=https://cnycentral.com/news/local/novelis-aluminum-plant-catches-fire-again-after-costly-disaster-in-september-ford-automaker-jim-farley-f-series |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=WSTM |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==

===Packaging===
* Foil packaging
* Closures
* Beverage Cans - Novelis produces sheet aluminum that it sells to the following companies to be made into cans
** [[Anheuser-Busch]]
** [[Ball Corporation]]
** [[Coca-Cola]]
** [[GZ Industries Ltd Nigeria]]
** [[Rexam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis builds on its footprint|url=
http://www.ajc.com/news/business/novelis-builds-on-its-footprint/nQQp5/|publisher=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>

===Automotive and transportation===
Aluminum structures and components for transportation products in automotive, automotive heat exchanger and mass transportation.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis - Automotive & Transportation|url=http://www.novelis.com/en-us/Pages/Automotive-and-Transportation.aspx|publisher=Novelis|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>
Auto sheet customers include:
* [[Audi]]
* [[BMW]]
* [[Ferrari]]
* [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
* [[General Motors|GM]]
* [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]
* [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz]]
* [[Porsche]]
* [[Range Rover]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Range Rover Evoque Features Novelis' Ac-600 PX Aluminum Sheet|url=
http://www.aluminum.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=32058&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm|publisher=The Aluminum Association|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>
* [[Volvo]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Novelis to Build First Manufacturing Plant in China|url=
http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/novelis-to-build-first-manufacturing-plant-in-china-146930065.html|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>

===Specialty===
* Architecture and building
** Facade
** Roofing
** Insulation
** Shutters
* Lithography and printing
* Consumer goods
** Smartphones, laptops, TV
* Industrial applications

== Acquisitions ==
On 15 April 2020, Novelis acquired [[Aleris|Aleris Corporation]] for $2.8 billion. Through this acquisition Novelis entered into the high-end aerospace segment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hindalco-closes-2-8-billion-acquisition-of-us-based-aleris-corp-11586876784438.html|title=Hindalco closes $2.8-billion acquisition of US-based Aleris Corp|last=Thomas|first=Tanya|date=2020-04-14|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>

==Awards and accomplishments==
* 2013, Novelis was named metals company of the year, and Novelis CEO Phil Martens was named CEO of the year on the Platts Global Metals Awards in London<ref>{{cite web|title=Platts 2013 Global Metals Awards winners|url=http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2013|publisher=Platts|accessdate=2013-05-25}}</ref>
* 2012, Novelis CEO Phil Martens was named one of the top 25 CEOs in the world by Best Practice Institute<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis' Phil Martens Named One of the Top 25 CEOs in the World by Best Practice Institute|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/toward-a-greener-soda-can/|work=New York Times|date=12 June 2012 |accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>
* 2012 Aluminium Awards for Innovation Leadership<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis Recognized for Innovation Leadership with Three European Aluminium Awards|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/novelis-recognized-innovation-leadership-three-090000490.html|publisher=Yahoo Finance|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>
* 2012 American Metal Market Award for Aluminum Excellence in Environmental Responsibility in 2012:<ref>{{cite web|title=American Metal Market Award for Aluminum Excellence 2012|url=http://www.amm.com/Magazine/3080639/Features/AMM-aluminum-award-winners-announced-for-2012.html|publisher=American Metal Market|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>
* 2012 Georgia Governor's International Award for establishing its Global Research & Technology Center in [[Kennesaw, GA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Atlanta World Showcase & International Awards|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2012/10/05/slideshow-2012-atlanta-world.html|publisher=Atlanta Business Journal|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>
* 2011 Innovation Award from [[BMW]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Innovation Award for lightweight vehicle construction|url=http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/?vgnextoid=5a03225c8e983310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD|publisher=ASM International|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>
* 2009 Vision Award from [[Keep America Beautiful]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Novelis to Receive Award for Green, Volunteering Efforts|url=http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/20649/novelis-to-receive-award-for-green,-volunteering-efforts|publisher=Reliable Plant|accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.novelis.com/ Novelis web site]
{{Aditya Birla Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aditya Birla Group]]
[[Category:Aluminum companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Atlanta]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2007 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]
[[Category:Hindalco Industries]]

Shaik Mastan Vali

2026-01-06T02:36:55Z

Kelashi123: Started Biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|Sufi saint|Tawakkal Mastan Vali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| successor = [[Mohammad Musthafa Shaik]]
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| constituency = [[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Shaik Mastan Vali''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Guntur East Assembly constituency]].

==Career==
Mastan Vali was made City Congress party president in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/06/stories/2008100659540600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009013321/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/06/stories/2008100659540600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-10-09 |title=Archive News |date=2008-10-06|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> He was elected as an MLA in 2009 from Guntur East constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051758180300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521061154/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051758180300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-05-21 |title=Archive News |date=2009-05-17|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Previous Position Held==

* 2009 Elected Member Of Legislative Assembly Guntur East Constuiency
* 2011- 2013 Chairman, Committee on Welfare of Minorities, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly [https://twocircles.net/2012jul29/pm%E2%80%99s_15point_program_implementation_review_meeting_held_ap_after_4_yrs.html]

==References==
{{reflist}}

<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/apr/16/aicc-secretary-for-odisha-removed-1802142.html|title=AICC secretary for Odisha removed|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/panel-orders-wakf-board-ap-to-file-report-on-wakf-properties-2409.html|title=Panel Orders Wakf Board AP To File Report On Wakf Properties - Hyderabad News on fullhyd.com|website=news.fullhyderabad.com|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twocircles.net/2012jul29/pm%E2%80%99s_15point_program_implementation_review_meeting_held_ap_after_4_yrs.html|title=PM’s 15-Point Program: Implementation review meeting held in AP after 4 yrs {{!}} TwoCircles.net|last=TwoCircles.net|website=twocircles.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/16-member-state-hajj-committee-reconstituted-541199/|title=16-member State Hajj Committee reconstituted {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vali, Mastan}}
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kannod tehsil

2026-01-05T04:47:50Z

Kelashi123: made a entry first draft

{{Short description|Location in Madhyapradesh, India}}
{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kannod tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|22|39|58|N|76|44|13|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
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|elevation_min_rank =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_rural_footnotes =
|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code =
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
|registration_plate =

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
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| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dewas tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Dewas district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=August 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

P. K. Sreemathy

2025-12-24T15:36:54Z

Kelashi123: small improve information for clarity additionally after review

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = P. K. Sreemathy
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Sreemathy Teacher close-up.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| majority =
| term_start = {{Start date|2014|06|05|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|2019|06|17|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[K. Sudhakaran]]
| successor = [[K. Sudhakaran]]

| office1 = [[Achuthanandan ministry|Minister for Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| term_start1 = 18 May 2006
| term_end1 =16 May 2011
| predecessor1 = [[K K Ramachandran Master|K. K. Ramachandran Master]]
| successor1 = [[Adoor Prakash]]

| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2001||}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|2011||}}
| predecessor2 = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| successor2 = [[C. Krishnan (CPI-M)|C. Krishnan]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|05|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mayyil]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| nationality =[[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}

'''P. K. Sreemathy''' (born 4 May 1949), popularly known as '''P. K. Sreemathy Teacher''', is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Born at [[Mayyil]] Panchayat in [[Kannur district]], Sreemathy was elected to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] and [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]] from [[Payyanur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/kapoll.php4?year=2006&no=7 | title=Kerala Assembly Election Results-- 2006 | access-date=9 August 2010 | archive-date=10 October 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010035806/http://keralaassembly.org/kapoll.php4?year=2006&no=7 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the Health and Family Welfare Minister of [[Kerala]] from 2006 to 2011.<ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/sreemath.htm P. K. Sreemathy Teacher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104174637/http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/sreemath.htm |date=4 November 2007 }} at official website of Kerala government</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title = Doctors should work in afternoon: P.K. Sreemathy
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/13/stories/2007051303890600.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515075110/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/13/stories/2007051303890600.htm
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 15 May 2007
|date = 13 May 2007
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|accessdate = 1 August 2009
}}</ref> She was [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] of [[16th Lok Sabha]], representing [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Biography ==
Sreemathy teacher is a politician in Kerala politics. She was born on 4 May 1949 as the daughter of Kelu Nambiar and P. K. Meenakshi Amma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/sreemath.htm |title=officialwebsite of kerala.gov.in |website=www.kerala.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104174637/http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/sreemath.htm |archive-date=2007-11-04}}</ref>
She retired from service in 2003 while she was the head teacher at Neruvambram Upper Primary School.

She was the Kannur District Council standing committee chairperson for some time before she became the Kannur district Panchayat from 1995 to 1997. Now she is [[All India Democratic Women's Association|AIDWA]] State secretary and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] National Committee Member. She was elected to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 2001 and 2006 from [[Payyanur Assembly constituency]].<ref>[http://www.minister-health.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26 Minister for Health & Social Welfare website]
</ref> She won the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha election]] from [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]], defeating [[K. Sudhakaran]] by a margin of 6566 votes. She lost to [[K. Sudhakaran]] with a margin of 94,559 votes in [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Indian General election]].

== Positions held==
{{BLP unsourced section|date= September 2022}}
* Standing Committee Chairman, Kannur District Panchayat.
* President, Kannur District Panchayat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=P K SREEMATHI TEACHER : Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/p-k-sreemathi-teacher |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* State Secretary, [[All India Democratic Women's Association|AIDWA]]
* [[CPI (M)]], National Committee Member.
* Minister for Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, [[Achuthanandan ministry]]
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/womenar.aspx?lsno=16&tab=0 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member, Committee on Empowerment of Women<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/pk-sreemathi-teacher|title=P.K. Sreemathi Teacher {{!}} National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>
*Retired Head Teacher
*Member, Standing Committee on Human Resource Development
*Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
*Member, Silk Board<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Kerala Council of Ministers]]

==References==
{{commons category|P. K. Sreemathy}}
{{Reflist}}

{{16th LS members from Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreemathy, P. K.}}
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur district]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Kerala]]

Yakshini (TV series)

2025-12-17T03:36:32Z

Kelashi123: Started A Info

{{Short description|Indian fantasy television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yakshini (TV series).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fantasy]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| writer = Ram Vamsi Krishna
| screenplay =
| director = Teja Marni
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vedhika]]
* [[Rahul Vijay]]
* [[Lakshmi Manchu]]
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
}}
| music = Priyadarshan Balasubramanian
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer = Kishore Kedari
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Shobu Yarlagadda]]
* [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Prasad Devineni]]
}}
| editor = Karthikeyan Rohini
| cinematography = Jagadeesh Cheekati
| runtime = 30 minutes
| company = [[Arka Media Works]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}
'''''Yakshini''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series directed by Teja Marni and written by Ram Vamsi Krishna.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-11 |title=From ‘Krishnamma’ to ‘Yakshini’, 6 must-watch OTT releases to stream on Netflix & Prime Video |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-krishnamma-to-yakshini-6-must-watch-ott-releases-to-stream-on-netflix-prime-video/articleshow/110908238.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613213205/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-krishnamma-to-yakshini-6-must-watch-ott-releases-to-stream-on-netflix-prime-video/articleshow/110908238.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]] through [[Arka Media Works]], it stars [[Vedhika]], [[Rahul Vijay]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]] and [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-21 |title=Vedhika starrer Yakshini to have OTT release in June |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/May/21/vedhika-starrer-yakshini-vasthundi-to-have-ott-release-in-june |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

It was released on 14 June 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VVedhika Kumar's Yakshini, Released On This OTT In Multiple Languages, Opens To Positive Reviews |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vvedhika-kumars-yakshini-released-on-this-ott-in-multiple-languages-opens-to-positive-reviews-8940037.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623013956/https://www.news18.com/movies/vvedhika-kumars-yakshini-released-on-this-ott-in-multiple-languages-opens-to-positive-reviews-8940037.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Vedhika]] as Maya
* [[Rahul Vijay]] as Krishna
* [[Lakshmi Manchu]] as Jwalamukhi
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Mahakal
* [[Vadlamani Srinivas]] as Rama Rao
* Teja Kakumanu as Varun
* Dayanand Reddy as Sikindhar Gora
* Tenali Shakuntala as Alivelu
* Lalitha Kumari as Jennifar
* Indu as Silpa
* Lavanya Reddy as Deepa
* Gemini Suresh as Vijay
* Trinath as Ajay
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Bunty
* Naveen Neni as Reddy
* Sattenna as Rajanna
* Sai Kiran Yedida as Thomas
* Praveen Katari as Ahmad

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=India |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Hope
|DirectedBy = Teja Marni
|WrittenBy = Ram Vamsi Krishna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Hunt
|DirectedBy = Teja Marni
|WrittenBy = Ram Vamsi Krishna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Trap
|DirectedBy = Teja Marni
|WrittenBy = Ram Vamsi Krishna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Revelation
|DirectedBy = Teja Marni
|WrittenBy = Ram Vamsi Krishna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Vengeance
|DirectedBy = Teja Marni
|WrittenBy = Ram Vamsi Krishna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Beginning
|DirectedBy = Teja Marni
|WrittenBy = Ram Vamsi Krishna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|14|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== Reception ==
Akhila Menon of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and stated that it "is a complete yawn fest that fails to create any impact".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yakshini Review - Vedhika's fantasy series is a complete yawn fest |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/yakshini-review-vedhikas-fantasy-series-is-a-complete-yawn-fest/c751fcdab3387 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714232616/https://www.ottplay.com/review/yakshini-review-vedhikas-fantasy-series-is-a-complete-yawn-fest/c751fcdab3387 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[123Telugu]]'' opined that the plot needs a more gripping narration to keep the proceedings interesting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=Yakshini Telugu OTT series on Disney Plus Hotstar |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-yakshini-telugu-ott-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'' is critical about screenplay and story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yakshini review: రివ్యూ: యక్షిణి.. సోషియో ఫాంటసీ వెబ్‌సిరీస్‌ ఎలా ఉంది? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/yakshini-review-in-telugu/0203/124111553 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814030615/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/yakshini-review-in-telugu/0203/124111553 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|32468463}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/yakshini/1271316835 ''Yakshini'']{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 web series endings]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:2020s romance television series]]
[[Category:Fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Thriller television series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]

Pulinkunnu

2025-12-11T08:50:15Z

Kelashi123:

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Travel guide|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulinkunnu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.412|N|76.41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Kuttanad]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15210
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 688504
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-04, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-66
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 99%
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pulinkunnu''' is a small village in the [[Kuttanad]]u region of [[Alappuzha district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulinkunnu Village Population - Kuttanad - Alappuzha, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628238-pulinkunnu-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(ahrwlg2nflshhq45torkdt45))/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India:Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref> The [[Pamba River|Pampa]] river in Pulincunnoo is a route for [[houseboat]] tourism operators in [[Kuttanadu]]. The village is part of the islands dotting the Kerala Backwaters, a network of lakes, wetlands, and canals crisscrossing the state. The village is around 20 km from Alleppey and 15 km from Changanacherry.

==Places of worship==
*[[St. Mary's Forane Church, Pulinkunnoo|St. Mary's Forane Church, Pulinkunnu]]<ref name="ETV">{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=പൈതൃകവും ടൂറിസവും ഒത്തുചേരുന്ന തീർഥാടന കേന്ദ്രമായി പുളിങ്കുന്ന് പള്ളി |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/state/alappuza/heritage-and-tourism-spot-alappuzha-pulinkunnu-st-marys-church/kerala20211202125948542 |work=ETV Bharat News |agency=[[ETV Network]] |date=2 December 2021 |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cucek.in Cochin University College of Engineering Kuttanadu]

{{Alappuzha district}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Islands of Kerala]]
[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Tourisam attraction: https://www.amphibianz.in/]]

Jai Narayan Patel

2025-11-28T13:15:12Z

Kelashi123: made some post first draft

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''Jai Narayan Patel''' or J. N Patel (born 5 October 1950) is a retired Indian judge and former Chief Justice of the [[Calcutta High Court]].

==Career==
Patel was born in 1950. He was enrolled as an Advocate on 27 August 1974 and started practice on Civil, Criminal and Constitutional matters in the District Courts and the High Court at Nagpur Bench. Patel also served as a teacher in University College of Law. On 20 April 1987, he was appointed a Judge of the City Civil Court. He was appointed Designated Judge in [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA]] Court, the Special Court constituted for the trial of [[1993 Bombay bombings]] case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960331-judge-j-n-patel-elevation-leaves-tada-cases-in-limbo-834663-1996-03-31|title=Judge J.N. Patel's elevation leaves TADA cases in limbo|last=Koppikar|first=Smruti|date=31 March 1996|publisher=India Today|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supremecourtcaselaw.com/jus_jnpatel.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020311005801/http://supremecourtcaselaw.com/jus_jnpatel.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 March 2002|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice J.N. Patel|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> He became the Additional Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] on 11 March 1996 and permanent Judge on 7 January 1997. Being the senior most judge he served as acting Chief Justice of Bombay High court after Chief Justice [[Anil R. Dave|Anil Dave]] was elevated as judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/bombay-hc-gets-new-chief-justice/story-q0XjCjBULnZFYnyyN3dzOM.html|title=Bombay HC gets new chief justice|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/66783/kapadia-cji.html|title=Kapadia is new CJI|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> In 2010 Justice Patel became the Chief Justice of [[Calcutta High Court]] and retired on 5 October 2012. After retirement he became the head of the Judicial Commission of [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/maharashtra-govt-appoints-judicial-commission-to-probe-bhima-koregaon-violence-1656365.html|title=Maharashtra Govt Appoints Judicial Commission to Probe Bhima-Koregaon Violence|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/koregaon-bhima-riots-judicial-panel-to-begin-hearing-in-september-118081800528_1.html|title=Koregaon-Bhima riots|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Jai Narayan}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Doli, Jodhpur

2025-11-24T09:13:05Z

Kelashi123:

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
| name =Doli, Jodhpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Vishvambhar Singh =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body =
Tehsil
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5163
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi/Marwadi language|Hindi/Marwadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jodhpur]], [[Balotra]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Doli''' is a large village located in [[Luni, Rajasthan|Luni]] Tehsil of [[Jodhpur]] district, Rajasthan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=डोली राजगुरां के खेतों में तबाही मचाने लगा जोधपुर का रासायनिक पानी |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/doli-rajaguran-was-devastating-the-fields-of-chemical-water-jodhpur-2315017 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> with a total of 851 families residing. The Doli village has population of 5163 of which 2616 are males while 2547 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doli Village Population - Luni - Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/85534-doli-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Doli Pin Code - 342014, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search jodhpur Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/jodhpur/doli-pincode-342014.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doli Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Doli, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/jodhpur/doli |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=India TV}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26|10|24|N|72|53|15|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Khwairakpam Chaoba

2025-11-14T03:54:15Z

Kelashi123: made some post needs work

{{Short description|Manipuri poet, essayist, novelist}}
{{Meitei name|[[Khwairakpam]]|Chaoba|[[Singh]]}}
{{Contains special characters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh''' [[Imphal|l]] was a poet, essayist, [[prose]]-writer and [[novelist]]. He was born in 1895 in Uripok Sorbon Thingen leikai, [[Imphal]].He was influenced by [[Sanskrit]] tradition and is regarded as one of the best-known writers of modern [[Meitei literature]].<ref name="Encyclopedia"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Parrat |first=John |date=2005 |title=Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BhZPx3n6yYC&q=Khwairakpam+Chaoba&pg=PA29 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=29 |isbn=8183240534 |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> He founded the Manipuri Sahitya Sammelini of Meitei literature along with [[Meitei literature|Dr. Lamabam Kamal Singh]], [[Hijam Irabot]] and [[Samurou#Achievements|Hijam Anganghal]].

==Biography==
He presented the first [[historical novel]] in Meitei – Lavangalata which is considered to be an outstanding work. This is perhaps one of the greatest novels in Meitei literature. His other prose works are Wakhalgi Ichen (Thought Current), Wakhal (Thought), Phidam (Ideal), Kannaba Wa (Useful Words) and Chhatra Macha (Student). He also wrote incomplete works ''Madhu Malati'' and ''Naba-Malika''<ref>{{cite book |date=2000 |title=L. Kamal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouEZEOAusv4C&q=Khwairakpam+Chaoba&pg=PA52 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=12 |isbn=8126008563 |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> His published work includes:

* ''Chhatra Macha'', 1923
* ''Kannaba Wa'', 1924
* ''Phidam''
* ''Wakhal''
* ''Wakhalgi Ichen''
* ''Thainagi Leirang'', Poetry, 1933
* ''Lavangalata'', Novel, 1937

==Recognition and reception==
He was awarded the Sahitya Ratna by the [[Manipur]] Sahitya Parishad in 1948.<ref name=Khwairakpam>{{Cite web|url=http://www.burningvoices.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58:khwairakpam-chaoba-singh&catid=38:profiles&Itemid=63 |title=Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh |author=Burningvoices |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708104646/http://www.burningvoices.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58%3Akhwairakpam-chaoba-singh&catid=38%3Aprofiles&Itemid=63 |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> Fellow author and poet Elangbam Dinamani Singh included Chaoba in his one of his books about criticism of poets. In Amaresh Datta's ''Encyclopedia of Indian Literature, Volume 1'', he says of Chaoba: "By use of common language and very homely image, [he] could set a good example of elegy in Meitei through this single poem. In fact, many of the poems of [his] contain elegiac elements and atmosphere, as he looks upon the human life from a melancholic and tragic standpoint. This feeling comes to him from his love of everything Manipuri, the flora and fauna, the disintegrated tradition, which was once the beacon light and his deep involvement with the lot of man in his life. Therefore, when he writes about anything, an elegiac feeling pervades his mind and as a result, his expression becomes melancholic and elegiac in nature."<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=Khwairakpam+Chaoba&pg=PA1153 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Literature Volume 1 |date=1988 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=8126011947 |pages=1145–1153 |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaoba, Khwairakpam}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Manipur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

List of tourist attractions in Chenab Valley

2025-10-28T19:35:30Z

Kelashi123: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Chenab Valley]]

List of Koffee with Karan episodes

2025-10-26T15:14:39Z

Kelashi123: Created new stub - done

{{Short description|Seasons and episodes of Koffee with Karan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

''[[Koffee with Karan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |title=Koffee With Karan season 7 teaser: Karan Johar shares old clips of Kareena Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/koffee-with-karan-season-7-teaser-karan-johar-shares-old-clips-of-kareena-kapoor-priyanka-chopra-shah-rukh-khan-101655620576531.html |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>'' is an Indian [[talk show]] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (previously broadcast on [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World India]]). Debuting on 19 November 2004, the show is hosted by film producer, director, and television personality [[Karan Johar]] and is produced by [[Dharma Productions#Dharmatic Entertainment|Dharmatic]], the digital content division of his production company, [[Dharma Productions]].{{efn|[[Banijay Group]]'s SOL India served as the show's production company for its first six seasons (2004–2019).<ref>{{cite web |title=SOL India |url=http://www.banijay.com/company/sol-india/ |website=[[Banijay Group]] |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709184343/https://www.banijay.com/company/sol-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1545037794707668992|user=Dharmatic_|title=Now streaming the most awaited koffee of the town! #KoffeeWithKaran S7 episode 1 streaming now on Disney+ Hotstar!|author=[[Dharma Productions#Dharmatic Entertainment|Dharmatic]]|date=7 July 2022|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> The show is distributed by [[Disney Star]]{{efn|Known as Star India until 2022.}} and its first six seasons aired on Star World (2004–2019) with the second season being [[simulcast]]ed on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] (2007). In 2022, ''Koffee with Karan'' moved over to Disney+ Hotstar as a streaming exclusive under the [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming#Hotstar Specials|Hotstar Specials]] label, with the seventh season airing on the streaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |title=Koffee with Karan Season 7 teaser: Host Karan Johar promises a 'bigger, better and more beautiful' experience. Watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/koffee-with-karan-season-7-teaser-karan-johar-watch-video-7978332/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Koffee with Karan'' episodes}}

==Series overview==
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview
| color1 = #3251AE
| link1 = <includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2004–05)
| episodes1 = 25
| start1 = {{Start date|2004|11|19|df=y}}
| end1 = {{End date|2005|5|27|df=y}}

| color2 = #7FFF00
| link2 = <includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2007)
| episodes2 = 26
| start2 = {{Start date|2007|2|11|df=y}}
| end2 = {{End date|2007|9|16|df=y}}

| color3 = #990000
| link3 = <includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 3 (2010–11)
| episodes3 = 22
| start3 = {{Start date|2010|11|7|df=y}}
| end3 = {{End date|2011|4|17|df=y}}

| color4 = #FF5F5F
| link4 = <includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 4 (2013–14)
| episodes4 = 20
| start4 = {{Start date|2013|12|1|df=y}}
| end4 = {{End date|2014|4|13|df=y}}

| color5 = #FFD700
| link5 = <includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 5 (2016–17)
| episodes5 = 20
| start5 = {{Start date|2016|11|6|df=y}}
| end5 = {{End date|2017|3|19|df=y}}

| color6 = #000000
| link6 = <includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 6 (2018–19)
| episodes6 = 22
| start6 = {{Start date|2018|10|21|df=y}}
| end6 = {{End date|2019|3|17|df=y}}
|start7={{Start date|2022|07|07|df=y}}|end7={{End date|2022|9|29|df=y}}|link7=<includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 7 (2022)|color7=#013220|episodes7=13|color8=#00FFFF|end8={{End date|2024|1|18|df=y}}|episodes8=13|link8=<includeonly>List of Koffee with Karan episodes</includeonly>#Season 8 (2023–24)|start8={{Start date|2023|10|26|df=y}}}}</onlyinclude>

==Episodes==
===Season 1 (2004–05)===
{{Episode table |background=#3251AE |overall=6 |season=6 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests | airdateR=<ref name="hotstar1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/koffee-with-karan/s-74/seasons/season-1/ss-931/|title=Watch Koffee With Karan Season 1 Full Episodes Online on hotstar.com|author=|date=|website=[[Hotstar]] |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> | episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|19|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|3|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|10|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Zayed Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Gurinder Chadha]] and [[Farah Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|24|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|1|7|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Gauri Khan]], [[Sussanne Khan]], Shah Rukh Khan, and [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|1|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Lara Dutta]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|1|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Ekta Kapoor]], Sunita Menon, and [[Manish Malhotra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|1|28|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|2|4|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], and [[Uday Chopra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|2|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Bobby Deol]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|2|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| RTitle = [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Shobhaa De]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|4|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| RTitle = [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Preity Zinta]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| RTitle = [[Konkana Sen Sharma]] and [[Rahul Bose]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| RTitle = [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Arjun Rampal]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| RTitle = [[Smriti Irani]] and [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|4|1|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| RTitle = [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|4|8|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| RTitle = [[Malaika Arora Khan]], [[Amrita Arora]], and [[Dino Morea]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|4|22|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| RTitle = [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|4|29|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| RTitle = [[Esha Deol]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|5|6|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| EpisodeNumber2 = 23
| RTitle = [[Hema Malini]] and [[Zeenat Aman]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|5|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| EpisodeNumber2 = 24
| RTitle = Special Episode
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|5|20|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| EpisodeNumber2 = 25
| RTitle = [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Farah Khan]], [[Kajol]], and [[Jaya Bachchan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|5|27|df=y}}
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2007)===
{{Episode table |background=#7FFF00 |overall=6 |season=6 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests | airdateR=<ref name="hotstar2">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/koffee-with-karan/s-74/seasons/season-2/ss-934/|title=Watch Koffee With Karan Season 2 Full Episodes Online on hotstar.com|author=|date=|website=Hotstar|accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> | episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Kajol]], [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|2|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|2|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Mallika Sherawat]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|2|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Shahid Kapoor]], and [[Karisma Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|3|4|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Soha Ali Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|3|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Mira Nair]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], and [[Farah Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|3|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Priya Dutt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|3|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Vijay Mallya]] and [[Shobhaa De]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|4|1|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Konkana Sen Sharma]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], and [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|4|8|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Hema Malini]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Esha Deol]], and Shweta Bachchan Nanda
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|4|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Rakesh Omprakash Mehra]], [[Kunal Kohli]], and [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|4|22|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[Rakhi Sawant]] and [[Carol Gracias]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|4|29|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|5|6|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| RTitle = [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], and Reema Jain
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|5|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| RTitle = [[Richard Gere]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|5|20|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| RTitle = [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Ronit Roy]], and [[Hiten Tejwani]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|5|27|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| RTitle = [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Shamita Shetty]], and Sunanda Shetty
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|6|3|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| RTitle = [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Bobby Deol]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|6|10|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| RTitle = [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Rani Mukerji]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|6|24|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| RTitle = [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|7|22|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| RTitle = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|7|29|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| RTitle = [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Katrina Kaif]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|8|5|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| EpisodeNumber2 = 23
| RTitle = [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Shabana Azmi]], and [[Farhan Akhtar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|8|12|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| EpisodeNumber2 = 24
| RTitle = [[Farah Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and [[Deepika Padukone]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|8|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 50
| EpisodeNumber2 = 25
| RTitle = Special Episode
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|9|9|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 51
| EpisodeNumber2 = 26
| RTitle = [[Koffee with Karan#Koffee Awards 2007|Koffee Awards]] with [[Rohit Bal]], [[Malaika Arora Khan]], and [[Cyrus Broacha]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|9|16|df=y}}
}}
}}

===Season 3 (2010–11)===
{{Episode table |background=#990000 |overall=6 |season=6 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests |airdateR=<ref name="hotstar3">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/koffee-with-karan/s-74/seasons/season-3/ss-941|title=Watch Koffee With Karan Season 3 Full Episodes Online on hotstar.com|author=|date=|website=Hotstar|accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 52
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|7|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 53
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 54
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 55
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Farah Khan]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]], and [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|28|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 56
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|12|5|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 57
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], and [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|12|12|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 58
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|12|19|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 59
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and Shweta Bachchan Nanda
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|12|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 60
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|1|2|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 61
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Vidya Balan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|1|9|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 62
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|1|16|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 63
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Sussanne Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|1|23|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 64
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = [[Ajay Devgn]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|1|30|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 65
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| RTitle = Special Episode
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|6|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 66
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| RTitle = [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Boman Irani]], and [[Sajid Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 67
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| RTitle = [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Ranveer Singh]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|20|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 68
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| RTitle = [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|27|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 69
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| RTitle = [[John Abraham]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|20|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 70
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| RTitle = [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Zoya Akhtar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|27|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 71
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| RTitle = [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|4|3|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 72
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| RTitle = Best of Season 3
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|4|10|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 73
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| RTitle = Koffee Awards with [[Rajeev Masand]], [[Koel Purie|Koel Purie Rinchet]], [[Manish Malhotra]], and Sarita Tanwar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|4|17|df=y}}
}}
}}

===Season 4 (2013–14)===
{{Episode table |background=#FF5F5F |overall=6 |season=6 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests |airdateR=<ref name="hotstar4">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/koffee-with-karan/s-74/seasons/season-4/ss-937|title=Watch Koffee With Karan Season 4 Full Episodes Online on hotstar.com|author=|date=|website=Hotstar|accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 74
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Salman Khan]] and [[Salim Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|12|1|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 75
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|12|8|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 76
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kiran Rao]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|12|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 77
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], and Shanoo Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|12|22|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 78
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Alia Bhatt]], and [[Varun Dhawan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|12|29|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 79
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|1|5|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 80
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Vidya Balan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|1|12|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 81
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Akshay Kumar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|1|19|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 82
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Emraan Hashmi]] and [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|1|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 83
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|2|2|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 84
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|2|9|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 85
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Farah Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|2|16|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 86
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|2|23|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 87
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| RTitle = [[Freida Pinto]] and [[Nargis Fakhri]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|3|2|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 88
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| RTitle = [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|3|9|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 89
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| RTitle = [[Kajol]] and [[Ayan Mukerji]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|3|16|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 90
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| RTitle = [[Rohit Shetty]] and [[Zoya Akhtar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|3|23|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 91
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| RTitle = [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|3|30|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 92
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| RTitle = [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|4|6|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 93
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| RTitle = Best of Season 4
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|4|13|df=y}}
}}
}}

===Season 5 (2016–17)===
{{Episode table |background=#FFD700 |overall=6 |season=6 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests |airdateR=<ref name="hotstar5">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/koffee-with-karan/s-74/seasons/season-5/ss-4109|title=Watch Koffee With Karan Season 5 Full Episodes Online on hotstar.com|author=|date=|website=Hotstar|accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 94
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|6|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 95
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Twinkle Khanna]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 96
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Varun Dhawan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|20|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 97
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Ranveer Singh]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|27|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 98
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|12|4|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 99{{efn|During the episode, host Karan Johar called it the 100th episode of the show. It is likely that this episode was originally planned to air in that order.}}
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Salman Khan]], [[Arbaaz Khan]] and [[Sohail Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 100
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Aamir Khan]], [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]], and [[Sanya Malhotra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|12|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 101
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Anushka Sharma]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|12|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 102
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Mira Rajput Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|1|1|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 103
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|1|8|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 104
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|1|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 105
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|1|22|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 106
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Tiger Shroff]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|1|29|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 107
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| RTitle = [[Farah Khan]] and [[Sania Mirza]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|2|5|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 108
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| RTitle = [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|2|12|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 109
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| RTitle = [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], and [[Shahid Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|2|19|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 110
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| RTitle = [[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], and [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|2|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 111
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| RTitle = [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|3|5|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 112
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| RTitle = [[Koffee with Karan#Koffee Awards 2017|Koffee Awards]] with [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Malaika Arora]], [[Ayan Mukerji]], and [[All India Bakchod|Rohan Joshi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|3|12|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 113
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| RTitle = Best of Season 5
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|3|19|df=y}}
}}
}}

===Season 6 (2018–19)===
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall=6 |season=6 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests|airdateR=<ref name="hotstar6">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/koffee-with-karan/s-74/seasons/season-6/ss-6278|title=Watch Koffee With Karan Season 6 Full Episodes Online on hotstar.com|author=|date=|website=Hotstar|accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> |episodes=

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 114
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 115
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Ranveer Singh]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|28|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 116
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Aamir Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|4|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 117
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Varun Dhawan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 118
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 119
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|11|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 120
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Kajol]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|12|2|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 121
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|12|9|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 122
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Vicky Kaushal]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|12|16|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 123
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Prabhas]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and [[Rana Daggubati]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|12|23|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 124
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Rhea Kapoor]] and [[Harshvardhan Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|12|30|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 125
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[K. L. Rahul]] and [[Hardik Pandya]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|6|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=How Hardik Pandya and KL Rahul got into trouble for Koffee with Karan: A timeline |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/hardik-pandya-kl-rahul-koffee-with-karan-controversy-timeline-1430046-2019-01-13 |accessdate=2 February 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 126
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Ishaan Khatter]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 127
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| RTitle = [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and Shweta Bachchan Nanda
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|20|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 128
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| RTitle = [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|27|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 129
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| RTitle = [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|3|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 130
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| RTitle = [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Kartik Aaryan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|10|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 131
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| RTitle = [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Tara Sutaria]] and [[Ananya Panday]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 132
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| RTitle = [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|24|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 133
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| RTitle = [[Koffee with Karan#Koffee Awards 2019|Koffee Awards]] with [[Kirron Kher]], [[Malaika Arora]], [[Vir Das]] and [[Mallika Dua]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|3|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 134
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| RTitle = Unseen Koffee Konfessions
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|10|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 135
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| RTitle = A Peek into Celeb Life (Best of Season 6)
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|17|df=y}}
}}
}}

===Season 7 (2022)===
{{Episode table |background=#013220 |overall=7 |season=7 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests|airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=Koffee With Karan (season 7) |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/koffee-with-karan/1525 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]] |language=en}}</ref> |episodes=

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 136
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|07|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 137
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Sara Ali Khan]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 138
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 139
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Vijay Deverakonda]] and [[Ananya Panday]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|28|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 140
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|04|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 141
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Arjun Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 142
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 143{{efn|During the episode, host Karan Johar name-dropped [[Priyanka Chopra]] & [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as the only 2 "Koffee Veterans" apart from [[Shahid Kapoor]] who have appeared as guests on the show every season.}}
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Kiara Advani]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 144
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Tiger Shroff]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|01|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 145
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Ishaan Khatter]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|08|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 146
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Varun Dhawan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 147
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[Gauri Khan]],
Bhavana Panday and Maheep Kapoor
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|22|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 148
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = Koffee Awards with [[Tanmay Bhat]], [[Danish Sait]], [[Kusha Kapila]] and Niharika NM
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|29|df=y}}
}}}}

===Season 8 (2023–24)===
{{Episode table |background=#00FFFF |overall=8 |season=8 |title=67 |airdate=21 |titleT=Guests |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Koffee With Karan (season 8) |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/koffee-with-karan/1525 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]] |language=en}}</ref> |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 149
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| RTitle = [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Ranveer Singh]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 150
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| RTitle = [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Bobby Deol]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|2|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 151
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| RTitle = [[Sara Ali Khan]] and [[Ananya Panday]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|9|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 152
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| RTitle = [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|16|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 153
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| RTitle = [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 154
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| RTitle = [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Kajol]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|30|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 155
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| RTitle = [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Kiara Advani]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|7|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 156
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| RTitle = [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Arjun Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 157
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| RTitle = [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Rohit Shetty]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 158
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| RTitle = [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|28|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 159
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| RTitle = [[Janhvi Kapoor]] and [[Khushi Kapoor]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|04|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 160
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| RTitle = [[Neetu Singh]] and [[Zeenat Aman]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 161
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| RTitle = Koffee Awards with [[Tanmay Bhat]], [[Danish Sait]], [[Kusha Kapila]], [[Sumukhi Suresh]] and Orhan Awatramani
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|18|df=y}}
}}
}}

== Specials ==
From time to time, Johar has shot some special episodes (each with a unique title) during breaks between the main seasons to promote the release of then upcoming films and series by Dharma Productions.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Guest(s)
! Featured promotion
!{{Abbrv|Ref.|Reference(s)}}

|-
| 2008 || "Date with ''Dostana''" ||[[Priyanka Chopra]], [[John Abraham]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]|| Promotion of ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title= Part 1 - Date with DOSTANA| website=[[YouTube]] | date=19 January 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qWcxShiwhU&ab_channel=DharmaProductions|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || "Date with Sid" ||[[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] || Promotion of ''[[Wake up Sid]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2019 |title=When Deepika called Ranbir|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-deepika-padukone-called-ranbir-kapoor-a-pathetic-boyfriend/articleshow/71701538.cms?from=mdr|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || "Date with ''Kurbaan''" ||[[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] || Promotion of ''[[Kurbaan_(2009_film)|Kurbaan]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2010 |title= UTV plans the biggest release ever for Kurbaan|url= http://www.utvgroup.com/download.php?type=press-releases&file=utv-plans-the-biggest-release-ever-for-kurbaan.pdf |access-date=25 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2010 || "Date with Family" ||[[Kajol]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] || Promotion of ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2010 |title=Kajol shoots for Koffee with Karan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kajol-shoots-for-koffee-with-karan/story-Ipsou8Fu6K5sY3Urp00DzI.html |access-date=25 April 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || "Date with ''Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu''" || [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and Kareena Kapoor Khan|| Promotion of ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |date=8 Jan 2012 |title=Imran Khan to be back in Koffee with Karan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/imran-khan-to-be-back-in-koffee-with-karan/story-MXOSk23viUrnR9jlqELsvN.html |access-date=25 April 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || "Date with Humpty & Dulhania" || [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] || Promotion of ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |date=9 July 2014 |title=Alia, Varun, Karan beg Salman Khan and Kick to give screens to Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (watch video) |work=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-karan-johar-humpty-sharma-ki-dulhania-15525.html |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2021
| "Koffee Shots with the Empire" || [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Dino Morea]] and [[Drashti Dhami]]|| Promotion of ''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |date=21 September 2021 |title=Koffee With Karan special ep: Drashti Dhami teases KJo |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/koffee-with-karan-special-episode-teaser-drashti-dhami-teases-kjo-about-kangana-ranaut-being-his-favourite-watch-7489983/ |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|"Koffee Shots with ''Atrangi Re''"
|[[Dhanush]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]]
|Promotion of ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |date=21 December 2021 |title=Karan Johar's Gupshup Session With Atrangi Stars Dhanush And Sara Ali Khan On Koffee Shots With Karan |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karan-johars-gupshup-session-with-atrangi-stars-dhanush-and-sara-ali-khan-on-koffee-shots-with-karan-2662722 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koffee with Karan episodes, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of variety television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series episodes]]
[[Category:Hindi serials episodes articles]]

Tejas Bakre

2025-10-25T20:42:09Z

Kelashi123: Started New Post

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Tejas Bakre
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = 
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|05|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmadabad, Gujarat|Ahmadabad]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2004)
| rating =
| peakrating = 2530 (January 2011)
| FideID = 5004195
| medaltemplates =

}}

'''Tejas Bakre''' (born 12 May 1981, [[Ahmadabad, Gujarat|Ahmadabad]], [[India]]) is an Indian Chess Champion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakre, Tejas |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/5004195 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref> He acquire [[FIDE Master|Fide Master]] (FM) title in 1997 and [[International Master]] (IM)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas Bakre chess games - 365Chess.com |url=https://www.365chess.com/players/Tejas_Bakre |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.365chess.com}}</ref> title in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GM Tejas Bakre (Tarhercule) - Chess Profile |url=https://www.chess.com/member/tarhercule |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He was first GM of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. He is Professional Chess Coach and [[FIDE Senior Trainer]] (2022).

== Notable tournaments ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tournament Name
!Year
!ELO
!Points
|-
|[https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Edmonton_Invitational_2015_2015/41273 Edmonton Invitational 2015](Edmonton CAN)
|2015
|2438
|8.5
|-
|[https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/FSGM_Nov_2012_2012/39789 FSGM Nov 2012](Budapest HUN)
|2012
|2481
|7.0
|-
|[https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Oberwart_op_27th_2005/34364 Oberwart op 27th](Oberwart)
|2005
|2467
|7.0
|-
|[https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Sharjah_IM_2003/950 Sharjah IM](Sharjah)
|2003
|2434
|3.0
|-
|[https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Cairnhill_op_20th_2002/2852 Cairnhill op 20th](Singapore)
|2002
|2452
|5.5
|-
|[https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Budapest_FS12_GM-A_2001/4635 Budapest FS12 GM-A](Budapest)
|2000
|2446
|9.5
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakre, Tejas}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Chess coaches]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Simran Sharma

2025-10-21T08:25:16Z

Kelashi123: Started Biography!

{{Short description|Indian para athlete (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|11|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| image = Simran Sharma in January 2025.jpg
| caption = Sharma in 2025
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| disability_class = [[T12 (classification)|T12]]
| event = [[Sprint (running)|Sprints]]
| pb = ''[[100 m]]'': 11.95 ([[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025]]) ''[[200 m]]'': 24.46 {{AthAbbr|AR}} ([[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}} [[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres T12|200m T12]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships|2024 Kobe]]|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres|200m T12]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres|100m T12]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres|200m T12]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|100m T12]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|200m T12]]}}
}}

'''Simran Sharma''' (born 9 November 1999) is an Indian [[visually-impaired]] [[para-athlete]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-29 |title=With two medals at Para Asiads, Simran sees a silver lining |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/with-two-medals-at-para-asiads-simran-sees-a-silver-lining/articleshow/104792463.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won a bronze medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres#T12|200 m T12]] event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavthale |first=Sumeet |date=2024-09-07 |title=Simran Sharma wins Bronze in women's 200m to bring India's 28th medal at Paris Paralympics 2024 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/simran-sharma-wins-bronze-in-women-s-200m-to-bring-india-s-28th-medal-at-paris-paralympics-2024-2024-09-07-950983 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metres T12|100 m T12]], she qualified first in her heat with a season best of 12.33 but finished 4th in the finals despite a time of 12.31.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-07 |title=Simran enters final of women's 200m T12 race at Paris Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/simran-enters-final-of-womens-200m-t12-race-at-paris-paralympics/articleshow/113136665.cms |access-date=2024-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Meet Simran Sharma: Delhi Girl Who Defied All Odd to Clinch a Paralympic Bronze in Paris |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-simran-sharma-delhi-girl-who-defied-all-odd-to-clinch-a-paralympic-bronze-in-paris-9040146.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharma is from Burari, Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> She was born to Savita Sharma and Manoj Sharma. On 29 November 2017, she married her coach Naik Gajendra Singh. He is posted at New Delhi's 227 company of the [[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]].<ref name=":0" /> She was born prematurely after six and half months term and with visual impairment. She was in incubator for six months. Her father Manoj Sharma supported her to take up the sport. She trains at SAI JLN Stadium, New Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> She is doing her graduation at Rukmani Modi Mahila Inter College at Modinagar, Ghaziabad.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=A sweet and brave love story that culminated in Simran Sharma becoming 200m para world champion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/simran-sharma-para-world-champion-200m-t12-9351981/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharma took part in China Grand Prix and World Para Grand Prix at [[Dubai]] in 2021. She became the first Indian para athlete to qualify for the [[2020 Summer Paralympics|Tokyo Paralympics]] in 2021, but she did not get any medal.<ref name=":2" /> She was selected to represent the Indian team at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> where she won two silver medals in the 100m and 200m T12 events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chotrani |first=Mahek |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Simran Sharma Becomes First Indian Woman To Qualify For 100M Track Event |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/army-jawans-wife-tokyo-paralympics-simran-sharma-first-indian-woman-to-qualiy-for-100m-track-event/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#NationalSportsDay: Female Athletes Who Have Put India On The Global Map This Year - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/article/nationalsportsday-female-athletes-who-have-put-india-on-the-global-map-this-year/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> At the [[Asian Games]], she clocked 12.68 seconds for 100m on 24 October 2023 and 26.12 seconds for 200m on 26 October 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-28 |title=Army jawan's wife wins two silver medals at Para Asian Games |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/army-jawans-wife-wins-two-silver-medals-at-para-asian-games/articleshow/104785986.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, she won a gold medal at the [[World Para Athletics Championships]] in Kobe, Japan.<ref name=":3" />

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
|2024
|[[Arjuna Award]]
|Outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2024
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=National Sports Day 2024: Full list of Khel Ratna, Arjuna award winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-manu-bhaker-d-gukesh-full-list-winners-national-sports-day-2658628-2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title="When we meet PM Modi, its like we are sitting with our best friend...": Arjuna Awardee para-athlete Simran Sharma |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/when-we-meet-pm-modi-its-like-we-are-sitting-with-our-best-friend-arjuna-awardee-para-athlete-simran-sharma20250116230131/ |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=From fighting the society to making it proud: The gritty journey of Arjuna Awardee Paralympian Simran Sharma |url=https://www.oneturf.news/news/from-fighting-the-society-to-making-it-proud-the-gritty-journey-of-arjuna-awardee-paralympian-simran-sharma |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=OneTurf News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Simran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian women athletes]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:World Para Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Competitors in the sport of athletics with visual impairment]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

Poorva Shetye

2025-08-03T01:18:02Z

Kelashi123: created some article basic info

{{Short description|Indian swimmer (born 1993)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Poorva Shetye
| image =
| fullname = Poorva Kiran Shetye
| nicknames =
| nationality = Indian
| strokes = Breaststroke
| birth_date =12 March 1993
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =5 ft 0 in
| weight =58 kg (128 lb)
}}
'''Poorva Kiran Shetye''' (born 12 March 1993), is an [[Indian people|Indian]] International [[Swimming (sport)|Swimmer]], who is specialized in 50 m, 100 m and 200 m [[breaststroke]].<ref name=SF1>{{cite web |url=http://swimmingfederation.in/indianheros-poorva-shetye.php |title=Swimming Federation Of India |publisher=swimmingfederation.in |date= |accessdate=2016-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416021541/http://swimmingfederation.in/indianheros-poorva-shetye.php |archive-date=16 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Poorva still holds the National Record at the National Games for 50 m Breast Stroke.<ref name=SF1 />

Poorva was awarded Maharashtra government's most prestigious "Shiv Chhatrapati Award" in 2008 by the then Chief Minister, [[Prithviraj Chavan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-35-athletes-awarded-shiv-chhatrapati-awards-for-2008-09-1536584|title=35 athletes awarded Shiv Chhatrapati Awards for 2008-09 {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-04-27|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Poorva who was born to mother Kavita Kiran Shetye and father Kiran M Shetye in [[Mumbai]] moved to [[Bangalore]] to pursue her swimming aspiration. At a young age, she was diagnosed with chronic [[Bronchitis]]. Under advice from her family [[Homeopathy|Homeopathic]] doctor, Dr. Seema Oak, she took swimming to improve her lung capacity. Thus at the age of six, both Poorva and her elder sister, Prachi were put into swimming.

Another reason is Poorva’s father who was very inclined into sports. He himself played many sports like Table Tennis, Chess and Carrom. In the beginning, Poorva did not like swimming much but her sister loved it, she even started swimming in state level championships and became a national level diver. Her sister is the biggest inspiration to Poorva, she wanted to become like her and even she motivated her a lot to take up swimming seriously.

Poorva recently graduated with a distinction from RMIT University in Masters of Analytics located in Melbourne, Australia. She has also graduated with a distinction from CMS Business School with a Master in Business Administration Degree in the year 2016. She worked for two years as Operations Head at JGI Grassroots, a venture set up by Jain University in Bangalore. She has also received 100% scholarship during her MBA for her excellent performance in swimming.

==Swimming career==

Poorva Shetye won one gold and silver medal in her first International participation in South Asian Swimming Championship - 2006, Islamabad.<ref name=SF1 /> She has also participated in 29th World University Championships, Gwangju, South Korea, 15th FINA World Championship, Barcelona, Spain, XIX Commonwealth Game, Delhi, 2010. She has also participated in many national tournaments and won 40 Gold, 32 Silver and 16 Bronze Medals.

'''Sports Profile'''

* Started swimming in 1999
* Training under Pradeep Kumar
* Presented Maharashtra’s sports award - Shiv Chhatrapati Krida Puraskar 2008-2009 by the 17th Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Prithviraj Chavan|Mr. Prithviraj Chavan]] for achieving 3 gold, 1 silver in National Games, Ranchi 2012
* Felicitated by 11th President of India, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]

==Achievements==

* 17 State Records
* 20 National Records
* [[2004 South Asian Games|9th South Asian Games, Islamabad, Pakistan]] - 2004 (record holder)
* [[III commonwealth youth games|III Commonwealth Youth Games 2008, Pune, India]]
* [[3rd Asian Indoor Games|3rd Asian Indoor Games, Hanoi, Vietnam]]
* [[2010 South Asian Games|XI South Asian Games, Dhaka, Bangladesh - 2010]]
* [[XIX Commonwealth Games|XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi]]
* [http://www.fina.org/athletes/poorva-kiran-shetye 15th FINA World Championships, Barcelona, Spain]
* [http://www.fisu.net/en/Summer-Universiades-3490.html 29th World University Championships, Gwangju, South Korea]

'''Participation till date:'''

* 30 National Meets
* 7 International Meets
* 3 National Games

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetye, Poorva}}
[[Category:Indian female swimmers]]
[[Category:Female breaststroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2015 Summer Universiade]]

Rojgere Ginni

2025-06-25T20:34:18Z

Kelashi123:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rojgere Ginni ETV.png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Talk Show/Game show
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Paroma Banerji]], Madhumanti Maitra, Lajbanti Roy etc.
| starring = Bengali housewives
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company =
| channel = [[ETV Bangla]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Rojgere Ginni''''' ({{langx|en|The Earning Housewife}}) was one of the longest running [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television shows.<ref name="Screen On & Off">{{cite news|title=Screen On & Off|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061106/asp/calcutta/story_6964649.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215234103/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061106/asp/calcutta/story_6964649.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2007|accessdate=12 August 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=6 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Joshi2006">{{cite book|author=Subhash R. Joshi|title=Children, youth, and electronic media: prospects and portents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zHaAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 August 2012|date=1 September 2006|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|isbn=978-81-7646-546-5|page=69}}</ref> The show had been telecast for more than 10 years on [[ETV Bangla]]. It was a reality show, the main theme of which was promotion of women aged between 18–50.<ref name="Rojgere Ginni synopsis PDF">{{cite web|title=Rojgere Ginni synopsis|url=http://www.rbc2010online.org/uploads/Rojgere_Ginni-synopsis.pdf|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525003021/http://www.rbc2010online.org/uploads/Rojgere_Ginni-synopsis.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

== Format ==
An anchor hosts the program and conducts light weight chats on different subjects with the housewives, her husband, other family members. Games are also played in the show where the housewives get opportunity to win prize and money.

The program can be divided into five rounds:
* '''First round:''' anchor of the show introduces and housewife who is going to participate in that day's episode conducts a chat session with her and finally at the end of the round a game is played– anchor sings a song and the housewife has to answer a question based on the song within 30 seconds. If she can she gets {{INR}} 1000.<ref name="Rojgere Ginni synopsis PDF" />
* '''Second round:''' Second round consists of another chat session. At the end of the round they play another game based on daily household works where the housewife can win up to {{INR}} 2000 from this round.<ref name="Rojgere Ginni synopsis PDF" />
* '''Third round:''' In the third round the housewife's husband is introduced. A chat session is conducted with the ''ginni'' and her husband. In this round another household work related game is played where the ''ginni'' and her husband get opportunity to win up to {{INR}} 2000.<ref name="Rojgere Ginni synopsis PDF" />
* '''Fourth round– Bajar fordo''': In the fourth round a game is played with the ''ginni'' and five other family members/friends of ''ginni''. This is a memory game. The anchor reads out 10 ingredients with their quantity from a shopping list and after that the participants have to repeat those with exact quantity. If 5 or 6 or 7 are correct, they win ₹ 1000 and if 8 or 9 or 10 are correct, participants can win up to {{INR}} 2000 from this round.<ref name="Rojgere Ginni synopsis PDF" />
* '''Fifth round– Bumper round''': This is a family round. In this round a table is set with different kinds of small props (like toys, dishes, cups, showcases, candle stand etc.). The anchor asks participants to observe the position of the props very carefully. After that she asks the participants to go out of the room for some time. The anchor rearranges six props of the table and the participants have to identify those six changes. They can win up to {{INR}} 3000 from this round.<ref name="Rojgere Ginni synopsis PDF" />

== Anchors ==
{{ external media
| float = right
| video1 = [http://www.etv.co.in/e-tv-5/rojegereginni/videogallery.html Rojgere Ginni videos at official website]
| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/user/etvbanglaindia/videos?query=Rojgere+Ginni Rojgere Ginni videos at ETV Bangla's official Youtube channel]
| video3 =
}}
In 10 years the show has been hosted by different anchors, like–
* [[Paroma Banerji]]<ref name="Turning point">{{cite news|title=Turning point|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100919/jsp/graphiti/story_12949007.jsp|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=19 September 2010|access-date=12 August 2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174019/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100919/jsp/graphiti/story_12949007.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Madhumanti Maitra<ref name="Screen On & Off" />
* Lajbonti Roy<ref name="Screen On & Off" />
* Rupali Rai Bhattacharya
* Kousani Roy Sarkar
* Kanyakumari Arkodeepto Mukherjee
* Lopamudra Sinha
* Koneenica Banerjee
* Anjana Basu
* Diotima Chowdhury

== See also ==
* [[Didi No. 1]]
* [[A Morning with Farah]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.etv.co.in/e-tv-5/rojegereginni/index.html}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]