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List of urban local bodies in Bihar

2026-05-08T07:24:12Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
[[Bihar]] is administratively divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts. For the administration of urban areas, three types of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) has been constituted as per the provisions of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act,1992. As of 2026, Bihar has 264 ULBs consisting of 19 [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], 89 [[nagar parishad]]s (city councils), and 156 [[nagar panchayat]]s (town councils).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|title=Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Ashutosh Kumar |title=बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या |trans-title=Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring |url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html |date=20 March 2017 |newspaper=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174135/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|title=पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर|date=11 March 2017 |trans-title=For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175018/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|title=Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2017 |access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227073049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|title=छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा|date=14 February 2017|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181148/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6 पंचायतों को मिलाकर बनाया गया सहरसा नगर निगम, ये रहे बिहार के सभी 19 नगर निगमों के नाम |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=बिहार को सहरसा के रूप में मिला एक और नगर निगम, 6 नगर पंचायतों को नगर परिषद का दर्जा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Urban Local Governance ==
As per Census 2011, Bihar is the second least urbanised state in the country, with a rate of urbanisation of 11.3%, as compared to the national rate of 31.16%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Sagarika|date=8 February 2016|title=The challenge of urbanizing Bihar|url=http://www.governancetoday.co.in/the-challenge-of-urbanizing-bihar/|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Governance Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals: Urban Agglomerations and Cities|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/1.%20data%20highlight.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Census India}}</ref> The state has 139 StatutoryTowns and 60 Census Towns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals: Bihar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/bihar/Provisional%20Population%20Totals%202011-Bihar.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Census India}}</ref>

For the administration of the urban areas, Bihar has 19 [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], 88 [[nagar parishad]]s (city councils), and 154 [[nagar panchayat]]s (town councils).<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|archive-date=31 March 2017|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Ashutosh Kumar|date=20 March 2017|title=बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या|language=hi|trans-title=Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring|newspaper=[[Prabhat Khabar]]|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174135/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html|archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर|trans-title=For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175018/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227073049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|archive-date=27 February 2017|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2017|title=छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181148/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> Bihar has one municipal act to establish and govern all municipalities in the state: Bihar Municipal Act, 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bihar Municipal Act, 2007|url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/Acts/AR-01-29-03-2007.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar}}</ref>

As per a 2017 report by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Bihar carry out 12 out of 18 functions, and the remaining 6 are carried out by Bihar state government departments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Local Bodies for the year ended March 2016|url=https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No.4_of_2017_-_Local_Bodies_Government_of_Bihar.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}</ref> The Fifth Bihar State Finance Commission report states that the ULB funds are ‘grossly inadequate for their assigned functions, they are unable to utilize even that’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Final Report for 2015-20 of the Fifth State Finance Commission Bihar|url=http://finance.bih.nic.in/Documents/5th-SFC-Volume-I.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Finance Department, Government of Bihar}}</ref>

The Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 creates the following categories of urban areas based on their population. All three types of urban areas must have at least 75% of their population engaged in non-agricultural work.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |'''Types of Urban Areas according to the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007'''
|-
|'''Type'''
|'''Population Criteria'''
|'''Type of Local Body'''
|-
|City
|Larger urban area: 2 lakh or more
|[[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Town
|Medium urban area: 40 thousand or more but less than 2 lakh
|[[Municipal Council (India)|Municipal Council]]
|-
|Small Town or Transitional Area
|12 thousand and more

but less than 40 thousand
|[[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]]
|}
Further, depending on the population size, the Act prescribes the minimum and maximum number of councillors/wards allowed within each type of local government.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''Minimum and Maximum number of Councillors/Wards Allowed according to the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007'''
|-
|'''Population Range'''
|'''Minimum'''
|'''Incremental Number'''
|'''Maximum'''
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Municipal Corporations'''
|-
|Above 10 lakh
|67
|One additional Councillor for every 75,000 above 10

lakh
|75
|-
|Above 5 lakh up to 10 lakh
|57
|One additional Councillor for every 50,000 above 5

lakh
|67
|-
|Above 2 lakh up to 5 lakh
|45
|One additional Councillor for every 25,000 above 2

lakh
|57
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Municipal Council'''
|-
|Class 'A' Municipal Council
|42
|One additional Councillor for every 15,000 above

1,50,000
|45
|-
|Class 'B' Municipal Council
|37
|One additional Councillor for every 10,000 above 1

lakh
|42
|-
|Class 'C' Municipal Council
|25
|One additional Councillor for every 5,000 above

40, 000
|37
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Nagar Panchayat'''
|-
|Nagar Panchayat
|10
|One additional Member for every 2,000 above 12,000
|25
|}
The Act mentions the following key positions as well as committees for ULBs:
{| class="wikitable"
! Elected Officials
! Administrative Officials
! Committees
|-
|Councillor, Chief Councillor, Deputy Chief Councillor
|Municipal Commissioner, Controller of Municipal Finances and Accounts, Municipal Internal Auditor, Chief Municipal Engineer, Municipal Architect and Town Planner, Chief Municipal Health Officer, Municipal Law Officer, Municipal Secretary, three Additional Municipal commissioners

Such number of Joint Municipal Commissioners or Deputy Municipal Commissioners or Deputy Chief Municipal Engineers as the Empowered Standing Committee may, from time to time, determine,
|Empowered Standing Committee, Joint Committee, Municipal Accounts Committee, Subject Committee, Ward Committee, Wards Committee
|}
====Ward Committees====
Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 mandates the establishment of Ward Committees through the Bihar Urban Local Body (Community Participation) Rules, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Urban Local Body (Community Participation) Rules, 2013|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/BIH/bh543.htm|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Bare Acts Live}}</ref> Section 31 of the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 mandates the establishment of Ward Committees for each ward of a municipality.<ref name=":0" /> The ward level elected councillor would be the chairperson of their respective Ward Committee. Up to 10 representatives from the civil society belonging to the ward would be nominated into the committee by the ULB.

Even though the creation of ward committees is mandated in municipalities, they have not been formed in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Consultation on Urban Governance: Key Findings from 21 States|url=https://www.praja.org/praja_docs/praja_downloads/National%20Consultation%20On%20Urban%20Governance-%20Key%20Finding%20From%2021%20States.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Praja}}</ref>

==Municipal Corporations ==
There are 19 Municipal Corporations in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF URBAN LOCAL BODY Bihar |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/cache/25/10-Jan-26/SHOW_DOCS/ULB%20List.pdf|access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Arrah Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Arrah]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|30.97
|261,430
|45
|2007
|2022
|
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Begusarai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Begusarai]]
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|252,008
|45
|2010
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Begusarai Municipal Corporation |url=https://begusaraimunicipal.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=begusaraimunicipal.net}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Bettiah Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bettiah]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|11.63
|237,254
|46
|2020
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettiah Municipal Corporation |url=https://bettiahnagarnigam.net |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=bettiahnagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhagalpur]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|30.17
|400,146
|51
|1981
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation |url=https://bhagalpurnagarnigam.in/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Bihar Sharif Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bihar Sharif]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|23.50
|337,819
|51
|2007
|2022
|
|
|
|-
|6
|[[Chhapra Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chhapra]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|16.96
|202,352
|45
|2017
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapra Municipal Corporation |url=https://chapranagarnigam.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=chapranagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Darbhanga Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Darbhanga]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|19.18
|296,039
|48
|1982
|2022
|
|
|
|-
|8
|[[Gaya Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|50.17
|474,093
|53
|1983
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaya Municipal Corporation |url=https://gayamunicipal.net/pmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=gayamunicipal.net}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Katihar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Katihar]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|33.46
|240,838
|45
|2009
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katihar Municipal Corporation |url=https://katiharnagarnigam.net/bmc/public/index.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=katiharnagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Madhubani Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Madhubani, India]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|46.56
|164,156
|45
|2020
| 2023
|
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Motihari Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Motihari]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|222,646
|46
|2020
|2022
|
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Munger Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Munger]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|213,303
|45
|2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of ULBs in Bihar |url=http://rcueslucknow.org/states/Compendium%20of%20Urban%20Data%20(Bihar)/_17_%20LIST%20OF%20ULB%20IN%20BIHAR.pdf}}</ref>
|2022
|
|
|
|-
|13
|[[Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Muzaffarpur]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|32.00
|354,462
|49
|1981
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muzzafarpur Municipal Corporation |url=https://mymmc.org/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=mymmc.org}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Patna Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Patna]]
|[[Patna]]
|108.87
|1,684,222
|75
|1952
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patna Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.pmc.bihar.gov.in/Home.aspx |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.pmc.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Purnia Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Purnia]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|282,248
|46
|2009
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purnea Municipal Corporation |url=https://purneanagarnigam.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=purneanagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|16
|[[Saharsa Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Saharsa]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|216,491
|46
|2021
| 2023
|
|
|
|-
|17
|[[Samastipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Samastipur]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|253,136
|47
|2020
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samastipur Municipal Corporation |url=https://samastipurnagarnigam.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=samastipurnagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Sasaram Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sasaram]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|264,709
|48
|2020
|2022
|
|
|
|-
|19
|[[Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sitamarhi]]
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|66.19
|67,818
|46
|2021
|2022
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation |url=https://sitamarhimunicipal.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=sitamarhimunicipal.net}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}
== Nagar Parishads ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!ULB Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Remarks
|-
!1
|Piro Nagar Parishad
|[[Piro, Bihar|Piro]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|
|44,550
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!2
|Barh Nagar Parishad
|[[Barh]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|61,470
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!3
|Khagaul Nagar Parishad
|[[Khagaul]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|44,364
|30
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!4
|Danapur Nizamat Nagar Parishad
|[[Danapur]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|182,429
|45
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!5
|Mokama Nagar Parishad
|[[Mokama]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|60,678
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!6
|Phulwari Sharif Nagar Parishad
|[[Phulwari Sharif]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|81,740
|38
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!7
|Bakhtiyarpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Bakhtiyarpur]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|47,897
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!8
|Fatuha Nagar Parishad
|[[Fatuha]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|50,961
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!9
|Masaurhi Nagar Parishad
|[[Masaurhi]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|83,477
|34
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!10
|Bihta Nagar Parishad
|[[Bihta]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|47,549
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|New Nagar Parishad
|-
!11
|Sampatchak Nagar Parishad
|Sampatchak
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|69,079
|31
|
|2022
|
|
|New Nagar Parishad
|-
!12
|Maner Nagar Parishad
|[[Maner, Bihar|Maner]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|40,068
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!13
|[[Barbigha Municipal Council|Barbigha Nagar Parishad]]
|[[Barbigha]]
|[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|
|56,831
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!14
|Sheikhpura Nagar Parishad
|[[Sheikhpura]]
|[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|
|62,927
|33
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!15
|Hilsa Nagar Parishad
|[[Hilsa, Bihar|Hilsa]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|51,052
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!16
|Islampur Nagar Parishad
|[[Islampur, Nalanda|Islampur]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|43,211
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!17
|Rajgir Nagar Parishad
|[[Rajgir]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|72,752
|32
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!18
|Jamalpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|105,434
|36
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!19
|Haveli Kharagpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Haveli Kharagpur]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|40,765
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!20
|Lakhisarai Nagar Parishad
|[[Lakhisarai]]
|[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|
|99,979
|33
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!21
|Surajgarha Nagar Parishad
|[[Surajgarha]]
|[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|
|43,108
|26
|
|2022
|
|
| New Nagar Parishad
|-
!22
|Barahiya Nagar Parishad
|[[Barahiya]]
|[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|
|43,032
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!23
|Nawada Nagar Parishad
|[[Nawada]]
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|
|81,458
|44
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!24
|Warisaliganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Warisaliganj]]
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|
|41,315
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!25
|Hisua Nagar Parishad
|[[Hisua]]
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|
|50,791
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!26
|Bodh Gaya Nagar Parishad
|[[Bodh Gaya]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|78,607
|33
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!27
|Sherghati Nagar Parishad
|[[Sherghati]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|52,541
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!28
|Tekari Nagar Parishad
|[[Tekari]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|43,214
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!29
|Aurangabad Nagar Parishad
|[[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|102,244
|33
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!30
|Daudnagar Nagar Parishad
|[[Daudnagar]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|52,364
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged
|-
!31
|Jehanabad Nagar Parishad
|[[Jehanabad]]
|[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
|
|103,202
|33
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged
|-
!32
|Arwal Nagar Parishad
|[[Arwal]]
|[[Arwal district|Arwal]]
|
|51,849
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged
|-
!33
|Jamui Nagar Parishad
|[[Jamui]]
|[[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|
|87,357
|30
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!34
|Jhajha Nagar Parishad
|[[Jhajha]]
|[[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|
|40,646
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!35
|Buxar Nagar Parishad
|[[Buxar]]
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|
|145,521
|42
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!36
|Dumraon Nagar Parishad
|[[Dumraon]]
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|
|90,452
|35
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!37
|Bhabhua Nagar Parishad
|[[Bhabhua]]
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|
|50,179
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!38
|Dehri-Dalmianagar Nagar Parishad
|[[Dehri]] [[Dalmianagar]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|137,231
|39
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!39
|Bikramganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Bikramganj]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|48,465
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!40
|Nokha Nagar Parishad
|[[Nokha, Rohtas|Nokha]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|40,120
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!41
|Kanti Nagar Parishad
|[[Kanti, Muzaffarpur|Kanti]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|43,799
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!42
|Motipur Nagar Parishad
|[[Motipur, Muzaffarpur|Motipur]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|43,708
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!43
|Sahebganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Sahebganj, Muzaffarpur|Sahebganj]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|44,576
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!44
|Janakpur Road Nagar Parishad
|Janakpur Road
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|
|41,365
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!45
|Bairgania Nagar Parishad
|[[Bairgania]]
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|
|42,895
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!46
|Sheohar Nagar Parishad
|[[Sheohar]]
|[[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
|
|45,312
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!47
|Raxaul Nagar Parishad
|[[Raxaul]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|55,536
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!48
|Dhaka Nagar Parishad
|[[Dhaka, East Champaran|Dhaka]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|42,063
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!49
|Chakia Nagar Parishad
|[[Chakia, Bihar|Chakia]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|41,548
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!50
|Bagaha Nagar Parishad
|[[Bagaha]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|
|112,634
|35
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!51
|Narkatiaganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Narkatiaganj]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|
|49,507
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!52
|Ramnagar Nagar Parishad
|[[Ramnagar, West Champaran|Ramnagar]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|
|48,411
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!53
|Hajipur Nagar Parishad
|[[Hajipur]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|191,275
|45
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!54
|Mahnar Nagar Parishad
|[[Mahnar]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|48,293
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!55
|Lalganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Lalganj, Bihar|Lalganj]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|43,954
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!56
|Mahua Nagar Parishad
|[[Mahua, Bihar|Mahua]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|40,385
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!57
|Khagaria Nagar Parishad
|[[Khagaria]]
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|
|119,841
|39
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!58
|Gogri Jamalpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Gogri Jamalpur]]
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|
|96,378
|36
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!59
|Kasba Nagar Parishad
|[[Kasba, Purnia|Kasba]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|43,059
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!60
|Banmankhi Nagar Parishad
|[[Banmankhi]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|44,218
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!61
|Araria Nagar Parishad
|[[Araria]]
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|
|79,021
|29
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!62
|Forbesganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Forbesganj]]
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|
|50,475
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!63
|Jogbani Nagar Parishad
|[[Jogbani]]
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|
|54,455
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!64
|Kishanganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Kishanganj]]
|[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|
|105,782
|34
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!65
|Siwan Nagar Parishad
|[[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|191,385
|45
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!66
|Gopalganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]]
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|
|67,339
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!67
|Barauli Nagar Parishad
|[[Barauli, Bihar|Barauli]]
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|
|41,877
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!68
|Mirganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Mirganj, Bihar|Mirganj]]
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|
|42,713
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!69
|Benipur Nagar Parishad
|Benipur
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|75,317
|29
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!70
|Jale Nagar Parishad
|[[Jale, Bihar|Jale]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|44,444
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!71
|Jhanjharpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Jhanjharpur]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|
|49,896
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!72
|Rosera Nagar Parishad
|[[Rosera]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|46,074
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!73
|Dalsinghsarai Nagar Parishad
|[[Dalsinghsarai]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|55,562
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!74
|Tajpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Tajpur, Bihar|Tajpur]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|47,503
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|New Nagar Parishad
|-
!75
|Shahpur Patori Nagar Parishad
|Shahpur Patori
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|45,858
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|New Nagar Parishad
|-
!76
|Bihat Nagar Parishad
|Bihat
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|100,038
|37
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!77
|Teghra Nagar Parishad
|Teghra
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|56,234
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!78
|Ballia Nagar Parishad
|Ballia
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|56,400
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!79
|Bakhri Nagar Parishad
|Bakhri
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|48,855
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!80
|Barauni Nagar Parishad
|[[Barauni]]
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|72,262
|31
|
|2022
|
|
|New Nagar Parishad
|-
!81
|Sultanganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Sultanganj, Bihar|Sultanganj]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|57,358
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Area Extended Nagar Parishad
|-
!82
|Naugachhia Nagar Parishad
|[[Naugachhia]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|53,723
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
!83
|Banka Nagar Parishad
|[[Banka, Bihar|Banka]]
|[[Banka district|Banka]]
|
|45,977
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
!84
|Simri Bakhtiyarpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|54,680
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Upgraded Nagar Parishad
|-
|-
!85
|Supaul Nagar Parishad
|[[Supaul]]
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|
|65,437
|28
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
|-
!86
|Triveniganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Triveniganj subdivision|Triveniganj]]
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|
|50,053
|27
|
|2022
|
|
|New Nagar Parishad
|-
|-
!87
|Madhepura Nagar Parishad
|[[Madhepura]]
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|
|54,472
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Parishad (Unchanged)
|-
|-
!88
|Udakishunganj Nagar Parishad
|[[Udakishunganj subdivision|Udakishunganj]]
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|
|46,861
|26
|
|2022
|
|
|New Nagar Parishad
|-
!89
|Sonpur Nagar Parishad
|[[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|37,776
|25
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
|}

== Nagar Panchayats ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
! ULB Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Remarks
|-
!1
|Bihiya Nagar Panchayat
|[[Behea, Bihar|Bihiya]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|
|26,707
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!2
|Jagdishpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Jagdishpur]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|
|32,447
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!3
|Koilwar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Koilwar]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|
|17,725
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!4
|Shahpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Shahpur, Bihar|Shahpur]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|
|17,767
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!5
|Garhani Nagar Panchayat
|[[Garhani]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|
|15,198
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!6
|Khusrupur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Khusrupur]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|15,731
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!7
|Bikram Nagar Panchayat
|[[Bikram, Bihar|Bikram]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|22,486
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!8
|Naubatpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Naubatpur]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|25,011
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!9
|Punpun Nagar Panchayat
|[[Punpun]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|12,907
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!10
|Paliganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Paliganj]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|
|32,035
|20
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!11
|Chewara Nagar Panchayat
|[[Chewara]]
|[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|
|12,303
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!12
|Shekhopur Sarai Nagar Panchayat
|Shekhopur Sarai
|[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|
|22,748
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!13
|Silao Nagar Panchayat
|[[Silao, Nalanda|Silao]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|25,674
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!14
|Harnaut Nagar Panchayat
|[[Harnaut]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|30,725
|19
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!15
|Sarmera Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sarmera]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|12,551
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!16
|Rahui Nagar Panchayat
|Rahui
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|12,703
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!17
|Chandi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Chandi, Bihar|Chandi]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|14,235
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!18
|Asthawan Nagar Panchayat
|[[Asthawan]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|14,061
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!19
|Parwalpur Nagar Panchayat
|Parwalpur
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|13,432
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!20
|Giriyak Nagar Panchayat
|[[Giriyak]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|15,825
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!21
|Ekangsarai Nagar Panchayat
|Ekangsarai
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|23,010
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!22
|Nalanda Nagar Panchayat
|Nalanda
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|26,484
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!23
|Pawapuri Nagar Panchayat
|[[Pawapuri]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|
|13,241
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!24
|Rajauli Nagar Panchayat
|[[Rajauli]]
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|
|20,336
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!25
|Wazirganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Wazirganj, Gaya|Wazirganj]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|22,197
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!26
|Fatehpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Fatehpur, Bihar|Fatehpur]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|13,658
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!27
|Dobhi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Dobhi]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|14,427
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!28
|Imamganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Imamganj]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|22,421
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!29
|Khizersarai Nagar Panchayat
|[[Khizersarai]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|
|18,008
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!30
|Chausa Nagar Panchayat
|[[Chausa]]
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|
|20,987
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!31
|Brahmpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Brahmpur, Bihar|Brahmpur]]
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|
|17,057
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!32
|Itarhi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Itarhi, Buxar|Itarhi]]
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|
|14,155
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!33
|Mohania Nagar Panchayat
|[[Mohania]]
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|
|31,609
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!34
|Hata Nagar Panchayat
|[[Hata, Bihar|Hata]]
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|
|14,915
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!35
|Kudra Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kudra]]
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|
|21,808
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!36
|Ramgarh Nagar Panchayat
|[[Ramgarh, Kaimur|Ramgarh]]
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|
|18,152
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!37
|Koath Nagar Panchayat
|[[Koath]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|18,890
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!38
|Nasriganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Nasriganj]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|23,819
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!39
|Kochas Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kochas]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|24,795
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!40
|Chenari Nagar Panchayat
|[[Chenari, Bihar|Chenari]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|19,596
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!41
|Dinara Nagar Panchayat
|[[Dinara, Bihar|Dinara]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|14,579
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!42
|Kārākāt Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kārākāt]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|15,774
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!43
|Rohtas Nagar Panchayat
|[[Rohtas]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|18,787
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!44
|Muraul Nagar Panchayat
|[[Muraul]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|12,585
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!45
|Sakra Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sakra]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|14,071
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!46
|Baruraj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Baruraj]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|27,064
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!47
|Minapur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Minapur]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|27,382
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!48
|Turki-Kurhani Nagar Panchayat
|[[Turki-Kurhani]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|13,544
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!49
|Saraiya Nagar Panchayat
|[[Saraiya]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|16,336
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!50
|Madhopur Susta Nagar Panchayat
|[[Madhopur Susta]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|
|12,827
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!51
|Belsand Nagar Panchayat
|[[Belsand]]
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|
|20,566
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!52
|Sursand Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sursand]]
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|
|29,688
|19
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!53
|Sugauli Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sugauli]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|38,815
|20
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!54
|Areraj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Areraj]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|26,014
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged
|-
!55
|Kesaria Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kesaria]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|18,984
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!56
|Pakari Dayal Nagar Panchayat
|[[Pakari Dayal, Bihar|Pakri Dayal]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|29,582
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!57
|Mehsi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Mehsi, Bihar|Mehsi]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|25,995
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!58
|Madhuban Nagar Panchayat
|[[Madhuban]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!59
|Chanpatia Nagar Panchayat
|[[Chanpatia]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|
|27,095
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!60
|Lauria Nagar Panchayat
|[[Lauria Nandangarh|Lauria]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|
|20,489
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!61
|Macchargawan (Yogapatti) Nagar Panchayat
|[[Macchargawan]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|
|18,565
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!62
|Jandaha Nagar Panchayat
|[[Jandaha]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|19,488
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!63
|Goraul Nagar Panchayat
|[[Goraul]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|20,267
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!64
|Patepur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Patepur]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|
|20,058
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!65
|Tarapur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Tarapur, Bihar|Tarapur]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|25,715
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!66
|Asarganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Asarganj]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|13,544
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!67
|Sangrampur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sangrampur]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|16,292
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!68
|Alauli Nagar Panchayat
|[[Alauli]]
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|
|15,525
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!69
|Parbatta Nagar Panchayat
|[[Parbatta]]
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|
|33,596
|21
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!70
|Mansi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Mansi]]
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|
|27,606
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!71
|Beldaur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Beldaur]]
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|
|20,703
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!72
|Rafiganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Rafiganj, Bihar|Rafiganj]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|35,536
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!73
|Nabinagar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Nabinagar]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|23,984
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!74
|Barun Nagar Panchayat
|[[Barun, Bihar|Barun]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|13,852
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!75
|Deo Nagar Panchayat
|[[Deo, Bihar|Deo]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|13,162
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!76
|Jamhore Nagar Panchayat
|[[Jamhore]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!77
|Madanpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Madanpur, Bihar|Madanpur]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|
|
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!78
|Makhdumpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Makhdumpur, Bihar|Makhdumpur]]
|[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
|
|31,994
|19
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!79
|Ghosi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Ghosi]]
|[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
|
|31,395
|20
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!80
|Kako Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kako, Bihar|Kako]]
|[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
|
|23,037
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!81
|Kurtha Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kurtha]]
|[[Arwal district|Arwal]]
|
|12,805
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!82
|Champanagar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Champanagar]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|17,605
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!83
|Baisi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Baisi, Bihar|Baisi]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|12,974
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!84
|Amour Nagar Panchayat
|[[Amour]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|15,310
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!85
|Jankinagar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Jankinagar]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|21,883
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!86
|Dhamdaha Nagar Panchayat
|[[Dhamdaha]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|37,987
|23
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!87
|Mirganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Mirganj, Bihar|Mirganj]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|26,095
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!88
|Bhawanipur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Bhawanipur, Bihar|Bhawanipur]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|23,378
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!89
|Rupauli Nagar Panchayat
|[[Rupauli]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|23,454
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!90
|Manihari Nagar Panchayat
|[[Manihari]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|26,629
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!91
|Barsoi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Barsoi]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|26,985
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!92
|Korha Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kora, Katihar|Korha]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|14,113
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!93
|Barari Nagar Panchayat
|[[Barari]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|14,986
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!94
|Kursela Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kursela]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|17,208
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!95
|Amdabad Nagar Panchayat
|[[Amdabad, Bihar|Amdabad]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|24,655
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!96
|Balrampur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Balrampur, Bihar|Balrampur]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|
|12,164
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!97
|Raniganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Raniganj, Araria|Raniganj]]
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|
|28,037
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!98
|Jokihat Nagar Panchayat
|[[Jokihat, Araria|Jokihat]]
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|
|15,790
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!99
|Narpatganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Narpatganj]]
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|
|32,941
|20
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!100
|Bahadurganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Bahadurganj, Kishanganj|Bahadurganj]]
|[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|
|36,993
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!101
|Thakurganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Thakurganj]]
|[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|
|18,348
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!102
|Pawaakhali Nagar Panchayat
|[[Pawaakhali]]
|[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|
|13,350
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!103
|Maharajganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Maharajganj, Siwan|Maharajganj]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|24,282
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!104
|Mairwa Nagar Panchayat
|[[Mairwa (community development block)|Mairwa]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|23,565
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!105
|Basantpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Basantpur, Siwan|Basantpur]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|13,293
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!106
|Guthani Nagar Panchayat
|[[Guthani]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|21,876
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!107
|Andar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Andar, Siwan|Andar]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|14,824
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!108
|Gopalpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Gopalpur, Siwan|Gopalpur]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|12,766
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!109
|Hasanpura Nagar Panchayat
|[[Hasanpura]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|30,304
|19
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!110
|Barharia Nagar Panchayat
|[[Barharia]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|
|18,665
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!111
|Dighwara Nagar Panchayat
|[[Dighwara]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|32,741
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!112
|Marhaura Nagar Panchayat
|[[Marhaura]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|29,932
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!113
|Revelganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Revelganj]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|39,039
|21
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!114
|Ekma Bazar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Ekma]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|34,390
|19
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!115
|Parsa Bazar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Parsa, Saran|Parsa]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|44,768
|22
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!116
|Mashrakh Nagar Panchayat
|[[Mashrakh]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|24,197
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!117
|Manjhi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Manjhi, Bihar|Manjhi]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|21,081
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!118
|Kopa Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kopa, Saran|Kopa]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|
|18,779
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!119
|Kataiya Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kataiya, Gopalganj|Kataiya]]
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|
|20,193
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!120
|Hathua Nagar Panchayat
|[[Hathua, Bihar|Hathua]]
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|
|35,906
|22
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!121
|Kusheshwar Asthan East Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kusheshwar Asthan]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|17,285
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!122
|Baheri Nagar Panchayat
|[[Baheri, Bihar|Baheri]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|21,872
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!123
|Hayaghat Nagar Panchayat
|[[Hayaghat]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|26,767
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!124
|Ghanshyampur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Ghanshyampur]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|20,005
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!125
|Biraul Nagar Panchayat
|[[Biraul]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|14,595
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!126
|Bharwara Nagar Panchayat
|[[Bharwara, Bihar|Bharwara]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|12,619
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!127
|Singhwara Nagar Panchayat
|[[Singhwara]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|12,059
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!128
|Kamtaul-Ahiyari Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kamtaul-Ahiyari]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|
|13,955
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!129
|Jainagar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|
|21,782
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!130
|Ghoghardiha Nagar Panchayat
|[[Ghoghardiha]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|
|18,257
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!131
|Phulparas Nagar Panchayat
|[[Phulparas]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|
|22,833
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!132
|Benipatti Nagar Panchayat
|[[Benipatti]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|
|35,674
|22
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!133
|Sarairanjan Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sarairanjan]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|37,768
|23
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!134
|Musrigharari Nagar Panchayat
|[[Musrigharari]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|31,653
|20
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!135
|Singhia Nagar Panchayat
|[[Singhia, Samastipur|Singhia]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|31,952
|20
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!136
|Kahalgaon Nagar Panchayat
|[[Kahalgaon]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|33,700
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!137
|Habibpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Habibpur]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|12,063
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!138
|Sabour Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sabour, Bhagalpur|Sabour]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|12,575
|10
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!139
|Pirpainti Nagar Panchayat
|[[Pirpainti]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|14,722
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!140
|Akbarnagar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Akbarnagar, Bihar|Akbarnagar]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|
|13,628
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!141
|Amarpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Amarpur, Banka|Amarpur]]
|[[Banka district|Banka]]
|
|25,336
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!142
|Katoria Nagar Panchayat
|[[Katoria, Bihar|Katoria]]
|[[Banka district|Banka]]
|
|21,787
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!143
|Bounsi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Bounsi]]
|[[Banka district|Banka]]
|
|34,803
|21
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!144
|Saur Bazar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Saur Bazar]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|15,737
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!145
|Bangaon Nagar Panchayat
|[[Bangaon, Bihar|Bangaon]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|30,061
|19
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!146
|Nauhatta Nagar Panchayat
|[[Nauhatta]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|27,386
|18
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!147
|Sonbarsa Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sonbarsa, Saharsa|Sonbarsa]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|23,852
|16
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!148
|Birpur Nagar Panchayat
|[[Birpur, Supaul|Birpur]]
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|
|19,932
|13
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!149
|Nirmali Nagar Panchayat
|[[Nirmali]]
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|
|20,189
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!150
|Pipra Nagar Panchayat
|[[Pipra,Bihar|Pipra]]
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|
|13,537
|11
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!151
|Simrahi Nagar Panchayat
|[[Simrahi]]
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|
|25,671
|17
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!152
|Murliganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Murliganj]]
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|
|28,691
|15
|
|2022
|
|
|Old Nagar Panchayat (Unchanged)
|-
!153
|Singheshwar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Singheshwar]]
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|
|15,138
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!154
|Bihariganj Nagar Panchayat
|[[Bihariganj]]
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|
|20,922
|14
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!155
|Alamnagar Nagar Panchayat
|[[Alamnagar]]
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|
|34,702
|21
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
!156
|Sikandra Nagar Panchayat
|[[Sikandra, Bihar|Sikandra]]
|[[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|
|16,879
|12
|
|2022
|
|
|New
|-
|}

==Urban agglomerations==
In the census of India 2011, an urban agglomeration is defined as follows:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 16 April 2012 }}</ref>

"An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity."

===Constituents of urban agglomerations in Bihar===
The constituents of urban agglomerations in Bihar, with a population of 100,000 or above, are noted below:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |title=Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date=16 April 2012 }}</ref>

* [[Patna]] Urban Agglomeration includes Patna (M Corp.), [[Badalpura]] (OG), [[Pataliputra Housing Colony]] (CT), [[Phulwari Sharif]] (NP), [[Nohsa]] (CT), [[Danapur]] (NP), [[Dinapur Cantonment]] (CB), [[Khagaul]] (NP) and [[Saidpura]] (CT).
* Gaya Urban Agglomeration includes Gaya (M Corp.), Kaler (OG) and Paharpur (CT).
* [[Bhagalpur]] Urban Agglomeration includes Bhagalpur (M Corp.),[[Habibpur]] (NP),[[Sabour, bhagalpur|sabour]] (NP) and [[Nathnagar]] (CT)
* Muzaffarpur Urban Agglomeration includes Muzaffarpur (M Corp.), Damodarpur (CT), Dumari urf Damodarpur Shahjahan (CT), Majhauli Khetal (CT), Yehiapur (CT) and Shekhpura (CT).
* [[Purnia|Purnia Urban Agglomeration]] includes [[Purnia]] (M Corp.) and [[Kasba (Purnia)|Kasba]] (NP).
* Darbhanga Urban Agglomeration includes Darbhanga (M Corp.), Padri (CT) and Bahadurpur (CT).
* Katihar Urban Agglomeration includes Katihar (M Corp.+OG) and Katihar Railway Colony (OG).
* Chapra Urban Agglomeration includes Chapra (M Corp.) and Sanrha (CT).
* [[Bettiah]] Urban Agglomeration includes Bettiah (M Corp.), Tola Mansaraut (CT), Kargahia Purab (CT) and Hat Saraiya (CT).
* [[Nawada]] Urban Agglomeration includes Nawada (NP) and Bhadauni (CT).
* Buxar Urban Agglomeration includes Buxar (NP) and Sarimpur (CT).
* Sitamarhi Urban Agglomeration includes Sitamarhi (NP), Rajopatti urf Kota Bazar (CT), Talkhapur Dumra (CT) and Dumra (NP).

Abbreviations: M Corp. = [[Municipal corporation]], NP = [[Nagar panchayat]], CT = [[Census town]], OG= Out growth, CB = Cantonment board

=== Urban agglomeration constituents ===
Urban agglomerations constituents with a population above 100,000 as per 2011 census are shown in the table below.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+{{sronly|Urban agglomeration constituents}}
|-
! scope="col" |Urban agglomeration
! scope="col" |Name of constituent
! scope="col" |District
! scope="col" |Type
! scope="col" |Population 2011
! scope="col" |Male
! scope="col" |Female
! scope="col" |Population (0-6 years)
! scope="col" |Literacy rate
|-
|align="left"|[[Patna]]
|align="left"|[[Patna Municipal Corporation]]
|align="left"|[[Patna district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|1,683,200
|align="right"|894,158
|align="right"|789,042
|align="right"|190,496
|align="right"|84.71
|-
|align="left"|[[Munger]]
|align="left"|[[Munger]]
|align="left"|[[Munger district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|3,88,000
|align="right"|2,00,000
|align="right"|1,88,000
|align="right"|42,260
|align="right"|81.83
|-
|align="left"|[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
|align="left"|[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
|align="left"|[[Gaya district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|463,454
|align="right"|245,764
|align="right"|217,690
|align="right"|59,015
|align="right"|85.74
|-
|align="left"|[[Bhagalpur]]
|align="left"|[[Bhagalpur]]
|align="left"|[[Bhagalpur district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|398,138
|align="right"|212,005
|align="right"|186,113
|align="right"|53,775
|align="right"|81.16
|-
|align="left"|[[Muzaffarpur]]
|align="left"|[[Muzaffarpur]]
|align="left"|[[Muzaffarpur district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|351,838
|align="right"|186,145
|align="right"|165,693
|align="right"|42,276
|align="right"|85.16
|-
|align="left"|[[Darbhanga]]
|align="left"|[[Darbhanga]]
|align="left"|[[Darbhanga district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|294,116
|align="right"|154,970
|align="right"|139,146
|align="right"|40,392
|align="right"|80.88
|-
|align="left"|[[Purnia]]
|align="left"|[[Purnia]]
|align="left"|[[Purnia district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|280,547
|align="right"|148,021
|align="right"|132,526
|align="right"|41,046
|align="right"|74.48
|-
|align="left"|[[Katihar]]
|align="left"|[[Katihar]]
|align="left"|[[Katihar district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|225,982
|align="right"|119,142
|align="right"|106,840
|align="right"|31,036
|align="right"|79.87
|-
|align="left"|Sasaram
|align="left"|Rohtas
|align="left"|Rohtas district
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|222,597
|align="right"|106,250
|align="right"|95,347
|align="right"|27,668
|align="right"|89.30
|-
|align="left"|[[Bettiah]]
|align="left"|[[Bettiah]]
|align="left"|[[West Champaran district]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|132,896
|align="right"|70,381
|align="right"|62,515
|align="right"|18,203
|align="right"|82.54
|-
|align="left"|[[Buxar]]
|align="left"|[[Buxar]]
|align="left"|[[Buxar district| district]]
|align="left"|NP
|align="right"|102,591
|align="right"|54,123
|align="right"|84,468
|align="right"|13,639
|align="right"|94.16
|-
|}
===10 Largest Cities===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"
|+List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF URBAN LOCAL BODY Bihar |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/cache/25/10-Jan-26/SHOW_DOCS/ULB%20List.pdf|access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="1"|Rank
!width="150" rowspan="1"| Name
!rowspan="1"|Image
!width="150" rowspan="1"| District
!rowspan="1"|Type*
!rowspan="1"|Population 2011
|-
|align="right"|1
|align=left|[[Patna]]
|align=left|[[File:View of Patna city from the top of Golghar.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|UA
|align="right"| 2,061,834
|-
|align="right"|2
|align=left|[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
|align=left|[[File:Vishnupadh Temple.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|UA
|align="right"|474,093
|-
|align="right"|3
|align=left|[[Bhagalpur]]
|align=left|[[File:Ghantaghar Bhagalpur.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|UA
|align="right"|412,209
|-
|align="right"|4
|align=left|[[Muzaffarpur]]
|align=left|[[File:MUZAFFARPUR CITY LATEST.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|UA
|align="right"|354,462
|-
|align="right"|5
|align=left|[[Bihar Sharif]]
|align=left|[[File:Mora Talab Temple Biharsharif.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|City
|align="right"|337,819
|-
|align="right"|6
|align=left|[[Purnia]]
|align=left|
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|UA
|align="right"|325,307
|-
|align="right"|7
|align=left|[[Darbhanga]]
|align=left|[[File:Darbhanga 1.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|UA
|align="right"|296,039
|-
|align="right"|8
|align=left|[[Sasaram]]
|align=left|[[File:Sher shah suri tomb sasaram.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|City
|align="right"|264,709
|-
|align="right"|9
|align=left|[[Arrah]]
|align=left|[[File:Ara Junction.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|City
|align="right"|261,430
|-
|align="right"|10
|align=left|[[Samastipur]]
|align=left|[[File:Samastipur Junction (junction plate).jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|City
|align="right"|253,136
|-
|align="right"|11
|align=left|[[Begusarai]]
|align=left|[[File:Kanwar Lake Begusarai by Ziddi Photowala.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|City
|align="right"|252,008
|-
|align="right"|12
|align=left|[[Katihar]]
|align=left|[[File:Katihar Junction Railway Station.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|UA
|align="right"|240,838
|-
|align="right"|13
|align=left|[[Bettiah]]
|align=left|[[File:Station Chowk of Bettiah City.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|UA
|align="right"|237,254
|-
|align="right"|14
|align=left|[[Motihari]]
|align=left|[[File:Bapudham Motihari Station Board.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|City
|align="right"|221,646
|-
|align="right"|15
|align=left|[[Saharsa]]
|align=left|[[File:Matasyagandha Madndir Saharsa.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|City
|align="right"|216,491
|-
|align="right"|16
|align=left|[[Munger]]
|align=left|[[File:Fort of munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|City
|align="right"|213,303
|-
|align="right"|17
|align=left|[[Chhapra]]
|align=left|[[File:Chhapra Railway Station built under Nitish Kumar.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|UA
|align="right"|202,352
|-
|align="right"|18
|align=left|[[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
|align=left|[[File:Baba Mahendra Nath Mandir Mehdar.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|Town
|align="right"|191,385
|-
|align="right"|19
|align=left|[[Hajipur]]
|align=left|[[File:Bapudham Motihari Station Board.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|Town
|align="right"|191,275
|-
|align="right"|20
|align=left|[[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]
|align=left|[[File:Madhubani rail.jpg|175x175px]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|Town
|align="right"|164,165
|-
|}

* UA=Urban Agglomeration

== See also ==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:22em;"
|+[[Administration in Bihar|Administrative division in details]]
![[Divisions of Bihar|Divisions]]
|9
|-
![[List of districts of Bihar|Districts]]
|38
|-
![[Subdivisions of Bihar|Subdivisions]]
|101
|-
!Cities and towns
|207
|-
![[Blocks in Bihar|Blocks]]
|534
|-
![[Lists of villages in Bihar|Villages]]
|45,103
|-
![[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]
|8,406
|-
!Police districts
|43
|-
!Police stations
|853
|}

* [[India]]
* [[Government of Bihar]]
* [[Administration in Bihar]]
* [[Districts of Bihar]]
* [[Divisions of India]]
* [[Subdivisions of Bihar]]
* [[Blocks in Bihar]]
* [[Lists of villages in Bihar|Villages in Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cities of India}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bihar|*]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|Cities]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by population|Bihar]]

Niso Terangpi

2026-05-05T19:06:31Z

Keem Fame rich: new post.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Niso Terangpi''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician from [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niso Terangpi, DIPHU (ST) constituency, BJP, Assam Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Assam2026/niso-terangpi-306/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Diphu Assembly constituency which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community in [[Karbi Anglong district]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

Terangpi is from [[Diphu]], Karbi Anglong district, Assam. She married Buddho Teron. She completed her B.Sc. in 2004 at Diphu Government College which is affiliated with [[Assam University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niso Terangpi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DIPHU (ST)(KARBI ANGLONG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Assam2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=306 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

She became an MLA winning the [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Diphu Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. She polled 90,866 votes and defeated her nearest rival, J. I. Kathar, an [[independent candidate]], by a margin of 49,740 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Diphu election results 2026: BJP's Niso Terangpi wins against Independent candidate J.I. Kathar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/diphu-election-results-2026-bjps-niso-terangpi-vs-aaps-biresh-difoesa/articleshow/130638480.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Diphu Election Results 2026 {{!}} Assam Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/assam-assembly-election-results-2026/diphu |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Diphu Election Result 2026 Highlights: BJP's Niso Terangpi wins Diphu with 90866 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/diphu-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-assam-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-aaelb-2905211-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terangpi, Niso}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Women members of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

Udhaya Deep

2026-05-05T01:53:42Z

Keem Fame rich: stub - done

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| other_names = Udayaraj
| occupation = Actor
| notable_works = ''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' (2001)
}}
'''Udhaya Deep''' (formerly '''Udayaraj''') is an Indian actor who is famous for his stint as a child actor in Tamil films. He is known for his role in ''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பாரதி |date=2001-04-08 |title=பெரிய புள்ளி! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-04-08/page/73/mode/2up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=73 |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
After acting in several films as a child actor, Udayaraj rose to fame for his role as Pulli in the television film ''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2001 |title=நான் வால் பையன் |trans-title=I'm a naughty boy |url=https://archive.org/details/gokulam_tamil2002-02-01/page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=Gokulam |page=8 |language=ta}}</ref> His role was appreciated by critics with one critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noting that "Udayaraj as Pulli hogs the limelight" and how "He has absolutely no inhibition and is a natural".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-nilaa-kaalam/article27914129.ece|title=Film Review: Nilaa Kaalam|date=2 February 2001|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913031658/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-nilaa-kaalam/article27914129.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |pages=399 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}</ref> He was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rdec2001/12122001/r1212200131.html|title=President Gives Away 48th National Film Awards|website=pibarchive.nic.in|date=12 December 2001|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913031701/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rdec2001/12122001/r1212200131.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Udayaraj also starred in ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' (2003) and is seen ripping a poster in a comedic sequence featuring [[Karunas]].<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/actor-udhayaraj-thanks-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-vijay-fans-for-master-2212098|title=அப்போ 'திருமலை' இப்போ 'மாஸ்டர்' - 'கைதி' நடிகரின் உணர்ச்சிப்பூர்வமான ட்வீட்.! ['Thirumalai' then, 'Master' now - 'Kaithi' actor's emotional tweet!]|website=NDTV Tamil Cinema|language=ta|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419053014/https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/actor-udhayaraj-thanks-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-vijay-fans-for-master-2212098|url-status=live}}</ref> Udayaraj played one of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s friends in ''[[Thirumalai]]'' (2003).<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-udhay-raj-debuts-on-twitter-thanks-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-the-chance-to-work-with-vijay-in-master-after-17-years/articleshow/75124115.cms|title=Actor Udhay Raj debuts on Twitter; thanks Lokesh Kanagaraj for the chance to work with Vijay in 'Master' after 17 years|work=The Times of India|date=13 April 2020|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423003055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-udhay-raj-debuts-on-twitter-thanks-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-the-chance-to-work-with-vijay-in-master-after-17-years/articleshow/75124115.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He played the titular character in the Malayalam film ''Oliver Twist'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/oliver-twist-in-gods-own-country-249495.html|title=Oliver Twist in God's own country|date=21 October 2006|work=[[News18]]}}</ref> In 2010, he made his adult acting debut with ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' portraying one of [[Atharvaa]]'s friends.<ref name="T"/><ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/cook-with-comali-pugazh-shares-about-his-career|title='ரூஃபிங் வேலைக்குப் போனேன்; 5 நரம்பு கட்டாகிருச்சு!' - கலங்கவைக்கும் 'குக் வித் கோமாளி' புகழ்|language=ta|work=Ananda Vikatan|date=17 February 2020|first=C.|last=Aswini|trans-title=`` I went to work on the roof; 5 Nerve cut off! ' - The funny `Cook with Comali' Pugazh|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713211649/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/cook-with-comali-pugazh-shares-about-his-career|url-status=live}}</ref> After the film, he went to work on [[STAR Vijay]]'s ''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru'' as an assistant director.<ref name="A"/> He played one of the leads in the low-budget ''Vandha Mala'' starring [[Sri Priyanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2015/08/07153003/Vandha-mala-movie-review.vpf|title=வந்தா மல|website=Maalaimalar|language=ta|trans-title=Vandha Mala|date=7 August 2015|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121021255/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2015/08/07153003/Vandha-mala-movie-review.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref> He is set to star in an untitled film starring Ram Nishanth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/black-sheep-youtube-fame-ram-nishanth-debut-as-hero-in-an-upcoming-movie-directed-by-bothanraj-2276094|title=திரையுலகில் ஹீரோவாக களமிறங்கும் யூடியூப் நட்சத்திரம்.!|website=NDTV Tamil Cinema|language=ta|trans-title=YouTube star to hit the screens as a hero.!|date=7 August 2020|last=Paramasivam|first=Ragavan|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026021134/https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/black-sheep-youtube-fame-ram-nishanth-debut-as-hero-in-an-upcoming-movie-directed-by-bothanraj-2276094|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married Janani Nivitha in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/nila-kaalam-fame-master-udayaraj-married-janani-in-famous-temple/articleshow/64332733.cms|title=பிரபல கோவிலில் நடந்த சிறுவன் மாதிரி இருக்கும் மாஸ்டர் உதயராஜ் திருமணம்!|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|trans-title=Master Udayaraj's wedding is like a boy in a famous temple!|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113082643/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/nila-kaalam-fame-master-udayaraj-married-janani-in-famous-temple/articleshow/64332733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/actor-udhayaraj-and-janani-marriage|title=பிரமாண்டமாக நடந்த நடிகர் உதயராஜ் திருமணம்...! குவியும் வாழ்த்து...!...|work=Asianet News|trans-title=Actor Udayaraj's grand wedding ...! Congrats!|language=ta|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013184756/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/actor-udhayaraj-and-janani-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref> They have a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-actor-udayaraj-celebrates-two-months-of-parenthood-with-a-heartwarming-instagram-post-8772685.html|title=South Actor Udayaraj Celebrates Two Months Of Parenthood With A Heartwarming Instagram Post|date=9 February 2024|website=News18}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" width:100%;
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Karuppu Vellai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Veeramani (film)|Veeramani]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Thaikulame Thaikulame]]'' || Arun (Japan) || Uncredited role
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]'' || young Balu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2000 || ''[[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai (2000 film)|Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai]]'' || Boxer Krishnan's son ||
|-
| ''[[Doubles (2000 film)|Doubles]]'' || Vivek's son ||
|-
| ''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]'' || Vijay's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2001 || ''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' || Pulli (Balasubramaniam) || Won{{Emdash}}[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/31tamil.htm|title=Tamil film industry happy with National Awards|website=Rediff|date=31 March 2001|first=Shobha|last=Warrier|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714123827/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/31tamil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' || Young Arivanandham ||
|-
| ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' || Nivedha's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Chocklet]]'' || Sasi's son ||
|-
| ''[[12B]]'' || Wall Tube ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' || Jayamani's son ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2003 || ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' || Naughty boy ||
|-
| ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' || Boy on bicycle ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || Suma ||
|-
| ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]'' || Black ticket seller ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]'' || Kutty's friend ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Theenda Theenda]]'' || Vandu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''Oliver Twist'' || [[Oliver Twist (character)|Oliver Twist]] || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
| ''[[Veerappu]]'' || young Pulippandi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' || Ramesh's friend ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Vandha Mala'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Vinai Ariyar'' || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' || College student ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || Prisoner ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Gulu Gulu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Naan Mirugamaai Maara]]'' || Henchman ||
|-
|2023
|[[Asvins (film)|''Asvins'']]
|Rahul
|
|-
| 2025 || ''Saa Vee'' || ||
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable  plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1997-1998
| ''[[Marmadesam#Vidathu Karuppu|Marmadesam - Vidathu Karuppu]]''
| Mittai Mani
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2000-2003
| ''Veetuku Veedu Looty''
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]'' season 1
| A Mechanic
| [[Star Vijay]]
|
|-
| 2007-2012
| ''Vasantham''
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Vella Raja]]''
| A Drug Peddler
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Dance_Jodi_Dance_Reloaded#Season_2|Dance Jodi Dance Reloaded Season 2]]''
| Contestant
| [[Zee Tamil]]
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Goli Soda Rising]]''
| Settu
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Replacing [[Sree Raam]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|11158102}}

[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]

St. Mary Armenian Church, Saidabad

2026-05-03T22:33:02Z

Keem Fame rich: adding

{{short description|Church in West Bengal}}
{{About|the church in Saidabad, India|the church in Romania|Armenian Church, Brăila}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = St. Mary Church Սուրբ Աստվածածին Եկեղեցի
| infobox_width =
| image = File:Armenian church Berhampore.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = St. Mary Church, Saidabad
| map_type = India
| map_size = 275
| location = Saidabad, [[Cossimbazar]], [[West Bengal]] {{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
| geo = {{coord|24.12225649|88.25771213|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]
| rite = [[Armenian rite|Armenian]]
| region =
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status =
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| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect =
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Armenian church architecture|Armenian]]
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1758
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
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| width_nave =
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}}
'''Saint Mary Church of Saidabad''', ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: {{lang|hy|Սուրբ Աստվածածին Եկեղեցի}}) is a parish of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] situated at Saidabad, [[Cossimbazar]] near [[Berhampore, West Bengal|Baharampur]] in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=আর্মেনিয়ান চার্চ – বহরমপুর {{!}} District Murshidabad {{!}} India |url=https://murshidabad.gov.in/bn/tourist-place/%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9a-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%aa/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |language=bn-BD}}</ref> It is dedicated to [[Mary, mother of Jesus]].

==History==
The St. Mary church was built by Khoja Petros Arathoon in 1757–58<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6ceAXAEDLsC&q=Armenian+murshidabad&pg=PA436|title=The Calcutta Review|last=Volume 6|year=1846|access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkltDwAAQBAJ&q=khoja+petros&pg=PT85|title=India - Armenia: So Far yet So Close|last=Achal Malhotra|date=7 September 2018|isbn=9781642499650|access-date=December 3, 2018}}</ref> at his own expense in memory of his parents and brothers. He was at the time the head of the [[Armenians|Armenian]] community in [[Kolkata]]. The cost of the building of it was two lakh and thirty six thousand rupees.

An Armenian merchant and founder of the Armenian Philanthropic Academy, Manatsaken Vardon, lived at Saidabad. After his death on 13 October 1827 he was buried in this church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-places-zone-one.htm|title=Place to visit-Berhampore|access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref>

The church closed in 1860. In 2006, it was re-consecrated after a major renovation initiated in 2005 by the Armenian Church community of Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/66552/europe-on-the-ganga|title=Did you know that not only the British but the Dutch, the Danes, the French and the Portuguese|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Armenian Churches}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary Armenian Church}}
[[Category:Armenian diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Armenian Apostolic churches in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1758]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:18th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:18th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in West Bengal]]

{{India-church-stub}}
{{ArmenianApostolic-church-stub}}

Andole Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T17:31:55Z

Keem Fame rich: Creating

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Andole
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (36-Andole highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Andole Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Medak district|Medak]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Damodara Rajanarsimha.jpg
| electors = 2,23,352
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 36
| loksabha_cons = [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
}}

'''Andole Assembly constituency''' is a SC reserved constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of five constituencies in Sangareddy district. It is part of [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] is current MLA representing this constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Andole]]
| [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
| Alladurga
| rowspan=2|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| [[Regode]]
|-
| [[Raikode]]
| [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
| [[Tekmal]]
| [[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| [[Munpalle]]
| rowspan=2|[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
| [[Pulkal]]
|} Vatpally

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Luchman Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Venkat Rajeshwar Joshi
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Baswa Maniah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || S. L. Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="3" | C. Rajanarasimha
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Hadkar Laxmanjee
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Malyala Rajaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Malyala Rajaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1998 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|1998 By-election]] || rowspan="2" | [[Babu Mohan|Pally Babu Mohan]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Babu Mohan|Pally Babu Mohan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Chanti Kranthi Kiran]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{legend|#BB8ED0|{{small|Hyderabad State}}|invert=yes}}
{{legend|#c2f3d9|{{small|Andhra Pradesh}}|invert=yes}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Andole">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Andole |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2936.htm |access-date=29 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629154722/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2936.htm |archive-date=29 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Andole Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023">{{cite news |title=Andole Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/andole |access-date=29 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629154714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/andole |archive-date=29 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 114,147 |percentage = 53.65% |change = {{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chanti Kranthi Kiran]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 85,954 |percentage = 40.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babu Mohan Palli |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,524 |percentage = 2.60% |change = {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 548 |percentage = 0.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,193 |percentage = 13.25% |change = {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 212,799 |percentage = 85.36% |change = {{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 212,750}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,301 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chanti Kranthi Kiran]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 104,229 |percentage = 53.01% |change = {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 87,764 |percentage = 44.64% |change = {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babu Mohan|Pally Babu Mohan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,404 |percentage = 1.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,510 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,465 |percentage = 8.37% |change = {{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,203 |percentage = 89.31% |change = {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,610}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,931 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babu Mohan|Pally Babu Mohan]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 87,087 |percentage = 48.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,796 |percentage = 46.74% |change = {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Allaram Rathnaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,204 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Burri Yellaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,062 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,472 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandargalla Sanjeeva Rao |party = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,291 |percentage = 1.84% |change = {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,815 |percentage = 79.73% |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,290}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,779 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 78,671 |percentage = 46.22% |change = {{decrease}}12.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Babu Mohan |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 75,765 |percentage = 44.51% |change = {{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malyala Rajaiah Srinivas |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 5,257 |percentage = 3.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chanti Kranthi Kiran]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,282 |percentage = 2.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kondi Mogulaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,625 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Balaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,546 |percentage = 1.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayancha Arun Chakravarthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,072 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,906 |percentage = 1.71% |change = {{decrease}}19.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,479 |percentage = 75.33% |change = {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,218}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,321 |ref = |change = {{increase}}53.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,703 |percentage = 58.25% |change = {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Babu Mohan |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 42,857 |percentage = 36.87% |change = {{decrease}}12.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pottigari Venkatesham |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,206 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manne Bharathi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,957 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jangam Maheshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bachamolla Manikyam |party = Independent politician |votes = 723 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,846 |percentage = 21.38% |change = {{increase}}20.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,246 |percentage = 78.78% |change = {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,235}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 11 |percentage = 0.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,549 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babu Mohan|Pally Babu Mohan]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 51,215 |percentage = 49.60% |change = {{decrease}}5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,702 |percentage = 49.10% |change = {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 513 |percentage = 0.50% |change = {{decrease}}10.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,098 |percentage = 76.27% |change = {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,254}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,844 |percentage = 3.59% |change = {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,422 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1998 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|1998 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |title=Bye Elections - June 1998 |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 8 Feb 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208134047/https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babu Mohan|Pally Babu Mohan]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 54,963 |percentage = 54.69% |change = {{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,409 |percentage = 44.19% |change = {{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palle Sanjeevaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 992 |percentage = 0.99% |change = {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,554 |percentage = 10.50% |change = {{decrease}}10.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,375 |percentage = 72.44% |change = {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,497}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,947 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malyala Rajaiah]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 54,486 |percentage = 56.02% |change = {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,727 |percentage = 34.68% |change = {{decrease}}15.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palle Sanjeevaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,301 |percentage = 3.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mugiti Devender |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,284 |percentage = 3.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manne Vijay Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,378 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,759 |percentage = 21.34% |change = {{increase}}17.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,523 |percentage = 76.99% |change = {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,255}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,268 |percentage = 2.28% |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,265 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,183 |percentage = 50.42% |change = {{increase}}38.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malyala Rajaiah]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 42,169 |percentage = 47.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manne Krishotham |party = Independent politician |votes = 853 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santi Prabhu |party = Independent politician |votes = 583 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,014 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{decrease}}19.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,303 |percentage = 70.58% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,620}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,683 |percentage = 3.95% |change = {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,199 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malyala Rajaiah]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 36,306 |percentage = 50.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rajanarasimha |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,843 |percentage = 27.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hatkari Laxmanji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,959 |percentage = 12.41% |change = {{decrease}}37.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. Laxminath Dharmaveer |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,072 |percentage = 4.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Eshwari Bai |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,004 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prasad Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,131 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Myathri Anthaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 548 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,463 |percentage = 22.81% |change = {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,497 |percentage = 66.26% |change = {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,187}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 1.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,930 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hadkar Laxmanjee |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,630 |percentage = 49.76% |change = {{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Eshwari Bai |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,115 |percentage = 32.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadiah Dappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,826 |percentage = 9.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. Laxminath Dharmaveer |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,171 |percentage = 3.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamtini Devaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,344 |percentage = 2.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adla Sadanand |party = Independent politician |votes = 931 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kannarapu Pochaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 532 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,515 |percentage = 17.66% |change = {{increase}}16.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,115 |percentage = 61.91% |change = {{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,549}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,566 |percentage = 2.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,716 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rajanarasimha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,403 |percentage = 39.08% |change = {{decrease}}23.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Sadanand |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,665 |percentage = 37.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Kumar |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,821 |percentage = 23.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 738 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}26.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,763 |percentage = 66.47% |change = {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,889}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,874 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,912 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rajanarasimha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,923 |percentage = 62.84% |change = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,022 |percentage = 35.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadas Rao |party = Telangana Praja Samithi |votes = 855 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,901 |percentage = 27.36% |change = {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,611 |percentage = 65.01% |change = {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,800}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,927 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rajanarasimha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,562 |percentage = 56.52% |change = {{decrease}}22.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Eshwarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,805 |percentage = 32.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Asaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,916 |percentage = 7.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Anthaiah |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,638 |percentage = 4.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,757 |percentage = 24.44% |change = {{decrease}}33.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,188 |percentage = 60.36% |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,921}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,898 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. L. Devi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,976 |percentage = 78.79% |change = {{increase}}37.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basva Manaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,991 |percentage = 21.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,985 |percentage = 57.59% |change = {{increase}}39.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,529 |percentage = 55.96% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,967}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,705 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baswa Maniah |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,365 |percentage = 59.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Md. Ruknuddin |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,747 |percentage = 40.97% |change = {{decrease}}20.71 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,618 |percentage = 18.06% |change = {{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,112 |percentage = 54.93% |change = {{decrease}}30.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,112}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,644 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}46.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}25.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Luchman Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,002 |percentage = 33.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Venkat Rajeshwar Joshi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,682 |percentage = 28.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baswa Maniah |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 9,193 |percentage = 10.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pochiah |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,015 |percentage = 8.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bachu Venkatesham |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,738 |percentage = 8.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerkumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,227 |percentage = 6.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Antiah |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 3,419 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,809 |percentage = 23.05% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,276 |percentage = 42.60% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,276}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,948 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.82|78.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Medak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Pasam Sunil Kumar

2026-04-24T13:13:37Z

Keem Fame rich: new new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pasam Sunil Kumar
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
| constituency = [[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Pasam Sunil Kumar''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Gudur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for SC community in [[Tirupati district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with BJP and JSP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Assembly Constituency 120 - Gudur (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS01120.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudur Assembly Election Results 2024: Gudur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/gudur-constituency-result-1120 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622083020/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/gudur-constituency-result-1120 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from Gudur, Tirupati district. His late father Pasam Penchalaiah was a farmer. He completed his M.A. in 1992 at [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pasam Sunil Kumar(TDP):Constituency- GUDUR(NELLORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5531 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.myneta.info |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622083021/https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5531 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kumar won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gudur Assembly constituency]] representing TDP. He polled 1,02,675 votes and defeated Meruga Murali of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 21,192 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gudur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gudur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916861.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudur (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Gudur (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/gudur |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321115019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/gudur |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Gudur Assembly Election Results 2024: Gudur Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/gudur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524180946/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/gudur-constituency/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunil Kumar, Pasam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Madhu Verma (politician)

2026-04-20T01:35:51Z

Keem Fame rich: Made new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhu Verma
| image = File:Madhu (Mahadev Verma).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|03|08}}{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rau Assembly constituency|Rau]]
| predecessor = [[Jitu Patwari]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| office2 = Chairman of [[Indore Development Authority]]
| term_start2 = 24 December 2003
| term_end2 = 2009
| office3 = [[Indore Municipal Corporation|Member of Indore Municipal Corporation]]
| constituency5 = Ward 56, Indore
| term_start5 = 1983
| term_end5 = 1987
| constituency4 = Ward 69, Indore
| term_start4 = 1995
| term_end4 = 2000
| constituency3 = Ward 67, Indore
| term_start3 = 2000
| term_end3 = 2005
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = Prabhat Parashar
| footnotes = Source [https://madhuverma.com/राजनीतिक-सफर/]
}}
'''Mahadev Verma''' popularly known as '''Madhu Verma''' is an Indian politician, social activist and member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He is from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and elected from [[Rau Assembly constituency|Rau constituency]] in [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhu Verma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAU(INDORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=399 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12210.htm |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rau Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Madhu Verma with 151672 defeats INC's Jitu Patwari |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rau-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470580-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rau Assembly Election Result 2023 Live: BJP's Madhu Verma wins by a margin of 35522 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mp-madhya-pradesh-election-results-2023-bjp-congress-madhu-verma-jitu-patwari/3323077/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rau Election Result 2023: BJP's Madhu Varma wins by a margin of over 35,000 votes over Congress rival Jitu Patwari |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/rau-election-result-2023-live-how-to-check-madhya-pradesh-legislative-assembly-poll-winners-news-bjp-congress-madhu-verma-jitu-patwari-18462491.htm |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rau Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rau-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687045.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Madhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Indore]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

Khinwsar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:55Z

Keem Fame rich: started a post...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Self-contradictory|about=having two different tables for 2023|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khinvsar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-110-Khinvsar.svg
| mla = [[Rewant Ram Danga]]<ref name="election2024">{{Cite web |title=Khinwsar Assembly Election Result Live Update: खींवसर में हार गईं हनुमान बेनीवाल की पत्नी कनिका बेनीवाल, रेवंत राम डांगा ने भेदा बेनीवाल का किला |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-assembly-by-election-result-live-update-khinwsar-vidahan-sabha-result-kanika-beniwal-rewant-ram-danga-ratan-chaudhary-7083888 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:283052}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 110
}}
'''Khinvsar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] district and is a part of [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/khinvsar.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Khinvsar Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 elections in India#Rajasthan|2019^]]
|[[Narayan Beniwal]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|-
| [[2024 elections in India#Rajasthan|2024^]]
| [[Rewant Ram Danga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

^By-Poll

== Election results ==

===2008===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khinwsar<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Khinwsar 2008 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2008/rajasthan/khinwsar/14/30032/202 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250410075439/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2008/rajasthan/khinwsar/14/30032/202 |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party !! Candidate !! Votes !! % !! Result
|-
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
| 58,760
| 45.3
| {{Won}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Indian National Congress}}
| Sahdev
| 17,150
| 13.2
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Independent }}
| Hari Ram
| 2,925
| 2.3
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Durg Singh
| 34,317
| 26.5
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Independent}}
| Bhagirth
| 11,918
| 9.2
| {{Lost}}
|}

===2013===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khinwsar<ref name="election2013">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Khinwsar 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2013/rajasthan/khinwsar/14/34348/231 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250410073849/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2013/rajasthan/khinwsar/14/34348/231 |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party !! Candidate !! Votes !! % !! Result
|-
| {{party name with colour| Independent}}
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
| 65,399
| 43.3
| {{Won}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Indian National Congress}}
| Rajendra
| 9,257
| 6.1
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bhagirth
| 28,510
| 18.9
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Durg Singh
| 42,379
| 28.1
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Independent}}
| Jaita Ram
| 530
| 0.4
| {{Lost}}
|}

===2018===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khinwsar<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Khinvsar 2018 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2018/rajasthan/khinvsar/14/43180/268 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250410073405/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2018/rajasthan/khinvsar/14/43180/268 |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party !! Candidate !! Votes !! % !! Result
|-
| {{party name with colour| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
| 83,096
| 45.2
| {{Won}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Indian National Congress}}
| Savai Singh Chaudhary
| 66,148
| 36.0
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ramchandra
| 26,809
| 14.6
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Rampal Meghwanshi
| 1,181
| 0.6
| {{Lost}}
|-
| {{party name with colour| Independent}}
| Dr Anita
| 2,279
| 1.2
| {{Lost}}
|}

=== 2023 ===

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khinwsar<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Hanuman Beniwal
|votes = {{formatnum:79492}}
|percentage = 37.97
|change = -6.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rewant Ram Danga
|votes = {{formatnum:77433}}
|percentage = 36.99
|change = +22.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tejpal Mirdha
|votes = {{formatnum:27763}}
|percentage = 13.26
|change = -22.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Durg Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:15872}}
|percentage = 7.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2130}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2059}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change = -8.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209361}}
|percentage = 73.97
|change = -1.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 bypoll===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Rajasthan|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Khinwasar<ref name="election2024"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rewant Ram Danga]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,08,402
|percentage = 50.06
|change = +13.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanika Beniwal
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = 94,532
|percentage = 43.65
|change = +5.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ratan Choudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,434
|percentage = 2.51
|change = -10.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,155
|percentage = 1.00
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,870
|percentage = 6.41
|change = +5.43
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 216,549
|percentage = ''N/A''
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khinvsar]]
* [[Nagaur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.99|73.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

RMZ

2026-04-17T23:33:19Z

Keem Fame rich: new entry.

{{short description|Indian real estate company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = RMZ
| logo = RMZ Corp logo.svg
| logo_size = 300px
| type = Private
| traded_as =
| foundation = 2002
| location = [[Bengaluru]], India
| key_people = Arjun Menda (Group Chairman) Raj Menda (Chairman) Manoj Menda (Chairman)<ref name="p979">{{cite web | last=Keshavdev | first=V. | title=Transparency, governance in real estate can attract funds from $350 bn global dry powder: RMZ’s Menda | website=FortuneIndia | date=15 May 2024 | url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/transparency-governance-in-real-estate-can-attract-funds-from-350-bn-global-dry-powder-rmzs-menda/116813 | access-date=30 Sep 2024}}</ref>
| industry = Financial Services
| founder = Arjun Menda Raj Menda Manoj Menda
| area_served = India
| products = Commercial offices, Industrial parks, Residential apartments, Mixed-use developments, Data centres
| revenue =
| num_employees = 500+
| assets =
| website = {{URL|https://www.rmz.com/}}
}}

'''RMZ''' is an Indian privately owned [[alternative asset]] company, headquartered in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="businessindia">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Arbind |title=RMZ: Building spaces of future |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/rmz-building-spaces-of-future |publisher=[[Business India]] |date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> The company has developed projects in [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Delhi NCR]], [[Pune]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref name=businessindia/><ref name="Bureau 2023 o059">{{cite web | title=RMZ plans to double its real estate business to $40 billion by 2029 | website=ETRealty.com | date=2023-11-22 | url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/rmz-corporation-plans-to-double-its-real-estate-business-to-40-billion-by-2029/105422821#:~:text=Furthermore%2C%20one-fifth%20of%20our,billion%20over%20next%20five%20year. | access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref>

==History==
RMZ was founded in 2002 by Arjun Menda and his sons, Raj and Manoj Menda, who were associated with the [[K Raheja Corp|K Raheja Group]], managing operations in the southern region during the late 1990s. RMZ executed its first project in Bangalore in 2002.<ref name=businessindia/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohapatra |first1=Debasis |title=Here's why Menda brothers' RMZ is set to enter its next growth phase |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/menda-brothers-professional-realty-play-118112600011_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

In 2012, RMZ introduced residential real estate projects such as Latitude, Saawan, and Galleria. In February 2012, it received a $100 million investment from private equity firm Baring Private Equity Partners (BPEP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurian |first1=Boby |last2=Phadnis |first2=Shilpa |title=Baring, RMZ set to seal 500cr Bangalore IT park deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/baring-rmz-set-to-seal-500cr-bangalore-it-park-deal/articleshow/11722036.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> [[Qatar Investment Authority]] (QIA) invested $300 million in RMZ in 2013, acquiring a 21% stake. In December 2015, the company acquired 0.8 million sq ft in Gurgaon from the real estate company BPTP for approximately $150 million.<ref name=QIA>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Avik |title=RMZ buys Gurgaon IT park for $150 million from BPTP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rmz-buys-gurgaon-it-park-for-150-million-from-bptp/articleshow/50372664.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=September 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Rishi |title=RMZ in rapid expansion mode; scouts for acquisitions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/rmz-corp-in-rapid-expansion-mode-scouts-for-acquisitions/article9904784.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=13 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Sobia |title=RMZ eyeing assets across cities to expand portfolio |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/rmz-corp-eyeing-assets-across-cities-to-expand-portfolio/articleshow/67844601.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, the company launched a co-working space business called CoWrks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Narayan |title=CoWrks to expand operations |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/577242/cowrks-expand-operations.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=October 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Raghavendra |title=Brookfield in talks to buy RMZ's co-working solution provider CoWrks |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/brookfield-in-talks-to-buy-rmz-s-co-working-solution-provider-cowrks-120082601725_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=August 27, 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, RMZ acquired [[Essar Group]]'s Equinox Business Park, a 1.25 million sq. ft office space in [[Mumbai]]'s [[Bandra Kurla Complex|Bandra-Kurla Complex]] for around ₹2,400 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sapan |first1=Bidya |title=RMZ. buys Essar’s Equinox Business Park for Rs2,400 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/AvSpFfNAXyTgKiFkRPIiRK/Essar-sells-business-park-in-Mumbai-for-Rs2400-crore.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=February 3, 2016}}</ref> In the same year, the company repurchased shares from [[Qatar Investment Authority]] in a deal worth nearly $1 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Sobia |title=Office space firm RMZ raising Rs 2,060 crore from Qatar fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/office-space-firm-rmz-raising-rs-2060-crore-from-qatar-fund/articleshow/64850633.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Giriprakash |first1=N. Ramakrishnan & K. |title=RMZ Group to buy out Baring PE, Qatar Investment Authority combined stake |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rmz-group-to-buy-out-baring-pe-qatar-investment-authority-combined-stake/article23549711.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=15 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, RMZ and DB Realty jointly acquired the [[Kamal Amrohi]]'s film studio [[Kamalistan Studios|Kamalistan]], located in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurian |first1=Boby |title=The end: Kamal Amrohi's six-decades-old studio to be converted into Rs 21,000 cr office park |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-end-kamal-amrohis-six-decades-old-studio-to-be-converted-into-rs-21000-cr-office-park/articleshow/69719540.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>

In January 2020, RMZ formed a US$1 billion joint venture with a Japanese real estate company [[Mitsui Fudosan]] to develop commercial projects in India.<ref name="Mitsui">{{cite news |date=January 30, 2020 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=RMZ forms joint venture with Japanese firm for commercial projects |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/rmz-corp-forms-joint-venture-with-japanese-firm-for-commercial-projects/story-QBorstBqTckBldiS5KAvUJ.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
In August 2020, the company sold 18% of its commercial real estate and co-working business to [[Brookfield Corporation|Brookfield]] for $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnani |first1=Vandana |title=India’s biggest-ever property deal: Bengaluru-headquartered RMZ sells assets worth $2 billion to Brookfield |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/indias-biggest-ever-property-deal-bengaluru-based-rmz-corp-sells-assets-worth-2-billion-to-brookfield-5986111.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=October 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhamija |first1=Anshul |title=Big real estate deal shows office isn't going away |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/big-real-estate-deal-shows-office-isnt-going-away/104796 |publisher=[[Fortune India]] |date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

In April 2021, [[Canada Pension Plan Investment Board]] invested around $210 million in a joint venture with RMZ to develop and hold commercial office space in [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=CPPIB>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Avik |title=Canada Pension to invest $210 million with RMZ to develop office parks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/canada-pension-to-invest-210-million-with-rmz-to-develop-office-parks/articleshow/82026181.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 21, 2021}}</ref> Later in March 2022, a second joint venture with the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) was announced, in which CPPIB invested $355 million (around {{INR}}2,650 crore) for the development of commercial projects in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suvarna |first1=Anuj |title=Canada’s CPPIB To Invest $350 Mn In JV With Bengaluru Realty Firm RMZ|url=https://www.vccircle.com/canada-s-cppib-to-invest-350-mn-in-jv-with-bengaluru-realty-firm-rmz-corp |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=March 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Barkha |title=RMZ eyes 2 more commercial realty projects in Hyderabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pf/rmz-corp-eyes-2-more-commercial-realty-projects-in-hyderabad-105011201084_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=February 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhamija |first1=Anshul |title=RMZ signs mega office deals in Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rmz-signs-mega-office-deals-in-bangalore/articleshow/34853784.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=May 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Babar |first1=Kailash |last2=Khan |first2=Sobia |title=Boeing India arm picks up office space in Bengaluru |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/boeing-india-arm-picks-up-office-space-in-bengaluru/articleshow/68881917.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>

In November 2024, RMZ expanded its operation including residential (RMZ Living), hospitality (RMZ Hospitality), mixed-use developments (RMZ Mixed-Use), industrial and logistics (RMZ NXT), office spaces (RMZ Office), and infrastructure (RMZ Infrastructure).<ref name="m358">{{cite web | title=RMZ rejigs top leadership team, targets $42 billion AUM by 2029 | website=The Economic Times | date=22 Nov 2023 | url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/rmz-rejig-top-leadership-team-targets-42-billion-aum-by-2029/articleshow/105421291.cms | access-date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== CSR ==
RMZ Foundation is the [[Corporate social responsibility|CSR]] arm of the company, founded in 2015, led by Anu Menda as the managing trustee. The foundation operates with a focus on art, [[Community resilience|resilient communities]], and urban innovation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Denise |date=February 24, 2019 |title=New initiative will fund innovative solutions in health care |url=https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/new-initiative-will-fund-innovative-solutions-in-health-care/ |work=Yale School of Medicine |publisher=[[Yale University]]}}</ref> The organization has installed artworks at RMZ Ecoworld, including sculptures by contemporary artists such as [[Subodh Gupta]], Ravinder G Reddy, [[Dhruva Mistry]], [[Paresh Maity]], Arunkumar H G, and [[Jayasri Burman]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kappan |first1=Rasheed |title=A new tech space designed for art |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/621175/a-tech-space-designed-art.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=July 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Ranjani |title=The art of beautifying public spaces |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/a-lot-on-this-plate/article23813166.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=July 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Urban Works Challenge open |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/urban-works-challenge-open/article25031198.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=September 24, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, RMZ Foundation established the Sustainable Health Initiative, a business accelerator supporting healthcare startups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yale-India business accelerator to promote innovative health solutions |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/07/09/yale-india-business-accelerator-promote-innovative-health-solutions |publisher=Yale News, [[Yale University]] |date=July 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Writer |date=June 8, 2019 |title=A sustainable health initiative launched |url=https://www.healthcareradius.in/clinical/24016-a-sustainable-health-initiative-launched |publisher=Healthcare Radius}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Real estate companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Real estate companies of India]]

Man Sagar Lake

2026-04-17T02:11:59Z

Keem Fame rich: Made info

{{Short description|Lake in Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Man Sagar Lake
| image =File:JalMahalJaipur.jpg
| caption =The Jal Mahal floating on the Man Sagar Lake in Jaipur
| alt = View of the Jal Mahal floating on the Man Sagar Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Man Sagar lake within Rajasthan
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Jaipur]]
| coords = {{coord|26.956|75.85|type:waterbody_region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type = Artificial
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment = {{convert|23.5|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area ={{convert|139|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|4.5|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
}}

'''Man Sagar Lake''' is an artificial [[lake]], situated in [[Jaipur]], the capital city of the state of [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]]. It is named after [[Raja Man Singh]], the then ruler of [[Amer, India|Amer]], who constructed it in {{Circa|1610}} by damming the [[Dravyavati]] river. The [[Jal Mahal]] is situated in the middle of the lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mansagar Lake (Jaipur)|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/Lakes/Mansagar%20Lake.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Government of India|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Topography==
[[File:Aravalli Hills.jpg|thumb|[[Aravalli hills]] in [[Jaipur]]]]
The lake, situated to the north of Jaipur city lies between [[Amer, India|Amer]], the historic city and Jaipur, the provincial headquarters of Rajasthan state. It has a water spread area of {{convert|300|acre|ha|0|}} and is enclosed by the Aravalli hills on the north, west and eastern sides, while the southern side consists of plains that are intensely inhabited. There is the [[Nahargarh Fort]] (Nahargarh meaning home of tigers) in the hills that provides a commanding view of the Man Sagar Lake and the Jal Mahal palace, in addition to a beautiful view of the city of Jaipur. The lake was created by constructing a dam across the Darbhawati River, between Khilagarh hills and the hilly areas of Nahargarh, in the 16th century. The catchment area (watershed) for the lake is {{convert|23.5|km2|mi2}} contributed by a semi-urban area as to 50% (generating in heavy rains unpaved street erosion) and hilly terrain accounting for the balance, being the largely-deforested or precipitous [[Aravalli hills]], which also creates siltation. It is believed such deposition did not have to be fixed with dredging and filtration before the 20th century. Rainfall averages {{convert|657.4|mm|in}} per year (90% of which occurs during June to September). The outlet end of the dam feeds a large irrigation system (obligatory water demand for this is reported to be 2,410,000 cubic metres during the five months from November to March). Two large nalas (streams) that also drain the surrounding Nahargarh hills and Jaipur are the Brahmpuri and Nagtalai, which bring in untreated sewage, in addition to sediment run-offs of unpaved streets.<ref name=ilfs>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilfsindia.com/downloads/bus_rep/jalmahal_tourism_rep.pdf|title=Innovation Report: Jal Mahal Tourism Project|accessdate=2009-09-11|publisher=IL&FS|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103135940/http://ilfsindia.com/downloads/bus_rep/jalmahal_tourism_rep.pdf|archivedate=2010-01-03}}</ref><ref name=harvest>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/mansagar_lake/mansagar_lake.htm|title= Mansagar Lake|accessdate=2009-08-12|publisher= Rainwater Harvesting.org}}</ref><ref name=paper>{{Cite web|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/proceed/section1/paper6/section1paper6.htm|title= Lake Restoration toward Creating Tourism Infrastructure|accessdate=2009-09-12|publisher=Indian Institute of Science: Seminar Proceedings}}</ref><ref name=Joshi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aars-acrs.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2008/Papers/TS%2010.1.pdf|title= Impact of Urbanization on Urban Lake Using High Resolution Satellite Data and GIS(A Case Study of Man Sagar Lake of Jaipur, Rajasthan)}}</ref>

The Aravalli hills surrounding the lake area, towards the north east of Jaipur, have quartzite rock formations (with a thin layer of soil cover). Rock exposures on the surface in some parts of the project area have also been utilised for constructing buildings. From the north east, the Kanak Vrindavan valley, where a temple complex sits, the hills slope gently towards the lake edge. Within the lake area, the ground area is made up of a thick mantle of soil, blown sand and alluvium. Forest denudation, particularly in the hilly areas, has caused [[soil erosion]], compounded by wind and water action. Due to these human factors silt built-up in the lake raises the bed level of the lake annually by many centimetres.<ref name=Joshi/>

===Geology and soils===
The hills surrounding the lake area, towards the north east of Jaipur, have quartzite rock formations (with a thin layer of soil cover), which is part of the Aravalli hills range. Rock exposures on the surface in some parts of the project area have also been utilised for constructing buildings. From the north east, the Kanak Vrindavan valley, where a temple complex is situated, the hills slope gently towards the lake edge. Within the lake area, the ground area is made up of a thick mantle of soil, blown sand and alluvium. Forest denudation, particularly in the hilly areas, has caused [[soil erosion]], compounded by wind and water action. Due to this, silt built up in the lake resulting in a raising of the bed level of the lake.<ref name=Joshi/>

During 1596 AD, a severe famine in this region was linked to an acute shortage of water. The then ruler of Amer was, therefore, motivated to build a dam to store water to overcome the severe hardships caused by the famine to the inhabitants. A dam was constructed, initially using earth and quartzite, across the eastern valley between Amer hills and Amagarh hills. The dam was later converted into a stone masonry structure in the 17th century. The dam, as existing now (see picture), is about {{convert|300|m|ft}} long and {{convert|28.5|-|34.5|m|ft}} in width. It is provided with three sluice gates for release of water for [[irrigation]] of agricultural land in the down stream area. Since then, the dam, the lake and the palace in its midst have undergone several rounds of restoration under various rulers of Rajasthan but the final restoration in the 18th century is credited to Jai Singh II of Amer. During this period, a number of other historical and religious places, such as the [[Amer Fort]], [[Jaigarh Fort]], [[Nahargarh Fort]], Khilangarh Fort, and Kanak Vrindavan Valley were also built in the vicinity. All of these places are now linked by a tourist corridor of roads.<ref name=Joshi/><ref name=fold>{{Cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20090831&filename=news&sec_id=50&sid=45|title=Tourism deal|accessdate=2009-09-12|publisher=Down to Earth: Science and Environment on Line}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/29spec1.htm|title= Jal Mahal gets a Rs1000 cr facelift|accessdate=2009-09-12|work= rediff.com}}</ref>

{{wide image|jalmahal.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of "Jal Mahal in [[Jaipur]]"}}
In recent years, with the urbanisation of Jaipur city and areas surrounding the lake, the ecological system of the lake and its vicinity deteriorated drastically. It became heavily silted thereby reducing the surface area of the lake. The silt deposited (estimated to be about 2,500,000 cubic metres) was contaminated with [[effluent]]s (untreated sewage) from the city's drainage system causing intense [[eutrophication]]. The ground water surrounding the lake was also found to be highly contaminated and created serious health hazards. The rainwater combined with sewage water flow from the city resulted in the lake water giving off a foul smell. Water samples collected from the lake were tested and found to clearly show that the water quality was not uniform. It was extremely poor in southeast, south and southwest due to the influent nalas. The water quality parameters of BOD and total [[nitrogen]] recorded were 20 mg/L each. [[Biochemical oxygen demand|BOD]] values indicated high levels of organic matter. [[Chemical oxygen demand|COD]] showed a very high level of oxidisable chemicals. [[Nitrate]] and [[phosphate]] content were excessive. [[Coliform]] counts was more than 500 times the norm. The [[Chloride]] content was found to be fatal to plants and fish.<ref name=harvest/><ref name=paper/>

[[File:Mansagar Lake, Jaipur.JPG|thumb|A view of the Nesting Islands along the banks of Mansagar Lake, Jaipur]]

===Hydrology===
The fresh water draining into the lake is seasonal during the rainy months of July to September. This flow originates from 325 small and large streams that drain from the hilly catchment of the lake. The two municipal nalas from Jaipur city contribute a perennial flow to the lake. The volume of water in the lake has been assessed as 3,130,000 cubic metres at the maximum water level. During the dry season, from October to June, it is said to be about 360,000 cubic metres. The depth of water at the deepest location in the lake is recorded at a maximum of {{convert|4.5|m|ft}} and a minimum of {{convert|1.5|m|ft}}. In addition, the stored water is also used for irrigation at the downstream end of the lake during the summer months resulting in a drying up of the lake during these months.<ref name=paper/><ref name=Joshi/>

The lake is a fetid polluted body of water that stinks all year round. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=The Mansagar saga |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/mansagar-saga-2344921 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
The hills surrounding the lake area, towards the north east of Jaipur, have quartzite rock formations (with a thin layer of soil cover), which is part of Aravalli hills range. Rock exposures on the surface in some parts of the project area have also been utilised for constructing buildings. From the north east, the Kanak Vrindavan valley, where a temple complex is situated, the hills slope gently towards the lake edge. Within the lake area, the ground area is made up of a thick mantle of soil, blown sand and alluvium. Forest denudation, particularly in the hilly areas, has caused [[soil erosion]], compounded by wind and water action. Due to this, silt built up in the lake resulting in a raising of the bed level of the lake.<ref name=Joshi/>
The flora is dictated by the subsidiary [[Edaphic]] type of dry [[tropical forests]] in the catchment; the total forest area of {{convert|9.01|km2|mi2}} comprises dense forest cover of {{convert|6.45|km2|mi2}} area, degraded forest of {{convert|0.95|km2|mi2}} and encroachment of {{convert|1.61|km2|mi2}}. The dominant floral species found in the area is Dhauk ([[Anogeissus pendula]]), which has lean foliage. The low vegetation cover and steep gradient of the hills causes substantial erosion and the eroded material flows into the lake. On the western side, beyond the urbanised area, the Nahargarh hills on the western side are also denuded, which has reduced its moisture retaining capacity.<ref name=Joshi/>

[[File:Lightmatter flamingo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flamingo]]]]
[[File:Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) in a Nelumbo nucifera (Indian Lotus) pond W IMG 8779.jpg|thumb|right|[[Common moorhen]]]]
The reserve forest area of the lake catchment has several wild life species such as [[deer]], [[jungle cat]], [[striped hyena]], [[Indian fox]], [[wild boar|Indian wild boar]] and [[leopards]].<ref name=Joshi/>

The lake used to be a bird watcher's paradise in the past and was a favourite ground for the [[Rajput]] kings of Jaipur for royal duck shooting parties during picnics. The lake was natural habitat for more than 150 species of local and migratory birds that included large [[flamingo]], [[great crested grebe]], [[northern pintail|pintail]], [[pochard]]s, [[kestrel]], [[coot]], [[common redshank|redshank]], [[marsh sandpiper]], [[ruff (bird)|ruff]], [[herring gull]], [[red-breasted flycatcher]], [[grey wagtail]], but their numbers declined with the deterioration of the lake. Now, with restoration works undertaken, the birds have started visiting the lake again, though not to the same degree as in the past.<ref name=harvest/><ref name= mahal>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharatonline.com/rajasthan/palaces/jal-mahal.html|title= Jal Mahal Jaipur|accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref> In order to attract attention to the lake's condition, a private initiative of holding an annual birding fair was started in 1997. It is reported that the [[common moorhen]], a resident species has started breeding in large numbers at the lake.<ref name=fold/> The other birds seen now are the [[grey heron]], [[white-browed wagtail]] and [[blue-tailed bee-eater]]s.<ref name=paper/><ref name=rediff/> The lake was also home for a large species of the aquatic ecosystem such as fish, insects, microorganisms and aquatic vegetation.<ref name=harvest/>

== Birds of Man Sagar Lake ==
Throughout the year, more than 180 species of birds (www.birdlife.net) have been recorded at the Birding Fair site, making it as a great attraction to bird watchers. As the lake is being restored and islands have been created for bird nesting, more species in bigger number are expected to settle here.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The checklist of birds at around man sagar is below:{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
|1.
|Great Crested Grebe
|-
|2.
|Little Grebe
|-
|3.
|Greater Flamingo
|-
|4.
|Lesser Flamingo
|-
|5.
|Eurasian Spoonbill
|-
|6.
|White Necked Stork
|-
|7.
|Painted Stork
|-
|8.
|Great White Pelican
|-
|9.
|Dalmatian Pelican
|-
|10.
|Great Cormorant
|-
|11.
|Indian Cormorant
|-
|12.
|Little Cormorant
|-
|13.
|Oriental Darter
|-
|14.
|Grey Heron
|-
|15.
|Pond Heron
|-
|16.
|Night Heron
|-
|17.
|Cattle Egret
|-
|18.
|Great Egret
|-
|19.
|Median Egret
|-
|20.
|Small Egret
|-
|21.
|Ruddy Shelduck
|-
|22.
|Lesser Whistling Duck
|-
|23.
|Wigeon
|-
|24.
|Garganey
|-
|25.
|Pintail
|-
|26.
|Mallard
|-
|27.
|Gadwall
|-
|28.
|Shoveler
|-
|29.
|Spotbill Duck
|-
|30.
|Common Teal
|-
|31.
|Cotton Teal
|-
|32.
|Redcrested Pochard
|-
|33.
|Common Pochard
|-
|34.
|White eyed Pochard
|-
|35.
|Tufted Pochard
|-
|36.
|Barheaded Geese
|-
|37.
|Black Shouldered Kite
|-
|38.
|Pariah Kite
|-
|39.
|Brahminy Kite
|-
|40.
|Shikra
|-
|41.
|Eurasian Sparrowhawk
|-
|42.
|Lesser Spotted Eagle
|-
|43.
|Short toed Eagle
|-
|44.
|Marsh Harrier
|-
|45.
|Osprey
|-
|46.
|King Vulture
|-
|47.
|White Backed Vulture
|-
|48.
|Egyptian Vulture
|-
|49.
|Eurasian Hobby
|-
|50.
|Laggar Falcon
|-
|51.
|Common Kestrel
|-
|52.
|Grey Francolin
|-
|53.
|Common Quail
|-
|54.
|Jungle Bush Quail
|-
|55.
|Common Peafowl
|-
|56.
|Brown Crake
|-
|57.
|White breasted
|-
|58.
|Common Moorhen
|-
|59.
|Common Coot
|-
|60.
|Pheasant tailed Jacana
|-
|61.
|Bronze winged Jacana
|-
|62.
|Common Snipe
|-
|63.
|Painted Snipe
|-
|64.
|Pied Avocet
|-
|65.
|Black winged Stilt
|-
|66.
|Red wattled Lapwing
|-
|67.
|White tailed Lapwing
|-
|68.
|Little ringed Plover
|-
|69.
|Kentish Plover
|-
|70.
|Common Redshank
|-
|71.
|Common Greenshank
|-
|72.
|Marsh Sandpiper
|-
|73.
|Wood Sandpiper
|-
|74.
|Common Sandpiper
|-
|75.
|Green Sandpiper
|-
|76.
|Little Stint
|-
|77.
|Temminck's Stint
|-
|78.
|Dunlin
|-
|79.
|Ruff
|-
|80.
|Black tailed Godwit
|-
|81.
|Herring Gull
|-
|82.
|Brown headed Gull
|-
|83.
|Whiskered Tern
|-
|84.
|Indian River Tern
|-
| 85.
| Little Tern
|-
|86.
|Gull billed
|-
|87.
|Green Pigeon
|-
|88.
|Blue Rock Pigeon
|-
|89.
|Ring Dove
|-
|90.
|Red turtle Dove
|-
|91.
|Little Brown Dove
|-
|92.
|Rose ringed Parakeet
|-
|93.
|Plum headed Parakeet
|-
|94.
|Koel
|-
|95.
|Common Hawk Cuckoo
|-
|96.
|Pied Crested Cuckoo
|-
|97.
|Greater Coucal
|-
|98.
|Spotted Owlet
|-
|99.
|Indian Jungle Nightjar
|-
|100.
|House Swift
|-
|101.
|Palm Swift
|-
|102.
|Pied Kingfisher
|-
|103.
|Common Kingfisher
|-
|104.
|White breasted
|-
|105.
|Blue tailed Bee-eater
|-
|106.
|Blue cheeked Bee-eater
|-
|107.
|Green Bee-eater
|-
|108.
|Indian Roller
|-
|109.
|Common Hoopoe
|-
|110.
|Common Grey Hornbill
|-
|111.
|Coppersmith Barbet
|-
|112
| Black rumped
|-
|113.
|Yellow crowned
|-
|114.
|Plain Martin
|-
|115.
| Sand Martin
|-
|116.
|Dusky crag Martin
|-
|117.
|Wire tailed Swallow
|-
|118.
|Red rumped Swallow
|-
|119.
|Grey Shrike
|-
|120.
|Bay backed Shrike
|-
|121.
| Long tailed Shrike
|-
|122.
|Golden Oriole
|-
|123.
|Black Drongo
|-
|124.
|White bellied Drongo
|-
|125.
| Large Cuckooshrike
|-
|126.
|Common Woodshrike
|-
|127.
|Brahminy Starling
|-
|128.
|Pied Starling
|-
|129.
|Rosy Starling
|-
|130.
|Common Starling
|-
|131.
|Common Myna
|-
|132.
|Bank Myna
|-
|133.
|Indian Tree-pie
|-
|134.
|House Crow
|-
|135.
|Indian Pitta
|-
|136.
|Small Minivet
|-
|137.
|White bellied Minivet
|-
|138.
|Common Iora
|-
|139.
|Redvented Bulbul
|-
|140.
|White cheeked Bulbul
|-
|141.
|Common Babbler
|-
|142.
|Large Grey Babbler
|-
|143.
|Jungle Babbler
|-
|144.
|Paradise Flycatcher
|-
|145.
|Red breasted Flycatcher
|-
|146.
|Grey headed Flycatcher
|-
|147.
|White browed Fantail
|-
|148.
|Grey breasted Prinia
|-
|149.
| Rufous fronted Prinia
|-
|150.
|Ashy Prinia
|-
|151.
|Plain Prinia
|-
|152.
|Oriental White eye
|-
|153.
|Common Tailor Bird
|-
|154.
|Lesser White throat
|-
|155.
|Common Chiffchaff
|-
|156.
|Indian Robin
|-
|157.
|Magpie Robin
|-
|158.
|Black Redstart
|-
|159.
|Brown Rock Chat
|-
|160.
|Pied Bushchat
|-
|161.
|Common Stonechat
|-
|162.
|Orange headed Thrush
|-
|163.
|Yellow Wagtail
|-
|164.
|Yellow headed Wagtail
|-
|165.
|Grey Wagtail
|-
|166.
|White Wagtail
|-
|167.
|Large pied Wagtail
|-
|168.
|Tawny Pipit
|-
|169.
|Indian Tree-Pipit
|-
|170.
| Paddyfield Pipit
|-
|171.
|Rufous tailed Lark
|-
|172.
|Oriental Sky Lark
|-
|173.
|Purple Sunbird
|-
|174.
|Grey Tit
|-
|175.
|House Sparrow
|-
|176.
|Chestnut shouldered
|-
|177.
|Baya Weaver
|-
|178.
|White rumped Munia
|-
|179.
|Indian Silverbill
|-
|180.
|Crested Bunting
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]

Anandpur Sahib Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:01Z

Keem Fame rich: Stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anandpur Sahib
| map_image = 49-Anandpur Sahib.svg
| mla = [[Harjot Singh Bains]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:191727 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 49
}}
'''Anandpur Sahib Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 49) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Rupnagar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Rai Bahadur Hari Chand]]
|-
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2|Baloo Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|J. Singh
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Sadhu Singh
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Zail Singh]]
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Madho Singh
|{{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Basant Singh
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Tara Singh
|{{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Ramesh Dutt
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|Tara Singh
|{{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan =2|[[Rana K. P. Singh|Kanwar Pal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Madan Mohan Mittal
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Rana K. P. Singh|Kanwar Pal Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections|last1=News18|date=2022|accessdate=27 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027091043/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|archivedate=27 October 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Harjot Singh Bains]]<ref name=election2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Anandpur Sahib<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Harjot Singh Bains]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes=82132|percentage=57.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rana K. P. Singh|Kanwar Pal Singh]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes=36,352|percentage=25.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Parminder Sharma
|votes = 11,433
|percentage = 8.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nutan Kumar
|votes = 5,923
|percentage = 4.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Ranjit Singh
|votes = 1,459
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1290|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=45,780|percentage= 32.29
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=141809|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:193750}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Anandpur Sahib<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar Central Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rana K. P. Singh|Kanwar Pal Singh]]
|votes = 60,800
|percentage = 45.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Parminder Sharma
|votes = 36,919
|percentage = 27.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Gautam
|votes = 30,304
|percentage = 22.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nutan Kumar
|votes = 2,092
|percentage = 1.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gurcharan Singh Khalsa
|votes = 1,442
|percentage = 1.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mohinder Singh
|votes = 1,026
|percentage = 0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pritam Singh Bharatgarh
|votes = 602
|percentage = 0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Punjab Democratic Party
|candidate = Subhash Chander Sharma
|votes = 518
|percentage = 0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Harbhjn Singh
|votes = 517
|percentage = 0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 858
|percentage = 0.64
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,881
|percentage = 32.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:180222}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===Previous results===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||49||Madan Mohan Mittal||BJP||62600||Kanwar Pal Singh||INC||54714
|-
|2007||65||Sant Ajit Singh||SAD||47810||Ramesh Dutt Sharma||INC||37912
|-
|2002||66||Ramesh Dutt Sharma||INC||41950||Tara Singh||SAD||29268
|-
|1997||66||Tara Singh||SAD||37878||Ramesh Dutt Sharma||INC||31834
|-
|1992||66||Ramesh Dutt||BJP||11699||Basant Singh||INC||8232
|-
|1985||66||Tara Singh||SAD||20638||Gurvir Singh||INC||19708
|-
|1980||66||Basant Singh||INC(I)||23280||Ajit Singh||SAD||19695
|-
|1977||66||Madho Singh||JNP||15987||Shiv Singh||INC||11987
|-
|1972||73||Zail Singh||INC||22389||Rajinder Singh||IND||19133
|-
|1970||73 (By Polls)||Zail Singh||NCJ|||21747||Sadhu Singh||SAD||20552
|-
|1969||73||Sadhu Singh||INC||14814||Shiv Singh||IND||11690
|-
|1967||73||J. Singh||INC||12016||Sadhu Singh||ADS||9768
|-
|1962||140||Baloo Ram||INC||25987||Sucha Singh||IND||12988
|-
|1957||83||Balloo Ram||INC||20836||Karam Chand||IND||17378
|-
|1952||(By Polls)||Mohan Lal||INC||26667||B. Chand||IND||13374
|-
|1951||57||Hari Chand||FBL(MG)||10896||Mohan Lal||INC||10085
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.24|76.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Anandpur Sahib]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Rishi Kumar

2026-04-11T22:07:39Z

Keem Fame rich: new new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rishi Kumar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kargahar,[[Rohtas district]], Bihar
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician social work
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Kanti Singh]] (Mother) Late Keshav Prasad Singh (Father)
| relations = [[Vijay Mandal|Vijay Yadav]] (Uncle)
| alma_mater = M.B.A from [[Amity University, Noida|Amity University]], Noida, Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9904|title=ऋषि कुमार (राजद): निर्वाचन क्षेत्र – बिहार 2020|website=myneta.info}}</ref>
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Birendra Kumar Sinha|Birendra Yadav]]
| successor = [[Prakash Chandra]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Rishi Kumar''' is an Indian politician<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/obra.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Obra Assembly Constituency
|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> who was elected as a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]] constituency in 2020 as candidate of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/bihar/candidates/rishi-kumar-rjd-2020-obra-220-bihar|title=ऋषि कुमार – ओबरा विधानसभा चुनाव 2020 परिणाम|website=www.amarujala.com|accessdate=10 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/obra-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-obra-seat-mahagathbandhan-rjd-nda-jdu-ljp-lbs-1159680-2020-11-10|title=Obra Election Results 2020–ओबरा सीट पर RJD का जलवा कायम|website=www.aajtak.in|accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref> His mother [[Kanti Singh]] served as Union Minister of State, [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and Union Minister of State, [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]] in [[Government of India]].

==See also==
* [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency]]
* [[Kanti Singh]]
* [[Vijay Mandal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Rashtriya Janata Dal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rishi}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Moti Lal Prasad

2026-04-11T09:26:46Z

Keem Fame rich: Made a post

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=November 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Minister of Art, Culture & Youth [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 26 February 2025
| term_end = 20 November 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha|Vijay Sinha]]
| successor = [[Arun Shankar Prasad]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 = November 2025
| predecessor1 = Amit Kumar
| successor1 = [[Baidyanath Prasad]]
| constituency1 = [[Riga Assembly constituency|Riga]]
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2015
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency created''
| successor2 = Amit Kumar
| constituency2 = [[Riga Assembly constituency|Riga]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|7|2|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/|title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA|website=Vidhansabha.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Moti Lal Prasad''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] and a two term Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Riga Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MotiLal Prasad (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Riga(SITAMARHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1256 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Motilal Prasad(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RIGA(SITAMARHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2509 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2025-02-26 |title=The caste calculus in Bihar's Cabinet expansion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/the-caste-calculus-in-bihars-cabinet-expansion/article69266646.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Moti Lal}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express

2026-04-07T12:20:28Z

Keem Fame rich: Made article

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mangaluru Central - Thiruvananthapuram Central ''Vande Bharat Express''
| native_name = ''Vande Bharat Express''
| color2 = FF7220
| color = FF7220
| image = Thiruvananthapuram Kasaragod Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha) - 1st Rake.jpg
| image_size = 325px
| caption = First '''''Saffron-Grey''''' Mini ''Vande Bharat Express'' at [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] departing for {{stnlnk|Kasaragod}}
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]
| first = {{start date|2023|09|25|df=y}} (Commercial run) {{start date and age|12 March 2024}} (Extended run)
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]] '''(MAQ)'''
| stops = 9
| end = [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] '''(TVC)'''
| distance = {{convert|620|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08hrs 40mins
| frequency = 6 days a week{{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20631 / 20632
| line_used = [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]] [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]] [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal line]] [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Yes
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: Sept 08 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(First service: Sept 09 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| speed = {{cvt|72|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|415|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]], [[Palakkad railway division]]
| map = {{Mangaluru Central-Thiruvananthapuram VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 20631/20632 '''Mangaluru Central - Thiruvananthapuram ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 33rd [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting West [[Karnataka]]'s coastal city [[Mangaluru]] with [[Kerala]]'s south and state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. It is the second Vande Bharat Express in Kerala as well as India's first [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] coloured semi-high speed train (replaced with White Blue Vandebharat rake of the pairing train after extension to Mangalore Central).

== History ==
The first Vande Bharat train in Kerala started its service between [[Kasaragod]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] via [[Kottayam]] route in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=PM launches Vande Bharat train service between Mangaluru and Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/pm-launches-vande-bharat-train-service-between-mangaluru-and-thiruvananthapuram/article67942147.ece |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With increase in patronage, there has been a strong demand by the passengers to have a second Vande Bharat between Mangalore and Thiruvananthapuram so as to increase the frequency of this route per day to three trains. This vande bharat express is the fastest train between Mangaluru Central to Thiruvananthapuram Central and vice versa.

The initial service of this Vande Bharat Express train from [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]] to [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's second Vande Bharat to operate between Kasaragod and TVM via Alappuzha from Sept 24 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/09/19/second-vande-bharat-express-between-kasaragod-trivandrum-via-alappuzha-sept-24.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> The extension of train from Kasaragod to Mangaluru was inaugurated on 12 March 2024 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi via video conference from [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi virtually flags off extended Mangaluru-Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1174944 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=aishwarya.nair |title=Kerala: PM Modi flags off extended Vande Bharat service from Mangaluru to Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/kerala-pm-modi-flags-off-extended-vande-bharat-service-from-mangaluru-to-thiruvananthapuram-anr-sa89fa |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Mangaluru Central-Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express Train |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karavali/pm-modi-inaugurates-mangaluru-central-thiruvananthapuram-vande-bharat-express-train |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Ctrl]], [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]], [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]], [[Tirur railway station|Tirur]], [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur Junction]], [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]], [[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]], [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]. It is the second Vande Bharat Express train allocated to [[Kerala]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20631/20632.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Kasaragod-Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.news9live.com/business/biz-news/kasaragod-thiruvananthapuram-vande-bharat-express-route-ticket-price-timings-2463568 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Extended Vande Bharat flagged off by PM Modi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/extended-vande-bharat-flagged-off-1.9399981 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=കേരളത്തിന്റെ രണ്ടാം വന്ദേഭാരത്: സമയക്രമമായി, ഞായറാഴ്ച സർവീസ് ആരംഭിച്ചേക്കും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-second-vande-bharat-route-stop-timing-1.8917879 |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It was the thirty-first [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and nineteenth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's second Vande Bharat: ഇനി വൈകില്ല കേരളത്തിന്റെ രണ്ടാം വന്ദേഭാരത്; റൂട്ടും സമയക്രമവും തയ്യാര്‍ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/keralam/story/keralas-second-vande-bharat-express-train-check-flag-off-date-route-schedule-here-680888-2023-09-20 |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> It is India's first [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini VB 2.0 Express train]], running the tracks with the '''''Saffron-Grey''''' livery with 25 more modifications in the rakes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Kerala's second Vande Bharat train to start from Kasaragod to Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://globalgreenews.com/2023/09/22/keralas-second-vande-bharat-train-to-start-from-kasaragod-to-thiruvananthapuram/ |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=Global Green News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indias 1st Saffron Coloured Kasaragod-Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express Flagged Off |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/indias-first-saffron-coloured-tirunelveli-madurai-chennai-vande-bharat-express-flagged-off-2666603.html |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> As per reports, a pairing train rake is allocated as there are a few problems in the maintenance of the train as per the current Time Table.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2023/09/27/thiruvananthapuram-vande-bharat-after-the-second-serve-the-third-rake-came.html |title=കേരളത്തിന് മൂന്നാമത്തെ വന്ദേഭാരത് റേക്ക്; വെള്ളയും നീലയും നിറം }}</ref>

=== Switch of Rakes ===
After extension till Mangalore, the maintenance problem has been resolved and the Saffron Grey rakes are swapped and replaced with White Blue Vandebharat rake of the pairing train. In August 2024, the Saffron Grey rake was made to run as temporary special service along Ernakulam - SMVT Bengaluru route. As of September 2024, the first saffron colored Vande Bharat rake is moved to [[Howrah–Rourkela Vande Bharat Express|Howrah - Rourkela]] route and the Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express is running with one and only White Blue 8 car coach.

=== Coach Augmentation ===
The 20631/20632 Mangaluru Central - Thiruvananthapuram Central Vande Bharat Express was permanently augmented with 08 more coaches and was running with 16-car [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0 trainset]] '''''W.E.F. 22 May 2025''''' in order to meet the extra rush and passenger demands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TVM–Mangaluru Vande Bharat begins service with 16 coaches |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2025/05/22/tvm-mangaluru-vande-bharat-begins-service-with-sixteen-coaches.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=TVM–Mangaluru Vande Bharat begins service with 16 coaches |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Mangaluru–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express to get more coaches |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mangaluruthiruvananthapuram-vande-bharat-express-to-get-more-coaches/articleshow/121001723.cms |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Coaches in Thiruvananthapuram -Mangalore Vande Bharat to be increased to 16 from May 22 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/coaches-in-thiruvananthapuram-mangalore-vande-bharat-to-be-increased-to-16-from-may-22/article69553914.ece |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram-Mangaluru Vande Bharat to be upgraded to 16-car rake |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2025/05/08/vande-bharat-thiruvananthapuram-mangaluru-upgrade.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Thiruvananthapuram-Mangaluru Vande Bharat to be upgraded to 16-car rake |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date=2025-05-08 |title=Permanent augmentation of Mangaluru - Thiruvananthapuram - Mangaluru Vande Bharat express train announced |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/national/permanent-augmentation-ofmangaluru-thiruvananthapuram-mangaluruvande-bharat-express-train-announced-832958 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> The 16-coach trainset was earlier running as [[Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Junction Vande Bharat Express|Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil VB Express]], which started from the capital city of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chennai]] and terminated at the Temple City of [[Nāga]]s, [[Nagercoil]].

As of September 11, 2025, this express train has been further augmented with 4 additional AC coaches<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-04 |title=Four more coaches to be added to Mangaluru-Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/four-more-coaches-to-be-added-to-mangaluru-thiruvananthapuram-vande-bharat-express/article70013106.ece |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and is currently running with [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0 trainset]], in order to meet the surge in passenger demand on this popular route.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-09 |title=New 20-car Mangaluru-Thiruvananthapuram VB Express begins services |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/new-20-car-mangaluru-thiruvananthapuram-vb-express-begins-services/article70030295.ece |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-09 |title=Upgraded 20-car Vande Bharat begins service on Thiruvananthapuram-Mangaluru route |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/upgraded-20-car-vande-bharat-begins-service-thiruvananthapuram-mangaluru-route/article70029845.ece |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Southern Railway upgrades Mangaluru–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat to 20 coaches |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/southern-railway-upgrades-mangaluruthiruvananthapuram-vande-bharat-to-20-coaches-o2sh3nov |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Two years after launch, Railways upgrades India's 30th Vande Bharat train to 20 coaches – check route |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/railways-upgrades-indias-30th-vande-bharat-train-to-20-coaches-check-route-10233775/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-04 |title=Vande Bharat Express trains in Kerala to get 20 coaches each |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/both-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-kerala-to-get-20-coaches-each/article70013249.ece |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20631/20632 Mangaluru Ctrl - Thiruvananthapuram Ctrl Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Wednesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|620|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|72|km/h}}. The service has 9 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|110|km/h}}.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mangaluru Ctrl - Thiruvananthapuram Ctrl Vande Bharat Express (20631) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways Train Enquiry, Insights & IRCTC eTicket booking - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/time-table/20631 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.railyatri.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Station
! scope="col" | Station Code
! scope="col" | Arrival
! scope="col" | Departure
! scope="col" | Halt (min)
! scope="col" | Distance (km)
! scope="col" | Day
|-
| Mangalore Cntl
| MAQ
|—
| 06:25
|—
|—
| 1
|-
| Kasaragod
| KGQ
| 06:58
| 07:00
| 2
| 46
| 1
|-
| Kannur
| CAN
| 07:55
| 07:57
| 2
| 132
| 1
|-
|Kozhikode
|CLT
|08:57
|08:59
|2
|221
|1
|-
|Tirur
|TIR
|09:22
|09:24
|2
|262
|1
|-
|Shoranur Jn
|SRR
|09:58
|10:00
|2
|307
|1
|-
|Thrissur
|TCR
|10:33
|10:35
|2
|340
|1
|-
|Ernakulam Jn
|ERS
|11:40
|11:43
|3
|414
|1
|-
| Alleppey
| ALLP
| 12:33
|12:35
|2
| 471
| 1
|-
|Kollam Jn
|QLN
|13:38
|13:40
|2
|555
|1
|-
|Trivandrum Central
|TVC
|15:05
|—
|—
|619
|1
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Thiruvananthapuram Ctrl - Mangaluru Ctrl Vande Bharat Express (22436) <ref>{{Cite web |title=20632 Vande Bharat Express Train Schedule & Route Details - RailYatri |url=http://www.railyatri.in/app |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.railyatri.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Station
! scope="col" | Station Code
! scope="col" | Arrival
! scope="col" | Departure
! scope="col" | Halt (min)
! scope="col" | Distance (km)
! scope="col" | Day
|-
| Trivandrum Central
| TVC
|—
| 16:05
|—
|—
| 1
|-
| Kollam Jn
| QLN
| 16:53
| 16:55
| 2
| 65
| 1
|-
| Alleppey
| ALLP
| 17:55
| 17:57
| 2
| 149
| 1
|-
| Ernakulam Jn
| ERS
| 18:42
|18:45
|3
| 206
| 1
|-
|Thrissur
|TCR
|19:56
|19:58
|2
|280
|1
|-
|Shoranur Jn
|SRR
|20:30
|20:32
|2
|313
|1
|-
|Tirur
|TIR
|21:02
|21:04
|2
|358
|1
|-
|Kozhikode
|CLT
|21:32
|21:34
|2
|399
|1
|-
|Kannur
|CAN
|22:36
|22:38
|2
|488
|1
|-
|Kasaragod
|KGQ
|23:46
|23:48
|2
|574
|1
|-
|Mangalore Cntl
|MAQ
|00:45
|—
|—
|619
|2
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="125" widths="200">
File:Thiruvananthapuram Kasaragod Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha) - 2nd Rake.jpg|3rd Rake of this Mini Vande Bharat Express train
File:Thiruvananthapuram Kasaragod Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha) - Dual Rakes.jpg|Dual Rakes of this Mini VB Express train
File:KGQ TVC VB at Kasaragod.jpg|This Mini Vande Bharat Express train at {{stnlnk|Kasaragod}} railway station and getting ready for departure towards [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Trivandrum Ctrl]]
File:Crowd gathers at Kollam Junction to welcome Vande Bharat Express, Sep 2023.jpg|Crowd at [[Kollam Junction railway station]] on 24 September 2023 to welcome the second Vande Bharat Express allotted to [[Kerala]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[KSR Bengaluru–Ernakulam Junction Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Kannur–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Kozhikode–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Ernakulam–Kannur Express|Executive Express]]
* [[Mangalore Central railway station]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station]]
* [[Alappuzha railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kasaragod district]]

Sakshi Malik (actress)

2026-04-05T15:44:08Z

Keem Fame rich: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from person}}
{{R with history}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Sakshi}}

Sunil Gulati

2026-04-04T23:25:28Z

Keem Fame rich: article - done

{{Short description|American sports administrator}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Sunil Gulati
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = Sunil Gulati.jpg{{!}}border
|alt =
|caption = Gulati in 2006
|order =
|office = President of the [[United States Soccer Federation]]
|term_start = March 11, 2006
|term_end = February 10, 2018
|president =
|succeeding = 
|predecessor = [[Robert Contiguglia]]
|successor = [[Carlos Cordeiro]]
|office2 = Vice President of [[FIFA]]
|term_start2 = 2016
|term_end2 = 2016
|president2 =
|succeeding2 =
|predecessor2 =
|successor2 =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|07|30}}
|birth_place = [[Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh]], India
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|citizenship =
|relations =
|children =
|alma_mater = [[Bucknell University]] [[Columbia University]]
|occupation =
|profession =
|committees =
}}
'''Sunil Gulati''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|uː|n|iː|l|_|ɡ|uː|ˈ|l|ɑː|t|i}} {{respell|SOO|neel|_|goo|LAH|tee}};{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} born July 30, 1959) is an American sports administrator who presided over the [[United States Soccer Federation]] (USSF) from 2006 to 2018. On April 19, 2013, he was elected to a four-year term on the [[FIFA Council]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-04-19/sports/38675863_1_gulati-concacaf-fifa-congress | title=US Soccer Federation President Sunil Gulati elected to FIFA executive committee | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=August 21, 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2017/02/07/sunil-gulati-us-soccer-promotion-relegation-mls-pro-rel-usa | title=Promotion and relegation in the USA? Sunil Gulati on why it's not in place | magazine=Sports Illustrated | date=8 February 2017}}</ref> In March 2014, he was unanimously reelected to a record third four-year term as USSF president, having been elected initially in 2006 and reelected again in 2010. Gulati is also a senior lecturer in the [[economics]] department of [[Columbia University]].<ref name=colu_sg>{{Cite web | url=https://econ.columbia.edu/sunil-gulati | title=COLUMBIA, ECONOMICS : Sunil Gulati: Senior Lecturer (profile page) | publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> He is the former president of Kraft Soccer for the [[New England Revolution]] in [[Major League Soccer]].

On December 4, 2017, Gulati announced that he would not seek a fourth term as president of the U.S. Soccer Federation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/sports/sunil-gulati-us-soccer.html?smid=pl-share|title = Sunil Gulati Won't Run for Re-election as U.S. Soccer President|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 4 December 2017|last1 = Das|first1 = Andrew}}</ref> On February 10, 2018, he was succeeded by his vice president [[Carlos Cordeiro]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CARLOS CORDEIRO ELECTED AS 32ND U.S. SOCCER PRESIDENT|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/02/10/13/58/20180210-news-new-us-soccer-president-carlos-cordeiro-elected-annual-general-meeting|access-date=February 10, 2018|work=US Soccer Federation|date=February 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gulati was born in [[Allahabad|Allahabad, India]] in [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] refugee family, originally from [[West Punjab]]. His family moved to [[Connecticut]] when he was five years old, and he grew up playing soccer.<ref name=nyt_sl04/> Gulati is an alumnus of [[Cheshire High School]] in [[Cheshire, Connecticut]]. He graduated magna cum laude from [[Bucknell University]] and earned his M.A. and M.Phil. in economics at [[Columbia University]]. In 1991, he joined the [[World Bank]] through its Young Professionals Program and served as country economist for [[Moldova]].

==Soccer development service==
Gulati has a longstanding involvement in the administration of the [[United States Soccer Federation]], with former USSF president and Major League Soccer founder [[Alan Rothenberg]] calling Gulati "the single most important person in the development of soccer in this country".<ref name="usat_0605">{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/national/2006-05-01-gulati_x.htm?POE=click-refer | title=USSF president Gulati is professor of the pitch | work=USA Today | date=May 1, 2006 | last=Whiteside | first=Kelly}}</ref> Gulati first became involved with the USSF through his employment as a youth coach and administrator in local Connecticut leagues while attending college.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2013/06/07/sunil-gulatis-steady-rise-biggest-challenge-still-come-word | title=Sunil Gulati's steady rise, with the biggest work yet to come | work=MLSSoccer.com | date=June 7, 2013}}</ref> Gulati became a prominent volunteer federation staffer and adviser in the 1980s during the presidency of [[Werner Fricker]], and began working in the game full-time upon taking the job of deputy commissioner of [[Major League Soccer]] when the league was formed following the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] hosted by the U.S., which Gulati played a major role in organizing.

Gulati was elected USSF President in March 2006,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/2006/men/mar11.htm | title=Gulati is acclaimed new USSF president; board size is slashed | work=SoccerTimes | date=March 11, 2006}}</ref><ref name="nyt_sl04">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/sports/soccer/14gulati.html?oref=slogin | title=Economics Professor Seeks U.S. Soccer Model | work=The New York Times | date=April 14, 2006 | author=Joshua Rohinson)}}</ref> succeeding [[Robert Contiguglia]]; Gulati had served as federation vice president for six years and played a key role in major USSF board decisions for many years prior to his election as president. In February 2010, he was re-elected for another four-year term as USSF president.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ussoccer.com/news/federation-services/2010/01/sunil-gulati-unanimously-reelected-as-president-of-us-soccer.aspx | title=Sunil Gulati Unanimously Re-elected as President of U.S. Soccer | publisher=U.S. Soccer | date=February 6, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033332/http://www.ussoccer.com/news/federation-services/2010/01/sunil-gulati-unanimously-reelected-as-president-of-us-soccer.aspx | archive-date=March 2, 2014 }}</ref>

In February 2009, Gulati announced that the USSF would bid for the right to host the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] in 2018 or 2022. He chaired the World Cup U.S. Bid Committee Board of Directors<ref name=uss_1822bid>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2009/02/U-S-Soccer-President-Sunil-Gulati-And-Other-Board-Members-Discuss-The-Usas-20182022-FIFA-World-Cup-B.aspx | title=U.S. Soccer President Sunil Gulati And Other Board Members Discuss the USA's 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup Bid | date=February 2, 2009 | publisher=U.S. Soccer | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824201716/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2009/02/U-S-Soccer-President-Sunil-Gulati-And-Other-Board-Members-Discuss-The-Usas-20182022-FIFA-World-Cup-B.aspx | archive-date=August 24, 2012 }}</ref> and visited 20 of the 22 member voters on the [[FIFA Executive Committee]].<ref name="si_wc1820">{{cite magazine | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/grant_wahl/12/01/fifa.bid.gulati/index.html#ixzz2D5scxlZO | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205050845/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/grant_wahl/12/01/fifa.bid.gulati/index.html?#ixzz2D5scxlZO | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 5, 2010 | title=U.S. rests hopes on tireless Gulati | magazine=Sports Illustrated | date=December 2, 2010 | author=Grant Wahl}}</ref> The United States, however, was not selected to host either World Cup. In 2011, he was recognized and awarded the 2011 Trailblazer Award from the Association of South Asians in Media, Marketing and Entertainment (SAMMA) for his outstanding contributions to the world of U.S. sports.

In 2012, Sunil Gulati spearheaded the formation of a new professional women's soccer league in the United States.<ref name=nyt_s12>{{Cite web | url=http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/gulati-talks-about-new-womens-coach-and-new-womens-league | title=Gulati Talks About New Women's Coach and New Women's League | work=New York Times | date=September 17, 2012 | author=Andrew Das}}</ref>
The previous two attempts to form a women's league by the [[Women's United Soccer Association]] and [[Women's Professional Soccer]] folded in three years. On October 21, 2012, the USSF, the [[Canadian Soccer Association]], and the [[Mexican Football Federation]] made a joint announcement on the creation of a new women's soccer league with clubs playing in Boston, Chicago, Kansas City, New Jersey, western New York, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, and Washington, D.C., Gulati advocated a "sustainable economic model", with the new league having a unique feature of the three federations paying the salaries of their national team players who play in this league.<ref name=uss_nwsl>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/11/US-Womens-League-Conference-Call-Quote-Sheet.aspx | title=U.S. Women's League Conference Call Quote Sheet | publisher=U. S. Soccer | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128005931/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/11/US-Womens-League-Conference-Call-Quote-Sheet.aspx | archive-date=2012-11-28 }}</ref><ref name=fxs_nwsl>{{Cite web | url=https://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/usa/story/united-states-soccer-federation-announces-new-womens-professional-soccer-league-112112 | title=USA announces new women's league | work=foxsports.com}}</ref><ref name=yahs_nwsl>{{Cite web | url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/soccer-womens-soccer-league-launched-u-185048977--sow.html |
title=Soccer-New women's soccer league launched in U.S. | publisher=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref>

In 2018, after the US failed to qualify for the World Cup, Gulati chose not to run for re-election as president, and was succeeded by [[Carlos Cordeiro]]. Gulati remained the chairman of the USSF's ultimately successful joint bid with [[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]] and [[Canadian Soccer Association|Canada]] to host the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].

==Career in academia==

Because the [[United States Soccer Federation]] has a full-time professional staff handling the federation's day-to-day business, Gulati is able to maintain a parallel, full-time career in academia. Sunil Gulati is a senior lecturer in economics at [[Columbia University]], having also previously served on the Columbia economics faculty from 1986 to 1990. At Columbia, Gulati teaches principles of economics, [[global economics]], and sports economics. The sports economics class is often heavily over-subscribed, with students known to camp out overnight to secure a place.<ref name=usat_0605/>

== FIFA Executive Committee ==
Gulati was elected to the [[FIFA Executive Committee]] on April 19, 2013, following a narrow 18–17 vote over [[Mexican Federation of Association Football]] President [[Justino Compeán]] at the [[CONCACAF]] Congress in [[Panama City]], Panama.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Evans|first1=Simon|title=U.S's Gulati elected to FIFA executive committee|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-concacaf-fifa-idUSBRE93I18120130419|website=Reuters|date=19 April 2013|agency=Reuters|access-date=June 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US Soccer president Sunil Gulati elected to FIFA Executive Committee in CONCACAF vote|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2013/04/19/us-soccer-president-sunil-gulati-elected-fifa-executive-committee-concacaf-v|website=mlssoccer.com|publisher=Major League Soccer|access-date=June 8, 2014}}</ref> Of the four executive committee meetings in 2013, Gulati attended three of them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Financial Report 2013|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/30/12/07/fifafr2013en_neutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327075633/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/30/12/07/fifafr2013en_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 27, 2014|website=fifa.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=June 8, 2014|page=55}}</ref> The fourth meeting was held before Gulati's election.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Executive Committee Meeting No. 26 Agenda|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/02/96/02/13.03.13_excomarch_agenda_en_13-00502_101_en_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425161833/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/02/96/02/13.03.13%5fexcomarch%5fagenda%5fen%5f13-00502%5f101%5fen%5fen.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 25, 2013|website=fifa.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=June 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Executive Committee Meeting No. 27 Agenda|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/08/26/87/excomayagendaen_neutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715171547/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/08/26/87/excomayagendaen_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|website=fifa.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=June 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Executive Committee Meeting No. 28 Agenda|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/17/94/91/13920_excooctober_agenda_en_13-02270_101_en_en_13-02410_101_en_en_neutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234846/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/17/94/91/13920_excooctober_agenda_en_13-02270_101_en_en_13-02410_101_en_en_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 4, 2013|website=fifa.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=June 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Executive Committee Meeting No. 29 Agenda|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/23/11/40/03_12_2013_agenda_excodecember_en_neutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214021017/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/23/11/40/03%5f12%5f2013%5fagenda%5fexcodecember%5fen%5fneutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 14, 2013|website=fifa.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=June 8, 2014}}</ref> Gulati was one of several executive committee members to call for the publication of the [[Garcia Report]] into allegations of corruption surrounding Russia and Qatar's bids for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups.<ref name=GuardSep14>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/24/michael-garcia-fifa-investigation-public-world-cup|title=Fifa prosecutor Michael Garcia calls for World Cup report to be made public|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=September 24, 2014|access-date=September 24, 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gulati lives in the [[New York City]] area with his wife and two children.<ref name=usat_0605/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Soccer}}
*[[United States Soccer Federation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [https://econ.columbia.edu/sunil-gulati COLUMBIA, ECONOMICS : Sunil Gulati: Senior Lecturer (profile page)]
* [http://www.linkedin.com/pub/sunil-gulati/6/a62/578 linkedin.com public profile]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Robert Contiguglia|Dr. S. Robert Contiguglia]]|title = President of the [[United States Soccer Federation]] (USSF)| years = 2006–2018 | after = [[Carlos Cordeiro]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{National Soccer Hall of Fame members}}
{{USSF Presidents}}
{{FIFA exco}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulati, Sunil}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Bucknell University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cheshire, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer executives]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States Soccer Federation]]
[[Category:FIFA officials]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Cheshire High School alumni]]
[[Category:National Soccer Hall of Fame members]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]

Mayapuri

2026-03-22T19:35:39Z

Keem Fame rich: slightly improve article for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{for-multi|the magazine|Mayapuri (magazine)|the city in Uttarakhand|Haridwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mayapuri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.627323|N|77.124109|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Delhi|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Mayapuri''' is an industrial locality in the [[West Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Fire breaks out at car showroom in West Delhi, no casualties: Police |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/fire-breaks-out-at-car-showroom-in-mayapuri-west-delhi-several-vehicles-destroyed-cause-of-fire-unknown-101689146500097.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It used to be a major hub of [[Heavy metals|heavy metal]] and small-scale industries, but following government sanctions, most of the heavy metal industries moved out. The place is now a combination of light metal factories, scrap markets, and automobile service stations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-14 |title=Delhi: Cash crunch, pollution find an echo in scrap markets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-scrap-market-indian-express-mayapuri-demonetisation-delhi-pollution-4373930/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, a major radiation accident took place in the scrap yards of Mayapuri.

There are some famous landmarks in the area like the [[Food Corporation of India]], Metal Forging and Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital. The area is connected with [[Delhi Metro]] by [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri station]]. Mayapuri is also one of the major bus terminals for the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC).

==2010 Mayapuri radiation accident==

In early April 2010, Mayapuri was affected by a serious radiological accident.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/world/asia/24india.html |title=Scrap metal radiation raises concerns in India |date=23 April 2010 |first=Jim |last=Yardley |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> An [[Atomic Energy of Canada Limited|AECL]] Gammacell 220 research [[irradiation|irradiator]] owned by [[Delhi University]] since 1968, but unused since 1985, was negligently sold at an auction to a [[scrap metal]] dealer in Mayapuri on 26 February 2010.<ref>[http://www.aerb.gov.in/t/prsrel/p2942010.pdf AERB press release. 29 April 2010.]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130125073429/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Source-of-Mayapuri-radiation-traced-to-Delhi-Univ-chemistry-lab/Article1-536847.aspx Hindustan Times] </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-28/delhi/28137834_1_scrap-dealers-delhi-university-s-chemistry-department-cobalt-60 Origin of Cobalt-60 traced to Delhi University]</ref> The [[orphan source]] arrived at the [[scrap yard]] in Mayapuri during March, where it was dismantled by workers unaware of the hazardous nature of the device. The [[cobalt-60]] source was cut into eleven pieces. The smallest of the fragments was taken by Ajay Jain, one of the dealers, who kept it in his wallet; two fragments were moved to a nearby shop; and the remaining eight remained in the scrap yard. Eight people were hospitalized in [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] for radiation injuries, where one later died due to multi-organ failure.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 27, 2010 |title=Mayapuri radiation victim succumbs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/mayapuri-radiation-victim-succumbs-72792-2010-04-27 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Police cordoned off the market and all ten cobalt sources were recovered by [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]] in mid-April and transported to [[Narora Atomic Power Station]], where it was claimed that all radioactive material originally contained within the device was accounted for. The material remains in the custody of the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]].<ref name=NYT /><ref>[http://www.aerb.gov.in/t/prsrel/p1852010.pdf AERB press release. 18 May 2010.]</ref><ref>[http://www.aerb.gov.in/t/prsrel/p0552010.pdf AERB press release. 5 May 2010]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-05/delhi/28291040_1_mayapuri-scrap-cobalt-60-narora-atomic-power Radiation response team recovers all Cobalt-60 source from Mayapuri]</ref>

The event was rated level 4 out of 7 on the [[International Nuclear Events Scale]].<ref>[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/2010INDA1.html Robert Johnston, Mayapuri orphaned source]</ref> After the incident, AERB organized many awareness drives for Mayapuri scrap dealers broadly on the safety, legal and regulatory aspects while handling and disposal of radioactive materials.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rajagopalan |first=Rajeswari Pillai |title=Radiological Security in India: Policies and Challenges |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/radiological-security-in-india-policies-and-challenges-68782/ |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=ORF |language=en-US}}</ref> A year later, [[Delhi Police]] charged six [[Delhi University]] chemistry professors for negligent disposal of the radioactive device.<ref>{{cite web |title=Six DU professors charged in Mayapuri radiation case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/six-du-professors-charged-in-mayapuri-radiation-case-466484 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Metal recycling industry==

One of the main businesses in Mayapuri is the recycling of metal scraps and sale of salvage vehicle parts. It is, arguably, the biggest market for used automotive and industrial spare parts in India. Many traders from all over India come here to sell or purchase old auto parts. Many small workshops specialised in different metals are active in the Mayapuri area. The safety of the [[scrap yard]]s became a concern after the radiological accident which occurred in April 2010. The area is not equipped with [[radiation detector]]s or [[radiation portal monitor|portals]], despite being standard equipment in scrap yards and recycling facilities in the US and most European countries. The presence of toxic [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metals]] and harmful chemicals in the waste generated by these activities threaten the health of several thousands of people living in the area.

==Major landmarks==
Mayapuri is home to the following key landmarks:
* Metal Forging - one of the oldest forging units
* [[Food Corporation of India]] - government organization
* India International Marketing Company
* Swarg Ashram Mandir - temple

==Surrounding areas==
* [[Rajouri Garden]]
*[[Naraina Vihar]]
* [[Hari Nagar]]
* [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]]
* [[Delhi Cantt]]
* [[Kirti Nagar]]

==See also==
* [[1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident]]
* [[Acerinox accident]]
* [[Goiânia accident]]
* [[Ionizing radiation]]
* [[List of civilian radiation accidents]]
* [[Nuclear safety]]
* [[Nuclear whistleblowers]]
* [[Orphan source]]
* [[Radiation accident in Mexico City]]
* [[Radioactive scrap metal]]
* [[Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica]]
* [[X-ray]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130125125913/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/01/stories/2010050153911300.htm The Hindu: lessons from Mayapuri]
* [http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/2010INDA1.html Article in Robert Johnston's database of radiological incidents]

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Radiation accidents and incidents]]

Manikkam

2026-03-20T15:35:06Z

Keem Fame rich:

{{short description|1996 film directed by K. V. Pandian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manikkam
| image = Manikkam.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Surya Prakash (director)|K. V. Pandian]]
| producer = [[T. Siva]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Rajkiran]] [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| cinematography = Ravishankar
| editing =
| studio = Amma Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1996|9|7|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Manikkam''''' ({{translation|[[Ruby]]}}){{Efn|Also the title character.}} is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Surya Prakash (director)|Surya Prakash]] (credited as K. V. Pandian) in his debut and produced by [[T. Siva]]. The film stars [[Rajkiran]] and [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], while [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] and [[Gandhimathi]] play supporting roles. It was released on 7 September 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikkam (1996) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/manikkam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306044513/https://screen4screen.com/movies/manikkam |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of “Manikkam” is based on the Tamil religious belief of yesteryear heroes, brave-hearts, warriors (“veerargal”) eventually becoming worshipped as sub-deities and believed to become “protectors” of villages. These are locally known as “kaval deivangal”, or “guardian gods”. Manikkam (Rajkiran) is a protector (kaaval) of many local villages, but he resides at a village in Vadipatti.

Manikkam is believed to get the “arul vakku” from the local Neethi Amman kovil and operates accordingly. Meanwhile, local villagers are terrorized by Karuvayan (Mansoor Ali Khan) and the gang from a local town called Vakkanoor. Karuvayan is a ruthless bandit that thrives on the livelihood of stealing from others and selling arrack. The heroine Savithri (Vanitha Vijayakumar) comes back home from London and resides with her grandmother (Jayanthi); Savithri's “thai maaman” Anandaraj is a local goon who also makes money illicitly and utilizes Karuvayan and the Vakkanoor gang to handle business. Manikkam has many brothers and sisters and while he is the “kaaval” for many villages, he eventually becomes a “kaaval” for Savithri's village. Despite guarding villages, Manikkam has a responsibility of getting his 8 sisters married.

On a stroll through the village in Achanampatti, Savithri encounters the Karuppasamy kovil and asks why it is locked up; Savithri's grandmother explains that 5 years ago during a festival, Anandaraj was angry that he did not get the “parivattam” (a form of honor), so he ordered Karuvayan and Vakkanoor gang to kill the attendants and to lock the temple and ever since, nobody was able to attend the temple. Manikkam's father Virumandi (Vinu Chakravarthy) resides in Usilampatti and ends up marrying a 16-year-old girl, disgracing the family once more (he is married to many wives) and ruining a proposal for one of his daughters. Disgusted, Manikkam confronts his father about the marriage and a war of words leads to Manikkam getting kicked out his house with his siblings and grandmother Gandhimathi joining him.

Meanwhile, after Savithri meets Manikkam, her grandmother Jayanthi sends her to stay with Manikkam and his siblings, for her grandmother fears that she is not safe with Anandaraj around; when Anandaraj leaves town, she is hidden there. After learning more about Manikkam's soft nature, she eventually falls in love with him, desiring to marry him. One day Manikkam has an encounter with Karuvayan stealing from market merchants, and orders Karuvayan to give back the money he stole; this leads to a fight in which Karuvayan is beaten up by Manikkam. Savithri eventually expresses her love and desire to Manikkam, but Manikkam refuses as his obligations to getting his sisters married and village affairs are more important. Eventually Anandaraj finds out of Savithri's love for Manikkam and threatens for her to marry him instead.

When Savithri is again hidden with Manikkam's family, Anandaraj comes to find out, brings her back and locks her in a room. Savithri's grandmother goes to the Neethi Amman kovil to tie a knot (wishful request) and Manikkam gets the word to free Savithri; Anandaraj confronts him with his goons and Manikkam defeats all of them. Eventually, Manivannan makes his way into the film as a criminal that was just released from the Palayamkottai jail; he eventually meets Karuvayan and they become friends. Karuvayan introduces Manivannan to Anandraj and they devise a plan to defeat Manikkam; Manivannan already had an aim to go after Manikkam's father for marrying his 16-year-old sister, so there was a mutual hatred toward Manikkam.

Manikkam eventually marries off one of his sisters. The rest of his 7 sisters eventually get groom proposals, prompting a plan for a single marriage ceremony for all 7 girls. Meanwhile, Savithri's village elders get the “arul vaakku” to open the Karuppasamy temple and conduct the temple festival, with Manikkam supposedly being the one to lead the charge in that effort. This causes worry by his grandmother and siblings, knowing what happened when Anandaraj and the Vakkanoor gang killing anyone that tried to open up the temple, but Manikkam remained calm and moved forward since he received the arul vaakku. The night his sisters were getting married, Manivannan tricked Virumandi into stopping the wedding, but the grooms did not acknowledge his word and made it clear that they are marrying Manikkam's sisters.

After a big argument at the wedding, Savithri eventually talks sense into the wedding parties, which angers Manivannan and ends up stabbing her. Instead of going to the hospital, Savithri desires to see Manikkam as the temple festival is happening at the same night of the wedding. During the thiruvizha (festival), Manikkam gets into a trance and leads the way to open the temple. Anandraj, Karuvayan and Vakkanoor gang make their way into the crowd to stop Manikkam, but they were all beaten and killed, including Karuvayan and Anandraj. Manikkam successfully opens the Karuppasamy temple after 5 years and enters with other devotees, but the rest of the devotees outside were ambushed and slaughtered by more of the Vakkanoor gang that arrived onsite. Manikkam (still in the trance) gets word from a crying village elder about what Vakkanoor people did and then grabs the aruvaal (machete) and takes charge towards Vakkanoor.

Meanwhile, the wives of the Vakkanoor bandits approach Manikkam's mother (Srividya) and beg her to stop her son from slaughtering their husbands. Srividya eventually finds her son in a full trance, heading to Vakkanoor to go after the bandits; knowing that she cannot stop him, she talks as if she was the goddess and tells him to stop, which prompts Manikkam to completely stop, while he stands in full fury and anger; Pazhanichamy (local villager) informs Manikkam's mother of what Vakkanoor did and how Manikkam was going to serve justice; his mother realizes her fault and then runs back to her son, but not knowing where her path was, she falls into a well. Eventually his father Virumandi realizes his mistakes and falls at Manikkam's feet begging for forgiveness and eventually Savithri comes to him and dies at his feet. The movie ends with a large black statue of Manikkam in that same pose with the aruvaal and velkambu, as this is believed to be many years later and he is now adopted as a kaaval deivam like Karuppasamy, as this Tamil religious tradition passes on.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajkiran]] as Manikkam
*[[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] as Savithri
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Paatti
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Srividya]]
*[[Anandaraj]]
*[[Vijayachandrika]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Virumandi
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Sarapambu Subburaj]]
*[[Vaiyapuri]]
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]]
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Karuvayan

}}

==Production==
K. V. Pandian made his directorial debut through the film. He changed his name to [[Surya Prakash (director)|Surya Prakash]] for subsequent ventures.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=22 June 2013 |title=Audio beat: Varsanadu – Nostalgic notes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-varsanadu-nostalgic-notes/article4840582.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826054022/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-varsanadu-nostalgic-notes/article4840582.ece |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=19 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Karthik Raja]].<ref name="spotify">{{cite web |title=Manikkam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2NkWL3oaLU8wYbE56lvMSX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813162637/https://open.spotify.com/album/2NkWL3oaLU8wYbE56lvMSX |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |date=31 October 1996 |title=Tamil musician Karthik Raja seeks to rival Rahman mania with his first two releases |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19961031-tamil-musician-karthik-raja-seeks-to-rival-rahman-mania-with-his-first-two-releases-834030-1996-10-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813162632/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19961031-tamil-musician-karthik-raja-seeks-to-rival-rahman-mania-with-his-first-two-releases-834030-1996-10-31 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The song "Sandhanam Thechachu" became popular.<ref name="silverscreen">{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/song-of-the-day-sandhanam-thechachu-en-maama-sangathi-ennachu/|title=Song of The Day: Sandhanam Thechachu En Maama Sangathi Ennachu|website=Silverscreen.in|date=16 November 2016|access-date=2019-08-13|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813162638/https://silverscreen.in/news/song-of-the-day-sandhanam-thechachu-en-maama-sangathi-ennachu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Sundararae Muzhu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Bhavatharini]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|-
| "Rakkamma Rakkamma" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Swarnalatha]] || rowspan=2|Paarthi Bhaskar
|-
| "Santhanam Theychachi" || Bhavatharini
|-
| "Unakku En Rasa" || [[P. Susheela]] || Vaamanan
|-
| "Thottu Sel Ilam" || Bhavatharini || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| "Shakthi Ulla Thaye" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Venkat Prabhu]] || [[Gangai Amaran]]
|}

== Critical reception==
R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt the screenplay of the film gets weakened due to unbelievable emotional scenes and added Karthik Raja's songs were average but praised his background score and also praised Rajkiran's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர் |date=29 September 1996 |title=மாணிக்கம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1996-09-29/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230515142306/https://archive.org/details/kalki1996-09-29/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' appreciated Ravishankar's cinematography and added, "Those who liked Rajkiran's previous movies will like Manikam".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=9 October 1996 |title=Time for Rajkiram to expand his movie character |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GP5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XBUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3430%2C3475726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610034618/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GP5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XBUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3430%2C3475726 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1996 action drama films]]
[[Category:1996 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Surya Prakash (director)]]
[[Category:Films produced by T. Siva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lokmanya (TV series)

2026-03-17T11:08:47Z

Keem Fame rich:

{{Short description|Marathi-language historical biopic series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lokmanya ZM.webp
| image_size =
| company = Dashami Creations
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|05|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|12|21|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 136
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer = Aparna Padgaonkar
| producer =
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Biopic]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Lokmanya''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] historical biopic series. It starred Kshitish Date and [[Spruha Joshi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical shows are not documentaries, says the writer of ‘Lokmanya’|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/ott/130123/historical-shows-are-not-documentaries-says-the-writer-of-lokmanya.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> It is produced under the banner of ''Dashami Creations''. The show premiered from 21 December 2022 airing Wednesday to Saturday on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=झी मराठीवर अनुभवूया लोकमान्य टिळकांचा असामान्य प्रवास|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-marathi-coming-up-with-new-marathi-serial-on-lokmanya-tilak/669133|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show depicts the extraordinary journey of Lokmanya Tilak, a staunch Indian nationalist who stoked the self-esteem of fellow Indians stuck in slavery and strived hard to unite the nation.

=== Special episode ===
==== 1 hour ====
# 19 February 2023
# 19 March 2023
# 16 April 2023
# 23 July 2023

==== 2 hours ====
* 22 January 2023 (elder Lokmanya)<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Marathi TV show 'Lokmanya' based on Bal Gangadhar Tilak set to premiere soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-tv-show-lokmanya-based-on-bal-gangadhar-tilak-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/95656978.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Kshitish Date as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] (Lokmanya)<ref>{{Cite web|title='Dharmaveer Mukkam Post Thane' fame Kshitish Date is proud to play Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Lokmanya TV show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/dharmaveer-mukkam-post-thane-fame-kshitish-date-is-proud-to-play-bal-gangadhar-tilak-in-lokmanya-tv-show/articleshow/95692198.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
** Neil Deshpande as younger Balwant Tilak<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lokmanya and Aga Aga Sunbai Kay Mhanta Sasubai to replace Fu Bai Fu on Zee Marathi|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/lokmanya-and-aga-aga-sunbai-kay-mhanta-sasubai-to-replace-fu-bai-fu-on-zee-marathi-6589753.html|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
* [[Spruha Joshi]] as Satyabhama Balwant Tilak (Tapi)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spruha Joshi to make her TV comeback as a lead after 8 years - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/spruha-joshi-to-make-her-tv-comeback-as-a-lead-after-8-years/articleshow/95665994.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
** Maithili Patwardhan as younger Bhama Tilak<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child actress Maithili Patwardhan to play the role of Bal Gangadhar Tilak's wife Satyabhamabai in 'Lokmanya' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/child-actress-maithili-patwardhan-to-play-the-role-of-bal-gangadhar-tilaks-wife-satyabhamabai-in-lokmanya/articleshow/96731378.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Suyash Tilak]] as [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suyash Tilak is proud to play a freedom fighter in 'Lokmanya' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/suyash-tilak-is-proud-to-play-a-freedom-fighter-in-lokmanya/articleshow/97307252.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] as Radhabai
* Ambar Ganpule as [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]
* Aarti More as Yashoda Gopal Agarkar
* Vaikhari Pathak-Bhajan as Gopika Tilak
* Saanvi Jambekar as Krishna Balwant Tilak
** Samayra Patil as younger Krishna
* Swapnil Phadke as [[Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar|Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]]
* Rugved Phadke as Daji Aaba Khare
* Kedar Shirsekar as Ferozeshah Mehta
* Rushikesh Bhosale as [[Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar]]
* Rajashri Nikam as Janaki
* Omkar Kulkarni
* Vighnesh Joshi
* Shalaka Pawar
* Sanjeev Tandel

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26510190}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/lokmanya/0-6-4z5266071 ''Lokmanya''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Shatrughna

2026-03-15T04:39:30Z

Keem Fame rich: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Short description|Rama's brother in epic Ramayana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Satrughna, the youngest brother of Rāma..jpg
| caption = Shatrughna, the youngest Prince of [[Ayodhya]]. King of [[Madhupuri]].
|parents={{unbulleted list|[[Dasharatha]] (father)|[[Sumitra]] (mother)|[[Kaikeyi]] (step-mother)|[[Kausalya]] (step-mother)}}
| siblings = [[Lakshmana]] (brother) [[Rama]] (half-brother) [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] (half-brother)
| spouse = [[Shrutakirti]]
| children = [[Subahu (Shatrughna's son)|Subahu]] [[Shatrughati]]
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Sudarshana Chakra]] of [[Vishnu]]
| texts = [[Ramayana]] and [[Versions of Ramayana|its other versions]]
| dynasty = [[Raghuvamsha]]-[[Suryavamsha]]
| avatar_birth = [[Ayodhya]], [[Kosala]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| avatar_end = [[Ghaghara|Sarayu River]], Ayodhya, Kosala (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
}}

'''''Shatrughna''''' ({{langx|sa|शत्रुघ्न|lit=killer of enemies}}, {{IAST3|Śatrughna}}), also known as '''Ripudaman''', is the younger brother of [[Rama]], and King of [[Madhupuri]] and [[Vidisha]], in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. He is considered as an incarnation of the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] of god [[Vishnu]], and was married to [[Shrutakirti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharma |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7AeEAAAQBAJ&dq=shatrughna&pg=PA150 |title=Ramayana: India's Immortal Tale of Adventure, Love, and Wisdom |date=2020-08-18 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-68383-919-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Shatrughna is the twin of [[Lakshmana]]. He is a loyalist of [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], just like Lakshmana is to Rama.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxBYEAAAQBAJ&dq=shatrughna&pg=PT256 |title=Valmiki Ramayana: Uttara Kanda: English translation only without Slokas |date=2021-12-21 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}</ref> Shatrughna appears as the 412th name of Vishnu in the ''[[Vishnu Sahasranama]]'' of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name= Naidu>{{Cite news|last= Naidu |first= S. Shankar Raju|author2=Kampar, Tulasīdāsa |title= A comparative study of Kamba Ramayanam and Tulasi Ramayan| work=Shank| pages=44,148| access-date=2009-12-21| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okVXAAAAMAAJ&q=Shankha|publisher= University of Madras|year=1971}}</ref> Shatrughna is often overlooked and is the least known out of all of Rama's brothers.

== Etymology ==
The name Shatrughna is of [[Sanskrit]] origin. ''Shatru'' means 'enemy' and ''Ghna'' means 'killing'. His name means 'killer of enemies'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|title=Ramayana {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065621/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legend ==
===Birth and early life===
King [[Dasharatha]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] had three wives: [[Kausalya]], [[Kaikeyi]], and [[Sumitra]]. Shatrughan and his elder brother [[Lakshmana]] were born to Sumitra, while [[Rama]] and [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] were born to Kausalya and Kaikeyi.<ref name="Mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|author-link =Vettam Mani|pages=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/448 448]-9}}</ref> In the ''Ramayana'', he is described as an incarnation of [[Sudarshana Chakra]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā |date=2000 |publisher=Vyāsa Bālābakṣa Śodhasaṃsthāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3PXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80 |language=sa}}</ref>

===Marriage to Shrutakirti===
[[File:Ramayana - Marriage of Rama Bharata Lakshmana and Shatrughna.jpg|thumb|Marriage of the four brothers]]

After Rama won the [[svayamvara]] of [[Sita]], their marriage was fixed. King [[Dasharatha]] arrived in Mithila for his son's wedding and noticed that Lakshmana had feelings for [[Urmila]], but according to tradition, Bharata and [[Mandavi]] were to marry first.<ref>{{cite book|author=Praśānta Guptā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&pg=PA32|title=Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa|publisher=Dreamland Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788173012549|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dawar|first=Sonalini Chaudhry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFPAQAAMAAJ&q=Shatrughna|title=Ramayana, the Sacred Epic of Gods and Demons|date=2006|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9788187107675|language=en}}</ref> King Dasharatha then arranged for Bharata to marry Mandavi and Shatrughna to marry [[Shrutakirti]], allowing Lakshmana to marry Urmila. Ultimately, all four sisters married the four brothers, strengthening the alliance between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ&q=Shatrughna|title=The History of Puranas|date=2005|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-062-4|language=en}}</ref> Shatrughna and Shrutakirti had two sons named [[Subahu (Shatrughna's son)|Subahu]] and [[Shatrughati]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ramayana and Mahabharata: Conclusion|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/ramaconc.htm|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

===Rama's exile===
[[Image:Dasharatha four sons.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Bharata and Shatrughna leave for Kekeya, taking leave from Dasharatha, Rama and Lakshmana]]

When Rama was exiled, Shatrughna dragged Kaikeyi's old nurse [[Manthara]] (who was responsible for poisoning the queen's mind against Rama) and tried to kill her, but he was restrained by Bharata, who felt that Rama would not approve. Bharata went to Rama and asked him to come back to Ayodhya, but Rama refused. Bharata ruled Ayodhya from Nandigram and was an excellent leader, acting as the very embodiment of dharma. Although Bharata was the king designate of Ayodhya during Rama's exile, it was Shatrughna who undertook of the administration of the whole kingdom during Rama's absence. Shatrughna was the only solace for the three queen mothers during the absence of Rama, Lakshmana, and Bharata from Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf|title=A tail's travel from Treta Yuga to DwaparaYuga|website=shabdbooks.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519175458/http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

===Rage against Manthara===
[[Manthara]] appears only once in the ''Ramayana'' after Rama's banishment. Having been rewarded by Kaikeyi with costly clothing and jewels, she was walking in the palace gardens when Bharata and his half-brother Shatrughna came upon her. Seeing her, Shatrughna flew into a violent rage over Rama's banishment and decided to attack her. Kaikeyi begged Bharata to save her, which he did, telling Shatrughna that it would be a sin to kill a woman, and that Rama would be furious with both of them if he did such a thing. He relented and the brothers left, while Kaikeyi attempted to comfort Manthara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ohri, Vishwa Chander|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/10349809|title=The exile in forest|date=1983|publisher=Lalit Kalā Akademi, India|oclc=10349809}}</ref>

===Slaying of Lavanasura===
[[File:Satrughna slays Lavana.jpg|thumb|Shatrughna slays Lavana|alt=|288x288px]]

Although he played a relatively minor role in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Shatrughna was important to the main story and goal of the epic. His chief exploit was the killing of [[Lavanasura]], the demon King of Madhupura ([[Mathura]]),<ref name="p1">Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.170.</ref> who was a nephew of [[Ravana]], the King of [[Lanka]], slain by Rama.

Lavanasura was the son of Madhu, the pious demon-king after whom the city of Madhupura was named. Madhu's wife and Lavanusara's mother Kumbhini was a sister of [[Ravana]]. Lavanasura was holder of the divine ''[[Trishula]]'' (Trident) of Lord [[Shiva]], and nobody was able to kill him or prevent him from committing sinful activities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Maltinandan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABRVCwAAQBAJ&dq=lavanasura+trishul&pg=PA57|title=Chalein Such Ki Aur|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-5206-582-0|language=hi}}</ref>

Shatrughna requested Rama and his elder brothers to allow him the opportunity to serve them by killing Lavanasura. Shatrughna killed the demon with an arrow imbibed with the power of [[Vishnu]]. After Lavanasura's death, Rama crowned him King of Madhupura.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Meena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-QdDQAAQBAJ&dq=lavanasura&pg=PT143|title=Tales From The Ramayan|date=2016-09-22|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5261-304-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-05-26 |title=Lavanasura, Lavaṇāsura: 2 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lavanasura |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Death===
Shatrughna divided his kingdom consisting of [[Mathura|Madhupura]] and [[Vidisha]] between his sons [[Subahu]] and [[Shatrughati]].<ref name=Britishlibrary>{{cite book|author=Frederic Salmon Growse|author-link=Frederic Salmon Growse|title=Mathura: A District Memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/mathurdistrictme00grow/page/n3|year= 1874|publisher= Government Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM VOL II PART II |date=1963 |publisher=GOVERNMENT EPIGRAPHIST FOR INDIA, OOTACAMUND |page=[https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014676mbp/page/n58 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014676mbp}}</ref> After Rama, the seventh [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] completed 11,000 years of perfectly pious rule upon earth, walked into the river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] to return to his true and eternal [[Mahavishnu]] form, [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and Shatrughna also followed him into the river and later merged into [[Mahavishnu]].<ref>{{cite book
|last=MacFie
|first=J. M.
|title=The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C&pg=PA115
|date=1 May 2004
|publisher=Kessinger Publishing
|isbn=978-1-4179-1498-2}}</ref>

==Assessment==
Shatrughna was the youngest of the fourth brothers. He dedicated himself in the service of his brother, Bharata. When Bharata, decided to stay at [[Nandigram]], Shatrughna wanted to accompany him. But on his brother's request, he stayed in Ayodhya and looked after the state as an administrator. Shatrughna also looked after all his three mothers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shatrughna – Brother of Rama|url=https://blog.sagarworld.com/itihaas/ramayan/shatrughna-brother-of-rama/ |accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref>

==Worship==
In the [[Medak district]] of [[Telangana]], there is a temple called Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Sannadhi that is dedicated to Shatrughna and Shrutakirti. This temple is the only one in India that has installed statues of Rama's brothers and their wives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Swamy temple: Small wonder on a hillock |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811092819/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This unique Rama temple near Hyderabad where Hanuman finds no place |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unique-rama-temple-near-hyderabad-where-hanuman-finds-no-place-41757 |work=The News Minute |date=17 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

In Kerala, Shatrughna temples are integral to the state's [[Nalambalam]] pilgrimages during the Malayalam month of Karkidakam which is dedicated to the reading of the Ramayana and thus aptly called Ramayana masam(Ramayana month). The temples are:
*[[Payammal Shatrughna Temple|Payammal Sree Shatrughna Swami Temple]], Thrissur
*Methiri Sree Sathrughnaswamy Temple, Kottayam
*Nedungaattu Sree Shatrugna Swami Temple(Mammalassery), Ernakulam
*Naranathu Shatrughna Swami Temple, Malappuram
*Payam Sri Mahavishu (Shatrughna) Temple, Kannur
*Sree Shatrughna Swami Temple, Kalkulam, Kuthannur, Palakkad

Another temples dedicated to him are as follow:
* Shatrughna Temple at [[Muni Ki Reti]], [[Rishikesh]]
* Shatrughna Temple near Kans-tila, [[Mathura]], UP

== In popular culture ==
=== Television ===

The following people portrayed Shatrughna in the television adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* [[Sameer Rajda]] portrayed him in the 1987 series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' and the 1998 series ''[[Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramayana cast and characters: A full list|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/ramayana-cast-and-characters-a-full-list/579445|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=17 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Hitesh Kumar portrayed him in the 1997 series ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''.
* [[Amit Pachori]] portrayed him in the 2002 series ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Lalit Negi portrayed him in the 2008 series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* [[Harshad Arora]] portrayed him in the 2011 series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=An epic battle|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 August 2013|access-date=30 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109095117/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|archivedate=9 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Shreshth Kumar / Nishant Kumar portrayed him in the 2015 series ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''.
* Pratham Kunwar portrayed him in the 2015 series ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''.
* Akhil Kataria portrayed him in the 2019 series ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]].''
* Samarthya Gupta / Purusharth Rawat portrayed him in the 2024 series ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-13-fame-samarthya-gupta-to-play-shatrughna-in-srimad-ramayana-says-im-immensely-passionate-about-acting-exclusive/articleshow/106600230.cms | title=Samarthya Gupta to play Shatrughna in Srimad Ramayana, says 'I'm immensely passionate about acting' | access-date=9 January 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Pushya Mitra portrayed him in 2024 DD National series [[Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein]].

====YouTube ====

* Sumukh Mehrishi portrayed him in 2024 YouTube series Valmiki Ramayan.

=== Books ===
* ''Shatrughna Charit'' by Ravindra Shukla 'Ravi', published in 2014.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3ZqCwAAQBAJ |author=Ravindra Shukla 'Ravi' | title=Shatrughna Charit |year=2014 | isbn=9789382901518 | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869 |title=Ramayana }}, translated in English by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Griffith]], from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* {{citation|title=Balkand |last=Poddar |first=Hanuman Prasad |author-link=Hanuman Prasad Poddar |date=2001 |url=http://www.gitapress.org |location=[[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] |publisher=[[Gita Press]] |isbn=81-293-0406-6 |series=94 |language=awa, hi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713120313/http://www.gitapress.org/ |archive-date=13 July 2010 |df=dmy }}
* {{citation |last=Bhalla |first=Prem P. |title=The Story Of Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiv9_Cp3OtQC&pg=PA24 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Peacock Books |isbn=978-81-248-0191-8 }}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090302131210/http://ancientindians.wordpress.com/satrughna/ Satrughna and Mathura in the Uttarakanda]
* [https://yaneshtyagi.blogspot.com/2011/08/shatrughna-temple-rishikesh.html Shatrughna Temple at Muni Ke Reti, Rishikesh]

{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]

Durwakshat Mantra

2026-03-13T23:02:31Z

Keem Fame rich: new data

{{Short description|Blessing Mantra chanted in Mithila}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|name=Durwakshta Mantra|language=Sanskrit|title_orig=Sanskrit|orig_lang_code=Sa|footnotes=Blessing Mantra chanted in Mithila region|subheader=दूर्वाक्षत मंत्र|misc=Chanted by minimum five elder male Brahmins|image=File:1 Om.svg|misc2=Mantra in Shukla [[Yajurveda]]|author=[[Yajnavalkya]]}}{{See also|Pavitra Mantra}}
'''Durwakshat Mantra''' (Sanskrit: दूर्वाक्षत मंत्र) is a blessing [[mantra]] chanted in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Bhavanath |date=2019-09-08 |title=मिथिलाक परम्परामे दूर्वाक्षतक मन्त्र |url=https://brahmipublication.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Brahmi Publication |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Mayand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxNqjZ9V4XoC&q=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0 |title=Purohit |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7178-723-4 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Durwakshta'' is a compound Sanskrit word having two terms ''Dūrvā'' and ''Akshata''. In the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], the [[Mantra]] is chanted by taking the sacred grass Dūrvā and Akshata in hand by [[Brahmin]]s and at the end of the mantra, the sacred grass Dūrvā and Akshata is thrown on the blessee. Since the sacred grass Dūrvā and Akshata is used by the Brahmins as the material things for blessing in the Mantra, it is known as ''Durwakshta Mantra''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दूर्वाक्षत के हिंदी अर्थ {{!}} durwakshat - meaning in Hindi {{!}} हिन्दवी डिक्शनरी |url=https://www.hindwidictionary.com/meaning-of-duurvaakshat |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Hindwi Dictionary |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
In the Mithila region of the Indian Subcontinent, the ''Durwakshta Mantra'' is chanted for the blessing in auspicious occasions by minimum five married elder male [[Brahmin]]s. This ''[[mantra]]'' is generally chanted on the occasion of marriage, ''[[Kojagra]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=कोजागरा की तैयारियों में जोर-शोर से जुटे मिथिलावासी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mithilavas-engaged-in-loud-preparations-for-kojagara-19659242.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> [[Upanayana]] and [[Chudakarana|Mundan]] ceremonies, etc.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-10-19 |title=Kojagara festival celebrated with pomp in Mithilanchal of Bihar |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/kojagara-festival-being-celebrated-in-mithilanchal-of-bihar/na20211019075754466 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Gajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoT8EAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0 |title=मैथिली समीक्षाशास्त्र (भाग-२, अनुप्रयोग) |publisher=Videha eJournal [विदेह Videha (since 2000) ISSN 2229-547X VIDEHA (since 2004) www.videha.co.in ] |isbn=978-93-340-2393-0 |pages=144–145 |language=hi}}</ref> It is also known as the Vedic prayer for the nation. In Hindi, it is called "''Vedic Rastriya Prarthana''".<ref>{{Cite web |title=संस्कारित भाषा का प्रचार-प्रसार है यशश्री का जुनून - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/supaul-16753210.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dvivedī |first=Kapiladeva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKkoAAAAYAAJ |title=Vedāmr̥tam: Sukhī samāja |date=1982 |publisher=Viśvabhāratī Anusandhāna Parishad |pages=8–9 |language=hi}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="ॐ आब्रह्मन् ब्राह्मणो ब्रह्मवर्चसी जायतामाराष्ट्र राजन्यः शूर इषव्यौऽतिव्याधि महारथो जायतां दोग्ध्री धेनुर्वोढानड्वानाशुः सप्तिः पुरन्ध्रिर्योषा जिष्णू रथेष्ठाः सभेयो युवास्य यजमानस्य वीरो जायाताम् । निकामे निकामे नः पर्जन्यों वर्षतु फलवत्यो न औषधयः पच्यन्ताम् योगक्षेमो नः कल्पताम्। मंत्रार्थाः सिद्धयः सन्तु पूर्णाः सन्तु मनोरथाः। शत्रुणां बुद्धिनाशोऽस्तु मित्राणामुदयस्तव।"|title=दूर्वाक्षत मंत्र|character=[[Maithil Brahmins]]|source=Chapter 22 Mantra 22, Madhyandina Samhita, Shukla [[Yajurveda]]}}

The major part of the Durwakshta Mantra is taken from the mantra 22 of the chapter 22 in the [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandina Samhita]] of the Shukla Yajurveda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samhita Patha 21-30 – Adhyaya – 22 {{!}} Vedic Heritage Portal |url=https://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/yajurveda/vajasneyi-madhyandina-samhita/samhita-patha-21-30-adhyaya-22/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=vedicheritage.gov.in}}</ref> According to [[Maithils|Maithil]] scholar [[Gajendra Thakur]], the mantra 22 of the chapter 22 in the [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]] was chanted for the devotion towards the [[Nation]] in entire [[Indian subcontinent]] by people in the early times.

But in the Mithila region, adding "मंत्रार्थाः सिद्धयः सन्तु पूर्णाः सन्तु मनोरथाः। शत्रुणां बुद्धिनाशोऽस्तु मित्राणामुदयस्तव।" after the mantra 22 in chapter 22 of the Shukla Yajurveda became the blessing Mantra in the tradition of [[Maithil Brahmin]]s.<ref name=":1" />

== Translations ==
The meaning of the first line of the [[Mantra]] can be translate in English as "O God! May a [[Brahmin]] teacher who is endowed with the light of knowledge arise in our nation." The translation of the second line of the Mantra is "May there arise brave, skilled archers, great warriors, rulers and soldiers [[Kshatriya]]s in our nation." Similarly the translation of the further lines of the Mantra in English is "In our nation, the [[Yajamana|Yajman]]'s cow should be milky, the bull should be able to carry loads, and the horse should be swift. Women should be endowed with all virtues. Let all the charioteers be victorious, mighty and Yajman's sons be civilized. Let the clouds rain from time to time as needed in our nation. May crops and medicines mature with fruit and flowers. [[Yoga]] and ''Kshema'' should be practiced in the best manner in our nation. May the meanings of the mantras be fulfilled and may the desires be fulfilled. May the intelligence of your enemies be destroyed and your friends rise."

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{cite web |title=दूर्वाक्षत मंत्र, मैथिली एवं हिन्दी अर्थ सहित |url=https://themithila.com/durbakshat-mantra-aubaad-sahit/ |website=TheMithila.com |publisher=Prof Shiv Chandra Jha |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
[[Category:Mantras]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Maithil Brahmin]]

Cuckoo

2026-03-09T15:13:34Z

Keem Fame rich: expand content to improve readability and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{About|a kind of bird|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Cuckoo's nest}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Cuckoos
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] - [[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|34|0}}
| image = Cacomantis flabelliformis.jpg
| image_caption = [[Fan-tailed cuckoo]] (''Cacomantis flabelliformis'')
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830
| taxon = Cuculidae
| authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1819
| type_genus = ''[[Cuculus]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = 33 genera, see text
}}

'''Cuckoos''' are [[bird]]s in the '''Cuculidae''' ({{IPAc-en|k|juː|ˈ|k|j|uː|l|ᵻ|d|iː}} {{respell|kew|KEW|lih|dee}}) family, the sole [[taxon]] in the order '''Cuculiformes''' ({{IPAc-en|k|j|uː|ˈ|k|j|uː|l|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}} {{respell|kew|KEW|lih|for|meez}}).<ref name=Ericson>{{cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = P.G.P. |display-authors=et al | year = 2006 | title = Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils | url = http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Ericson_et_al_2006.pdf | journal = [[Biology Letters]] | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–547 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 | pmid = 17148284 | pmc = 1834003 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307225744/http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Ericson_et_al_2006.pdf | archive-date = 2008-03-07 }}</ref><ref name=Hackett>{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = S.J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884| pages = 1763–1768 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H | s2cid = 6472805 }}</ref><ref name=Jarvis2014>{{cite journal | last1 = Jarvis | first1 = E.D. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331 | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904| bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1320J }}</ref> The cuckoo family includes the [[common cuckoo|common or European cuckoo]], [[Geococcyx|roadrunners]], [[koel]]s, [[malkoha]]s, [[coua]]s, [[coucal]]s, and [[ani (bird)|anis]]. The coucals and anis are sometimes separated as distinct families, the [[Centropodidae]] and [[Crotophagidae]], respectively. The cuckoo order Cuculiformes is one of three that make up the [[Otidimorphae]], the other two being the [[turaco]]s and the [[bustard]]s. The family Cuculidae contains 150 species, which are divided into 33 genera.

The cuckoos are generally medium-sized, slender birds. Most species live in trees, though a sizeable minority are ground-dwelling. The family has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]; the majority of species are tropical. Some species are [[bird migration|migratory]]. The cuckoos feed on insects, insect larvae, and a variety of other animals, as well as fruit. Some species (for example, the majority of cuckoo species living in Eurasia) are [[brood parasite]]s, laying their eggs in the nests of other species and giving rise to the terms "[[Cuckoo's egg (metaphor)|cuckoo's egg]]" and "[[cuckold]]" as metaphors. However, most species raise their own young.

Cuckoos have played a role in human culture for thousands of years, appearing in [[Greek mythology]] as sacred to the goddess [[Hera]]. In Europe, the cuckoo is associated with spring, and with [[cuckoldry]], for example in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]''. In India, cuckoos are sacred to [[Kamadeva]], the god of desire and longing, whereas in Japan, the cuckoo symbolises unrequited love.

== Description ==
[[File:Chestnut-breasted Malkoha2.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[chestnut-breasted malkoha]] is typical of the Phaenicophaeinae in having brightly coloured skin around the eye.]]
Cuckoos are medium-sized birds that range in size from the [[little bronze cuckoo]], at {{convert|17|g|abbr=on|1}} and {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}, to moderately large birds, ranging from {{convert|60-80|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, such as the [[giant coua]] of [[Madagascar]], the [[coral-billed ground-cuckoo]] of [[Indochina]], and various large Indo-Pacific coucals such as the [[goliath coucal]] of [[Halmahera]], [[Timor coucal]], [[buff-headed coucal]], [[ivory-billed coucal]], [[violaceous coucal]], and larger forms of the [[pheasant coucal]].<ref name = "ABW">Del Hoyo J. (ed.) (2021) ''All the Birds of the World'' Lynx Edicions:Barcelona. {{ISBN|978-84-16728-37-4}}</ref><ref name = "BirdsIndonesia">Eaton J.A., van Balen B., Brickle N.W. & Rheindt F.E. (2021) ''Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago. Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Second Edition.'' Lynx Edicions:Barcelona. {{ISBN|978-84-16728-44-2}}
</ref>

The [[channel-billed cuckoo]], at {{convert|630|g|lboz|frac=2|abbr=on}} and {{convert|63|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} is the largest parasitic cuckoo.{{sfn|Payne|1997}} Generally, little [[sexual dimorphism]] in size occurs, but where it exists, it can be either the male or the female that is larger. One of the most important distinguishing features of the family is the feet, which are [[Dactyly#Zygodactyly|zygodactyl]], meaning that the two inner toes point forward and the two outer backward. The two basic body forms are arboreal species, such as the [[common cuckoo]], which are slender and have short [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsi]], and terrestrial species, such as the [[Geococcyx|roadrunners]], which are more heavy set and have long tarsi.{{sfn|Payne|1997}}

Almost all species have long tails that are used for steering in terrestrial species and as a rudder during [[bird flight|flight]] in the arboreal species. The wing shape also varies with lifestyle, with the more [[bird migration|migratory]] species such as the [[black-billed cuckoo]] possessing long, narrow wings capable of strong, direct flight, and the more terrestrial and sedentary cuckoos such as the coucals and malkohas having shorter rounded wings and a more laboured, gliding flight.{{sfn|Payne|1997}}

The subfamily [[Cuculinae]] comprises the brood-parasitic cuckoos of the [[Old World]].{{sfn|Payne|1997}} They tend to conform to the classic shape, with usually long tails, short legs, long, narrow wings, and an arboreal lifestyle. The largest species, the channel-billed cuckoo, also has the most outsized [[beak|bill]] in the family, resembling that of a [[hornbill]]. The subfamily Phaenicophaeinae comprises the nonparasitic cuckoos of the Old World, and include the couas, malkohas, and ground cuckoos. They are more terrestrial cuckoos, with strong and often long legs and short, rounded wings. The subfamily typically has brighter plumage and brightly coloured bare skin around the eye.

The coucals are another terrestrial Old World subfamily of long-tailed, long-legged, and short-winged cuckoos. They are large, heavyset birds with the largest, the [[greater black coucal]], being around the same size as the channel-billed cuckoo. Genera of the subfamily Coccyzinae are arboreal and long-tailed, as well, with a number of large insular forms. The [[Neomorphinae|New World ground cuckoos]] are similar to the [[Carpococcyx|Asian ground-cuckoos]] in being long legged and terrestrial, and includes the long-billed [[Geococcyx|roadrunner]], which can reach speeds of {{convert|30|km/h|abbr=on}} when chasing prey. The final subfamily includes the atypical [[Crotophagidae|anis]], which are the small, clumsy [[Ani (bird)|anis]] and the larger [[guira cuckoo]]. The anis have massive bills and smooth, glossy feathers.

[[File:Chrysococcyx maculatus - Khao Yai.jpg|thumb|Some species, such as the [[Asian emerald cuckoo]] (''Chrysococcyx maculatus'') exhibit [[iridescent]] plumage.]]
The [[feather]]s of the cuckoos are generally soft, and often become waterlogged in heavy rain. Cuckoos often sun themselves after rain, and the anis hold their wings open in the manner of a [[vulture]] or [[cormorant]] while drying. Considerable variation in the [[plumage]] is exhibited by the family. Some species, particularly the brood parasites, have [[Crypsis|cryptic]] plumage, whereas others have bright and elaborate plumage. This is particularly true of the ''[[Chrysococcyx]]'' or glossy cuckoos, which have [[iridescent]] plumage. Some cuckoos have a resemblance to hawks in the genus ''[[Accipiter]]'' with barring on the underside; this apparently alarms potential hosts, allowing the female to access a host nest.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |title=Cuckoo–hawk mimicry? An experimental test |volume=275 |issue=1644 |pages=1817–22 |year=2008 |author1=Davies, NB |author2=JA Welbergen |doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.0331|pmid=18467298|pmc=2587796}}</ref>

The young of some brood parasites are coloured to resemble the young of the host. For example, the [[Asian koel]]s breeding in [[India]] have black offspring to resemble their [[crow]] hosts. In the [[Australian koel]]s, the chicks are brown like their [[honeyeater]] hosts. Sexual dimorphism in plumage is uncommon in the cuckoos, being most common in the parasitic Old World species. Cuckoos have 10 {{Birdgloss|primaries|primary flight feathers}} and 9–13 {{Birdgloss|secondaries|secondary flight feathers}}. All species have 10 {{Birdgloss|rectrices|tail feathers}}, apart from the anis, which have eight.{{sfn|Payne|1997|p=513}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Great Lizard-cuckoo (Coccyzus merlini), cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[great lizard cuckoo]] is a large, insular cuckoo of the Caribbean.]]
The cuckoos have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], ranging across all the world's continents except Antarctica. They are absent from the southwest of South America, the far north and northwest of North America, and the driest areas of the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]], although they occur there as passage [[bird migration|migrants]]. In the oceanic islands of the [[Atlantic]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s they generally only occur as [[vagrancy (biology)|vagrants]], but one species breeds on a number of [[Pacific]] islands and another is a winter migrant across much of the Pacific.<ref name = "Bogert">Bogert, C (1937) [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/3850/1/N0933.pdf Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 34, The distribution and the migration of the long-tailed cuckoo (''Urodynamis taitensis'' Sparrman).] ''American Museum Novitates'' '''933''' 12 p.</ref>

The [[Cuculinae]] are the most widespread subfamily of cuckoos, and are distributed across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania. Amongst the Phaenicophaeinae, the malkohas and Asian ground cuckoos are restricted to southern Asia, the couas are [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Madagascar]], and the [[yellowbill]] is widespread across Africa. The coucals are distributed from Africa through tropical Asia south into Australia and the [[Solomon Islands]]. The remaining three subfamilies have a New World distribution, all are found in both North and South America. The Coccyzinae reach the furthest north of the three subfamilies, breeding in [[Canada]], whereas the anis reach as far north as [[Florida]] and the typical ground cuckoos are in the [[Southwest United States]].

For the cuckoos, suitable habitat provides a source of food, principally insects and especially caterpillars, and a place to breed. For [[brood parasite]]s the need is for suitable habitat for the host species. Cuckoos occur in a wide variety of [[habitat]]s. The majority of species occur in forests and woodland, principally in the evergreen rainforests of the tropics, where they are typically but not exclusively arboreal. Some species inhabit or are even restricted to [[mangrove]] forests. These include the [[little bronze cuckoo]] of [[Australia]], some malkohas, coucals, and the aptly named [[mangrove cuckoo]] of the [[New World]].{{sfn|Payne|1997|p=519}}

In addition to forests, some species of cuckoos occupy more open environments. This can include even arid areas such as deserts in the case of the [[greater roadrunner]] or the [[pallid cuckoo]]. Temperate migratory species, such as the common cuckoo, inhabit a wide range of habitats to make maximum use of the potential brood hosts, from reed beds (where they parasitise [[reed warbler]]s) to treeless moors, where they parasitise [[meadow pipit]]s.{{sfn|Payne|1997|p=519}}

=== Migration ===
[[File:Chestnut-winged Cuckoo in Singapore, Dec 2012, by William Lee.jpg|thumb|A [[chestnut-winged cuckoo]] in Singapore ]]

Most species of cuckoo are sedentary, but some undertake regular seasonal [[bird migration|migrations]], and others undertake partial migrations over part of their range.

Species breeding at higher latitudes migrate to warmer climates during the winter due to food availability. The [[long-tailed cuckoo|long-tailed koel]], which breeds in New Zealand, flies to its wintering grounds in Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia, a feat described as "perhaps the most remarkable overwater migration of any land bird."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ellis | first1 = D | last2 = Kepler | first2 = C | last3 = Kepler | first3 = A | last4 = Teebaki | first4 = K | year = 1990 | title = Occurrence of the Longtailed Cuckoo ''Eudynamis taitensis'' on Caroline Atoll, Kiribati | url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9900202.pdf | journal = Emu | volume = 90 | issue = 3| page = 202 | doi=10.1071/mu9900202| bibcode = 1990EmuAO..90..202E }}</ref> The yellow-billed cuckoo and black-billed cuckoo breed in North America and fly across the [[Caribbean Sea]], a nonstop flight of {{convert|4000|km|abbr=on}}. Other long migration flights include the [[lesser cuckoo]], which flies from Africa to [[India]], and the common cuckoo of Europe, which flies nonstop over the Mediterranean Sea and [[Sahara Desert]] on the voyage between Europe and central Africa.<ref name="BTO">[http://www.bto.org/science/migration/tracking-studies/cuckoo-tracking BTO Cuckoo migration tracking study]</ref>

Within Africa, 10 species make regular intracontinental migrations that are described as polarised. That is, they spend the nonbreeding season in the tropical centre of Africa and move north and south to breed in the more arid and open savannah and deserts.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hockey | first1 = P | year = 2000 | title = Patterns and Correlates of Bird Migrations in Sub-Saharan Africa | journal = Emu | volume = 100 | issue = 5| pages = 401–17 | doi = 10.1071/MU0006S | bibcode = 2000EmuAO.100..401H | s2cid = 89071968 }}</ref> This is the same as the situation in the Neotropics, where no species have this migration pattern, or tropical Asia, where a single species does. About 83% of the Australian species are partial migrants within Australia or travel to [[New Guinea]] and [[Indonesia]] after the breeding season.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chan | first1 = K | year = 2001 | title = Partial migration in Australian landbirds: a review | journal = Emu | volume = 101 | issue = 4| pages = 281–92 | doi = 10.1071/MU00034 | bibcode = 2001EmuAO.101..281C | s2cid = 82259620 }}</ref>

In some species, the migration is [[Diurnality|diurnal]], as in the [[channel-billed cuckoo]], or [[nocturnal]], as in the [[yellow-billed cuckoo]].

== Behaviour and ecology ==
[[File:Geococcyx californianus.jpg|thumb|The [[greater roadrunner]] is rarely seen flying.]]
The cuckoos are, for the most part, solitary birds that seldom occur in pairs or groups. The biggest exception to this are the anis of the Americas, which have evolved cooperative breeding and other social behaviours. For the most part, the cuckoos are also diurnal as opposed to nocturnal, but many species [[bird vocalisation|call]] at night (see below). The cuckoos are also generally a shy and retiring family, more often heard than seen. The exception to this is again the anis, which are often extremely trusting towards [[human]]s and other species.
===Diet and feeding===
Most cuckoos are [[insectivore]]s, and in particular are specialised in eating larger insects and [[caterpillar]]s, including noxious, hairy types avoided by other birds. They are unusual among birds in processing their prey prior to swallowing, rubbing it back and forth on hard objects such as branches and then crushing it with special bony plates in the back of the mouth.<ref>Kaiser, G.W. (2007) ''The Inner Bird; Anatomy and Evolution''. UBC Press. Vancouver. {{ISBN|978-0-7748-1343-3}}.</ref> They also take a wide range of other insects and animal prey.

Larger, ground types, such as coucals and roadrunners, also feed variously on snakes, lizards, small rodents, and other birds, which they bludgeon with their strong bills. The [[saurothera|lizard cuckoos]] of the [[Caribbean]] have, in the relative absence of [[birds of prey]], specialised in taking [[lizard]]s.<ref name="Powell">{{cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=R|last2=Henderson|first2=R|title=Avian Predators of West Indian Reptiles|journal=Iguana|volume=15|issue=1|pages=8–11|url=http://www.anoleannals.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Powell-and-Henderson.-2008.pdf}}</ref> Ground species may employ different techniques to catch prey. A study of two coua species in Madagascar found that [[Coquerel's coua]] obtained prey by walking and gleaning on the [[forest floor]], whereas the [[red-capped coua]] ran and pounced on prey. Both species also showed seasonal flexibility in prey and foraging techniques.<ref name="COUA">{{cite journal|last=Chouteau|first=Philippe |author2=Raymond Fenosoa | year = 2008|title=Seasonal effects on foraging behaviour of two sympatric species of couas in the western dry forest of Madagascar |journal= African Journal of Ecology|volume=46|issue=3 | pages = 248–57| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00880.x |bibcode=2008AfJEc..46..248C }}</ref>

[[File:Eudynamys scolopacea feeding.jpg|thumb|Unlike most cuckoos, the [[Asian koel]] is mostly [[Frugivore|frugivorous]].]]
The parasitic cuckoos are generally not recorded as participating in [[mixed-species feeding flock]]s, although some studies in eastern Australia found several species participated in the nonbreeding season, but were mobbed and unable to do so in the breeding season.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bell | first1 = H | year = 1986 | title = The Participation by Cuckoos in Mixed-Species Flocks of Insectivorous Birds in South-eastern Australia | journal = Emu | volume = 86 | issue = 4| pages = 249–53 | doi = 10.1071/MU9860249b | bibcode = 1986EmuAO..86..249B }}</ref> Ground cuckoos of the genus ''[[Neomorphus]]'' are sometimes seen feeding in association with [[army ant]] swarms, although they are not obligate [[ant follower]]s, as are some [[antbird]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Karubian | first1 = J | last2 = Carrasco | first2 = L | year = 2008 | title = Home Range and Habitat Preferences of the Banded Ground-cuckoo (''Neomorphus radiolosus'') | journal = The Wilson Journal of Ornithology | volume = 120 | issue = 1| pages = 205–9 | doi=10.1676/06-176.1| s2cid = 56090764 }}</ref> The anis are ground feeders that follow cattle and other large mammals when foraging. In a similar fashion to [[cattle egret]]s, they snatch prey flushed by the cattle, so enjoy higher foraging success rates in this way.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = S | year = 1971 | title = The Relationship of Grazing Cattle to Foraging Rates in Anis | journal = The Auk | volume = 88 | issue = 4| pages = 876–80 | doi=10.2307/4083844| jstor = 4083844 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Several koels, couas, and the channel-billed cuckoo feed mainly on fruit,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Corlett | first1 = R | last2 = Ping | first2 = I | year = 1995 | title = Frugivory by koels in Hong Kong | journal = Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society | volume = 20 | pages = 221–22 }}</ref> but they are not exclusively [[frugivore]]s. The parasitic koels and channel-billed cuckoo in particular consume mainly fruit when raised by frugivore hosts such as the [[Australasian figbird]] and [[pied currawong]]. Other species occasionally take fruit, as well. Couas consume fruit in the dry season when prey is harder to find.<ref name="COUA"/>

=== Breeding ===
The cuckoos are an extremely diverse group of birds with regards to breeding systems.{{sfn|Payne|1997}} Most are [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]], but exceptions exist. The anis and the guira cuckoo lay their eggs in communal nests, which are built by all members of the group. Incubation, brooding, and territorial defence duties are shared by all members of the group. Within these species, the anis breed as groups of monogamous pairs, but the guira cuckoos are not monogamous within the group, exhibiting a polygynandrous breeding system.<ref name="Anis"/>

This group nesting behaviour is not completely cooperative. Females compete and may remove others' eggs when laying theirs. Eggs are usually only ejected early in the breeding season in the anis, but can be ejected at any time by guria cuckoos.<ref name="Anis">{{cite journal|last1=Riehl|first1=Christina|last2=Jara|first2=Laura|title=Natural History and Reproductive Biology of the Communally Breeding Greater Ani (Crotophaga major) at Gatún Lake, Panama|journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology|date=December 2009|volume=121|issue=4|pages=679–687|doi=10.1676/09-017.1|s2cid=9437145}}</ref> [[Polyandry in animals|Polyandry]] has been confirmed in the [[black coucal|African black coucal]] and is suspected to occur in the other coucals, perhaps explaining the reversed sexual dimorphism in the group.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goymann | first1 = W | last2 = Wittenzellner | first2 = A | last3 = Wingfield | first3 = J | year = 2004 | title = Competing Females and Caring Males. Polyandry and Sex-Role Reversal in African Black Coucals, ''Centropus grillii''". | journal = Ethology | volume = 110 | issue = 10| pages = 807–23 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01015.x | bibcode = 2004Ethol.110..807G }}</ref>

Most cuckoo species, including malkohas, couas, coucals, and roadrunners, and most other American cuckoos, build their own nests, although a large minority engages in [[brood parasitism]] (see below). Most of these species nest in trees or bushes, but the coucals lay their eggs in nests on the ground or in low shrubs. Though on some occasions nonparasitic cuckoos parasitize other species, the parent still helps feed the chick.

The nests of cuckoos vary in the same way as the breeding systems. The nests of malkohas and Asian ground cuckoos are shallow platforms of twigs, but those of coucals are globular or domed nests of grasses. The New World cuckoos build saucers or bowls in the case of the New World ground cuckoos.{{sfn|Payne|1997}}

Nonparasitic cuckoos, like most other nonpasserines, lay white eggs, but many of the parasitic species lay coloured eggs to match those of their [[passerine]] hosts.

The young of all species are [[altricial]]. Nonparasitic cuckoos leave the nest before they can fly, and some New World species have the shortest incubation periods among birds.{{sfn|Payne|2005}}

==== Brood parasitism ====

{{Main|Brood parasite}}
[[File:Pallid Cuckoo juv.ogv|thumb|A pallid cuckoo juvenile being fed by three separate foster-parent species]]

About 56 of the Old World species and three of the New World cuckoo species ([[pheasant cuckoo|pheasant]], [[pavonine cuckoo|pavonine]], and [[striped cuckoo|striped]]) are brood parasites, laying their [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] in the nests of other birds{{sfn|Payne|2005}} and giving rise to the metaphor [[Cuckoo's egg (metaphor)|"cuckoo's egg"]]. These species are obligate brood parasites, meaning that they only reproduce in this fashion. The best-known example is the European common cuckoo. In addition to the above noted species, others sometimes engage in nonobligate brood parasitism, laying their eggs in the nests of members of their own species, in addition to raising their own young.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Antonov | first1=Anton | last2=Stokke | first2=Bard G. | last3=Moksnes | first3=Arne | last4=Roeskaft | first4=Eivin | year=2008 | title=Does the cuckoo benefit from laying unusually strong eggs? | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=76 | issue=6 |pages=1893–900 |doi= 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.016| s2cid=54375519 }}</ref>

Brood parasitism has even been seen in greater roadrunners, where their eggs were seen in the nests of [[common raven]]s and [[northern mockingbird]]s. The shells of the eggs of brood-parasitic cuckoos are usually thicker and stronger than those of their hosts.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Antonov | first1=Anton | last2=Stokke | first2=Bard G. | last3=Moksnes | first3=Arne | last4=Roeskaft | first4=Eivin | year=2008 | title=Does the cuckoo benefit from laying unusually strong eggs? | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=76 | issue=6 |pages=1893–900 |doi= 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.016| s2cid=54375519 }}</ref> This protects the egg if a host parent tries to damage it, and may make it resistant to cracking when dropped into a host nest.<ref name=Davies_book>{{cite book | last = Davies | first = Nick B. | title = Cuckoo: Cheating by Nature | year = 2015 | publisher = Bloomsbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIGKBgAAQBAJ |isbn = 978-1-4088-5658-1 |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

Cuckoo eggshells have two distinct layers. In some nesting cuckoos, there is a thick outer chalky layer that is not present on the eggs of most brood-parasitic species, although there are some exceptions and the eggshells of Old World parasitic cuckoos have a thick outer layer that is different from that of nesting cuckoos.{{sfn|Payne|2005|p=127}}

==== Parasitic cuckoo advanced laying and hatching ====
The cuckoo egg hatches earlier than the host eggs, and the cuckoo chick grows faster. In most cases, the chick evicts the eggs and/or young of the host species. The chick has no time to learn this behavior, nor does any parent stay around to teach it, so it must be an [[instinct]] passed on genetically.

[[File:Reed warbler cuckoo.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[reed warbler]] raising the young of a [[common cuckoo]]]]
One reason for the cuckoo egg's hatching sooner is that, after the egg is fully formed, the female cuckoo holds it in her oviduct for another 24 hours prior to laying.<ref name=Davies_book /> This means that the egg has already had 24 hours of internal incubation. The cuckoo's internal temperature is 3–4 °C higher than the temperature at which the egg is incubated in the nest, and the higher temperature means that the egg incubates faster, so at the time it is laid, the egg has already had the equivalent of 30 hours incubation in a nest.<ref name=Davies_book />

The chick encourages the host to keep pace with its high growth rate with its rapid begging call<ref name=Adams>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/4109282/Cuckoo-chicks-dupe-foster-parents-from-the-moment-they-hatch.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090213190416/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/4109282/Cuckoo-chicks-dupe-foster-parents-from-the-moment-they-hatch.html |archive-date= February 13, 2009 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location= London | title=Cuckoo chicks dupe foster parents from the moment they hatch | quote=Cuckoo chicks start to mimic the cries that their foster parents' young make from the moment they hatch, a scientist has proved. | first=Stephen | last=Adams | date= 2009-01-04 | access-date=2010-04-30}}</ref> and the chick's open mouth which serves as a [[sign stimulus]].<ref name=Campbell>''Biology'' (4th edition) NA Campbell, p. 117 'Fixed Action Patterns' (Benjamin Cummings NY, 1996) {{ISBN|0-8053-1957-3}}</ref>

==== Evolutionary arms race between cuckoo and host ====
Since obligate brood parasites need to successfully trick their host for them to reproduce, they have evolved adaptations at several stages of breeding. High costs of parasitism are exerted on the host, leading to strong selections on the host to recognize and reject parasitic eggs. The adaptations and counter-adaptations between hosts and parasites have led to a coevolution "arms race". This means that if one of the species involved were to stop adapting, it would lose the race to the other species, resulting in decreased fitness of the losing species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spottiswoode |first1=Claire N. |author1-link= Claire Spottiswoode |last2=Stevens |first2=Martin|date=May 2012 |title=Host-parasite arms races and rapid changes in bird egg appearance |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=179 |issue=5 |pages=633–648 |doi=10.1086/665031|pmid=22504545|bibcode=2012ANat..179..633S |hdl=11427/34950|s2cid=10287985|hdl-access=free }}</ref> The egg-stage adaptation is the best studied stage of this arms race.

Cuckoos have various strategies for getting their eggs into host nests. Different species use different strategies based on host defensive strategies. Female cuckoos have secretive and fast laying behaviors, but in some cases, males have been shown to lure host adults away from their nests so that the females can lay their eggs in the nest.<ref name=Davies>{{cite journal |last=Davies |first=N.B. |title=Cuckoo adaptations: trickery and tuning |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=2011 |volume=284 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00810.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Some host species may directly try to prevent cuckoos laying eggs in their nest in the first place – birds whose nests are at high risk of cuckoo-contamination are known to "mob" attack cuckoos to drive them out of the area.<ref>{{Cite journal| first1=D.| title=Co-evolution: A Behavioral 'Spam Filter' to Prevent Nest Parasitism| journal=Current Biology| volume=19| issue=4| last1=Wheatcroft| pages=R170–R171| date=Feb 2009 | issn=0960-9822| pmid=19243694| doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.034| s2cid=10357373| doi-access=free| bibcode=2009CBio...19.R170W}}</ref> Parasitic cuckoos are grouped into [[Gens (behaviour)|gentes]], with each gens specializing in a particular host. Some evidence suggests that the gentes are genetically different from one another.

[[File:Brush Cuckoo Oct 2007.JPG|thumb|{{audio|Brush Cuckoo song Nov2007.ogg|The call}} of the [[brush cuckoo]] ]]

==== Host egg mimicry ====
Female parasitic cuckoos sometimes specialize and lay eggs that closely resemble the eggs of their chosen host. Some birds are able to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own, leading to those eggs least like the host's being thrown out of the nest.<ref name="Campbell" /> Parasitic cuckoos that show the highest levels of egg mimicry are those whose hosts exhibit high levels of egg rejection behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stoddard MC, Stevens M |title=Avian vision and the evolution of egg color mimicry in the common cuckoo |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=2004–13 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21729055 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01262.x|s2cid=334052 }}</ref> Some hosts do not exhibit egg rejection behavior and the cuckoo eggs look very dissimilar from the host eggs. It has also been shown in a study of the European common cuckoos that females lay their egg in the nest of a host that has eggs that look similar to its own.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Avilés JM, Stokke BG, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Asmul M, Møller AP |title=Rapid increase in cuckoo egg matching in a recently parasitized reed warbler population |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=1901–10 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17040387 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01166.x|s2cid=37592779 }}</ref>

Other species of cuckoo lay "cryptic" eggs, which are dark in color when their hosts' eggs are light.<ref name="Davies" /> This is a trick to hide the egg from the host, and is exhibited in cuckoos that parasitize hosts with dark, domed nests. Some adult parasitic cuckoos completely destroy the host's clutch if they reject the cuckoo egg.<ref name="Davies" /> In this case, raising the cuckoo chick is less of a cost than the alternative, total clutch destruction.

Cuckoo egg physiology can limit the degree of mimetic accuracy. Due to larger chick size on average for parasites compared to hosts, this is a physiological constraint on egg size, a minimum egg size needed to support a healthy cuckoo chick.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Akkaynak |first1=Derya |first2=Mary Caswell |last2=Stoddard |title=Common cuckoos do not mimic the size and shape of host eggs |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology]] |date=September–October 2023 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=804–815 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arad044 |doi-access=free |via=Oxford Academic }}</ref> In these cases, there is selective pressure on cuckoos to lessen their egg size to be a more effective mimic, but physiological constraints hinder the species from doing so.<ref name=":1" />

Mimicry may also be imperfect due to a lack of strong selection pressures towards the parasite. Oriental reed warbler hosts do not discriminate between warbler-sized model eggs and slightly larger model cuckoo eggs.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Donglai |last1=Li |first2=Xiaoshuang |last2=Li |first3=Yan |last3=Zhang |first4=Shuang |last4=Guan |first5=Yanan |last5=Ruan |title=Contrasting effects of egg size and appearance on egg recognition and rejection response by Oriental reed warblers |journal=[[Ecology and Evolution]] |date=October 2020 |volume=10 |issue=19 |pages=10508–10519 |doi=10.1002/ece3.6707 |doi-access=free |pmid=33072276 |pmc=7548169 |bibcode=2020EcoEv..1010508L }}</ref> Since cuckoos in this situation can effectively parasitize despite laying eggs slightly larger than those of their hosts, there are little selective pressures to evolve "perfect" mimicry.

To select the most suitable host nests, cuckoos may "egg-match" as well. Daurian redstarts (''Phoenicurus auroreus''), another cuckoo host, lay clutches of either pink or blue eggs. Cuckoo eggs are more similar in reflectance and color to blue redstart eggs than pink ones. In-field observations revealed parasitism occurred more frequently in blue-egg redstart nests (19.3%) than in pink-egg redstart nests (7.9%).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |first1=Jinggang |last1=Zhang |first2=Peter |last2=Santema |first3=Zixuan |last3=Lin |first4=Lixing |last4=Yang |first5=Meijun |last5=Liu |first6=Jianqiang |last6=Li |first7=Wenhong |last7=Deng |first8=Bart |last8=Kempenaers |title=Experimental evidence that cuckoos choose host nests following an egg matching strategy |journal=[[Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society#Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B:_Biological_Sciences|Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |date=22 February 2023 |volume=290 |issue=1993 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2022.2094 |doi-access=free |pmid=36809803 |via=The Royal Society Publishing |pmc=9943643 }}</ref> This suggests cuckoos prefer parasitizing nests containing eggs resembling their own. Experiments in the lab show similar findings: cuckoos parasitized artificial nests containing blue eggs more frequently than pink ones,<ref name=":2" /> and mathematical simulations further showed that cuckoos with moderate range of cheating success rate for egg color (and/or shape) has higher long-term survival capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Wei |last2=Van Deelen |first2=Timothy |last3=Wei |first3=Fuwen |last4=Li |first4=Sheng |last5=Wang |first5=Luping |date=2025 |title=Anthropogenic Habitat Loss and Fragmentation May Alter Coevolutionary Progress as Examined in a Brood Parasitism Model |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.71721 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=e71721 |doi=10.1002/ece3.71721 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=12264393}}</ref>

Two main hypotheses on the cognitive mechanisms mediate host distinguishing of eggs. One hypothesis is true recognition, which states that a host compares eggs present in its clutch to an internal template (learnt or innate), to identify if parasitic eggs are present.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rothstein |first=Stephen I. |date=May 1975 |title=Mechanisms of avian egg-recognition: Do birds know their own eggs? |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=23 |issue=Part 2 |pages=268–278 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(75)90075-5|s2cid=53268458 }}</ref> However, memorizing a template of a parasitic egg is costly and imperfect and likely not identical to each host's egg. The other one is the discordancy hypothesis, which states that a host compares eggs in the clutch and identifies the odd ones.<ref name=":0" /> However, if parasitic eggs made the majority of eggs in the clutch, then hosts ends up rejecting their own eggs. More recent studies have found that both mechanisms more likely contribute to host discrimination of parasitic eggs since one compensates for the limitations of the other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feeney |first1=William E.|last2=Welbergen |first2=Justin A. |last3=Langmore |first3=Naomi E. |date=2014 |title=Advances in the Study of Coevolution Between Avian Brood Parasites and Their Hosts |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=227–246 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091603|hdl=1885/66602 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==== Possible evidence of host benefits in the face of cuckoo parasitism ====
The parasitism is not necessarily entirely detrimental to the host species. A 16-year dataset was used in 2014 to find that [[carrion crow]] nests in a region of northern [[Spain]] were more successful overall (more likely to produce at least one crow fledgling) when parasitised by the [[great spotted cuckoo]]. The researchers attributed this to a strong-smelling predator-repelling substance secreted by cuckoo chicks when attacked, and noted that the interactions were not necessarily simply parasitic or mutualistic.<ref name = cuckoo_mutual_journal>{{Cite journal | last1=Canestrari | first1=Daniela | last2=Bolopo | first2=Diana | last3=Turlings | first3=T.C.J | last4=Röder | first4=Gregory | last5=Marcos | first5=J.M. | last6=Baglione | first6=Vittorio | journal=Science | volume=343 | issue=6177 | pages=1350–1352 | doi=10.1126/science.1249008 | url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1249008 | title=From Parasitism to Mutualism: Unexpected Interactions Between a Cuckoo and Its Host | date = March 2014| pmid=24653032 | bibcode=2014Sci...343.1350C | s2cid=25309832 | url-access=subscription | hdl=10651/26872 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=cuckoo_mutual_news>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaas.org/news/science-parasitic-cuckoos-provide-nest-protection-crow-hosts|title=Science: Parasitic Cuckoos Provide Nest Protection for Crow Hosts|website=American Association for the Advancement of Science|access-date=May 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804084045/https://www.aaas.org/news/science-parasitic-cuckoos-provide-nest-protection-crow-hosts|archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> This relationship was not observed for any other host species, or for any other species of cuckoo. Great spotted cuckoo chicks do not evict host eggs or young, and are smaller and weaker than carrion crow chicks, so both of these factors may have contributed to the effect observed.

Subsequent research using a dataset from southern Spain<ref name = cuckoo_mutual_false>{{Cite journal | last1=Soler | first1=Manuel | last2=de Neve | first2=Liesbeth | last3=Roldán | first3=María | last4=Pérez-Contreras | first4=Tomás | last5=Soler | first5=J.J. | journal=PLOS ONE | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173080 | title=Great spotted cuckoo nestlings have no antipredatory effect on magpie or carrion crow host nests in southern Spain | date = April 2017| volume=12 | issue=4 | article-number=e0173080 | pmid=28422953 | pmc=5396876 | bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273080S | s2cid=31416408 | doi-access=free }}</ref> failed to replicate these findings, and the second research team also criticised the methodology used in experiments described in the first paper. The authors of the first study have responded to points made in the second<ref name = cuckoo_mutual_response>{{Cite journal | last1=Canestrari | first1=Daniela | last2=Bolopo | first2=Diana | last3=Turlings | first3=T.C.J | last4=Röder | first4=Gregory | last5=Marcos | first5=J.M. | last6=Baglione | first6=Vittorio | journal=PLOS ONE | title=Formal comment to Soler et al.: Great spotted cuckoo nestlings have no antipredatory effect on magpie or carrion crow host nests in southern Spain | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0184446 | date=September 2017| volume=12 | issue=9 | article-number=e0184446 | pmid=28922382 | pmc=5602529 | bibcode=2017PLoSO..1284446C | doi-access=free }}</ref> and both groups agree that further research is needed before the mutualistic effect can be considered proven.

=== Calls ===
Cuckoos are often highly secretive, and in many cases, best known for their wide repertoire of [[bird song|calls]]. These are usually relatively simple, resembling whistles, flutes, or hiccups.<ref name=BH>{{cite book | last = Brooke | first = Michael de L | author2 = Horsfall, John A. | year = 2003 | title = Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds | chapter = Cuckoos | editor = Christopher Perrins | editor-link = Christopher Perrins | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/312 312–15] | publisher = Firefly Books | isbn = 978-1-55297-777-4 | chapter-url-access = registration | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse | url = https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/312 }}</ref> The calls are used to demonstrate ownership of a [[territory (animal)|territory]] and to attract a mate. Within a species, the calls are remarkably consistent across the range, even in species with very large ranges. This suggests, along with the fact that many species are not raised by their true parents, that the calls of cuckoos are innate and not learnt.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Although cuckoos are diurnal, many species call at night.{{sfn|Payne|2005}}

The cuckoo family gets its English and scientific names from the call of the male [[common cuckoo]], also familiar from [[cuckoo clock]]s. In most cuckoos, the calls are distinctive to particular species, and are useful for identification. Several [[cryptic species]] are best identified on the basis of their calls.

==Phylogeny and evolution==
The [[family (biology)|family]] Cuculidae was introduced by English zoologist [[William Elford Leach]] in a guide to the contents of the [[British Museum]] published in 1819.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Leach | first=William Elford | author-link=William Elford Leach | year=1819 | chapter=Eleventh Room | title=Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum | location=London | publisher=British Museum | edition=15th | pages=63–68 [68] | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSlhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA68 }} Although the name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of Zoology at the time.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | author-link=Walter Joseph Bock | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | pages=141, 245 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}</ref>

Very little fossil record of cuckoos has been found, and their evolutionary history remains unclear. ''[[Dynamopterus]]'' was an Oligocene genus of large cuckoo,<ref>{{cite book | last=Mayr | first=Gerald | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_TB72RBLLMC&pg=PA113 | title=Paleogene Fossil Birds | page=113 | year=2009 | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | isbn=978-3-540-89628-9}}</ref> though it may have been related to cariamas, instead.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mourer-Chauviré |first= Cécile |title=''Idiornis'' Oberholser, 1899 (Aves, Gruiformes, Cariamae, Idiornithidae): a junior synonym of ''Dynamopterus'' Milne-Edwards, 1892 (Paleogene, Phosphorites du Quercy, France) |journal= Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen | volume=270|issue=1 |year=2013|pages= 13–22 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279151190|doi= 10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0355 |bibcode= 2013NJGPA.270...13M }}</ref>

A 2014 genome analysis by Erich Jarvis and collaborators found a [[clade]] of birds that contains the orders Cuculiformes (cuckoos), [[Turaco|Musophagiformes]] (turacos), and [[Bustard|Otidiformes]] (bustards). This has been named the Otidimorphae.<ref name=Jarvis2014/> Relationships between the orders is unclear.

The following [[cladogram]] shows the phylogenetic relationships between the genera. It is from a 2005 study by Michael Sorenson and [[Robert B. Payne|Robert Payne]] and is based solely on an analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Sorenson | first1= M.D. | last2=Payne | first2=R.B. | author2-link= Robert B. Payne | date=2005 | chapter=A molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny | editor-last=Payne | editor-first=R.B. | title=The Cuckoos | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-850213-3 | pages=68–94 }}</ref> The number of species in each genus is taken from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc/>

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=Cuculidae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Crotophaginae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Guira cuckoo|Guira]]'' – guira cuckoo
|2=''[[Crotophaga]]'' – anis (3 species)
}}
|label2=[[Neomorphinae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Tapera]]'' – striped cuckoo
|2=''[[Dromococcyx]]'' – cuckoos (2 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Morococcyx]]'' – lesser ground cuckoo
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Geococcyx]]'' – roadrunners (2 species)
|2=''[[Neomorphus]]'' – ground cuckoos (5 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Centropodinae
|1=''[[Centropus]]'' – coucals (29 species)
|label2=Couinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Carpococcyx]]'' – ground cuckoos (3 species)
|2=''[[Coua]]'' – couas (9 species)
}}
}}
|label2=Cuculinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhinortha]]'' – Raffles's malkoha
|2={{clade
|label1=Phaenicophaeini
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceuthmochares]]'' – malkohas (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Taccocua]]'' – sirkeer malkoha
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Zanclostomus]]'' – red-billed malkoha
|2=''[[Phaenicophaeus]]'' – malkohas (6 species)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dasylophus]]'' – malkohas (2 species)
|2=''[[Rhamphococcyx]]'' – yellow-billed malkoha
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Clamator]]'' – cuckoos (4 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Coccycua]]'' – cuckoos (3 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Piaya]]'' – cuckoos (2 species)
|2=''[[Coccyzus]]'' – cuckoos (13 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Cuculini
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pachycoccyx]]'' – thick-billed cuckoo
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Microdynamis]]'' – dwarf koel
|2=''[[Eudynamys]]'' – koels (3 species)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Scythrops]]'' – channel-billed cuckoo
|2=''[[Urodynamis]]'' – Pacific long-tailed cuckoo
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chrysococcyx]]'' – cuckoos (13 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cacomantis]]'' – cuckoos (10 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Surniculus]]'' – drongo-cuckoos (4 species)
|2=''[[Cercococcyx]]'' – long-tailed cuckoos (4 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hierococcyx]]'' – hawk-cuckoos (8 species)
|2=''[[Cuculus]]'' – typical cuckoos (11 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

== Taxonomy and systematics ==

[[File:Coua caerulea (Blauer Seidenkuckuck - Blue Coua) - Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2013-01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue coua]] (''Coua caerulea'')]]
[[File:Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) (5822528612).jpg|thumb|right|[[Yellow-billed cuckoo]] (''Coccyzus americanus'')]]
[[File:NeomorphusSalviniSmit.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rufous-vented ground cuckoo]] (''Neomorphus geoffroyi'')]]
[[File:Centropus superciliosus -Tanzania-8.jpg|thumb|right|[[White-browed coucal]] (''Centropus superciliosus'')]]

For the living members of each genus, see the article [[List of cuckoo species]].

The family Cuculidae contains 150 species which are divided into 33 genera. These numbers include two species that have become extinct in historical times: the [[snail-eating coua]] from Madagascar and the [[Saint Helena cuckoo]] which is placed in its own genus ''[[Nannococcyx]]''.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Turacos, bustards, cuckoos, mesites, sandgrouse | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/turacos/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>

* '''Subfamily [[Crotophaginae]]''' – New World group-living cuckoos
** Genus ''[[Guira cuckoo|Guira]]'' – guira cuckoo
** Genus ''[[ani (bird)|Crotophaga]]'' – true anis (3 species)
* '''Subfamily [[Neomorphinae]]''' – New World ground cuckoos
** Genus ''[[Striped cuckoo|Tapera]]'' – striped cuckoo
** Genus ''[[Dromococcyx]]'' (2 species)
** Genus ''[[Lesser ground cuckoo|Morococcyx]]'' – lesser ground cuckoo
** Genus ''[[Geococcyx]]'' – roadrunners (2 species)
** Genus ''[[Neomorphus]]'' – Neotropical ground-cuckoos (5 species)
* '''Subfamily [[Coucal|Centropodinae]]''' – coucals
** Genus ''[[Coucal|Centropus]]'' – (29 species)
* '''Subfamily Couinae''' – Malagasy and South East Asian ground cuckoos
** Genus ''[[Carpococcyx]]'' – Asian ground-cuckoos (3 species)
** Genus ''[[Coua]]'' – couas (9 living species, 1 recently [[extinct]])
* '''Subfamily Cuculinae'''
** Genus ''[[Rhinortha]]'' – Raffles's malkoha
** '''Tribe Phaenicophaeini'''
** Genus ''[[Ceuthmochares]]'' – yellowbills (2 species)
** Genus ''[[Taccocua]]'' – Sirkeer malkoha
** Genus ''[[Zanclostomus]]'' – red-billed malkoha
** Genus ''[[Phaenicophaeus]]'' – typical malkohas (6 species)
** Genus ''[[Dasylophus]]'' – (2 species)
** Genus ''[[Rhamphococcyx]]'' – yellow-billed malkoha
** Genus ''[[Clamator]]'' – (4 species)
** Genus ''[[Coccycua]]'' – formerly in ''Coccyzus'' and ''Piaya'', includes ''Micrococcyx'' (3 species)
** Genus ''[[Piaya]]'' – (2 species)
** Genus ''[[Coccyzus]]'' – includes ''Saurothera'' and ''Hyetornis'' (13 species)
** '''Tribe Cuculini''' – brood-parasitic cuckoos of the Old World
** Genus ''[[Thick-billed cuckoo|Pachycoccyx]]'' – thick-billed cuckoo
** Genus ''[[Dwarf koel|Microdynamis]]'' – dwarf koel
** Genus ''[[Eudynamys]]'' – typical koels (3 species)
** Genus ''[[Channel-billed cuckoo|Scythrops]]'' – channel-billed cuckoo
** Genus ''[[Urodynamis]]'' – Pacific long-tailed cuckoo
** Genus ''[[Chrysococcyx]]'' – bronze cuckoos (13 species)
** Genus ''[[Cacomantis]]'' – (10 species)
** Genus ''[[Surniculus]]'' – drongo-cuckoos (4 species)
** Genus ''[[Cercococcyx]]'' – long-tailed cuckoos (4 species)
** Genus ''[[Hierococcyx]]'' – hawk-cuckoos (8 species)
** Genus ''[[Cuculus]]'' – typical cuckoos (11 species)
** † Genus ''[[Saint Helena cuckoo|Nannococcyx]]'' – [[Saint Helena cuckoo]] ([[Holocene extinction|extinct]])
* '''Fossils'''
** Genus ''[[Dynamopterus]]'' ([[fossil]]: Late [[Eocene]]/[[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]] of [[Caylus, Tarn-et-Garonne]], France)
** Genus ''Cursoricoccyx'' ([[fossil]]: [[Early Miocene]] of Logan County, US) – Neomorphinae?
** Cuculidae gen. et sp. indet. ([[fossil]]: [[Zanclean|Early Pliocene]] of Lee Creek Mine, US)<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Storrs L.|year=1985|chapter=Section VII.C. Cuculidae|editor-last1=Farner|editor-first1=D.S.|editor-last2=King|editor-first2=J.R.|editor-last3=Parkes|editor-first3=Kenneth C.|title=Avian Biology|volume=8|number=110–111|publisher=Academic Press|location=New York}}</ref>
** Genus ''[[Neococcyx]]'' ([[fossil]]: Early Oligocene of Central North America)
** Genus ''[[Eocuculus]]'' ([[fossil]]: Late Eocene of Teller County, US)<ref>{{ cite report | last1=Chandler | first1=R.M. | date=1999 | chapter=Fossil birds of Florissant, Colorado: with a description of a new genus and species of cuckoo | editor1-last=Santucci | editor1-first=V.L. | editor2-last=McClelland | editor2-first=L. | title=National Park Service Paleontological Research: Technical Report NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-99/03 | publisher=United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Geological Resource Division | pages=49–53 | url=https://doc.rero.ch/record/31563/files/PAL_E647.pdf#page=57 }}</ref>

== In culture ==
[[File:Suomenniemi.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|A golden cuckoo in the coat of arms of [[Suomenniemi]], Finland]]
In [[Greek mythology]], the god [[Zeus]] transformed himself into a cuckoo so that he could seduce the goddess [[Hera]], to whom the bird was sacred.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Andrew |title=Myth, Ritual, and Religion, Volume 2 |chapter=Chapter 17: Greek divine myths |date=1887 |publisher=Ballantyne Press |page=179 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Myth,_Ritual,_and_Religion/Volume_2/Chapter_17}}</ref> Three sacred cuckoos appear in the Finnish epic the Kalevala, connected to the death of a young girl who was being forced into marriage. In England, [[William Shakespeare]] alludes to the common cuckoo's association with spring, and with [[cuckoldry]], in the courtly springtime song in his play ''[[Love's Labours Lost]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakespeare |first1=William |title=Song: "When daisies pied and violets blue" |url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/174378|publisher=Poetry Foundation|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="RhodesGillespie2014">{{cite book |last1=Rhodes |first1=Neil |last2=Gillespie |first2=Stuart |title=Shakespeare And Elizabethan Popular Culture: Arden Critical Companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxdnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |date=13 May 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-4362-9 |page=178}}</ref>

In [[India]], cuckoos are sacred to [[Kamadeva]], the god of desire and longing, whereas in [[Japan]], the cuckoo symbolises unrequited love.<ref name="Werness2006">{{cite book|last=Werness|first=Hope B.|title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBSDddO-9PoC&pg=PA123|year=2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1913-2|page=123}}</ref> Cuckoos are a sacred animal to the [[Bon]] religion of [[Tibet]].<ref name="Dzogchen">{{cite journal|last=O'Donovan|first=Siofra|date=Spring 2004|title=The Great Perfection of Non-Sectarianism: rDzogs chen in the Bon and Buddhist Traditions of Tibet|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300941|journal=The Tibet Journal|volume=29|issue=1|page=60|jstor=43300941}}</ref> Additionally, the brood parasitism of some cuckoo species gave rise to the term "[[cuckold]]", referring to the husband of an [[Adultery|adulterous]] wife.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Janet |date=2009-07-04 |title=Cuckolds, horns and other explanations |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8133615.stm |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The orchestral composition "[[On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring]]" by [[Frederick Delius]] imitates sounds of the cuckoo.<ref name="Delius IMSLP">[https://imslp.org/wiki/2_Pieces_for_Small_Orchestra_(Delius,_Frederick)"On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring".] IMSLP Petrucci Library. Retrieved 4 October 2019.</ref> The musician [[Cosmo Sheldrake]] used cuckoo calls in his album "Wake Up Calls" in "Cuckoo Song". It uses cuckoo calls specifically made near [[Benjamin Britten]]'s grave, Britten being the original composer/writer of [[Friday Afternoons|the song]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheldrake |first=Cosmo |date=2020-09-18 |title=Wake Up Calls: An album {{sic|comprised|hide=y| of}} recordings of endangered birds |url=https://www.cosmosheldrake.com/music/wake-up-calls |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=cosmo-sheldrake |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuckoo! {{!}} Cuckoo, Cuckoo, what do you do? {{!}} LiederNet |url=https://www.lieder.net/get_text.html?TextId=31992 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.lieder.net}}</ref>

The brood parasitism of cuckoos has been used in fiction, especially in horror. Often a humanoid creature places its children in human societies, sometimes by impregnating women, to take over their homes as cuckoo chicks take over another bird's nest. The book ''[[The Midwich Cuckoos]]'' and its adaptions ([[Village of the Damned (1960 film)|''Village of the Damned'' 1960]] and [[Village of the Damned (1995 film)|1995]]), ''[[Cuckoo (2024 film)|Cuckoo]]'', and ''[[Vivarium (film)|Vivarium]]'' all feature direct references to cuckoos and their brood parasitism.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{ cite book | last=Payne | first=R.B. | year=1997 | chapter=Family Cuculidaee (Cuckoos) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-22-1 | pages=508–545 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0004unse/page/508/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}
*{{cite book | last = Payne | first = Robert B. | title = The Cuckoos | year = 2005 | location=Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-850213-5 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cuculidae}}
{{Wikisource|The Origin of Species/Chapter VIII|The Origin of Species: Instincts of the Cuckoo}}
{{Wikiquote|Cuckoos}}
{{Wiktionary|cuckoo}}
* [https://xeno-canto.org/explore/taxonomy?g=Cuculus Cuckoo sounds on xeno-canto.org]
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/cuckoos-cuculidae Cuckoo videos on the Internet Bird Collection]

{{Birds}}
{{Brood parasite}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26381}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cuculidae|*]]
[[Category:Cuckoos| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Priabonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Elford Leach]]

Do Dooni Chaar (1968 film)

2026-03-04T03:51:31Z

Keem Fame rich: new a entry

{{Short description|1968 Indian Bollywood musical film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Dooni Chaar
| image =
| caption =
| director = Debu Sen
| writer = [[Gulzar]]
| starring = [[Kishore Kumar]] [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] Sudha Rani [[Tanuja]] [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]]
| producer = [[Bimal Roy]]
| cinematography =
| music = [[Hemant Kumar]] [[Gulzar]] (lyrics)
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Do Dooni Char''''' ({{Translation|Two twos are four}}) is a 1968 Indian Hindi-language [[Musical film|musical]], which is a remake of the 1963 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengal]]i film ''[[Bhranti Bilas]]'' based on the 1869 play of the same name by [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] which was loosely based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/when-bengali-cinema-drew-inspiration-from-william-shakespeare/bhranti-bilash-and-comedy-of-errors/photostory/63799939.cms | title='Bhranti Bilash' and 'Comedy of Errors' - when Bengali cinema drew inspiration from William Shakespeare | website=[[The Times of India]] | archive-date=7 June 2021 | access-date=23 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607142256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/when-bengali-cinema-drew-inspiration-from-william-shakespeare/bhranti-bilash-and-comedy-of-errors/photostory/63799939.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece | title=400 years later, Shakespeare still remains relevant in Indian cinema | newspaper=The Hindu | date=23 April 2018 | last1=Radhakrishnan | first1=Sruthi | archive-date=4 December 2018 | access-date=23 December 2024 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20181204165729/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The movie was remade by Gulzar as ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]''<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/angoor-1982/article5922084.ece| title = Angoor (1982) - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 17 April 2014| archive-date = 26 July 2020| access-date = 5 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726042519/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/angoor-1982/article5922084.ece| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>Rajiva Verma, "Shakespeare in Indian Cinema: Appropriation, Assimilation and Engagement", ''The Shakespearean International Yearbook'', 12 2012, 90</ref> and was again adapted by Rohit Shetty as ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''.

==Plot==
When a banker and his assistant head to a small town on a business trip, they are mistaken for a merchant and his servant who live in the town, causing much confusion.

==Cast==
*[[Kishore Kumar]] as Sandeep
*[[Tanuja]] as Anju
*Surekha as Suman
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Sevak
*Sudha Rani as Pyari
*[[Iftekhar]] as Police Inspector
*Rashid Khan
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Ban Devi

==Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Hemant Kumar]], while lyrics were penned by [[Gulzar]].

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bada Badmash Hai Yeh Dil
| extra1 = Kishore Kumar
| length1 =
| title2 = Hawaon Pe Likhdo Hawaon Ke Naam
| extra2 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length2 =
}}

==See also==
* {{Section link|The Comedy of Errors|Adaptations}}
* ''Bhranti Bilas'', 1869 play by Indian writer [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], based on Shakespeare's ''The Comedy of Errors''
** ''[[Bhranti Bilas]]'', 1963 Indian Bengali-language comedy film by Manu Sen, based on Vidyasagar's play
** [[Angoor (1982 film)|''Angoor'' (1982 film)]], 1982 Indian Hindi-language comedy film by Gulzar, remake of the 1968 film ''Do Dooni Chaar''
** ''[[Double Di Trouble]]'', 2014 Indian Punjabi-language film by Smeep Kang remake of the 1982 film ''Angoor''
** [[Cirkus (film)|''Cirkus'' (film)]], 2022 Indian Hindi-language comedy film by Rohit Shetty, remake of the 1982 film ''Angoor''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0060317|Do Dooni Char}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|do-dooni-char|Do Dooni Char}}

{{The Comedy of Errors}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Films based on The Comedy of Errors]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Titli (2002 film)

2026-03-04T03:42:49Z

Keem Fame rich: done - done

{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Essay-like|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Titli
|image = Dvd titli.jpg
|caption = DVD film poster
|producer = [[Sutapa Ghosh]] [[Tapan Biswas]]
|starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Aparna Sen]] [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]
|director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
|distributor = [[Cinemawalla]]
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002}}
|language = Bengali
}}

'''''Titli''''' ({{lit|butterfly}}) is a 2002 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali-language film]] by [[Rituparno Ghosh]], starring [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Aparna Sen]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]].
The film tells the story of a developing [[Adolescence|adolescent]], played by Konkona, and the sensitivity of a teenager, and also the portrayal of the mother-daughter relationship and quiet understanding within the pair.

==Plot==
{{long plot|date=January 2025}}
The story develops around the evolution of Titli from a girl into womanhood, through the breaking of this crush. The dense jungles of [[Dooars|Duars]] in [[North Bengal]], covered in dense morning fog, sunshine playing hide-and-seek, Buddhist monasteries, the famous [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling toy train]], interleaved with poetry and music, create the romantic ambiance underpinning this film.

Titli is a 17-year-old girl ([[Konkona Sen Sharma]]), who has a teenage crush on a [[Bollywood]] superstar Rohit Roy ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]), who is more than twice her age. Though her bedroom is filled with his posters and memorabilia, Titli's mother, Urmila ([[Aparna Sen]]), is surprised to learn that she could even marry this much older man.

Titli and Urmila are going by jeep to receive Titli's father ([[Dipankar De]]) from the airport. Along the scenic road from [[Kurseong]] to [[Siliguri]], Urmila shares a nostalgic moment when she is reminded about her teenage crush on [[Rajesh Khanna]] after hearing Titli play the song "[[Mere sapno ki rani|Meri Sapnon Ki Raani]]". The jeep is to be shared, and as it happens, their co-passenger is none other than Rohit Roy himself, who has a flight to catch from [[Siliguri]]. Titli's adolescent dreams are set on fire after she meets her crush face-to-face. Their conversation is interrupted by a halt necessitated by the coolant running out. Rohit also needs cigarettes, and Titli wants to get them and gets Rohit to agree. While she is gone, it is revealed that twenty years ago, Urmila and Rohit were lovers when Rohit was an outsider looking for roles in the [[Tollygunge]] film industry. Today, Urmila is married, but the lingering romance is built up by the hill greenery, and they both reminisce longingly. Urmila recites lines from the well-known [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]] poem ''[[Abani Bari Achho|Abani Bari Aachho]]''? (Abani, are you home?).

One of the themes of the film is "the first day of the rains". Urmila wonders if it is the first day of [[Asharh|Aasharh]] - the month heralding the [[monsoon]]s in the [[Bengali calendar]], a month rendered romantic in [[Kalidasa]]’s epic verse, [[Meghadutam]]. Rohit feels a droplet of rain on his watch. The foggy romantic mood heightens as Urmila sings a [[Rabindrasangeet]] and recites a [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] poem. By now, unbeknownst to the old lovers, Titli has returned, and she overhears the conversation and learns of their relationship. Her own romance is shattered, and [[John Lennon]]’s "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]" builds up the mood of desolation. Soon they reach the airport where they meet Titli's father, an avid reader of [[Harry Potter]] novels and a book of jokes by [[Khushwant Singh]] (a sign of his open-minded mentality). Unknown to the fact that Rohit was the former lover of his wife, he becomes overjoyed after meeting him and also encourages his wife and daughter to keep in contact with Rohit. On the way home, Titli is on the verge of tears as she grapples with the fact that her own mother has become her immediate rival. She has always been very close to her mother, and the tension mounts as she does not know how to deal with this pain. Eventually, Titli cannot suppress her curiosity about whether her mother still loves Rohit. In the end, when Rohit writes a letter to Urmila about his engagement to another woman, she gets her answer.

The film is very stylishly made, even the end story coinciding with the announcement on a magazine cover - "Bangali Babur Biye" (Bengali gentleman gets married).

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Rana "Rohit" Roy, a fictional version of himself<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/mithun-chakraborty-5-memorable-art-house-bengali-films-of-the-legendary-actor/titli-2002/photostory/64880599.cms | title='Titli' (2002) - Mithun Chakraborty: 5 memorable art-house Bengali films of the legendary actor | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
*[[Aparna Sen]] as Urmila Chatterjee
*[[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Tilottama "Titli" Chatterjee
*[[Deepankar De]] as Urmila's husband

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0356129}}

{{Rituparno Ghosh}}
{{Srikanto Acharya}}

[[Category:2002 drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2002 Bengali-language films]]

Binnaguri railway station

2026-03-03T22:42:18Z

Keem Fame rich:

{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Binnaguri railway station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Station Rd, Telipara Tea Garden, [[Binnaguri]] [[West Bengal]] 735203,
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7499|89.0579|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|216.00|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes (2023)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BNV
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Binnaguri railway station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}

'''Binnaguri''' railway station is the railway station which serves the town of [[Binnaguri]] which is a part of [[Dooars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It lies in the [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, [[Alipurduar railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Atharva|title=BNV/Binnaguri Station - 14 Train Departures NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/binnaguri-bnv/447|access-date=2021-09-13|website=indiarailinfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Trains==
Major trains running from Binnaguri railway station are as follows:
*[[SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express|Sir M Visvesvaraya Terminal - Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]] (16597/16598)
*[[Panvel–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]] (11031/11032)
*[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Kamakhya Weekly Express|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Kamakhya Express]] (19305/19306)<ref name="indiarailinfo">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dr-ambedkar-nagar-kamakhya-weekly-express-19305/64793/8/547|title=19305/Dr. Ambedkar Nagar - Kamakhya Weekly Express (PT) - Indore to Kamakhya WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Kamakhya–Anand Vihar Weekly Express|Kamakhya–Anand Vihar Terminal Superfast Express]] (15621/15622)<ref name="indiarailinfo2">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamakhya-anand-vihar-terminal-weekly-express-15621/22167/547/7322|title=15621/Kamakhya - Anand Vihar Terminal Weekly Express (PT) - Kamakhya to Anand Vihar Terminal NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
* [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]] (15777/15778)
*[[Mahananda Express|Delhi Junction - Alipurduar Mahananda Express]] (15483/15484)<ref name="indiarailinfo3">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sikkim-mahananda-express-15484/1569/349/449|title=15484/Sikkim Mahananda Express - Old Delhi to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Alipurduar - Secunderabad Express]] (05479/05480)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alipurduar Secunderabad Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipur-duar-secunderabad-special-05479/178862/449/835|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2022-07-07|archive-date=2023-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014231/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipur-duar-secunderabad-special-05479/178862/449/835|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah - Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]](13149/13150)<ref name="indiarailinfo4">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchan-kanya-express-13149/909/325/449|title=13149/Kanchan Kanya Express (PT) - Sealdah to Alipur Duar ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express]] (13247/13248)<ref name="indiarailinfo5">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rajendra-nagar-terminal-kamakhya-capital-express-13248/247/854/547|title=13248/Rajendra Nagar Terminal - Kamakhya Capital Express - Patna to Kamakhya ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]] (15661/15662)<ref name="indiarailinfo6">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-ranchi-kamakhya-weekly-express-15661/37/384/547|title=15661/Ranchi - Kamakhya Weekly Express - Ranchi to Kamakhya NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]] (15767/15768)<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]] (15467/15468).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express]] (15765/15766)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Thaskara Lahala

2026-03-03T20:46:57Z

Keem Fame rich: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaskara Lahala
| image =

| director = Ramesh Das
| producer = Azeez Kadalundi, Raji. P. K. Kollam
| writer = T. V. Balakrishnan
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suraj Venjaramood]] [[Salim Kumar]] [[Bheeman Raghu]] Lakshmi Sharma [[Joby Johny]]
| music = Shyam Dharman
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing =
| distributor = Beeyem Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|7|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}
'''''Thaskara Lahala''''' ({{langx|en| Rebellion of the thief}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Ramesh Das, starring [[Suraj Venjaramood]]. This is the director's second film after ''Thattakam'' and his second collaboration with Suraj Venjaramood in the lead role. It co-stars [[Lakshmi Sharma]], who plays the role of a police officer.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Manikantan
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Ayyappan
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Idiyan George
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Maimunni
*Nelson Sooranad
*Joby Johny as Antony Pallan
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as Peter Louis
*[[Lakshmi Sharma]] as Varsha
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Home Minister Divakaran Menon
*[[Meghanathan]] as Madhavji
*[[Chembil Ashokan]] as R.K. Nair
*[[Geetha Vijayan]] as Pooja
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Kummankandathu Muhammed Haji
*[[Sajitha Betti]] as Shobana
*[[Subi Suresh]] as Shalini
*[[Narayanankutty]]
*[[Thesni Khan]]
*Sinjili
*[[Kulappulli Leela]]
*[[Thara Kalyan]]
*[[Manka Mahesh]]
*Santhakumari
*[[Valsala Menon]] as Annie Vincent
*Deepika Mohan
*Bindu Varappuzha
*Denise Sofia (Foreign Buyer - European)
*Santiago Torres Flores (Foreign Buyer - Colombian)
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030501053404/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?cid=2428 sify.com]

[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Puli (1985 film)

2026-03-03T20:15:27Z

Keem Fame rich: update formatting per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puli
| image = Puli_(1985_film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Bharat]]
| producer = Anam Gopala Krishna Reddy
| writer = [[Satyanand]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = [[Raj Bharat]]
| story = [[Raj Bharat]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = M. Vellai Swamy
| studio = Sri Venkata Krishna Films<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246175/ |title=Puli (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|6|26}}
| runtime = 121 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Puli''''' ({{translation}} Tiger) is a 1985 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Raj Bharat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/puli-1985/cast-crew.html |title=Puli (Direction) |work=Filmibeat}}</ref> Produced by Anam Gopala Krishna Reddy,<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=Puli (Banner) |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/443/puli-cast.html |work=Chitr.com}}</ref> the film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/puli-movie/17414 |title=Puli (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref> with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5808?ed=Tolly |title=Puli (Review) |work=The Cine Bay}}</ref> The film was a [[box office bomb|flop]] at the box office.

==Plot==
Kranthi is an honest police officer of the special branch. He has a sister named Lakshmi. Inspector Shyam is a corrupt officer who works for Smuggler JK. One day, Shyam causes an accident, which causes Lakshmi to lose her eyesight and her fiancée to be murdered. Kranthi goes hunting and catches corrupt inspector Shyam, his associate James, and JK Kidnaps Radha and Lakshmi. The rest of the movie is about how all ends well.

==Cast==
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Kranthi
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Radha
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as J.K.
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Pratap Rao
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Narasimham
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Inspector Prasad
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Inspector Shyam
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Gopi
*[[R. N. Sudarshan|Sudarshan]] as Naagu
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Savitri
*Samyuktha as Lakshmi
*[[Silk Smitha]] as [[item number]]
*Jagga Rao as J.K.'s bodyguard
*Pemmasani Ramakrishna as James

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Puli
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1985
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 20:39
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Chiranjeevi (1985 film)|Chiranjeevi]]
| prev_year = 1985
| next_title = [[Rakta Sindhuram]]
| next_year = 1985
}}

Music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music was released on AVM Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/953/Puli(1985)/ |title=Puli (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Nunna Nunnani Ollu"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:22
|-
|2
|"Kanda Chusi Gunde Chusi"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|3:45
|-
|3
|"Edukintha Kopalu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:24
|-
|4
|"Maa Kanti Papaku"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:40
|-
|5
|"O Maavayyo"
|S. Janaki
|4:28
|}

==Other==
* VCDs and DVDs on - SHALIMAR Video Company, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0246175}}

[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1985 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1985 action films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]

Zafarnama (letter)

2026-02-26T17:26:53Z

Keem Fame rich: brief refined references per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|Verse letter from Guru Gobind Singh Sahib to Aurangzeb Mughal Emperor in India}}
{{Other uses|Zafarnama (disambiguation){{!}}Zafarnama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox poem
| name = Zafarnamah ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ {{Nastaliq|ظفرنامه}}
| author = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
| image = File:Zafarnama.jpg
| caption = Folios of the copy prepared by Bhai Daya Singh of the original work
| country = [[Mughal Empire]] (present day [[India]])
| written = 1705
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| genre = Religion, Letter
| subject = War, religion, morality, and justice
| meter = Chantt
| original_title = Zafarnāmāh
| couplets = 111
| lines = 111 verses<ref>{{cite book |last1=Makin |first1=Gursharan Singh |title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |isbn=8176471798 |pages=13 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref>
| preceded_by = [[Sri Charitropakhyan|Charitropakhyan]]
| followed_by = [[Hikaaitaan|Hikayats]]
}}
{{Dasam Granth sidebar}}

The '''''Zafarnāma''''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ; {{langx|fa|{{nastaliq|ظفرنامہ}}|lit=Epistle of Victory|translit=Zafarnameh}}) was a spiritual victory letter sent by Guru [[Gobind Singh]] in 1705 to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor of India, [[Aurangzeb]], after the [[Battle of Chamkaur (1704)|Battle of Chamkaur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |edition=1st |chapter=Appendix 9A: Perspectives on the Zafarnama}}</ref>

== Background ==
In the aftermath of the [[Battle of Chamkaur|second battle of Chamkaur]], the Guru wanted to write a letter of condemnation to the Mughal emperor for breaking his oath swore upon the [[Quran]] by attacking the Sikhs who were evacuating the fort of Anandpur after a long siege when they were promised safe passage by Aurangzeb.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Nārā |first=Īshara Siṅgha |title=Safarnama and Zafarnama: Being an Account of the Travels of Guru Gobind Singh and the Epistle of Moral Victory Written by Him to Emperor Aurangzeb |publisher=Nara Publications |year=1985 |pages=129–130 |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Joginder}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The Guru did not rely upon the Mughal couriers to deliver the letter as he did not trust them to do so and he wanted to know how the emperor would react to its contents so he decided to send [[Daya Singh]] and [[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)|Dharam Singh]] to deliver the letter personally.<ref name=":2" /> Daya Singh had previously delivered a letter from the Guru addressed to the emperor from Ghulal on 26 December 1704.<ref name=":2" /> Guru Gobind Singh sent 5 Singhs including Daya Singh,<ref name=":2" /> Dharam Singh<ref name=":2" /> and Sambhal Singh with the help of Naib Subedar Haji Sardar Shah to deliver the Zafarnama to Emperor Aurangzeb in Ahmednagar on 5 January 1707, the last day of Ramadaan that year.{{Cn|date=June 2023}}

The letter was written at Kangar village in modern-day Bathinda district and dispatched from the same place, or from the nearby village of Dina in modern-day Moga district.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=I: A-D |pages=484–485}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780199931439 |pages=24–25}}</ref> According to Sikh tradition, the village of Dina located near the district's border with the neighbouring [[Bathinda district]] is where [[Guru Gobind Singh]] rested for a few days after the [[Battle of Chamkaur|Second Battle of Chamkaur]].<ref name=":02" /> Scholar Louis E. Fenech states the Guru rested at Dina at the house (specifically an upper story room called a ''chubārā'') of a local Sikh named Bhai Desu Tarkhan after sending the Zafarnama from Kangar village, entrusted in the hands of Bhai Dharam Singh and Bhai Daya Singh.<ref name=":12" /> A gurdwara, ''Zafarnama Gurdwara Lohgarh Sahib Pind Dina Patishahi Dasvin'', commemorates his stay at Dina, Moga, and a sign there claims the Guru stayed at the location for 3 months and 13 days.<ref name=":12" /> [[Harbans Singh]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'' states the Guru only stayed at Dina for a few days conversely to the claims of the Gurdwara.<ref name=":02" /> He further states that he stayed with two local Sikhs named Chaudhry Shamir and Lakhmir, the grandsons of a local chieftain named Rai Jodh, whom had served the sixth Sikh guru, Hargobind, and fought and died at the [[Battle of Lahira|Battle of Mehraj]].<ref name=":02" /> Guru Gobind Singh gathered an army of hundreds of locals from Dina and the surrounding area and continued on his journey.<ref name=":02" />

== Content ==
[[Christopher Shackle]] divides the work into five parts:<ref name=":1" />

# the invocation of God
# the loss of Anandpur
# the battle of Chamkaur
# the address to Aurangzeb
# the conclusion

In this letter, [[Guru Gobind Singh Ji|Guru Gobind Singh]] reminds [[Aurangzeb]] how he and his soldiers had broken their oaths sworn upon the [[Quran|Qur'an]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Guru Gobind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnbebvjLAPUC&pg=PT7 |title=Zafarnama |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-595-4 |language=en}}</ref> when they promised safe passage to the Guru but launched a hidden attack of an army described as much larger, on forty famished Sikh soldiers. He tells Aurangzeb this was not a battle, it was a slaughter. As such, in spite of losing most of his Sikhs in this attack, he had won a moral victory over the Emperor who had broken his vows to Allah. He also states that despite sending a huge army to capture or kill the Guru, the Mughal forces did not succeed in their mission.

In the 111 verses of this notice, Guru Gobind Singh rebukes Aurangzeb for his weaknesses as a human being and for his lack of morality as a leader.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Guru Gobind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnbebvjLAPUC&pg=PT6 |title=Zafarnama |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-595-4 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji|Guru Gobind Singh]] also confirms his confidence and his unflinching faith in the Almighty even after suffering extreme personal loss of his father, mother, all four of his sons, and many fellow Sikhs to Aurangzeb's tyranny.
Guru Gobind Singh then invites Aurangzeb to meet him in Kangar village near Bathinda (Punjab) and assures him the Brar tribe will not harm him (Aurangzeb) as they are under his command.

"On the way there will be no danger to your life, for, the whole tribe of Brars accepts my command."

Of the 111 or 112<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=2004 |isbn=9788172053062 |pages=293}}</ref> verses, the maximum numbers of 34 verses are to praise God; 32 deal with Aurangzeb’s invitation for the Guru to meet him and the Guru's refusal to meet the Emperor – instead the Guru asks Aurangzeb to visit him; 24 verses detail the events in the [[Battle of Chamkaur]], which took place on 22 December 1704; 15 verses reprove [[Aurangzeb]] for breaking promise given by him and by his agents to the Guru; In verses 78 and 79, Guru Gobind Singh had also warned Aurangzeb about the resolve of the [[Khalsa]] not to rest till the Mughal Empire is destroyed; 6 verses praise Aurangzeb.

In the work, the criteria for invoking [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|dharamyudh]] is listed:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Deol |first=Taran |date=7 October 2019 |title=Zafarnama, the 'Victory Letter' That Guru Gobind Singh Wrote to Aurangzeb |work=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/zafarnama-victory-letter-guru-gobind-singh-wrote-aurangzeb/301792/}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

{{Blockquote|text={{Verse translation|lang=fa|{{nq|چو کار از همه حیلتی در گسست}}
{{nq|حلالست بردن بشمشیر دست}}|All modes of redressing the wrong having failed,
raising of sword is pious and just.}}|author=Guru Gobind Singh|title=''Zafarnama'', verse 22}}

The original Persian line, which has several translations, is borrowed almost word-for-word from [[Saadi Shirazi|Saadi]]'s works which were popular across the [[Persianate society|Persian-speaking Islamic world]], specifically the first chapter of [[Bustan (book)|Bustan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84/%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1 |language=fa |title=Bustan, chapter 1}}</ref> (a chapter which deals with "how to treat a tyrant who strikes fear in the hearts of the pure") and the eighth chapter of [[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85 |language=fa |title=Gulistan, chapter 8}}</ref>, with the replacement of دست (hand; figuratively: trick) with کار (deed; figuratively: strategy). It serves as a recontextualization of a popular work which would be familiar to Aurangzeb, with the purpose of undercutting Aurangzeb's authority by using ideas from his favorite works of literature against him. This line was later appropriated by [[Lahore Singh Sabha]] intellectuals, unaware of the connection to Saadi, as a summary of the Sikh ideals of [[Miri Piri|miri piri]] and [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|dharam yuddh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-993143-9 |pages=55-56}}</ref>

The work is sometimes considered to be the first of the ''[[Hikaaitaan|Hikayats]]'', with the remaining 11 works following it in the Dasam Granth.<ref name=":1" />

== Language ==
The letter is written in [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace |isbn=9380213646}}</ref> However, in one recension there are four verses in [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]].<ref name=":3" /> It was originally written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script rather than in [[Gurmukhi]].<ref name="hss54">{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}, pp. 53–54</ref> The version currently in circulation found in the Dasam Granth, the compilation of Guru Gobind Singh’s poetry, is in Gurmukhi script and Persian verse. Copies printed and sold today are usually in Gurmukhi script.<ref name=":1" />

== Manuscripts ==
[[File:Opening folio of a copy prepared by Bhai Daya Singh of Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnama composition.jpg|thumb|Opening folio of a copy prepared by [[Daya Singh|Bhai Daya Singh]] (one of the inaugural/original quintet of Panj Piare) of Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnama composition. Digitized by [[Panjab Digital Library]].]]
A still-extant copy of the original document is said to have been prepared by [[Daya Singh|Bhai Daya Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |date=23 April 2023 |title=20 Years of Panjab Digital Library: 6.5 Crore Manuscripts & Counting |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/20-years-of-panjab-digital-library-6-5-crore-manuscripts-counting-500128}}</ref>

== Authenticity ==
Academics Anil Chander Banerjee and Christopher Shackle believe the extant work is not the authentic one as originally written by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> According to Banerjee, the current text is unsuited for [[Diplomacy|political correspondence]] and the original letter may have been written in [[prose]] which was later transformed into a [[Poetry|poetic]] piece, which is the present composition that has been handed down.<ref name=":3" /> A similar position was held by Shackle, who thought the original work was in prose but was later rewritten in a poetic style, emulated upon the epic [[Metre (poetry)|metres]] of the [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh|Shahnama]]'', effectively borrowing elements of Islamicate literature to have a more powerful effect of undercutting the "moral authority" of the recipient, Aurangzeb, a devout Muslim.<ref name=":1" /> One view is that the original prose of the authentic letter by the Guru was transformed into poetry by [[Bhai Nand Lal]], but Banerjee finds holes in this theory as the text is incorporated as part of the Dasam Granth, presented as the Guru's writings alongside other works of his.<ref name=":3" />

The ''Zafarnama'' is similar to the ''[[Fatehnama]]'', another purported work ascribed to the tenth Guru.<ref name=":3" /> The Fatehnama survives as a work of complete couplets and one incomplete couplet.<ref name=":3" />

== Translations ==
The work was first translated into [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name=":0" /> It has been translated into [[English language|English]] by [[Navtej Sarna]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Sikh scriptures]]
* [[Guru Granth Sahib]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://archimedespress.co.uk/books Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212051909/http://archimedespress.co.uk/books |date=12 December 2015 }}
*[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=369&page=1&CategoryID=3&Searched= Manuscripts of Zafarnama]
*[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=15911&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= Download English Translation of Zafarnama]
*[http://www.sikhs.org/transl5.htm English Translation of Zafarnama]
*[http://www.zafarnama.com/Pages/Download.html Zafarnama in Gurmukhi, Perso-Arabic and Latin script with English translations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517032217/http://www.zafarnama.com/Pages/Download.html |date=17 May 2011 }}
*[http://www.5abi.com/itihasak/zafarnama-h1.htm: Epistle of Victory]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050301110822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_612147,0011000100070003.htm Hindustan Times, The Zafarnama]
*[http://www.dhansikhi.com/category/images/zafarnama/ Zafarnama Quotes by DHANSIKHI]

{{Dasam Granth}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Dasam Granth]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Persian-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]

Kajal Aggarwal

2026-02-25T18:39:05Z

Keem Fame rich:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kajal Aggarwal
| image = Kajal Aggarwal at Bhagavanth Kesari Trailer Launch (1).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Aggarwal in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|06|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Gautam Kitchlu|2020}}
| children = 1
| other_names = Kajal A Kitchlu
| alma_mater = [[Kishinchand Chellaram College]]
| occupation = Actress
| works = [[Kajal Aggarwal filmography|Full list]]
| relatives = [[Nisha Agarwal]] (sister)
| website =
| years active = 2004–present
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Kajal Aggarwal|Full list]]
}}

'''Kajal A Kitchlu''' ([[née]] '''Aggarwal''';<ref>{{cite news |title=Kajal Aggarwal changes her name on Instagram post-wedding with Gautam Kitchlu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kajal-aggarwal-changes-her-name-on-instagram-post-wedding-with-gautam-kitchlu/articleshow/80770125.cms|access-date=22 April 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 February 2021}}</ref> born 19 June 1985<ref>{{cite news |title=Kajal Agarwal takes a break on her birthday |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-Aggarwal-takes-a-break-on-her-birthday/articleshow/14267750.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325013449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-Aggarwal-takes-a-break-on-her-birthday/articleshow/14267750.cms |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=29 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 June 2012}}</ref>), known professionally as '''Kajal Aggarwal''', is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?277580 |title=If You're Willing, She's Reddy |author=T.S. SUDHIR |publisher=OutlookIndia.com |access-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711223009/http://outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?277580 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Aggarwal is considered one of the highest paid actresses of South Indian cinema.<ref name="paid1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/nayanthara-to-samantha-prabhu-check-out-10-highest-paid-south-actresses-right-now/amp |access-date=12 September 2022 |title=Kajal Aggarwal to Shruti Haasan: Check out the top 10 highest paid South Indian actresses right now |work=GQ India |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806132444/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/nayanthara-to-samantha-prabhu-check-out-10-highest-paid-south-actresses-right-now/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="paid2">{{Cite news |title=The Highest-paid South Indian actresses; see list |access-date=28 November 2022 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/dh-galleries/photos/in-pictures-highest-paid-south-indian-actresses-990536 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211054009/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/dh-galleries/photos/in-pictures-highest-paid-south-indian-actresses-990536 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is a recipient of three [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] and a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Souths-top-earning-heroines/articleshow/12675082.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712065731/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-16/news-interviews/31345560_1_kannada-film-industry-indian-film-local-girl |url-status=live |archive-date=12 July 2013 |title=South's top earning heroines |author=Sunayana Suresh |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Kajal-Most-wanted-imagegallery-tollywood-kcxsq9fghaf.html |title=Kajal: Most wanted |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116132555/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kajal-Most-wanted-imagegallery-tollywood-kcxsq9fghaf.html |archive-date=16 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Aggarwal made her acting debut with a minor role in the 2004 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'' and had her first Telugu film release in ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' (2007). In the same year, she gained wider recognition for her role in ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]''. The 2009 fantasy film ''[[Magadheera]]'', one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Telugu films of all time]], marked a turning point in her career and earned her critical acclaim.<ref name="awards.filmfare.com">{{Cite web |title=57th Filmfare Awards South Nominations — Telugu |url=http://awards.filmfare.com/telegu.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314174545/http://awards.filmfare.com/telegu.php |archive-date=14 March 2011 |access-date=16 August 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref name="Magadhera wins 6 Filmfare awards">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/magadhera-wins-6-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkguRAfifbbsi.html |title=Magadhera wins 6 Filmfare awards |date=9 August 2010 |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112052048/http://www.sify.com/movies/magadhera-wins-6-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkguRAfifbbsi.html |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=dead |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Her other notable Telugu films include ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' (2010), ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' (2010), ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' (2011), ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' (2012), ''[[Naayak]]'' (2013), ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' (2013), ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' (2014), ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' (2015), ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' (2017), ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' (2017), [[Awe (film)|''Awe'']] (2018) and ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/29/slide-show-1-south-2009s-top-telugu-actresses.htm |title=Top Telugu actresses |publisher=Rediff |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511151510/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/29/slide-show-1-south-2009s-top-telugu-actresses.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also played the female lead in high-profile Tamil projects such as ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010), ''[[Maattrraan]]'' (2012), ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012), ''[[Jilla]]'' (2014), ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017), ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017) and ''[[Comali]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilkey.com/kajal-breaks-the-jinx.html |title=Kajal breaks the jinx! |publisher=Tamilkey.com |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120044059/http://www.tamilkey.com/kajal-breaks-the-jinx.html |archive-date=20 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her most successful Hindi films include the action film ''[[Singham]]'' (2011) and the thriller ''[[Special 26]]'' (2013).<ref name="Rediff.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2011/aug/01singham-declared-big-hit-at-box-office.htm |title=Singham declared big hit at box office |work=Rediff.com |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>

In 2020, a wax figure of Aggarwal was put on display at [[Madame Tussauds Singapore]], a first for an actress from [[South Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kajal-aggarwal-is-the-first-south-actress-to-have-a-wax-statue-at-madame-tussauds/articleshow/73952414.cms |title=Kajal Aggarwal is the first South actress to have a wax statue at Madame Tussauds |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2020 |access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gera |first1=Sonal |title=Extremely happy, grateful: Kajal Aggarwal on her wax statue at Madame Tussauds, Singapore |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/kajal-aggarwal-wax-statue-madame-tussauds-singapore-587663 |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=India TV News |date=10 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Nisha and Kajal Aggarwal.jpg|thumb|left|Aggarwal with sister [[Nisha Aggarwal|Nisha]] in 2012]]
Kajal Aggarwal was born on 19 June 1985 and raised in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family with roots in [[Amritsar]], settled in [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya |title=I don't cross the border with my co-stars: Kajal Aggarwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-cross-the-border-with-my-co-stars-Kajal-Aggarwal/articleshow/18349237.cms |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=6 February 2013}}</ref> Her father Vinay Aggarwal, is an entrepreneur in the textile business and her mother Suman is a confectioner,<ref name="kajalbirth">{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/020611-Tollywood-star-Kajal-Agarwal-opposite-Ajay-Devgn-Singham.htm |title=Kajal Agarwal: I am here to stay... |newspaper=Mid-Day |author=Mauli Singh |access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> and also Kajal's business manager. Kajal has a younger sister [[Nisha Agarwal]], an actress in Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-nisha-agarwal-on-emaindi-ee-vela/20101111.htm |title=Kajal Agarwal's sister takes the plunge |publisher=Rediff |access-date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

Aggarwal studied at [[St. Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai]], and completed her pre-university education at [[Jai Hind College]].<ref name="kajaledu">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-kajal-agarwal-interview-on-singham/20110713.htm |title=Meet Ajay Devgn's love in Singh |work=Rediff.com |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> She pursued her graduation in mass media, with specialisation in marketing and advertising, from [[Kishinchand Chellaram College]].<ref name="kajaledu" /><ref>{{cite news |author=Gaurav Malani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-should-do-Magadheera-remake-Kajal/articleshow/9186450.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113111630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-11/news-interviews/29760519_1_hindi-films-rohit-shetty-south-actress |url-status=live |archive-date=13 November 2013 |title=Salman should do Magadheera remake: Kajal |date=11 July 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref> Having harboured MBA dreams all through her growing years, in 2012, she said she "intended to achieve a post-graduation degree soon".<ref name="kajalmodel">{{cite web |author=Friday,10 August 2012 |url=http://morningcable.com/happy-new-year-2012/hot-buzz/15470-kajal-says-%E2%80%98life-has-planned-films-for-her%E2%80%99.html |title=Kajal says, 'Life has planned films for her. ' |publisher=Morningcable.com |date=16 July 2011 |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113121521/http://www.morningcable.com/happy-new-year-2012/hot-buzz/15470-kajal-says-%e2%80%98life-has-planned-films-for-her%e2%80%99.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
{{Main|Kajal Aggarwal filmography}}

=== Debut and early struggle (2004–2008) ===
Aggarwal made her acting debut in the 2004 Hindi film ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'', in which she played [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]'s sister.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ajay-Devgn-to-romance-South-actress-Kajal/articleshow/7500764.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911155445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-15/news-interviews/28545814_1_ajay-devgn-singam-romance |url-status=live |archive-date=11 September 2011 |title=Ajay Devgn to romance South actress Kajal |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 February 2011 |date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kajal-to-star-with-Ajay-Devgn/articleshow/7482720.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202193827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-13/news-interviews/28546105_1_kajal-agarwal-ajay-devgn-magadheera |url-status=live |archive-date=2 December 2012 |title=Kajal to star with Ajay Devgn |access-date=13 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 February 2011}}</ref>

Aggarwal made her debut in Telugu films in 2007, with [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]'s ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'', alongside [[Kalyan Ram]]; it had an average return at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/30376.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409123214/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/30376.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2007|title=Lakshmi Kalyanam completes 50 days|work=indiaglitz.com|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref> Later that year, she appeared in the [[Krishna Vamsi]]-directed ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]'', which opened to positive reviews and became her first major successful film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kajal-Flying-high/etarticleshow/3134580.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910140538/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-17/news-interviews/27767417_1_tamil-film-chandamama-telugu-films |url-status=live |archive-date=10 September 2011 |title=Kajal: Flying high |access-date=17 June 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2008}}</ref> In 2008, she had her first Tamil film release, [[Perarasu]]'s action entertainer ''[[Pazhani (film)|Pazhani]]'', opposite [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]. She had one more Tamil release that year with [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s comedy-thriller ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'', in which she did a guest appearance. Although the film went on to become a commercial as well as a critical success,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14786285&cid=13525926 |title=Chennai Box Office (Oct 25 to 27, 2008) |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 October 2008 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825234351/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14786285&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the film failed to boost her career as her role was too insignificant.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Waiting-for-Lady-Luck/articleshow/4161035.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203001416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-21/news-interviews/28001798_1_lady-luck-lass-allu-arjun |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2012 |title=Waiting for Lady Luck |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 February 2009}}</ref> Her Telugu releases ''[[Pourudu]]'' and ''[[Aatadista]]'' opposite [[Sumanth]] and [[Nithiin|Nitin]], respectively, did not receive positive reviews, but both were successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pourudu 100 days function photo gallery - Telugu cinema function - Sumanth |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/100days-pourudu/index.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Villain-saves-the-film/article15189016.ece| title = Villain saves the film! - ANDHRA PRADESH - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 22 March 2008| access-date = 29 November 2021| archive-date = 29 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211129201047/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Villain-saves-the-film/article15189016.ece| url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Critical acclaim and recognition (2009–2012) ===
[[File:Kajal Aggarwal at 'Sarbjit' premiere.jpg|thumb|Aggarwal at an event]]

Aggarwal had four releases in 2009. She first starred opposite [[Vinay Rai]] in the Tamil film ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'', which garnered mixed reviews and was a financial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=27 July 2009 |title=Unimpressive Modhi Vilaiyadu |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tamil-film-review-modhi-vilaiyadu/20090727.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823182943/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tamil-film-review-modhi-vilaiyadu/20090727.htm |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> She then appeared in [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s high budget Telugu historical drama ''[[Magadheera]]'', opposite [[Ram Charan Teja]]. She played dual roles of Mithra, a princess and Indu, a modern woman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-opposite-ram-charan-news-telugu-kkfuamfdiiisi.html |title=Kajal opposite Ram Charan |date=6 February 2008 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106104625/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-opposite-ram-charan-news-telugu-kkfuamfdiiisi.html |archive-date=6 November 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 November 2014}}</ref> Aggarwal's performance earned her server nominations including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]].<ref name="Magadhera wins 6 Filmfare awards"/> The film became successful commercially and broke several records, emerging as the highest-grossing Telugu film of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/magadheera-bozofficelegend.html |title=Magadheera – a box office legend |publisher=idlebrain |access-date=17 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112151152/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/magadheera-bozofficelegend.html |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/12/south-report-magadheera-not-out.htm |title=Magadheera, 100 not out! |publisher=Rediff |access-date=12 November 2009 |archive-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112144930/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/12/south-report-magadheera-not-out.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Tollys-bigger-than-Bolly-/articleshow/5355318.cms |title=Tolly's bigger than Bolly |access-date=19 December 2009 |date=19 December 2009 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708134559/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/news-interviews/28105702_1_film-industry-hindi-films-tollywood |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted, "Kajal was quite a surprise package. She was sweet and charming and looked like an 'ethereal' princess. She carries off both the roles fairly well."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/jul/31/the-magadheera-review.htm |title=Magadheera is technically brilliant |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111155453/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/jul/31/the-magadheera-review.htm |archive-date=11 November 2014 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> It was released again in Tamil as ''Maaveeran'' in 2011, and was also successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |author=admin |url=http://ramcharanteja.bizhat.com/news/ram-charans-maaveeran-rocks-tamil-nadu/ |title=Ram Charan's Maaveeran rocks Tamil Nadu | Ram Charan Teja |publisher=Ramcharanteja.bizhat.com |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225117/http://ramcharanteja.bizhat.com/news/ram-charans-maaveeran-rocks-tamil-nadu/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her subsequent releases ''[[Ganesh (2009 film)|Ganesh]]'', opposite [[Ram Pothineni]] and ''[[Arya 2]]'' opposite [[Allu Arjun]] received mixed reviews from critics, while her performance garnered positive feedback.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 December 2008|title=Muhurat of Ram's film with Kajal Agarwal|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-ram-saravanan.html|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|accessdate=8 January 2011|archive-date=11 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611075817/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-ram-saravanan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/nov/27/south-telugu-review-arya2.htm |title=Arya 2 is disappointing |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=27 November 2009 |archive-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804211150/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-review-arya2/20091127.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Aggarwal's first 2010 release was [[A. Karunakaran]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'', which featured her as [[Prabhas]]'s childhood lover Bandini. The film went onto become a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nivas |first=Namita |date=16 July 2010 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/an-average-fare/ |title=AN AVERAGE FARE |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=16 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/dec/29/tollywood-the-big-hits-of-2010-214939.html|title=Tollywood: The big hits of 2010|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 December 2010|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Her performance earned her second Filmfare Best Actress – Telugu nomination and a ''[[Sify]]'' critic stated that she "mesmerized" the audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/darling-review-telugu-14939452.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713222755/http://www.sify.com/movies/darling-review-telugu-14939452.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2013|title=Darling review|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=24 April 2010}}</ref> Later that year, she appeared in the Tamil thriller film ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'', opposite [[Karthi]], which was based on a real-life incident and opened to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-mahaan-alla-review-tamil-14954041.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619015005/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-mahaan-alla-review-tamil-14954041.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2013 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> A commercial success, it was later dubbed in Telugu as ''Naa Peru Siva'' in Andhra Pradesh and was a success.<ref>{{cite news |last=Subhramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 August 2011 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/karthi-hits-t%E2%80%99wood-big-time-180 |title=Karthi hits T'wood big time |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812075955/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/karthi-hits-t%E2%80%99wood-big-time-180 |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> Her final release that year was the romantic comedy ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' opposite [[Jr. NTR]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], which received critical acclaim and went on to become a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/top-ten-telugu-films-of-the-year-imagegallery-2-tollywood-kmvrrBcdbgbsi.html |title=Top Ten Telugu Films of the year 2 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615072302/https://www.sify.com/movies/top-ten-telugu-films-of-the-year-imagegallery-2-tollywood-kmvrrBcdbgbsi.html |archive-date=15 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She won the [[CineMAA Awards#Best Actor – Female|CineMAA Award for Best Actress]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/cinemaa-awards2011.html|title=Lux Cinemaa awards 2011|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=20 June 2011|access-date=6 April 2020|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108180153/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/cinemaa-awards2011.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, Aggarwal first reunited with Prabhas in the romantic comedy ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'', where she played Priya, a doctor. The film became a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mrperfect_moviereview_printer.php |title=Mr.Perfect – Movie Review |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=22 April 2011 |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427211448/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mrperfect_moviereview_printer.php |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ''[[The Times of India]]'' critic stated, "Kajal looks great, expresses well and fits into the role perfectly. Her chemistry with Prabhas is commendable."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mr-perfect/movie-review/8072486.cms |title=Review: Mr Perfect |date=8 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> She earned her third Filmfare Best Actress – Telugu nomination, for her performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessoftollywood.com/news/59th-filmfare-awards-south-nominees/ |title=59th Filmfare Awards South Nominees |publisher=Business of Tollywood |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710072946/http://www.businessoftollywood.com/news/59th-filmfare-awards-south-nominees/ |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'', replacing [[Anushka Shetty]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-replaces-anushka-imagegallery-tollywood-km5rFkbjehgsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424215609/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-replaces-anushka-imagegallery-tollywood-km5rFkbjehgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2017 |title=replaces Anushka |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> and starred opposite [[Ravi Teja]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Teja and Kajal fly to Switzerland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Ravi-Teja-and-Kajal-fly-to-Switzerland/articleshow/8141595.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref> The film received moderate reviews and emerged a moderate success.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=20 May 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-veera/20110520.htm |title=Review: Veera is a tedious watch |publisher=Rediff |access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> Later that year, Aggarwal made her comeback to Hindi films with ''[[Singham]]'', a remake of the [[Singam|same-titled 2010 Tamil film]], opposite [[Ajay Devgn]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajay-Devgn-to-romance-South-actress-Kajal-/articleshow/7500764.cms"Ajay |title=Devgn to romance South actress Kajal... |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kajal to star with Ajay Devgn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Kajal-to-star-with-Ajay-Devgn/articleshow/7482720.cms |access-date=2 April 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2011 |language=en}}</ref> She played a Goan girl Kavya Bhosle and received [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] nomination for the same. [[Komal Nahta]] noted, "Kaajal may not be very beautiful but she acts with effortless ease. Her performance is good."<ref>{{cite news |last=Nahta |first=Komal |title=Singham Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/singham-review/ |access-date=23 July 2011 |newspaper=Koimoi}}</ref> Sukanya Venkatraghavan stated, "Kajal looks pretty and has done what she has been told to, but probably deserved a meatier debut."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://filmfare.com/articles/singham-2554.html |title=Singham movie review |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |author=Sukanya Venkatraghavan |access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, the film was a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singham - Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918232741/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her last release of the year came with the Telugu film ''[[Dhada]]'', opposite [[Naga Chaitanya]], which failed at the box office.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111030011531/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-opposite-naga-chaitanya-news-telugu-kkfrbMgfebj.html Kajal opposite Naga Chaitanya]. Sify.com (16 January 2010). Retrieved on 3 February 2012.</ref>

Aggarwal's first release of 2012 was in the Telugu [[gangster film]] ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' opposite [[Mahesh Babu]], directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. A [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]] release, it opened to positive reviews and was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kajal-Aggarwal-has-no-dates-for-marriage/articleshow/11538304.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311105043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-19/news-interviews/30639703_1_lip-lock-mahesh-babu-hindi |url-status=live |archive-date=11 March 2012 |title=Kajal Aggarwal has no dates for marriage |author=Sarah Salvadore |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> Her performance, though limited, was praised by critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-businessman-is-a-must-watch/221104-62-131.html |title=Telugu Review: 'Businessman' a must watch for punchy dialogues, Mahesh's superb acting |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=15 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222154518/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-businessman-is-a-must-watch/221104-62-131.html |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> Aggarwal then made her comeback to Tamil films with ''[[Maattrraan]]'' opposite [[Suriya]]. The film became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Kajal Agarwal in KV Anand's next |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kajal-agarwal-in-kv-anands-next/20110527.htm |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maattraan turns 50 – Nov 30-4|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Maattraan-turns-50/articleshow/17426132.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=30 November 2012|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508064206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Maattraan-turns-50/articleshow/17426132.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance as a language translator Anjali was well received; with Malini Mannath stating: "Kajal does with utmost sincerity as the foreign language translator Anjali. It's this trait and her graceful demeanour which makes Kajal a pleasant watch".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1298601.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407211907/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1298601.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2013 |title='Maattrraan' (Tamil) |author=Malini Mannath |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> [[A. R. Murugadoss]]'s ''[[Thuppakki]]'' opposite [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] was her next release. She played Nisha, a boxer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajal confirmed as Vijay's heroine! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-confirmed-as-vijay-s-heroine-news-tamil-llrhBIfjiia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221084018/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-confirmed-as-vijay-s-heroine-news-tamil-llrhBIfjiia.html |archive-date=21 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film emerged a major commercial success, becoming the second Tamil film ever to collect over {{INRconvert|1|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-film-thuppakki-enters-rs-100-crore-club/307482-71-174.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128045433/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-film-thuppakki-enters-rs-100-crore-club/307482-71-174.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2012 |title=Tamil film 'Thuppakki' enters Rs 100 crore club |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> L Romal M Singh of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' stated, "Kajal acts as a pretty face mostly, but is pleasing and cute in many sequences."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=L Romal M |date=17 November 2012 |title=Review: Thuppaki (Tamil) is refreshing, indeed! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_review-thuppaki-tamil-is-refreshing-indeed_1765709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119110943/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_review-thuppaki-tamil-is-refreshing-indeed_1765709 |archive-date=19 November 2012 |access-date=17 November 2012 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> The film won her the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].<ref>Kamath, Sudhish (15 September 2013) [http://m.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece Stars in Sharjah]. The Hindu. Retrieved on 14 January 2017.</ref> Her final release of the year was the Telugu romance film ''[[Sarocharu]]'', opposite Ravi Teja, which failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/news-interviews/31813724_1_ravi-teja-kajal-aggarwal-producer-ashwini-dutt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/news-interviews/31813724_1_ravi-teja-kajal-aggarwal-producer-ashwini-dutt |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Kajal to pair opposite Ravi Teja |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>

{{Quote box|width=30%|align=Left|quote=I prefer Telugu film industry as women are respected more than they are in the Tamil film industry. In Tamil cinema, they care only about their hero. Of course, I don't give a shit and go and sit in my van|source= Aggarwal about the ''difference'' she felt between Telugu and Tamil industry.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-cross-the-border-with-my-co-stars-Kajal-Aggarwal/articleshow/18349237.cms |title=I don't cross the border with my co-stars: Kajal Aggarwal |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=February 6, 2013}}</ref>}}

=== Commercial success and career progression (2013–2017) ===
[[File:Kajal Aggarwal promoting Special 26.jpg|thumb|Aggarwal promoting her film ''[[Special 26]]'']]

Aggarwal starred in the action film ''[[Naayak]]'', opposite [[Ram Charan Teja]], her first release of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/charanvinayak-film-for-mass-and-class-audiences/260269-71-216.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526013029/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/charanvinayak-film-for-mass-and-class-audiences/260269-71-216.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2012 |title=Ram Charan-VV Vinayak film is for both the mass and class audiences |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> Upon release, it received positive reviews and was a major commercial success.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/375104/comedies-reaped-gold-southern-cinema.html | title=Comedies reaped gold for Indian cinema | date=17 December 2013 | newspaper=Deccan Herald | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] | access-date=11 February 2020 }}</ref> She then played a teacher Priya, opposite [[Akshay Kumar]] in ''[[Special 26]]'', a heist drama directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/singham-actress-kajal-aggarwal-signs-her-next-film/20120227.htm|title=Singham actress Kajal Aggarwal signs her next film|publisher=Rediff|access-date=27 February 2012|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301034724/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/singham-actress-kajal-aggarwal-signs-her-next-film/20120227.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It went on to be a major critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special 26 Grosses 48 Crore in Ten Days|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5411&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=18 February 2013|archive-date=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221022822/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5411&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] noted, "Kajal keeps it real as the girl next door who falls for Ajay, and their romance is sweet."<ref name="cnnibn score">{{cite web|last=Review|first=Special 26|title=Rejeev Masand Review|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/special-chabbis-review-its-a-delicious-thriller-you-dont-want-to-miss/371706-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211095447/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/special-chabbis-review-its-a-delicious-thriller-you-dont-want-to-miss/371706-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2013|work=Rajeev Masand|publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> She later appeared in [[Srinu Vaitla]]'s ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'', opposite Jr. NTR. Upon its release, critics appreciated her performance and a critic stated, "Kajal is as usual an eye-candy. She's got a good role and has done justice to her performance. Also she looks stunning in the songs."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Baadshah-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/19395462.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408053040/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-05/news-interviews/38306228_1_film-baadshah-ntr-fans-director-sreenu-vaitla |url-status=live |archive-date=8 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Baadshah Telugu movie review highlights |access-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The film was a financial success.{{cn|date=June 2025}} Her final release that year was ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' opposite [[Karthi]]. It released to negative reviews from critics and had an average collection.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 November 2013 |title=All in All Azhagu Raja: What a drag! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/all-in-all-azhagu-raja-what-a-drag/article5316798.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520030204/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/all-in-all-azhagu-raja-what-a-drag/article5316798.ece |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=5 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In 2014, Aggarwal starred in [[R. T. Neason]]'s masala film ''[[Jilla]]'', in which she played a police officer opposite Vijay.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/new-baddie-in-tinsel-town/article4588149.ece New baddie in tinsel town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520010054/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/new-baddie-in-tinsel-town/article4588149.ece |date=20 May 2013 }}. The Hindu (6 April 2013). Retrieved 17 April 2014.</ref> The film was a major commercial success.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140115/entertainment-kollywood/article/box-office-collections-vijay%E2%80%99s-jilla-and-ajith%E2%80%99s-veeram "Box Office Collections of Mohanlal and Vijay's 'Jilla' and Ajith's 'Veeram'"] . ''Deccan Chronicle''. 16 January 2014</ref> She then featured in a cameo appearance opposite [[Allu Arjun]] in the Telugu action thriller film ''[[Yevadu]]'', again a box office success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kajal-in-Ram-Charans-Yevadu/articleshow/15490191.cms? |title=Kajal in Ram Charan's Yevadu |website=The Times of India |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Her next release was [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s family drama ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'', which became one of the highest grossing Telugu film of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Govindudu-Andarivadele-opens-to-positive-reviews/articleshow/43983722.cms |title=Govindudu Andarivadele opens to positive reviews |website=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Govindudu_Andarivadele_mints_Rs1283_crore_on_release_day-447056/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |title='Govindudu Andarivadele' mints Rs.12.83 crore on release day |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=3 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005043005/http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Govindudu_Andarivadele_mints_Rs1283_crore_on_release_day-447056/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She played Satya, a modern girl opposite Ram Charan. Suresh Kaviyarani stated, "Kajal is beautiful and glamorous. Her chemistry with Charan comes up neatly."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaviyarani|first=Suresh|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141001/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-govindudu-andari-vaadele-charan-surprises-his|title=Movie review 'Govindudu Andari Vaadele': Charan surprises with his performance|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=1 October 2014|access-date=3 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003132308/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141001/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-govindudu-andari-vaadele-charan-surprises-his|archive-date=3 October 2014}}</ref> The film earned her fourth nomination for Filmfare Best Actress – Telugu.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604025851/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>

In her first release of 2015, Aggarwal appeared in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s Telugu action film ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''. She played Saanvi, an animal lover opposite Jr. NTR.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/will-kajal-junior-ntr-make-hattrick-of-hits/article6086689.ece |title=Will Kajal, Junior NTR make hat-trick of hits |author=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128165556/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/will-kajal-junior-ntr-make-hattrick-of-hits/article6086689.ece |archive-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar noted, "Despite her limited role, Kajal does well, although the duo's underwritten romantic track leaves a lot to be desired."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Temper/movie-review/46235000.cms |title=Temper Movie Review |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160021/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Temper/movie-review/46235000.cms |archive-date=13 February 2015 |url-status=dead}} {{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> The film was a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-year-of-the-big-churn-in-telugu-cinema/article8021958.ece|title=2015: The year of the big churn in Telugu cinema|author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo|work=The Hindu| date=24 December 2015 }}</ref> Aggarwal then appeared in [[Balaji Mohan]]'s gangster comedy film ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'', opposite [[Dhanush]]. S Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff]]'' noted: "Kajal Aggarwal does have a significant role to play, but her onscreen chemistry with Dhanush just does not work".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-maari-is-uninspiring/20150720.htm |title=Review: Maari is uninspiring |publisher=Rediff |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> The film became a commercial success.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/07/28/danushs-maari-mints-him-an-8-million-50-crore-box-office-birthday-gift/ |title=Dhanush's 'Maari' Mints Him An $8 Million / 50 Crore Box Office Birthday Gift |author=Rob Cain |magazine=Forbes |access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> Her other release, [[Suseenthiran]]'s action film ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'', alongside [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], received mixed reviews and failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/bigger-not-better/article7289256.ece|title=Bigger, not better|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 June 2015 }}</ref> Reviewers criticised her character stating: "badly written and has nothing more to do with the script."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/paayum-puli-review-suseenthiran-takes-a-tried-and-tested-script-to-make-it-look-fresh-261289-2015-09-04 |title=Paayum Puli review: Suseenthiran takes a tried-and-tested script to make it look fresh |magazine=India Today |access-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905012315/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/paayum-puli-review-suseenthiran-takes-a-tried-and-tested-script-to-make-it-look-fresh/1/465817.html |archive-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> That year, she also did a cameo appearance in the bilingual romantic comedy film ''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|date=28 November 2015|title=Movie Review 'Size Zero' : A good concept gone horribly wrong|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151128/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-size-zero-good-concept-gone-horribly-wrong|access-date=27 August 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103123950/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151128/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-size-zero-good-concept-gone-horribly-wrong|url-status=live}}</ref>

The year 2016 saw Aggarwal appear in five films. She first played Arshi, a princess opposite [[Pawan Kalyan]], in ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''. Critical reaction of the film was mixed to negative, though Aggarwal's performance was positive. A reviewer from the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote: "Kajal plays the perfect princess and looks beautiful and elegant. In fact, she is a breath of air in the film".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/090416/sardar-gabbar-singh-movie-review-strictly-for-pk-fans.html |title=Sardar Gabbar Singh movie review: Strictly for PK fans |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|900|m}} worldwide, becoming a moderate success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardaar Gabbar Singh Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=1926&cid=6&fid=3306 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=AndhraBoxOffice}}</ref> In [[Srikanth Addala]]'s ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'', she played an NRI Kashi opposite [[Mahesh Babu]]. It became a major critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Mahesh Babu takes full responsibility for Brahmotsavam flop |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mahesh-Babu-takes-full-responsibility-for-Brahmotsavam-flop/article60509392.ece |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=28 May 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Among the female leads, her performance as a "new age girl" was well received, despite the role having a limited screen time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Y. Sunita |title=Brahmotsavam: Stale story, weak treatment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/despite-a-huge-star-cast-and-good-performances-the-movie-meanders-in-a-meaningless-way/article8625503.ece |access-date=21 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=20 May 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She next appeared opposite [[Randeep Hooda]] in ''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]'', playing Jenny, a blind girl who later becomes a doctor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kajal-Aggarwal-Randeep-Hooda-and-I-fought-before-shooting-romantic-scenes/articleshow/52432263.cms |title=Kajal Aggarwal:Randeep Hooda and I fought before shooting romantic scenes |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 July 2017}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s Namrata Thakker found her to be "decent" and was appreciative of her chemistry with Hooda.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thakker |first1=Namrata |title=Review: Do Lafzon Ki Kahani is predictable and boring! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-do-lafzon-ki-kahani-is-predictable-and-boring/20160610.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=10 June 2016}}</ref> Her long delayed film ''[[Final Cut of Director]]'' was her next release. Though completed in 2008, it was released in 2016, after 8 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nana Patekar plays a director in 'Final Cut' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nana-patekar-plays-a-director-in-final-cut-imagegallery-0-bollywood-omutGPeaabidi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430035139/https://www.sify.com/movies/nana-patekar-plays-a-director-in-final-cut-imagegallery-0-bollywood-omutGPeaabidi.html |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2015 |title=Nana Patekar's decade old film set to release |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-nana-patekar-s-decade-old-film-set-to-release-2137836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429062137/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-nana-patekar-s-decade-old-film-set-to-release-2137836 |archive-date=29 April 2018 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=DNA India}}</ref> In her last film of the year, she played Divya, who reconcile with her husband opposite [[Jiiva]] in ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]''.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kajal-aggarwal-replaces-keerthy-suresh-in-kavalai-vendam/ "Kajal Aggarwal replaces Keerthy Suresh in 'Kavalai Vendam'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107011342/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kajal-aggarwal-replaces-keerthy-suresh-in-kavalai-vendam/ |date=7 January 2019 }}. ''indianexpress.com''. 29 August 2015.</ref> Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated, "Present throughout the film, Kajal looks a million bucks."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kavalai Vendam review: Nothing unpredictable but has its share of 'howlarious' moments |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kavalai-vendam-review-nothing-unpredictable-but-has-its-share-of-howlarious-moments-3125552.html/ |work=Firstpost |date=26 November 2016 |language=en-us |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602094649/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kavalai-vendam-review-nothing-unpredictable-but-has-its-share-of-howlarious-moments-3125552.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She also had a special dance appearance in ''[[Janatha Garage]]'', that year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Kajal Aggarwal to Shake a leg with Jr NTR! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300716/kajal-aggarwal-to-shake-a-leg-with-jr-ntr.html |access-date=11 March 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kajal Aggarwal's special song shoot at night |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190816/kajal-aggarwals-item-song-shoot-at-night.html |access-date=11 March 2020 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=19 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> That song, titled "Pakka Local", was well received by the audience.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/check-out-kajals-avatar-in-Pakka-Local/articleshow/53898362.cms |title=Check out kajal's avatar in Pakka Local |date=16 January 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

Aggarwal played Yazhini, a CTS officer's wife opposite [[Ajith Kumar]] in ''[[Vivegam]]'', her first release of 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kajal Aggarwal and Ajith's 'Thala57' begins rolling today!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kajal-aggarwal-and-ajith-s-thala57-begins-rolling-today-2240059|access-date=2 February 2017|work=[[DNA India]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205052318/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kajal-aggarwal-and-ajith-s-thala57-begins-rolling-today-2240059|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vivegam-first-look-ajith-s-stuns-in-a-chiselled-physique-in-new-poster/story-pZFk933q1l1cZU7ZgEFKdN.html Vivegam first look: Ajith's stuns in a chiselled physique in new poster | regional movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823161936/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vivegam-first-look-ajith-s-stuns-in-a-chiselled-physique-in-new-poster/story-pZFk933q1l1cZU7ZgEFKdN.html |date=23 August 2017 }}. Hindustan Times. Retrieved on 23 October 2017.</ref> The film was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2017 |title=Vivegam box-office collection: Ajith's film collects Rs 160 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vivegam-box-office-collection-ajith-kumar-kajal-aggarwal-1041594-2017-09-10 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] took note of her comic scene in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/vivegam-review-spectacle-strictly-ajith-fans-and-we-hereby-bulletproof-ourselves-67311|title='Vivegam' Review: This spectacle is strictly for Ajith fans and we hereby bulletproof ourselves|website=The News Minute|date=24 August 2017 |access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028054123/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/vivegam-review-spectacle-strictly-ajith-fans-and-we-hereby-bulletproof-ourselves-67311|url-status=live}}</ref> She then reunited with Vijay in ''[[Mersal]]'', where she played a doctor, Anu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2017 |title=Kajal Aggarwal to pair up with Vijay for his 61st film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kajal-aggarwal-to-pair-up-with-vijay-for-his-61st-film-4481412/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712153619/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kajal-aggarwal-to-pair-up-with-vijay-for-his-61st-film-4481412/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=20 October 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mersal-may-be-a-triumph-for-its-star-vijay-but-what-does-it-say-about-its-director-atlee-4158441.html |title=Mersal may be a triumph for its star Vijay, but what does it say about its director Atlee? |work=Firstpost |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705072835/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mersal-may-be-a-triumph-for-its-star-vijay-but-what-does-it-say-about-its-director-atlee-4158441.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a major commercial success and became [[Highest grossing Tamil films|one of the highest-grossing Tamil films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Mersal Box Office collection: Vijay's film to enter Rs. 250 crore club |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241117/mersal-box-office-collection-vijays-film-to-enter-rs-250-crore-club.html |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605134532/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241117/mersal-box-office-collection-vijays-film-to-enter-rs-250-crore-club.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She next appeared opposite [[Chiranjeevi]] in ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-Aggarwal-teams-up-with-Chiranjeevi/articleshow/53463857.cms |title=Kajal Aggarwal teams up with Chiranjeevi |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ChiranjeeviKajal-shoot-for-Khaidi-No-150-at-Airport/articleshow/53873120.cms |title=Chiranjeevi, Kajal shoot for Khaidi No. 150 at Airport |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> A box office success, it became one of the highest-grossing Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/khaidi-ni-150-box-office-collection-chiranjeevi-kajal-aggarwal-955714-2017-01-18 |title=Khaidi No 150 box-office collection: Chiranjeevi's film impresses with steady growth |date=18 January 2017 |access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]'s ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'', opposite [[Rana Daggubati]] was her last release of the year. She played a strong wife of a Chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-04-20/Rajamouli-nod-awaited-for-Rana-Kajal-coup/222765 |title=Rajamouli nod awaited for Rana, Kajal coup |last=Goud |first=Nagaraj |date=20 April 2016 |work=The Hans India |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170822152003/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-04-20/Rajamouli-nod-awaited-for-Rana-Kajal-coup/222765 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kajal-aggarwal-says-nene-raju-nene-mantri-is-a-very-special-film-4710054/ |title=Kajal Aggarwal says, Nene Raju, Nene Mantri is a very special film |date=18 June 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170901123306/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kajal-aggarwal-says-nene-raju-nene-mantri-is-a-very-special-film-4710054/ |archive-date=1 September 2017 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hemanth Kumar noted, "Kajal is the film's biggest revelation. You can feel her pain, her warmth and her anger in moments of heartbreak."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nene-raju-nene-mantri-movie-review-rana-daggubati-kajal-shine-in-this-riveting-political-drama-3919591.html |title=Nene Raju Nene Mantri movie review: Rana Daggubati, Kajal shine in this riveting political drama |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=15 August 2017 |work=Firstpost |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170902100551/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nene-raju-nene-mantri-movie-review-rana-daggubati-kajal-shine-in-this-riveting-political-drama-3919591.html |archive-date=2 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Purnima Sriram Iyer stated, "Kajal looks her best and reminds us why she is among the leading actresses of the industry."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/aug/12/nenu-raja-nene-mantri-review-a-riveting-political-drama-1641895.html |title=Nene Raju Nene Mantri movie review: This Rana Daggubati film is a missed opportunity |last=Iyer |first=Purnima Sriram |date=12 August 2017 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170902102452/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/aug/12/nenu-raja-nene-mantri-review-a-riveting-political-drama-1641895--1.html |archive-date=2 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/south-stars-who-grabbed-headlines-in-2017|title=South Stars Who Grabbed Headlines in 2017|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]]|date=31 December 2017|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> Her performance won her the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Winners List For Telugu Movies |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013193738/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Career fluctuations (2018–present) ===

In 2018, Aggarwal had a leading role in the Telugu film [[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mla/movie-review/63427634.cms|title=MLA Telugu Movie Review {3/5}: Entertaining, 'time-pass' kind of a film to watch along with your family|website=The Times of India|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> In April 2018, she signed to a Telugu film which also features [[Ravi Teja]], marking her third collaboration with the actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-teja-to-romance-kajal-aggarwal/articleshow/63952056.cms"Ravi |title=Teja to romance Kajal Aggarwal |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggarwal-Ravi Teja set for hat trick! |url=https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280418/kajal-aggarwal-ravi-teja-set-for-hat-trick.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428033051/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280418/kajal-aggarwal-ravi-teja-set-for-hat-trick.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 April 2018 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=28 April 2018 }}</ref> She also starred in ''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]'', where she played a troubled woman. Aggarwal later bagged a role in ''[[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Gabbeta Ranjith |date=12 November 2018 |title=Kavacham is an intelligent film: Kajal Aggarwal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kavacham-teaser-bellamkonda-sreenivas-kajal-mehreen-5443039/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref>

In 2019, Aggarwal was seen in ''[[Comali]]''. She then reunited with director Teja for ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]'', where she plays the titular character, an arrogant, selfish businesswoman who manipulates people for business improvement and money.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fans Go Gaga Over Kajal Aggarwal's FIRST LOOK From 'Mosagallu' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kajal-aggarwal-first-look-from-mosagallu-pic-1163385 |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=news.abplive.com |date=21 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, her role in the Telugu film ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'', co-starring [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Ram Charan]] was announced. It is directed by [[Koratala Siva]] and produced by [[Ram Charan]] and Niranjan Reddy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Janani |title=Kajal Aggarwal joins Acharya shoot with Gautam Kitchlu. Chiranjeevi welcomes couple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kajal-aggarwal-joins-acharya-shoot-with-gautam-kitchlu-chiranjeevi-welcomes-couple-1749678-2020-12-15 |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Acharya Teaser: Chiranjeevi, Ram Charan, Kajal Aggarwal starrer's first glimpse to release on this date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/acharya-teaser-chiranjeevi-ram-charan-kajal-aggarwal-starrers-first-glimpse-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/80474383.cms |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> However, when the trailer released, there was no clip that featured her, which triggered rumours of makers cutting down her role. The rumours were confirmed by the director [[Koratala Siva]] in an interview.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kajal-aggarwal-not-to-be-seen-in-acharya-kortala-siva-reasons-her-role-had-no-importance/articleshow/91075798.cms |title=Kajal Aggarwal not to be seen in Acharya: Kortala Siva reasons her role had no 'importance' |access-date=29 April 2022 |work=E Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, her two films released on 19 March, ''[[Mosagallu]]'' directed by Jeffery Gee Chin co-starring [[Vishnu Manchu]] and [[Suniel Shetty]];<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2019 |title=Mosagallu first look out. Vishnu Manchu and Kajal Aggarwal join hands for film on IT scam |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mosagallu-first-look-out-vishnu-manchu-and-kajal-aggarwal-join-hands-for-film-on-it-scam-1621937-2019-11-23 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> and Sanjay Gupta directed Hindi film ''[[Mumbai Saga]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 September 2019 |title='Mumbai Saga': Sanjay Gupta fumes over reports of Kajal Agarwal being replaced by Tamannaah Bhatia |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mumbai-saga-sanjay-gupta-fumes-over-reports-of-kajal-agarwal-being-replaced-by-tamannaah-bhatia/articleshow/71062186.cms |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>

Her first release in 2022 was ''[[Hey Sinamika]]'', directed by [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]], it has [[Dulquer Salmaan]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] alongside her. The film released on 3 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=Dulquer Salmaan shines as Yaazhan in Hey Sinamika's first look. See here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dulquer-salmaan-shines-as-yaazhan-in-hey-sinamika-s-first-look-see-here-1890266-2021-12-21 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In 2023, she appeared in ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' directed by [[Anil Ravipudi]]. The film received mixed reviews from the critics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=Bhagavanth Kesari: Where director Anil Ravipudi proves it's possible to make a meaningful massy film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhagavanth-kesari-where-director-anil-ravipudi-proves-its-possible-to-do-a-meaningful-massy-film/c65f68de3e184 |access-date=21 October 2023 |work=OTTPlay |date=20 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='Bhagavanth Kesari' movie review: Anil Ravipudi, Balakrishna outing is mediocre at its best |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhagavanth-kesari-telugu-movie-review-anil-ravipudi-balakrishna-film-is-a-mediocre-outing/article67437725.ece |access-date=21 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=19 October 2023}}</ref>

In her first film of 2025, Aggarwal played an aspiring entrepreneur Vaidehi alongside [[Salman Khan]] and [[Vishal Vashishtha]] in ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 September 2024 |title=Kajal Aggarwal begins filming for Salman Khan-Rashmika Mandanna starrer Sikandar, receives a warm welcome on set |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/kajal-aggarwal-begins-filming-for-salman-khan-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-sikandar-fans-react-to-exciting-update-101726145147256.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 September 2024 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912163720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/kajal-aggarwal-begins-filming-for-salman-khan-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-sikandar-fans-react-to-exciting-update-101726145147256.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' stated, "Capable performer like Kajal has been reduced to the sort of passing character."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sikandar' Movie Review: Salman Khan Stars in A Bloated, Old-Fashioned Misfire |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/sikandar-movie-review-salman-khan-stars-in-a-bloated-old-fashioned-misfire |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Aggarwal will next appear in ''[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]'' opposite Akshay Kumar,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Kajal Aggarwal to be part of Vishnu Manchu's Kannappa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kajal-aggarwal-to-be-part-of-vishnu-manchus-kannappa/article68190127.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620231516/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kajal-aggarwal-to-be-part-of-vishnu-manchus-kannappa/article68190127.ece |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> and ''The India Story'' alongside [[Shreyas Talpade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajal Aggarwal, Shreyas Talpade starrer The India Story goes on floors |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kajal-aggarwal-shreyas-talpade-starrer-india-story-goes-floors/ |date=9 January 2025 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109054537/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/kajal-aggarwal-shreyas-talpade-starrer-india-story-goes-floors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She will also portray [[Mandodari]] opposite [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] in ''Ramayana: Part 1''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Kajal Aggarwal joins Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana as Mandodari opposite Yash's Ravana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kajal-aggarwal-joins-nitesh-tiwari-ramayana-as-mandodari-opposite-yash-ravana-2725626-2025-05-16 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 6 October 2020, Aggarwal announced her upcoming marriage to Gautam Kitchlu.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=MsKajalAggarwal |number=1313357505724997633 |title=Kajal Aggarwal |date=6 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kajal Aggarwal confirms marriage with Gautam Kitchlu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kajal-aggarwal-confirms-marriage-with-gautam-kitchlu/articleshow/78508854.cms |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On 30 October 2020, the couple got married in a small, private ceremony in her hometown of [[Mumbai]], India, with only the couple's immediate families in attendance.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Nilanjana |last=Basu |date=30 October 2020 |title=Kajal Aggarwal And Gautam Kitchlu Are Now Married. Pics From Their Fairytale Wedding |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kajal-aggarwal-and-gautam-kitchlu-are-now-married-pics-from-their-wedding-2318312 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2020 |title=Kajal Aggarwal looks stunning as a bride; see pics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/kajal-aggarwal-wedding-photos-6910431/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Kajal made her pregnancy official with an Instagram post, which was also confirmed by her husband shortly. She gave birth to a boy on 19 April 2022, named Neil.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kajal Aggarwal and Her Husband Gautam Kitchlu Welcome a Baby Boy: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kajal-aggarwal-and-her-husband-gautam-kitchlu-welcome-a-baby-boy-reports-5014171.html |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=News18 |date=19 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tyagi |first1=Karuna |title=Kajal Aggarwal, Gautam Kitchlu Name Their Son Neil. See Adorable Post |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kajal-aggarwal-gautam-kitchlu-name-their-son-neil-see-adorable-post-2903164 |access-date=29 April 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=20 April 2022}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Kajal in 2024.jpg|thumb|Aggarwal in 2024|280px]]

Aggarwal is considered among the most popular actors of [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 10 Most Popular Actresses of Tollywood in 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/top-10-most-popular-tollywood-actresses-of-2022/photostory/96626814.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714083321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/top-10-most-popular-tollywood-actresses-of-2022/photostory/96626814.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She is one of the highest paid actresses in South Indian cinema, according to various media reports.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/samantha-ruth-prabhu-to-deepika-padukone-check-out-how-many-crores-these-10-indian-actresses-charge-per-film/amp |access-date=28 November 2022 |title=Kajal Aggarwal to Deepika Padukone – Check out how many Crores these 10 Indian actresses charge per film |work=GQ India |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129050820/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/samantha-ruth-prabhu-to-deepika-padukone-check-out-how-many-crores-these-10-indian-actresses-charge-per-film/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="paid1" /> Aggarwal has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list of 2015, where she debuted at 58th position with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|101.3|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/1 |title=2015 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/1 |url-status=live}}</ref> She stood at the 15th place on ''Forbes India'''s most influential stars on Instagram in South cinema for the year 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 30 most influential social media stars of South cinema |access-date=17 December 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310062133/https://www.forbesindia.com/amp/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aggarwal was placed 2nd in 2020 and 4th in 2021, in the most tweeted South Indian actresses list.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-mahesh-babu-are-most-tweeted-about-south-indian-superstars-of-2020-1749313-2020-12-14 |access-date=16 December 2020 |title=Keerthy Suresh and Mahesh Babu are Most Tweeted About South Indian Superstars of 2020 |work=India Today |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214073820/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-mahesh-babu-are-most-tweeted-about-south-indian-superstars-of-2020-1749313-2020-12-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapthy-vijay-keerthy-suresh-most-tweeted-about-actors-of-2021-from-south-industry-4556723.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |title=Thalapthy Vijay, Keerthy Suresh 'Most Tweeted About' Actors of 2021 From South Industry |work=News18 India |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508055833/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/thalapthy-vijay-keerthy-suresh-most-tweeted-about-actors-of-2021-from-south-industry-4556723.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, she was named among the most searched Asian on [[Google]] and also became the most searched South Indian actress, that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/google-top-100-most-searched-asians-full-list-sidhu-moose-wala-at-3-lata-mangeshkar-at-5-1968151-2022-06-29|title=Google Top 100 Most Searched Asians Full List: Sidhu Moose Wala at 3, Lata Mangeshkar at 5|date=29 June 2022|website=India Today|access-date=23 December 2024|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233653/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/google-top-100-most-searched-asians-full-list-sidhu-moose-wala-at-3-lata-mangeshkar-at-5-1968151-2022-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/web-stories/googles-most-searched-south-actresses-in-2022/photostory/96221118.cms|title=Google's most searched South actresses in 2022|first=K.|last=Praveenkumar|work=The Times of India|date=14 December 2022 |via=The Economic Times – The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424232904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/web-stories/googles-most-searched-south-actresses-in-2022/photostory/96221118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Aggarwal was named the [[Times of India|''Hyderabad Times'' Most Desirable Woman]] of 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/most-desirable-woman-2016-kajal-aggarwal/articleshow/56854697.cms |title= Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2016: Kajal Aggarwal |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref> In the same list, she was later placed 2nd in 2017, 10th in 2018, 8th in 2019 and 9th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=14 Mar|first=TNN |title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2017: Take a bow, hotties! {{!}} Hyderabad News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2017-take-a-bow-hotties/articleshow/63287457.cms|access-date=10 December 2021|website=The Times of India|date=14 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/most-desirable-woman-2018-aditi-rao-hydari/articleshow/68467304.cms |title= Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2018: Aditi Rao Hydari |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 December 2020|last1= Yellapantula |first1= Suhas }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gosh-these-divas-are-oh-so-oomph/articleshow/74655536.cms |title= Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2019: Gosh! these divas are oh so oomph |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2020-behold-the-divas-who-ooze-desirability/articleshow/83175421.cms |title= Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2020: Behold, the divas who ooze desirability |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> She is a celebrity endorser for several brands such as [[Panasonic]], [[Dabur|Dabur Amla Oil]], [[Hindustan Unilever|Bru]] and [[Pond's]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/marketing/article1611751.ece |title=Panasonic plans to invest Rs 600 cr on marketing |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-11/news/37623985_1_dabur-amla-dabur-india-homegrown-fmcg |title=Dabur signs actor Kajal Agarwal as face of Amla in South India |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=11 March 2013 |date=11 March 2013 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202191506/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-11/news/37623985_1_dabur-amla-dabur-india-homegrown-fmcg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasan |date=15 June 2016 |title=Coffee with Karthi and Kajal: The actors on their favourite moments together |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Coffee-with-Karthi-and-Kajal/article14425896.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kajal-now-new-face-ponds |title=Kajal the new face of Ponds |newspaper=Telangana Today}}</ref> As of August 2024, she is one of the most-followed Telugu actors on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/top-10-tollywood-actors-who-are-ruling-social-media-1815425|title=Top 10 Tollywood actors who are ruling social media|first=Bhavana|last=Sharma|date=10 August 2024|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|access-date=23 December 2024|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005165539/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/top-10-tollywood-actors-who-are-ruling-social-media-1815425|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Kajal Aggarwal}}

Aggarwal has received four [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] nominations — for her films, ''Magadheera'', ''Darling'', ''Mr. Perfect'' and ''Govindudu Andarivadele''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/News-Interviews/Vying-for-the-Lady-in-Black/articleshow/6143415.cms|title=Vying for the Lady in Black!|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 July 2013|archive-date=16 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716230608/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/News-Interviews/Vying-for-the-Lady-in-Black/articleshow/6143415.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604025851/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |archive-date=4 June 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2570245}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{CineMAA Best Actress}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Hindi cinema|Films|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Kajal}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:CineMAA Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Pata (sword)

2026-02-24T17:31:48Z

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{{short description|South Asian sword}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name= Pata
| image= Pata-1-Archit-Patel.jpg
| image_size = 200
|caption= An ornamental pata with a {{convert|41|in|cm|abbr=out|adj=on}} blade
|origin= [[Indian subcontinent]]
|type= [[Sword]]

|is_bladed= yes

|service=
|used_by= [[Maratha]]s
|wars=

|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=

|spec_label=
|weight=
|length= {{convert|10-44|in|cm}}
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=

|blade_type= Double-edged, straight
|hilt_type= Gauntlet type
|sheath_type=
|head_type=
|haft_type=
}}
The '''pata''' ({{langx|mr|दांडपट्टा}}) is a sword, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], with a [[Gauntlet (glove)|gauntlet]] integrated as a handguard.<ref name=armour>{{cite web|title=Maratha Pata Gauntlet Sword|url=http://www.arms2armor.com/Swords/marathapata.htm|publisher=www.arms2armor.com|access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> Often referred to in its native Marathi as a '''dandpatta''', it is commonly called a '''gauntlet sword''' in English.

==Description==
[[File:Pata (gauntlet sword), India, probably 1700s - Higgins Armory Museum - DSC05546.JPG|thumb|A well embossed gauntlet]]
The pata has a long straight blade ranging in length from {{convert|10|to|44|in|cm|abbr=on}}. The blades were locally made by native artisans.

The characteristic feature of the pata is its hilt which takes the form of a half-gauntlet, the inside of which is usually padded. The hilt is attached to the blade by decorative arms that extend forward on both sides of the blade.

The Mughals developed a variation with matchlock pistols adjoining the handle.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} The hilt also has a long cuff which is usually decorated and in older examples inlaid and embellished with gold and silver. The swordsman holds the weapon by gripping a crossbar inside the gauntlet. The cuff is held close to the forearm by another bar or chain.

==History==
Created in [[Medieval India]],<ref name=knight>{{cite web|title=Swords History - 17th Century AD|url=http://www.knightsedge.com/s-131-17th-century-ad-swords.aspx|publisher=www.knightsedge.com|access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> the pata's use in warfare appears to be mostly restricted to the 17th<ref name=sword>{{cite web|title=History of Indian swords|url=http://www.swordhistory.info/?p=72|publisher=www.swordhistory.info|access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> and 18th century<ref name=Swords>{{cite book |title=Swords And Hilt Weapons |year=2012 |publisher=Prion |location=Great Britain |isbn=9781853758829}}</ref> when the [[Maratha Empire]] came into prominence. It was considered to be a highly effective weapon for infantrymen against heavily armoured cavalry.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} The Maratha ruler [[Shivaji I]] and his general [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] were reputedly trained in the use of the pata. When Mughal [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]'s bodyguard Sayyid Banda attacked Shivaji with swords in the [[Battle of Pratapgad]], Shivaji's bodyguard Jiva Mahala fatally struck him down, cutting off one of Sayyad's hands with a pata.<ref>{{cite book | title = Shivaji and his times | author = Jadunath Sarkar | author-link = Jadunath Sarkar | publisher = Orient Blackswan | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-81-250-1347-1 | pages = 47–52 }}</ref>

Recent discovery of [[Hero stone]] inscriptions has pushed back the antiquity of the pata to the 12th century.<ref>Inscription pushes back sword's history by 500 years http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/95631621.cms</ref>

==Use==
The pata is most commonly paired with either a shield or another pata, though it can also be used with a javelin, axe, or belt. The restrictive handle was particularly suited to the stiff-wristed style of South Asian swordsmanship. Despite its shape, the pata is used primarily for cutting rather than thrusting.<ref name=Swords/> The extended grip provided by the forearm permits powerful slashes but restricts any thrusts.<ref name=Swords/> This can be seen in [[mardani khel]] today and in colonial descriptions which describe spinning techniques with dual pata "much like a windmill".<ref name=Swords/>

Miniature paintings show that the pata was also wielded by mounted cavalry,<ref name=armour/> which has led some modern collectors to erroneously conclude that the weapon was used for thrusting from horseback. However, the restriction on wrist movement would have made it difficult to dislodge the pata from an opponent's body, and doing so while mounted would most likely cause the swordsmen to fall off their horses. Rather, it is more probable that the pata was used in cut-and-run tactics, characteristic of the Maratha army. Cutting technique was practiced by slicing fruit on the ground like lemons or limes without touching the ground. This was and still is a common method of demonstration, often using a flexible blade to facilitate the trick. It is said that Maratha warriors would swing the pata in circular movement like whirlwind when encircled before they fell, so as to maximise the casualties on the opposition. It was to be effective when two soldiers fought together as pairs.<ref name=netsword>{{cite web|title=The Pata and the Manople -- Gauntlet Swords|url=http://netsword.com/ubb/Forum2/HTML/000078.html|publisher=netsword.com|access-date=16 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070224125847/http://netsword.com/ubb/Forum2/HTML/000078.html|archive-date=24 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2022}}

==See also==
*[[Basket-hilted sword]], similar guarding concept
*[[Chakram]]
*[[Gatka]]
*[[Katar (dagger)|Katar]]
*[[Scissor (gladiator)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Pata swords}}
* {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7niTpIW7dEk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/7niTpIW7dEk |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Indian gauntlet-sword 'pata' - looking at history, form and martial art|language=EN|website=YouTube|access-date=27 December 2019}}{{cbignore}}

* {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kEv6lyvs_E |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/0kEv6lyvs_E |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Underappreciated Historical Weapons: THE GAUNTLET SWORD / Pata|language=EN|website=YouTube|access-date=27 December 2019}}{{cbignore}}

{{Swords by region}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pata (sword)}}
[[Category:Edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Indian swords]]
[[Category:South Asian swords]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Chhattisgarhi cuisine

2026-02-24T05:32:17Z

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{{Short description|Culinary tradition}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
The [[Chhattisgarh|State of Chhattisgarh]] is known as the rice bowl of [[India]] and has a rich tradition of [[food culture]].<ref>Oudhia, P. (1999) Chhattisgarh farmer's response on control of weeds in direct seeded rice. Agril. Sci. Digest. 19(4): 261-263.</ref><ref>Das, G.K. and Oudhia, P. (2001). Rice as medicinal plant in Chhattisgarh (India): A survey. Agric. Sci. Digest. 21(3):204-205.</ref><ref>Oudhia, P. (2002). Rice-Acorus intercropping: A new system developed by innovative farmers of Chhattisgarh (India). International Rice Research Notes (IRRN).27(1):56.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/|title=Chhattisgarh|work=mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Farmers_groups_conserve_traditional_rice_varieties_in_Bastar_region_of_Chhattisgarh.pdf |title=Rice varieties |website=www.indiawaterportal.org |access-date=2016-04-27 |archive-date=2017-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215101855/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Farmers_groups_conserve_traditional_rice_varieties_in_Bastar_region_of_Chhattisgarh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/quiz-questions/which-of-the-following-district-is-called-as-the-rice-bowl-of-andhra-pradesh/|title=Which of the following district is called as the "Rice Bowl of Andhra Pradesh" ?|work=gktoday.in}}</ref>
[[File:Trombidium.jpg|thumb|Red Velvet Mite is used as Medicine in Traditional Healing of Chhattisgarh]]

{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=360|caption_align=center
| header = Cuisines of Chhattisgarh
| image1 = Khurmi, Chhattisgarhi Cuisine.jpg| caption1 = Khurmi
| image2 = Ropa Bhaji, (रोपा भाजी) Chhattisgarhi Dish ( छत्तीसगढ़ी व्यंजन).jpg| caption2 = Ropa bhaji
| image3 = Angakar roti , Chhattisgarhi Cuisine.jpg
| caption3 = Angakar roti
| image4 = Dhuska aur pataal jhojho.jpg
| caption4 = Dhuska roti
| image5 = Rice dal drumstick curry pickle-Konta-Chhatisgarh-27.jpg
| caption5 = Drumstick curry
| image6 = Pakhala bhat.jpg
| caption6 = Bore Basi
}}

Most of the traditional and tribal foods are made of [[rice]] and [[rice flour]], [[curd]] and a variety of green leafy vegetables like lal bhaji, cholai bhaji, chech bhaji, kanda bhaji, kheksi, kathal, kochai patta, kohda and bohar bhaji (Blossom of Lesuaa or Rasaulaa in [[Hindi]], mostly used for making [[achaar]]). Badi and Bijori are optional food categories; [[gulgula sweet|gulgula]] (bobra), bidiya, dhoodh fara, bafauli, basuli, balooshahi, singhara, tikhur, [[anarsa]] and khurmi fall in rice flour include fara/muthiya (rice rolls in white sauce), [[Cheela (pancake)|cheela]] ([[Dosa (food)|dosa]] like dish made with rice batter), angakar [[roti]], chousela roti (rice [[Puri (food)|puris]]), etc. One of the common meal had during the scorching summer is Bore Baasi (literally means dipped rice from last cooked meal) which mainly consists of cooked rice dipped in water/[[Dahi (curd)|dahi]]/[[buttermilk]]. It is mostly accompanied by pickle and raw onion. It helps maintain the water levels in the body, keeping it cool and hydrated during the hot and arid summer days.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shrivastava|first=Ambika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7AetAEACAAJ&q=Cuisine+of+Chhattisgarh|title=The Complete Chhattisgarh Cookbook: Where Indian Cuisine Begins|date=2017-12-25|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-9820-3574-7|language=en}}</ref>

One of the well known traditional dishes of [[Chhattisgarh]] is Iddhar. It is made with ground [[Urad dal]] and kochai patta. Both are arranged in alternate layers 2-3 time and then rolled. This roll is then cooked in steam and cut into pieces. After that it is prepared with curd like curry. Some people also make it with gram flour ([[Gram flour|besan]]) instead of [[Vigna mungo|urad dal]]. Tribal and village populations drink a brew made of the small, creamy white flower of a local tree called [[Madhuca_longifolia|Mahuwa]].

Dishes like Chila and Phara are favourites. They are made with rice flour and eaten with spicy or tangy [[chutney]] of tomato, chilli and [[coriander]]. Chila is made by making a thick mixture of water and rice flour and then made like a plain dosa. On the therapy side phara is made by leftover rice and rice flour by making a dough and then make cylindrical shapes and giving [[tadka]] with [[Cumin|jeera]], mustard, curry leaves, tomato, [[turmeric]], salt and chili. People of Chhattisgarh do not waste food. Baasi is left over rice dipped in water and curd and eaten with chutney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chhattisgarhonline.in/About/Profile/Culture/index.html|title=Culture of Chhattisgarh, Festivals in Chhattisgarh,Chhattisgarh Craft|website=www.chhattisgarhonline.in|access-date=2016-04-27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by state or union territory]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge Tamil 2009

2026-02-23T01:38:42Z

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{{Convert to Episode table}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| company =
| runtime = 60 minutes
| creator =
| executive_producer = Sudarshan
| director = Andrew Jones
| presenter = [[Bhavna Balakrishnan]]
| judges = [[M. S. Viswanathan]] [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] [[Vani Jairam]] [[Sharreth]]
| location =
| country = India
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|6|22|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Zee Tamil's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge''''' was a [[reality|reality-based]] [[Television in India|Indian]] singing competition that aired on [[Tamil language]] TV channel [[Zee Tamil]]. It was designed to be a talent hunt in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The top 15 contestants would have an opportunity to perform with celebrity singers during the main stage of the competition. The show was sponsored by Clinic Plus.

[[Prem Menon]], Zee Tamil TV's business head, confirmed that more than 10,000 aspirants auditioned for the competition throughout [[Tamil Nadu]] from which 15 contestants were selected for the competition, before the competition was filtered down to 4 finalists.<ref name="DinamalarOct09">{{cite news | title = 'SaReGaMaPa 2009 Challenge' – Zee TV Finals | newspaper = [[Dinamalar]] | location = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu | language = ta | date = 31 October 2009}}</ref> Top 15 contestant performances and the finals were judged by music director [[M. S. Viswanathan]], veteran playback singers [[Vani Jairam]] and [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], and composer [[Sharreth]]. The four finalists of the competition were Anand, Bhargavi, Deepak, and Gopalakrishnan. Contestant Anand was crowned the winner of the competition, with contestant Gopalakrishnan being crowned runner-up and contestant Bhargavi being third-placed in the competition.<ref name="DinamalarOct09"/>

The show premiered on 22 June 2009, and episodes were telecast between Mondays and Tuesdays each week at 9:00 pm.<ref name="HinduJul09">{{cite news|title=Miss & Mrs: En Manadhai Nee Arivai – The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 2009|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/miss-mrs-en-manadhai-nee-arivai/article659352.ece|access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> Encore telecasts were aired on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 5:00 pm, as well as Saturdays and Sundays each week at 8:00 pm..

== Debut episodes ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; "
|-style="color:white"
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Episode #
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Title
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Original airdate
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Debut Episodes – part 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|6|22}}
|ShortSummary=Chief guests for the debut episode were music directors [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Vijay Antony]] and Radhika. Singers were brought in a chariot from [[Vadapalani]] to the studio set.
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=Debut Episodes – part 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|6|23}}
|ShortSummary=This episode introduced the celebrity singers with whom the final 15 contestants of the show would perform.
|LineColor=036
}}
|}

== Auditions ==
Open auditions were held across [[Tamil Nadu]]. Prem Menon, Zee Tamil TV's business head, confirmed that more than 10,000 aspirants auditioned for the competition throughout [[Tamil Nadu]] from which 15 contestants were selected for the competition.<ref name="DinamalarOct09">{{cite news | title = 'SaReGaMaPa 2009 Challenge' – Zee TV Finals | newspaper = [[Dinamalar]] | location = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu | language = ta | date = 31 October 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; "
|-style="color:white"
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Episode #
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Title
! scope="col" style="background:#036;"|Original airdate
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Tamil Nadu Auditions – part 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|6|29}}
|ShortSummary=First round auditions held in [[Trichy]], [[Madurai]], [[Thirunelveli]], and [[Coimbatore]].
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title=Tamil Nadu Auditions – part 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|6|30}}
|ShortSummary=First round auditions held in [[Chennai]], and second round auditions held in [[Trichy]], [[Madurai]], [[Thirunelveli]], and [[Coimbatore]]. Judges during the second round auditions were celebrity singers Prasanna, Mathangi, Roshini, Mukesh, Srilkeha Parthasarthy, Sathyen, Jeye Dev, Vinaya, and Kalpana.
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|Title=Tamil Nadu Auditions – part 3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|7|06}}
|ShortSummary=Second round auditions held in [[Chennai]].
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|Title=Tamil Nadu Auditions – part 4
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|7|07}}
|ShortSummary=Behind-the-scenes footage from previous audition episodes.
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|Title=Final Auditions – part 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|7|13}}
|ShortSummary=Further auditions where contestants which were selected from the open auditions competed to be selected in the top 15.
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|Title=Final Auditions – part 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|7|14}}
|ShortSummary=Further auditions where contestants which were selected from the open auditions competed to be selected in the top 15.
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|Title=Final Auditions – part 3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|7|20}}
|ShortSummary=Final auditions for contestant selection. The top spots were filled in batches of 6.
|LineColor=036
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|Title=Celebrity/Playback Singer & Contestant Pairings
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2009|7|20}}
|ShortSummary=The top 15 contestants were paired with celebrity/playback singers for the competition. The names of the celebrity singers were placed into two bowls. Male contestants picked out a female celebrity singer randomly from a bowl, while female contestants picked out a male celebrity singer from the other bowl.
|LineColor=036
}}
|}

== Competition Rounds ==

=== Top 15 contestants and celebrity singers ===

The top 15 contestants selected through the main audition rounds and their pairings with the celebrity singers are as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Finalist
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Gender
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Celebrity Singer
!style="background-color:#C1D8FF;"|Gender
|-
|Shiva Archana
|Female
|Mukesh
|Male
|-
|Deepak
|Male
|Vinaya
|Female
|-
|Anand
|Male
|[[Prashanthini]]
|Female
|-
|Gopalakrishnan
|Male
|Vijayalakshmi
|Female
|-
|[[Diwakar]]an
|Male
|Kalpana
|Female
|-
|Shruti Vandana
|Female
|Jayadev
|Male
|-
|Ramesh
|Male
|[[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|Female
|-
|Kalaiwani
|Female
|<s>[[Vijay Yesudas]]</s>(opted out of the show before main competition round) Naveen Madhav ([[Raveendran]]'s youngest son)
|Male
|-
|Ashwath
|Male
|[[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
|Female
|-
|Manasi
|Female
|Aslam
|Male
|-
|Raghu
|Male
|[[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran|Sangeetha]]
|Female
|-
|Bhargavi
|Female
|Belly Raj
|Male
|-
|Anush
|Female
|[[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
|Female
|-
|Aruna
|Female
|[[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]]
|Male
|-
|Swathi
|Female
|VV Prasanna
|Male
|-
|}

=== Performances ===

==== Introduction Round (27 July 2009 – 28 July 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[M. S. Viswanathan]] (music director) & Noyal James (music coordinator of music director [[A. R. Rahman]])
* '''Performances:'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Air date
!Contestant
!Celebrity singer
!Song
!Original artist
!Lyricist
!Music composer/director
!Source/Movie (year)
|-
|rowspan=15 |27 & 28 July 2009
| Shiva Archana
| Mukesh
|"Where Is The Party"
|Priyadarshini & Mukesh
|[[Silambarasan Rajendar]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]] (2008)
|-
| Deepak
| Vinaya
|"Suppose Unnai Kaadhalichu"
|Ranjith & Vinaya
|
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Sukran]] (2005)
|-
| Anand
| Prashanthini
|"Mundhinam Parthene"
|[[Naresh Iyer]] & [[Prashanthini]]
|[[Thamarai]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Vaaranam Aayiram]] (2008)
|-
| Gopalakrishnan
| Vijayalakshmi
|"Pallanadhu Pallanadhu"
|Vidyasagar & S. Rajalakshmi
|[[Yugabharathi]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Kuruvi]] (2008)
|-
| [[Diwakar]]an
| Kalpana
|"Madurai Jilla"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & Kalpana
|[[Vairamuthu]], [[Na. Muthukumar]], Viveka, & Thiraivannan
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]] (2006)
|-
| Shruti Vandana
| Jayadev
|"Ean Enakku Mayakkam"
|[[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran|Sangeetha]] & Jayadev
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|[[Vijay Antony]] & [[D. Imman]]
|[[Naan Avan Illai (2007 film)|Naan Avan Illai]] (2007)
|-
| Ramesh
| [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|"Pottu Thakku"
|[[Silambarasan]] & [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|[[Kuthu]] (2004)
|-
| Kalaiwani
| Navin Madhav
|"Daddy Mummy Veetil Illai"
|[[Mamta Mohandas]] & Naveen Madhav
|Viveka
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Villu (film)|Villu]] (2008)
|-
| Ashwath
| Mathangi
|"X Machi"
|[[Nakkhul|Nakul]] & [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Ghajini (2005 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]] (2005)
|-
| Manasi
| Aslam
|"Kodana Kodi"
|[[Ranina Reddy]], [[Suvi Suresh]], & [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]] (2008)
|-
| Raghu
| Sangeetha
|"Dialamo Dialamo"
|Vijay Antony & [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran|Sangeetha]]
|[[Vairamuthu]], Vijay Antony, & Pugazhendhi
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Dishyum]] (2006)
|-
| Bhargavi
| Belly Raj
|"Kangal Irandal"
|[[Deepa Miriam]] & Belly Raj
|
|[[James Vasanthan]]
|[[Subramaniapuram]]
|-
| Anush
| Srilekha Parthasarathy
|"Kalyanamthan Kattikittu Odi Pokkalama"
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Yugendran]], & [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
|[[Snehan]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Saamy]] (2003)
|-
| Aruna
| Sathyan
|"Kanavile Kanavile"
|[[Swetha Mohan]] & [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]]
|
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]] (2008)
|-
| Swathi
| Prasanna
|"Unnai Ninaithen"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] & Prasanna
|
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Mariyadhai]] (2009)
|-
|}

==== Round of 15 (4 August 2009 – 5 August 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[M. S. Viswanathan]] (music director) & [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (Carnatic music exponent and veteran playback singer)
* '''Performances:'''

This week, 15 contestant-singer duos would each present a duet song in front of judges M.S. Viswanathan and Nityashree Mahadevan.<ref name="HinduJul09">{{cite news|title=Miss & Mrs: En Manadhai Nee Arivai – The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 2009|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/miss-mrs-en-manadhai-nee-arivai/article659352.ece|access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> Following the 15 performances which were described as "scintillating" by ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref name="HinduJul09"/> a contestant-singer duo was eliminated from the competition, leaving 14 playback singers and 14 contestants remaining in the competition.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Air date
!Contestant
!Celebrity singer
!Song
!Original artist
!Lyricist
!Music composer/director
!Source/Movie (year)
|-
|rowspan=14 |4 & 5 August 2009
| Ramesh
| Roshini
|"Aaiyaiyo en usurukkule"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Bhargavi
| Belly Raj
|"Pudhu Vellai Mazhai"
|
|
|
|Roja
|-
| [[Diwakar]]an
| Kalpana
|"Vaa Vaa Pakkam Vaa"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Shruti Vandana
| Jaydev
|"Sorgame Endralum"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Raghu
| Sangeetha
|"Idhazhil kathai yezhudum"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Shiva Archana
| Mukesh
|"Madurai Marikozhunthu"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Ashwath
| Mathangi
|"Andru Vandhadum Adhe Nilaa"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Deepak
| Vinaya
|"Sundhari Kannal Oru"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Anand
| Prashanthini
|"Malare Mounamaa"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Manasi
| Aslam
|"Rathiriyl Poothrikkum"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Anush
| Srilekha Parthasarathy
|"Oho Endhan Baby"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Aruna
| Sathyan
|"Urugude Marugude"
|
|
|
|
|-
| Swathi
| Prasanna
|"Oru Kaadhal Dhevadhai Vandhaal"
|
|
|
|
|-
|Kalaiwani
|Naveen Madhav
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==== Round of 14 (10 August 2009 – 11 August 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[M. S. Viswanathan]] (music director) & [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (Carnatic music exponent and veteran playback singer)
* '''Performances:'''

:{{Color box|lightpink|border=darkgray}} – Contestant is eliminated

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Air date
!Contestant
!Celebrity singer
!Song
!Original artist
!Lyricist
!Music composer/director
!Source/Movie (year)
|-
|rowspan=14 |10 & 11 August 2009
|
|
|
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==== Round of 13 (17 August 2009 – 18 August 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[M. S. Viswanathan]] (music director)
* '''Performances:'''

:{{Color box|lightpink|border=darkgray}} – Contestant is eliminated

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Air date
!Contestant
!Celebrity singer
!Song
!Original artist
!Lyricist
!Music composer/director
!Source/Movie (year)
|-
|rowspan=14 |17 & 18 August 2009
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==== Round of 12 (24 August 2009 – 25 August 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (Carnatic music exponent & veteran playback singer) & [[Sharreth]] (composer)

==== Round of 11 (31 August 2009 – 1 September 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (Carnatic music exponent & veteran playback singer) & [[Sharreth]] (composer)

==== Round of 10 (7 September 2009 – 8 September 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (Carnatic music exponent & veteran playback singer) & [[Sharreth]] (composer)

==== Round of 9 (14 September 2009 – 15 September 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[Vani Jairam]] (veteran playback singer)

==== Round of 8: Jai Ho (21 September 2009 – 22 September 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[Vani Jairam]] (veteran playback singer)

This round required the top 8 to perform songs of an Indian patriotic theme.

==== Round of 7: Freestyle Round (28 September 2009 – 29 September 2009) ====
* '''Permanent Compere:''' Bhavna Balakrishnan
* '''Judges:''' [[Vani Jairam]] (veteran playback singer)

This round was a freestyle contestant which permitted the contestants to perform any song they wish. Contestant Deepak and celebrity Vinaya were selected last, and sang the song "Chippi Irukkuthu" originally sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]], with lyrics penned by [[Kannadasan]] and music composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] from the 1980 film [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]. Anshu and Mansi remained in the elimination circle to face elimination.

=== Finals ===
The finals were held at Kamarajar Arangam.<ref name="DinamalarOct09"/> The competition was judged by renowned music personalities, including music director [[M. S. Viswanathan]], as well as veteran playback singers [[Vani Jairam]] and [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]],<ref name="DinamalarOct09"/> and composer [[Sharreth]]. Celebrity playback singers and eliminated contestants also attended the event to support the finalists. Other celebrity personalities were also in attendance at the event and spotted in the audience, including in particular actor-director [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], music composer [[Ramesh Vinayakam]], playback singer [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], and others.

Performances by the finalists of the competition included the following:<ref name="DinamalarOct09"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Song
!Original artist
!Lyricist 
!Music composer/director
!Source/Movie (year)
|-
|Anand
|"Oru Naal Podhumaa"
|[[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Thiruvilaiyadal]] (1967)
|-
|Bhargavi
|"Maalai Pozhuthin Mayakkathile"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|Kannadasan
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|Bhagyalakshmi (1961)
|-
|Gopalakrishnan
|"Ullathil Nalla Ullam"
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|Kannadasan
|Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
|[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]] (1964)
|-
|}

At the conclusion of the performances, the judges selected the winner of the competition.

Contestant Anand was crowned the winner of the competition, with contestant Gopalakrishnan being crowned runner-up and contestant Bhargavi being third-placed in the competition.<ref name="DinamalarOct09"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/channels/details/zee-tamil/0-9-zeetamil Zee Tamizh Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/zeetamil Zee Tamizh on YouTube]
* [http://www.zeetelevision.com Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited]
* [http://www.esselgroup.com Essel Group]

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa (Tamil)}}
{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil]]

Carmel School, Mangaluru

2026-02-21T09:08:14Z

Keem Fame rich: new a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Carmel School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location =
| address =
| region =
| city = [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| county =
| postal_code =
| zipcode =
| country = [[India]]
| country1 =
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.856715|74.836419|region:IN-KA_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype =
| fundingtype =
| type = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| religious_affiliation =
| denomination =
| patron =
| established = 1951
| founded =
| grades =
| website = https://carmelschoolmangalore.com
}}
'''Carmel School''' is a [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] school at [[Pandeshwar]] in [[Mangaluru]] city of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=585698|title=Carmel School Mangaluru shines again|date=7 May 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=593644|title=Mangaluru: Carmel School Pandeshwar conducts series of sessions for staff, students|date=3 June 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=645234|title=Mangaluru: Carmel School celebrates Annual Sports Meet 2019-20|date=19 November 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=559705|title=Mangaluru: Carmel School bids farewell to class 10 students|date=6 February 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=511936|title=Carmel School Mangaluru shines again|date=31 May 2018|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=643778|title=Mangaluru: Carmel School holds 'Jump, Bump and Smash' dist level inter-school Volleyball tourney|date=14 November 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=622305|title=Mangaluru: Carmel School observes day of 'Girl Child', celebrates Nativity|date=7 September 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=639294|title=Mangaluru: Carmel School celebrates Rashtriya Ekta Diwas|date=31 October 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=639872|title=Mangaluru: Carmel School celebrates Kannada Rajyotsava|date=2 November 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=651656|title=Mangaluru: Annual Day celebrations galore at Carmel School|date=9 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=643794|title=Mangaluru: Children's Day celebrated at Carmel School|date=14 November 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> It was established as an English Medium school in 1951.<ref name='carmel1'>{{cite news |url=https://www.carmelschoolmangalore.com/|title=Carmel School Mangalore|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref> In 2014, it was affiliated to CBSE.<ref name='carmel1'/> Co-curricular activities such as Karate, Music classes, Dance classes and Zumba classes are offered to the students by this school.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.carmelschoolmangalore.com/co-curricular|title=Carmel School Mangalore - Co-curricular|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref>

== Education Labs ==
The school contains the following labs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/school-listings/cbse-40/CARMEL-SCHOOL--MANGALORE--KARNATAKA--830592|title=Carmel School, Mangalore, Karnataka - 830592|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref>
* Bio-Tech Lab
* Physics Lab
* Chemistry Lab
* Biology Lab
* Computer Science Lab
* Home Science Lab

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Schools in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Schools in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

{{Karnataka-school-stub}}

Deep Depression BOB 05 (2024)

2026-02-20T15:15:20Z

Keem Fame rich: new entry

{{Short description|North Indian cyclone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Deep Depression BOB 05
| image = BOB 05 2024-09-14 0600Z.jpg
| caption = Deep Depression BOB 05 at its peak intensity on 14 September
| formed = 13 September 2024
| dissipated = 18 September 2024
}}
{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 30
| pressure = 989
}}
{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2024
| fatalities = 53 (25 in Bangladesh, 28 in India)
| missing = 308
| damages =
| affected = [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
| ibtracs =
}}
{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Deep Depression BOB 05''' was a weak [[tropical cyclone]] that impacted Bangladesh and India. The seventh depression and fourth deep depression of the [[2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], BOB 05 [[Tropical cyclogenesis|originated]] from a broad area of cyclonic circulation. Moving generally northwestward, the depression failed to intensify further, reaching [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 55 km/h (35 mph) and a [[central pressure]] of {{convert|989|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}. It would weaken, becoming a remnant low on 18 September.

Heavy rainfall from the storm led to severe flooding in southeastern Bangladesh, affecting over 50,000 people across 40 villages in [[Ukhia Upazila]], with Haldia Palong and Jaliapalong areas being the most impacted, totaling 35,000 residents. Additionally, [[Chakaria Upazila]] experienced flooding that disrupted 20,000 residents and caused significant damage to agricultural land. Meanwhile, in [[Kolkata]], {{cvt|72.4|mm}} of rain was recorded over a 24-hour period, with a total of {{cvt|125.8|mm}}.

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|BOB05 2024 path.png|left|colors=new}}


The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) started to track a cyclonic circulation over Myanmar on 11 September.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Tropical Weather Outlook |date=12 September 2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_f303b6_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2012.09.2024.pdf |access-date=12 September 2024 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=How Pacific Cyclone Yagi might bring another wet spell in Delhi next week |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pacific-cyclone-yagi-might-bring-another-wet-spell-delhi-weather-rain-imd-2599658-2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This disturbance coalesced into a low-pressure area the next day,<ref>{{Cite report |title=Tropical Weather Outlook |date=13 September 2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_ccf537_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2013.09.2024.pdf |access-date=13 September 2024 |publisher=India Meteorological Department|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> further developing into a well-marked low-pressure just a few hours later.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Tropical Weather Outlook |date=13 September 2024|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_WEATHER_OUTLOOK_based_on_0300_UTC_of_13_09_2024.pdf |access-date=13 September 2024 |publisher=India Meteorological Department|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> Soon after, it intensified into a depression.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Tropical Weather Outlook |date=13 September 2024|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_WEATHER_OUTLOOK_based_on_1200_UTC_of_13_09_2024.pdf |access-date=13 September 2024 |publisher=India Meteorological Department|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The following day, the depression further strengthened into a deep depression over [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|date=14 September 2024|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_WEATHER_OUTLOOK_based_on_0000_UTC_of_14_09_2024.pdf|access-date=14 September 2024|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
[[File:BOB 05 2024-09-15 0605Z.jpg|thumb|Deep Depression BOB 05 on September 15, 2024.]]

As it was located in the westerlies of the [[southwest monsoon]], on September 16, BOB 05 exhibited persistent deep convection driven by mid-level [[anticyclonic]] shear.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|date=16 September 2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_de5463_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%201800%20UTC%20of%2016.09.2024.pdf|access-date=16 September 2024|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> A few hours later, the system weakened to a depression as it drifted slowly westward over western India.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|date=17 September 2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_a232f5_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2017.09.2024.pdf|access-date=17 September 2024|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The depression subsequently lost organization, degenerating into a well-marked low pressure area over [[Madhya Pradesh]] by 00:00 UTC on September 18.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|date=18 September 2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_486908_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2018.09.2024.pdf|access-date=18 September 2024|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Bangladesh===
The storm produced heavy rainfall in southeastern Bangladesh.<ref name="radiopk1">{{cite news |title=Flooding, landslides kill 7 people in Bangladesh |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/13-09-2024/flooding-landslides-kill-7-people-in-bangladesh |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation |date=13 September 2024}}</ref> Seven people were killed by landslides in [[Cox's Bazar District]].<ref name="radiopk1"/> Rainfall flooded some 200 villages in Cox's Bazar Sadar. Six other upazilas remained flooded. In [[Ukhia Upazila]], flooding affected over 50,000 people across 40 villages. Among them were the Haldia Palong and Jaliapalong areas constituting the most affected population of 35,000. Some 10,000 residents across eight neighbourhoods including [[Nuniarchara]], which are flood-prone, were also affected. Flooding in [[Chakaria Upazila]] also disrupted 20,000 residents; agriculture land were also badly damaged.<ref name="tbs1">{{cite news |title=5 fishermen die, 70 go missing due to inclement weather in Cox's Bazar |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/3-fishermen-die-70-go-missing-due-inclement-weather-coxs-bazar-941106 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=The Business Standard |date=14 September 2024}}</ref> Eleven deaths were recorded and 100 missing fishermen in [[Noakhali District]], 35,441 were relocated to camps, and 1.5 million people were trapped by floodwaters.<ref name="deshrupantor1">{{cite news |title=Nōẏākhālītē phēra ban'yā paristhitira abanati|trans-title=Flood situation worsens again in Noakhali|script-title=be:নোয়াখালীতে ফের বন্যা পরিস্থিতির অবনতি |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/536699/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |access-date=15 September 2024|language=bn |work=Desh Rupantor |date=14 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="SAMAKAL"/> Two people were killed when a boat capsized in [[Jagannathpur Upazila]].<ref name="SAMAKAL">{{cite news|title=কক্সবাজারসহ তিন জেলায় ৬ মৃত্যু নিখোঁজ শতাধিক|url=https://samakal.com/whole-country/article/255995/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95|language=bn|date=14 September 2024|access-date=14 September 2024|newspaper=[[Samakal]]}}</ref>

Over a dozen fishing trawlers carrying an estimated 500 people off the coast of Cox's Bazar were unaccounted since 11 September.<ref name="amadershomoy1">{{cite news |title=Baṅgōpasāgarē ṭralāraḍubi: Nikhōm̐ja 5 śatādhika jēlē, 2 janēra mr̥tyu|script-title=be:বঙ্গোপসাগরে ট্রলারডুবি: নিখোঁজ ৫ শতাধিক জেলে, ২ জনের মৃত্যু|trans-title=Trawler sinks in Bay of Bengal: 500 fishermen missing, 2 dead |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/country/article/122378/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=Amader Shomoy |date=14 September 2024}}</ref> On 15 September, most of these fishermen returned to land but 250 others on 23 trawlers remained missing.<ref name="risingbd1">{{cite news |title=Baṅgōpasāgarē 23 mācha dharāra ṭralāra nikhōm̐ja, ḍubēchē ēkaṭi|language=bn|script-title=bn:বঙ্গোপসাগরে ২৩ মাছ ধরার ট্রলার নিখোঁজ, ডুবেছে একটি|trans-title=23 fishing trawlers missing, one sunk in Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.risingbd.com/bangladesh/news/573053 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=Risingbd |date=15 September 2024}}</ref> At least eight trawlers capsized in rough seas; some fishermen swam to shore while many others were missing. Two bodies were found at Ukhia's [[Inani Beach]] while three were recovered along the shores of [[Nazirartek]], Pechar Dwip and [[Kolatoli Square]].<ref name="tbs1" /> A search operation for the missing was initiated by the [[Bangladesh Navy]].<ref name="risingbd1" /> Indian fishermen also rescued 12 Bangladeshi nationals stranded in the bay due to rough seas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Baṅgōpasāgarē bhāsamāna 12 bānlādēśikē ud'dhāra karalō bhāratīẏa jēlērā|trans-title=Indian fishermen rescued 12 Bangladeshis floating in the Bay of Bengal|script-title=bn:বঙ্গোপসাগরে ভাসমান ১২ বাংলাদেশিকে উদ্ধার করলো ভারতীয় জেলেরা |url=https://ajkerdarpon.com/news/bngoopsagre-vasman-12-bangladesike-uddhar-krlo-varteez-jelera |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=Daily Ajker Darpon |language=bn |date=15 September 2024}}</ref>

===India===
On 14 September, the IMD said light to moderate rain was possible in [[West Bengal]] while some areas might experience extreme rainfall. Intense rainfall was expected in [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]] from 14 to 16 September.<ref name="et1">{{cite news |title=Deep depression formed near Kolkata. IMD issues heavy rainfall and wind warning for 9 states |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/deep-depression-formed-near-kolkata-imd-issues-heavy-rainfall-and-wind-warning-for-9-states/articleshow/113340665.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=14 September 2024}}</ref> A "red" alert was later issued for West Bengal and Odisha with a greater expectation for intense rain.<ref name="Kumar1">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhijeet |title=IMD issues 'red' alert for West Bengal and Odisha, 'orange' alert for Delhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/imd-issues-red-alert-for-west-bengal-and-odisha-orange-alert-for-delhi-124091400239_1.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=14 September 2024}}</ref> In [[Kolkata]], {{cvt|72.4|mm}} of rain was recorded over a 24-hour period.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/heavy-rains-lash-kolkata-more-showers-in-forecast/article68641382.ece|title=Heavy rains lash Kolkata; more showers in forecast|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Over {{cvt|125.8|mm}} of rain was measured between 13 and 14 September in the city.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |title=Deep depression brings over 125 mm of rain to Calcutta, halts traffic in parts of the city |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/heavy-rain-lashes-south-bengal-more-showers-expected/cid/2048032 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
Due to the heavy rains, the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] released more than 3.5 lakh [[cusec]] ({{convert|350000|cuft|m3|0|sigfig=4|abbr=off|order=out|disp=number}} [[cubic metres per second]]) of water from its dams, resulting in inundation of Birbhum, Bankura, Howrah, Hooghly, North and South 24 Parganas, Purba and Paschim Medinipur, and Paschim Bardhaman districts of West Bengal. Twenty-eight people were killed due to these floods and 25,000 people had to moved to safer areas.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/damodar-valley-corporation-reduces-release-of-water-bengal-flood-situation-still-grim-3195731|title=Damodar Valley Corporation reduces release of water, Bengal flood situation still grim|work=The Deccan Herald}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Weather of 2024]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2024]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

[[Category:2024 disasters in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:September 2024 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:September 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Deep depressions]]

Councillor

2026-02-19T11:43:01Z

Keem Fame rich: minor edit

{{Short description|Member of a local government council}}
{{Distinguish|Counselor (disambiguation){{!}}Counselor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=January 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
}}
{{Legislature}}

A '''councillor''', alternatively '''councilman''', '''councilwoman''', '''councilperson''', or '''council member''', is someone who sits on, votes in, or is a member of, a [[council]]. This is typically an elected representative of an [[electoral district]] in a [[Municipality|municipal]] or regional [[government]], or other [[Local government|local authority]]. The title of a councillor varies geographically, with a name generally being preceded by their [[title]] (or the shortened version '''Cllr''' or '''Cr''' when written) in formal or council-related situations in many places.

==Finland==
In [[Finland]] councillor (''neuvos'') is the highest possible title of honour which can be granted by the [[President of Finland]]. There are several ranks of councillors and they have existed since the Russian rule. Some examples of different councillors in Finland are as follows:
* [[Valtioneuvos|Councillor of State]]: the highest class of the titles of honour
* [[Vuorineuvos|Mining Councillor]]/Trade Councillor/Industry Councillor/Economy Councillor: granted to leading industry figures in different fields of the economy

==India==
As per the [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India]], [[municipal governance in India]] is looked after by elected councillors who are members of either a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] (for cities) or a [[municipality]] (for towns).

==The Philippines==
Under the Philippine Republic Act No. 7160 (otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991), a councilor is a member of a local council that is the legislative body of the local government unit. The English term "councilor" (shortened as "Coun.") term is primarily used to refer to members of barangay, municipal and city councils; in Tagalog, the members of the [[Sangguniang Barangay]] (barangay council) and [[Sangguniang Kabataan]] (youth council) are called "kagawad", while the members of the [[Sangguniang Bayan]] (municipal council) and [[Sangguniang Panlungsod]] (city council) are called "konsehal".

Members of the [[Sangguniang Panlalawigan]] (provincial board) are never referred to as "councilors" but as "board members" or "Sangguniang Panlalawigan member".

==United Kingdom==
All [[local government in the United Kingdom|local authorities in the United Kingdom]] are overseen by elected councillors. These include:

# [[unitary authority|unitary authorities]]
# [[county council]]s and [[districts of England|district]] councils
# [[civil parish|parish]], [[town council|town]] and [[community council|community]] councils
# The [[Common Council of the City of London]] (in which councillors are known as aldermen and councilmen)

In 2007 the [[Electoral Administration Act 2006]] reduced the age limit for councillors to 18, leading to younger people standing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2006 |title=Electoral Administration Act 2006 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/22/section/17 |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=legislation.gov.uk |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718153322/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/22/section/17 }}</ref>
===Youth councillors===
Youth councillors are also elected in local areas by organisations that are members of the British Youth Council, such as Salford Youth Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wuu2.info/salford-youth-council/|title=Salford Youth Council website|website=Salford Youth Council|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517042631/http://dartfordyouthcouncil.org/|archive-date=17 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Remuneration===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2014}}
Most councillors are not full-time professionals.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland most larger borough, unitary authority or county councils do pay them basic allowances and [[out-of-pocket expenses]]. In addition, special responsibility allowances are paid to councillors who carry out more senior duties. The basic allowances and special responsibility allowances are theoretically paid to compensate councillors for time spent on council duties and are classed as salaries for tax purposes. Parish, town or community councillors may, since the [[Local Government Act 2000]], be paid for their services.

In Scotland, since 2007, councillors have received a salary of £15,000, as opposed to a series of allowances. This rises annually and as of 1 April 2023 councillor pay in Scotland stands at £20,099 per annum.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/local-government/councillors-roles-conduct-pay/#:~:text=The%20basic%20annual%20pay%20for,(Remuneration)%20Amendment%20Regulations%202022. | title=Councillors' roles, conduct and pay }}</ref> These are often topped up by special responsibility allowances.

===Regional government===

The [[London Assembly]] is regarded not as a local authority but as a regional [[devolved government|devolved]] [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] and its members are referred to as Assembly Members, not councillors.

==United States==
'''Council member''', '''councilman/councilwoman''', '''councilor''', or '''councillor''' is a title for a member of a council used in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/07/spelling_spats_divide_city_council/
|title=Spelling spats divide City Council
|last=Viser
|first=Matt
|publisher=The Boston Globe
|date=7 August 2006
}}</ref>

In particular, the title is used in the following cases:
* [[City council]]s or [[town council]]s that do not use the title of [[alderman]].
* [[County council]]s or councils in [[List of United States counties and county equivalents|county-equivalents]] in states that do not style their next-level subdivisions as counties.
* [[Council of the District of Columbia]]
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

==Netherlands==
In the [[Netherlands]], a member of the [[City Council (the Netherlands)|municipal council]] is called a ''gemeenteraadslid'' or ''raadslid''. Someone out of this group who is elected to serve on the municipal executive is called a ''[[wethouder]]'', which is usually translated as 'alderman' or 'councillor'. The Dutch word for mayor is ''burgemeester''. This is expressed in English as "mayor" or "''[[burgomaster]]''". The municipal executive is referred to collectively as the ''[[College van Burgemeester en Wethouders]]''.

==Belgium==
In [[Belgium]], a member of the municipal council is called a ''gemeenteraadslid'' in Dutch, and ''Conseiller Communal'' in French. Someone out of this group who is elected to serve on the municipal executive is called a ''[[schepen]]'' in Dutch or ''[[Échevin (disambiguation)|échevin]]'' in French. This is usually translated as "alderman" or "councillor" in English. The municipal executive is referred to collectively as the ''College van Burgemeester en Schepenen'' ou ''Collège du Bourgmestre et Echevins''.

==Bangladesh==
In [[Bangladesh]], a member of the city council is called a ''Councillor''. The Councillor of Bangladesh is a city corporation's ward representatives who are elected [[List of city corporations in Bangladesh|City Corporations]] election by popular vote in every five years. Councilors carry out the developmental works of their elected wards and perform the functions of local government act and assist the City [[Mayor]] in all works under the City Corporation and carry out his orders.

==Luxembourg==
In [[Luxembourg]], an ''[[échevin (Luxembourg)|échevin]]'' ({{langx|lb|Schäffe}}, {{langx|de|Schöffe}}) is a member of the administration of a [[Luxembourg]]ian [[Communes of Luxembourg|commune]].

==Norway==
In [[Norway]], a member of the municipal council, ''kommunestyret'', is called a ''kommunestyrerepresentant'' in Norwegian. The Norwegian word for mayor is ''ordfører''.

==Hong Kong==
In [[Hong Kong]], members of district councils are also referred to as councillors.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com%2Fnews/hong-kong/article/1246797/district-councillors-may-get-20pc-more-rent-subsidy ''SCMP''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121121641/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1246797/district-councillors-may-get-20pc-more-rent-subsidy |date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Before 1999 the [[District Councils of Hong Kong|district council]]s were known as district boards, upon the abolition of the municipal councils (the [[UrbCo]] and the [[RegCo]]) in December that year. In addition, members of the legislative council are also referred to as councillors. From 1996 to 1998 the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] were known as "Provisional Legislative Council", upon the abolition of the [[Provisional Legislative Council|interim legislature]] in July 1998.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parliamentary titles]]
[[Category:Political titles]]
[[Category:Local government in the United Kingdom]]

Kewat

2026-02-15T11:11:42Z

Keem Fame rich: further added formatting to improve readability and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Kewat people]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India

2026-02-13T11:13:00Z

Keem Fame rich: minor update

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Great Buddha Statue, Bodh Gaya.jpg|thumb|right|350px|"[[Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya)|Great Buddha Statue]]" at [[Bodh Gaya]]]]

In [[religion]] and [[spirituality]], a pilgrimage is a long [[quest|journey]] or [[wikt:search|search]] of great [[moral]] significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or to a [[shrine]] of importance to a person's [[belief]]s and [[faith]]. Members of every major religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes such a journey is called a [[pilgrim]].

There are number of historical '''Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the [[Republic of India]]'''.

==Places associated with the life of Buddha==

===Primary sites===
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
[[Buddhism]] offers four primary sites of pilgrimage: [[Lumbini]] (birthplace of [[the Buddha]]), [[Bodh Gaya]] (the site where the Buddha attained [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]), [[Sarnath]] (the location of the Buddha’s first sermon), and [[Kushinagar]] (the location where the Buddha attained [[parinirvana]]). All of these sites are located in India except [[Lumbini]], which is located in southern [[Nepal]]. [[Bodh Gaya]] is the holiest site of Buddhism.

<gallery widths="170px" heigt="200px">
File:Exterior view of the Mahabodhi Temple.jpg|"Maha Bodhi Temple" at Bodh Gaya
File:Dhamek Stupa, Sarnath.jpg|[[Dhamek Stupa]], [[Sarnath]]
File:Ancient Buddhist monasteries near Dhamekh Stupa Monument Site, Sarnath.jpg|Ancient Buddhist Monastery at Sarnath
File:Kusinara.jpg|[[Parinirvana Stupa]] at [[Kushinagar]]
File:Stupa ruins in Kushinagar.jpg|Remains of ancient stupas in Kushinagar
</gallery>

===Places visited by Buddha for discourse===


* [[Andhra Pradesh]]:
**[[Nagarjunakonda]] in [[Guntur]] district: Seat of [[Mahayana]]
**[[Thotlakonda]] and [[Bojjannakonda]] in [[Visakhapatnam]]
* [[Bihar]]: The name of Bihar is derived from [[vihara]], meaning monastery, such was the association of the area with Buddhism. In addition to these sites which were visited by the Buddha, other sites in India have become notable:
** [[Patna]] – Formerly known as [[Pataliputra]], it was the seat of the [[Mauryan empire]] and a significant Buddhist centre
** [[Rajgir]], [[Bihar]] – Formerly known as [[Rajagaha]], it was the capital of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], ruled by King [[Bimbisara]], one of the most prominent monarchs and supporters during the lifetime of the Buddha
** [[Nalanda]], [[Bihar]] – Site of an ancient Buddhist university, destroyed by [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] during Islamic attacks
** [[Sravasti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] – Formerly known as [[Savatthi]], it was the capital of [[Kosala]], ruled by King [[Pasenadi]], one of the most prominent monarchs and supporters during the lifetime of the Buddha
** [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Bihar]] – Seat of a republican state of the Lichchavis, prominent supporters of the Buddha. Site of the [[Second Buddhist Council]]
* [[Haryana]]: Sacred places in the order of travel by Buddha, where he gave several important discourses documented in the Pali texts. After visiting Mathura, he travelled along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in Haryana (also see [[History of Haryana#Buddhism|Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana]]).
** From [[Mathura]] in Uttar Pradesh, Buddha travelled along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in Haryana (also see [[History of Haryana#Buddhism|Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana]]).
** [[Kumashpur#Pagoda|Kamashpura Aastha Pugdal Pagoda]] (Kumashpur) in Sonipat city, the place where Buddha gave [[Mahasatipatthana sutta]]),.<ref name=kamas2>[https://patthana.dhamma.org/en/dhamma-patthana/ Dhamma patthana], dhamma.org.</ref><ref name=kamas1>[http://sdbst.org/Kumaspur.aspx Aastha Pugdal Pagoda at Kumaspur (Kamas Nigam in Sonepat], SDBST.</ref>
** [[Bodh Stupa|Kurukshetra Stupa]] on the banks of sacred [[Brahma Sarovar]] in Kurukshetra city
** [[Topra Kalan#Topra Ashokan Edicts Archaeological Park and Museum|Topra]] between Kurukshetra and Yamunanagar, now has a large open air museum park housing several replica of [[Ashoka]]'s edicts including largest [[Ashoka Chakra]] in the world
** [[Srughna]], now known as the [[Sugh Ancient Mound]], on outskirts of Yamunanagar city
** [[Jagadhri#Chaneti|Chaneti Stupa]], on outskirts of Yamunanagar city

==Other prominent historic Buddhist sites by state==


All are the historic ancient sites of learning, and the list includes very few relatively new sites which have been specifically highlighted accordingly. Most of these sites have association with [[Ashoka]] and other Buddhist kings.

===Andhra Pradesh===


* [[Amaravati]]
*[[Bavikonda]]
* [[Bojjannakonda]]
* [[Bhattiprolu]]
* [[Chandavaram Buddhist site|Chandavaram]]
*[[Dharanikota]]
* [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]]
*[[Gudivada]]
* [[Guntupalle, Eluru district|Guntupalli]]
*[[Jaggayyapeta]]
*[[Nagarjunakonda]]
* [[Pavurallakonda]] museum<ref name="museums.ap.nic.in"/>
* [[Ramatheertham]]
* [[Salihundam]]
* [[Thotlakonda]]
*[[Undavalli Caves]]
* [[Visakhapatnam]]

===Assam===


* Namphake in [[Dibrugarh]]
* [[Surya Pahar]] in [[Goalpara]]
* [[Hayagriva Madhava Temple|Hayagriva Madhava]] at [[Hajo]]

===Bihar===


* [[Kesaria stupa]]
* [[Krimila]]
* [[Nalanda]]
* [[Odantapuri]]
* [[Saptaparni Cave]]
* [[Sujata Stupa]]
* [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
* [[Vikramshila]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegrandindianroute.com/blogs/top-buddhist-sites-in-india/|title=Top Buddhist Sites In India To Visit|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Vulture Peak]]

===Goa===

* [[Lamgao caves]]
* [[Rivona|Rivona caves]]

===Gujarat===

* [[Vadnagar]] in [[Mehsana]] district<ref>[http://www.vadnagar.blogspot.com New Buddha site found in Gujarat]</ref>

===Haryana===


In 2021, it was announced that Buddha Haryana circuit will be developed by the Centre for [[yatra]] (pilgrimage).<ref name=d21>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/cleanliness-of-tiraths-a-challenge-in-haryana-101627412369348.html Cleanliness of tiraths a challenge in Haryana], Hindustan Times, 27 July 2021.</ref>

Also see above the "places visited by Buddha for discourse" which has additional sites in Haryana.
* [[Adi Badri, Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thebuddhistforum.com/wp/haryana-misses-the-buddha-moment-the-tribune.html |title=Haryana misses the Buddha moment : The Tribune | the Buddhist Forum |access-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628025026/http://thebuddhistforum.com/wp/haryana-misses-the-buddha-moment-the-tribune.html |archive-date=2017-06-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Mounds: [[Agroha Mound]], [[Sugh Ancient Mound]]
* [[Pillars of Ashoka]]: ([[Firoz Shah Palace Complex#Hisar Ashokan Pillar|Hisar]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana#History|Fatehabad Ashokan Pillar]],<ref>[https://fatehabad.nic.in/tourist-place/lat-of-feroz-shah/ Lat of Feroz Shah]</ref> [[Topra Kalan#Topra Ashokan Edicts Archaeological Park and Museum|Topra Kalan Edicts Museum]])

===Jammu and Kashmir===


* Harwan, near [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Mughal Shalimar Garden]], dating from the fifth century
* [[Parihaspore]], 20 km northeast of [[Srinagar]]
* Panderathan, near Srinagar

===Madhya Pradesh===


* [[Bagh Caves]]
* [[Sanchi]], site of a large stupa built by Ashoka which also houses the [[relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]], the two chief disciples of the Buddha; reputedly the place from which [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] set out to proselytise [[Sri Lanka]].

===Maharashtra===


* [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], site of intricate Buddhist cave paintings depicting Buddhism
* [[Karla Caves]] site of intricate Buddhist cave paintings
* [[Ellora]], site of intricate Buddhist cave paintings
* [[Deekshabhoomi]], a new 20th century site associated with Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar<ref>{{cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|title=Great soul Mahatma Gandhi and his struggle with India|year=2011|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0307595362|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely/page/210 210]|url=https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely|url-access=registration|quote=Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din.|edition=1st}}</ref>

===Odisha===


* [[Lalitgiri]]
* [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]]
* [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]]

===Telangana===


* [[Nelakondapalli]],<ref name="museums.ap.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://museums.ap.nic.in/b-sites.htm |title=Dept. Of Archaeology & Museums |accessdate=2012-10-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209160246/http://museums.ap.nic.in/b-sites.htm |archivedate=2012-02-09 }}</ref>
* [[Phanigiri]]

===Tripura===


* [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]], an archaeological site in the [[Santirbazar]] sub-division of [[South Tripura district]]

===Uttar Pradesh===


* [[Kausambi|Kosambi]]
* [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]
* [[Pāvā]] ([[Fazilnagar]])
* [[Piprahwa]]

==Tibetan Buddhist sites==

===By state===


* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]: [[Tawang]]
* [[Sikkim]]: [[Dubdi Monastery]], [[Enchey Monastery]], [[Pemayangtse Monastery]], [[Ralang Monastery]], [[Rumtek]], [[Tashiding Monastery]], [[Tawang Monastery]], [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]:
** [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]],
** [[McLeod Ganj]] at [[Dharamsala]], the primary seat of current [[Dalai Lama]]
** [[Palpung Monastery#Palpung in India|Palpung Sherabling Monastery]] at [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]]
** [[Tabo Monastery]], [[Spiti Valley]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
** [[Rewalsar Lake]]
* [[Karnataka]]: [[Namdroling Monastery]] in [[Bylakuppe]] near [[Mysore]]
* [[Ladakh]]: [[Leh]]

===Sikkim===


* [[Dubdi Monastery]], occasionally called 'Yuksom Monastery' is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Vihara|monastery]] of the [[Nyingma]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] near [[Yuksom]], in the [[Geyzing]] subdivision of [[West Sikkim]] district.<ref name="Si">{{cite web|url=http://sikkiminfo.in/monasteries.htm|title=Monasteries|publisher=sikkiminfo.in|accessdate=November 21, 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213055527/http://sikkiminfo.in/monasteries.htm|archivedate=February 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Dubdi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikkiminfo.net/monasteries.htm|title=Monasteries in Sikkim are of three types|work=Dubdi Monastery|accessdate=2010-05-05|publisher=Sikkim Info}}</ref>
* [[Enchey Monastery]] is located in [[Gangtok]], the capital city of [[Sikkim]] in the Northeastern [[Indian state]]. It belongs to the [[Nyingma]] order of [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]].
* [[Pemayangtse Monastery]] is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery in Pemayangtse, near [[Pelling]] in the northeastern [[Indian state]] of [[Sikkim]], located {{convert|140|km|mi}} west of [[Gangtok]].<ref name="bt">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/sikkim/pemayangtse-monastery.html|title=Pemayangtse Monastery|publisher=Buddhist Tourism|accessdate=November 7, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Ralang Monastery]] is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery of the [[Kagyu]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in southern [[Sikkim]], northeastern [[India]]. It is located six kilometres from [[Ravangla]].<ref name="Temples">{{cite web|url=
http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/sikkim/ralang-monastery.html
|title=Ralang Monastery|publisher=Buddhist-temples.com|accessdate=November 21, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Rumtek Monastery]] also called the "Dharmachakra Centre", is a [[gompa]] located in the [[India]]n state of [[Sikkim]] near the capital [[Gangtok]]. It is a focal point for the sectarian tensions within the [[Karma Kagyu]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] that characterize the [[Karmapa controversy]].
* [[Tashiding Monastery]] is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery of the [[Nyingma]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in Western [[Sikkim]], northeastern [[India]]. It is located on top of the hill rising between the Rathong chu and the [[Rangeet River]].
* [[Tawang Monastery]] in the [[States and Union Territories of India|Indian]] state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]].
* [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]] is a [[Buddhist]] monastery in [[Kalimpong]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The monastery is located atop [[Durpin Hill]], one of the two hills of the town. It was consecrated in 1976 by the visiting [[Dalai Lama]].

<gallery widhts="240px" heights="200px">
File:Tawang Monastery Doorway Mandala.jpg|The Manadala at the "Kakaling", the entry gate to the [[Tawang Monastery]]
File:Main Shrine of Pemangytse Gompa with prayer flags.jpg|[[Pemayangtse Monastery]]
File:Zang Dhok Palri Phodang 01.jpg|The [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]] monastery atop Durpin Hill
File:PrayerWheelsRumtek.JPG|Prayer Wheels in the [[Rumtek Monastery]]
File:Window of prayer hall, Enchey.jpg|Ornately carved colourful Window of [[Enchey Monastery]]
File:Yuksom Dubdi Gompa.jpg|[[Dubdi Monastery]]
File:The golden chorten - tashiding.jpg|The Golden Chorten near [[Tashiding Monastery]]
File:Ralong monastery - top view.jpg|[[Ralang Monastery]]
</gallery>
{{wide image|Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg|800px|[[Rumtek Monastery]], Sikkim, India}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Religion|Society}}
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage]]
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Nepal]]
* [[Shikoku Pilgrimage]], Eighty-eight Temples pilgrimage in the Shikoku island, Japan
* [[Japan 100 Kannon Pilgrimage]], pilgrimage circuit that is composed of three independent pilgrimages (Saigoku, Bandō and Chichibu) in Japan

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Kory |last2=Decary |first2=Michelle |title=The Meditator's Companion to Pilgrimage in the Buddha's India and Nepal |date=2013|publisher=Pariyatti Publishing |isbn= 9781938754555|pages=455|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=98_HDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 January 2025 }} (First Edition 2009)
{{commons category|Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India}}

==External links==
;
* [http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-pilgrimage.html Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/places.htm Pilgrims Guide to Buddhist India: Buddhist Sites]

[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India| ]]
[[Category:Buddhism in India|Pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Buddhist buildings and structures in India|Pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Lists of pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:India religion-related lists]]

2019 Kerala floods

2026-01-25T19:41:31Z

Keem Fame rich: brief refined references as per guidelines and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Severe flooding due to heavy monsoon rainfall on 8 August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox flood
| image = IN-KL.svg
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| cause = [[Monsoon|Heavy rain]] [[Discharge (hydrology)|Discharges]] [[Landslide]]
| duration = {{start date|2019|8|8|df=y}} – {{end date|2019|8|29|df=y}}
| damages ={{INRConvert|2101.9|c|lk=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala seeks special package to deal with Rs 2101.9 crore damage in floods |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/09/20/kerala-centre-special-package-flood-2019.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
| fatalities = 121 dead<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/death-toll-in-flood-hit-kerala-rises-to-121-40-injured-1582258-2019-08-19|title=Death toll in flood-hit Kerala rises to 121, 40 injured|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-22|agency=Ist}}</ref>
| affected = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| website = {{website|www.keralarescue.in}}
}}
[[File:Kerala Flood 2019 Angamaly, Kerala, India IMG 20190812 130830.jpg|thumb|A flooded road at Angamaly]]
On 8 August 2019, due to heavy rainfall in the [[monsoon]] season, severe [[flood]] affected [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/kerala-rains-heavy-rains-landslides-wreak-havoc-state-red-alert-issued-4-districts/story/371142.html|title=Kerala flood: Heavy rains, landslides wreak havoc in state; red alert issued in 4 districts|date=2019-08-08|work=Business Today|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref> As a security measure in the prevailing situation of heavy rains, the [[India Meteorological Department]] had issued a red alert in the 9 districts in Northern and Central Kerala, orange alert in 3 districts of Central Kerala, and yellow alert in the 2 districts of southern Kerala.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1159719778082181120|user=vijayanpinarayi|title=Heavy rain has increased across most parts of the State. Red alert has been issued for 9 districts in North and Cen... |date=9 August 2019}}</ref> Thousands of people have been evacuated to safer places and relief camps.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-sees-heavy-rains-many-areas-flooded-hundreds-shifted-relief-camps-106847|title=Kerala sees heavy rains: many areas flooded, hundreds shifted to relief camps|date=2019-08-08|work= The News Minute|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref> A total of 121<ref name=":1"/> people have died due to rain-related incidents as of 19 August 2019.

Another deluge had hit the state in [[2018 Kerala floods|August 2018]], in which over 470 people died and properties worth US$5.8 billion (₹40,000 crore) were damaged.

==Causes==
The extreme rains were triggered by a depression toss the Arabian sea resulting in intense convection over Kerala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/season_report.php|title=End of season Monsoon report|date=2020-07-05|work= IMD|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> Every year parts of South Asia are hit by a period of heavy rains known monsoons which usually fall between June and September. It is caused by a change of wind patterns over the region. This change causes heavy rains in the summer and long dry spells over the other months. In India, the monsoon rains can provide 70% of the country's rainfall for the year. The rain fall so quickly and heavily that it can cause sudden flooding. The rationale for the anomalous rainfall in 2018 might have recurred the extreme events in 2019; i.e., the High-Frequency Mixed Rossby-Gravity Waves in the Mid-Troposphere which were triggered by the synoptic disturbances of the tropical Pacific. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://doi.org/10.1142/S2345737621500147|title= High-Frequency Mixed Rossby-Gravity Waves in the Mid-Troposphere Triggered Kerala Floods of 2018|author=S.R., Kiran|date=3 July 2021|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> These high-frequency waves manifested as cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations and dilated the wind field to establish zones of convection in the tropics, as they propagated across the Indian Ocean basin. Although the Madden-Julian Oscillation phase with 20–40 days period has favored convection in the tropics, the high-frequency mode correlates better with the anomalous precipitation during the intervals of extreme events. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://doi.org/10.1142/S2345737621500147|title= High-Frequency Mixed Rossby-Gravity Waves in the Mid-Troposphere Triggered Kerala Floods of 2018|author=S.R., Kiran|date=3 July 2021|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

==Impact==
As of 19 August 2019, 121 people have been killed due to the floods across the state of Kerala.<ref name=":1"/> Over 2 lakh people have been directly affected by the flood, and have been shifted to 1318 relief camps in different parts of Kerala.<ref name=":1" /> Airport authorities suspended operations of the flood-affected [Cochin International Airport] till 15:00 (IST) on 11 August 2019. The data from the Kerala State Disaster Management states that, as many as 1,789 houses had been damaged fully in between 8 and 19 August, while the number of partially damaged houses is 14,542.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/kerala-floods-2019-121-dead-1789-houses-collapsed|title=Kerala Floods 2019: 121 dead, 1,789 Houses Collapsed|date=2019-08-20|website=NewsClick|language=en|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref>

There have been 80 landslides in the span of 2 days, as said by the Chief Minister. Many people were buried alive and could not be found. The situation was critical as the calamities interfered with the rescue operations. Districts that have been severely affected include [[Wayanad]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Idukki]], [[Thrissur]] and [[Ernakulam]] districts.

==Rescues==
Kerala's State Disaster Management Authority, Kerala police, Kerala Fire & Rescue Services along with the [[Indian Air Force]], Indian Navy, civilians, volunteers like [[Seva Bharati]], [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]], [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]], [[Indian Youth Congress]], [[White Guard Volunteers (Kerala India)|White Guard Volunteers]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Youth League workers clean up Sreerama temple in Wayanad |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/youth-league-workers-clean-up-sreerama-temple-in-wayanad--1.4035151 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129172705/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/youth-league-workers-clean-up-sreerama-temple-in-wayanad--1.4035151 |url-status=dead }}</ref> fishermen from coastal Kerala are actively taking part in the rescue operations in flood-affected regions.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=9 August 2019 |title=Kerala rains live updates: Toll climbs to 22; Army, IAF help sought |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-rains-live-updates-august-9-landslips-floods-many-feared-dead/article28921462.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> However, inclement weather with heavy rains and landslides are hampering the rescue operations in the hilly regions of [[Wayanad]], [[Malappuram]], and [[Kozhikode]] districts.<ref name=":6" /> 83 [[National Disaster Response Force]](NDRF) teams were deployed in addition to the 173 teams of Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard to take part in the relief operations.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=83 NDRF teams dispatched for flood relief, rescue in four states, says MHA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/aug/09/83-ndrf-teams-dispatched-for-flood-relief-rescue-in-four-states-says-mha-2016537.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Animal rescue was carried out by local NGOs and activists on ground mainly in places like Wayanad and Nilambur. Notable work was done by [[Sally Varma]] of [[Humane Society International]]/India in Nilambur where around 500 kg of dog food and more than 5000 kg of cattle feed and 2500 kg of goat feed was distributed to the starving animals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala floods: When dogs turned guardian angels |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-dogs-turned-guardian-angels/article29121597.ece}}</ref>

==Relief and monetary aid==
Immediate financial aid of up to ₹10,000 each for all calamity-hit families which had suffered losses in the torrential rains.
A sum of Rs 4 lakh would be given to those whose houses had been fully damaged or had become uninhabitable and ₹10 lakh to those who had lost their houses as well as land in the rain fury and landslides, Chief Minister's cabinet meeting.[https://www.news18.com/news/india/kerala-govt-announces-flood-relief-package-rs-10000-immediate-aid-to-calamity-hit-families-2270783.html Kerala Govt Announces Flood relief Package; Rs 10,000 Immediate Aid to Calamity-hit Families]

In August 2019, Public has been very generous contributing to Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund. As on 15 Aug 2019 at 19:40 income is ₹4368.2 Crore.

==See also==
*[[2019 Indian floods]]
*[[2018 Kerala floods]]
*[[2020 Kerala floods]]
*[[2019 in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.imdtvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=37 Indian meteorological Department data of rainfall in Kerala 2019 from 1 June to 12 August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817082152/https://www.imdtvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=37 |date=17 August 2019 }}
{{Disasters in India in 2019}}{{2019 floods}}
[[Category:2019 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2019 floods in Asia|Karnataka floods]]
[[Category:August 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:Floods in Kerala]]
[[Category:2019 in Kerala]]

Siddhanath Temple, Mhaswad

2026-01-24T03:43:32Z

Keem Fame rich: small reworked page after review and updated info

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Maharashtra, India}}
{{unreferenced|date=September 2012}}{{Infobox Mandir
|name = Shree Sidhhanath Temple, Mhaswad
|image = Sidhhanath Mhaswad.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Shree Mhaswad Sidhhanath
|map_type = Maharashtra
|coordinates = {{coord|17|37|52|N|74|47|15|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within Maharashtra
|country = India
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|district = [[Satara district]]
|location = [[Mhaswad]]
|deity =
|festivals =
|architecture = [[Mandir]] architecture
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|year_completed = 9th century
|creator =
}}

'''Siddhanath Temple''', located in [[Mhaswad]], is dedicated to the veneration of Lord Siddhanath. Siddhanath is believed to be incarnation of [[Shiva]] (one of the principle deities of [[Hinduism]]) and the patron god of adjacent regions and one of among several regional protective (Kshetrapal) gods of Maharashtra. Mhaswad is situated in the bank of Manganga river.

Historically, maan region was once ruled by Chalukya of Badami. In the 11th century, chalukya rulers built this temple as it was considered to be there an ancestors god, letter in 1738 chalukya descendant Dubal of karad built other half of temple, From then onwards all rituals are performed in presence of Dubal family members. Later, this place was ruled by Mane(माने), a Maratha Kshatriya 07 Kuli clan. The Mane were Noblemen & were considered as pillars of Maratha Empire. Sardar Nagoji Mane was one of the famous ruler's of mhaswad and Ally of {[[Chhatrapati Rajaram Bhonsle Maharaj]]}. Sardar Subhanji Mane who was son of Nagoji Mane had taken part in the war of [[Panipat]] against Abdali.

A fair of [[Lord Shree Siddhanath]] is celebrated '''Annually '''by the people over here. In this festival, a chariot of Shree Siddhanath is taken around the town by the devotees. [[Lord Shree Siddhanath Ratha Yatra]] is a Great annual town fair. Lakhs of people from all over India come to Mhaswad to celebrate this the festival and enjoy the fair.<gallery>
File:Siddhanath Mhaswad.jpg|Shree Siddhanath and Mata Jogeshwari, Mhaswad (Satara)
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Sidhhanath Temple, Kharsundi]]
*[[Bhoodsidhhanath|Sidhhanath Temple, Bhood]]
{{Satara district topics}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Maharashtra]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Nandi Awards of 1985

2026-01-19T08:10:32Z

Keem Fame rich: minor add details and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
Nandi Awards Winners List in the year of 1985

==Winners list==
{| class="wikitable"
! Category !! Winner<ref>{{cite web |url= http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1985/|title= Nandi Awards of 1985| publisher= awardsandwinners.com |access-date= 19 July 2014}}</ref> !! Film
|-
| [[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || ||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]<ref name="Rediff.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm#3 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |author=Pavithra Srinivasan |date=7 September 2010 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2015-09-23}}</ref>
|-
| Second Best Feature Film || ||O Thandri Theerpu
|-
| Third Best Feature Film || ||[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vande Mataram]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]||[[Murali Mohan]]|||Manoharam
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]||[[Vijayashanti]]|||[[Pratighatana]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]||[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]||[[Suthivelu]] ||[[Pratighatana]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]||[[Nirmalamma]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article38340.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221214438/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article38340.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2015 |title=Cine 'baamma' Nirmalamma is dead |date=20 February 2009 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=2015-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Nirmalamma-passes-away/article16337622.ece | title=Nirmalamma passes away |date=20 February 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 June 2019 }}</ref>||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]|| ||
|-
| Nandi Award for Best Character Actress|| ||
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] || [[Hari Anumolu]] || [[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]|| || [[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]]||[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] || M.V.S. Harnatha Rao|| [[Pratighatana]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]|| [[Veturi]]||[[Pratighatana]] (Ee Duryodhana Dussaasana)
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<ref name="Rediff.com" />|| [[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]|| [[S. Janaki]] ||[[Pratighatana]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<ref name="Rediff.com" />||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]||V. Bhaskara Raju ||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] || ||
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]]||Emmy ||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]||K. Gautham Raju ||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] || [[Suthivelu]]||Devalayam
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian|Best Female Comedian]]|| ||
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]|| [[Charan Raj]]||[[Pratighatana]]
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]|| V. Seshu Parupalli||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]||[[P. L. Narayana]] ||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| Special Jury Award|| [[Sudha Chandran]]||[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]
|-
| Special Jury Award|| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]||[[Pratighatana]]
|-
| Nandi Award for Best Educational Film || ||Bhoosaara Pariksha
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards|1985]]
[[Category:1985 Indian film awards]]

Thangam Philip

2025-12-11T18:48:29Z

Keem Fame rich: general adjust lead for clarity also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian nutritionist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thangam Philip
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|5|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|1|28|1921|5|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pallom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| restingplace = St. Andrew's CSI Church, Pannimattom, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| restingplacecoordinates = {{Coord|9|32|2|N|76|31|25|E|}}
| othername =
| occupation = Nutritionist, writer
| yearsactive =
| known for = Hospitality education
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = T. P. Philip Elizabeth Philip
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] Ceres Medal Knighthood of the Order of Cordon Bleu Du Sant Esprit Firestone Award
}}

'''Thangam Elizabeth Philip''' (1921–2009) was an Indian [[nutritionist]] and a pioneer of hospitality education in India.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip">{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/padmashree-thangam-e-philip/22 | title=Padmashree Thangam E. Philip | publisher=Kerala Tourism, Government of Kerala | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015 | archive-date=22 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622174353/https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/padmashree-thangam-e-philip/22 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia of women biography">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZMrAQAAIAAJ&q=Thangam+E.+Philip | title=Encyclopaedia of women biography | publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp | date=2001 | access-date=22 June 2015 | author=Nagendra Kr Singh | isbn=9788176482646}}</ref> She was the Principal Emeritus of the [[Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Mumbai|Institute of Hotel Management, Mumbai]]<ref name="Obituary">{{cite web | url=http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/events/obituary/obituary.htm | title=Obituary | publisher=Hospitality Biz India | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Institute">{{cite web | url=http://www.ihmctan.edu/the-institute.html | title=The Institute | publisher=Institute of Hotel Management | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> and was the author of several books on [[cookery]].<ref name="Nutritionist Thangam Philip passes away">{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090128/1163197.html | title=Nutritionist Thangam Philip passes away | publisher=Web India News | date=28 January 2009 | access-date=22 June 2015 | archive-date=22 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622212645/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090128/1163197.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> A recipient of the ''[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] Ceres Medal''<ref name="FAO Ceres Medal">{{cite web | url=http://fao-coins.info/fao-4a.html | title=FAO Ceres Medal | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606153243/http://fao-coins.info/fao-4a.html | archive-date=6 June 2016 }}</ref> and the Knighthood of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit|Order of Cordon Bleu Du Sant Esprit]] of France,<ref name="Tellicherry Pepper Chicken - Succulent Chicken with Pepper, Spices & aromatic Kari leaves">{{cite web | url=http://www.weavethousandflavors.com/2010/06/tellicherry-malabar-pepper-chicken-southern-india.html | title=Tellicherry Pepper Chicken - Succulent Chicken with Pepper, Spices & aromatic Kari leaves | publisher=Weave a Thousand Flavors | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015 | archive-date=28 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028145123/https://www.weavethousandflavors.com/2010/06/tellicherry-malabar-pepper-chicken-southern-india.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Philip was awarded the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1976.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=18 June 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Thangam Philip was born on 12 May 1921 at [[Kozhikode]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] in a [[central Travancore]] family<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> by name, ''Thevarthundiyil'', to T. P. Philip and Elizabeth Philip.<ref name="Thangam Philip dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thangam-philip-dead/article385025.ece | title=Thangam Philip dead | work=The Hindu | date=29 January 2009 | access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> After graduating from the [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]], she secured a [[Postgraduate education|post graduate]] diploma from the [[Lady Irwin College]], Delhi and secured a [[master's degree]] (MS) from USA.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /><ref name="Thangam Philip dead" /> She started her career by joining the faculty of [[Home Science|home science]] at [[St Thomas School, Kolkata]] where she worked for a short time before moving to Sri Lanka in 1949 to work at [[Southlands College, Galle|Southland Methodist College]] to establish a ''Home Economic department'' at the college.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" />

Philip returned to India in 1950 and accepted the invitation of the [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]] to manage one of the cafeterias under the brand name, ''Annapurna'', where subsidized food was served to the middle class.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> Five years later, she shifted to Mumbai and joined the [[Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Mumbai|Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition]] (IHM) when the college was established in 1955.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> She also did radio and television programmes and visited US where her programmes were telecast.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> In 1961, after her return from US, she was appointed as the principal of IHM.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> She also started writing articles in the periodicals and opened a cookery programme at the [[All India Radio]]. When the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] launched the ''Freedom from Hunger'' campaign in 1963,<ref name="Freedom from hunger campaign">{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/f3200e/f3200e01.htm | title=Freedom from hunger campaign | publisher=FAO | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> Thangam Philip also joined the campaign<ref name="Tellicherry Pepper Chicken - Succulent Chicken with Pepper, Spices & aromatic Kari leaves" /><ref name="Thangam E Philip - Express Travel World" /> and participated in the inaugural Young World Assembly held in Athens in 1965.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" />

Philip was the author of several books on cookery and hospitality industry.<ref name="Nutritionist Thangam Philip passes away" /><ref name="Thangam E Philip - Express Travel World">{{cite web | url=http://archivetravel.financialexpress.com/20100315/management09.shtml | title=Thangam E Philip - Express Travel World | publisher=Express Travel World | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> Her two volume work, ''Modern Book for Teaching and the Trade'', is a prescribed textbook<ref name="Obituary" /><ref name="Nutritionist Thangam Philip passes away" /><ref name="Thangam E Philip - Express Travel World" /> in IHM curriculum.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> One of her books, ''Thangam Philip's Book of Baking'' is a work written for the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]].<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> She also involved as a consultant with several projects of [[UNDP]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[International Labour Organization]] and the [[Government of Kuwait]].<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> She served on the boards of many hospitality enterprises and organizations such as [[Air India]], [[Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management]],<ref name="Thangam Elizabeth Philip Bloomberg bio">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=24421030&ticker=KHI:IN&previousCapId=20346347&previousTitle=Kamat%2520Hotels%2520(India)%2520Ltd | title=Thangam Elizabeth Philip Bloomberg bio | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> [[Sterling Holiday Resorts (India) Limited]] and [[Kamat Hotels]].<ref name="Obituary" /> She was also a member of the Remuneration Committee and Member of Shareholders’ Grievance Committee of the Kamat Hotel group.<ref name="Thangam Elizabeth Philip Bloomberg bio" />

Returning to her native place after retirement in 1986,<ref name="Nutritionist Thangam Philip passes away" /> she continued her research from her home in [[Pallom]], in the [[Kottayam district]] of Kerala.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> Thangam Philip, who remained unmarried throughout her life,<ref name="Thangam Philip dead" /> died on 28 January 2009, at the age of 87, of cardiac arrest which followed related illnesses at a nursing home in Kottayam.<ref name="Obituary" /> Her body was buried at St. Andrew's CSI Church cemetery at Pannimattom, Kottayam.<ref name="Thangam Philip dead" />

==Awards and honours==
[[File:FAO CERES Philip Silver Obverse.jpg|thumb|FAO CERES Philip Silver Obverse]]
Philip was a fellow of the Hotel Catering and Institutional Management Association, UK as well as the Cookery and Food Association, UK<ref name="Obituary" /><ref name="Thangam Elizabeth Philip Bloomberg bio" /> and served as a member of the [[Royal Society for Public Health]], UK.<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /><ref name="Thangam Elizabeth Philip Bloomberg bio" /> The [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] selected her in 1975 to be honoured with the portrayal on the [[FAO of The UN|FAO]] Ceres Medal, a commemorative medal issued with the recipient's image.<ref name="Obituary" /><ref name="FAO Ceres Medal" /> The next year, she received the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Shri" /> The [[Government of France]] awarded her the Knighthood of the Order of ''Cordon Bleu Du Sant Esprit'' in 1982.<ref name="Tellicherry Pepper Chicken - Succulent Chicken with Pepper, Spices & aromatic Kari leaves" /><ref name="Thangam E Philip - Express Travel World" /> Four years later, she retired from IHM<ref name="Padmashree Thangam E. Philip" /> after which she was made the principal emeritus of the college.<ref name="Obituary" /><ref name="Thangam Philip dead" /> She was also a recipient of the ''Firestone Award'' from the Indian Association of Occupational Health.<ref name="Obituary" /><ref name="Thangam Elizabeth Philip Bloomberg bio" />

==Bibliography==
* ''Modern Cookery: For Teaching and the Trade (Volume 1)''<ref name="Modern Cookery: For Teaching and the Trade (Volume 1)">{{cite book | title=Modern Cookery: For Teaching and the Trade (Volume 1) | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=Thangam E. Philip | year=2010 | pages=920 | isbn=978-8125040446}}</ref>
* ''Modern Cookery: For Teaching and the Trade (Volume 2)''<ref name="Modern Cookery: For Teaching and the Trade (Volume 2) ">{{cite book | title=Modern Cookery: For Teaching and the Trade (Volume 2) | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=Thangam E. Philip | year=2010 | pages=776 | isbn=978-8125040453}}</ref>
* ''A Touch Of Spice''<ref name="A Touch Of Spice">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPl5AAAACAAJ | title=A Touch Of Spice | publisher=Sangam Books | author=Thangam E. Philip | year=1993 | pages=116 | isbn=9780863112591}}</ref>
* ''The Thangam Philip Book Of Baking''<ref name="The Thangam Philip Book Of Baking">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iofu3YWCToUC | title=The Thangam Philip Book Of Baking | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=Thangam Philip | year=1994 | pages=116 | isbn=9788125015000}}</ref>
* ''Thangam Philip’s Vegetarian Recipes for Healthy Living''<ref name="Thangam Philip’s Vegetarian Recipes for Healthy Living">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAhrMhukGeMC | title=Thangam Philip's Vegetarian Recipes for Healthy Living | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=Thangam Philip | year=2011 | pages=278 | isbn=9788125037385}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Mumbai]]
* [[Indian Cook Books]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip, Thangam}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Indian nutritionists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian food writers]]
[[Category:Order of the Holy Spirit]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Lady Irwin College alumni]]

Indrapuri Barrage

2025-11-25T06:14:45Z

Keem Fame rich: started a stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
|name = Indrapuri Barrage
|image =
|image_caption =
|name_official =
|dam_crosses = [[Son River]]
|res_name =
|location =[[Rohtas District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
|dam_length = {{convert|1407|m}}
|dam_height =
|dam_width_base =
|construction_began =
|opening = 1968
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8369|N|84.1344|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| extra =
}}
'''Indrapuri Barrage''' (also known as the Sone Barrage) is across the [[Son River]] in [[Rohtas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].
[[File:Indrapuri Dam,Dehri-on-sone.jpg|Indrapuri Dam|thumb|right]]
[[File:Indrapuri dam front.jpg|Front view|thumb|right]]

==The Barrage==
The Sone Barrage at Indrapuri is {{convert|1,407| m}} long and is the fourth longest barrage in the world. It was constructed by [[Hindustan Construction Company]] (HCC), the company which constructed the 2,253 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], the longest in the world.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091019-hcc-powering-india-741020-2009-10-08 |title = HCC Powering India | publisher = India Today, 9 October 2009|access-date = 2011-06-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hccindia.com/hcc_admin/data_content/invester_pdf/Annual_Report_2009-101.pdf|title = Annual Report 2009-10|work = l|publisher = HCC|access-date = 2011-06-25|archive-date = 27 September 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012935/http://www.hccindia.com/hcc_admin/data_content/invester_pdf/Annual_Report_2009-101.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> Construction of the barrage was taken up in the 1960s and it was commissioned in 1968.<ref name=icar>{{cite web| url = http://oibsv2.iwmi.org/guidelines/India-Bihar_Upadhyaya.pdf |title = Performance Evaluation of Patna Main Canal | publisher = ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region|access-date = 2011-06-25 }}</ref>

==The Canal System==
In 1873–74, one of the oldest irrigation systems in the country was developed with an [[anicut]] across the Son at [[Dehri]]. Water from the Son fed canal systems on both sides of the river and irrigated large areas. A barrage was constructed 8 km upstream of the anicut. Two link canals connected the new reservoir to the old irrigation system and also extended it.<ref name=icar/>

[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], the veteran British administrator, described (in 1949) the Son canal system as follows, "This is easily the largest canal system in Bihar; there are 209 miles of main canals, 149 of branch canals and 1,235 of distributaries… The canals are of enormous benefit to cultivation. They have converted a large area of infertile land into a richly productive area."<ref name=houlton>Houlton, Sir John, Bihar, the Heart of India, pp. 47-48, Orient Longmans, 1949.</ref>

==Future plans==
There is a proposal for the construction of a dam across the Son, between Kadwan in Garhwa district of Jharkhand and Matiwan in Rohtas district of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bshpcltd.com/Indrapuri.HTM | title = Indrapuri Reservoir Project | access-date = 2011-06-25 | archive-date = 2 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002151744/http://www.bshpcltd.com/Indrapuri.HTM | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the [[River Linking|National River Linking Project]] of the National Water Development Agency, there is a proposal for linking the Ganges with the Son, through the 149.10 km Chunar-Sone Barrage Link Canal. The canal will start from the right side of the Ganges near [[Chunar]] tehsil of Mirzapur district in UP and would link to the Indrapuri barrage. There would be three lifts at three places on the route. The lifts would be of 38.8 m, 16.10 m and 4.4 m.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://wrd.bih.nic.in/interlink_rivers.html|title = Interlinking of Rivers|work = Chunar-Sone Barrage Link Canal|access-date = 2011-06-25|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163434/http://wrd.bih.nic.in/interlink_rivers.html|archive-date = 21 July 2011|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Indrapuri Barrage}}
{{Son basin}}
{{Rivers in Bihar}}
{{Patna Division topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Dams in Bihar]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Dams on the Son River]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Canals in Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Kulwant Singh (general)

2025-11-21T02:47:13Z

Keem Fame rich: expand formatting and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| name = Kulwant Singh
| other_name = Kalwant Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]]
| image = Kulwant Singh Maj Gen.jpg
| image_size = 295px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1939|9|10}} Kohmari, [[Murree]], [[British India]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 7 June 1959 – 30 September 1995
| rank = [[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] Major General
| servicenumber = IC-11528
| unit = [[Rajputana Rifles|19 Rajputana Rifles]]
| commands = [[Rajputana Rifles|19 Rajputana Rifles]] 104 Infantry Brigade 27 Mountain Division
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Sri Lankan Civil War]]
| awards = [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
}}

[[Major General]] '''Kulwant Singh''',{{Efn|Certain sources may also spelt his name as '''Kalwant Singh'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=kalwant+singh+kashmir&pg=PA163|title=The State at War in South Asia|first=Pradeep|last=Barua|date=1 January 2005|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0803213441 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJbpDwAAQBAJ&dq=kalwant+singh+kashmir&pg=PA32|title=India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies 1947-1965|first=Lorne J.|last=Kavic|date=8 January 2021|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=9780520331594 |via=Google Books}}</ref>}} [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]] (born 10 September 1939), is an Indian former [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]]. He last served as the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) the 27 Mountain Division. He had earlier served as the Deputy GOC [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54th Infantry Division]] that was a part the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) in [[Sri Lanka]], and as Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor of the [[Mhow#The Infantry School|Infantry School]] at [[Mhow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1987ipkf/295-operation-poomalai.html|title=Operation Poomalai - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Singh was born on 10 September 1939, at Kohmari (now in [[Pakistan]]). He traveled with his family during the [[partition of India]] in 1947 and settled in [[Lucknow]], India. He is the son of Sewa Singh, who was a [[Major (rank)|Major]] with the [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian Army during the Second World War]] and was awarded the [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]]. Singh completed his primary education at [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan (when it was a part of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]) and then completed rest of the school education at [[Lucknow]], India.

Singh joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) at Khadakwasla near Pune, Maharashtra in 1955 and thereafter the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) at Dehradun in 1958. He qualified for the prestigious Higher Command Course at [[Army War College, Mhow|College of Combat]], Mhow and is a graduate of the [[Defence Services Staff College|Defence Service Staff College]] (DSSC), Wellington, India.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Singh received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya|Devi Ahilya University]], Indore and [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] in Defence Studies from [[University of Madras]]. He holds a postgraduate diploma in Human Resource Development from [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) in New Delhi. He also holds a postgraduate diploma in Management from the Regional College of Management and Technology (RCMT), [[Secunderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.invinciblemilitary.org/about/index.html#Singh|title=About Creating an Invincible Military in the United States|website=www.invinciblemilitary.org|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

== Army career ==
Singh was commissioned into the [[62 Cavalry (India)|62 Cavalry]] of the Indian Army in June 1959. He commanded the 19 [[Rajputana Rifles]], and as a full Colonel, he raised the Naugam Sector. As a Brigadier, he commanded the 104 Infantry Brigade. Thereafter, Singh was posted as BGS Headquarters [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]. He was the Dy. G.O.C (General Officer Commanding) of the 54 Infantry Division. Singh was one of the key strategists in the battle for [[Jaffna]] with the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|IPKF]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istpp.org/military_science/|title=Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS)|website=www.istpp.org|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> As a Major-General, he was the General Officer Commanding (G.O.C.) of the 27 Mountain Division at [[Kalimpong]]. He was then posted as MGGS Headquarters at Western Command.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Singh is a veteran of two wars with Pakistan ([[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]]). He commanded squadron of tanks in both the wars. Singh also commanded two active combat formations: a division deployed along Indo-China border, and a Brigade deployed on the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) against Pakistan in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (both in snow bound high altitude areas). He also has long experience in tackling terrorism and insurgency.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== Post-retirement ==
Singh retired in 1995 as Major-General from the Infantry School, Mhow. After retirement, he became the Director of [[Maharishi Institute of Management]] (MIM) at [[Noida]], and Vice Chancellor of [[Maharishi University of Management and Technology]] (MUMT) located at [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] in [[Chhattisgarh]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Singh was made the Defense Minister of [[Global Country of World Peace]] founded by [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcountry.org/wp/ministries/|title=MINISTRIES {{!}} Global Country of World Peace|website=www.globalcountry.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> He was also the Director General of Invincible Defense (Vedic Defense), Director General of Maharishi Corporate Development Programme (MCDP), the Director General for Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS), USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istpp.org/military_science/#directors|title=Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS)|website=www.istpp.org|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> and the Director, Global Union of Scientists for Peace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gusp.org/directors/|title=Directors – GUSP|website=www.gusp.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

Singh held a press conference at the [[National Press Club (United States)|National Press Club]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] on the morning of 11 September 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dns.org.uk/etc/VedicDefenceShield.htm|title=Vedic Defence Shield|website=dns.org.uk|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> where he and other scientists advocated deployment of Invincible Defense Technology for peace. The press conference had to be stopped mid-way because of the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attack]] on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[Lower Manhattan]] on the same day.

== Personal life ==
Singh was married to Sonya Kulwant Singh (died in 1999). He has two daughters, Harleena Singh and [[Preeti Singh]]. His family is based in [[Panchkula]], Haryana, India.

== Awards and decorations ==
During his career, Singh was awarded the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] (1988),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/WriteReadData/Documents/awards/UYSM.htm|title=Official Website of Indian Army|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> the second highest decoration of senior officers, during [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|IPKF]] operations in [[Sri Lanka]], for outstanding performance in a war situation.
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="5"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|type=award-star|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_Samar_Seva_Star_ribbon.png|type=award-star|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_Paschimi_Star_ribbon.png|type=award-star|width=106}}{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_Special_Service_Medal_ribbon.png|type=award-star|width=106}}{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_Raksha_Medal_ribbon.png|type=award-star|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_Sangram_Medal_ribbon.png|type=award-star|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_ribbon.PNG|type=award-star|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_High_Altitude_Medal_ribbon.png|type=award-star|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.png|type=award-star|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_25th_Anniversary_Independence_Medal.png|type=award-star|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_ribbon_bar.png|type=award-star|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=India20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.jpg|type=award-star|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=India9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.jpg|type=award-star|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Samar Seva Star]]
|-
| colspan="1"|[[Paschimi Star]]
| colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
| colspan="1"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Raksha Medal]]
|-
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Year Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Publications ==
His articles have been published in various newspapers and websites as a defense expert advocating the Maharishi Invincible Defense Technology for peace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalgoodnews.com/world-peace-a.html?art=12691132094124710|title=World Peace News: Top Stories|website=www.globalgoodnews.com|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.invinciblemilitary.org/about/Maj_Gen_Singh.html|title=Major General (Retd.) Kulwant Singh, Ph.D.|website=www.invinciblemilitary.org|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> Singh has also written articles for [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] newspaper on various episodes of Sikh history.

== See also ==

* [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
* [[Rajputana Rifles]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kulwant}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:People of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Army War College, Mhow alumni]]
[[Category:Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya alumni]]

East Delhi district

2025-10-29T00:14:09Z

Keem Fame rich: new place

{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Distinguish|East Delhi Municipal Corporation}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = East Delhi district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Delhi|District of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Delhi districts.png
| mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map =
| map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|38|24|N|77|17|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Preet Vihar]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,709,346
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] MP
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Harsh Malhotra]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Deputy Commissioner
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1100xx<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/East/ East Delhi]</ref>
| website = {{url|https://dmeast.delhi.gov.in/}}
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Anil Banka, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} East District, Delhi {{!}} India |url=https://dmeast.delhi.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}

'''East Delhi district''' is an administrative district of [[Delhi]] in [[India]]. It is bounded by the [[Yamuna River]] on the west, [[North East Delhi]] to the north, [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state to the east, and [[Gautam Buddha Nagar District]] of Uttar Pradesh to the south. Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions: [[Gandhi Nagar, Delhi|Gandhi Nagar]], [[Preet Vihar]], and [[Mayur Vihar]].

East Delhi has a population of 1,709,346 (2011 census) and an area of {{cvt|64|km2}}, with a population density of 22,639 persons per km².

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] East Delhi has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,709,346,{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} roughly equal to the nation of [[The Gambia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est. }}</ref> or the US state of [[Nebraska]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Nebraska 1,826,341 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 284th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert|27132|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.68%. East Delhi has a [[sex ratio]] of 884 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 88.75%. The Scheduled Castes make up of 16.5% (281,482) of total district population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=East District Population Religion - Delhi, East Literacy, Sex Ratio - Census India |url=https://www.censusindia.in/district/east-district-delhi-93 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.censusindia.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[Hinduism]] is the majority religion of the district, followed by 82.54% of total population, with [[Islam]] the second most followed religion with 10.46%. There is also a significant population of [[Sikhs]] (3.1%) and [[Jainism|Jains]] (2.7%).<ref name=":0" />
{{Bar box|title=Religion in East Delhi|float=right|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.46}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|3.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|2.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.92}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.17}}}}

==Visitor attractions==
* [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham]] (one of the biggest temples in the world)
* Cross River Mall, CBD Shahdara
* [[Gandhi Nagar (East Delhi)|Gandhi Nagar]] Market
* Lal Quarter Market, Krishna Nagar
* V3S Mall, Laxmi Nagar
* [[Yamuna Sports Complex]], [[Surajmal Vihar]]
* [[Sanjay Lake]]
* Chota Bazaar

==Health institutions==
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital]] (or GTBH or GTB Hospital) is a 1500-bed government hospital situated at [[Dilshad Garden]] and is affiliated to and acts as the teaching hospital of [[University College of Medical Sciences]].
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=February 2025}}
* [[Amar Jyoti Charitable Trust]]
* [[Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalya]], Geeta Colony
* [[Delhi State Cancer Institute]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004151714/http://www.dsci.nic.in/ |date=4 October 2014 }}
* [[Dharamshila Narayana Hospital]], Vasundhara Enclave
* [[Dr. Hedgewar Arogya Sansthan]] situated at [[karkardooma]]
* [[Government of India Dispensary ]](Jagat Ram Park)
* [[Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences]] [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_IHBAS1/ihbas/home (IHBAS)]
* [[Jain Neuro Center]]
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Hospital]], Khichri Pur
* [[Makkar Super Speciality Hospital]], Khureji Road
* [[Max Super Speciality Hospital]], Patparganj
* [[Pushpanjali Hospital]]
* [[Saini Diagnostics, Shahdara]] ([[Diagnosis|Diagnostic centre]] and [[COVID-19]] testing centre)
* [[Santi Mukund Hospital]]
* [[Vivekanad Yogashram Hospital]], Khureji Khas
* [[Walia Nursing & Maternity Home]], Main Vikas Marg, [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)]]
* [[WHO Dispensary]] (Bank Enclave)
* [[Women wellness Clinic]] (Gynecology)

==Major localities==
* [[Dallupura]]
* [[Dilshad Garden]]
* [[East Vinod Nagar]]
* [[Gazipur]]
* [[Hasanpur, Delhi|Hasanpur Village]]
* [[Krishna Nagar, Delhi|Krishna Nagar]]
* [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)]]
* [[Mandawali]]
* [[Mayur Vihar]]
* [[Mayur Vihar Phase III]]
* [[New Kondli]]
* [[Pandav Nagar]]
* [[Patparganj|Patparganj (I.P.Extension)]]
* [[Preet Vihar]]
* [[Seelampur]]
* [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
* [[Shreshtha Vihar]]
* [[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri]]
* [[Vasundhara Enclave]]
* [[Vivek Vihar]]
* [[Yamuna Vihar]]
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=February 2025}}
* [[Azad Nagar]]
* [[Bahubali Enclave]]
* [[Balbir Nagar]]
* [[Dayanand Vihar]]
* [[Dilshad colony]]
* [[Durga Puri]]
* [[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi)|Gandhi Nagar]]
* [[Ganesh Nagar]]
* [[Geeta Colony]]
* [[Gagan Vihar]]
* [[Hargobind Enclave]]
* [[Jagriti Enclave]]
* [[Jhilmil colony]]
* [[Jyoti Nagar(east)]]
* [[Jyoti Nagar(west)]]
* [[Kanti nagar]]
* [[Kalyan Puri]]
* [[Khureji khas]]
* [[Mandaoli]]
* [[Mansarovar park]]
* [[New Ashok Nagar]]
* [[New Gobind Pura]]
* [[New Layalpur Colony]]
* [[Nirman Vihar]]
* [[Old anarkali]]
* [[Puspanjali]]
* [[Saini Enclave]]
* [[Savita Vihar]]
* [[Shakarpur]]
* [[Surajmal Vihar]]
* [[Surya Niketan]]
* [[Swasthya Vihar]]
* [[Tahirpur (Delhi)|Tahirpur]]
* [[Vishwas Nagar]]
* [[Vigyan Vihar]]
* [[West Vinod Nagar]]
* [[Yojana Vihar]]

==See also==
* [[Districts of Delhi]]
* [[East Delhi Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://dmeast.delhi.gov.in/]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp- educationplus/article3318555.ece Preparing youth to meet industry needs]
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]

Shahi Mahal and Mosque

2025-10-26T01:19:52Z

Keem Fame rich: done

{{Short description|Former mosque in Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{about|the former mosque and palace in Madhya Pradesh|the mosque in Hyderabad|Shahi Masjid}}
{{distinguish|City Palace, Udaipur}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Shahi Mahal and Mosque
| infobox_width =
| image = Interior of the Shahi Mahal, Udaypur.jpg
| caption = Partial ruins of the mosque interior, in 2020, with cusped arch niches, typical of [[Mughal architecture]]
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque and [[mahal (palace)|mahal]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| location = [[Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh|Udaypur]], [[Vidisha district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.900417077220673|78.05968539840485|region:IN-MP|format=dms|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] and [[mahal (palace)|mahal]] {{small|(former)}}
| functional_status = '''Inactive'''; {{small|(partial ruinous state)}}
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{circa|{{AH|1026|link=yes}} to {{AH|1041}}}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
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| materials =
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Shahi Mahal and Mosque''', also known locally as '''Shāhī Maḥal''' and '''Shāhī Masjid''' or '''Qāḍiyon-kī-Masjid''', is a large [[Mahal (palace)|palace]] and former [[mosque]] complex, in partial ruins, located in the village of [[Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh|Udaypur]], in the [[Vidisha district]], in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Built between {{AH|1026|link=yes}} and {{AH|1041}}, the edifice is a short distance to the east of the [[Nīlakaṇṭheśvara temple]].

== Architecture ==
The Shāhī Maḥal served as the residence of the local governor during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Garde |first=M. B. |title=Archaeology in Gwalior |publisher=Alijah Darbar Press |year=1934 |edition=2nd |location=Gwalior |pages=139–140}}</ref> Built on a rectangular plan, the ''maḥal'' has four corner towers and a two-storey elevation, with a suite of rooms disposed around two interlinked courtyards, all decorated in the simple and elegant stonecarving style of the 17th century. The existing ruins retain traces of excellent stone ''[[jali|jālī]]'' work.

Forming an adjunct of the ''maḥal'' is a big mosque, an imposing edifice locally known as Shāhī Masjid or Qāḍiyon-kī-Masjid.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Saksena |first=Ramsingh |date=1927 |title=Persian Inscriptions in the Gwalior State |journal=Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=715–718}}</ref> A Persian inscription carved on a slab measuring {{convert|65|by|42|cm}}, affixed on the central mihrab of the mosque, records its foundation by [[qadi|Qāḍi]] Awliyā b. Sayyid ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-Ḥasanī on 4 Rajab 1026 Hijrī, or 28 June 1617 CE, at the time when Emperor [[Jahāngīr]] was on a visit to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]].<ref name=":1" /> A second Persian inscription carved on a slab measuring {{convert|4|ft|1|in|m|order=flip}} by {{convert|1|in|cm|order=flip}}, in a balcony projecting from the north wall of the mosque records that the mosque was only half complete when both king and qāḍi died, and that it was finally completed by Sayyid Ḥāmid and Sayyid Dāʾūd, sons of Qāḍi Awliyā, on 10 Dhū'l-Ḥijja 1041 Hijrī, or 18 June 1632 CE, during the reign of Emperor [[Shah Jahan|Shāhjahān]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rahim |first=S.A. |date=1969 |title=Inscriptions of Akbar and Jahangir from Madhya Pradesh |journal=Epigraphia Indica: Arabic and Persian Supplement 1968 |pages=63–65}}</ref> Both inscriptions show that this mosque served as the main [[Jama Masjid]] of Udaypur in the Mughal period and was the seat of the town's state-appointed ''qāḍi''. The epigraphs are also significant for the political geography of the times, showing that ''[[qasba]]'' Udaypur was then part of ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]'' Chanderi and [[Malwa Subah|''subah'' Malwa]], on the border of [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]].<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1630s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Mughal palaces]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1632]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vidisha district]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Manisha Malhotra

2025-09-23T08:25:18Z

Keem Fame rich: Made post

{{short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{distinguish|Manish Malhotra}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name = Manisha Malhotra मनीषा मल्होत्रा
|image =
|caption =
|country = {{IND}}
|residence = [[Mumbai]], India
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|09|19}}
|birth_place = Mumbai
|height =
|turnedpro = 1996
|plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney = $52,259
|retired = 2004
|singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=136|lost=92}}136–92
|singlestitles = 0 [[WTA Tour|WTA]], 5 [[ITF Women's Circuit|ITF]]
|highestsinglesranking = No. 314 (21 April 2003)
|doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=93|lost=67}}
|doublestitles = 7 ITF
|highestdoublesranking = No. 149 (8 April 2002)
|OthertournamentsDoubles = yes
|OlympicsDoublesresult = 1R ([[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]])
|Team = yes
|FedCupresult = 17–15
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Manisha Malhotra''' ({{langx|hi|मनीषा मल्होत्रा}} ''Manīṣā Maľhōtrā''; born 19 September 1976) is a former professional [[tennis]] player from India.

Her career high in singles is 314, achieved on 21 April 2003. In doubles, she peaked at No. 149 in the [[WTA rankings]] on 8 April 2002.
In her career, Malhotra won five singles and seven doubles titles on the [[ITF Women's Circuit]].

Playing for [[India Fed Cup team|India]] in the [[Fed Cup]], Malhotra has a win–loss record of 17–15.

==Career==
Malhotra represented India at the [[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]] in the women's doubles tournament, partnering [[Nirupama Vaidyanathan]] but lost in the first round to [[Jelena Dokić]] and [[Rennae Stubbs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Love match for Manisha-Nirupama |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/sep/22niru.htm |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=Beyond the finish line: Why elite athletes need a plan for their post-retirement career |url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/beyond-the-finish-line-why-elite-athletes-need-a-plan-for-their-post-retirement-career-23189555 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en}}</ref>

At the 2001 [[Swiss Indoors]], she was defeated in the first qualifying round by [[Maja Palaveršić]]. This was her first match at [[WTA Tour]]-level.<ref>[https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/basle/sui/2001/w-t4-sui-01a-2001/draws-and-results/ Basel 2001 – results]</ref>

Malhotra had her most successful year in 2002, when she was the runner-up at the [[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|Busan Asian Games]] and won the [[silver medal]] in the mixed doubles draw, partnering [[Mahesh Bhupathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchandani |first=Haresh |title=Interview with Manisha Malhotra: "The Players don't want to run the sport. We just want to be consulted" |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/interview-with-manisha-malhotra-the-players-dont-want-to-run-the-sport-we-just-want-to-be-consulted |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |date=16 February 2013 |language=en-us}}</ref>

Malhotra qualified for the [[2003 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open|2003 Hyderabad Open]], winning three matches; but lost in the first round to [[Tatiana Poutchek]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sania, Manisha go down fighting |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/feb/05wta.htm |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> This was her second and last tournament at the [[WTA Tour|WTA]]-level.<ref>[https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/hyderabad/ind/2003/w-t4-ind-01a-2003/draws-and-results/ Hyderabad 2003 Full results]</ref>

She retired from professional tennis in 2004.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} Her last singles match was a loss in the first qualifying round against [[Maki Arai]], at a $50k [[ITF Women's Circuit|ITF]] tournament in [[Shenzhen]], China, in early December 2003. Her last doubles matches came at the [[2004 Fed Cup]] when she won three of her ties (against Uzbekistan, South Korea, and Taiwan), and lost one (against Indonesia) (all partnering [[Sania Mirza]]).

Along with Sania Mirza, Malhotra holds the record of the ''Longest Fed Cup tie break'' (21-19), which they achieved against Uzbekistan in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fed Cup General Records|url=https://www.fedcup.com/en/statistics/general-records.aspx|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409124005/https://www.fedcup.com/en/statistics/general-records.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==ITF finals==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" width=15%
|- bgcolor="#F88379"
| $100,000 tournaments
|- bgcolor="#F7E98E"
| $75,000 tournaments
|- bgcolor="#ADDFAD"
| $50,000 tournaments
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| $25,000 tournaments
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| $10,000 tournaments
|}

===Singles (5–4)===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
!Result
!No.
!Date
!Tournament
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 1.
| 8 August 1998
| [[Southsea]], United Kingdom
| Grass
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Eleni Daniilidou]]
| 6–7(5), 3–6
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2.
| 30 May 1999
| [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], United States
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} Sara Walker
| 3–6, 3–6
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 3.
| 8 August 1999
| [[Harrisonburg, Louisiana|Harrisonburg]], United States
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} Michelle Dasso
| 6–4, 6–3
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 4.
| 26 September 1999
| [[Sunderland]], United Kingdom
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Nicola Payne
| 2–6, 6–1, 6–0
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 5.
| 3 October 1999
| [[Glasgow]], United Kingdom
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Gréta Arn]]
| w/o
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 6.
| 23 July 2000
| [[Baltimore]], United States
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rika Fujiwara]]
| 7–6(5), 6–7(4), 6–2
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 7.
| 3 September 2000
| [[Jaipur]], India
| Grass
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Monique Adamczak]]
| 2–6, 6–2, 3–6
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 8.
| 10 September 2000
| [[Delhi]], India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CZE}} Veronika Raimřová
| 4–6, 6–1, 6–3
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 9.
| 13 April 2003
| [[Mumbai]], India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Akgul Amanmuradova]]
| 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(10)
|}

===Doubles (7–8)===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
!Result
!No.
!Date
!Tournament
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 1.
| 30 May 1999
| El Paso, United States
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Julie Thu|Julie Scott]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Kim Grant (tennis)|Kim Grant]] {{flagicon|USA}} Sara Walker
| 6–2, 6–4
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2.
| 3 October 1999
| Glasgow, United Kingdom
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|GER}} Gréta Arn
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lizzie Jelfs]] {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Karen Nugent]]
| w/o
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 3.
| 20 December 1999
| [[Lucknow]], India
| Grass
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tong Ka-po]]
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Maša Vesenjak]] {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Urška Vesenjak]]
| 6–3, 5–7, 6–1
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 4.
| 27 December 1999
| [[Chandigarh]], India
| Grass
| {{flagicon|SCG}} [[Katarina Mišić]]
| {{flagicon|SLO}} Maša Vesenjak {{flagicon|SLO}} Urška Vesenjak
| 3–6, 7–6(7–5), 0–6
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 5.
| 16 April 2000
| Mumbai, India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Satomi Kinjo
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Jayalakshmy Jayaram]]
| 4–6, 6–4, 1–2 ret.
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 6.
| 28 May 2000
| El Paso, United States
| Hard
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Leanne Baker]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kaysie Smashey]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sandy Sureephong|Varalee Sureephong]]
| 6–2, 7–6(7–5)
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 7.
| 4 June 2000
| [[San Antonio]], United States
| Hard
| {{flagicon|NZL}} Leanne Baker
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Melanie Clayton {{flagicon|AUS}} Emma Gott
| 6–3, 6–7(5–7), 5–7
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 8.
| 11 June 2000
| [[Hilton Head Island, South Carolina|Hilton Head]], United States
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Wendy Fix]]
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Milagros Sequera]] {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Gabriela Voleková]]
| 6–4, 7–6(7–3)
|- bgcolor="#f0f8ff"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 9.
| 20 August 2000
| [[London]], United Kingdom
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GER}} Susi Bensch
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Natalie Grandin]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Nicole Rencken]]
| 2–6, 7–5, 6–7(6–8)
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 10.
| 5 March 2001
| [[Warrnambool]], Australia
| Grass
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nadia Johnston]]
| {{flagicon|ROU}} Simona Arghire {{flagicon|JPN}} Remi Uda
| 3–6, 3–6
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 11.
| 22 April 2001
| [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Vaidyanathan]]
| {{flagicon|NZL}} Leanne Baker {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Shelley Stephens]]
| 6–3, 7–5
|- bgcolor="#ADDFAD"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 12.
| 17 June 2001
| [[Marseille]], France
| Clay
| {{flagicon|NZL}} Leanne Baker
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Caroline Dhenin]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Maja Palaveršić]]
| 7–6(7–5), 6–2
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 13.
| 1 July 2001
| [[Båstad]], Sweden
| Clay
| {{flagicon|NZL}} Leanne Baker
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Daniela Klemenschits]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Sandra Klemenschits]]
| 6–3, 6–1
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 14.
| 3 December 2001
| [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]], Thailand
| Hard
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeon Mi-ra]]
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivana Abramović]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Jin-hee (tennis)|Kim Jin-hee]]
| 1–6, 5–7
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 15.
| 21 July 2002
| [[Valladolid]], Spain
| Hard
| {{flagicon|NZL}} Leanne Baker
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Elena Baltacha]] {{flagicon|MAD}} [[Natacha Randriantefy]]
| 2–6, 3–6
|}

===Other finals===
====Mixed doubles: 1 (silver medal)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Outcome !! Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Partnering !! Opponents !! Score
|-
| [[Image:Silver medal.svg|20px]] Silver
| 11 October 2002
| [[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Asian Games]]
| [[Busan]], South Korea
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Janet Lee]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Yen-hsun]]
| 6–4, 3–6, 7–9
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{WTA}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Fed Cup player}}
* https://manishasthoughts.blogspot.com/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Manisha}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Harish Khurana

2025-09-13T21:56:02Z

Keem Fame rich: started a details...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Harish Khurana
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Shiv Charan Goel]]
| birth_date = {{bya|1974}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|spouse = Dimple Khurana
|children= Parth Khurana<ref name="'If I were CM, I Would Take Away the Pressure of Board Exams'">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title='If I were CM, I Would Take Away the Pressure of Board Exams' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/Apr/17/if-i-were-cm-i-would-take-away-the-pressure-of-board-exams-925322.html |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=17 April 2016 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Harish Khurana''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=2025-02-08 |title=BJP's Harish Khurana leads by 5,757 votes over AAP's sitting MLA Shivcharan Goel in Moti Nagar |url=https://theprint.in/elections/bjps-harish-khurana-leads-by-5757-votes-over-aaps-sitting-mla-shivcharan-goel-in-moti-nagar/2481919/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Moti Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Moti Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/moti-nagar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312094311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/moti-nagar |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Moti Nagar">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Moti Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0525.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312094331/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0525.htm |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref> He is a Member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Harish Khurana is the son of Delhi third Chief Minister [[Madan Lal Khurana]].<ref name="Delhi Assembly Election 2025: All About Harish Khurana, BJP's Moti Nagar Candidate">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2025: All About Harish Khurana, BJP's Moti Nagar Candidate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-harish-khurana-son-of-former-delhi-cm-madan-lal-khurana-now-bjp-s-pick-from-moti-nagar-7464538 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312094635/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-harish-khurana-son-of-former-delhi-cm-madan-lal-khurana-now-bjp-s-pick-from-moti-nagar-7464538 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="47% Delhi Assembly members first-time MLAs, 85% from BJP">{{cite news |title=47% Delhi Assembly members first-time MLAs, 85% from BJP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/47-delhi-assembly-members-first-time-mlas-85-from-bjp/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=The Tribune |date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312095407/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/47-delhi-assembly-members-first-time-mlas-85-from-bjp/ |archive-date=12 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
== Early life and education ==
Harish Khurana was born and raised in Delhi, he belongs to a political family of [[Madan Lal Khurana]], who served as the third chief minister of Delhi.<ref name="Ex-CM Madan Lal Khurana's son promises return of ‘good times’">{{cite news |title=Ex-CM Madan Lal Khurana's son promises return of 'good times' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ex-cms-son-promises-return-of-good-times/articleshow/117865923.cms |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=4 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312095637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ex-cms-son-promises-return-of-good-times/articleshow/117865923.cms |archive-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> He completed his schooling from DAV Public School, Sahibabad and pursued bachelor's in commerce from [[Ramjas College]] in University of Delhi in 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Srishti |date=2025-02-08 |title=Delhi Election Results 2025: Who Is Harish Khurana? BJP's Candidate From Motinagar Takes Lead Over AAP MLA Shivcharan Goel In Electoral Debut |url=https://www.newsx.com/india/delhi-election-results-2025-who-is-harish-khurana-bjps-candidate-from-motinagar-takes-lead-over-aap-mla-shivcharan-goel-in-electoral-debut/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NewsX World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harish Khurana(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MOTI NAGAR(WEST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=98 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was actively involved in student politics during his college time, where he joined [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurana, Harish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Heeral Sadhu

2025-09-06T14:03:16Z

Keem Fame rich: updated structure for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Skating track athlete}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Heeral Sadhu
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country =
| sport = [[Roller sports]]
| event =
| pb =
| club =
| coach =
| alma_mater =
| retired =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Roller sports at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Roller speed skating at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's 3000 metres relay|Women's Speed skating 3,000 m relay]]}}
}}

'''Heeral Sadhu''' is an Indian [[Inline speed skating|speed skating]] track athlete.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games 2023 Day 9 All Sports Events Live Updates From Hangzhou China|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=2 October 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-games-2023-day-9-archery-athletics-equestrian-badminton-hockey-cricket/liveblog/104095060.cms|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> She won a bronze medal in the [[Roller sports at the 2022 Asian Games|women's 3000m relay]] event at the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/ROL/AG2022-_ROL_C92B_ROLWRELAY-------------------------.pdf|title=Asian Games Results|publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022|date=2 October 2023|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002082912/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/ROL/AG2022-_ROL_C92B_ROLWRELAY-------------------------.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nag|first=Utathya|title=Asian Games 2023 roller skating: India win bronze medals in speed skating relays|website=Olympics.com|date=2 October 2023|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-games-2023-hangzhou-roller-skating-india-results-medal-october-2|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadhu, Heeral}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female speed skaters]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in roller sports]]
[[Category:Roller skaters at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{speedskating-bio-stub}}

Ayah Shah Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T09:43:16Z

Keem Fame rich: fix intro for accuracy

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ayah Shah
| map_image = 241-Ayah Shah.svg
| mla = [[Vikas Gupta (politician)|Vikas Gupta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,60,518 (2017)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 241
}}
'''Ayah Shah''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Ayah Shah in the [[Fatehpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Ayah Shah is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 241 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |accessdate=20 April 2023 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Ayodhya Prasad Pal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Vikas Gupta (politician)|Vikas Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ayah Shah<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vikas Gupta (politician)|Vikas Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71231}}
|percentage = 44.4
|change = {{decrease}}9.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:58225}}
|percentage = 36.3
|change = {{increase}}16.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:22045}}
|percentage = 13.74
|change = {{decrease}}4.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hemlata
|votes = {{formatnum:1753}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sushil Singh Patel
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:1605}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1884}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change = {{increase}}0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13006}}
|percentage = 8.1
|change = {{decrease}}26.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:160419}}
|percentage = 58.44
|change = {{increase}}0.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ayah Shah<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vikas Gupta (politician)|Vikas Gupta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:81203}}
|percentage = 53.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ayodhya Prasad Pal]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:29238}}
|percentage = 19.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rambahadur
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:27365}}
|percentage = 18.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Abbas Mehndi
|votes = {{formatnum:2159}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dev Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:1708}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sukhraj
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1691}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hemlata
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1526}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1600}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:51965}}
|percentage = 34.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150934}}
|percentage = 57.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.81|81.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Sandila Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:36:33Z

Keem Fame rich: page - done

{{Short description|Constituency in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sandila
| map_image = 161-Sandila.svg
| mla = [[Alka Singh Arkvanshi]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| reservation = None
|constituency_no=161
|alliance=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,41,211
}}
'''Sandila''' is an assembly constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the area of [[Sandila]] in [[Hardoi district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.
Sandila is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 161 amongst 403 constituencies.
Currently this constituency is represented by Alka Singh Arkvanshi, who won in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Alka Singh Arkvanshi]] won in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate [[Abdul Mannan (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Abdul Mannan]] by a margin of 37,103 votes.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandila<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alka Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:101730}}
|percentage = 49.76
|change = {{increase}}4.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abdul Mannan
|votes = {{formatnum:64627}}
|percentage = 31.61
|change = {{increase}}16.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Arkvanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:24655}}
|percentage = 12.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Abhinay Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:3672}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohammad Haneef
|votes = {{formatnum:3464}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1856}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{increase}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37103}}
|percentage = 18.15
|change = {{increase}}7.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204445}}
|percentage = 59.92
|change = {{increase}}0.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate '''Raj Kumar Agrawal''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Abdul Mannan''' by a margin of 20,403 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sandila.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandila<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raj Kumar Agrawal Urf Rajia
|votes = {{formatnum:90362}}
|percentage = 45.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abdul Mannan
|votes = {{formatnum:69959}}
|percentage = 35.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:29223}}
|percentage = 14.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1532}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20403}}
|percentage = 10.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198649}}
|percentage = 59.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.07|80.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Hardoi district]]